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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Lineage, Life, and Labors of José Rizal,
+Philippine Patriot, by Austin Craig
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Lineage, Life, and Labors of José Rizal, Philippine Patriot
+
+Author: Austin Craig
+
+Release Date: June 18, 2004 [EBook #6867]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE, AND LABORS OF JOSÉ RIZAL ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and PG Distributed Proofreaders
+
+
+
+
+
+LINEAGE LIFE AND LABORS
+of
+JOSÉ RIZAL
+PHILIPPINE PATRIOT
+
+A Study of the Growth of Free Ideas in the Trans-Pacific American
+Territory
+
+BY
+
+AUSTIN CRAIG
+ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ORIENTAL HISTORY
+UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
+
+AUTHOR OF "THE STUDY OF JOSÉ RIZAL,"
+"EL LINEAJE DEL DOCTOR RIZAL," ETC.
+
+INTRODUCTION BY
+JAMES ALEXANDER ROBERTSON, L.H.D.
+
+
+MANILA
+
+
+1913
+
+
+
+
+
+DEDICATION
+
+To the Philippine Youth
+
+The subject of Doctor Rizal's first prize-winning poem was The
+Philippine Youth, and its theme was "Growth." The study of the growth
+of free ideas, as illustrated in this book of his lineage, life and
+labors, may therefore fittingly be dedicated to the "fair hope of
+the fatherland."
+
+Except in the case of some few men of great genius, those who are
+accustomed to absolutism cannot comprehend democracy. Therefore our
+nation is relying on its young men and young women; on the rising,
+instructed generation, for the secure establishment of popular
+self-government in the Philippines. This was Rizal's own idea, for
+he said, through the old philosopher in "Noli me Tangere," that he
+was not writing for his own generation but for a coming, instructed
+generation that would understand his hidden meaning.
+
+Your public school education gives you the democratic view-point,
+which the genius of Rizal gave him; in the fifty-five volumes of
+the Blair-Robertson translation of Philippine historical material
+there is available today more about your country's past than the
+entire contents of the British Museum afforded him; and you have the
+guidance in the new paths that Rizal struck out, of the life of a
+hero who, farsightedly or providentially, as you may later decide,
+was the forerunner of the present régime.
+
+But you will do as he would have done, neither accept anything because
+it is written, nor reject it because it does not fall in with your
+prejudices--study out the truth for yourselves.
+
+
+
+Introduction
+
+In writing a biography, the author, if he be discriminating, selects,
+with great care, the salient features of the life story of the one whom
+he deems worthy of being portrayed as a person possessed of preëminent
+qualities that make for a character and greatness. Indeed to write
+biography at all, one should have that nice sense of proportion that
+makes him instinctively seize upon only those points that do advance
+his theme. Boswell has given the world an example of biography that
+is often wearisome in the extreme, although he wrote about a man
+who occupied in his time a commanding position. Because Johnson was
+Johnson the world accepts Boswell, and loves to talk of the minuteness
+of Boswell's portrayal, yet how many read him, or if they do read him,
+have the patience to read him to the end?
+
+In writing the life of the greatest of the Filipinos, Mr. Craig has
+displayed judgment. Saturated as he is with endless details of Rizal's
+life, he has had the good taste to select those incidents or those
+phases of Rizal's life that exhibit his greatness of soul and that
+show the factors that were the most potent in shaping his character
+and in controlling his purposes and actions.
+
+A biography written with this chastening of wealth cannot fail to
+be instructive and worthy of study. If one were to point out but
+a single benefit that can accrue from a study of biography written
+as Mr. Craig has done that of Rizal, he would mention, I believe,
+that to the character of the student, for one cannot study seriously
+about men of character without being affected by that study. As
+leading to an understanding of the character of Rizal, Mr. Craig has
+described his ancestry with considerable fulness and has shown how the
+selective principle has worked through successive generations. But
+he has also realized the value of the outside influences and shows
+how the accidents of birth and nation affected by environment plus
+mental vigor and will produced José Rizal. With a strikingly meager
+setting of detail, Rizal has been portrayed from every side and the
+reader must leave the biography with a knowledge of the elements
+that entered into and made his life. As a study for the youth of the
+Philippines, I believe this life of Rizal will be productive of good
+results. Stimulation and purpose are presented (yet not didactically)
+throughout its pages. One object of the author, I should say, has been
+to show how both Philippine history and world history helped shape
+Rizal's character. Accordingly, he has mentioned many historical
+matters both of Philippine and world-wide interest. One cannot read
+the book without a desire to know more of these matters. Thus the
+book is not only a biography, it is a history as well. It must give
+a larger outlook to the youth of the Philippines. The only drawback
+that one might find in it, and it seems paradoxical to say it, is
+the lack of more detail, for one leaves it wishing that he knew more
+of the actual intimate happenings, and this, I take it, is the best
+effect a biography can have on the reader outside of the instructive
+and moral value of the biography.
+
+JAMES A. ROBERTSON.
+
+MANILA, P. I.
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+
+Dedication. To the Philippine Youth
+Introduction
+I. America's Forerunner
+II. Rizal's Chinese Ancestry
+III. Liberalizing Hereditary Influences
+IV. Rizal's Early Childhood
+V. Jagor's Prophecy
+VI. The Period of Preparation
+VII. The Period of Propaganda
+VIII. Despujol's Duplicity
+IX. The Deportation to Dapitan
+X. Consummatum Est
+XI. The After Life In Memory
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+Portrait of Rizal Frontispiece
+Painted in oils by Felix Resurrection Hidalgo (in color).
+
+Philippine Money and Postage Stamps
+
+Portrait of Rizal
+Painted in oils by Juan Luna in Paris. Facsimile (in color).
+
+Columbus at Barcelona
+From a print in Rizal's scrapbook.
+
+Portrait Group
+Rizal at thirteen. Rizal at eighteen. Rizal in London. The portrait
+on the postage stamp.
+
+The Baptismal Record of Domingo Lam-co
+Facsimile.
+
+Portrait Group
+1. In Luna's home. 2. In 1890. 3. The portrait on the paper
+money. 4. In 1891. 5. In 1892.
+
+Pacific Ocean Spheres of Influence
+Made by Rizal during President Harrison's administration.
+
+Father of Rizal
+Portrait.
+
+Mother of Rizal
+Portrait.
+
+Rizal's Family-Tree
+Made by Rizal when in Dapitan.
+
+Birthplace of José Rizal
+From a photograph.
+
+Sketches by Rizal
+A group made during his travels.
+
+Bust of Rizal's Father
+Carved in wood by Rizal.
+
+The Church and Convento at Kalamba
+From a photograph.
+
+Father Leoncio Lopez
+From a photograph.
+
+The Lake District of Central Luzon
+Sketch made by Rizal.
+
+Rizal's Uncle, José Alberto
+From a photograph.
+
+Sir John Bowring, K.C.B.
+From an old print.
+
+José Del Pan of Manila
+From a photograph.
+
+Governor De La Torre
+From an old print.
+
+Archbishop Martinez
+From an old print.
+
+The Very Rev. James Burgos, D.D.
+From a photograph.
+
+Gen. F. T. Ward
+From a photograph.
+
+Monument to the "Ever-Victorious" Army, Shanghai
+From a photograph.
+
+Mrs. Rizal and Her Two Daughters
+From a photograph.
+
+Bilibid Prison
+From an old print.
+
+Model of a Head of a Dapitan Girl
+From a photograph.
+
+Memorial to José Alberto in the Church at Biñan
+From a photograph.
+
+Books from Rizal's Library
+From a photograph.
+
+Rizal's Carving of the Sacred Heart
+From a photograph.
+
+Bust of Father Guerrico, S. J.
+From a photograph.
+
+Two Views of a Composite Statuette by Rizal
+From photographs.
+
+Model in Clay of a Dapitan Woman
+From a photograph.
+
+Sketch of Himself in the Training Class
+Photograph from the original.
+
+Oil Painting of Rizal's Sister, Saturnina
+Photograph from the painting.
+
+Rizal's Parting View of Manila
+Pencil sketch by himself.
+
+Sketches: 1. Singapore Lighthouse. 2. Along the Suez Canal.
+3. Castle of St. Elmo
+From Rizal's sketch book.
+
+Studies of Passengers on the French Mail Steamer
+From Rizal's sketch book.
+
+Aden, May 28, 1882
+From Rizal's sketch book.
+
+Don Pablo Ortigas y Reyes
+From a photograph.
+
+First Lines of a Poem by Rizal to Miss Reyes
+Facsimile.
+
+Rizal in Juan Luna's Studio in Paris
+From a photograph.
+
+The Ruined Castle at Heidelberg
+From a photograph.
+
+Dr. Rudolf Virchow
+From a photograph.
+
+The House where Rizal Completed "Noli Me Tangere"
+From a photograph.
+
+Manuscript of "Noli Me Tangere"
+Facsimile.
+
+Portrait of Dr. F. Blumentritt
+Pencil sketch by Rizal.
+
+The Victory of Death over Life and of Science over Death
+Statuettes by Rizal from photographs.
+
+José T. De Andrade, Rizal's Bodyguard
+From an old print.
+
+José Maria Basa of Hongkong
+From a photograph.
+
+Imitations of Japanese Art
+From Rizal's sketch book.
+
+Dr. Antonio Maria Regidor
+From a photograph.
+
+A "Wheel of Fortune" Answer Book
+Facsimile.
+
+Dr. Reinhold Rost
+From a photograph.
+
+A Page from Andersen's Fairy Tales Translated by Rizal
+Facsimile.
+
+Dedication of Rizal's Translation of Andersen's Fairy Tales
+Facsimile.
+
+A Trilingual Letter by Rizal
+Facsimile.
+
+Morga's History in the British Museum
+From a photograph of the original.
+
+Application, Recommendation and Admission to the British Museum
+From photographs of the originals.
+
+"La Solidaridad"
+From photograph of the original.
+
+Staff of "La Solidaridad"
+From a photograph.
+
+Rizal Fencing with Luna in Paris
+From a photograph.
+
+General Weyler Known as "Butcher" Weyler
+From a photograph.
+
+Rizal's Parents during the Land Troubles
+From photographs.
+
+The Writ of Eviction against Rizal's Father
+Facsimile of the original.
+
+Room in which "El Filibusterismo" was Begun
+Pencil sketch by Rizal.
+
+First Page of the Manuscript of "El Filibusterismo"
+Facsimile from the original.
+
+Cover of the Manuscript of "El Filibusterismo"
+Facsimile of the original.
+
+Rizal's Professional Card when in Hongkong
+Facsimile of the original.
+
+Statuette Modeled by Rizal
+From a photograph.
+
+Don Eulogio Despujol
+From an old print.
+
+Proposed Settlement in Borneo
+Facsimile of original sketch.
+
+Rizal's Passport or "Safe Conduct"
+Photograph of the original.
+
+Part of Despujol's Private Inquiry
+Facsimile of the original.
+
+Case Secretly Filed against Rizal
+Facsimile of the original.
+
+Luis De La Torre, Secretary to Despujol
+From an old print.
+
+Regulations of La Liga Filipina
+Facsimile in Rizal's handwriting.
+
+The Calle Ilaya Monument to Rizal and La Liga Filipina
+From a photograph.
+
+Three New Species Discovered by Rizal and Named After Him
+From an engraving.
+
+Specimens Collected by Rizal and Father Sanchez
+From photographs.
+
+Statuette by Rizal, The Mother's Revenge
+From a photograph.
+
+Father Sanchez, S. J.
+From a photograph.
+
+Drawings of Fishes Caught at Dapitan
+Twelve facsimiles of Rizal's originals.
+
+Plan of the Water Works for Dapitan
+Facsimile of Rizal's sketch.
+
+Jewelry of Earliest Moro Converts
+From a photograph.
+
+Hill and Excavations where the Jewelry was Found
+Facsimile of a sketch by Rizal.
+
+List of Ethnographical Material
+Facsimile.
+
+The Blind Mr. Taufer
+From a photograph.
+
+Rizal's Father-in-Law
+From a photograph.
+
+Carved Portrait of Josefina Bracken
+From a photograph.
+
+Josefina Bracken's Baptismal Certificate
+Facsimile of the original.
+
+Josefina Bracken, Afterwards Mrs. José Rizal
+From a photograph.
+
+Leonora Rivera
+Pencil sketch by Rizal.
+
+Leonora Rivera at the Age of Fifteen
+From a photograph.
+
+Letter to His Nephew by Rizal
+Facsimile.
+
+Ethnographical Material Collected by Rizal
+From a print.
+
+Cell in which Rizal was Imprisoned
+From a photograph.
+
+Cuartel De España
+From a photograph.
+
+Luis T. De Andrade
+From an old print.
+
+Interior of Cell
+From a photograph.
+
+Rizal's Wedding Gift to His Wife
+Facsimile of original.
+
+Rizal's Symbolic Name in Masonry
+Facsimile of original.
+
+The Wife of José Rizal
+From a photograph.
+
+Execution of Rizal
+From a photograph.
+
+Burial Record of Rizal
+Facsimile from the Paco register.
+
+Grave of Rizal in Paco Cemetery, Manila
+From a photograph.
+
+The Alcohol Lamp in which the "Farewell" Poem was Hidden
+From a photograph.
+
+The Opening Lines of Rizal's Last Verses
+Facsimile of original.
+
+Rizal's Farewell to His Mother
+Facsimile.
+
+Monument at the Corner of Rizal Avenue
+From a photograph.
+
+Float in a Rizal Day Parade
+From a photograph.
+
+W. J. Bryan as a Rizal Day Orator
+From a photograph.
+
+Governor-General Forbes and Delegate Mariano Ponce
+From a photograph.
+
+The Last Portrait of José Rizal's Mother
+From a photograph.
+
+Accepted Model for the Rizal Monument
+From a photograph.
+
+The Rizal Monument in Front of the New Capital
+From a sketch.
+
+The Story of the Monkey and the Tortoise
+Six facsimiles from Rizal's originals.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+America's Forerunner
+
+THE lineage of a hero who made the history of his country during its
+most critical period, and whose labors constitute its hope for the
+future, must be more than a simple list of an ascending line. The blood
+which flowed in his veins must be traced generation by generation,
+the better to understand the man, but at the same time the causes
+leading to the conditions of his times must be noted, step by step,
+in order to give a better understanding of the environment in which
+he lived and labored.
+
+The study of the growth of free ideas is now in the days of our
+democracy the most important feature of Philippine history; hitherto
+this history has consisted of little more than lists of governors,
+their term of office, and of the recital of such incidents as were
+considered to redound to the glory of Spain, or could be so twisted
+and misrepresented as to make them appear to do so. It rarely occurred
+to former historians that the lamp of experience might prove a light
+for the feet of future generations, and the mistakes of the past
+were usually ignored or passed over, thus leaving the way open for
+repeating the old errors. But profit, not pride, should be the object
+of the study of the past, and our historians of today very largely
+concern themselves with mistakes in policy and defects of system;
+fortunately for them such critical investigation under our changed
+conditions does not involve the discomfort and danger that attended
+it in the days of Doctor Rizal.
+
+In the opinion of the martyred Doctor, criticism of the right
+sort--even the very best things may be abused till they become
+intolerable evils--serves much the same useful warning purpose
+for governments that the symptoms of sickness do for persons. Thus
+government and individual alike, when advised in time of something
+wrong with the system, can seek out and correct the cause before
+serious consequences ensue. But the nation that represses honest
+criticism with severity, like the individual who deadens his symptoms
+with dangerous drugs, is likely to be lulled into a false security
+that may prove fatal. Patriot toward Spain and the Philippines alike,
+Rizal tried to impress this view upon the government of his day,
+with fatal results to himself, and the disastrous effects of not
+heeding him have since justified his position.
+
+The very defenses of Old Manila illustrate how the Philippines have
+suffered from lack of such devoted, honest and courageous critics as
+José Rizal. The city wall was built some years later than the first
+Spanish occupation to keep out Chinese pirates after Li Ma-hong
+destroyed the city. The Spaniards sheltered themselves in the old
+Tagalog fort till reënforcements could come from the country. No one
+had ever dared to quote the proverb about locking the door after the
+horse was stolen. The need for the moat, so recently filled in, was
+not seen until after the bitter experience of the easy occupation of
+Manila by the English, but if public opinion had been allowed free
+expression this experience might have been avoided. And the free
+space about the walls was cleared of buildings only after these same
+buildings had helped to make the same occupation of the city easier,
+yet there were many in Manila who foresaw the danger but feared to
+foretell it.
+
+Had the people of Spain been free to criticise the Spaniards' way of
+waiting to do things until it is too late, that nation, at one time the
+largest and richest empire in the world, would probably have been saved
+from its loss of territory and its present impoverished condition. And
+had the early Filipinos, to whom splendid professions and sweeping
+promises were made, dared to complain of the Peninsular policy of
+procrastination--the "mañana" habit, as it has been called--Spain
+might have been spared Doctor Rizal's terrible but true indictment
+that she retarded Philippine progress, kept the Islands miserably
+ruled for 333 years and in the last days of the nineteenth century was
+still permitting mediaeval malpractices. Rizal did not believe that
+his country was able to stand alone as a separate government. He
+therefore desired to preserve the Spanish sovereignty in the
+Philippines, but he desired also to bring about reforms and conditions
+conducive to advancement. To this end he carefully pointed out those
+colonial shortcomings that caused friction, kept up discontent, and
+prevented safe progress, and that would have been perfectly easy to
+correct. Directly as well as indirectly, the changes he proposed were
+calculated to benefit the homeland quite as much as the Philippines,
+but his well-meaning efforts brought him hatred and an undeserved
+death, thus proving once more how thankless is the task of telling
+unpleasant truths, no matter how necessary it may be to do so. Because
+Rizal spoke out boldly, while realizing what would probably be his
+fate, history holds him a hero and calls his death a martyrdom. He
+was not one of those popularity-seeking, self-styled patriots who are
+ever mouthing "My country, right or wrong;" his devotion was deeper
+and more disinterested. When he found his country wrong he willingly
+sacrificed himself to set her right. Such unselfish spirits are rare;
+in life they are often misunderstood, but when time does them justice,
+they come into a fame which endures.
+
+Doctor Rizal knew that the real Spain had generous though sluggish
+intentions, and noble though erratic impulses, but it awoke too late;
+too late for Doctor Rizal and too late to save the Philippines for
+Spain; tardy reforms after his death were useless and the loss of
+her overseas possessions was the result. Doctor Rizal lost when he
+staked his life on his trust in the innate sense of honor of Spain,
+for that sense of honor became temporarily blinded by a sudden but
+fatal gust of passion; and it took the shock of the separation to
+rouse the dormant Spanish chivalry.
+
+Still in the main Rizal's judgment was correct, and he was the victim
+of mistimed, rather than of misplaced, confidence, for as soon as
+the knowledge of the real Rizal became known to the Spanish people,
+belated justice began to be done his memory, and then, repentant and
+remorseful, as is characteristically Castilian, there was little delay
+and no half-heartedness. Another name may now be grouped with Columbus
+and Cervantes among those to whom Spain has given imprisonment in
+life and monuments after death--chains for the man and chaplets for
+his memory. In 1896, during the few days before he could be returned
+to Manila, Doctor Rizal occupied a dungeon in Montjuich Castle in
+Barcelona; while on his way to assist the Spanish soldiers in Cuba
+who were stricken with yellow fever, he was shipped and sent back to
+a prejudged trial and an unjust execution. Fifteen years later the
+Catalan city authorities commemorated the semi-centennial of this
+prisoner's birth by changing, in his honor, the name of a street in
+the shadow of the infamous prison of Montjuich Castle to "Calle del
+Doctor Rizal."
+
+More instances of this nature are not cited since they are not
+essential to the proper understanding of Rizal's story, but let it be
+made clear once for all that whatever harshness may be found in the
+following pages is directed solely to those who betrayed the trust
+of the mother country and selfishly abused the ample and unrestrained
+powers with which Spain invested them.
+
+And what may seem the exaltation of the Anglo-Saxons at the expense of
+the Latins in these pages is intended only to point out the superiority
+of their ordered system of government, with its checks and balances,
+its individual rights and individual duties, under which men are
+"free to live by no man's leave, underneath the Law." No human being
+can be safely trusted with unlimited power, and no man, no matter
+what his nationality, could have withstood the temptations offered by
+the chaotic conditions in the Philippines in past times any better
+than did the Spaniards. There is nothing written in this book that
+should convey the opinion that in similar circumstances men of any
+nationality would not have acted as the Spaniards did. The easiest
+recognized characteristic of absolutism, and all the abuses and
+corruption it brings in its train, is fear of criticism, and Spain
+drew her own indictment in the Philippines when she executed Rizal.
+
+When any nation sets out to enroll all its scholarly critics among
+the martyrs in the cause of Liberty, it makes an open confession of
+guilt to all the world. For a quarter of a century Spain had been
+ruling in the Philippines by terrorizing its subjects there, and
+Rizal's execution, with utter disregard of the most elementary rules
+of judicial procedure, was the culmination that drove the Filipinos
+to desperation and arrested the attention of the whole civilized
+world. It was evident that Rizal's fate might have been that of any
+of his countrymen, and the thinking world saw that events had taken
+such a course in the Philippines that it had become justifiable for
+the Filipinos to attempt to dissolve the political bands which had
+connected them with Spain for over three centuries.
+
+Such action by the Filipinos would not have been warranted by a
+solitary instance of unjust execution under stress of political
+excitement that did not indicate the existence of a settled
+policy. Such instances are rather to be classed among the mistakes
+to which governments as well as individuals are liable. Yet even such
+a mistake may be avoided by certain precautions which experience has
+suggested, and the nation that disregards these precautions is justly
+open to criticism.
+
+Our present Philippine government guarantees to its citizens as
+fundamental rights, that no person shall be held to answer for a
+capital crime unless on an indictment, nor may he be compelled in any
+criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life,
+liberty or property without due process of law. The accused must have
+a speedy, public and impartial trial, be informed of the nature and
+cause of the accusation, be confronted with the witnesses against him,
+have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and have
+the assistance of counsel for his defense. Not one of these safeguards
+protected Doctor Rizal except that he had an "open trial," if that name
+may be given to a courtroom filled with his enemies openly clamoring
+for his death without rebuke from the court. Even the presumption of
+innocence till guilt was established was denied him. These precautions
+have been considered necessary for every criminal trial, but the
+framers of the American Constitution, fearful lest popular prejudice
+some day might cause injustice to those advocating unpopular ideals,
+prohibited the irremediable penalty of death upon a charge of treason
+except where the testimony of two reliable witnesses established some
+overt act, inference not being admissible as evidence.
+
+Such protection was not given the subjects of Spain, but still, with
+all the laxity of the Spanish law, and even if all the charges had been
+true, which they were far from being, no case was made out against
+Doctor Rizal at his trial. According to the laws then in effect, he
+was unfairly convicted and he should be considered innocent; for this
+reason his life will be studied to see what kind of hero he was, and
+no attempt need be made to plead good character and honest intentions
+in extenuation of illegal acts. Rizal was ever the advocate of law,
+and it will be found, too, that he was always consistently law-abiding.
+
+Though they are in the Orient, the Filipinos are not of it. Rizal once
+said, upon hearing of plans for a Philippine exhibit at a European
+World's Fair, that the people of Europe would have a chance to see
+themselves as they were in the Middle Ages. With allowances for the
+changes due to climate and for the character of the country, this
+statement can hardly be called exaggerated. The Filipinos in the
+last half of the nineteenth century were not Orientals but mediaeval
+Europeans--to the credit of the early Castilians but to the discredit
+of the later Spaniards.
+
+The Filipinos of the remoter Christian barrios, whom Rizal had in mind
+particularly, were in customs, beliefs and advancement substantially
+what the descendants of Legaspi's followers might have been had these
+been shipwrecked on the sparsely inhabited islands of the Archipelago
+and had their settlement remained shut off from the rest of the world.
+
+Except where foreign influence had accidentally crept in at the
+ports, it could truthfully be said that scarcely perceptible advance
+had been made in three hundred years. Succeeding Spaniards by their
+misrule not only added little to the glorious achievement of their
+ancestors, but seemed to have prevented the natural progress which
+the land would have made.
+
+In one form or another, this contention was the basis of Rizal's
+campaign. By careful search, it is true, isolated instances of
+improvement could be found, but the showing at its very best was
+so pitifully poor that the system stood discredited. And it was the
+system to which Rizal was opposed.
+
+The Spaniards who engaged in public argument with Rizal were
+continually discovering, too late to avoid tumbling into them, logical
+pitfalls which had been carefully prepared to trap them. Rizal argued
+much as he played chess, and was ever ready to sacrifice a pawn to
+be enabled to say "check." Many an unwary opponent realized after
+he had published what he had considered a clever answer that the
+same reasoning which scored a point against Rizal incontrovertibly
+established the Kalamban's major premise.
+
+Superficial antagonists, to the detriment of their own reputations,
+have made much of what they chose to consider Rizal's historical
+errors. But history is not merely chronology, and his representation
+of its trend, disregarding details, was a masterly tracing of current
+evils to their remote causes. He may have erred in some of his minor
+statements; this will happen to anyone who writes much, but attempts to
+discredit Rizal on the score of historical inaccuracy really reflect
+upon the captious critics, just as a draftsman would expose himself
+to ridicule were he to complain of some famous historical painting
+that it had not been drawn to exact scale. Rizal's writings were
+intended to bring out in relief the evils of the Spanish system of
+the government of the Filipino people, just as a map of the world
+may put the inhabited portions of the earth in greater prominence
+than those portions that are not inhabited. Neither is exact in its
+representation, but each serves its purpose the better because it
+magnifies the important and minimizes the unimportant.
+
+In his disunited and abased countrymen, Rizal's writings aroused, as he
+intended they should, the spirit of nationality, of a Fatherland which
+was not Spain, and put their feet on the road to progress. What matters
+it, then, if his historical references are not always exhaustive, and
+if to make himself intelligible in the Philippines he had to write in
+a style possibly not always sanctioned by the Spanish Academy? Spain
+herself had denied to the Filipinos a system of education that
+might have made a creditable Castilian the common language of the
+Archipelago. A display of erudition alone does not make an historian,
+nor is purity, propriety and precision in choosing words all there
+is to literature.
+
+Rizal charged Spain unceasingly with unprogressiveness in the
+Philippines, just as he labored and planned unwearyingly to bring
+the Filipinos abreast of modern European civilization. But in his
+appeals to the Spanish conscience and in his endeavors to educate his
+countrymen he showed himself as practical as he was in his arguments,
+ever ready to concede nonessentials in name and means if by doing so
+progress could be made.
+
+Because of his unceasing efforts for a wiser, better governed and
+more prosperous Philippines, and because of his frank admission that
+he hoped thus in time there might come a freer Philippines, Rizal was
+called traitor to Spain and ingrate. Now honest, open criticism is
+not treason, and the sincerest gratitude to those who first brought
+Christian civilization to the Philippines should not shut the eyes to
+the wrongs which Filipinos suffered from their successors. But until
+the latest moment of Spanish rule, the apologists of Spain seemed to
+think that they ought to be able to turn away the wrath evoked by the
+cruelty and incompetence that ran riot during centuries, by dwelling
+upon the benefits of the early days of the Spanish dominion.
+
+Wearisome was the eternal harping on gratitude which at one time was
+the only safe tone for pulpit, press and public speech; it irritating
+because it ignored questions of current policy, and it was discouraging
+to the Filipinos who were reminded by it of the hopeless future for
+their country to which time had brought no progress. But with all the
+faults and unworthiness of the later rulers, and the inane attempts
+of their parasites to distract attention from these failings, there
+remains undimmed the luster of Spain's early fame. The Christianizing
+which accompanied her flag upon the mainland and islands of the
+New World is its imperishable glory, and the transformation of the
+Filipino people from Orientals into mediæval Europeans through the
+colonizing genius of the early Castilians, remains a marvel unmatched
+in colonial history and merits the lasting gratitude of the Filipino.
+
+Doctor Rizal satirized the degenerate descendants and scored the
+unworthy successors, but his writings may be searched in vain for
+wholesale charges against the Spanish nation such as Spanish scribblers
+were forever directing against all Filipinos, past, present and future,
+with an alleged fault of a single one as a pretext. It will be found
+that he invariably recognized that the faithful first administrators
+and the devoted pioneer missionaries had a valid claim upon the
+continuing gratitude of the people of Tupa's and Lakandola's land.
+
+Rizal's insight discerned, and experience has demonstrated, that
+Legaspi, Urdaneta and those who were like them, laid broad and firm
+foundations for a modern social and political organization which
+could be safely and speedily established by reforms from above. The
+early Christianizing civilizers deserve no part of the blame for
+the fact that Philippine ports were not earlier opened to progress,
+but much credit is due them that there is succeeding here an orderly
+democracy such as now would be impossible in any neighboring country.
+
+The Philippine patriot would be the first to recognize the justice
+of the selection of portraits which appear with that of Rizal upon
+the present Philippine postage stamps, where they serve as daily
+reminders of how free government came here.
+
+The constancy and courage of a Portuguese sailor put these Islands into
+touch with the New World with which their future progress was to be
+identified. The tact and honesty of a civil official from Mexico made
+possible the almost bloodless conquest which brought the Filipinos
+under the then helpful rule of Spain. The bequest of a far-sighted
+early philanthropist was the beginning of the water system of Manila,
+which was a recognition of the importance of efforts toward improving
+the public health and remains a reminder of how, even in the darkest
+days of miseries and misgovernment, there have not been wanting
+Spaniards whose ideal of Spanish patriotism was to devote heart,
+brain and wealth to the welfare of the Filipinos. These were the
+heroes of the period of preparation.
+
+The life of the one whose story is told in these pages was devoted
+and finally sacrificed to dignify their common country in the eyes
+of his countrymen, and to unite them in a common patriotism; he
+inculcated that self-respect which, by leading to self-restraint and
+self-control, makes self-government possible; and sought to inspire
+in all a love of ordered freedom, so that, whether under the flag
+of Spain or any other, or by themselves, neither tyrants (caciques)
+nor slaves (those led by caciques) would be possible among them.
+
+And the change itself came through an American President who
+believed, and practiced the belief, that nations owed obligations
+to other nations just as men had duties toward their fellow-men. He
+established here Liberty through Law, and provided for progress in
+general education, which should be a safeguard to good government as
+well, for an enlightened people cannot be an oppressed people. Then
+he went to war against the Philippines rather than deceive them,
+because the Filipinos, who repeatedly had been tricked by Spain with
+unfulfilled promises, insisted on pledges which he had not the power to
+give. They knew nothing of what was meant by the rule of the people,
+and could not conceive of a government whose head was the servant
+and not the master. Nor did they realize that even the voters might
+not promise for the future, since republicanism requires that the
+government of any period shall rule only during the period that it
+is in the majority. In that war military glory and quick conquest
+were sacrificed to consideration for the misled enemy, and every
+effort was made to minimize the evils of warfare and to gain the
+confidence of the people. Retaliation for violations of the usages of
+civilized warfare, of which Filipinos at first were guilty through
+their Spanish training, could not be entirely prevented, but this
+retaliation contrasted strikingly with the Filipinos' unhappy past
+experiences with Spanish soldiers. The few who had been educated out
+of Spain and therefore understood the American position were daily
+reënforced by those persons who became convinced from what they saw,
+until a majority of the Philippine people sought peace. Then the
+President of the United States outlined a policy, and the history
+and constitution of his government was an assurance that this policy
+would be followed; the American government then began to do what it
+had not been able to promise.
+
+The forerunner and the founder of the present regime in these Islands,
+by a strange coincidence, were as alike in being cruelly misunderstood
+in their lifetimes by those whom they sought to benefit as they were
+in the tragedy of their deaths, and both were unjustly judged by many,
+probably well-meaning, countrymen.
+
+Magellan, Legaspi, Carriedo, Rizal and McKinley, heroes of the free
+Philippines, belonged to different times and were of different types,
+but their work combined to make possible the growing democracy of
+to-day. The diversity of nationalities among these heroes is an added
+advantage, for it recalls that mingling of blood which has developed
+the Filipinos into a strong people.
+
+England, the United States and the Philippines are each composed
+of widely diverse elements. They have each been developed by
+adversity. They have each honored their severest critics while yet
+those critics lived. Their common literature, which tells the story
+of human liberty in its own tongue, is the richest, most practical
+and most accessible of all literature, and the popular education upon
+which rests the freedom of all three is in the same democratic tongue,
+which is the most widely known of civilized languages and the only
+unsycophantic speech, for it stands alone in not distinguishing by
+its use of pronouns in the second person the social grade of the
+individual addressed.
+
+The future may well realize Rizal's dream that his country should
+be to Asia what England has been to Europe and the United States
+is in America, a hope the more likely to be fulfilled since the
+events of 1898 restored only associations of the earlier and happier
+days of the history of the Philippines. The very name now used is
+nearer the spelling of the original Philipinas than the Filipinas
+of nineteenth century Spanish usage. The first form was used until
+nearly a century ago, when it was corrupted along with so many things
+of greater importance.
+
+The Philippines at first were called "The Islands of the West," as
+they are considered to be occidental and not oriental. They were made
+known to Europe as a sequel to the discoveries of Columbus. Conquered
+and colonized from Mexico, most of their pious and charitable
+endowments, churches, hospitals, asylums and colleges, were endowed
+by philanthropic Mexicans. Almost as long as Mexico remained Spanish
+the commerce of the Philippines was confined to Mexico, and the
+Philippines were a part of the postal system of Mexico and dependent
+upon the government of Mexico exactly as long as Mexico remained
+Spanish. They even kept the new world day, one day behind Europe,
+for a third of a century longer. The Mexican dollars continued to be
+their chief coins till supplanted, recently, by the present peso,
+and the highbuttoned white coat, the "americana," by that name was
+in general use long years ago. The name America is frequently to be
+found in the old baptismal registers, for a century or more ago many
+a Filipino child was so christened, and in the '70's Rizal's carving
+instructor, because so many of the best-made articles he used were
+of American manufacture, gave the name "Americano" to a godchild. As
+Americans, Filipinos were joined with the Mexicans when King Ferdinand
+VII thanked his subjects in both countries for their loyalty during
+the Napoleonic wars. Filipino students abroad found, too, books about
+the Philippines listed in libraries and in booksellers' catalogues
+as a branch of "Americana."
+
+Nor was their acquaintance confined to Spanish Americans. The name
+"English" was early known. Perhaps no other was more familiar in
+the beginning, for it was constantly execrated by the Spaniards,
+and in consequence secretly cherished by those who suffered wrongs
+at their hands.
+
+Magellan had lost his life in his attempted circumnavigation of the
+globe and Elcano completed the disastrous voyage in a shattered ship,
+minus most of its crew. But Drake, an Englishman, undertook the same
+voyage, passed the Straits in less time than Magellan, and was the
+first commander in his own ship to put a belt around the earth. These
+facts were known in the Philippines, and from them the Filipinos drew
+comparisons unfavorable to the boastful Spaniards.
+
+When the rich Philippine galleon Santa Ana was captured off the
+California coast by Thomas Candish, "three boys born in Manila"
+were taken on board the English ships. Afterwards Candish sailed into
+the straits south of "Luçon" and made friends with the people of the
+country. There the Filipinos promised "both themselves, and all the
+islands thereabouts, to aid him whensoever he should come again to
+overcome the Spaniards."
+
+Dampier, another English sea captain, passed through the Archipelago
+but little later, and one of his men, John Fitzgerald by name, remained
+in the Islands, marrying here. He pretended to be a physician, and
+practiced as a doctor in Manila. There was no doubt room for him,
+because when Spain expelled the Moors she reduced medicine in her
+country to a very low state, for the Moors had been her most skilled
+physicians. Many of these Moors who were Christians, though not
+orthodox according to the Spanish standard, settled in London, and
+the English thus profited by the persecution, just as she profited
+when the cutlery industry was in like manner transplanted from Toledo
+to Sheffield.
+
+The great Armada against England in Queen Elizabeth's time was an
+attempt to stop once for all the depredations of her subjects on
+Spain's commerce in the Orient. As the early Spanish historian, Morga,
+wrote of it: "Then only the English nation disturbed the Spanish
+dominion in that Orient. Consequently King Philip desired not only
+to forbid it with arms near at hand, but also to furnish an example,
+by their punishment, to all the northern nations, so that they should
+not undertake the invasions that we see. A beginning was made in this
+work in the year one thousand five hundred and eighty-eight."
+
+This ingeniously worded statement omits to tell how ignominiously
+the pretentious expedition ended, but the fact of failure remained
+and did not help the prestige of Spain, especially among her subjects
+in the Far East. After all the boastings of what was going to happen,
+and all the claims of what had been accomplished, the enemies of Spain
+not only were unchecked but appeared to be bolder than ever. Some of
+the more thoughtful Filipinos then began to lose confidence in Spanish
+claims. They were only a few, but their numbers were to increase as
+the years went by. The Spanish Armada was one of the earliest of those
+influences which, reënforced by later events, culminated in the life
+work of José Rizal and the loss of the Philippines by Spain.
+
+At that time the commerce of Manila was restricted to the galleon
+trade with Mexico, and the prosperity of the Filipino merchants--in
+large measure the prosperity of the entire Archipelago--depended
+upon the yearly ventures the hazard of which was not so much the
+ordinary uncertainty of the sea as the risk of capture by English
+freebooters. Everybody in the Philippines had heard of these daring
+English mariners, who were emboldened by an almost unbroken series of
+successes which had correspondingly discouraged the Spaniards. They
+carried on unceasing war despite occasional proclamation of peace
+between England and Spain, for the Spanish treasure ships were
+tempting prizes, and though at times policy made their government
+desire friendly relations with Spain, the English people regarded
+all Spaniards as their natural enemies and all Spanish property as
+their legitimate spoil.
+
+The Filipinos realized earlier than the Spaniards did that torturing to
+death shipwrecked English sailors was bad policy. The result was always
+to make other English sailors fight more desperately to avoid a similar
+fate. Revenge made them more and more aggressive, and treaties made
+with Spain were disregarded because, as they said, Spain's inhumanity
+had forfeited her right to be considered a civilized country.
+
+It was less publicly discussed, but equally well known, that the
+English freebooters, besides committing countless depredations
+on commerce, were always ready to lend their assistance to any
+discontented Spanish subjects whom they could encourage into open
+rebellion.
+
+The English word Filibuster was changed into "Filibusteros" by the
+Spanish, and in later years it came to be applied especially to those
+charged with stirring up discontent and rebellion. For three centuries,
+in its early application to the losses of commerce, and in its later
+use as denoting political agitation, possibly no other word in the
+Philippines, outside of the ordinary expressions of daily life, was
+so widely known, and certainly none had such sinister signification.
+
+In contrast to this lawless association is a similarity of laws. The
+followers of Cortez, it will be remembered, were welcomed in Mexico
+as the long-expected "Fair Gods" because of their blond complexions
+derived from a Gothic ancestry. Far back in history their forbears
+had been neighbors of the Anglo-Saxons in the forests of Germany,
+so that the customs of Anglo-Saxon England and of the Gothic
+kingdom of Castile had much in common. The "Laws of the Indies,"
+the disregard of which was the ground of most Filipino complaints
+up to the very last days of the rule of Spain, was a compilation
+of such of these Anglo-Saxon-Castilian laws and customs as it was
+thought could be extended to the Americas, originally called the New
+Kingdom of Castile, which included the Philippine Archipelago. Thus
+the New England township and the Mexican, and consequently the early
+Philippine pueblo, as units of local government are nearly related.
+
+These American associations, English influences, and Anglo-Saxon ideals
+also culminated in the life work of José Rizal, the heir of all the
+past ages in Philippine history. But other causes operating in his
+own day--the stories of his elders, the incidents of his childhood,
+the books he read, the men he met, the travels he made--as later
+pages will show--contributed further to make him the man he was.
+
+It was fortunate for the Philippines that after the war of
+misunderstanding with the United States there existed a character that
+commanded the admiration of both sides. Rizal's writings revealed to
+the Americans aspirations that appealed to them and conditions that
+called forth their sympathy, while the Filipinos felt confidence,
+for that reason, in the otherwise incomprehensible new government
+which honored their hero.
+
+Rizal was already, and had been for years, without rival as the idol
+of his countrymen when there came, after deliberation and delay, his
+official recognition in the Philippines. Necessarily there had to be
+careful study of his life and scrutiny of his writings before the head
+of our nation could indorse as the corner stone of the new government
+which succeeded Spain's misrule, the very ideas which Spain had
+considered a sufficient warrant for shooting their author as a traitor.
+
+Finally the President of the United States in a public address at
+Fargo, North Dakota, on April 7, 1903--five years after American
+scholars had begun to study Philippine affairs as they had never
+been studied before--declared: "In the Philippine Islands the
+American government has tried, and is trying, to carry out exactly
+what the greatest genius and most revered patriot ever known in the
+Philippines, José Rizal, steadfastly advocated," a formal, emphatic
+and clear-cut expression of national policy upon a question then of
+paramount interest.
+
+In the light of the facts of Philippine history already set forth
+there is no cause for wonder at this sweeping indorsement, even
+though the views so indorsed were those of a man who lived in
+conditions widely different from those about to be introduced by
+the new government. Rizal had not allowed bias to influence him in
+studying the past history of the Philippines, he had been equally
+honest with himself in judging the conditions of his own time, and
+he knew and applied with the same fairness the teaching which holds
+true in history as in every other branch of science that like causes
+under like conditions must produce like results, He had been careful in
+his reasoning, and it stood the test, first of President Roosevelt's
+advisers, or otherwise that Fargo speech would never have been made,
+and then of all the President's critics, or there would have been
+heard more of the statement quoted above which passed unchallenged,
+but not, one may be sure, uninvestigated.
+
+The American system is in reality not foreign to the Philippines,
+but it is the highest development, perfected by experience, of the
+original plan under which the Philippines had prospered and progressed
+until its benefits were wrongfully withheld from them. Filipino
+leaders had been vainly asking Spain for the restoration of their
+rights and the return to the system of the Laws of the Indies. At the
+time when America came to the Islands there was among them no Rizal,
+with a knowledge of history that would enable him to recognize that
+they were getting what they had been wanting, who could rise superior
+to the unimportant detail of under what name or how the good came as
+long as it arrived, and whose prestige would have led his countrymen to
+accept his decision. Some leaders had one qualification, some another,
+a few combined two, but none had the three, for a country is seldom
+favored with more than one surpassingly great man at one time.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+Rizal's Chinese Ancestry
+
+Clustered around the walls of Manila in the latter half of the
+seventeenth century were little villages the names of which, in some
+instances slightly changed, are the names of present districts. A
+fashionable drive then was through the settlement of Filipinos in
+Bagumbayan--the "new town" to which Lakandola's subjects had migrated
+when Legaspi dispossessed them of their own "Maynila." With the
+building of the moat this village disappeared, but the name remained,
+and it is often used to denote the older Luneta, as well as the drive
+leading to it.
+
+Within the walls lived the Spanish rulers and the few other persons
+that the fear and jealousy of the Spaniard allowed to come in. Some
+were Filipinos who ministered to the needs of the Spaniards, but the
+greater number were Sangleyes, or Chinese, "the mechanics in all trades
+and excellent workmen," as an old Spanish chronicle says, continuing:
+"It is true that the city could not be maintained or preserved without
+the Sangleyes."
+
+The Chinese conditions of these early days are worth recalling, for
+influences strikingly similar to those which affected the life of José
+Rizal in his native land were then at work. There were troubled times
+in the ancient "Middle Kingdom," the earlier name of the corruption
+of the Malay Tchina (China) by which we know it. The conquering
+Manchus had placed their emperor on the throne so long occupied by
+the native dynasty whose adherents had boastingly called themselves
+"The Sons of Light." The former liberal and progressive government,
+under which the people prospered, had grown corrupt and helpless,
+and the country had yielded to the invaders and passed under the
+terrible tyranny of the Tartars.
+
+Yet there were true patriots among the Chinese who were neither
+discouraged by these conditions nor blind to the real cause of their
+misfortunes. They realized that the easy conquest of their country
+and the utter disregard by their people of the bad government which
+had preceded it, showed that something was wrong with themselves.
+
+Too wise to exhaust their land by carrying on a hopeless war,
+they sought rather to get a better government by deserving it,
+and worked for the general enlightenment, believing that it would
+offer the most effective opposition to oppression, for they knew well
+that an intelligent people could not be kept enslaved. Furthermore,
+they understood that, even if they were freed from foreign rule, the
+change would be merely to another tyranny unless the darkness of the
+whole people were dispelled. The few educated men among them would
+inevitably tyrannize over the ignorant many sooner or later, and it
+would be less easy to escape from the evils of such misrule, for the
+opposition to it would be divided, while the strength of union would
+oppose any foreign despotism. These true patriots were more concerned
+about the welfare of their country than ambitious for themselves,
+and they worked to prepare their countrymen for self-government by
+teaching self-control and respect for the rights of others.
+
+No public effort toward popular education can be made under a bad
+government. Those opposed to Manchu rule knew of a secret society
+that had long existed in spite of the laws against it, and they used
+it as their model in organizing a new society to carry out their
+purposes. Some of them were members of this Ke-Ming-Tong or Chinese
+Freemasonry as it is called, and it was difficult for outsiders to
+find out the differences between it and the new Heaven-Earth-Man
+Brotherhood. The three parts to their name led the new brotherhood
+later to be called the Triad Society, and they used a triangle for
+their seal.
+
+The initiates of the Triad were pledged to one another in a blood
+compact to "depose the Tsing [Tartar] and restore the Ming [native
+Chinese] dynasty." But really the society wanted only gradual reform
+and was against any violent changes. It was at first evolutionary, but
+later a section became dissatisfied and started another society. The
+original brotherhood, however, kept on trying to educate its
+members. It wanted them to realize that the dignity of manhood is
+above that of rank or riches, and seeking to break down the barriers
+of different languages and local prejudice, hoped to create an united
+China efficient in its home government and respected in its foreign
+relations.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+It was the policy of Spain to rule by keeping the different elements
+among her subjects embittered against one another. Consequently the
+entire Chinese population of the Philippines had several times been
+almost wiped out by the Spaniards assisted by the Filipinos and
+resident Japanese. Although overcrowding was mainly the cause of
+the Chinese immigration, the considerations already described seem
+to have influenced the better class of emigrants who incorporated
+themselves with the Filipinos from 1642 on through the eighteenth
+century. Apparently these emigrants left their Chinese homes to avoid
+the shaven crown and long braided queue that the Manchu conquerors
+were imposing as a sign of submission--a practice recalled by
+the recent wholesale cutting off of queues which marked the fall
+of this same Manchu dynasty upon the establishment of the present
+republic. The patriot Chinese in Manila retained the ancient style,
+which somewhat resembled the way Koreans arrange their hair. Those who
+became Christians cut the hair short and wore European hats, otherwise
+using the clothing--blue cotton for the poor, silk for the richer--and
+felt-soled shoes, still considered characteristically Chinese.
+
+The reasons for the brutal treatment of the unhappy exiles and the
+causes of the frequent accusation against them that they were intending
+rebellion may be found in the fear that had been inspired by the
+Chinese pirates, and the apprehension that the Chinese traders and
+workmen would take away from the Filipinos their means of gaining a
+livelihood. At times unjust suspicions drove some of the less patient
+to take up arms in self-defense. Then many entirely innocent persons
+would be massacred, while those who had not bought protection from
+some powerful Spaniard would have their property pillaged by mobs that
+protested excessive devotion to Spain and found their patriotism so
+profitable that they were always eager to stir up trouble.
+
+One of the last native Chinese emperors, not wishing that any of
+his subjects should live outside his dominions, informed the Spanish
+authorities that he considered the emigrants evil persons unworthy
+of his interest. His Manchu successors had still more reason to be
+careless of the fate of the Manila Chinese. They were consequently ill
+treated with impunity, while the Japanese were "treated very cordially,
+as they are a race that demand good treatment, and it is advisable
+to do so for the friendly relations between the Islands and Japan,"
+to quote the ancient history once more.
+
+Pagan or Christian, a Chinaman's life in Manila then was not an
+enviable one, though the Christians were slightly more secure. The
+Chinese quarter was at first inside the city, but before long it became
+a considerable district of several streets along Arroceros near the
+present Botanical Garden. Thus the Chinese were under the guns of the
+Bastion San Gabriel, which also commanded two other Chinese settlements
+across the river in Tondo--Minondoc, or Binondo, and Baybay. They had
+their own headmen, their own magistrates and their own prison, and no
+outsiders were permitted among them. The Dominican Friars, who also
+had a number of missionary stations in China, maintained a church and
+a hospital for these Manila Chinese and established a settlement where
+those who became Christians might live with their families. Writers
+of that day suggest that sometimes conversions were prompted by the
+desire to get married--which until 1898 could not be done outside the
+Church--or to help the convert's business or to secure the protection
+of an influential Spanish godfather, rather than by any changed belief.
+
+Certainly two of these reasons did not influence the conversion of
+Doctor Rizal's paternal ancestor, Lam-co (that is, "Lam, Esq."),
+for this Chinese had a Chinese godfather and was not married till
+many years later.
+
+He was a native of the Chinchew district, where the Jesuits first, and
+later the Dominicans, had had missions, and he perhaps knew something
+of Christianity before leaving China. One of his church records
+indicates his home more definitely, for it specifies Siongque, near
+the great city, an agricultural community, and in China cultivation
+of the soil is considered the most honorable employment. Curiously
+enough, without conversion, the people of that region even to-day
+consider themselves akin to the Christians. They believe in one god
+and have characteristics distinguishing them from the Pagan Chinese,
+possibly derived from some remote Mohammedan ancestors.
+
+Lam-co's prestige among his own people, as shown by his leadership of
+those who later settled with him in Biñan, as well as the fact that
+even after his residence in the country he was called to Manila to
+act as godfather, suggests that he was above the ordinary standing,
+and certainly not of the coolie class. This is bogne out by his
+marrying the daughter of an educated Chinese, an alliance that was
+not likely to have been made unless he was a person of some education,
+and education is the Chinese test of social degree.
+
+He was baptized in the Parian church of San Gabriel on a Sunday in June
+of 1697. Lam-co's age was given in the record as thirty-five years,
+and the names of his parents were given as Siang-co and Zun-nio. The
+second syllables of these names are titles of a little more respect
+than the ordinary "Mr." and "Mrs.," something like the Spanish Don
+and Doña, but possibly the Dominican priest who kept the register
+was not so careful in his use of Chinese words as a Chinese would
+have been. Following the custom of the other converts on the same
+occasion, Lam-co took the name Domingo, the Spanish for Sunday, in
+honor of the day. The record of this baptism is still to be seen in
+the records of the Parian church of San Gabriel, which are preserved
+with the Binondo records, in Manila.
+
+Chinchew, the capital of the district from which he came, was a
+literary center and a town famed in Chinese history for its loyalty;
+it was probably the great port Zeitung which so strongly impressed
+the Venetian traveler Marco Polo, the first European to see China.
+
+The city was said by later writers to be large and beautiful and to
+contain half a million inhabitants, "candid, open and friendly people,
+especially friendly and polite to foreigners." It was situated forty
+miles from the sea, in the province of Fokien, the rocky coast of which
+has been described as resembling Scotland, and its sturdy inhabitants
+seem to have borne some resemblance to the Scotch in their love of
+liberty. The district now is better known by its present port of Amoy.
+
+Altogether, in wealth, culture and comfort, Lam-co's home city far
+surpassed the Manila of that day, which was, however, patterned after
+it. The walls of Manila, its paved streets, stone bridges, and large
+houses with spacious courts are admitted by Spanish writers to be due
+to the industry and skill of Chinese workmen. They were but slightly
+changed from their Chinese models, differing mainly in ornamentation,
+so that to a Chinese the city by the Pasig, to which he gave the name
+of "the city of horses," did not seem strange, but reminded him rather
+of his own country.
+
+Famine in his native district, or the plague which followed it,
+may have been the cause of Lam-co's leaving home, but it was more
+probably political troubles which transferred to the Philippines
+that intelligent and industrious stock whose descendants have proved
+such loyal and creditable sons of their adopted country. Chinese had
+come to the Islands centuries before the Spaniards arrived and they
+are still coming, but no other period has brought such a remarkable
+contribution to the strong race which the mixture of many peoples
+has built up in the Philippines. Few are the Filipinos notable in
+recent history who cannot trace descent from a Chinese baptized in
+San Gabriel church during the century following 1642; until recently
+many have felt ashamed of these really creditable ancestors.
+
+Soon after Lam-co came to Manila he made the acquaintance of two
+well-known Dominicans and thus made friendships that changed his career
+and materially affected the fortunes of his descendants. These powerful
+friends were the learned Friar Francisco Marquez, author of a Chinese
+grammar, and Friar Juan Caballero, a former missionary in China,
+who, because of his own work and because his brother held high office
+there, was influential in the business affairs of the Order. Through
+them Lam-co settled in Biñan, on the Dominican estate named after
+"St. Isidore the Laborer." There, near where the Pasig river flows
+out of the Laguna de Bay, Lam-co's descendants were to be tenants
+until another government, not yet born, and a system unknown in his
+day, should end a long series of inevitable and vexatious disputes by
+buying the estate and selling it again, on terms practicable for them,
+to those who worked the land.
+
+The Filipinos were at law over boundaries and were claiming the
+property that had been early and cheaply acquired by the Order as
+endowment for its university and other charities. The Friars of
+the Parian quarter thought to take those of their parishioners in
+whom they had most confidence out of harm's way, and by the same act
+secure more satisfactory tenants, for prejudice was then threatening
+another indiscriminate massacre. So they settled many industrious
+Chinese converts upon these farms, and flattered themselves that
+their tenant troubles were ended, for these foreigners could have no
+possible claim to the land. The Chinese were equally pleased to have
+safer homes and an occupation which in China placed them in a social
+position superior to that of a tradesman.
+
+Domingo Lam-co was influential in building up Tubigan barrio, one
+of the richest parts of the great estate. In name and appearance
+it recalled the fertile plains that surrounded his native Chinchew,
+"the city of springs." His neighbors were mainly Chinchew men, and
+what is of more importance to this narrative, the wife whom he married
+just before removing to the farm was of a good Chinchew family. She
+was Inez de la Rosa and but half Domingo's age; they were married
+in the Parian church by the same priest who over thirty years before
+had baptized her husband.
+
+Her father was Agustin Chinco, also of Chinchew, a rice merchant,
+who had been baptized five years earlier than Lam-co. His baptismal
+record suggests that he was an educated man, as already indicated,
+for the name of his town proved a puzzle till a present-day Dominican
+missionary from Amoy explained that it appeared to be the combined
+names for Chinchew in both the common and literary Chinese, in each
+case with the syllable denoting the town left off. Apparently when
+questioned from what town he came, Chinco was careful not to repeat
+the word town, but gave its name only in the literary language,
+and when that was not understood, he would repeat it in the local
+dialect. The priest, not understanding the significance of either in
+that form, wrote down the two together as a single word. Knowledge
+of the literary Chinese, or Mandarin, as it is generally called,
+marked the educated man, and, as we have already pointed out,
+education in China meant social position. To such minute deductions
+is it necessary to resort when records are scarce, and to be of value
+the explanation must be in harmony with the conditions of the period;
+subsequent research has verified the foregoing conclusions.
+
+Agustin Chinco had also a Chinese godfather and his parents were
+Chin-co and Zun-nio. He was married to Jacinta Rafaela, a Chinese
+mestiza of the Parian, as soon after his baptism as the banns could
+be published. She apparently was the daughter of a Christian Chinese
+and a Chinese mestiza; there were too many of the name Jacinta in that
+day to identify which of the several Jacintas she was and so enable us
+to determine the names of her parents. The Rafaela part of her name
+was probably added after she was grown up, in honor of the patron of
+the Parian settlement, San Rafael, just as Domingo, at his marriage,
+added Antonio in honor of the Chinese. How difficult guides names
+then were may be seen from this list of the six children of Agustin
+Chinco and Jacinta Rafaela: Magdalena Vergara, Josepha, Cristoval de
+la Trinidad, Juan Batista, Francisco Hong-Sun and Inez de la Rosa.
+
+The father-in-law and the son-in-law, Agustin and Domingo, seem to
+have been old friends, and apparently of the same class. Lam-co must
+have seen his future wife, the youngest in Chinco's numerous family,
+grow up from babyhood, and probably was attracted by the idea that
+she would make a good housekeeper like her thrifty mother, rather
+than by any romantic feelings, for sentiment entered very little into
+matrimony in those days when the parents made the matches. Possibly,
+however, their married life was just as happy, for divorces then were
+not even thought of, and as this couple prospered they apparently
+worked well together in a financial way.
+
+The next recorded event in the life of Domingo Lam-co and his wife
+occurred in 1741 when, after years of apparently happy existence in
+Biñan, came a great grief in the loss of their baby daughter, Josepha
+Didnio, probably named for her aunt. She had lived only five days,
+but payments to the priest for a funeral such as was not given to
+many grown persons who died that year in Biñan show how keenly the
+parents felt the loss of their little girl. They had at the time but
+one other child, a boy of ten, Francisco Mercado, whose Christian
+name was given partly because he had an uncle of the same name,
+and partly as a tribute of gratitude to the friendly Friar scholar
+in Manila. His new surname suggests that the family possessed the
+commendable trait of taking pride in its ancestry.
+
+Among the Chinese the significance of a name counts for much and it
+is always safe to seek a reason for the choice of a name. The Lam-co
+family were not given to the practice of taking the names of their
+god-parents. Mercado recalls both an honest Spanish encomendero
+of the region, also named Francisco, and a worthy mestizo Friar,
+now remembered for his botanical studies, but it is not likely that
+these influenced Domingo Lam-co in choosing this name for his son. He
+gave his boy a name which in the careless Castilian of the country was
+but a Spanish translation of the Chinese name by which his ancestors
+had been called. Sangley, Mercado and Merchant mean much the same;
+Francisco therefore set out in life with a surname that would free
+him from the prejudice that followed those with Chinese names,
+and yet would remind him of his Chinese ancestry. This was wisdom,
+for seldom are men who are ashamed of their ancestry any credit to it.
+
+The family history has to be gleaned from partially preserved parochial
+registers of births, marriages and deaths, incomplete court records,
+the scanty papers of the estates, a few land transfers, and some stray
+writings that accidentally have been preserved with the latter. The
+next event in Domingo's life which is revealed by them is a visit
+to Manila where in the old Parian church he acted as sponsor,
+or godfather, at the baptism of a countryman, and a new convert,
+Siong-co, whose granddaughter was, we shall see, to marry a grandson
+of Lam-co's, the couple becoming Rizal's grandparents.
+
+Francisco was a grown man when his mother died and was buried with
+the elaborate ceremonies which her husband's wealth permitted. There
+was a coffin, a niche in which to put it, chanting of the service and
+special prayers. All these involved extra cost, and the items noted in
+the margin of her funeral record make a total which in those days was
+a considerable sum. Domingo outlived Mrs. Lam-co by but a few years,
+and he also had, for the time, an expensive funeral.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+Liberalizing Hereditary Influences
+
+The hope of the Biñan landlords that by changing from Filipino to
+Chinese tenantry they could avoid further litigation seems to have
+been disappointed. A family tradition of Francisco Mercado tells of
+a tedious and costly lawsuit with the Order. Its details and merits
+are no longer remembered, and they are not important.
+
+History has recorded enough agrarian trouble, in all ages and in all
+countries, to prove the economic mistake of large holdings of land by
+those who do not cultivate it. Human nature is alike the world over,
+it does not change with the centuries, and just as the Filipinos
+had done, the Chinese at last obiected to paying increased rent for
+improvements which they made themselves.
+
+A Spanish iudge required the landlords to produce their deeds, and,
+after measuring the land, he decided that they were then taking rent
+for considerably more than they had originally bought or had been
+given. But the tenants lost on the appeal, and, as they thought it
+was because they were weak and their opponents powerful, a grievance
+grew up which was still remembered in Rizal's day and was well known
+and understood by him.
+
+Another cause of discontent, which was a liberalizing influence,
+was making itself felt in the Philippines about the time of Domingo's
+death. A number of Spaniards had been claiming for their own countrymen
+such safeguards of personal liberty as were enjoyed by Englishmen,
+for no other government in Europe then paid any attention to the rights
+of the individual. Learned men had devoted much study to the laws and
+rights of nations, but these Spanish Liberals insisted that it was the
+guarantees given to the citizens, and not the political independence
+of the State, that made a country really free. Unfortunately, just
+as their proposals began to gain followers, Spain became involved in
+war with England, because the Spanish King, then as now a Bourbon
+and so related to a number of other reactionary rulers, had united
+in the family compact by which the royal relatives were to stamp out
+liberal ideas in their own dominions, and as allies to crush England,
+the source of the dissatisfaction which threatened their thrones.
+
+Many progressive Spaniards had become Freemasons, when that ancient
+society, after its revival in England, had been reintroduced into
+Spain. Now they found themselves suspected of sympathy with England
+and therefore of treason to Spain. While this could not be proved,
+it led to enforcing a papal bull against them, by which Pope Clement
+XII placed their institution under the ban of excommunication.
+
+At first it was intended to execute all the Spanish Freemasons, but
+the Queen's favorite violinist secretly sympathized with them. He used
+his influence with Her Majesty so well that through her intercession
+the King commuted the sentences from death to banishment as minor
+officials in the possessions overseas.
+
+Thus Cuba, Mexico, South and Central America, and the Philippines were
+provided with the ablest Spanish advocates of modern ideas. In no other
+way could liberalism have been spread so widely or more effectively.
+
+Besides these officeholders there had been from the earliest days
+noblemen, temporarily out of favor at Court, in banishment in the
+colonies. Cavite had some of these exiles, who were called "caja
+abierta," or carte blanche, because their generous allowances, which
+could be drawn whenever there were government funds, seemed without
+limit to the Filipinos. The Spanish residents of the Philippines were
+naturally glad to entertain, supply money to, and otherwise serve
+these men of noble birth, who might at any time be restored to favor
+and again be influential, and this gave them additional prestige in the
+eyes of the Filipinos. One of these exiles, whose descendants yet live
+in these Islands, passed from prisoner in Cavite to viceroy in Mexico.
+
+Francisco Mercado lived near enough to hear of the "cajas abiertas"
+(exiles) and their ways, if he did not actually meet some of them
+and personally experience the charm of their courtesy. They were as
+different from the ruder class of Spaniards who then were coming to
+the Islands as the few banished officials were unlike the general run
+of officeholders. The contrast naturally suggested that the majority of
+the Spaniards in the Philippines, both in official and in private life,
+were not creditable representatives of their country. This charge,
+insisted on with greater vehemence as subsequent events furnished
+further reasons for doing so, embittered the controversies of the
+last century of Spanish rule. The very persons who realized that the
+accusation was true of themselves, were those who most resented it,
+and the opinion of them which they knew the Filipinos held but dared
+not voice, rankled in their breasts. They welcomed every disparagement
+of the Philippines and its people, and thus made profitable a
+senseless and abusive campaign which was carried on by unscrupulous,
+irresponsible writers of such defective education that vilification
+was their sole argument. Their charges were easily disproved, but they
+had enough cunning to invent new charges continually, and prejudice
+gave ready credence to them.
+
+Finally an unreasoning fury broke out and in blind passion innocent
+persons were struck down; the taste for blood once aroused,
+irresponsible writers like that Retana who has now become Rizal's
+biographer, whetted the savage appetite for fresh victims. The
+last fifty years of Spanish rule in the Philippines was a small
+saturnalia of revenge with hardly a lucid interval for the governing
+power to reflect or an opportunity for the reasonable element to
+intervene. Somewhat similarly the Bourbons in France had hoped to
+postpone the day of reckoning for their mistakes by misdeeds done
+in fear to terrorize those who sought reforms. The aristocracy of
+France paid back tenfold each drop of innocent blood that was shed,
+but while the unreasoning world recalls the French Revolution with
+horror, the student of history thinks more of the evils which made
+it a natural result. Mirabeau in vain sought to restrain his aroused
+countrymen, just as he had vainly pleaded with the aristocrats to end
+their excesses. Rizal, who held Mirabeau for his hero among the men of
+the French Revolution, knew the historical lesson and sought to sound
+a warning, but he was unheeded by the Spaniards and misunderstood by
+many of his countrymen.
+
+At about the time of the arrival of the Spanish political exiles
+we find in Manila a proof of the normal mildness of Spain in
+the Philippines. The Inquisition, of dread name elsewhere, in the
+Philippines affected only Europeans, had before it two English-speaking
+persons, an Irish doctor and a county merchant accused of being
+Freemasons. The kind-hearted Friar inquisitor dismissed the culprits
+with warnings, and excepting some Spanish political matters in which
+it took part, this was the nearest that the institution ever came to
+exercising its functions here.
+
+The sufferings of the Indians in the Spanish-American gold mines, too,
+had no Philippine counterpart, for at the instance of the friars the
+Church early forbade the enslaving of the people. Neither friars nor
+government have any records in the Philippines which warrant belief
+that they were responsible for the severe punishments of the period
+from '72 to '98. Both were connected with opposition to reforms
+which appeared likely to jeopardize their property or to threaten
+their prerogatives, and in this they were only human, but here their
+selfish interests and activities seem to cease.
+
+For religious reasons the friar orders combatted modern ideas which
+they feared might include atheistical teachings such as had made
+trouble in France, and the Government was against the introduction of
+latter-day thought of democratic tendency, but in both instances the
+opposition may well have been believed to be for the best interest
+of the Philippine people. However mistaken, their action can only be
+deplored not censured. The black side of this matter was the rousing
+of popular passion, and it was done by sheets subsidized to argue;
+their editors, however, resorted to abuse in order to conceal the fact
+that they had not the ability to perform the services for which they
+were hired. While some individual members of both the religious orders
+and of the Government were influenced by these inflaming attacks,
+the interests concerned, as organizations, seem to have had a policy
+of self-defense, and not of revenge.
+
+The theory here advanced must wait for the judgment of the reader
+till the later events have been submitted. However, Rizal himself
+may be called in to prove that the record and policy is what has been
+asserted, for otherwise he would hardly have disregarded, as he did,
+the writings of Motley and Prescott, historians whom he could have
+quoted with great advantage to support the attacks he would surely
+have not failed to make had they seemed to him warranted, for he
+never was wanting in knowledge, resourcefulness or courage where his
+country was concerned.
+
+No definite information is available as to what part Francisco
+Mercado took during the disturbed two years when the English held
+Manila and Judge Anda carried on a guerilla warfare. The Dominicans
+were active in enlisting their tenants to fight against the invaders,
+and probably he did his share toward the Spanish defense either with
+contributions or personal service. The attitude of the region in
+which he lived strengthens this surmise, for only after long-continued
+wrongs and repeatedly broken promises of redress did Filipino loyalty
+fail. This was a century too early for the country around Manila,
+which had been better protected and less abused than the provinces
+to the north where the Ilokanos revolted.
+
+Biñan, however, was within the sphere of English influence, for
+Anda's campaign was not quite so formidable as the inscription on his
+monument in Manila represents it to be, and he was far indeed from
+being the great conqueror that the tablet on the Santa Cruz Church
+describes him. Because of its nearness to Manila and Cavite and
+its rich gardens, British soldiers and sailors often visited Biñan,
+but as the inhabitants never found occasion to abandon their homes,
+they evidently suffered no serious inconvenience.
+
+Commerce, a powerful factor, destroying the hermit character of
+the Islands, gained by the short experience of freer trade under
+England's rule, since the Filipinos obtained a taste for articles
+before unused, which led them to be discontented and insistent, till
+the Manila market finally came to be better supplied. The contrast
+of the British judicial system with the Spanish tribunals was also a
+revelation, for the foulest blot upon the colonial administration of
+Spain was her iniquitous courts of justice, and this was especially
+true of the Philippines.
+
+Anda's triumphal entry into the capital was celebrated with a wholesale
+hanging of Chinese, which must have made Francisco Mercado glad that
+he was now so identified with the country as to escape the prejudice
+against his race.
+
+A few years later came the expulsion of the Jesuit fathers and the
+confiscation of their property. It certainly weakened the government;
+personal acquaintance counted largely with the Filipinos; whole
+parishes knew Spain and the Church only through their parish priest,
+and the parish priest was usually a Jesuit whose courtesy equalled that
+of the most aristocratic officeholder or of any exiled "caja abierta."
+
+Francisco Mercado did not live in a Jesuit parish but in the
+neighboring hacienda of St. John the Baptist at Kalamba, where there
+was a great dam and an extensive irrigation system which caused the
+land to rival in fertility the rich soil of Biñan. Everybody in his
+neighborhood knew that the estate had been purchased with money left
+in Mexico by pious Spaniards who wanted to see Christianity spread in
+the Philippines, and it seemed to them sacrilege that the government
+should take such property for its own secular uses.
+
+The priests in Biñan were Filipinos and were usually leaders among
+the secular clergy, for the parish was desirable beyond most in the
+archdiocese because of its nearness to Manila, its excellent climate,
+its well-to-do parishioners and the great variety of its useful and
+ornamental plants and trees. Many of the fruits and vegetables of
+Biñan were little known elsewhere, for they were of American origin,
+brought by Dominicans on the voyages from Spain by way of Mexico. They
+were introduced first into the great gardens at the hacienda house,
+which was a comfortable and spacious building adjoining the church,
+and the favorite resting place for members of the Order in Manila.
+
+The attendance of the friars on Sundays and fête days gave to the
+religious services on these occasions a dignity usually belonging to
+city churches. Sometimes, too, some of the missionaries from China
+and other Dominican notables would be seen in Biñan. So the people
+not only had more of the luxuries and the pomp of life than most
+Filipinos, but they had a broader outlook upon it. Their opinion
+of Spain was formed from acquaintance with many Spaniards and from
+comparing them with people of other lands who often came to Manila and
+investigated the region close to it, especially the show spots such
+as Biñan. Then they were on the road to the fashionable baths at Los
+Baños, where the higher officials often resorted. Such opportunities
+gave a sort of education, and Biñan people were in this way more
+cultured than the dwellers in remote places, whose only knowledge of
+their sovereign state was derived from a single Spaniard, the friar
+curate of their parish.
+
+Monastic training consists in withdrawing from the world and living
+isolated under strict rule, and this would scarcely seem to be
+the best preparation for such responsibility as was placed upon the
+Friars. Troubles were bound to come, and the people of Biñan, knowing
+the ways of the world, would soon be likely to complain and demand the
+changes which would avoid them; the residents of less worldly wise
+communities would wait and suffer till too late, and then in blind
+wrath would wreak bloody vengeance upon guilty and innocent alike.
+
+Kalamba, a near neighbor of Biñan, had other reasons for being known
+besides its confiscation by the government. It was the scene of an
+early and especially cruel massacre of Chinese, and about Francisco's
+time considerable talk had been occasioned because an archbishop had
+established an uniform scale of charges for the various rites of the
+Church. While these charges were often complained of, it was the poorer
+people (some of whom were in receipt of charity) who suffered. The
+rich were seeking more expensive ceremonies in order to outshine the
+other well-to-do people of their neighborhood. The real grievance was,
+however, not the cost, but the fact that political discriminations
+were made so that those who were out of favor with the government
+were likewise deprived of church privileges. The reform of Archbishop
+Santo y Rufino has importance only because it gave the people of the
+provinces what Manila had long possessed--a knowledge of the rivalry
+between the secular and the regular clergy.
+
+The people had learned in Governor Bustamente's time that Church and
+State did not always agree, and now they saw dissensions within the
+Church. The Spanish Conquest and the possession of the Philippines
+had been made easy by the doctrine of the indivisibility of Church
+and State, by the teaching that the two were one and inseparable,
+but events were continually demonstrating the falsity of this early
+teaching. Hence the foundation of the sovereignty of Spain was
+slowly weakening, and nowhere more surely than in the region near
+Manila which numbered José Rizal's keen-witted and observing great
+grandfather among its leading men.
+
+Francisco Mercado was a bachelor during the times of these exciting
+events and therefore more free to visit Manila and Cavite, and he was
+possibly the more likely to be interested in political matters. He
+married on May 26, 1771, rather later in life than was customary in
+Biñan, though he was by no means as old as his father, Domingo, was
+when he married. His bride, Bernarda Monicha, was a Chinese mestiza
+of the neighboring hacienda of San Pedro Tunasan, who had been early
+orphaned and from childhood had lived in Biñan. As the coadjutor priest
+of the parish bore the same name, one uncommon in the Biñan records
+of that period, it is possible that he was a relative. The frequent
+occurrence of the name of Monicha among the last names of girls of
+that vicinity later on must be ascribed to Bernarda's popularity
+as godmother.
+
+Mr. and Mrs. Francisco Mercado had two children, both boys, Juan and
+Clemente. During their youth the people of the Philippines were greatly
+interested in the struggles going on between England, the old enemy
+of Spain, and the rebellious English-American colonies. So bitter was
+the Spanish hatred of the nation which had humiliated her repeatedly
+on both land and sea, that the authorities forgot their customary
+caution and encouraged the circulation of any story that told in favor
+of the American colonies. Little did they realize the impression that
+the statement of grievances--so trivial compared with the injustices
+that were being inflicted upon the Spanish colonials--was making upon
+their subjects overseas, who until then had been carefully guarded from
+all modern ideas of government. American successes were hailed with
+enthusiasm in the most remote towns, and from this time may be dated
+a perceptible increase in Philippine discontent. Till then outbreaks
+and uprisings had been more for revenge than with any well-considered
+aim, but henceforth complaints became definite, demands were made
+that to an increasing number of people appeared to be reasonable,
+and those demands were denied or ignored, or promises were made in
+answer to them which were never fulfilled.
+
+Francisco Mercado was well to do, if we may judge from the number of
+carabaos he presented for registration, for his was among the largest
+herds in the book of brands that has chanced to be preserved with the
+Biñan church records. In 1783 he was alcalde, or chief officer of the
+town, and he lived till 1801. His name appears so often as godfather
+in the registers of baptisms and weddings that he must have been a
+good-natured, liberal and popular man.
+
+Mrs. Francisco Mercado survived her husband by a number of years,
+and helped to nurse through his baby ailments a grandson also named
+Francisco, the father of Doctor Rizal.
+
+Francisco Mercado's eldest son, Juan, built a fine house in the center
+of Biñan, where its pretentious stone foundations yet stand to attest
+how the home deserved the pride which the family took in it.
+
+At twenty-two Juan married a girl of Tubigan, who was two years his
+elder, Cirila Alejandra, daughter of Domingo Lam-co's Chinese godson,
+Siong-co. Cirila's father's silken garments were preserved by the
+family until within the memory of persons now living, and it is likely
+that José Rizal, Siong-co's great-grandson, while in school at Biñan,
+saw these tangible proofs of the social standing in China of this
+one of his ancestors.
+
+Juan Mercado was three times the chief officer of Biñan--in 1808, 1813
+and 1823. His sympathies are evident from the fact that he gave the
+second name, Fernando, to the son born when the French were trying
+to get the Filipinos to declare for King Joseph, whom his brother
+Napoleon had named sovereign of Spain. During the little while that the
+Philippines profited by the first constitution of Spain, Mercado was
+one of the two alcaldes. King Ferdinand VII then was relying on English
+aid, and to please his allies as well as to secure the loyalty of his
+subjects, Ferdinand pretended to be a very liberal monarch, swearing
+to uphold the constitution which the representatives of the people
+had framed at Cadiz in 1812. Under this constitution the Filipinos
+were to be represented in the Spanish Cortes, and the grandfather of
+Rizal was one of the electors to choose the Representative.
+
+During the next twenty-five years the history of the connection of the
+Philippines with Spain is mainly a record of the breaking and renewing
+of the King's oaths to the constitution, and of the Philippines
+electing delegates who would find the Cortes dissolved by the time
+they could get to Madrid, until in the final constitution that did
+last Philippine representation was left out altogether. Had things
+been different the sad story of this book might never have been told,
+for though the misgovernment of the Philippines was originally owing
+to the disregard for the Laws of the Indies and to giving unrestrained
+power to officials, the effects of these mistakes were not apparent
+until well into the nineteenth century.
+
+Another influence which educated the Filipino people was at work during
+this period. They had heard the American Revolution extolled and its
+course approved, because the Spaniards disliked England. Then came
+the French Revolution, which appalled the civilized world. A people,
+ignorant and oppressed, washed out in blood the wrongs which they had
+suffered, but their liberty degenerated into license, their ideals
+proved impracticable, and the anarchy of their radical republic was
+succeeded by the military despotism of Napoleon.
+
+A book written in Tagalog by a friar pointed out the differences
+between true liberty and false. It was the story of an old municipal
+captain who had traveled and returned to enlighten his friends at
+home. The story was well told, and the catechism form in which, by
+his friends' questions and the answers to them, the author's opinions
+were presented, was familiar to Filipinos, so that there were many
+intelligent readers, but its results were quite different from what
+its pious and patriotic author had intended they should be.
+
+The book told of the broadening influences of travel and of education;
+it suggested that liberty was possible only for the intelligent, but
+that schools, newspapers, libraries and the means of travel which the
+American colonists were enjoying were not provided for the Filipinos.
+
+They were further told that the Spanish colonies in America were
+repeating the unhappy experiences of the French republic, while
+the "English North Americans," whose ships during the American
+Revolution had found the Pacific a safe refuge from England,
+had developed considerable commerce with the Philippines. A kindly
+feeling toward the Americans had been aroused by the praise given to
+Filipino mechanics who had been trained by an American naval officer
+to repair his ship when the Spaniards at the government dockyards
+proved incapable of doing the work. Even the first American Consul,
+whose monument yet remains in the Plaza Cervantes, Manila, though,
+because of his faith, he could not be buried in the consecrated ground
+of the Catholic cemeteries, received what would appear to be a higher
+honor, a grave in the principal business plaza of the city.
+
+The inferences were irresistible: the way of the French Revolution
+was repugnant alike to God and government, that of the American
+was approved by both. Filipinos of reflective turn of mind began to
+study America; some even had gone there; for, from a little Filipino
+settlement, St. Malo near New Orleans, sailors enlisted to fight
+in the second war of the United States against England; one of them
+was wounded and his name was long borne on the pension roll of the
+United States.
+
+The danger of the dense ignorance in which their rulers kept the
+Filipinos showed itself in 1819, when a French ship from India having
+introduced Asiatic cholera into the Islands, the lowest classes of
+Manila ascribed it to the collections of insects and reptiles which
+a French naturalist, who was a passenger upon the ship, had brought
+ashore. However the story started, the collection and the dwelling
+of the naturalist fared badly, and afterwards the mob, excited by
+its success, made war upon all foreigners. At length the excitement
+subsided, but too much damage to foreign lives and property had been
+done to be ignored, and the matter had an ugly look, especially as
+no Spaniard had suffered by this outbreak. The Insular government
+roused itself to punish some of the minor misdoers and made many
+explanations and apologies, but the aggrieved nations insisted, and
+obtained as compensation a greater security for foreigners and the
+removal of many of the restraints upon commerce and travel. Thus the
+riot proved a substantial step in Philippine progress.
+
+Following closely the excitement over the massacre of the foreigners
+in Manila came the news that Spain had sold Florida to the United
+States. The circumstances of the sale were hardly creditable to the
+vendor, for it was under compulsion. Her lax government had permitted
+its territory to become the refuge of criminals and lawless savages
+who terrorized the border until in self-defense American soldiers under
+General Jackson had to do the work that Spain could not do. Then with
+order restored and the country held by American troops, an offer to
+purchase was made to Spain who found the liberal purchase money a
+very welcome addition to her bankrupt treasury.
+
+Immediately after this the Monroe Doctrine attracted widespread
+attention in the Philippines. Its story is part of Spanish history. A
+group of reactionary sovereigns of Europe, including King Ferdinand,
+had united to crush out progressive ideas in their kingdoms and
+to remove the dangerous examples of liberal states from their
+neighborhoods. One of the effects of this unholy alliance was to
+nullify all the reforms which Spain had introduced to secure English
+assistance in her time of need, and the people of England were greatly
+incensed. Great Britain had borne the brunt of the war against Napoleon
+because her liberties were jeopardized, but naturally her people could
+not be expected to undertake further warfare merely for the sake of
+people of another land, however they might sympathize with them.
+
+George Canning, the English statesman to whom belonged much of the
+credit for the Constitution of Cadiz, thought out a way to punish
+the Spanish king for his perfidy. King Ferdinand was planning, with
+the Island of Cuba as a base, to begin a campaign that should return
+his rebellious American colonies to their allegiance, for they had
+taken advantage of disturbances in the Peninsula to declare their
+independence. England proposed to the United States that they, the two
+Anglo-Saxon nations whose ideas of liberty had unsettled Europe and
+whom the alliance would have attacked had it dared, should unite in
+a protectorate over the New World. England was to guard the sea and
+the United States were to furnish the soldiers for any land fighting
+which might come on their side of the Atlantic.
+
+World politics had led the enemies of England to help her revolting
+colonies, Napoleon's jealousy of Britain had endowed the new nation
+with the vast Louisiana Territory, and European complications saved the
+United States from the natural consequences of their disastrous war of
+1812, which taught them that union was as necessary to preserve their
+independence as it had been to win it. Canning's project in principle
+appealed to the North Americans, but the study of it soon showed that
+Great Britain was selfish in her suggestion. After a generation of
+fighting, England found herself drained of soldiers and therefore she
+diplomatically invited the coöperation of her former colonies; but,
+regardless of any formal arrangement, her navy could be relied on to
+prevent those who had played her false from transporting large armies
+across the ocean into the neighborhood of her otherwise defenseless
+colonies. That was self-preservation.
+
+President Monroe's advisers were willing that their country should run
+some risk on its own account, but they had the traditional American
+aversion to entangling alliances. So the Cabinet counseled that the
+young nation alone should make itself the protector of the South
+American republics, and drafted the declaration warning the world
+that aggression against any of the New World democracies would be
+resented as unfriendliness to the United States.
+
+It was the firm attitude of President Monroe that compelled Spain to
+forego the attempt to reconquer her former colonies, and therefore
+Mexico and Central and South America owe their existence as republics
+quite as much to the elder commonwealth as does Cuba.
+
+The American attitude revealed in the Monroe Doctrine was especially
+obnoxious to the Spaniards in the Philippines but their intemperate
+denunciations of the policy of America for the Americans served only
+to spread a knowledge of that doctrine among the people of that little
+territory which remained to them to misgovern. Secretly there began
+to be, among the stouter-hearted Filipinos, some who cherished a
+corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, the Philippines for the Filipinos.
+
+Thoughts of separation from Spain by means of rebellion, by sale
+and by the assistance of other nations, had been thus put into the
+heads of the people. These were all changes coming from outside,
+but it next to be demonstrated that Spain herself did not hold her
+noncontiguous territories as sacred as she did her home dominions.
+
+The sale of Florida suggested that Cuba, Porto Rico and the Philippines
+were also available assets, and an offer to sell them was made to
+the King of France; but this sovereign overreached himself, for,
+thinking to drive a better bargain, he claimed that the low prices
+were too high. Thereupon the Spanish Ambassador, who was not in accord
+with his unpatriotic instructions, at once withdrew the offer and
+the negotiations terminated. But the Spanish people learned of the
+proposed sale and their indignation was great. The news spread to the
+Spaniards in the Philippines. Through their comments the Filipinos
+realized that the much-talked-of sacred integrity of the Spanish
+dominions was a meaningless phrase, and that the Philippines would
+not always be Spanish if Spain could get her price.
+
+Gobernadorcillo Mercado, "Captain Juan," as he was called, made a
+creditable figure in his office, and there used to be in Biñan a
+painting of him with his official sword, cocked hat and embroidered
+blouse. The municipal executive in his time did not always wear the
+ridiculous combination of European and old Tagalog costumes, namely, a
+high hat and a short jacket over the floating tails of a pleated shirt,
+which later undignified the position. He has a notable record for his
+generosity, the absence of oppression and for the official honesty
+which distinguished his public service from that of many who held
+his same office. He did, however, change the tribute lists so that
+his family were no longer "Chinese mestizos," but were enrolled as
+"Indians," the wholesale Spanish term for the natives of all Spain's
+possessions overseas. This, in a way, was compensation (it lowered
+his family's tribute) for his having to pay the taxes of all who
+died in Biñan or moved away during his term of office. The municipal
+captain then was held accountable whether the people could pay or not,
+no deductions ever being made from the lists. Most gobernadorcillos
+found ways to reimburse themselves, but not Mercado. His family,
+however, were of the fourth generation in the Philippines and he
+evidently thought that they were entitled to be called Filipinos.
+
+A leader in church work also, and several times "Hermano mayor" of
+its charitable society, the Captain's name appears on a number of
+lists that have come down from that time as a liberal contributor
+to various public subscriptions. His wife was equally benevolent,
+as the records show.
+
+Mr. and Mrs. Mercado did not neglect their family, which was rather
+numerous. Their children were Gavino, Potenciana (who never married),
+Leoncio, Fausto, Barcelisa (who became the wife of Hermenegildo
+Austria), Gabriel, Julian, Gregorio Fernando, Casimiro, Petrona
+(who married Gregorio Neri), Tomasa (later Mrs. F. de Guzman), and
+Cornelia, the belle of the family, who later lived in Batangas.
+
+Young Francisco was only eight years old when his father died, but
+his mother and sister Potenciana looked well after him. First he
+attended a Biñan Latin school, and later he seems to have studied
+Latin and philosophy in the College of San José in Manila.
+
+A sister, Petrona, for some years had been a dressgoods merchant in
+nearby Kalamba, on an estate that had recently come under the same
+ownership as Biñan. There she later married, and shortly after was
+widowed. Possibly upon their mother's death, Potenciana and Francisco
+removed to Kalamba; though Petrona died not long after, her brother
+and sister continued to make their home there.
+
+Francisco, in spite of his youth, became a tenant of the estate as did
+some others of his family, for their Biñan holdings were not large
+enough to give farms to all Captain Juan's many sons. The landlords
+early recognized the agricultural skill of the Mercados by further
+allotments, as they could bring more land under cultivation. Sometimes
+Francisco was able to buy the holdings of others who proved less
+successful in their management and became discouraged.
+
+The pioneer farming, clearing the miasmatic forests especially, was
+dangerous work, and there were few families that did not buy their
+land with the lives of some of its members. In 1847 the Mercados
+had funerals, of brothers and nephews of Francisco, and, chief
+among them, of that elder sister who had devoted her life to him,
+Potenciana. She had always prompted and inspired the young man, and
+Francisco's success in life was largely due to her wise counsels and
+her devoted encouragement of his industry and ambition. Her thrifty
+management of the home, too, was sadly missed.
+
+A year after his sister Potenciana's death, Francisco Mercado married
+Teodora Alonzo, a native of Manila, who for several years had been
+residing with her mother at Kalamba. The history of the family of
+Mrs. Mercado is unfortunately not so easily traced as is that of her
+husband, and what is known is of less simplicity and perhaps of more
+interest since the mother's influence is greater than the father's,
+and she was the mother of José Rizal.
+
+Her father, Lorenzo Alberto Alonzo (born 1790, died 1854), is said
+to have been "very Chinese" in appearance. He had a brother who was
+a priest, and a sister, Isabel, who was quite wealthy; he himself
+was also well to do. Their mother, Maria Florentina (born 1771, died
+1817), was, on her mother's side, of the famous Florentina family of
+Chinese mestizos originating in Baliwag, Bulacan, and her father was
+Captain Mariano Alejandro of Biñan.
+
+Lorenzo Alberto was municipal captain of Biñan in 1824, as had been his
+father, Captain Cipriano Alonzo (died 18O5), in 1797. The grandfather,
+Captain Gregorio Alonzo (died 1794), was a native of Quiotan barrio,
+and twice, in 1763 and again in 1768, at the head of the mestizos'
+organization of the Santa Cruz district in Manila.
+
+Captain Lorenzo was educated for a surveyor, and his engineering books,
+some in English and others in French, were preserved in Biñan till,
+upon the death of his son, the family belongings were scattered. He
+was wealthy, and had invested a considerable sum of money with the
+American Manila shipping firms of Peele, Hubbell & Co., and Russell,
+Sturgis & Co.
+
+The family story is that he became acquainted with Brigida de Quintos,
+Mrs. Rizal's mother, while he was a student in Manila, and that she,
+being unusually well educated for a girl of those days, helped him
+with his mathematics. Their acquaintance apparently arose through
+relationship, both being connected with the Reyes family. They had five
+children: Narcisa (who married Santiago Muger), Teodora (Mrs. Francisco
+Rizal Mercado), Gregorio, Manuel and José. All were born in Manila,
+but lived in Kalamba, and they used the name Alonzo till that general
+change of names in 1850 when, with their mother, they adopted the
+name Realonda. This latter name has been said to be an allusion to
+royal blood in the family, but other indications suggest that it
+might have been a careless mistake made in writing by Rosa Realonda,
+whose name sometimes appears written as Redonda. There is a family
+Redondo (Redonda in its feminine form) Alonzo of Ilokano origin, the
+same stock as their traditions give for Mrs. Rizal's father, some
+of whose members were to be found in the neighborhood of Biñan and
+Pasay. One member of this family was akin in spirit to José Rizal,
+for he was fined twenty-five thousand pesos by the Supreme Court of
+the Philippine Islands for "contempt of religion." It appears that he
+put some original comparisons into a petition which sought to obtain
+justice from an inferior tribunal where, by the omission of the word
+"not" in copying, the clerk had reversed the court's decision but
+the judge refused to change the record.
+
+Brigida de Quintos's death record, in Kalamba (1856), speaks of her
+as the daughter of Manuel de Quintos and Regina Ochoa.
+
+The most obscure part of Rizal's family tree is the Ochoa branch, the
+family of the maternal grandmother, for all the archives,--church,
+land and court,--disappeared during the late disturbed conditions
+of which Cavite was the center. So one can only repeat what has been
+told by elderly people who have been found reliable in other accounts
+where the clews they gave could be compared with existing records.
+
+The first of the family is said to have been Policarpio Ochoa, an
+employé of the Spanish customs house. Estanislao Manuel Ochoa was his
+son, with the blood of old Castile mingling with Chinese and Tagalog
+in his veins. He was part owner of the Hacienda of San Francisco de
+Malabon. One story says that somewhere in this family was a Mariquita
+Ochoa, of such beauty that she was known in Cavite, where was her home,
+as the Sampaguita (jasmine) of the Parian, or Chinese, quarter.
+
+There was a Spanish nobleman also in Cavite in her time who had
+been deported for political reasons--probably for holding liberal
+opinions and for being thought to be favorable to English ideas. It
+is said that this particular "caja abierta" was a Marquis de Canete,
+and if so there is ground for the claim that he was of royal blood;
+at least some of his far-off ancestors had been related to a former
+ruling family of Spain.
+
+Mariquita's mother knew the exile, since, according to the custom
+in Filipino families, she looked after the business interests of her
+husband. Curious to see the belle of whom he had heard so much, the
+Marquis made an excuse of doing business with the mother, and went to
+her home on an occasion when he knew that the mother was away. No one
+else was there to answer his knock and Mariquita, busied in making
+candy, could not in her confusion find a coconut shell to dip water
+for washing her hands from the large jar, and not to keep the visitor
+waiting, she answered the door as she was. Not only did her appearance
+realize the expectations of the Marquis, but the girl seemed equally
+attractive for her self-possessed manners and lively mind. The nobleman
+was charmed. On his way home he met a cart loaded with coconut dippers
+and he bought the entire lot and sent it as his first present.
+
+After this the exile invented numerous excuses to call, till
+Mariquita's mother finally agreed to his union with her daughter. His
+political disability made him out of favor with the State church,
+the only place in which people could be married then, but Mariquita
+became what in English would be called a common-law wife. One of their
+children, José, had a tobacco factory and a slipper factory in Meisic,
+Manila, and was the especial protector of his younger sister, Regina,
+who became the wife of attorney Manuel de Quintos. A sister of Regina
+was Diega de Castro, who with another sister, Luseria, sold "chorizos"
+(sausages) or "tiratira" (taffy candy), the first at a store and
+the second in their own home, but both in Cavite, according to the
+variations of one narrative.
+
+A different account varies the time and omits the noble ancestor by
+saying that Regina was married unusually young to Manuel de Quintos to
+escape the attentions of the Marquis. Another authority claims that
+Regina was wedded to the lawyer in second marriage, being the widow
+of Facundo de Layva, the captain of the ship Hernando Magallanes,
+whose pilot, by the way, was Andrew Stewart, an Englishman.
+
+It is certain that Regina Ochoa was of Spanish, Chinese and Tagalog
+ancestry, and it is recorded that she was the wife of Manuel de
+Quintos. Here we stop depending on memories, for in the restored
+burial register of Kalamba church in the entry of the funeral of
+Brigida de Quintos she is called "the daughter of Manuel de Quintos
+and Regina Ochoa."
+
+Manuel de Quintos was an attorney of Manila, graduated from Santo Tomás
+University, whose family were Chinese mestizos of Pangasinan. The
+lawyer's father, of the same name, had been municipal captain of
+Lingayan, and an uncle was leader of the Chinese mestizos in a
+protest they had made against the arbitrariness of their provincial
+governor. This petition for redress of grievances is preserved in
+the Supreme Court archives with "Joaquin de Quintos" well and boldly
+written at the head of the complainants' names, evidence of a culture
+and a courage that were equally uncommon in those days. Complaints
+under Spanish rule, no matter how well founded, meant trouble for the
+complainants; we must not forget that it was a vastly different thing
+from signing petitions or adhering to resolutions nowadays. Then the
+signers risked certainly great annoyance, sometimes imprisonment,
+and not infrequently death.
+
+The home of Quintos had been in San Pedro Macati at the time of Captain
+Novales's uprising, the so-called "American revolt" in protest against
+the Peninsulars sent out to supersede the Mexican officers who had
+remained loyal to Spain when the colony of their birth separated
+itself from the mother country. As little San Pedro Macati is charged
+with having originated the conspiracy, it is unlikely that it was
+concealed from the liberal lawyer, for attorneys were scarcer and
+held in higher esteem in those days.
+
+The conservative element then, as later, did not often let drop
+any opportunity of purging the community of those who thought for
+themselves, by condemning them for crime unheard and undefended,
+whether they had been guilty of it or not.
+
+All the branches of Mrs. Rizal's family were much richer than the
+relatives of her husband; there were numerous lawyers and priests
+among them--the old-time proof of social standing--and they were
+influential in the country.
+
+There are several names of these related families that belong among
+the descendants of Lakandola, as traced by Mr. Luther Parker in
+his study of the Pampangan migration, and color is thereby given,
+so far as Rizal is concerned, to a proud boast that an old Pampangan
+lady of this descent makes for her family. She, who is exceedingly
+well posted upon her ancestry, ends the tracing of her lineage from
+Lakandola's time by asserting that the blood of that chief flowed
+in the veins of every Filipino who had the courage to stand forward
+as the champion of his people from the earliest days to the close of
+the Spanish régime. Lakandola, of course, belonged to the Mohammedan
+Sumatrans who emigrated to the Philippines only a few generations
+before Magellan's discovery.
+
+To recall relatives of Mrs. Rizal who were in the professions may
+help to an understanding of the prominence of the family. Felix
+Florentino, an uncle, was the first clerk of the Nueva Segovia
+(Vigan) court. A cousin-german, José Florentino, was a Philippine
+deputy in the Spanish Cortes, and a lawyer of note, as was also
+his brother, Manuel. Another relative, less near, was Clerk Reyes,
+of the Court of First Instance in Manila. The priest of Rosario,
+Vicar of Batangas Province, Father Leyva, was a half-blood relation,
+and another priestly relative was Mrs. Rizal's paternal uncle,
+Father Alonzo. These were in the earlier days when professional
+men were scarcer. Father Almeida, of Santa Cruz Church, Manila,
+and Father Agustin Mendoz, his predecessor in the same church, and
+one of the sufferers in the Cavite trouble of '72--a deporté--were
+most distantly connected with the Rizal family. Another relative,
+of the Reyes connection, was in the Internal Revenue Service and had
+charge of Kalamba during the latter part of the eighteenth century.
+
+Mrs. Rizal was baptized in Santa Cruz Church, Manila, November 18,
+1827, as Teodora Morales Alonzo, her godmother being a relative by
+marriage, Doña Maria Cristina. She was given an exceptionally good
+fundamental education by her gifted mother, and completed her training
+in Santa Rosa College, Manila, which was in the charge of Filipino
+sisters. Especially did the religious influence of her schooling
+manifest itself in her after life. Unfortunately there are no records
+in the institution, because it is said all the members of the Order
+who could read and write were needed for instruction and there was
+no one competent who had time for clerical work.
+
+Brigida de Quintos had removed to the property in Kalamba which Lorenzo
+Alberto had transferred to her, and there as early as 1844 she is
+first mentioned as Brigida de Quintos, then as Brigida de Alonzo,
+and later as Brigida Realonda.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+Rizal's Early Childhood
+
+JOSÉ PROTASIO RIZAL MERCADO Y ALONZO REALONDA, the seventh child of
+Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado y Alejandro and his wife, Teodora
+Morales Alonzo Realonda y Quintos, was born in Kalamba, June 19, 1861.
+
+He was a typical Filipino, for few persons in this land of mixed
+blood could boast a greater mixture than his. Practically all
+the ethnic elements, perhaps even the Negrito in the far past,
+combined in his blood. All his ancestors, except the doubtful
+strain of the Negrito, had been immigrants to the Philippines, early
+Malays, and later Sumatrans, Chinese of prehistoric times and the
+refugees from the Tartar dominion, and Spaniards of old Castile and
+Valencia--representatives of all the various peoples who have blended
+to make the strength of the Philippine race.
+
+Shortly before José's birth his family had built a pretentious new home
+in the center of Kalamba on a lot which Francisco Mercado had inherited
+from his brother. The house was destroyed before its usefulness had
+ceased, by the vindictiveness of those who hated the man-child that
+was born there. And later on the gratitude of a free people held the
+same spot sacred because there began that life consecrated to the
+Philippines and finally given for it, after preparing the way for the
+union of the various disunited Chinese mestizos, Spanish mestizos,
+and half a hundred dialectically distinguished "Indians" into the
+united people of the Philippines.
+
+José was christened in the nearby church when three days old, and as
+two out-of-town bands happened to be in Kalamba for a local festival,
+music was a feature of the event. His godfather was Father Pedro
+Casañas, a Filipino priest of a Kalamba family, and the priest who
+christened him was also a Filipino, Father Rufino Collantes. Following
+is a translation of the record of Rizal's birth and baptism: "I, the
+undersigned parish priest of the town of Calamba, certify that from
+the investigation made with proper authority, for replacing the parish
+books which were burned September 28, 1862, to be found in Docket No. 1
+of Baptisms, page 49, it appears by the sworn testimony of competent
+witnesses that JOSÉ RIZAL MERCADO is the legitimate son, and of lawful
+wedlock, of Don Francisco Rizal Mercado and Doña Teodora Realonda,
+having been baptized in this parish on the 22d day of June in the year
+1861, by the parish priest, Rev. Rufino Collantes, Rev. Pedro Casañas
+being his godfather."--Witness my signature. (Signed) LEONCIO LOPEZ.
+
+José Rizal's earliest training recalls the education of William
+and Alexander von Humboldt, those two nineteenth century Germans
+whose achievements for the prosperity of their fatherland and the
+advancement of humanity have caused them to be spoken of as the most
+remarkable pair of brothers that ever lived. He was not physically
+a strong child, but the direction of his first studies was by an
+unusually gifted mother, who succeeded, almost without the aid of
+books, in laying a foundation upon which the man placed an amount
+of well-mastered knowledge along many different lines that is truly
+marvelous, and this was done in so short a time that its brevity
+constitutes another wonder.
+
+At three he learned his letters, having insisted upon being
+taught to read and being allowed to share the lessons of an elder
+sister. Immediately thereafter he was discovered with her story book,
+spelling out its words by the aid of the syllabary or "caton" which
+he had propped up before him and was using as one does a dictionary
+in a foreign language.
+
+The little boy spent also much of his time in the church, which was
+conveniently near, but when the mother suggested that this might be
+an indication of religious inclination, his prompt response was that
+he liked to watch the people.
+
+To how good purpose the small eyes and ears were used, the true-to-life
+types of the characters in "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo"
+testify.
+
+Three uncles, brothers of the mother, concerned themselves with
+the intellectual, artistic and physical training of this promising
+nephew. The youngest, José, a teacher, looked after the regular
+lessons. The giant Manuel developed the physique of the youngster,
+until he had a supple body of silk and steel and was no longer a
+sickly lad, though he did not entirely lose his somewhat delicate
+looks. The more scholarly Gregorio saw that the child earned his candy
+money--trying to instill the idea into his mind that it was not the
+world's way that anything worth having should come without effort; he
+taught him also the value of rapidity in work, to think for himself,
+and to observe carefully and to picture what he saw.
+
+Sometimes José would draw a bird flying without lifting pencil from the
+paper till the picture was finished. At other times it would be a horse
+running or a dog in chase, but it always must be something of which
+he had thought himself and the idea must not be overworked; there was
+no payment for what had been done often before. Thus he came to think
+for himself, ideas were suggested to him indirectly, so he was never
+a servile copyist, and he acquired the habit of speedy accomplishment.
+
+Clay at first, then wax, was his favorite play material. From these he
+modeled birds and butterflies that came ever nearer to the originals
+in nature as the wise praise of the uncles called his attention to
+possibilities of improvement and encouraged him to further effort. This
+was the beginning of his nature study.
+
+José had a pony and used to take long rides through all the surrounding
+country, so rich in picturesque scenery. Besides these horseback
+expeditions were excursions afoot; on the latter his companion was
+his big black dog, Usman. His father pretended to be fearful of some
+accident if dog and pony went together, so the boy had to choose
+between these favorites, and alternated walking and riding, just as
+Mr. Mercado had planned he should. The long pedestrian excursions
+of his European life, though spoken of as German and English habits,
+were merely continuations of this childhood custom. There were other
+playmates besides the dog and the horse, especially doves that lived
+in several houses about the Mercado home, and the lad was friend
+and defender of all the animals, birds, and even insects in the
+neighborhood. Had his childish sympathies been respected the family
+would have been strictly vegetarian in their diet.
+
+At times José was permitted to spend the night in one of the curious
+little straw huts which La Laguna farmers put up during the harvest
+season, and the myths and legends of the region which he then heard
+interested him and were later made good use of in his writings.
+
+Sleight-of-hand tricks were a favorite amusement, and he developed
+a dexterity which mystified the simple folk of the country. This
+diversion, and his proficiency in it, gave rise to that mysterious awe
+with which he was regarded by the common people of his home region;
+they ascribed to him supernatural powers, and refused to believe that
+he was really dead even after the tragedy of Bagumbayan.
+
+Entertainment of the neighbors with magic-lantern exhibitions was
+another frequent amusement, an ordinary lamp throwing its light on
+a common sheet serving as a screen. José's supple fingers twisted
+themselves into fantastic shapes, the enlarged shadows of which on
+the curtain bore resemblance to animals, and paper accessories were
+worked in to vary and enlarge the repertoire of action figures. The
+youthful showman was quite successful in catering to the public taste,
+and the knowledge he then gained proved valuable later in enabling
+him to approach his countrymen with books that held their attention
+and gave him the opportunity to tell them of shortcomings which it
+was necessary that they should correct.
+
+Almost from babyhood he had a grown-up way about him, a sort of dignity
+that seemed to make him realize and respect the rights of others and
+unconsciously disposed his elders to reason with him, rather than scold
+him for his slight offenses. This habit grew, as reprimands were needed
+but once, and his grave promises of better behavior were faithfully
+kept when the explanation of why his conduct was wrong was once made
+clear to him. So the child came to be not an unwelcome companion even
+for adults, for he respected their moods and was never troublesome. A
+big influence in the formation of the child's character was his
+association with the parish priest of Kalamba, Father Leoncio Lopez.
+
+The Kalamba church and convento, which were located across the way
+from the Rizal home, were constructed after the great earthquake of
+1863, which demolished so many edifices throughout the central part
+of the Philippines.
+
+The curate of Kalamba had a strong personality and was notable
+among the Filipino secular clergy of that day when responsibility
+had developed many creditable figures. An English writer of long
+residence in the Philippines, John Foreman, in his book on the
+Philippine Islands, describes how his first meeting with this priest
+impressed him, and tells us that subsequent acquaintance confirmed
+the early favorable opinion of one whom he considered remarkable for
+broad intelligence and sanity of view. Father Leoncío never deceived
+himself and his judgment was sound and clear, even when against
+the opinions and persons of whom he would have preferred to think
+differently. Probably José, through the priest's fondness for children
+and because he was well behaved and the son of friendly neighbors,
+was at first tolerated about the convento, the Philippine name for
+the priest's residence, but soon he became a welcome visitor for his
+own sake.
+
+He never disturbed the priest's meditations when the old clergyman
+was studying out some difficult question, but was a keen observer,
+apparently none the less curious for his respectful reserve. Father
+Leoncío may have forgotten the age of his listener, or possibly was
+only thinking aloud, but he spoke of those matters which interested
+all thinking Filipinos and found a sympathetic, eager audience in
+the little boy, who at least gave close heed if he had at first no
+valuable comments to offer.
+
+In time the child came to ask questions, and they were so sensible
+that careful explanation was given, and questions were not dismissed
+with the statement that these things were for grown-ups, a statement
+which so often repels the childish zeal for knowledge. Not many
+mature people in those days held so serious converse as the priest
+and his child friend, for fear of being overheard and reported,
+a danger which even then existed in the Philippines.
+
+That the old Filipino priest of Rizal's novels owed something to the
+author's recollections of Father Leoncío is suggested by a chapter in
+"Noli Me Tangere." Ibarra, viewing Manila by moonlight on the first
+night after his return from Europe, recalls old memories and makes
+mention of the neighborhood of the Botanical Garden, just beyond
+which the friend and mentor of his youth had died. Father Leoncio
+Lopez died in Calle Concepción in that vicinity, which would seem to
+identify him in connection with that scene in the book, rather than
+numerous others whose names have been sometimes suggested.
+
+Two writings of Rizal recall thoughts of his youthful days. One tells
+how he used to wander down along the lake shore and, looking across
+the waters, wonder about the people on the other side. Did they,
+too, he questioned, suffer injustice as the people of his home town
+did? Was the whip there used as freely, carelessly and unmercifully by
+the authorities? Had men and women also to be servile and hypocrites
+to live in peace over there? But among these thoughts, never once
+did it occur to him that at no distant day the conditions would be
+changed and, under a government that safeguarded the personal rights
+of the humblest of its citizens, the region that evoked his childhood
+wondering was to become part of a province bearing his own name in
+honor of his labors toward banishing servility and hypocrisy from
+the character of his countrymen.
+
+The lake district of Central Luzon is one of the most historic regions
+in the Islands, the May-i probably of the twelfth century Chinese
+geographer. Here was the scene of the earliest Spanish missionary
+activity. On the south shore is Kalamba, birthplace of Doctor Rizal,
+with Biñan, the residence of his father's ancestors, to the northwest,
+and on the north shore the land to which reference is made above. Today
+this same region at the north bears the name of Rizal Province in
+his honor.
+
+The other recollection of Rizal's youth is of his first reading
+lesson. He did not know Spanish and made bad work of the story of the
+"Foolish Butterfly," which his mother had selected, stumbling over the
+words and grouping them without regard to the sense. Finally Mrs. Rizal
+took the book from her son and read it herself, translating the tale
+into the familiar Tagalog used in their home. The moral is supposed
+to be obedience, and the young butterfly was burned and died because
+it disregarded the parental warning not to venture too close to the
+alluring flame. The reading lesson was in the evening and by the
+light of a coconut-oil lamp, and some moths were very appropriately
+fluttering about its cheerful blaze. The little boy watched them as
+his mother read and he missed the moral, for as the insects singed
+their wings and fluttered to their death in the flame he forgot
+their disobedience and found no warning in it for him. Rather he
+envied their fate and considered that the light was so fine a thing
+that it was worth dying for. Thus early did the notion that there
+are things worth more than life enter his head, though he could not
+foresee that he was to be himself a martyr and that the day of his
+death would before long be commemorated in his country to recall to
+his countrymen lessons as important to their national existence as
+his mother's precept was for his childish welfare.
+
+When he was four the mystery of life's ending had been brought home to
+him by the death of a favorite little sister, and he shed the first
+tears of real sorrow, for until then he had only wept as children do
+when disappointed in getting their own way. It was the first of many
+griefs, but he quickly realized that life is a constant struggle and
+he learned to meet disappointments and sorrows with the tears in the
+heart and a smile on the lips, as he once advised a nephew to do.
+
+At seven José made his first real journey; the family went to Antipolo
+with the host of pilgrims who in May visit the mountain shrine of Our
+Lady of Peace and Safe Travel. In the early Spanish days in Mexico
+she was the special patroness of voyages to America, especially while
+the galleon trade lasted; the statue was brought to Antipolo in 1672.
+
+A print of the Virgin, a souvenir of this pilgrimage, was, according
+to the custom of those times, pasted inside José's wooden chest when
+he left home for school; later on it was preserved in an album and
+went with him in all his travels. Afterwards it faced Bougereau's
+splendid conception of the Christ-mother, as one who had herself
+thus suffered, consoling another mother grieving over the loss of a
+son. Many years afterwards Doctor Rizal was charged with having fallen
+away from religion, but he seems really rather to have experienced a
+deepening of the religious spirit which made the essentials of charity
+and kindness more important in his eyes than forms and ceremonies.
+
+Yet Rizal practiced those forms prescribed for the individual even
+when debarred from church privileges. The lad doubtless got his
+idea of distinguishing between the sign and the substance from a
+well-worn book of explanations of the church ritual and symbolism
+"intended for the use of parish priests." It was found in his library,
+with Mrs. Rizal's name on the flyleaf. Much did he owe his mother,
+and his grateful recognition appears in his appreciative portrayal
+of maternal affection in his novels.
+
+His parents were both religious, but in a different way. The father's
+religion was manifested in his charities; he used to keep on hand
+a fund, of which his wife had no account, for contributions to the
+necessitous and loans to the irresponsible. Mrs. Rizal attended to
+the business affairs and was more careful in her handling of money,
+though quite as charitably disposed. Her early training in Santa
+Rosa had taught her the habit of frequent prayer and she began early
+in the morning and continued till late in the evening, with frequent
+attendance in the church. Mr. Rizal did not forget his church duties,
+but was far from being so assiduous in his practice of them, and the
+discussions in the home frequently turned on the comparative value of
+words and deeds, discussions that were often given a humorous twist
+by the husband when he contrasted his wife's liberality in prayers
+with her more careful dispensing of money aid.
+
+Not many homes in Kalamba were so well posted on events of the outside
+world, and the children constantly heard discussions of questions
+which other households either ignored or treated rather reservedly, for
+espionage was rampant even then in the Islands. Mrs. Rizal's literary
+training had given her an acquaintance with the better Spanish writers
+which benefited her children; she told them the classic tales in style
+adapted to their childish comprehension, so that when they grew older
+they found that many noted authors were old acquaintances. The Bible,
+too, played a large part in the home. Mrs. Rizal's copy was a Spanish
+translation of the Latin Vulgate, the version authorized by her Church
+but not common in the Islands then. Rizal's frequent references to
+Biblical personages and incidents are not paralleled in the writings
+of any contemporary Filipino author.
+
+The frequent visitors to their home, the church, civil and military
+authorities, who found the spacious Rizal mansion a convenient resting
+place on their way to the health resort at Los Baños, brought something
+of the city, and a something not found by many residents even there, to
+the people of this village household. Oftentimes the house was filled,
+and the family would not turn away a guest of less rank for the sake of
+one of higher distinction, though that unsocial practice was frequently
+followed by persons who forgot their self-respect in toadying to rank.
+
+Little José did not know Spanish very well, so far as conversational
+usage was concerned, but his mother tried to impress on him the beauty
+of the Spanish poets and encouraged him in essays at rhyming which
+finally grew into quite respectable poetical compositions. One of
+these was a drama in Tagalog which so pleased a municipal captain of
+the neighboring village of Paete, who happened to hear it while on
+a visit to Kalamba, that the youthful author was paid two pesos for
+the production. This was as much money as a field laborer in those
+days would have earned in half a month; although the family did not
+need the coin, the incident impressed them with the desirability of
+cultivating the boy's talent.
+
+José was nine years old when he was sent to study in Biñan. His master
+there, Justiniano Aquino Cruz, was of the old school and Rizal has left
+a record of some of his maxims, such as "Spare the rod and spoil the
+child," "The letter enters with blood," and other similar indications
+of his heroic treatment of the unfortunates under his care. However,
+if he was a strict disciplinarian, Master Justiniano was also a
+conscientious instructor, and the boy had been only a few months
+under his care when the pupil was told that he knew as much as his
+master, and had better go to Manila to school. Truthful José repeated
+this conversation without the modification which modesty might have
+suggested, and his father responded rather vigorously to the idea
+and it was intimated that in the father's childhood pupils were not
+accustomed to say that they knew as much as their teachers. However,
+Master Justiniano corroborated the child's statement, so that
+preparations for José's going to Manila began to be made. This was
+in the Christmas vacation of 1871.
+
+Biñan had been a valuable experience for young Rizal. There he had
+met a host of relatives and from them heard much of the past of his
+father's family. His maternal grandfather's great house was there, now
+inhabited by his mother's half-brother, a most interesting personage.
+
+This uncle, José Alberto, had been educated in British India, spending
+eleven years in a Calcutta missionary school. This was the result of
+an acquaintance which his father had made with an English naval officer
+who visited the Philippines about 1820, the author of "An Englishman's
+Visit to the Philippines." Lorenzo Alberto, the grandfather, himself
+spoke English and had English associations. He had also liberal ideas
+and preferred the system under which the Philippines were represented
+in the Cortes and were treated not as a colony but as part of the
+homeland and its people were considered Spaniards.
+
+The great Biñan bridge had been built under Lorenzo Alberto's
+supervision, and for services to the Spanish nation during the
+expedition to Cochin-China--probably liberal contributions of money--he
+had been granted the title of Knight of the American Order of Isabel
+the Catholic, but by the time this recognition reached him he had died,
+and the patent was made out to his son.
+
+An episode well known in the village--its chief event, if one might
+judge from the conversation of the inhabitants--was a visit which
+a governor of Hongkong had made there when he was a guest in the
+home of Alberto. Many were the tales told of this distinguished
+Englishman, who was Sir John Bowring, the notable polyglot and
+translator into English of poetry in practically every one of the
+dialects of Europe. His achievements along this line had put him
+second or third among the linguists of the century. He was also
+interested in history, and mentioned in his Biñan visit that the
+Hakluyt Society, of which he was a Director, was then preparing to
+publish an exceedingly interesting account of the early Philippines
+that did more justice to its inhabitants than the regular Spanish
+historians. Here Rizal first heard of Morga, the historian, whose
+book he in after years made accessible to his countrymen. A desire
+to know other languages than his own also possessed him and he was
+eager to rival the achievements of Sir John Bowring.
+
+In his book entitled "A Visit to the Philippine Islands," which was
+translated into Spanish by Mr. José del Pan, a liberal editor of
+Manila, Sir John Bowring gives the following account of his visit to
+Rizal's uncle:
+
+"We reached Biñan before sunset .... First we passed between
+files of youths, then of maidens; and through a triumphal
+arch we reached the handsome dwelling of a rich mestizo, whom
+we found decorated with a Spanish order, which had been granted
+to his father before him. He spoke English, having been educated
+at Calcutta, and his house--a very large one--gave abundant
+evidence that he had not studied in vain the arts of domestic
+civilization. The furniture, the beds, the table, the cookery, were
+all in good taste, and the obvious sincerity of the kind reception
+added to its agreeableness. Great crowds were gathered together
+in the square which fronts the house of Don José Alberto."
+
+
+The Philippines had just had a liberal governor, De la Torte, but even
+during this period of apparent liberalness there existed a confidential
+government order directing that all letters from Filipinos suspected
+of progressive ideas were to be opened in the post. This violation
+of the mails furnished the list of those who later suffered in the
+convenient insurrection of '72.
+
+An agrarian trouble, the old disagreement between landlords and
+tenants, had culminated in an active outbreak which the government
+was unable to put down, and so it made terms by which, among other
+things, the leader of the insurrection was established as chief
+of a new civil guard for the purpose of keeping order. Here again
+was another preparation for '72, for at that time the agreement
+was forgotten and the officer suffered punishment, in spite of the
+immunity he had been promised.
+
+Religious troubles, too, were rife. The Jesuits had returned from
+exile shortly before, and were restricted to teaching work in those
+parishes in the missionary district where collections were few and
+danger was great. To make room for those whom they displaced the better
+parishes in the more thickly settled regions were taken from Filipino
+priests and turned over to members of the religious Orders. Naturally
+there was discontent. A confidential communication from the secular
+archbishop, Doctor Martinez, shows that he considered the Filipinos had
+ground for complaint, for he states that if the Filipinos were under a
+non-Catholic government like that of England they would receive fairer
+treatment than they were getting from their Spanish co-religionaries,
+and warns the home government that trouble will inevitably result if
+the discrimination against the natives of the country is continued.
+
+The Jesuit method of education in their newly established "Ateneo
+Municipal" was a change from that in the former schools. It treated the
+Filipino as a Spaniard and made no distinctions between the races in
+the school dormitory. In the older institutions of Manila the Spanish
+students lived in the Spanish way and spoke their own language, but
+Filipinos were required to talk Latin, sleep on floor mats and eat
+with their hands from low tables. These Filipino customs obtained in
+the hamlets, but did not appeal to city lads who had become used to
+Spanish ways in their own homes and objected to departing from them in
+school. The disaffection thus created was among the educated class,
+who were best fitted to be leaders of their people in any dangerous
+insurrection against the government.
+
+However, a change had to take place to meet the Jesuit competition,
+and in the rearrangement Filipino professors were given a larger
+share in the management of the schools. Notable among these was
+Father Burgos. He had earned his doctor's degree in two separate
+courses, was among the best educated in the capital and by far the
+most public-spirited and valiant of the Filipino priests.
+
+He enlisted the interest of many of the older Filipino clergy and
+through their contributions subsidized a paper, El Eco Filipino,
+which spoke from the Filipino standpoint and answered the reflections
+which were the stock in trade of the conservative organ, for the
+reactionaries had an abusive journal just as they had had in 1821
+and were to have in the later days.
+
+Such were the conditions when José Rizal got ready to leave home for
+school in Manila, a departure which was delayed by the misfortunes of
+his mother. His only, and elder, brother, Paciano, had been a student
+in San José College in Manila for some years, and had regularly failed
+in passing his examinations because of his outspokenness against
+the evils of the country. Paciano was a great favorite with Doctor
+Burgos, in whose home he lived and for whom he acted as messenger
+and go-between in the delicate negotiations of the propaganda which
+the doctor was carrying on.
+
+In February of '72 all the dreams of a brighter and freer Philippines
+were crushed out in that enormous injustice which made the mutiny of a
+few soldiers and arsenal employés in Cavite the excuse for deporting,
+imprisoning, and even shooting those whose correspondence, opened
+during the previous year, had shown them to be discontented with the
+backward conditions in the Philippines.
+
+Doctor Burgos, just as he had been nominated to a higher post in the
+Church, was the chief victim. Father Gomez, an old man, noted for
+charity, was another, and the third was Father Zamora. A reference
+in a letter of his to "powder," which was his way of saying money,
+was distorted into a dangerous significance, in spite of the fact
+that the letter was merely an invitation to a gambling game. The
+trial was a farce, the informer was garroted just when he was on
+the point of complaining that he was not receiving the pardon and
+payment which he had been promised for his services in convicting
+the others. The whole affair had an ugly look, and the way it was
+hushed up did not add to the confidence of the people in the justice
+of the proceedings. The Islands were then placed under military law
+and remained so for many years.
+
+Father Burgos's dying advice to Filipinos was for them to be educated
+abroad, preferably outside of Spain, but if they could do no better,
+at least go to the Peninsula. He urged that through education only
+could progress be hoped for. In one of his speeches he had warned the
+Spanish government that continued oppressive measures would drive the
+Filipinos from their allegiance and make them wish to become subjects
+of a freer power, suggesting England, whose possessions surrounded
+the Islands.
+
+Doctor Burgos's idea of England as a hope for the Philippines was
+borne out by the interest which the British newspapers of Hongkong
+took in Philippine affairs. They gave accounts of the troubles and
+picked flaws in the garbled reports which the officials sent abroad.
+
+Some zealous but unthinking reactionary at this time conceived the idea
+of publishing a book somewhat similar to that which had been gotten
+out against the Constitution of Cadiz. "Captain Juan" was its name;
+it was in catechism form, and told of an old municipal captain who
+deserved to be honored because he was so submissively subservient to
+all constituted authority. He tries to distinguish between different
+kinds of liberty, and the especial attention which he devotes to
+America shows how live a topic the great republic was at that time in
+the Islands. This interest is explained by the fact that an American
+company had just then received a grant of the northern part of Borneo,
+later British North Borneo, for a trading company. It was believed that
+the United States had designs on the Archipelago because of treaties
+which had been negotiated with the Sultan of Sulu and certain American
+commercial interests in the Far East, which were then rather important.
+
+Americans, too, had become known in the Philippines through a soldier
+of fortune who had helped out the Chinese government in suppressing
+the rebellion in the neighborhood of Shanghai. "General" F. T. Ward,
+from Massachusetts, organized an army of deserters from European ships,
+but their lack of discipline made them undesirable soldiers, and so
+he disbanded the force. He then gathered a regiment of Manila men,
+as the Filipinos usually found as quartermasters on all ships sailing
+in the East were then called. With the aid of some other Americans
+these troops were disciplined and drilled into such efficiency that the
+men came to have the title among the Chinese of the "Ever-Victorious"
+army, because of the almost unbroken series of successes which they
+had experienced. A partial explanation, possibly, of their fighting
+so well is that they were paid only when they won.
+
+The high praise given the Filipinos at this time was in contrast to the
+disparagement made of their efforts in Indo-China, where in reality
+they had done the fighting rather than their Spanish officers. When
+a Spaniard in the Philippines quoted of the Filipino their customary
+saying, "Poor soldier, worse sacristan," the Filipinos dared make
+no open reply, but they consoled themselves with remembering the
+flattering comments of "General" Ward and the favorable opinion of
+Archbishop Martinez.
+
+References to Filipino military capacity were banned by the censors and
+the archbishop's communication had been confidential, but both became
+known, for despotisms drive its victims to stealth and to methods
+which would not be considered creditable under freer conditions.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+Jagor's Prophecy
+
+RIZAL'S first home in Manila was in a nipa house with Manuel
+Hidalgo, later to be his brother-in-law, in Calle Espeleta, a street
+named for a former Filipino priest who had risen to be bishop and
+governor-general. This spot is now marked with a tablet which gives
+the date of his coming as the latter part of February, 1872.
+
+Rizal's own recollections speak of June as being the date of the
+formal beginning of his studies in Manila. First he went to San Juan
+de Letran and took an examination in the Catechism. Then he went back
+to Kalamba and in July passed into the Ateneo, possibly because of
+the more favorable conditions under which the pupils were admitted,
+receiving credit for work in arithmetic, which in the other school,
+it is said, he would have had to restudy. This perhaps accounts for
+the credit shown in the scholastic year 1871-72. Until his fourth
+year Rizal was an externe, as those residing outside of the school
+dormitory were then called. The Ateneo was very popular and so great
+was the eagerness to enter it that the waiting list was long and two
+or three years' delay was not at all uncommon.
+
+There is a little uncertainty about this period; some writers have
+gone so far as to give recollections of childhood incidents of which
+Rizal was the hero while he lived in the house of Doctor Burgos,
+but the family deny that he was ever in this home, and say that he
+has been confused with his brother Paciano.
+
+The greatest influence upon Rizal during this period was the sense of
+Spanish judicial injustice in the legal persecutions of his mother,
+who, though innocent, for two years was treated as a criminal and
+held in prison.
+
+Much of the story is not necessary for this narrative, but the mother's
+troubles had their beginning in the attempted revenge of a lieutenant
+of the Civil Guard, one of a body of Spaniards who were no credit
+to the mother country and whom Rizal never lost opportunity in his
+writings of painting in their true colors. This official had been in
+the habit of having his horse fed at the Mercado home when he visited
+their town from his station in Biñan, but once there was a scarcity
+of fodder and Mr. Mercado insisted that his own stock was entitled
+to care before he could extend hospitality to strangers. This the
+official bitterly resented. His opportunity for revenge soon came, and
+was not overlooked. A disagreement between José Alberto, the mother's
+brother in Biñan, and his wife, also his cousin, to whom he had been
+married when they were both quite young, led to sensational charges
+which a discreet officer would have investigated and would assuredly
+have then realized to be unfounded. Instead the lieutenant accepted
+the most ridiculous statements, brought charges of attempted murder
+against Alberto and his sister, Mrs. Rizal, and evidently figured
+that he would be able to extort money from the rich man and gratify
+his revenge at the same time.
+
+Now comes a disgruntled judge, who had not received the attention at
+the Mercado home which he thought his dignity demanded. Out of revenge
+he ordered Mrs. Rizal to be conducted at once to the provincial prison,
+not in the usual way by boat, but, to cause her greater annoyance,
+afoot around the lake. It was a long journey from Kalamba to Santa
+Cruz, and the first evening the guard and his prisoner came to
+a village where there was a festival in progress. Mrs. Rizal was
+well known and was welcomed in the home of one of the prominent
+families. The festivities were at their height when the judge, who
+had been on horseback and so had reached the town earlier, heard that
+the prisoner, instead of being in the village calaboose, was a guest
+of honor and apparently not suffering the annoyance to which he had
+intended to subject her. He strode to the house, and, not content to
+knock, broke in the door, splintered his cane on the poor constable's
+head, and then exhausted himself beating the owner of the house.
+
+These proceedings were revealed in a charge of prejudice which
+Mrs. Rizal's lawyers urged against the judge who at the same time
+was the one who decided the case and also the prosecutor. The Supreme
+Court agreed that her contention was correct and directed that she be
+discharged from custody. To this order the judge paid due respect and
+ordered her release, but he said that the accusation of unfairness
+against him was contempt of court, and gave her a longer sentence
+under this charge than the previous one from which she had just been
+absolved. After some delay the Supreme Court heard of this affair and
+decided that the judge was right. But, because Mrs. Rizal had been
+longer in prison awaiting trial than the sentence, they dated back
+her imprisonment, and again ordered her release. Here the record
+gets a little confused because it is concerned with a story that
+her brother had sixteen thousand pesos concealed in his cell, and
+everybody, from the Supreme Court down, seemed interested in trying
+to locate the money.
+
+While the officials were looking for his sack of gold, Alberto
+gave a power of attorney to an overintelligent lawyer who worded
+his authority so that it gave him the right to do everything
+which his principal himself could have done "personally, legally
+and ecclesiastically." From some source outside, but not from the
+brother, the attorney heard that Mrs. Rizal had had money belonging
+to Alberto, for in the extensive sugar-purchasing business which she
+carried on she handled large sums and frequently borrowed as much as
+five thousand pesos from this brother. Anxious to get his hands on
+money, he instituted a charge of theft against her, under his power of
+attorney and acting in the name of his principal. Mrs. Rizal's attorney
+demurred to such a charge being made without the man who had lent the
+money being at all consulted, and held that a power of attorney did
+not warrant such an action. In time the intelligent Supreme Court
+heard this case and decided that it should go to trial; but later,
+when the attorney, acting for his principal, wanted to testify for him
+under the power of attorney, they seem to have reached their limit,
+for they disapproved of that proposal.
+
+Anyone who cares to know just how ridiculous and inconsistent the
+judicial system of the Philippines then was would do well to try to
+unravel the mixed details of the half dozen charges, ranging from
+cruelty through theft to murder, which were made against Mrs. Rizal
+without a shadow of evidence. One case was trumped up as soon as
+another was finished, and possibly the affair would have dragged on
+till the end of the Spanish administration had not her little daughter
+danced before the Governor-General once when he was traveling through
+the country, won his approval, and when he asked what favor he could do
+for her, presented a petition for her mother's release. In this way,
+which recalls the customs of primitive nations, Mrs. Rizal finally
+was enabled to return to her home.
+
+Doctor Rizal tells us that it was then that he first began to lose
+confidence in mankind. A story of a school companion, that when
+Rizal recalled this incident the red came into his eyes, probably
+has about the same foundation as the frequent stories of his weeping
+with emotion upon other people's shoulders when advised of momentous
+changes in his life. Doctor Rizal did not have these Spanish ways,
+and the narrators are merely speaking of what other Spaniards would
+have done, for self-restraint and freedom from exhibitions of emotion
+were among his most prominent characteristics.
+
+Some time during Rizal's early years of school came his first success
+in painting. It was the occasion of a festival in Kalamba; just at
+the last moment an important banner was accidentally damaged and there
+was not time to send to Manila for another. A hasty consultation was
+held among the village authorities, and one councilman suggested that
+José Rizal had shown considerable skill with the brush and possibly he
+could paint something that would pass. The gobernadorcillo proceeded to
+the lad's home and explained the need. Rizal promptly went to work,
+under the official's direction, and speedily produced a painting
+which the delighted municipal executive declared was better than the
+expensive banner bought in Manila. The achievement was explained to
+all the participants in the festival and young José was the hero of
+the occasion.
+
+During intervals of school work Rizal found time to continue his
+modeling in clay which he procured from the brickyard of a cousin at
+San Pedro Macati.
+
+Rizal's uncle, José Alberto, had played a considerable part in his
+political education. He was influential with the Regency in Spain,
+which succeeded Queen Isabel when that sovereign became too malodorous
+to be longer tolerated, and he was the personal friend of the Regent,
+General Prim, whose motto, "More liberal today than yesterday, more
+liberal tomorrow than today," he was fond of quoting. He was present in
+Madrid at the time of General Prim's assassination and often told of
+how this wise patriot, recognizing the unpreparedness of the Spanish
+people for a republic, opposed the efforts for what would, he knew,
+result in as disastrous a failure as had been France's first effort,
+and how he lost his life through his desire to follow the safer
+course of proceeding gradually through the preparatory stage of a
+constitutional monarchy. Alberto was made by him a Knight of the Order
+of Carlos III, and, after Prim's death, was created by King Amadeo a
+Knight Commander, the step higher in the Order of Isabel the Catholic.
+
+Events proved Prim's wisdom, as Alberto was careful to observe, for
+King Amadeo was soon convinced of the unfitness of his people for even
+a constitutional monarchy, told them so, resigned his throne, and bade
+them farewell. Then came a republic marked by excesses such as even
+the worst monarch had not committed; among them the dreadful massacre
+of the members of the filibustering party on the steamer Virginius
+in Cuba, which would have caused war with the United States had not
+the Americans been deluded into the idea that they were dealing with
+a sister republic. America and Switzerland had been the only nations
+which had recognized Spain's new form of government. Prim sought an
+alliance with America, for he claimed that Spain should be linked
+with a country which would buy Spanish goods and to which Spain could
+send her products. France, with whom the Bourbons wished to be allied,
+was a competitor along Spain's own lines.
+
+During the earlier disturbances in Spain a party of Carlists were
+sent to the Philippine Islands; they were welcomed by the reactionary
+Spaniards, for devotion to King Carlos had been their characteristic
+ever since the days when Queen Isabel had taken the throne that in
+their opinion belonged to the heir in the male line. Rizal frequently
+makes mention of this disloyalty to the ruler of Spain on the part
+of those who claimed to be most devoted Spaniards.
+
+Along with the stories of these troubles which Rizal heard during his
+school days in Manila were reports of how these exiles had established
+themselves in foreign cities, Basa in Hongkong, Regidor in London,
+and Tavera in Paris. At their homes in these cities they gave a warm
+welcome to such Filipinos as traveled abroad and they were always ready
+to act as guardians for Filipino students who wished to study in their
+cities, Many availed themselves of these opportunities and it came to
+be an ambition among those in the Islands to get an education which
+they believed was better than that which Spain afforded. There was some
+ground for such a belief, because many of the most prominent successful
+men of Spanish and Philippine birth were men whose education had been
+foreign. A well-known instance in Manila was the architect Roxas,
+father of the present Alcalde of Manila, who learned his profession
+in England and was almost the only notable builder in Manila during
+his lifetime.
+
+Paciano Rizal, José's elder brother, had retired from Manila on the
+death of Doctor Burgos and devoted himself to farming; in some ways,
+perhaps, his career suggested the character of Tasio, the philosopher
+of "Noli Me Tangere." He was careful to see that his younger brother
+was familiar with the liberal literature with which he had become
+acquainted through Doctor Burgos.
+
+The first foreign book read by Rizal, in a Spanish translation,
+was Dumas's great novel, "The Count of Monte Cristo," and the story
+of the wrongs suffered by the prisoner of the Château d'If recalled
+the injustice done his mother. Then came the book which had greatest
+influence upon the young man's career; this was a Spanish translation
+of Jagor's "Travels in the Philippines," the observations of a German
+naturalist who had visited the Islands some fifteen years before. This
+latter book, among other comments, suggested that it was the fate of
+the North American republic to develop and bring to their highest
+prosperity the lands which Spain had conquered and Christianized
+with sword and cross. Sooner or later, this German writer believed,
+the Philippine Islands could no more escape this American influence
+than had the countries on the mainland, and expressed the hope that
+one day the Philippines would succumb to the same influence; he felt,
+however, that it was desirable first for the Islanders to become better
+able to meet the strong competition of the vigorous young people of the
+New World, for under Spain the Philippines had dreamed away its past.
+
+The exact title of the book is "Travels | in the | Philippines. |
+By F. Jagor. | With numerous illustrations and a Map | London: |
+Chapman and Hall, 193, Piccadilly. | 1875." The title of the Spanish
+translation reads, "Viajes | por | Filipinas | de F. Jagor | Traducidos
+del Alemán | por S. Vidal y Soler | Ingeniero de Montes | Edición
+illustrada con numerosos grabados | Madrid: Imprenta, Estereopidea
+y Galvanoplastia de Ariban y Ca. | (Sucesores de Rivadencyra) |
+Impresores de Camara de S. M. | Calle del Duque de Osuna, núm 3. 1875,"
+The following extract from the book will show how marvelously the
+author anticipated events that have now become history:
+
+"With the altered condition of things, however, all this has
+disappeared. The colony can no longer be kept secluded from the
+world. Every facility afforded for commercial intercourse is a blow
+to the old system, and a great step made in the direction of broad
+and liberal reforms. The more foreign capital and foreign ideas and
+customs are introduced, increasing the prosperity, enlightenment,
+and self-esteem of the population, the more impatiently will the
+existing evils be endured.
+
+England can and does open her possessions unconcernedly to the
+world. The British colonies are united to the mother country by
+the bond of mutual advantage, viz., the produce of raw material by
+means of English capital, and the exchange of the same for English
+manufactures. The wealth of England is so great, the organization of
+her commerce with the world so complete, that nearly all the foreigners
+even in the British possessions are for the most part agents for
+English business houses, which would scarcely be affected, at least
+to any marked extent, by a political dismemberment. It is entirely
+different with Spain, which possesses the colony as an inherited
+property, and without the power of turning it to any useful account.
+
+Government monopolies rigorously maintained, insolent disregard and
+neglect of the half-castes and powerful creoles, and the example
+of the United States, were the chief reasons of the downfall of the
+American possessions. The same causes threaten ruin to the Philippines;
+but of the monopolies I have said enough.
+
+Half-castes and creoles, it is true are not, as they formerly were
+in America, excluded from all orificial appointments; but they feel
+deeply hurt and injured through the crowds of place-hunters which
+the frequent changes of Ministers send to Manilla. The influence,
+also, of the American element is at least visible on the horizon,
+and will be more noticeable when the relations increase between the
+two countries. At present they are very slender. The trade in the
+meantime follows in its old channels to England and to the Atlantic
+ports of the United States. Nevertheless, whoever desires to form an
+opinion upon the future history of the Philippines, must not consider
+simply their relations to Spain, but must have regard to the prodigious
+changes which a few decades produce on either side of our planet.
+
+For the first time in the history of the world the mighty powers
+on both sides of the ocean have commenced to enter upon a direct
+intercourse with one another--Russia, which alone is larger than
+any two other parts of the earth; China, which contains within its
+own boundaries a third of the population of the world; and America,
+with ground under cultivation nearly sufficient to feed treble the
+total population of the earth. Russia's further rôle in the Pacific
+Ocean is not to be estimated at present.
+
+The trade between the two other great powers will therefore be
+presumably all the heavier, as the rectification of the pressing need
+of human labour on the one side, and of the corresponding overplus
+on the other, will fall to them.
+
+"The world of the ancients was confined to the shores of the
+Mediterranean; and the Atlantic and Indian Oceans sufficed at one
+time for our traffic. When first the shores of the Pacific re-echoed
+with the sounds of active commerce, the trade of the world and
+the history of the world may be really said to have begun. A start
+in that direction has been made; whereas not so very long ago the
+immense ocean was one wide waste of waters, traversed from both points
+only once a year. From 1603 to 1769 scarcely a ship had ever visited
+California, that wonderful country which, twenty-five years ago, with
+the exception of a few places on the coast, was an unknown wilderness,
+but which is now covered with flourishing and prosperous towns and
+cities, divided from sea to sea by a railway, and its capital already
+ranking the third of the seaports of the Union; even at this early
+stage of its existence a central point of the world's commerce, and
+apparently destined, by the proposed junction of the great oceans,
+to play a most important part in the future.
+
+In proportion as the navigation of the west coast of America
+extends the influence of the American element over the South Sea,
+the captivating, magic power which the great republic exercises over
+the Spanish colonies[1] will not fail to make itself felt also in the
+Philippines. The Americans are evidently destined to bring to a full
+development the germs originated by the Spaniards. As conquerors of
+modern times, they pursue their road to victory with the assistance
+of the pioneer's axe and plough, representing an age of peace and
+commercial prosperity in contrast to that bygone and chivalrous age
+whose champions were upheld by the cross and protected by the sword.
+
+A considerable portion of Spanish America already belongs to the
+United States, and has since attained an importance which could not
+possibly have been anticipated either under the Spanish Government
+or during the anarchy which followed. With regard to permanence,
+the Spanish system cannot for a moment be compared with that of
+America. While each of the colonies, in order to favour a privileged
+class by immediate gains, exhausted still more the already enfeebled
+population of the metropolis by the withdrawal of the best of its
+ability, America, on the contrary, has attracted to itself from all
+countries the most energetic element, which, once on its soil and,
+freed from all fetters, restlessly progressing, has extended its power
+and influence still further and further. The Philippines will escape
+the action of the two great neighbouring powers all the less for the
+fact that neither they nor their metropolis find their condition of
+a stable and well-balanced nature.
+
+It seems to be desirable for the natives that the above-mentioned
+views should not speedily become accomplished facts, because their
+education and training hitherto have not been of a nature to prepare
+them successfully to compete with either of the other two energetic,
+creative, and progressive nations. They have, in truth, dreamed away
+their best days."
+
+This prophecy of Jagor's made a deep impression upon Rizal and
+seems to furnish the explanation of his life work. Henceforth it was
+his ambition to arouse his countrymen to prepare themselves for a
+freer state. He dedicated himself to the work which Doctor Jagor had
+indicated as necessary. It seems beyond question that Doctor Rizal,
+as early as 1876, believed that America would sometime come to the
+Philippines, and wished to prepare his countrymen for the changed
+conditions that would then have to be met. Many little incidents
+in his later life confirm this view: his eagerness to buy expensive
+books on the United States, such as his early purchase in Barcelona
+of two different "Lives of the Presidents of the United States"; his
+study of the country in his travel across it from San Francisco to
+New York; the reference in "The Philippines in a Hundred Years"; and
+the studies of the English Revolution and other Anglo-Saxon influences
+which culminated in the foundation of the United States of America.
+
+Besides the interest he took in clay modeling, to which reference
+has already been made, Rizal was expert in carving. When first
+in the Ateneo he had carved an image of the Virgin of such grace
+and beauty that one of the Fathers asked him to try an image of the
+Sacred Heart. Rizal complied, and produced the carving that played so
+important a part in his future life. The Jesuit Father had intended to
+take the image with him to Spain, but in some way it was left behind
+and the schoolboys put it up on the door of their dormitory. There it
+remained for nearly twenty years, constantly reminding the many lads
+who passed in and out of the one who teachers and pupils alike agreed
+was the greatest of all their number, for Rizal during these years was
+the schoolboy hero of the Ateneo, and from the Ateneo came the men who
+were most largely concerned in making the New Philippines. The image
+itself is of batikulin, an easily carved wood, and shows considerable
+skill when one remembers that an ordinary pocketknife was the simple
+instrument used in its manufacture. It was recalled to Rizal's memory
+when he visited the Ateneo upon his first return from Spain and was
+forbidden the house by the Jesuits because of his alleged apostasy,
+and again in the chapel of Fort Santiago, where it played an important
+part in what was called his conversion.
+
+The proficiency he attained in the art of clay modeling is evidenced by
+many of the examples illustrated in this volume. They not only indicate
+an astonishing versatility, but they reveal his very characteristic
+method of working--a characteristic based on his constant desire
+to adapt the best things he found abroad to the conditions of his
+own country. The same characteristic appears also in most of his
+literary work, and in it there is no servile imitation; it is careful
+and studied selection, adaptation and combination. For example, the
+composition of a steel engraving in a French art journal suggested
+his model in clay of a Philippine wild boar; the head of the subject
+in a painting in the Luxembourg Gallery and the rest of a figure in
+an engraving in a newspaper are combined in a statuette he modeled
+in Brussels and sent, in May, 1890, to Valentina Ventura in place
+of a letter; a clipping from a newspaper cut is also adapted for
+his model of "The Vengeance of the Harem"; and as evidence of his
+facility of expressing himself in this medium, his clay modeling of
+a Dapitan woman may be cited. One day while in exile he saw a native
+woman clearing up the street in front of her home preparatory to
+a festival; the movements and the attitudes of the figure were so
+thoroughly typical and so impressed themselves on his mind that he
+worked out this statuette from memory.
+
+In a literary way Rizal's first pretentious effort was a melodrama in
+one act and in verse, entitled "Junta al Pasig" (Beside the Pasig),
+a play in honor of the Virgin, which was given in the Ateneo to the
+great edification of a considerable audience, who were enthusiastic
+in their praise and hearty in their applause, but the young author
+neither saw the play nor paid any attention to the manner of its
+reception, for he was downstairs, intent on his own diversions and
+heedless of what was going on above.
+
+Thursday was the school holiday in those days, and Rizal usually spent
+the time at the Convent of La Concordia, where his youngest sister,
+Soledad, was a boarder. He was a great friend of the little one
+and a welcome visitor in the Convent; he used to draw pictures for
+her edification, sometimes teasing her by making her own portrait,
+to which he gave exaggerated ears to indicate her curiosity. Then he
+wrote short satirical skits, such as the following, which in English
+doggerel quite matches its Spanish original:
+
+
+  "The girls of Concordia College
+  Go dressed in the latest of styles--
+  Bangs high on their foreheads for knowledge--
+  But hungry their grins and their smiles!"
+
+
+Some of these girls made an impression upon José, and one of his diary
+entries of this time tells of his rude awakening when a girl, some
+years his elder, who had laughingly accepted his boyish adoration,
+informed him that she was to marry a relative of his, and he speaks
+of the heart-pang with which he watched the carromata that carried
+her from his sight to her wedding.
+
+José was a great reader, and the newspapers were giving much attention
+to the World's Fair in Philadelphia which commemorated the first
+centennial of American independence, and published numerous cuts
+illustrating various interesting phases of American life. Possibly
+as a reaction from the former disparagement of things American, the
+sentiment in the Philippines was then very friendly. There was one
+long account of the presentation of a Spanish banner to a Spanish
+commission in Philadelphia, and the newspapers, in speaking of the
+wonderful progress which the United States had made, recalled the
+early Spanish alliance and referred to the fact that, had it not been
+for the discoveries of the Spaniards, their new land would not have
+been known to Europe.
+
+Rizal during his last two years in the Ateneo was a boarder. Throughout
+his entire course he had been the winner of most of the prizes. Upon
+receiving his Bachelor of Arts diploma he entered the University of
+Santo Tomás; in the first year he studied the course in philosophy
+and in the second year began to specialize in medicine.
+
+The Ateneo course of study was a good deal like that of our present
+high school, though not so thorough nor so advanced. Still, the method
+of instruction which has made Jesuit education notable in all parts
+of the world carried on the good work which the mother's training
+had begun. The system required the explanation of the morrow's
+lesson, questioning on the lesson of the day and a review of the
+previous day's work. This, with the attention given to the classics,
+developed and quickened faculties which gave Rizal a remarkable power
+of assimilating knowledge of all kinds for future use.
+
+The story is told that Rizal was undecided as to his career, and wrote
+to the rector of the Ateneo for advice; but the Jesuit was then in
+the interior of Mindanao, and by the time the answer, suggesting that
+he should devote himself to agriculture, was received, he had already
+made his choice. However, Rizal did continue the study of agriculture,
+besides specializing in medicine, carrying on double work as he took
+the course in the Ateneo which led to the degree of land surveyor and
+agricultural expert. This work was completed before he had reached
+the age fixed by law, so that he could not then receive his diploma,
+which was not delivered to him until he had attained the age of
+twenty-one years.
+
+In the "Life" of Rizal published in Barcelona after his death a
+brilliant picture is painted of how Rizal might have followed the
+advice of the rector of the Ateneo, and have lived a long, useful
+and honorable life as a farmer and gobernadorcillo of his home town,
+respected by the Spaniards, looked up to by his countrymen and filling
+an humble but safe lot in life. Today one can hardly feel that such
+a career would have been suited to the man or regret that events took
+the course they did.
+
+Poetry was highly esteemed in the Ateneo, and Rizal frequently made
+essays in verse, often carrying his compositions to Kalamba for his
+mother's criticisms and suggestions. The writings of the Spanish poet
+Zorilla were making a deep impression upon him at this time, and while
+his schoolmates seemed to have been more interested in their warlike
+features, José appears to have gained from them an understanding of how
+Zorilla sought to restore the Spanish people to their former dignity,
+rousing their pride through recalling the heroic events in their past
+history. Some of the passages in the melodrama, "Junta al Pasig,"
+already described, were evidently influenced by his study of Zorilla;
+the fierce denunciation of Spain which is there put in the mouth of
+Satan expresses, no doubt, the real sentiments of Rizal.
+
+In 1877 a society known as the Liceo Literario-Artistica (Lyceum of
+Art and Literature) offered a prize for the best poem by a native. The
+winner was Rizal with the following verses, "Al Juventud Filipino"
+(To the Philippine Youth). The prize was a silver pen, feather-shaped
+and with a gold ribbon running through it.
+
+
+ To the Philippine Youth
+
+ Theme: "Growth"
+
+ (Translation by Charles Derbyshire)
+
+ Hold high the brow serene,
+ O youth, where now you stand;
+ Let the bright sheen
+ Of your grace be seen,
+ Fair hope of my fatherland!
+
+ Come now, thou genius grand,
+ And bring down inspiration;
+ With thy mighty hand,
+ Swifter than the wind's volation,
+ Raise the eager mind to higher station.
+
+ Come down with pleasing light
+ Of art and science to the fight,
+ O youth, and there untie
+ The chains that heavy lie,
+ Your spirit free to blight.
+
+ See how in flaming zone
+ Amid the shadows thrown,
+ The Spaniard's holy hand
+ A crown's resplendent band
+ Proffers to this Indian land.
+
+ Thou, who now wouldst rise
+ On wings of rich emprise,
+ Seeking from Olympian skies
+ Songs of sweetest strain,
+ Softer than ambrosial rain;
+
+ Thou, whose voice divine
+ Rivals Philomel's refrain,
+ And with varied line
+ Through the night benign
+ Frees mortality from pain;
+
+ Thou, who by sharp strife
+ Wakest thy mind to life;
+ And the memory bright
+ Of thy genius' light
+ Makest immortal in its strength;
+
+ And thou, in accents clear
+ of Phoebus, to Apells dear;
+ Or by the brush's magic art
+ Takest from nature's store a part,
+ To fix it on the simple canvas' length;
+
+ Go forth, and then the sacred fire
+ Of thy genius to the laurel may aspire;
+ To spread around the fame,
+ And in victory acclaim,
+ Through wider spheres the human name.
+
+ Day, O happy day,
+ Fair Filipinas, for thy land!
+ So bless the Power today
+ That places in thy way
+ This favor and this fortune grand.
+
+
+The next competition at the Liceo was in honor of the fourth centennial
+of the death of Cervantes; it was open to both Filipinos and Spaniards,
+and there was a dispute as to the winner of the prize. It is hard
+to figure out just what really happened; the newspapers speak of
+Rizal as winning the first prize, but his certificate says second,
+and there seems to have been some sort of compromise by which a
+Spaniard who was second was put at the head. Newspapers, of course,
+were then closely censored, but the liberal La Oceania contains a
+number of veiled allusions to medical poets, suggesting that for the
+good of humanity they should not be permitted to waste their time in
+verse-making. One reference quotes the title of Rizal's first poem in
+saying that it was giving a word of advice "To the Philippine Youth,"
+and there are other indications that for some considerable time the
+outcome of this contest was a very live topic in the city of Manila.
+
+Rizal's poem was an allegory, "The Council of the Gods"--"El consejo de
+los Dioses." It was an exceedingly artistic appreciation of the chief
+figure in Spanish literature. The rector of the Ateneo had assisted
+his former student by securing for him needed books, and though
+Rizal was at that time a student in Santo Tomás, the rivalries were
+such that he was still ranked with the pupils of the Jesuits and his
+success was a corresponding source of elation to the Ateneo pupils and
+alumni. Some people have stated that Father Evaristo Arias, a notably
+brilliant writer of the Dominicans, was a competitor, a version I once
+published, but investigation shows that this was a mistake. However,
+sentiment in the University against Rizal grew, until matters became
+so unpleasant that he felt it time to follow the advice of Father
+Burgos and continue his education outside of the Islands.
+
+Just before this incident Rizal had been the victim of a brutal assault
+in Kalamba; one night when he was passing the barracks of the Civil
+Guard he noted in the darkness a large body, but did not recognize
+who it was, and passed without any attention to it. It turned out
+that the large body was a lieutenant of the Civil Guard, and, without
+warning or word of any kind, he drew his sword and wounded Rizal in the
+back. Rizal complained of this outrage to the authorities and tried
+several times, without success, to see the Governor-General. Finally
+he had to recognize that there was no redress for him. By May of 1882
+Rizal had made up his mind to set sail for Europe, and his brother,
+Paciano, equipped him with seven hundred pesos for the journey, while
+his sister, Saturnina, intrusted to him a valuable diamond ring which
+might prove a resource in time of emergency.
+
+José had gone to Kalamba to attend a festival there, when Mr. Hidalgo,
+from Manila, notified him that his boat was ready to sail. The
+telegram, asking his immediate return to the city, was couched in
+the form of advice of the condition of a patient, and the name of
+the steamer, Salvadora, by a play on words, was used in the sense of
+"May save her life." Rizal had previously requested of Mr. Ramirez,
+of the Puerta del Sol store, letters of introduction to an Englishman,
+formerly in the Philippines, who was then living in Paris. He said
+nothing more of his intentions, but on his last night in the city,
+with his younger sister as companion, he drove all through the walled
+city and its suburbs, changing horses twice in the five hours of
+his farewell. The next morning he embarked on the steamer, and there
+yet remains the sketch which he made of his last view of the city,
+showing its waterfront as it appeared from the departing steamer. To
+leave town it was necessary to have a passport; his was in the name
+of José Mercado, and had been secured by a distant relative of his
+who lived in the Santa Cruz district.
+
+After five days' journey the little steamer reached the English colony
+of Singapore. There Rizal saw a modern city for the first time. He was
+intensely interested in the improvements. Especially did the assured
+position of the natives, confident in their rights and not fearful of
+the authorities, arouse his admiration. Great was the contrast between
+the fear of their rulers shown by the Filipinos and the confidence
+which the natives of Singapore seemed to have in their government.
+
+At Singapore, Rizal transferred to a French mail Steamer and seems to
+have had an interesting time making himself understood on board. He
+had studied some French in his Ateneo course, writing an ode which
+gained honors, but when he attempted to speak the language he was
+not successful in making Frenchmen understand him. So he resorted to
+a mixed system of his own, sometimes using Latin words and making
+the changes which regularly would have occurred, and when words
+failed, making signs, and in extreme cases drawing pictures of what
+he wanted. This versatility with the pencil, for many of his offhand
+sketches had humorous touches that almost carried them into the cartoon
+class, interested officers and passengers, so that the young student
+had the freedom of the ship and a voyage far from tedious.
+
+The passage of the Suez Canal, a glimpse of Egypt, Aden, where East and
+West meet, and the Italian city of Naples, with its historic castle,
+were the features of the trip which most impressed him.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+The Period of Preparation
+
+Rizal disembarked at Marseilles, saw a little of that famous port, and
+then went by rail to Barcelona, crossing the Pyrenees, the desolate
+ruggedness of which contrasted with the picturesque luxuriance
+of his tropical home, and remained a day at the frontier town of
+Port-Bou. The customary Spanish disregard of tourists compared very
+unfavorably with the courteous attention which he had remarked on his
+arrival at Marseilles, for the custom house officers on the Spanish
+frontier rather reminded him of the class of employes found in Manila.
+
+At Barcelona he met many who had been his schoolmates in the Ateneo
+and others to whom he was known by name. It was the custom of the
+Filipino students there to hold reunions every other Sunday at the
+café, for their limited resources did not permit the daily visits
+which were the Spanish custom. In honor of the new arrival a special
+gathering occurred in a favorite café in Plaza de Catalonia. The
+characteristics of the Spaniards and the features of Barcelona were
+all described for Rizal's benefit, and he had to answer a host of
+questions about the changes which had occurred in Manila. Most of his
+answers were to the effect that old defects had not yet been remedied
+nor incompetent officials supplanted, and he gave a rather hopeless
+view of the future of their country. Somewhat in this gloomy mood,
+he wrote home for a newly established Tagalog newspaper of Manila,
+his views of "Love of country," an article not so optimistic as most
+of his later writings.
+
+In Barcelona he remained but a short time, long enough, however, to
+see the historic sights around that city, which was established by
+Hannibal, had numbered many noted Romans among its residents, and in
+later days was the scene of the return of Columbus from his voyages in
+the New World, bringing with him samples of Redskins, birds and other
+novel products of the unknown country. Then there were the magnificent
+boulevards, the handsome dwellings, the interest which the citizens
+took in adorning their city and the pride in the results, and above
+all, the disgust at all things Spanish and the loyalty to Catalonia,
+rather than to the "mother-fatherland."
+
+The Catalan was the most progressive type in Spain, but he had no
+love for his compatriots, was ever complaining of their "mañana"
+habits and of the evils that were bound to exist in a country where
+Church and State were so inextricably intermingled. Many Catalans were
+avowedly republicans. Signs might be seen on the outside of buildings
+telling of the location of republican clubs, unpopular officials
+were hooted in the streets, the newspapers were intemperate in their
+criticism of the government, and a campaign was carried on openly
+which aimed at changing from a monarchy to a democracy, without any
+apparent molestation from the authorities. All these things impressed
+the lad who had seen in his own country the most respectfully worded
+complaints of unquestionable abuses treated as treason, bringing not
+merely punishment, but opprobrium as well.
+
+He, himself, in order to obtain a better education, had had to leave
+his country stealthily like a fugitive from justice, and his family, to
+save themselves from persecution, were compelled to profess ignorance
+of his plans and movements. His name was entered in Santo Tomás at the
+opening of the new term, with the fees paid, and Paciano had gone to
+Manila pretending to be looking for this brother whom he had assisted
+out of the country.
+
+Early in the fall Rizal removed to Madrid and entered the Central
+University there. His short residence in Barcelona was possibly for
+the purpose of correcting the irregularity in his passport, for in
+that town it would be easier to obtain a cedula, and with this his
+way in the national University would be made smoother. He enrolled in
+two courses, medicine, and literature and philosophy; besides these
+he studied sculpture, drawing and art in San Carlos, and took private
+lessons in languages from Mr. Hughes, a well-known instructor of the
+city. With all these labors it is not strange that he did not mingle
+largely in social life, and lack of funds and want of clothes, which
+have been suggested as reasons for this, seem hardly adequate. José had
+left Manila with some seven hundred pesos and a diamond ring. Besides,
+he received funds from his father monthly, which were sent through
+his cousin, Antonio Rivera, of Manila, for fear that the landlords
+might revenge themselves upon their tenant for the slight which his
+son had cast upon their university in deserting it for a Peninsular
+institution. It was no easy task in those days for a lad from the
+provinces to get out of the Islands for study abroad.
+
+Rizal frequently attended the theater, choosing especially the higher
+class dramas, occasionally went to a masked ball, played the lotteries
+in small amounts but regularly, and for the rest devoted most of
+his money to the purchase of books. The greater part of these were
+second-hand, but he bought several standard works in good editions,
+many with bindings de luxe. Among the books first purchased figure
+a Spanish translation of the "Lives of the Presidents of the United
+States," from Washington to Johnson, morocco bound, gilt-edged,
+and illustrated with steel engravings--certainly an expensive book;
+a "History of the English Revolution;" a comparison of the Romans
+and the Teutons, and several other books which indicated interest in
+the freer system of the Anglo-Saxons. Later, another "History of the
+Presidents," to Cleveland, was added to his library.
+
+The following lines, said to be addressed to his mother, were written
+about this time, evidently during an attack of homesickness:
+
+
+  "You Ask Me for Verses"
+
+  (Translated by Charles Derbyshire)
+
+  You bid me now to strike the lyre,
+  That mute and torn so long has lain;
+  And yet I cannot wake the strain,
+  Nor will the Muse one note inspire!
+  Coldly it shakes in accents dire,
+  As if my soul itself to wring,
+  And when its sound seems but to fling
+  A jest at its own low lament;
+  So in sad isolation pent,
+  My soul can neither feel nor sing.
+
+  There was a time--ah, 'tis too true--
+  But that time long ago has past--
+  When upon me the Muse had cast
+  Indulgent smile and friendship's due;
+  But of that age now all too few
+  The thoughts that with me yet will stay;
+  As from the hours of festive play
+  There linger on mysterious notes,
+  And in our minds the memory floats
+  Of minstrelsy and music gay.
+
+  A plant I am, that scarcely grown,
+  Was torn from out its Eastern bed,
+  Where all around perfume is shed,
+  And life but as a dream is known;
+  The land that I can call my own,
+
+  By me forgotten ne'er to be,
+  Where trilling birds their song taught me,
+  And cascades with their ceaseless roar,
+  And all along the spreading shore
+  The murmurs of the sounding sea.
+
+  While yet in childhood's happy day,
+  I learned upon its sun to smile,
+  And in my breast there seemed the while
+  Seething volcanic fires to play.
+  A bard I was, and my wish alway
+  To call upon the fleeting wind,
+  With all the force of verse and mind:
+  "Go forth, and spread around its fame,
+  From zone to zone with glad acclaim,
+  And earth to heaven together bind!"
+
+  But it I left, and now no more--
+  Like a tree that is broken and sere--
+  My natal gods bring the echo clear
+  Of songs that in past times they bore;
+  Wide seas I cross'd to foreign shore,
+  With hope of change and other fate;
+  My folly was made clear too late,
+  For in the place of good I sought
+  The seas reveal'd unto me naught,
+  But made death's specter on me wait.
+
+  All these fond fancies that were mine,
+  All love, all feeling, all emprise,
+  Were left beneath the sunny skies,
+  Which o'er that flowery region shine;
+  So press no more that plea of thine,
+
+  For songs of love from out a heart
+  That coldly lies a thing apart;
+  Since now with tortur'd soul I haste
+  Unresting o'er the desert waste,
+  And lifeless gone is all my art.
+
+
+In Madrid a number of young Filipinos were intense enthusiasts over
+political agitation, and with the recklessness of youth, were careless
+of what they said or how they said it, so long as it brought no danger
+to them. A sort of Philippine social club had been organized by older
+Filipinos and Spaniards interested in the Philippines, with the idea
+of quietly assisting toward improved insular conditions, but it became
+so radical under the influence of this younger majority, that its
+conservative members were compelled to drop out and the club broke
+up. The young men were constantly holding meetings to revive it, but
+never arrived at any effective conclusions. Rizal was present at some
+of these meetings and suggested that a good means of propaganda would
+be a book telling the truth about Philippine conditions and illustrated
+by Filipino artists. At first the project was severely criticised;
+later a few conformed to the plan, and Rizal believed that his scheme
+was in a fair way of accomplishment. At the meeting to discuss the
+details, however, each member of the company wanted to write upon the
+Filipino woman, and therest of the subjects scarcely interested any of
+them. Rizal was disgusted with this trifling and dropped the affair,
+nor did he ever again seem to take any very enthusiastic interest in
+such popular movements. His more mature mind put him out of sympathy
+with the younger men. Their admiration gave him great prestige, but
+his popularity did not arise from comradeship, as he had but very
+few intimates.
+
+Early in his stay in Madrid, Rizal had come across a second-hand
+copy, in two volumes, of a French novel, which he bought to improve
+his knowledge of that language. It was Eugene Sue's "The Wandering
+Jew," that work which transformed the France of the nineteenth
+century. However one may agree or disagree with its teachings and
+concede or dispute its literary merits, it cannot be denied that it
+was the most powerful book in its effects on the century, surpassing
+even Mrs. Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin," which is usually credited
+with having hurried on the American Civil War and brought about
+the termination of African slavery in the United States. The book,
+he writes in his diary, affected him powerfully, not to tears, but
+with a tremendous sympathy for the unfortunates that made him willing
+to risk everything in their behalf. It seemed to him that such a
+presentation of Philippine conditions would certainly arouse Spain,
+but his modesty forbade his saying that he was going to write a book
+like the French masterpiece. Still, from this time his recollections
+of his youth and the stories which he could get from his companions
+were written down and revised, till finally the half had been prepared
+of what was finally the novel "Noli Me Tangere."
+
+Through Spaniards who still remembered José's uncle, he joined a
+lodge of Masons called the "Acacia." At this time few Filipinos in
+Spain had joined the institution, and those were mostly men much more
+mature than himself. Thus he met leaders of Spanish national life who
+were men of state affairs and much more sedate, men with broader views
+and more settled opinions than the irresponsible class with whom his
+school companions were accustomed to associate. A distinction must
+be made between the Masonry of this time and the much more popular
+institution in which Filipinos later figured so largely when Professor
+Miguel Morayta became head of the Grand Lodge which for a time was
+a rival of that to which the "Acacia" owed allegiance, and finally
+triumphed over it.
+
+In 1884 Rizal had begun his studies in English; he had been studying
+French during and since his voyage to Spain; Italian was acquired
+apparently at a time when the exposition of Genoa had attracted Spanish
+interest toward Italy, and largely through the reading of Italian
+translations of works which he knew in other languages. German, too,
+he had started to study, but had not advanced far with it. Thus Rizal
+was preparing himself for the travels through Europe which he had
+intended to make from the time when he first left his home, for he
+well knew that it was only by knowing the language of a country that
+it would be possible for him to study the people, see in what way
+they differed from his own, and find out which of their customs and
+what lessons from their history might be of advantage to the Filipinos.
+
+A feature in Rizal's social life was a weekly visit to the home of
+Don Pablo Ortigas y Reyes, a liberal Spaniard who had been Civil
+Governor of Manila in General de La Torre's time. Here Filipino
+students gathered, and were entertained by the charming daughter of
+the home, Consuelo, who was the person to whom were dedicated the
+verses of Rizal usually entitled "á la Senorita C. O. y R."
+
+In Rizal's later days he found a regular relaxation in playing chess,
+in which he was skilled, with the venerable ex-president of the
+short-lived Spanish republic, Pi y Margal. This statesman was accused
+of German tendencies because of his inclination toward Anglo-Saxon
+safeguards for liberty, and was a champion of general education as
+a preparation for a freer Spain.
+
+Rizal usually was present on public occasions in Filipino circles
+and took a leading part in them, as, for example, when he delivered
+the principal address at the banquet given by the Madrid Filipino
+colony in honor of their artist countrymen, after Luna and Hidalgo
+had won prizes in the Madrid National exposition. He was also at the
+New Year's banquet when the students gathered in the restaurant to
+bid farewell to the old and usher in the new year, and his was the
+chief speech, summarizing the remarks of the others.
+
+In 1885, having completed the second of his two courses, with his
+credentials of licentiate in medicine and also in philosophy and
+literature, Rizal made a trip through the country provinces to
+study the Spanish peasant, for the rural people, he thought, being
+agriculturists, would be most like the farmer folk of his native
+land. Surely the Filipinos did not suffer in the comparison, for the
+Spanish peasants had not greatly changed from the day when they were
+so masterfully described by Cervantes. It seemed to Rizal almost like
+being in Don Quixote's land, so many were the figures who might have
+been the characters in the book.
+
+The fall of '85 found Rizal in Paris, studying art, visiting the
+various museums and associating with the Lunas, the Taveras and
+other Filipino residents of the French capital, for there had been
+a considerable colony in that city ever since the troubles of 1872
+had driven the Tavera family into exile and they had made their home
+in that city. In Paris a fourth of "Noli Me Tangere" was written,
+and Rizal specialized in ophthalmology, devoting his attention to
+those eye troubles that were most prevalent in the Philippines and
+least understood. His mother's growing blindness made him covet the
+skill which might enable him to restore her sight. So successfully
+did he study that he became the favorite pupil of Doctor L. de
+Weckert, the leading authority among the oculists of France, and
+author of a three-volume standard work. Rizal next went to Germany,
+having continued his studies in its language in the French capital,
+and was present at Heidelberg on the five hundredth anniversary of
+the foundation of the University.
+
+Because he had no passport he could only attend lectures, but could
+not regularly matriculate. He lived in one of the student boarding
+houses, with a number of law students, and when he was proposed for
+membership in the Chess Club he was registered in the Club books as
+being a student of law like the men who proposed him. These Chess
+Club gatherings were quite a feature of the town, being held in the
+large saloons with several hundred people present, and the contests
+of skill were eagerly watched by shrewd and competent judges. Rizal
+was a clever player, and left something of a record among the experts.
+
+The following lines were written by Rizal in a letter home while he
+was a student in Germany:
+
+
+  To the Flowers of Heidelberg
+
+  (translation by Charles Derbyshire)
+
+  Go to my native land, go, foreign flowers,
+  Sown by the traveler on his way;
+  And there beneath its azure sky,
+  Where all of my affections lie;
+  There from the weary pilgrim say,
+  What faith is his in that land of ours!
+
+  Go there and tell how when the dawn,
+  Her early light diffusing,
+  Your petals first flung open wide;
+  His steps beside chill Neckar drawn,
+  You see him silent by your side,
+  Upon its Spring perennial musing.
+
+  Saw how when morning's light,
+  All your fragrance stealing,
+  Whispers to you as in mirth
+  Playful songs of love's delight,
+  He, too, murmurs his love's feeling
+  In the tongue he learned at birth.
+
+  That when the sun on Koenigstuhl's height
+  Pours out its golden flood,
+  And with its slowly warming light
+  Gives life vale and grove and wood,
+  He greets that sun, here only upraising,
+  Which in his native land is at its zenith blazing.
+
+  And tell there of that day he stood,
+  Near to a ruin'd castle gray,
+  By Neckar's banks, or shady wood,
+  And pluck'd you from beside the way;
+  Tell, too, the tale to you addressed,
+  And how with tender care,
+  Your bending leaves he press'd
+  'Twixt pages of some volume rare.
+
+  Bear then, O flowers, love's message bear;
+  My love to all the lov'd ones there,
+  Peace to my country--fruitful land--
+  Faith whereon its sons may stand,
+  And virtue for its daughters' care;
+  All those belovéd creatures greet,
+  That still around home's altar meet.
+
+  And when you come unto its shore,
+  This kiss I now on you bestow,
+  Fling where the winged breezes blow;
+  That borne on them it may hover o'er
+  All that I love, esteem, and adore.
+
+  But though, O flowers, you come unto that land,
+  And still perchance your colors hold;
+  So far from this heroic strand,
+  Whose soil first bade your life unfold,
+  Still here your fragrance will expand;
+  Your soul that never quits the earth
+  Whose light smiled on you at your birth.
+
+
+From Heidelberg he went to Leipzig, then famous for the new studies
+in psychology which were making the science of the mind almost as
+exact as that of the body, and became interested in the comparison
+of race characteristics as influenced by environment, history and
+language. This probably accounts for the advanced views held by Rizal,
+who was thoroughly abreast of the new psychology. These ideas were
+since popularized in America largely through Professor Hugo Munsterberg
+of Harvard University, who was a fellow-student of Rizal at Heidelberg
+and also had been at Leipzig.
+
+A little later Rizal went to Berlin and there became acquainted with
+a number of men who had studied the Philippines and knew it as none
+whom he had ever met previously. Chief among these was Doctor Jagor,
+the author of the book which ten years before had inspired in him his
+life purpose of preparing his people for the time when America should
+come to the Philippines. Then there was Doctor Rudolf Virchow, head of
+the Anthropological Society and one of the greatest scientists in the
+world. Virchow was of intensely democratic ideals, he was a statesman
+as well as a scientist, and the interest of the young student in the
+history of his country and in everything else which concerned it,
+and his sincere earnestness, so intelligently directed toward helping
+his country, made Rizal at once a prime favorite. Under Virchow's
+sponsorship he became a member of the Berlin Anthropological Society.
+
+Rizal lived in the third floor of a corner lodging house not very
+far from the University; in this room he spent much of his time,
+putting the finishing touches to what he had previously written of
+his novel, and there he wrote the latter half of "Noli Me Tangere"
+The German influence, and absence from the Philippines for so long a
+time, had modified his early radical views, and the book had now become
+less an effort to arouse the Spanish sense of justice than a means of
+education for Filipinos by pointing out their shortcomings. Perhaps a
+Spanish school history which he had read in Madrid deserves a part of
+the credit for this changed point of view, since in that the author,
+treating of Spain's early misfortunes, brings out the fact that
+misgovernment may be due quite as much to the hypocrisy, servility
+and undeserving character of the people as it is to the corruption,
+tyranny and cruelty of the rulers.
+
+The printer of "Noli Me Tangere" lived in a neighboring street, and,
+like most printers in Germany, worked for a very moderate compensation,
+so that the volume of over four hundred pages cost less than a fourth
+of what it would have done in England, or one half of what it would
+cost in economical Spain. Yet even at so modest a price, Rizal was
+delayed in the publication until one fortunate morning he received a
+visit from a countryman, Doctor Maximo Viola, who invited him to take a
+pedestrian trip. Rizal responded that his interests kept him in Berlin
+at that time as he was awaiting funds from home with which to publish
+a book he had just completed, and showed him the manuscript. Doctor
+Viola was much interested and offered to use the money he had put
+aside for the trip to help pay the publisher. So the work went ahead,
+and when the delayed remittance from his family arrived, Rizal repaid
+the obligation. Then the two sallied forth on their trip.
+
+After a considerable tour of the historic spots and scenic places
+in Germany, they arrived at Dresden, where Doctor Rizal was warmly
+greeted by Doctor A. B. Meyer, the Director of the Royal Saxony
+Ethnographical Institute. He was an authority upon Philippine matters,
+for some years before he had visited the Islands to make a study of
+the people. With a countryman resident in the Philippines, Doctor
+Meyer made careful and thorough scientific investigations, and his
+conclusions were more favorable to the Filipinos than the published
+views of many of the unscientific Spanish observers.
+
+In the Museum of Art at Dresden, Rizal saw a painting of "Prometheus
+Bound," which recalled to him a representation of the same idea
+in a French gallery, and from memory he modeled this figure, which
+especially appealed to him as being typical of his country.
+
+In Austrian territory he first visited Doctor Ferdinand Blumentritt,
+whom Rizal had known by reputation for many years and with whom he had
+long corresponded. The two friends stayed at the Hotel Roderkrebs,
+but were guests at the table of the Austrian professor, whose wife
+gave them appetizing demonstrations of the characteristic cookery
+of Hungary. During Rizal's stay he was very much interested in a
+gathering of tourists, arranged to make known the beauties of that
+picturesque region, sometimes called the Austrian Switzerland, and
+he delivered an address upon this occasion. It is noteworthy that
+the present interest in attracting tourists to the Philippines, as
+an economic benefit to the country, was anticipated by Doctor Rizal
+and that he was always looking up methods used in foreign countries
+for building up tourists' travel.
+
+One day, while the visitors were discussing Philippine matters with
+their host, Doctor Rizal made an off hand sketch of Doctor Blumentritt,
+on a scrap of paper which happened to be at hand, so characteristic
+that it serves as an excellent portrait, and it has been preserved
+among the Rizal relics which Doctor Blumentritt had treasured of the
+friend for whom he had so much respect and affection.
+
+With a letter of introduction to a friend of Doctor Blumentritt in
+Vienna, Nordenfels, the greatest of Austrian novelists, Doctor Viola
+and Doctor Rizal went on to the capital, where they were entertained
+by the Concordia Club. So favorable was the impression that Rizal
+made upon Mr. Nordenfels that an answer was written to the note of
+introduction, thanking the professor for having brought to his notice
+a person whom he had found so companionable and whose genius he so
+much admired. Nordenfels had been interested in Spanish subjects,
+and was able to discuss intelligently the peculiar development of
+Castilian civilization and the politics of the Spanish metropolis as
+they affected the overseas possessions.
+
+After having seen Rome and a little more of Italy, they embarked for
+the Philippines, again on the French mail, from Marseilles, coming
+by way of Saigon, where a rice steamer was taken for Manila.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+The Period of Propaganda
+
+The city had not altered much during Rizal's seven years of
+absence. The condition of the Binondo pavement, with the same holes
+in the road which Rizal claimed he remembered as a schoolboy, was
+unchanged, and this recalls the experience of Ybarra in "Noli Me
+Tangere" on his homecoming after a like period of absence.
+
+Doctor Rizal at once went to his home in Kalamba. His first operation
+in the Philippines relieved the blindness of his mother, by the removal
+of a double cataract, and thus the object of his special study in
+Paris was accomplished. This and other like successes gave the young
+oculist a fame which brought patients from all parts of Luzon; and,
+though his charges were moderate, during his seven months' stay
+in the Islands Doctor Rizal accumulated over five thousand pesos,
+besides a number of diamonds which he had bought as a secure way of
+carrying funds, mindful of the help that the ring had been with which
+he had first started from the Philippines.
+
+Shortly after his arrival, Governor-General Terrero summoned Rizal by
+telegraph to Malacañan from Kalamba. The interview proved to be due
+to the interest in the author of "Noli Me Tangere" and a curiosity
+to read the novel, arising from the copious extracts with which the
+Manila censors had submitted an unfavorable opinion when asking for
+the prohibition of the book. The recommendation of the censor was
+disregarded, and General Terrero, fearful that Rizal might be molested
+by some of the many persons who would feel themselves aggrieved by his
+plain picturing of undesirable classes in the Philippines, gave him for
+a bodyguard a young Spanish lieutenant, José Taviel de Andrade. The
+young men soon became fast friends, as they had artistic and other
+tastes in common. Once they climbed Mr. Makiling, near Kalamba,
+and placed there, after the European custom, a flag to show that
+they had reached the summit. This act was at first misrepresented by
+the enemies of Rizal as planting a German banner, for they started
+a story that he had taken possession of the Islands in the name of
+the country where he was educated, which was just then in unfriendly
+relations with Spain over the question of the ill treatment of the
+Protestant missionaries in the Caroline Islands. This same story was
+repeated after the American occupation with the variation that Rizal,
+as the supreme chief and originator of the ideas of the Katipunan
+(which in fact he was not--he was even opposed to the society as it
+existed in his time), had placed there a Filipino banner, in token
+that the Islands intended to reassume the independent condition of
+which the Spanish had dispossessed them.
+
+"Noli Me Tangere" circulated first among Doctor Rizal's relatives;
+on one occasion a cousin made a special trip to Kalamba and took
+the author to task for having caricatured her in the character of
+Doña Victorina. Rizal made no denial, but merely suggested that the
+book was a mirror of Philippine life, with types that unquestionably
+existed in the country, and that if anybody recognized one of the
+characters as picturing himself or herself, that person would do well
+to correct the faults which therein appeared ridiculous.
+
+A somewhat liberal administration was now governing the Philippines,
+and efforts were being made to correct the more glaring abuses in
+the social conditions. One of these reforms proposed that the larger
+estates should bear their share of the taxes, which it was believed
+they were then escaping to a great extent. Requests were made of the
+municipal government of Kalamba, among other towns, for a statement
+of the relation that the big Dominican hacienda bore to the town,
+what increase or decrease there might have been in the income of the
+estate, and what taxes the proprietors were paying compared with the
+revenue their place afforded.
+
+Rizal interested the people of the community to gather reliable
+statistics, to go thoroughly into the actual conditions, and to leave
+out the generalities which usually characterized Spanish documents.
+
+He asked the people to coöperate, pointing out that when they
+did not complain it was their own fault more than that of the
+government if they suffered injustice. Further, he showed the folly
+of exaggerated statements, and insisted upon a definite and moderate
+showing of such abuses as were unquestionably within the power of
+the authorities to relieve. Rizal himself prepared the report, which
+is an excellent presentation of the grievances of the people of his
+town. It brings forward as special points in favor of the community
+their industriousness, their willingness to help themselves, their
+interest in education, and concludes with expressing confidence
+in the fairness of the government, pointing out the fact that they
+were risking the displeasure of their landlords by furnishing the
+information requested. The paper made a big stir, and its essential
+statements, like everything else in Rizal's writings, were never
+successfully challenged.
+
+Conditions in Manila were at that time disturbed owing to the
+precedence which had been given in a local festival to the Chinese,
+because they paid more money. The Filipinos claimed that, being in
+their home country, they should have had prior consideration and were
+entitled to it by law. The matter culminated in a protest, which was
+doubtless submitted to Doctor Rizal on the eve of his departure from
+the Islands; the protest in a general way met with his approval, but
+the theatrical methods adopted in the presentation of it can hardly
+have been according to his advice.
+
+He sailed for Hongkong in February of 1888, and made a short stay in
+the British colony, becoming acquainted there with Jose Maria Basa, an
+exile of '72, who had constituted himself the especial guardian of the
+Filipino students in that city. The visitor was favorably impressed by
+the methods of education in the British colony and with the spirit of
+patriotism developed thereby. He also looked into the subject of the
+large investments in Hongkong property by the corporation landlords
+of the Philippines, their preparation for the day of trouble which
+they foresaw.
+
+Rizal was interested in the Chinese theater, comparing the plays with
+the somewhat similar productions which existed in the Philippines;
+there, however, they had been given a religious twist, which at
+first glance hid their debt to the Chinese drama. The Doctor notes
+meeting, at nearby Macao, an exile of '72, whose condition and patient,
+uncomplaining bearing of his many troubles aroused Rizal's sympathies
+and commanded his admiration.
+
+With little delay, the journey was continued to Japan, where Doctor
+Rizal was surprised by an invitation to make his home in the Spanish
+consulate. There he was hospitably entertained, and a like courtesy
+was shown him in the Spanish minister's home in Tokio. The latter
+even offered him a position, as a sort of interpreter, probably,
+should he care to remain in the country. This offer, however, was
+declined. Rizal made considerable investigation into the condition
+of the various Japanese classes and acquired such facility in the
+use of the language that with it and his appearance, for he was "very
+Japanese," the natives found it difficult to believe that he was not
+one of themselves. The month or more passed here he considered one of
+the happiest in his travels, and it was with regret that he sailed
+from Yokohama for San Francisco. A Japanese newspaper man, who knew
+no other language than his own, was a companion on the entire journey
+to London, and Rizal acted as his interpreter.
+
+Not only did he enter into the spirit of the language but with
+remarkable versatility he absorbed the spirit of the Japanese artists
+and acquired much dexterity in expressing himself in their style,
+as is shown by one of the illustrations in this book. The popular
+idea that things occidental are reversed in the Orient was amusingly
+caricatured in a sketch he made of a German face; by reversing its
+lines he converted it into an old-time Japanese countenance.
+
+The diary of the voyage from Hongkong to Japan records an incident to
+which he alludes as being similar to that of Aladdin in the Tagalog
+tale of Florante. The Filipino wife of an Englishman, Mrs. Jackson,
+who was a passenger on board, told Rizal a great deal about a
+Filipino named Rachal, who was educated in Europe and had written a
+much-talked-of novel, which she described and of which she spoke in
+such flattering terms that Rizal declared his identity. The confusion
+in names is explained by the fact that Rachal is a name well known
+in the Philippines as that of a popular make of piano.
+
+At San Francisco the boat was held for some time in quarantine because
+of sickness aboard, and Rizal was impressed by the fact that the
+valuable cargo of silk was not delayed but was quickly transferred to
+the shore. His diary is illustrated with a drawing of the Treasury
+flag on the customs launch which acted as go-between for their boat
+and the shore. Finally, the first-class passengers were allowed to
+land, and he went to the Palace Hotel.
+
+With little delay, the overland journey was begun; the scenery through
+the picturesque Rocky Mountains especially impressed him, and finally
+Chicago was reached. The thing that struck him most forcibly in that
+city was the large number of cigar stores with an Indian in front of
+each--and apparently no two Indians alike. The unexpressed idea was
+that in America the remembrance of the first inhabitants of the land
+and their dress was retained and popularized, while in the Philippines
+knowledge of the first inhabitants of the land was to be had only
+from foreign museums.
+
+Niagara Falls is the next impression recorded in the diary, which has
+been preserved and is now in the Newberry Library of Chicago. The
+same strange, awe-inspiring mystery which others have found in the
+big falls affected him, but characteristically he compared this
+world-wonder with the cascades of his native La Laguna, claiming for
+them greater delicacy and a daintier enchantment.
+
+From Albany, the train ran along the banks of the Hudson, and he was
+reminded of the Pasig in his homeland, with its much greater commerce
+and its constant activity.
+
+At New York, Rizal embarked on the City of Rome, then the finest
+steamer in the world, and after a pleasant voyage, in which his spare
+moments were occupied in rereading "Gulliver's Travels" in English,
+Rizal reached England, and said good-by to the friends whom he had
+met during their brief ocean trip together.
+
+Rizal's first letters home to his family speak of being in the free
+air of England and once more amidst European activity. For a short
+time he lived with Doctor Antonio Maria Regidor, an exile of '72,
+who had come to secure what Spanish legal Business he could in the
+British metropolis. Doctor Regidor was formerly an official in the
+Philippines, and later proved his innocence of any complicity in the
+troubles of '72.
+
+Doctor Rizal then boarded with a Mr. Beckett, organist of St. Paul's
+Church, at 37 Charlecote Crescent, in the favorite North West residence
+section. The zoölogical gardens were conveniently near and the British
+Museum was within easy walking distance. The new member was a favorite
+with all the family, which consisted of three daughters besides the
+father and mother.
+
+Rizal's youthful interest in sleight-of-hand tricks was still
+maintained. During his stay in the Philippines he had sometimes amused
+his friends in this way, till one day he was horrified to find that
+the simple country folk, who were also looking on, thought that he
+was working miracles. In London he resumed his favorite diversion, and
+a Christmas gift of Mrs. Beckett to him, "The Life and Adventures of
+Valentine Vox the Ventriloquist," indicated the interest his friends
+took in this amusement. One of his own purchases was "Modern Magic,"
+the frontispiece of which is the sphinx that figures in the story of
+"El Filibusterismo."
+
+It was Rizal's custom to study the deceptions practiced upon the
+peoples of other lands, comparing them with those of which his
+own countrymen had been victims. Thus he could get an idea of the
+relative credulity of different peoples and could also account
+for many practices the origin of which was otherwise less easy to
+understand. His investigations were both in books and by personal
+research. In quest of these experiences he one day chanced to visit
+a professional phrenologist; the bump-reader was a shrewd guesser,
+for he dwelt especially upon Rizal's aptitude for learning languages
+and advised him to take up the study of them.
+
+This interest in languages, shown in his childish ambition to be
+like Sir John Bowring, made Rizal a congenial companion of a still
+more distinguished linguist, Doctor Reinhold Rost, the librarian of
+the India Office. The Raffles Library in Singapore now owns Doctor
+Rost's library, and its collection of grammars in seventy languages
+attests the wide range of the studies of this Sanscrit scholar.
+
+Doctor Rost was born and educated in Germany, though naturalized
+as a British subject, and he was a man of great musical taste. His
+family sometimes formed an orchestra, at other times a glee club, and
+furnished all the necessary parts from its own members. Rizal was a
+frequent visitor, usually spending his Sundays in athletic exercises
+with the boys, for he quickly became proficient in the English sports
+of boxing and cricket. While resting he would converse with the father,
+or chat with the daughters of the home. All the children had literary
+tastes, and one, Daisy, presented him with a copy of a novel which
+she had just translated from the German, entitled "Ulli."
+
+Some idea of Doctor Rizal's own linguistic attainments may be gained
+from the fact that instead of writing letters to his nephews and nieces
+he made for them translations of some of Hans Christian Andersen's
+fairy tales. They consist of some forty manuscript pages, profusely
+illustrated, and the father is referred to in a "dedication,"
+as though it were a real book. The Hebrew Bible quotation is in
+allusion to a jocose remark once made by the father that German was
+like Hebrew to him, the verse being that in which the sons of Jacob,
+not recognizing that their brother was the seller, were bargaining
+for some of Pharaoh's surplus corn, "And he (Joseph) said, How is
+the old man, your father?" Rizal always tried to relieve by a touch
+of humor anything that seemed to him as savoring of affectation,
+the phase of Spanish character that repelled him and the imitation
+of which by his countrymen who knew nothing of the un-Spanish world
+disgusted him with them.
+
+Another example of his versatility in language and of its usefulness
+to him as well, is shown in a trilingual letter written by Rizal in
+Dapitan when the censorship of his correspondence had become annoying
+through ignorant exceptions to perfectly harmless matters. No Spaniard
+available spoke more than one language besides his own and it was
+necessary to send the letter to three different persons to find out
+its contents. The critics took the hint and Rizal received better
+treatment thereafter.
+
+Another one of Rizal's youthful aspirations was attained in London,
+for there he began transcribing the early Spanish history by Morga of
+which Sir John Bowring had told his uncle. A copy of this rare book
+was in the British Museum and he gained admission as a reader there
+through the recommendation of Doctor Rost. Only five hundred persons
+can be accommodated in the big reading room, and as students are
+coming from every continent for special researches, good reason has
+to be shown why these studies cannot be made at some other institution.
+
+Besides the copying of the text of Morga's history, Rizal read
+many other early writings on the Philippines, and the manifest
+unfairness of some of these who thought that they could glorify Spain
+only by disparaging the Filipinos aroused his wrath. Few Spanish
+writers held up the good name of those who were under their flag,
+and Rizal had to resort to foreign authorities to disprove their
+libels. Morga was almost alone among Spanish historians, but his
+assertions found corroboration in the contemporary chronicles of
+other nationalities. Rizal spent his evenings in the home of Doctor
+Regidor, and many a time the bitterness and impatience with which his
+day's work in the Museum had inspired him, would be forgotten as the
+older man counseled patience and urged that such prejudices were to be
+expected of a little educated nation. Then Rizal's brow would clear as
+he quoted his favorite proverb, "To understand all is to forgive all."
+
+Doctor Rost was editor of Trübner's Record, a journal devoted to the
+literature of the East, founded by the famous Oriental Bookseller and
+Publisher of London, Nicholas Trübner, and Doctor Rizal contributed
+to it in May, 1889, some specimens of Tagal folklore, an extract from
+which is appended, as it was then printed:
+
+
+Specimens of Tagal Folklore
+
+By Doctor J. Rizal
+
+
+Proverbial Sayings
+
+Malakas ang bulong sa sigaw, Low words are stronger than loud words.
+
+Ang lakí sa layaw karaniwa 'y hubad, A petted child is generally naked
+(i.e. poor).
+
+Hampasng magulang ay nakatabã, Parents' punishment makes one fat.
+
+Ibang hari ibang ugail, New king, new fashion.
+
+Nagpupútol ang kapus, ang labis ay nagdurugtong, What is short cuts
+off a piece from itself, what is long adds another on (the poor gets
+poorer, the rich richer).
+
+Ang nagsasabing tapus ay siyang kinakapus, He who finishes his words
+finds himself wanting.
+
+Nangangakõ habang napapakõ, Man promises while in need.
+
+Ang naglalakad ng maráhan, matinik may mababaw, He who walks slowly,
+though he may put his foot on a thorn, will not be hurt very much
+(Tagals mostly go barefooted).
+
+Ang maniwalã sa sabi 'y walang bait na sarili, He who believes in
+tales has no own mind.
+
+Ang may isinuksok sa dingding, ay may titingalain, He who has put
+something between the wall may afterwards look on (the saving man
+may afterwards be cheerful).--The wall of a Tagal house is made of
+palm-leaves and bamboo, so that it can be used as a cupboard.
+
+Walang mahirap gisingin na paris nang nagtutulogtulugan, The most
+difficult to rouse from sleep is the man who pretends to be asleep.
+
+Labis sa salitã, kapus sa gawã, Too many words, too little work.
+
+Hipong tulog ay nadadalá ng ánod, The sleeping shrimp is carried away
+by the current.
+
+Sa bibig nahuhuli ang isda, The fish is caught through the mouth.
+
+
+Puzzles
+
+Isang butil na palay sikip sa buony bahay, One rice-corn fills up
+all the house.--The light. The rice-corn with the husk is yellowish.
+
+Matapang akó so dalawá, duag akó sa isá, I am brave against two,
+coward against one.--The bamboo bridge. When the bridge is made of
+one bamboo only, it is difficult to pass over; but when it is made
+of two or more, it is very easy.
+
+Dalá akó niya, dalá ko siya, He carries me, I carry him.--The shoes.
+
+Isang balong malalim puna ng patalím, A deep well filled with steel
+blades.--The mouth.
+
+The Filipino colony in Spain had established a fortnightly review,
+published first in Barcelona and later in Madrid, to enlighten
+Spaniards on their distant colony, and Rizal wrote for it from the
+start. Its name, La Solidaridad, perhaps may be translated Equal
+Rights, as it aimed at like laws and the same privileges for the
+Peninsula and the possessions overseas.
+
+From the Philippines came news of a contemptible attempt to reach
+Rizal through his family--one of many similar petty persecutions. His
+sister Lucia's husband had died and the corpse was refused interment
+in consecrated ground, upon the pretext that the dead man, who had been
+exceptionally liberal to the church and was of unimpeachable character,
+had been negligent in his religious duties. Another individual with
+a notorious record of longer absence from confession died about
+the same time, and his funeral took place from the church without
+demur. The ugly feature about the refusal to bury Hervosa was that the
+telegram from the friar parish-priest to the Archbishop at Manila in
+asking instructions, was careful to mention that the deceased was a
+brother-in-law of Rizal. Doctor Rizal wrote a scorching article for
+La Solidaridad under the caption "An Outrage," and took the matter
+up with the Spanish Colonial Minister, then Becerra, a professed
+Liberal. But that weakling statesman, more liberal in words than in
+actions, did nothing.
+
+That the union of Church and State can be as demoralizing to religion
+as it is disastrous to good government seems sufficiently established
+by Philippine incidents like this, in which politics was substituted
+for piety as the test of a good Catholic, making marriage impossible
+and denying decent burial to the families of those who differed
+politically with the ministers of the national religion.
+
+Of all his writings, the article in which Rizal speaks of this
+indignity to the dead comes nearest to exhibiting personal feeling and
+rancor. Yet his main point is to indicate generally what monstrous
+conditions the Philippine mixture of religion and politics made
+possible.
+
+The following are part of a series of nineteen verses published in
+La Solidaridad over Rizal's favorite pen name of Laong Laan:
+
+
+  To my Muse
+
+  (translation by Charles Derbyshire)
+
+  Invoked no longer is the Muse,
+  The lyre is out of date;
+  The poets it no longer use,
+  And youth its inspiration now imbues
+  With other form and state.
+
+  If today our fancies aught
+  Of verse would still require,
+  Helicon's hill remains unsought;
+  And without heed we but inquire,
+  Why the coffee is not brought.
+
+  In the place of thought sincere
+  That our hearts may feel,
+  We must seize a pen of steel,
+  And with verse and line severe
+  Fling abroad a jest and jeer.
+
+  Muse, that in the past inspired me,
+  And with songs of love hast fired me;
+  Go thou now to dull repose,
+  For today in sordid prose
+  I must earn the gold that hired me.
+
+  Now must I ponder deep,
+  Meditate, and struggle on;
+  E'en sometimes I must weep;
+  For he who love would keep
+  Great pain has undergone.
+
+  Fled are the days of ease,
+  The days of Love's delight;
+  When flowers still would please
+  And give to suffering souls surcease
+  From pain and sorrow's blight.
+
+  One by one they have passed on,
+  All I loved and moved among;
+  Dead or married--from me gone,
+  For all I place my heart upon
+  By fate adverse are stung.
+
+  Go thou, too, O Muse, depart,
+  Other regions fairer find;
+  For my land but offers art
+  For the laurel, chains that bind,
+  For a temple, prisons blind.
+
+  But before thou leavest me, speak:
+  Tell me with thy voice sublime,
+  Thou couldst ever from me seek
+  A song of sorrow for the weak,
+  Defiance to the tyrant's crime.
+
+
+Rizal's congenial situation in the British capital was disturbed
+by his discovering a growing interest in the youngest of the three
+girls whom he daily met. He felt that his career did not permit him
+to marry, nor was his youthful affection for his cousin in Manila an
+entirely forgotten sentiment. Besides, though he never lapsed into
+such disregard for his feminine friends as the low Spanish standard
+had made too common among the Filipino students in Madrid, Rizal was
+ever on his guard against himself. So he suggested to Doctor Regidor
+that he considered it would be better for him to leave London. His
+parting gift to the family with whom he had lived so happily was a
+clay medallion bearing in relief the profiles of the three sisters.
+
+Other regretful good-bys were said to a number of young Filipinos
+whom he had gathered around him and formed into a club for the study
+of the history of their country and the discussion of its politics.
+
+Rizal now went to Paris, where he was glad to be again with his friend
+Valentin Ventura, a wealthy Pampangan who had been trained for the
+law. His tastes and ideals were very much those of Rizal, and he had
+sound sense and a freedom from affectation which especially appealed
+to Rizal. There Rizal's reprint of Morga's rare history was made, at
+a greater cost but also in better form than his first novel. Copious
+notes gave references to other authorities and compared present
+with past conditions, and Doctor Blumentritt contributed a forceful
+introduction.
+
+When Rizal returned to London to correct the proofsheets, the old
+original book was in use and the copy could not be checked. This led to
+a number of errors, misspelled and changed words, and even omissions
+of sentences, which were afterwards discovered and carefully listed
+and filed away to be corrected in another edition.
+
+Possibly it has been made clear already that, while Rizal did not
+work for separation from Spain, he was no admirer of the Castilian
+character, nor of the Latin type, for that matter. He remarked on
+Blumentritt's comparison of the Spanish rulers in the Philippines
+with the Czars of Russia, that it is flattering to the Castilians
+but it is more than they merit, to put them in the same class as
+Russia. Apparently he had in mind the somewhat similar comparison in
+Burke's speech on the conciliation of America, in which he said that
+Russia was more advanced and less cruel than Spain and so not to be
+classed with it.
+
+During his stay in Paris, Rizal was a frequent visitor at the home
+of the two Doctors Pardo de Tavera, sons of the exile of '72 who
+had gone to France, the younger now a physician in South America,
+the elder a former Philippine Commissioner. The interest of the
+one in art, and of the other in philology, the ideas of progress
+through education shared by both, and many other common tastes and
+ideals, made the two young men fast friends of Rizal. Mrs. Tavera,
+the mother, was an interesting conversationalist, and Rizal profited
+by her reminiscences of Philippine official life, to the inner circle
+of which her husband's position had given her the entrée.
+
+On Sundays Rizal fenced at Juan Luna's house with his distinguished
+artist-countryman, or, while the latter was engaged with Ventura,
+watched their play. It was on one of these afternoons that the Tagalog
+story of "The Monkey and the Tortoise"[2] was hastily sketched as a
+joke to fill the remaining pages of Mrs. Luna's autograph album, in
+which she had been insisting Rizal must write before all its space
+was used up. A comparison of the Tagalog version with a Japanese
+counterpart was published by Rizal in English, in Trübner's Magazine,
+suggesting that the two people may have had a common origin. This
+study received considerable attention from other ethnologists, and
+was among the topics at an ethnological conference.
+
+At times his antagonist was Miss Nellie Baustead, who had great
+skill with the foils. Her father, himself born in the Philippines,
+the son of a wealthy merchant of Singapore, had married a member of
+the Genato family of Manila. At their villa in Biarritz, and again
+in their home in Belgium, Rizal was a guest later, for Mr. Baustead
+had taken a great liking to him.
+
+The teaching instinct that led him to act as mentor to the Filipino
+students in Spain and made him the inspiration of a mutual improvement
+club of his young countrymen in London, suggested the foundation of
+a school in Paris. Later a Pampangan youth offered him $40,000 with
+which to found a Filipino college in Hongkong, where many young men
+from the Philippines had obtained an education better than their
+own land could afford but not entirely adapted to their needs. The
+scheme attracted Rizal, and a prospectus for such an institution
+which was later found among his papers not only proves how deeply
+he was interested, but reveals the fact that his ideas of education
+were essentially like those carried out in the present public-school
+course of instruction in the Philippines.
+
+Early in August of 1890 Rizal went to Madrid to seek redress for a
+wrong done his family by the notorious General Weyler, the "Butcher"
+of evil memory in Cuba, then Governor-General of the Philippines. Just
+as the mother's loss of liberty, years before, was caused by revengeful
+feelings on the part of an official because for one day she was obliged
+to omit a customary gift of horse feed, so the father's loss of land
+was caused by a revengeful official, and for quite as trivial a cause.
+
+Mr. Mercado was a great poultry fancier and especially prided himself
+upon his fine stock of turkeys. He had been accustomed to respond to
+the frequent requests of the estate agent for presents of birds. But
+at one time disease had so reduced the number of turkeys that all that
+remained were needed for breeding purposes and Mercado was obliged
+to refuse him. In a rage the agent insisted, and when that proved
+unavailing, threats followed.
+
+But Francisco Mercado was not a man to be moved by threats, and
+when the next rent day came round he was notified that his rent had
+been doubled. This was paid without protest, for the tenants were
+entirely at the mercy of the landlords, no fixed rate appearing
+either in contracts or receipts. Then the rent-raising was kept on
+till Mercado was driven to seek the protection of the courts. Part
+of his case led to exactly the same situation as that of the Biñan
+tenantry in his grandfather's time, when the landlords were compelled
+to produce their title-deeds, and these proved that land of others
+had been illegally included in the estate. Other tenants, emboldened
+by Mercado's example also refused to pay the exorbitant rent increases.
+
+The justice of the peace of Kalamba, before whom the case first came,
+was threatened by the provincial governor for taking time to hear the
+testimony, and the case was turned over to the auxiliary justice, who
+promptly decided in the manner desired by the authorities. Mercado at
+once took an appeal, but the venal Weyler moved a force of artillery
+to Kalamba and quartered it upon the town as if rebellion openly
+existed there. Then the court representatives evicted the people
+from their homes and directed them to remove all their buildings
+from the estate lands within twenty-four hours. In answer to the
+plea that they had appealed to the Supreme Court the tenants were
+told their houses could be brought back again if they won their
+appeal. Of course this was impossible and some 150,000 pesos' worth
+of property was consequently destroyed by the court agents, who were
+worthy estate employees. Twenty or more families were made homeless
+and the other tenants were forbidden to shelter them under pain of
+their own eviction. This is the proceeding in which Retana suggests
+that the governor-general and the landlords were legally within their
+rights. If so, Spanish law was a disgrace to the nation. Fortunately
+the Rizal-Mercado family had another piece of property at Los Baños,
+and there they made their home.
+
+Weyler's motives in this matter do not have to be surmised, for
+among the (formerly) secret records of the government there exists
+a letter which he wrote when he first denied the petition of the
+Kalamba residents. It is marked "confidential" and is addressed to the
+landlords, expressing the pleasure which this action gave him. Then
+the official adds that it cannot have escaped their notice that the
+times demand diplomacy in handling the situation but that, should
+occasion arise, he will act with energy. Just as Weyler had favored
+the landlords at first so he kept on and when he had a chance to do
+something for them he did it.
+
+Finally, when Weyler left the Islands an investigation was ordered into
+his administration, owing to rumors of extensive and systematic frauds
+on the government, but nothing more came of the case than that Retana,
+later Rizal's biographer, wrote a book in the General's defense,
+"extensively documented," and also abusively anti-Filipino. It has been
+urged (not by Retana, however) that the Weyler régime was unusually
+efficient, because he would allow no one but himself to make profits
+out of the public, and therefore, while his gains were greater than
+those of his predecessors, the Islands really received more attention
+from him.
+
+During the Kalamba discussion in Spain, Retana, until 1899 always
+scurrilously anti-Filipino, made the mistake of his life, for he
+charged Rizal's family with not paying their rent, which was not
+true. While Rizal believed that duelling was murder, to judge from a
+pair of pictures preserved in his album, he evidently considered that
+homicide of one like Retana was justifiable. After the Spanish custom,
+his seconds immediately called upon the author of the libel. Retana
+notes in his "Vida del Dr. Rizal" that the incident closed in a way
+honorable to both Rizal and himself--he, Retana, published an explicit
+retraction and abject apology in the Madrid papers. Another time,
+in Madrid, Rizal risked a duel when he challenged Antonio Luna,
+later the General, because of a slighting allusion to a lady at a
+public banquet. He had a nicer sense of honor in such matters than
+prevailed in Madrid, and Luna promptly saw the matter from Rizal's
+point of view and withdrew the offensive remark. This second incident
+complements the first, for it shows that Rizal was as willing to risk a
+duel with his superior in arms as with one not so skilled as he. Rizal
+was an exceptional pistol shot and a fair swordsman, while Retana was
+inferior with either sword or pistol, but Luna, who would have had the
+choice of weapons, was immeasurably Rizal's superior with the sword.
+
+Owing to a schism a rival arose against the old Masonry and finally
+the original organization succumbed to the offshoot. Doctor Miguel
+Morayta, Professor of History in the Central University at Madrid, was
+the head of the new institution and it had grown to be very popular
+among students. Doctor Morayta was friendly to the Filipinos and a
+lodge of the same name as their paper was organized among them. For
+their outside work they had a society named the Hispano-Filipino
+Association, of which Morayta was president, with convenient clubrooms
+and a membership practically the same as the Lodge La Solidaridad.
+
+Just before Christmas of 1890, this Hispano-Filipino Association
+gave a largely attended banquet at which there were many prominent
+speakers. Rizal stayed away, not because of growing pessimism,
+as Retana suggests, but because one of the speakers was the same
+Becerra who had feared to act when the outrage against the body of
+Rizal's brother-in-law had been reported to him. Now out of office,
+the ex-minister was again bold in words, but Rizal for one was not
+again to be deceived by them.
+
+The propaganda carried on by his countrymen in the Peninsula did not
+seem to Rizal effective, and he found his suggestions were not well
+received by those at its head. The story of Rizal's separation from
+La Solidaridad, however, is really not material, but the following
+quotation from a letter written to Carlos Oliver, speaking of the
+opposition of the Madrid committee of Filipinos to himself, is
+interesting as showing Rizal's attitude of mind:
+
+"I regret exceedingly that they war against me, attempting to discredit
+me in the Philippines, but I shall be content provided only that my
+successor keeps on with the work. I ask only of those who say that
+I created discord among the Filipinos: Was there any effective union
+before I entered political life? Was there any chief whose authority
+I wanted to oppose? It is a pity that in our slavery we should have
+rivalries over leadership."
+
+And in Rizal's letter from Hongkong, May 24, 1892, to Zulueta,
+commenting on an article by Leyte in La Solidaridad, he says:
+
+"Again I repeat, I do not understand the reason of the attack, since
+now I have dedicated myself to preparing for our countrymen a safe
+refuge in case of persecution and to writing some books, championing
+our cause, which shortly will appear. Besides, the article is impolitic
+in the extreme and prejudicial to the Philippines. Why say that the
+first thing we need is to have money? A wiser man would be silent
+and not wash soiled linen in public."
+
+Early in '91 Rizal went to Paris, visiting Mr. Baustead's villa in
+Biarritz en route, and he was again a guest of his hospitable friend
+when, after the winter season was over, the family returned to their
+home in Brussels.
+
+During most of the year Rizal's residence was in Ghent, where he had
+gathered around him a number of Filipinos. Doctor Blumentritt suggested
+that he should devote himself to the study of Malay-Polynesian
+languages, and as it appeared that thus he could earn a living in
+Holland he thought to make his permanent home there. But his parents
+were old and reluctant to leave their native land to pass their last
+years in a strange country, and that plan failed.
+
+He now occupied himself in finishing the sequel to "Noli Me Tangere,"
+the novel "El Filibusterismo," which he had begun in October of 1887
+while on his visit to the Philippines. The bolder painting of the
+evil effects of the Spanish culture upon the Filipinos may well have
+been inspired by his unfortunate experiences with his countrymen in
+Madrid who had not seen anything of Europe outside of Spain. On the
+other hand, the confidence of the author in those of his countrymen
+who had not been contaminated by the so-called Spanish civilization,
+is even more noticeable than in "Noli Me Tangere."
+
+Rizal had now done all that he could for his country; he had shown
+them by Morga what they were when Spain found them; through "Noli Me
+Tangere" he had painted their condition after three hundred years of
+Spanish influence; and in "El Filibusterismo" he had pictured what
+their future must be if better counsels did not prevail in the colony.
+
+These works were for the instruction of his countrymen, the fulfilment
+of the task he set for himself when he first read Doctor Jagor's
+criticism fifteen years before; time only was now needed for them to
+accomplish their work and for education to bring forth its fruits.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+Despujol's Duplicity
+
+As soon as he had set in motion what influence he possessed in Europe
+for the relief of his relatives, Rizal hurried to Hongkong and from
+there wrote to his parents asking their permission to join them. Some
+time before, his brother-in-law, Manuel Hidalgo, had been deported
+upon the recommendation of the governor of La Laguna, "to prove to
+the Filipinos that they were mistaken in thinking that the new Civil
+Code gave them any rights" in cases where the governor-general agreed
+with his subordinate's reason for asking for the deportation as well
+as in its desirability. The offense was having buried a child, who
+had died of cholera, without church ceremonies. The law prescribed
+and public health demanded it. But the law was a dead letter and the
+public health was never considered when these cut into church revenues,
+as Hidalgo ought to have known.
+
+Upon Rizal's arrival in Hongkong, in the fall of 1891, he received
+notice that his brother Paciano had been returned from exile in
+Mindoro, but that three of his sisters had been summoned, with the
+probability of deportation.
+
+A trap to get Rizal into the hands of the government by playing
+upon his affection for his mother was planned at this time, but it
+failed. Mrs. Rizal and one of her daughters were arrested in Manila
+for "falsification of cedula" because they no longer used the name
+Realonda, which the mother had dropped fifteen years before. Then,
+though there were frequently boats running to Kalamba, the two women
+were ordered to be taken there for trial on foot. As when Mrs. Rizal
+had been a prisoner before, the humane guards disobeyed their orders
+and the elderly lady was carried in a hammock. The family understood
+the plans of their persecutors, and Rizal was told by his parents
+not to come to Manila. Then the persecution of the mother and the
+sister dropped.
+
+In Hongkong, Rizal was already acquainted with most of the Filipino
+colony, including Jose M. Basa, a '72 exile of great energy, for whom
+he had the greatest respect. The old man was an unceasing enemy of all
+the religious orders and was constantly getting out "proclamations,"
+as the handbills common in the old-time controversies were called. One
+of these, against the Jesuits, figures in the case against Rizal
+and bears some minor corrections in his handwriting. Nevertheless,
+his participation in it was probably no more than this proofreading
+for his friend, whose motives he could appreciate, but whose plan of
+action was not in harmony with his own ideas.
+
+Letters of introduction from London friends secured for Rizal the
+acquaintance of Mr. H. L. Dalrymple, a justice of the peace--which is
+a position more coveted and honored in English lands than here--and
+a member of the public library committee, as well as of the board
+of medical examiners. He was a merchant, too, and agent for the
+British North Borneo Company, which had recently secured a charter
+as a semi-independent colony for the extensive cession which had
+originally been made to the American Trading Company and later
+transferred to them.
+
+Rizal spent much of his time in the library, reading especially the
+files of the older newspapers, which contained frequent mention of
+the Philippines. As an oldtime missionary had left his books to the
+library, the collection was rich in writings of the fathers of the
+early Church, as well as in philology and travel. He spent much time
+also in long conversations with Editor Frazier-Smith of the Hongkong
+Telegraph, the most enterprising of the daily newspapers. He was
+the master of St. John's Masonic lodge (Scotch constitution), which
+Rizal had visited upon his first arrival, intensely democratic and
+a close student of world politics. The two became fast friends and
+Rizal contributed to the Telegraph several articles on Philippine
+matters. These were printed in Spanish, ostensibly for the benefit of
+the Filipino colony in Hongkong, but large numbers of the paper were
+mailed to the Philippines and thus at first escaped the vigilance
+of the censors. Finally the scheme was discovered and the Telegraph
+placed on the prohibited list, but, like most Spanish actions, this
+was just too late to prevent the circulation of what Rizal had wished
+to say to his countrymen.
+
+With the first of the year 1892 the free portion of Rizal's family came
+to Hongkong. He had been licensed to practice medicine in the colony,
+and opened an office, specializing as an oculist with notable success.
+
+Another congenial companion was a man of his own profession, Doctor
+L. P. Marquez, a Portuguese who had received his medical education in
+Dublin and was a naturalized British subject. He was a leading member
+of the Portuguese club, Lusitania, which was of radically republican
+proclivities and possessed an excellent library of books on modern
+political conditions. An inspection of the colonial prison with him
+inspired Rizal's article, "A Visit to Victoria Gaol," through which
+runs a pathetic contrast of the English system of imprisonment for
+reformation with the Spanish vindictive methods of punishment. A
+souvenir of one of their many conferences was a dainty modeling in
+clay made by Rizal with that astonishing quickness that resulted from
+his Uncle Gabriel's training during his early childhood.
+
+In the spring, Rizal took a voyage to British North Borneo and with
+Mr. Pryor, the agent, looked over vacant lands which had been offered
+him by the Company for a Filipino colony. The officials were anxious
+to grow abaca, cacao, sugar cane and coconuts, all products of the
+Philippines, the soil of which resembled theirs. So they welcomed the
+prospect of the immigration of laborers skilled in such cultivation,
+the Kalambans and other persecuted people of the Luzon lake region,
+whom Doctor Rizal hoped to transplant there to a freer home.
+
+A different kind of governor-general had succeeded Weyler in the
+Philippines; the new man was Despujol, a friend of the Jesuits
+and a man who at once gave the Filipinos hope of better days,
+for his promises were quickly backed up by the beginnings of their
+performance. Rizal witnessed this novel experience for his country
+with gratification, though he had seen too many disappointments to
+confide in the continuance of reform, and he remembered that the like
+liberal term of De la Torre had ended in the Cavite reaction.
+
+He wrote early to the new chief executive, applauding Despujol's policy
+and offering such coöperation as he might be able to give toward
+making it a complete success. No reply had been received, but after
+Rizal's return from his Borneo trip the Spanish consul in Hongkong
+assured him that he would not be molested should he go to Manila.
+
+Rizal therefore made up his mind to visit his home once more. He
+still cherished the plan of transferring those of his relatives
+and friends who were homeless through the land troubles, or
+discontented with their future in the Philippines, to the district
+offered to him by the British North Borneo Company. There, under the
+protection of the British flag, but in their accustomed climate, with
+familiar surroundings amid their own people, a New Kalamba would be
+established. Filipinos would there have a chance to prove to the world
+what they were capable of, and their free condition would inevitably
+react on the neighboring Philippines and help to bring about better
+government there.
+
+Rizal had no intention of renouncing his Philippine allegiance, for
+he always regretted the naturalization of his countrymen abroad,
+considering it a loss to the country which needed numbers to play
+the influential part he hoped it would play in awakening Asia. All
+his arguments were for British justice and "Equality before the Law,"
+for he considered that political power was only a means of securing
+and assuring fair treatment for all, and in itself of no interest.
+
+With such ideas he sailed for home, bearing the Spanish consul's
+passport. He left two letters in Hongkong with his friend Doctor
+Marquez marked, "To be opened after my death," and their contents
+indicate that he was not unmindful of how little regard Spain had
+had in his country for her plighted honor.
+
+One was to his beloved parents, brother and sisters, and friends:
+
+"The affection that I have ever professed for you suggests this
+step, and time alone can tell whether or not it is sensible. Their
+outcome decides things by results, but whether that be favorable or
+unfavorable, it may always be said that duty urged me, so if I die
+in doing it, it will not matter.
+
+"I realize how much suffering I have caused you, still I do not
+regret what I have done. Rather, if I had to begin over again, still
+I should do just the same, for it has been only duty. Gladly do I go
+to expose myself to peril, not as any expiation of misdeeds (for in
+this matter I believe myself guiltless of any), but to complete my
+work and myself offer the example of which I have always preached.
+
+"A man ought to die for duty and his principles. I hold fast to
+every idea which I have advanced as to the condition and future of
+our country, and shall willingly die for it, and even more willingly
+to procure for you justice and peace.
+
+"With pleasure, then, I risk life to save so many innocent persons--so
+many nieces and nephews, so many children of friends, and children,
+too, of others who are not even friends--who are suffering on my
+account. What am I? A single man, practically without family, and
+sufficiently undeceived as to life. I have had many disappointments
+and the future before me is gloomy, and will be gloomy if light does
+not illuminate it, the dawn of a better day for my native land. On the
+other hand, there are many individuals, filled with hope and ambition,
+who perhaps all might be happy were I dead, and then I hope my enemies
+would be satisfied and stop persecuting so many entirely innocent
+people. To a certain extent their hatred is justifiable as to myself,
+and my parents and relatives.
+
+"Should fate go against me, you will all understand that I shall die
+happy in the thought that my death will end all your troubles. Return
+to our country and may you be happy in it.
+
+"Till the last moment of my life I shall be thinking of you and
+wishing you all good fortune and happiness."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The other letter was directed "To the Filipinos," and said:
+
+"The step which I am taking, or rather am about to take, is undoubtedly
+risky, and it is unnecessary to say that I have considered it some
+time. I understand that almost every one is opposed to it; but I know
+also that hardly anybody else comprehends what is in my heart. I cannot
+live on seeing so many suffer unjust persecutions on my account; I
+cannot bear longer the sight of my sisters and their numerous families
+treated like criminals. I prefer death and cheerfully shall relinquish
+life to free so many innocent persons from such unjust persecution.
+
+"I appreciate that at present the future of our country gravitates
+in some degree around me, that at my death many will feel triumphant,
+and, in consequence, many are wishing for my fall. But what of it? I
+hold duties of conscience above all else, I have obligations to the
+families who suffer, to my aged parents whose sighs strike me to the
+heart; I know that I alone, only with my death, can make them happy,
+returning them to their native land and to a peaceful life at home. I
+am all my parents have, but our country has many, many more sons who
+can take my place and even do my work better.
+
+"Besides I wish to show those who deny us patriotism that we know
+how to die for duty and principles. What matters death, if one dies
+for what one loves, for native land and beings held dear?
+
+"If I thought that I were the only resource for the policy of progress
+in the Philippines and were I convinced that my countrymen were
+going to make use of my services, perhaps I should hesitate about
+taking this step; but there are still others who can take my place,
+who, too, can take my place with advantage. Furthermore, there are
+perchance those who hold me unneeded and my services are not utilized,
+resulting that I am reduced to inactivity.
+
+"Always have I loved our unhappy land, and I am sure that I shall
+continue loving it till my latest moment, in case men prove unjust
+to me. My career, my life, my happiness, all have I sacrificed for
+love of it. Whatever my fate, I shall die blessing it and longing
+for the dawn of its redemption."
+
+And then followed the note; "Make these letters public after my death."
+
+Suspicion of the Spanish authorities was justified. The consul's
+cablegram notifying Governor-General Despujol. that Rizal had fallen
+into their trap, sent the day of issuing the "safe-conduct" or special
+passport, bears the same date as the secret case filed against him
+in Manila, "for anti religious and anti patriotic agitation." On
+that same day the deceitful Despujol was confidentially inquiring
+of his executive secretary whether it was true that Rizal had been
+naturalized as a German subject, and, if so, what effect would that
+have on the governor-general's right to take executive action; that
+is, could he deport one who had the protection of a strong nation with
+the same disregard for the forms of justice that he could a Filipino?
+
+This inquiry is joined to an order to the local authorities in the
+provinces near Manila instructing them to watch the comings and goings
+of their prominent people during the following weeks. The scheme
+resembled that which was concocted prior to '72, but Governor-General
+de la Torte was honest in his reforms. Despujol may, or may not,
+have been honest in other matters, but as concerns Rizal there is
+no lack of proof of his perfidy. The confidential file relating to
+this part of the case was forgotten in destroying and removing secret
+papers when Manila passed into a democratic conqueror's hands, and
+now whoever wishes may read, in the Bureau of Archives, documents
+which the Conde de Caspe, to use a noble title for an ignoble man,
+considered safely hidden. As with Weyler's contidential letter to the
+friar landlords, these discoveries convict their writers of bad faith,
+with no possibility of mistake.
+
+This point in the reformed Spanish writer's biography of Rizal is
+made occasion for another of his treacherous attacks upon the good
+name of his pretended hero. Just as in the land troubles Retana held
+that legally Governor-General Weyler was justified in disregarding
+an appeal pending in the courts, so in this connection he declares:
+"(Despujol) unquestionably had been deceived by Rizal when, from
+Hongkong, he offered to Despujol not to meddle in politics." That
+Rizal meddled in politics rests solely upon Despujol's word, and
+it will be seen later how little that is worth; but, politics or no
+politics, Rizal's fate was settled before he ever came to Manila.
+
+Rizal was accompanied to Manila by his sister Lucia, widow of that
+brother-in-law who had been denied Christian burial because of his
+relationship to Rizal. In the Basa home, among other waste papers,
+and for that use, she had gathered up five copies of a recent
+"proclamation," entitled "Pobres Frailes" (Poor Friars), a small
+sheet possibly two inches wide and five long. These, crumpled up,
+were tucked into the case of the pillow which Mrs. Hervosa used on
+board. Later, rolled up in her blankets and bed mat, or petate, they
+went to the custom house along with the other baggage, and of course
+were discovered in the rigorous examination which the officers always
+made. How strict Philippine customs searches were, Henry Norman, an
+English writer of travels, explains by remarking that Manila was the
+only port where he had ever had his pockets picked officially. His
+visit was made at about the time of which we are writing, and the
+object, he says, was to keep out anti friar publications.
+
+Rizal and his sister landed without difficulty, and he at once went to
+the Oriente Hotel, then the best in town, for Rizal always traveled
+and lived as became a member of a well-to-do family. Next he waited
+on the Governor-General, with whom he had a very brief interview,
+for it happened to be on one of the numerous religious festivals,
+during which he obtained favorable consideration for his deported
+sisters. Several more interviews occurred in which the hopes first
+given were realized, so that those of the family then awaiting exile
+were pardoned and those already deported were to be returned at an
+early date.
+
+One night Rizal was the guest of honor at a dinner given by the masters
+and wardens of the Masonic lodges of Manila, and he was surprised and
+delighted at the progress the institution had made in the Islands. Then
+he had another task not so agreeable, for, while awaiting a delayed
+appointment with the Governor-General, he with two others ran up on
+the new railway to Tarlac. Ostensibly this was to see the country,
+but it was not for a pleasure trip. They were investigating the sales
+of Rizal's books and trying to find out what had become of the money
+received from them, for while the author's desire had been to place
+them at so low a price as to be within the reach of even the poor, it
+was reported that the sales had been few and at high prices, so that
+copies were only read by the wealthy whose desire to obtain the rare
+and much-discussed novels led them to pay exorbitant figures for them.
+
+Rizal's party, consisting of the Secretary of one of the lodges of
+Manila, and another Mason, a prominent school-teacher, were under
+constant surveillance and a minute record of their every act is
+preserved in the "reserved" files, now, of course, so only in name,
+as they are no longer secret. Immediately after they left a house it
+would be thoroughly searched and the occupants strictly questioned. In
+spite of the precautions of the officials, Rizal soon learned of this,
+and those whom they visited were warned of what to expect. In one home
+so many forbidden papers were on hand that Rizal delayed his journey
+till the family completed their task of carrying them upstairs and
+hiding them in the roof.
+
+At another place he came across an instance of superstition such as
+that which had caused him to cease his sleight-of-hand exhibitions
+on his former return to the Islands. Their host was a man of little
+education but great hospitality, and the party were most pleasantly
+entertained. During the conversation he spoke of Rizal, but did not
+seem to know that his hero had come back to the Philippines. His
+remarks drifted into the wildest superstition, and, after asserting
+that Rizal bore a charmed life, he startled his audience by saying
+that if the author of "Noli Me Tangere" cared to do so, he could be
+with them at that very instant. At first the three thought themselves
+discovered by their host, but when Rizal made himself known, the
+old man proved that he had had no suspicion of his guest's identity,
+for he promptly became busy preparing his home for the search which
+he realized would shortly follow. On another occasion their host
+was a stranger whom Rizal treated for a temporary illness, leaving
+a prescription to be filled at the drug store. The name signed to
+the paper was a revelation, but the first result was activity in
+cleaning house.
+
+No fact is more significant of the utter rottenness of the Spanish
+rule than the unanimity of the people in their discontent. Only a
+few persons at first were in open opposition, but books, pamphlets
+and circulars were eagerly sought, read and preserved, with the
+knowledge generally, of the whole family, despite the danger of
+possessing them. At times, as in the case of Rizal's novels, an entire
+neighborhood was in the secret; the book was buried in a garden and
+dug up to be read from at a gathering of the older men, for which a
+dance gave pretext. Informers were so rare that the possibility of
+treachery among themselves was hardly reckoned in the risk.
+
+The authorities were constantly searching dwellings, often entire
+neighborhoods, and with a thoroughness which entirely disregarded
+the possibility of damaging an innocent person's property. These
+"domiciliary registrations" were, of course, supposed to be unexpected,
+but in the later Spanish days the intended victims usually had
+warning from some employee in the office where it was planned, or
+from some domestic of the official in charge; very often, however, the
+warning was so short as to give only time for a hasty destruction of
+incriminating documents and did not permit of their being transferred
+to other hiding places. Thus large losses were incurred, and to these
+must be added damages from dampness when a hole in the ground, the
+inside of a post, or cementing up in the wall furnished the means of
+concealment. Fires, too, were frequent, and such events attracted so
+much attention that it was scarcely safe to attempt to save anything
+of an incriminating nature.
+
+Six years of war conditions did their part toward destroying what
+little had escaped, and from these explanations the reader may
+understand how it comes that the tangled story of Spain's last half
+century here presents an historical problem more puzzling than that
+of much more remote times in more favored lands.
+
+It seems almost providential that the published statement of
+the Governor-General can be checked not only by an account which
+Rizal secretly sent to friends, but also by the candid memoranda
+contained in the untruthful executive's own secret folios. While
+some unessential details of Rizal's career are in doubt, not a point
+vital to establishing his good name lacks proof that his character
+was exemplary and that he is worthy of the hero-worship which has
+come to him.
+
+After Rizal's return to Manila from his railway trip he had the
+promised interview with the Governor-General. At their previous
+meetings the discussions had been quite informal. Rizal, in
+complimenting the General upon his inauguration of reforms, mentioned
+that the Philippine system of having no restraint whatever upon
+the chief executive had at least the advantage that a well-disposed
+governor-general would find no red-tape hindrances to his plans for
+the public benefit. But Despujol professed to believe that the best
+of men make mistakes and that a wise government would establish
+safeguards against this human fallibility.
+
+The final, and fatal, interview began with the Governor-General asking
+Rizal if he still persisted in his plan for a Filipino colony in
+British North Borneo; Despujol had before remarked that with so much
+Philippine land lying idle for want of cultivation it did not seem to
+him patriotic to take labor needed at home away for the development
+of a foreign land. Rizal's former reply had dealt with the difficulty
+the government was in respecting the land troubles, since the tenants
+who had taken the old renters' places now also must be considered,
+and he pointed out that there was, besides, a bitterness between the
+parties which could not easily be forgotten by either side. So this
+time he merely remarked that he had found no reason for changing his
+original views.
+
+Hereupon the General took from his desk the five little sheets of
+the "Poor Friars" handbill, which he said had been found in the roll
+of bedding sent with Rizal's baggage to the custom house, and asked
+whose they could be. Rizal answered that of course the General knew
+that the bedding belonged to his sister Lucia, but she was no fool
+and would not have secreted in a place where they were certain to be
+found five little papers which, hidden within her camisa or placed
+in her stocking, would have been absolutely sure to come in unnoticed.
+
+Rizal, neither then nor later, knew the real truth, which was that
+these papers were gathered up at random and without any knowledge of
+their contents. If it was a crime to have lived in a house where such
+seditious printed matter was common, then Rizal, who had openly visited
+Basa's home, was guilty before ever the handbills were found. But no
+reasonable person would believe another rational being could be so
+careless of consequences as to bring in openly such dangerous material.
+
+The very title was in sarcastic allusion to the inconsistency of a
+religious order being an immensely wealthy organization, while its
+individual members were vowed to poverty. News, published everywhere
+except in the Philippines, of losses sustained in outside commercial
+enterprises running into the millions, was made the text for showing
+how money, professedly raised in the Philippines for charities,
+was not so used and was invested abroad in fear of that day of
+reckoning when tyranny would be overthrown in anarchy and property
+would be insecure. The belief of the pious Filipinos, fostered
+by their religious exploiters, that the Pope would suffer great
+hardship if their share of "Peter's pence" was not prompt and full,
+was contrasted with another newspaper story of a rich dowry given
+to a favorite niece by a former Pope, but that in no way taught the
+truth that the Head of the Church was not put to bodily discomfort
+whenever a poor Filipino failed to come forward with his penny.
+
+Despujol managed to work himself into something like a passion over
+this alleged disrespect to the Pope, and ordered Rizal to be taken
+as a prisoner to Fort Santiago by the nephew who acted as his aide.
+
+Like most facts, this version runs a middle course between the extreme
+stories which have been current. Like circulars may have been printed
+at the "Asilo de Malabon," as has been asserted; these certainly came
+from Hongkong and were not introduced by any archbishop's nephew on
+duty at the custom house, as another tale suggests. On the other hand,
+the circular was the merest pretext, and Despujol did not act in good
+faith, as many claim that he did.
+
+It may be of interest to reprint the handbill from a facsimile of an
+original copy:
+
+
+Pobres Frailes!
+
+Acaba de suspender sus pages un Banco, acaba de quebrarse el New
+Oriental.
+
+Grandes pédidas en la India, en la isla Mauricio al sur de Africa,
+ciclónes y tempestades acabaron con su podeíro, tragnádose más de
+36,000,000 de pesos. Estos treinta y seis millones representaban las
+esperanzas, las economías, el bienestar y el porvenir de numerosos
+individuos y familias.
+
+Entre los que más han sufrido podemos contar á la Rvda. Corporacion
+de los P. P. Dominicos, que pierden en esta quiebra muchos cientos
+de miles. No se sabe la cuenta exacta porque tanto dinero se les
+envía de aquí y tantos depósitos hacen, que se neçesitarlan muchos
+contadores para calcular el immense caudal de que disponen.
+
+Pero, no se aflijan los amigos ni triunfen los enemigos de los santos
+monjes que profesan vote de pobreza.
+
+A unos y otros les diremos que pueden estar tranquilos. La Corporacion
+tiene aun muchos millones depositados en los Bancos de Hongkong, y
+aunque todos quebrasen, y aunque se derrumbasen sus miles de casas de
+alquiler, siempre quedarian sus curates y haciendas, les quedarían los
+filipinos dispuestos siempre á ayunar para darles una limosna. ¿Qué son
+cuatrocientos ó quinientos mil? Que se tomen la molestia de recorrer
+los pueblos y pedir limosna y se resarcirán de esa pérdida. Hace un
+año que, por la mala administracion de los cardenales, el Papa perdió
+14,000,000 del dinero de San Pedro; el Papa, para cubrir el déficit,
+acude á nosotros y nosotros recogemos de nuestros tampipis el último
+real, porque sabemos que el Papa tiene muchas atenciones; hace cosa
+de cinco años casó á una sobrina suya dotándola de un palacio y
+300,000 francos ademas. Haced un esfuerzo pues, generosos filipinos,
+y socorred á los dominicos igualmente!
+
+Además, esos centanares de miles perdidos no son de ellos, segun dicen:
+¿cómo los iban à tener si tienen voto de pobreza? Hay que creerlos
+pues cuando, para cubrirse, dicen que son de los huérfanos y de las
+viudas. Muy seguramente pertencerían algunos á las viudas y á los
+huérfanos de Kalamba, y quién sabe si á los desterrados maridos! y
+los manejan los virtuosos frailes sólo á título de depositarios para
+devolverlos despues religiosamente con todos sus intereses cuando
+llegue el día de rendir cuentas! Quién sabe? Quién mejor que ellos
+podía encargarse de recoger los pocos haberes mientras las casas
+ardían, huían las viudas y los huérfanos sin encontrar hospitalidad,
+pues se habia prohibido darles albergue, mientras los hombres estaban
+presos ó perseguidos? ¿Quién mejor que los dominicos para tener tanto
+valor, tanta audacia y tanta humanidad?
+
+Pero, ahora el diablo se ha llevado el dinero de los huérfanos y de
+las viudas, y es de temer que se lleve tambien el resto, pues cuando el
+diablo la empieza la ha de acabar. Tendría ese dinero mala procedencia?
+
+Si asl sucediese, nosotros los recomendaríamos á los dominicos que
+dijesen con Job: Desnudo salí del vientre de mi madre (España),
+y desnudo volveré allá; lo dió el diablo, el diablo se lo llevó;
+bendito sea el nombre del Señor!
+
+Fr. Jacinto.
+
+Manila: Imprenta de los Amigos del Pais.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+The Deportation to Dapitan
+
+As soon as Rizal was lodged in his prison, a room in Fort Santiago, the
+Governor-General began the composition of one of the most extraordinary
+official documents ever issued in this land where the strangest
+governmental acts have abounded. It is apology, argument, and attack
+all in one and was published in the Official Gazette, where it occupied
+most of an entire issue. The effect of the righteous anger it displays
+suffers somewhat when one knows how all was planned from the day Rizal
+was decoyed from Hongkong under the faithless safe-conduct. Another
+enlightening feature is the copy of a later letter, preserved in that
+invaluable secret file, wherein Despujol writes Rizal's custodian, as
+jailer, to allow the exile in no circumstances to see this number of
+the Gazette or to know its contents, and suggests several evasions to
+assist the subordinate's power of invention. It is certainly a strange
+indignation which fears that its object shall learn the reason for
+wrath, nor is it a creditable spectacle when one beholds the chief
+of a government giving private lessons in lying.
+
+A copy of the Gazette was sent to the Spanish Consul in Hongkong, also
+a cablegram directing him to give it publicity that "Spain's good name
+might not suffer" in that colony. By his blunder, not knowing that
+the Lusitania Club was really a Portuguese Masonic lodge and full of
+Rizal's friends, a copy was sent there and a strong reply was called
+forth. The friendly editor of the Hongkong Telegraph devoted columns to
+the outrage by which a man whose acquaintance in the scientific world
+reflected honor upon his nation, was decoyed to what was intended
+to be his death, exiled to "an unhealthful, savage spot," through
+"a plot of which the very Borgias would have been ashamed."
+
+The British Consul in Manila, too, mentioned unofficially to
+Governor-General Despujol that it seemed a strange way of showing
+Spain's often professed friendship for Great Britain thus to disregard
+the annoyance to the British colony of North Borneo caused by making
+impossible an entirely unexceptionable plan. Likewise, in much the
+same respectfully remonstrant tone which the Great Powers are wont
+to use in recalling to semi-savage states their obligations to
+civilization, he pointed out how Spain's prestige as an advanced
+nation would suffer when the educated world, in which Rizal was
+Spain's best-known representative, learned that the man whom they
+honored had been trapped out of his security under the British flag
+and sent into exile without the slightest form of trial.
+
+Almost the last act of Rizal while at liberty was the establishment
+of the "Liga Filipina," a league or association seeking to unite all
+Filipinos of good character for concerted action toward the economic
+advancement of their country, for a higher standard of manhood, and
+to assure opportunities for education and development to talented
+Filipino youth. Resistance to oppression by lawful means was also
+urged, for Rizal believed that no one could fairly complain of bad
+government until he had exhausted and found unavailing all the legal
+resources provided for his protection. This was another expression
+of his constant teaching that slaves, those who toadied to power,
+and men without self-respect made possible and fostered tyranny,
+abuses and disregard of the rights of others.
+
+The character test was also a step forward, for the profession of
+patriotism has often been made to cloak moral shortcomings in the
+Philippines as well as elsewhere. Rizal urged that those who would
+offer themselves on the altar of their fatherland must conform to
+the standard of old, and, like the sacrificial lamb, be spotless
+and without blemish. Therefore, no one who had justifiably been
+prosecuted for any infamous crime was eligible to membership in the
+new organization.
+
+The plan, suggested by a Spanish Masonic society called C. Kadosch
+y Cia., originated with José Maria Basa, at whose instance Rizal
+drafted the constitution and regulations. Possibly all the members
+were Freemasons of the educated and better-to-do class, and most
+of them adhered to the doctrine that peaceably obtained reforms and
+progress by education are surest and best.
+
+Rizal's arrest discouraged those of this higher faith, for the
+peaceable policy seemed hopeless, while the radical element, freed from
+Rizal's restraining influence and deeming the time for action come,
+formed a new and revolutionary society which preached force of arms
+as the only argument left to them, and sought its membership among
+the less-enlightened and poorer class.
+
+Their inspiration was Andrés Bonifacio, a shipping clerk for a foreign
+firm, who had read and re-read accounts of the French Revolution
+till he had come to believe that blood alone could wipe out the
+wrongs of a country. His organization, The Sons of the Country,
+more commonly called the Katipunan, was, however, far from being as
+bloodthirsty as most Spanish accounts, and those of many credulous
+writers who have got their ideas from them, have asserted. To enlist
+others in their defense, those who knew that they were the cause of
+dissatisfaction spread the report that a race war was in progress
+and that the Katipuneros were planning the massacre of all of the
+white race. It was a sufficiently absurd statement, but it was made
+even more ridiculous by its "proof," for this was the discovery of an
+apron with a severed head, a hand holding it by the hair and another
+grasping the dagger which had done the bloody work. This emblem,
+handed down from ancient days as an object lesson of faithfulness
+even to death, has been known in many lands besides the Philippines,
+but only here has it ever been considered anything but an ancient
+symbol. As reasonably might the paintings of martyrdoms in the
+convents be taken as evidence of evil intentions upon the part of
+their occupants, but prejudice looks for pretexts rather than reasons,
+and this served as well as any other for the excesses of which the
+government in its frenzy of fear was later guilty.
+
+In talking of the Katipunan one must distinguish the first society,
+limited in its membership, from the organization of the days of the
+Aguinaldo "republic," so called, when throughout the Tagalog provinces,
+and in the chief towns of other provinces as well, adherence to the
+revolutionary government entailed membership in the revolutionary
+society. And neither of these two Katipunans bore any relation, except
+in name and emblems, to the robber bands whose valor was displayed
+after the war had ceased and whose patriotism consisted in wronging
+and robbing their own defenseless countrymen and countrywomen, while
+carefully avoiding encounters with any able to defend themselves.
+
+Rizal's arrest had put an end to all hope of progress under
+Governor-General Despujol. It had left the political field in
+possession of those countrymen who had not been in sympathy with
+his campaign of education. It had caused the succession of the
+revolutionary Katipunan to the economic Liga Filipina, with talk
+of independence supplanting Rizal's ambition for the return of
+the Philippines to their former status under the Constitution of
+Cadiz. But the victim of the arrest was at peace as he had not been
+in years. The sacrifice for country and for family had been made,
+but it was not to cost him life, and he was human enough to wish to
+live. A visitor's room in the Fort and books from the military library
+made his detention comfortable, for he did not worry about the Spanish
+sentries without his door who were placed there under orders to shoot
+anyone who might attempt to signal to him from the plaza.
+
+One night the Governor-General's nephew-aide came again to the Fort
+and Rizal embarked on the steamer which was to take him to his place
+of exile, but closely as he was guarded he risked dropping a note
+which a Filipino found and took, as it directed, to Mrs. Rizal's
+cousin, Vicenta Leyba, who lived in Calle José, Trozo. Thus the
+family were advised of his departure; this incident shows Rizal's
+perfect confidence in his countrymen and the extent to which it was
+justified; he could risk a chance finder to take so dangerous a letter
+to its address.
+
+On the steamer he occupied an officer's cabin and also found a Filipino
+quartermaster, of whom he requested a life preserver for his stateroom;
+evidently he was not entirely confident that there were no hostile
+designs against him. Accidents had rid the Philippines of troublesome
+persons before his time, and he was determined that if he sacrificed
+his life for his country, it should be openly. He realized that the
+tree of Liberty is often watered with the blood of secret as well as
+open martyrs.
+
+The same boat carried some soldier prisoners, one of whom was to be
+executed in Mindanao, and their case was not particularly creditable
+to Spanish ideas of justice. A Spanish officer had dishonorably
+interfered with the domestic relations of a sergeant, also Spanish,
+and the aggrieved party had inflicted punishment upon his superior,
+with the help of some other soldiers. For allowing himself to be
+punished, not for his own disgraceful act, the officer was dismissed
+from the service, but the sergeant was to go to the scene of his
+alleged "crime," there to suffer death, while his companions who had
+assisted him in protecting their homes were to be witnesses of this
+"justice" and then to be imprisoned.
+
+After an uneventful trip the steamer reached Dapitan, in the northeast
+of the large island of Mindanao, on a dark and rainy evening. The
+officer in charge of the expedition took Doctor Rizal ashore with
+some papers relating to him and delivered all to the commandant,
+Ricardo Carnicero. The receipt taken was briefed "One countryman and
+two packages." At the same time learned men in Europe were beginning
+to hear of this outrage worthy of the Dark Ages and were remarking
+that Spain had stopped the work of the man who was practically her
+only representative in modern science, for the Castilian language
+has not been the medium through which any considerable additions have
+been made to the world's store of scientific knowledge.
+
+Rizal was to reside either with the commandant or with the Jesuit
+parish priest, if the latter would take him into the convento. But
+while the exile had learned with pleasure that he was to meet priests
+who were refined and learned, as well as associated with his happier
+school days, he did not know that these priests were planning to
+restore him to his childhood faith and had mapped out a plan of action
+which should first make him feel his loneliness. So he was denied
+residence with the priest unless he would declare himself genuinely
+in sympathy with Spain.
+
+On his previous brief visit to the Islands he had been repelled from
+the Ateneo with the statement that till he ceased to be anti-Catholic
+and anti-Spanish he would not be welcome. Padre Faura, the famous
+meteorologist, was his former instructor and Rizal was his favorite
+pupil; he had tearfully predicted that the young man would come to
+the scaffold at last unless he mended his ways. But Rizal, confident
+in the clearness of his own conscience, went out cheerfully, and when
+the porter tried to bring back the memory of his childhood piety by
+reminding him of the image of the Sacred Heart which he had carved
+years before, Rizal answered, "Other times, other customs, Brother. I
+do not believe that way any more."
+
+So Rizal, a good Catholic, was compelled to board with the commandant
+instead of with the priest because he was unwilling to make
+hypocritical professions of admiration for Spain. The commandant and
+Rizal soon became good friends, but in order to retain his position
+Carnicero had to write to the Governor-General in a different strain.
+
+The correspondence tells the facts in the main, but of course
+they are colored throughout to conform to Despujol's character. The
+commandant is always represented as deceiving his prisoner and gaining
+his confidence only to betray him, but Rizal seems never to have
+experienced anything but straightforward dealing.
+
+Rizal's earliest letter from Dapitan speaks almost enthusiastically
+of the place, describing the climate as exceptional for the tropics,
+his situation as agreeable, and saying that he could be quite content
+if his family and his books were there.
+
+Shortly after occurred the anniversary of Carnicero's arrival in the
+town, and Rizal celebrated the event with a Spanish poem reciting
+the improvements made since his coming, written in the style of the
+Malay loa, and as though it were by the children of Dapitan.
+
+Next Rizal acquired a piece of property at Talisay, a little bay close
+to Dapitan, and at once became interested in his farm. Soon he built
+a house and moved into it, gathering a number of boy assistants about
+him, and before long he had a school. A hospital also was put up for
+his patients and these in time became a source of revenue, as people
+from a distance came to the oculist for treatment and paid liberally.
+
+One five-hundred-peso fee from a rich Englishman was devoted by Rizal
+to lighting the town, and the community benefited in this way by his
+charity in addition to the free treatment given its poor.
+
+The little settlement at Talisay kept growing and those who lived
+there were constantly improving it. When Father Obach, the Jesuit
+priest, fell through the bamboo stairway in the principal house, Rizal
+and his boys burned shells, made mortar, and soon built a fine stone
+stairway. They also did another piece of masonry work in the shape of
+a dam for storing water that was piped to the houses and poultry yard;
+the overflow from the dam was made to fill a swimming tank.
+
+The school, including the house servants, numbered about twenty and
+was taught without books by Rizal, who conducted his recitations
+from a hammock. Considerable importance was given to mathematics,
+and in languages English was taught as well as Spanish, the entire
+waking period being devoted to the language allotted for the day,
+and whoever so far forgot as to utter a word in any other tongue was
+punished by having to wear a rattan handcuff. The use and meaning of
+this modern police device had to be explained to the boys, for Spain
+still tied her prisoners with rope.
+
+Nature study consisted in helping the Doctor gather specimens
+of flowers, shells, insects and reptiles which were prepared and
+shipped to German museums. Rizal was paid for these specimens by
+scientific books and material. The director of the Royal Zoölogical
+and Anthropological Museum in Dresden, Saxony, Doctor Karl von Heller,
+was a great friend and admirer of Doctor Rizal. Doctor Heller's father
+was tutor to the late King Alfonso XII and had many friends at the
+Court of Spain. Evidently Doctor Heller and other of his European
+friends did not consider Rizal a Spanish insurrectionary, but treated
+him rather as a reformer seeking progress by peaceful means.
+
+Doctor Rizal remunerated his pupils' work with gifts of clothing,
+books and other useful remembrances. Sometimes the rewards were
+cartidges, and those who had accumulated enough were permitted to
+accompany him in his hunting expeditions. The dignity of labor was
+practically inculcated by requiring everyone to make himself useful,
+and this was really the first school of the type, combining the use
+of English, nature study and industrial instruction.
+
+On one occasion in the year 1894 some of his schoolboys secretly
+went into the town in a banca; a puppy which tried to follow them
+was eaten by a crocodile. Rizal tired to impress the evil effects of
+disobedience upon the youngsters by pointing out to them the sorrow
+which the mother-dog felt at the loss of her young one, and emphasized
+the lesson by modeling a statuette called "The Mother's Revenge,"
+wherein she is represented, in revenge, as devouring the cayman. It
+is said to be a good likeness of the animal which was Doctor Rizal's
+favorite companion in his many pedestrian excursions around Dapitan.
+
+Father Francisco Sanchez, Rizal's instructor in rhetoric in the Ateneo,
+made a long visit to Dapitan and brought with him some surveyor's
+instruments, which his former pupil was delighted to assist him in
+using. Together they ran the levels for a water system for the the
+town, which was later, with the aid of the lay Jesuit, Brother Tildot,
+carried to completion. This same water system is now being restored
+and enlarged with artesian wells by the present insular, provincial
+and municipal governments jointly, as part of the memorial to Rizal
+in this place of his exile.
+
+A visit to a not distant mountain and some digging in a spot supposed
+by the people of the region to be haunted brought to light curious
+relics of the first Christian converts among the early Moros.
+
+The state of his mind at about this period of his career is indicated
+by the verses written in his home in Talisay, entitled "My Retreat,"
+of which the following translation has been made by Mr. Charles
+Derbyshire. The scene that inspired this poem has been converted by
+the government into a public park to the memory of Rizal.
+
+
+  My Retreat
+
+  By the spreading beach where the sands are soft and fine,
+  At the foot of the mount in its mantle of green,
+  I have built my hut in the pleasant grove's confine;
+  From the forest seeking peace and a calmness divine,
+  Rest for the weary brain and silence to my sorrow keen.
+
+  Its roof the frail palm-leaf and its floor the cane,
+  Its beams and posts of the unhewn wood;
+  Little there is of value in this hut so plain,
+  And better by far in the lap of the mount to have lain,
+  By the song and the murmur of the high sea's flood.
+
+  A purling brook from the woodland glade
+  Drops down o'er the stones and around it sweeps,
+  Whence a fresh stream is drawn by the rough cane's aid;
+  That in the still night its murmur has made,
+  And in the day's heat a crystal fountain leaps.
+
+  When the sky is serene how gently it flows,
+  And its zither unseen ceaselessly plays;
+  But when the rains fall a torrent it goes
+  Boiling and foaming through the rocky close,
+  Roaring uncheck'd to the sea's wide ways.
+
+  The howl of the dog and the song of the bird,
+  And only the kalao's hoarse call resound;
+  Nor is the voice of vain man to be heard,
+  My mind to harass or my steps to begird;
+  The woodlands alone and the sea wrap me round.
+
+  The sea, ah, the sea! for me it is all,
+  As it massively sweeps from the worlds apart;
+  Its smile in the morn to my soul is a call,
+  And when in the even my fath seems to pall,
+  It breathes with its sadness an echo to my heart.
+
+  By night an arcanum; when translucent it glows,
+  All spangled over with its millions of lights,
+  And the bright sky above resplendent shows;
+  While the waves with their sighs tell of their woes--
+  Tales that are lost as they roll to the heights.
+
+  They tell of the world when the first dawn broke,
+  And the sunlight over their surface played;
+  When thousands of beings from nothingness woke,
+  To people the depths and the heights to cloak,
+  Wherever its life-giving kiss was laid.
+
+  But when in the night the wild winds awake,
+  And the waves in their fury begin to leap,
+  Through the air rush the cries that my mind shake;
+  Voices that pray, songs and moans that partake
+  Of laments from the souls sunk down in the deep.
+
+  Then from their heights the mountains groan,
+  And the trees shiver tremulous from great unto least;
+  The groves rustle plaintive and the herds utter moan,
+  For they say that the ghosts of the folk that are gone
+  Are calling them down to their death's merry feast.
+
+  In terror and confusion whispers the night,
+  While blue and green flames flit over the deep;
+  But calm reigns again with the morning's light,
+  And soon the bold fisherman comes into sight,
+  As his bark rushes on and the waves sink to sleep.
+
+  So onward glide the days in my lonely abode;
+  Driven forth from the world where once I was known,
+  I muse o'er the fate upon me bestow'd;
+  A fragment forgotten that the moss will corrode,
+  To hide from mankind the world in me shown.
+
+  I live in the thought of the lov'd ones left,
+  And oft their names to my mind are borne;
+  Some have forsaken me and some by death are reft;
+  But now 'tis all one, as through the past I drift,
+  That past which from me can never be torn.
+
+  For it is the friend that is with me always,
+  That ever in sorrow keeps the faith in my soul;
+  While through the still night it watches and prays,
+  As here in my exile in my lone hut it stays,
+  To strengthen my faith when doubts o'er me roll.
+
+  That faith I keep and I hope to see shine
+  The day when the Idea prevails over might;
+  When after the fray and death's slow decline,
+  Some other voice sounds, far happier than mine,
+  To raise the glad song of the triumph of right.
+
+  I see the sky glow, refulgent and clear,
+  As when it forced on me my first dear illusion;
+  I feel the same wind kiss my forehead sere,
+  And the fire is the same that is burning here
+  To stir up youth's blood in boiling confusion.
+
+  I breathe here the winds that perchance have pass'd
+  O'er the fields and the rivers of my own natal shore;
+  And mayhap they will bring on the returning blast
+  The sighs that lov'd being upon them has cast--
+  Messages sweet from the love I first bore.
+
+  To see the same moon, all silver'd as of yore,
+  I feel the sad thoughts within me arise;
+  The fond recollections of the troth we swore,
+  Of the field and the bower and the wide seashore,
+  The blushes of joy, with the silence and sighs.
+
+  A butterfly seeking the flowers and the light,
+  Of other lands dreaming, of vaster extent;
+  Scarce a youth, from home and love I took flight,
+  To wander unheeding, free from doubt or affright--
+  So in foreign lands were my brightest days spent.
+
+  And when like a languishing bird I was fain
+  To the home of my fathers and my love to return,
+  Of a sudden the fierce tempest roar'd amain;
+  So I saw my wings shatter'd and no home remain,
+  My trust sold to others and wrecks round me burn.
+
+  Hurl'd out into exile from the land I adore,
+  My future all dark and no refuge to seek;
+  My roseate dreams hover round me once more,
+  Sole treasures of all that life to me bore;
+  The faiths of youth that with sincerity speak.
+
+  But not as of old, full of life and of grace,
+  Do you hold out hopes of undying reward;
+  Sadder I find you; on your lov'd face,
+  Though still sincere, the pale lines trace
+  The marks of the faith it is yours to guard.
+
+  You offer now, dreams, my gloom to appease,
+  And the years of my youth again to disclose;
+  So I thank you, O storm, and heaven-born breeze,
+  That you knew of the hour my wild flight to ease,
+  To cast me back down to the soil whence I rose.
+
+  By the spreading beach where the sands are soft and fine,
+  At the foot of the mount in its mantle of green;
+  I have found a home in the pleasant grove's confine,
+  In the shady woods, that peace and calmness divine,
+  Rest for the weary brain and silence to my sorrow keen.
+
+
+The Church benefited by the presence of the exile, for he drew the
+design for an elaborate curtain to adorn the sanctuary at Easter
+time, and an artist Sister of Charity of the school there did the
+oil painting under his direction. In this line he must have been
+proficient, for once in Spain, where he traveled out of his way to
+Saragossa to visit one of his former teachers of the Ateneo, who
+he had heard was there, Rizal offered his assistance in making some
+altar paintings, and the Jesuit says that his skill and taste were
+much appreciated.
+
+The home of the Sisters had a private chapel, for which the teachers
+were preparing an image of the Virgin. For the sake of economy the
+head only was procured from abroad, the vestments concealing all
+the rest of the figure except the feet, which rested upon a globe
+encircled by a snake in whose mouth is an apple. The beauty of the
+countenance, a real work of art, appealed to Rizal, and he modeled
+the more prominent right foot, the apple and the serpent's head, while
+the artist Sister assisted by doing the minor work. Both curtain and
+image, twenty years after their making, are still in use.
+
+On Sundays, Father Sanchez and Rizal conducted a school for the people
+after mass. As part of this education it was intended to make raised
+maps in the plaza of the chief city of the eight principal islands of
+the Philippines, but on account of Father Sanchez's being called away,
+only one. Mindanao, was completed; it has been restored with a concrete
+sidewalk and balustrade about it, while the plaza is a national park.
+
+Among Rizal's patients was a blind American named Taufer, fairly well
+to do, who had been engineer of the pumping plant of the Hongkong Fire
+Department. He was a man of bravery, for he held a diploma for helping
+to rescue five Spaniards from a shipwreck in Hongkong harbor. And he
+was not less kind-hearted, for he and his wife, a Portuguese, had
+adopted and brought up as their own the infant daughter of a poor
+Irish woman who had died in Hongkong, leaving a considerable family
+to her husband, a corporal in the British Army on service there.
+
+The little girl had been educated in the Italian convent after the
+first Mrs. Taufer died, and upon Mr. Taufer's remarriage, to another
+Portuguese, the adopted daughter and Mr. Taufer's own child were
+equally sharers of his home.
+
+This girl had known Rizal, "the Spanish doctor," as he was called
+there, in Hongkong, and persuaded her adopted father that possibly
+the Dapitan exile might restore his lost eyesight. So with the two
+girls and his wife, Mr. Taufer set out for Mindanao. At Manila his
+own daughter fell in love with a Filipino engineer, a Mr. Sunico,
+now owner of a foundry in Manila, and, marrying, remained there. But
+the party reached Dapitan with its original number, for they were
+joined by a good-looking mestiza from the South who was unofficially
+connected with one of the canons of the Manila cathedral.
+
+Josefina Bracken, the Irish girl, was lively, capable and of congenial
+temperament, and as there no longer existed any reason against his
+marriage, for Rizal considered his political days over, they agreed
+to become husband and wife.
+
+The priest was asked to perform the ceremony, but said the Bishop
+of Cebu must give his consent, and offered to write him. Rizal at
+first feared that some political retraction would be asked, but
+when assured that only his religious beliefs would be investigated,
+promptly submitted a statement which Father Obach says covered about
+the same ground as the earliest published of the retractions said to
+have been made on the eve of Rizal's death.
+
+This document, inclosed with the priest's letter, was ready for the
+mail when Rizal came hurrying in to reclaim it. The marriage was off,
+for Mr. Taufer had taken his family and gone to Manila.
+
+The explanation of this sudden departure was that, after the blind
+man had been told of the impossibility of anything being done for his
+eyes, he was informed of the proposed marriage. The trip had already
+cost him one daughter, he had found that his blindness was incurable,
+and now his only remaining daughter, who had for seventeen years
+been like his own child, was planning to leave him. He would have to
+return to Hongkong hopeless and accompanied only by a wife he had
+never seen, one who really was merely a servant. In his despair he
+said he had nothing to live for, and, seizing his razor, would have
+ended his life had not Rizal seized him just in time and held him,
+with the firm grasp his athletic training had given him, till the
+commandant came and calmed the excited blind man.
+
+It resulted in Josefina returning to Manila with him, but after a
+while Mr Taufer listened to reason and she went back to Dapitan,
+after a short stay in Manila with Rizal's family, to whom she had
+carried his letter of introduction, taking considerable housekeeping
+furniture with her.
+
+Further consideration changed Rizal's opinion as to marriage, possibly
+because the second time the priest may not have been so liberal in his
+requirements. The mother, too, seems to have suggested that as Spanish
+law had established civil marriage in the Philippines, and as the local
+government had not provided any way for people to avail themselves of
+the right, because the governor-general had pigeon-holed the royal
+decree, it would be less sinful for the two to consider themselves
+civilly married than for Rizal to do violence to his conscience
+by making any sort of political retraction. Any marriage so bought
+would be just as little a sacrament as an absolutely civil marriage,
+and the latter was free from hypocrisy.
+
+So as man and wife Rizal and Josefina lived together in Talisay. Father
+Obach sought to prejudice public feeling in the town against the
+exile for the "scandal," though other scandals happenings with less
+reason were going on unrebuked. The pages of "Dapitan", which some
+have considered to be the first chapter of an unfinished novel, may
+reasonably be considered no more than Rizal's rejoinder to Father
+Obach, written in sarcastic vein and primarily for Carnicero's
+amusement, unless some date of writing earlier than this should
+hereafter be found for them.
+
+Josefina was bright, vivacious, and a welcome addition to the little
+colony at Talisay, but at times Rizal had misgivings as to how it came
+that this foreigner should be permitted by a suspicious and absolute
+government to join him, when Filipinos, over whom the authorities
+could have exercised complete control, were kept away. Josefina's
+frequent visits to the convento once brought this suspicion to an open
+declaration of his misgivings by Rizal, but two days of weeping upon
+her part caused him to avoid the subiect thereafter. Could the exile
+have seen the confidential correspondence in the secret archives
+the plan would have been plain to him, for there it is suggested
+that his impressionable character could best be reached through the
+sufferings of his family, and that only his mother and sisters should
+be allowed to visit him. Steps in this plot were the gradual pardoning
+and returning of the members of his family to their homes.
+
+Josefina must remain a mystery to us as she was to Rizal. While she
+was in a delicate condition Rizal played a prank on her, harmless
+in itself, which startled her so that she sprang forward and struck
+against an iron stand. Though it was pure accident and Rizal was
+scarcely at fault, he blamed himself for it, and his later devotion
+seems largely to have been trying to make amends.
+
+The "burial of the son of Rizal," sometimes referred to as occurring at
+Dapitan, has for its foundation the consequences of this accident. A
+sketch hastily penciled in one of his medical books depicts an
+unusual condition apparent in the infant which, had it regularly
+made its appearance in the world some months later, would have been
+cherished by both parents; this loss was a great and common grief
+which banished thereafter all distrust upon his part and all occasion
+for it upon hers.
+
+Rizal's mother and several of his sisters, the latter changing from
+time to time, had been present during this critical period. Another
+operation had been performed upon Mrs. Rizal's eyes, but she was
+restive and disregarded the ordinary precautions, and the son was
+in despair. A letter to his brother-in-law, Manuel Hidalgo, who was
+inclined toward medical studies, says, "I now realize the reason why
+physicians are directed not to practice in their own families."
+
+A story of his mother and Rizal, necessary to understand his
+peculiar attitude toward her, may serve as the transition from
+the hero's sad (later) married experience to the real romance of
+his life. Mrs. Rizal's talents commanded her son's admiration, as
+her care for him demanded his gratitude, but, despite the common
+opinion, he never had that sense of companionship with her that he
+enjoyed with his father. Mrs. Rizal was a strict disciplinarian and
+a woman of unexceptionable character, but she arrogated to herself
+an infallibility which at times was trying to those about her, and
+she foretold bitter fates for those who dared dispute her.
+
+Just before José went abroad to study, while engaged to his cousin,
+Leonora Rivera, Mrs. Rivera and her daughter visited their relatives in
+Kalamba. Naturally the young man wished the guests to have the best of
+everything; one day when they visited a bathing place near by he used
+the family's newest carriage. Though this had not been forbidden,
+his mother spoke rather sharply about it; José ventured to remind
+her that guests were present and that it would be better to discuss
+the matter in private. Angry because one of her children ventured to
+dispute her, she replied: "You are an undutiful son. You will never
+accomplish anything which you undertake. All your plans will result
+in failure." These words could not be forgotten, as succeeding events
+seemed to make their prophecy come true, and there is pathos in one of
+Rizal's letters in which he reminds his mother that she had foretold
+his fate.
+
+His thoughts of an early marriage were overruled because his unmarried
+sisters did not desire to have a sister-in-law in their home who
+would add to the household cares but was not trained to bear her
+share of them, and even Paciano, who was in his favor, thought that
+his younger brother would mar his career by marrying early.
+
+So, with fervent promises and high hopes, Rizal had sailed away to make
+the fortune which should allow him to marry his cousin Leonora. She
+was constantly in his thoughts and his long letters were mailed with
+regular frequency during all his first years in Europe; but only a
+few of the earliest ever reached her, and as few replies came into
+his hands, though she was equally faithful as a correspondent.
+
+Leonora's mother had been told that it was for the good of her
+daughter's soul and in the interest of her happiness that she should
+not become the wife of a man like Rizal, who was obnoxious to the
+Church and in disfavor with the government. So, by advice, Mrs. Rivera
+gradually withheld more and more of the correspondence upon both sides,
+until finally it ceased. And she constantly suggested to the unhappy
+girl that her youthful lover had forgotten her amid the distractions
+and gayeties of Europe.
+
+Then the same influence which had advised breaking off the
+correspondence found a person whom the mother and others joined in
+urging upon her as a husband, till at last, in the belief that she
+owed obedience to her mother, she reluctantly consented. Strangely
+like the proposed husband of the Maria Clara of "Noli Me Tangere,"
+in which book Rizal had prophetically pictured her, this husband was
+"one whose children should rule "--an English engineer whose position
+had been found for him to make the match more desirable. Their marriage
+took place, and when Rizal returned to the Philippines she learned
+how she had been deceived. Then she asked for the letters that had
+been withheld, and when told that as a wife she might not keep love
+letters from any but her husband, she pleaded that they be burned
+and the ashes given her. This was done, and the silver box with the
+blackened bits of paper upon her dresser seemed to be a consolation
+during the few months of life which she knew would remain to her.
+
+Another great disappointment to Rizal was the action of Despujol
+when he first arrived in Dapitan, for he still believed in the
+Governor-General's good faith and thought in that fertile but sparsely
+settled region he might plant his "New Kalamba" without the objection
+that had been urged against the British North Borneo project. All
+seemed to be going on favorably for the assembling of his relatives and
+neighbors in what then would be no longer exile, when most insultingly,
+the Governor-General refused the permission which Rizal had had reason
+to rely upon his granting. The exile was reminded of his deportation
+and taunted with trying to make himself a king. Though he did not know
+it, this was part of the plan which was to break his spirit, so that
+when he was touched with the sufferings of his family he would yield
+to the influences of his youth and make complete political retraction;
+thus would be removed the most reasonable, and therefore the most
+formidable, opponent of the unnatural conditions Philippines and of
+the selfish interests which were profiting by them. But the plotters
+failed in their plan; they had mistaken their man.
+
+During all this time Rizal had repeated chances to escape, and persons
+high in authority seem to have urged flight upon him. Running away,
+however, seemed to him a confession of guilt; the opportunities
+of doing so always unsettled him, for each time the battle of
+self-sacrifice had to be fought over again; but he remained firm
+in his purpose. To meet death bravely is one thing; to seek it is
+another and harder thing; but to refuse life and choose death over
+and over again during many years is the rarest kind of heroism.
+
+Rizal used to make long trips, sometimes cruising for a week in his
+explorations of the Mindanao coast, and some of his friends proposed
+to charter a steamer in Singapore and, passing near Dapitan, pick him
+up on one of these trips. Another Philippine steamer going to Borneo
+suggested taking him on board as a rescue at sea and then landing him
+at their destination, where he would be free from Spanish power. Either
+of these schemes would have been feasible, but he refused both.
+
+Plans, which materialized, to benefit the fishing industry by improved
+nets imported from his Laguna home, and to find a market for the abaka
+of Dapitan, were joined with the introduction of American machinery,
+for which Rizal acted as agent, among planters of neighboring
+islands. It was a busy, useful life, and in the economic advancement
+of his country the exile believed he was as patriotic as when he was
+working politically.
+
+Rizal personally had been fortunate, for in company with the commandant
+and a Spaniard, originally deported for political reasons from the
+Peninsula, he had gained one of the richer prizes in the government
+lottery. These funds came most opportunely, for the land troubles
+and succeeding litigation had almost stripped the family of all its
+possessions. The account of the first news in Dapitan of the good
+fortune of the three is interestingly told in an official report to the
+Governor-General from the commandant. The official saw the infrequent
+mail steamer arriving with flying bunting and at once imagined some
+high authority was aboard; he hastened to the beach with a band of
+music to assist in the welcome, but was agreeably disappointed with
+the news of the luck which had befallen his prisoner and himself.
+
+Not all of Dapitan life was profitable and prosperous. Yet in spite
+of this Rizal stayed in the town. This was pure self-sacrifice,
+for he refused to make any effort for his own release by invoking
+influences which could have brought pressure to bear upon the
+Spanish home government. He feared to act lest obstacles might be
+put in the way of the reforms that were apparently making headway
+through Despujol's initiative, and was content to wait rather than
+to jeopardize the prospects of others.
+
+A plan for his transfer to the North, in the Ilokano country, had been
+deferred and had met with obstacles which Rizal believed were placed in
+its way through some of his own countrymen in the Peninsula who feared
+his influence upon the revenue with which politics was furnishing them.
+
+Another proposal was to appoint Rizal district health officer for
+Dapitan, but this was merely a covert government bribe. While the
+exile expressed his willingness to accept the position, he did not
+make the "unequivocally Spanish" professions that were needed to
+secure this appointment.
+
+Yet the government could have been satisfied of Rizal's innocence of
+any treasonable designs against Spain's sovereignty in the Islands
+had it known how the exile had declined an opportunity to head the
+movement which had been initiated on the eve of his deportation. His
+name had been used to gather the members together and his portrait
+hung in each Katipunan lodge hall, but all this was without Rizal's
+consent or even his knowledge.
+
+The members, who had been paying faithfully for four years, felt that
+it was time that something besides collecting money was done. Their
+restiveness and suspicions led Andrés Bonifacio, its head, to resort
+to Rizal, feeling that a word from the exile, who had religiously
+held aloof from all politics since his deportation, would give the
+Katipunan leaders more time to mature their plans. So he sent a
+messenger to Dapitan, Pio Valenzuela, a doctor, who to conceal his
+mission took with him a blind man. Thus the doctor and his patient
+appeared as on a professional visit to the exiled oculist. But though
+the interview was successfully secured in this way, its results were
+far from satisfactory.
+
+Far from feeling grateful for the consideration for the possible
+consequences to him which Valenzuela pretended had prompted the
+visit, Rizal indignantly insisted that the country came first. He
+cited the Spanish republics of South America, with their alternating
+revolutions and despotisms, as a warning against embarking on a change
+of government for which the people were not prepared. Education, he
+declared, was first necessary, and in his opinion general enlightenment
+was the only road to progress. Valenzuela cut short his trip, glad
+to escape without anyone realizing that Rizal and he had quarreled.
+
+Bonifacio called Rizal a coward when he heard his emissary's report,
+and enjoined Valenzuela to say nothing of his trip. But the truth
+leaked out, and there was a falling away in Katipunan membership.
+
+Doctor Rizal's own statement respecting the rebellion and Valenzuela's
+visit may fitly be quoted here:
+
+"I had no notice at all of what was being planned until the first or
+second of July, in 1896, when Pio Valenzuela came to see me, saying
+that an uprising was being arranged. I told him that it was absurd,
+etc., etc., and he answered me that they could bear no more. I advised
+him that they should have patience, etc., etc. He added then that
+he had been sent because they had compassion on my life and that
+probably it would compromise me. I replied that they should have
+patience and that if anything happened to me I would then prove my
+innocence. 'Besides,' said I, 'don't consider me, but our country,
+which is the one that will suffer.' I went on to show how absurd was
+the movement.--This, later, Pio Valenzuela testified.--He did not
+tell me that my name was being used, neither did he suggest that I
+was its chief, or anything of that sort.
+
+"Those who testify that I am the chief (which I do not know, nor do I
+know of having ever treated with them), what proofs do they present of
+my having accepted this chiefship or that I was in relations with them
+or with their society? Either they have made use of my name for their
+own purposes or they have been deceived by others who have. Where is
+the chief who dictates no order and makes no arrangement, who is not
+consulted in anything about so important an enterprise until the last
+moment, and then when he decides against it is disobeyed? Since the
+seventh of July of 1892 I have entirely ceased political activity. It
+seems some have wished to avail themselves of my name for their
+own ends."
+
+This was Rizal's second temptation to engage in politics, the first
+having been a trap laid by his enemies. A man had come to see Rizal
+in his earlier days in Dapitan, claiming to be a relative and seeking
+letters to prominent Filipinos. The deceit was too plain and Rizal
+denounced the envoy to the commandant, whose investigations speedily
+disclosed the source of the plot. Further prosecution, of course,
+ceased at once.
+
+The visit of some image vendors from Laguna who never before had
+visited that region, and who seemed more intent on escaping notice
+than interested in business, appeared suspicious, but upon report of
+the Jesuits the matter was investigated and nothing really suspicious
+was found.
+
+Rizal's charm of manner and attraction for every one he met is best
+shown by his relations with the successive commandants at Dapitan,
+all of whom, except Carnicero, were naturally predisposed against him,
+but every one became his friend and champion. One even asked relief on
+the ground of this growing favorable impression upon his part toward
+his prisoner.
+
+At times there were rumors of Rizal's speedy pardon, and he would
+think of going regularly into scientific work, collecting for those
+European museums which had made him proposals that assured ample
+livelihood and congenial work.
+
+Then Doctor Blumentritt wrote to him of the ravages of disease among
+the Spanish soldiers in Cuba and the scarcity of surgeons to attend
+them. Here was a labor "eminently humanitarian," to quote Rizal's words
+of his own profession, and it made so strong an appeal to him that,
+through the new governor-general, for Despujol had been replaced by
+Blanco, he volunteered his services. The minister of war of that time,
+General Azcarraga, was Philippine born. Blanco considered the time
+favorable for granting Rizal's petition and thus lifting the decree of
+deportation without the embarrassment of having the popular prisoner
+remain in the Islands.
+
+The thought of resuming his travels evidently inspired the following
+poem, which was written at about this time. The translation is by
+Arthur P. Ferguson:
+
+
+  The Song of the Traveler
+
+  Like to a leaf that is fallen and withered,
+  Tossed by the tempest from pole unto pole;
+  Thus roams the pilgrim abroad without purpose,
+  Roams without love, without country or soul.
+
+  Following anxiously treacherous fortune,
+  Fortune which e'en as he grasps at it flees;
+  Vain though the hopes that his yearning is seeking,
+  Yet does the pilgrim embark on the seas!
+
+  Ever impelled by invisible power,
+  Destined to roam from the East to the West;
+  Oft he remembers the faces of loved ones,
+  Dreams of the day when he, too, was at rest.
+
+  Chance may assign him a tomb on the desert,
+  Grant him a final asylum of peace;
+  Soon by the world and his country forgotten,
+  God rest his soul when his wanderings cease!
+
+  Often the sorrowful pilgrim is envied,
+  Circling the globe like a sea-gull above;
+  Little, ah, little they know what a void
+  Saddens his soul by the absence of love.
+
+  Home may the pilgrim return in the future,
+  Back to his loved ones his footsteps he bends;
+  Naught will he find but the snow and the ruins,
+  Ashes of love and the tomb of his friends.
+
+  Pilgrim, begone! Nor return more hereafter.
+  Stranger thou art in the land of thy birth;
+  Others may sing of their love while rejoicing,
+  Thou once again must roam o'er the earth.
+
+  Pilgrim, begone! Nor return more hereafter,
+  Dry are the tears that a while for thee ran;
+  Pilgrim, begone! And forget thy affliction,
+  Loud laughs the world at the sorrows of man.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+"Consummatum Est"
+
+NOTICE of the granting of his request came to Rizal just when
+repeated disappointments had caused him to prepare for staying
+in Dapitan. Immediately he disposed of his salable possessions,
+including a Japanese tea set and large mirror now among the Rizal
+relics preserved by the government, and a piece of outlying land,
+the deed for which is also among the Rizalana in the Philippines
+library. Some half-finished busts were thrown into the pool behind
+the dam. Despite the short notice all was ready for the trip in time,
+and, attended by some of his schoolboys as well as by Josefina and
+Rizal's niece, the daughter of his youngest sister, Soledad, whom
+Josefina wished to adopt, the party set out for Manila.
+
+The journey was not an uneventful one; at Dumaguete Rizal was the
+guest of a Spanish judge at dinner; in Cebu he operated successfully
+upon the eyes of a foreign merchant; and in Iloilo the local newspaper
+made much of his presence.
+
+The steamer from Dapitan reached Manila a little too late for the mail
+boat for Spain, and Rizal obtained permission to await the next sailing
+on board the cruiser Castilla, in the bay. Here he was treated like a
+guest and more than once the Spanish captain invited members of Rizal's
+family to be his guests at dinner--Josefina with little Maria Luisa,
+the niece and the schoolboys, for whom positions had been obtained,
+in Manila.
+
+The alleged uprising of the Katipunan occurred during this time. A
+Tondo curate, with an eye to promotion, professed to have discovered
+a gigantic conspiracy. Incited by him, the lower class of Spaniards
+in Manila made demonstrations against Blanco and tried to force
+that ordinarily sensible and humane executive into bloodthirsty
+measures, which should terrorize the Filipinos. Blanco had known of
+the Katipunan but realized that so long as interested parties were
+using it as a source of revenue, its activities would not go much
+beyond speechmaking. The rabble was not so far-seeing, and from high
+authorities came advice that the country was in a fever and could
+only be saved by blood-letting.
+
+Wholesale arrests filled every possible place for prisoners in
+Manila. The guilt of one suspect consisted in having visited the
+American consul to secure the address of a New York medical journal,
+and other charges were just as frivolous. There was a reign of terror
+in Luzon and, to save themselves, members of the Katipunan resorted to
+that open warfare which, had Blanco's prudent counsels been regarded,
+would probably have been avoided.
+
+While the excitement was at its height, with a number of executions
+failing to satisfy the blood-hunger, Rizal sailed for Spain,
+bearing letters of recommendation from Blanco. These vouched for his
+exemplary conduct during his exile and stated that he had in no way
+been implicated in the conspiracies then disturbing the Islands.
+
+The Spanish mail boat upon which Rizal finally sailed had among its
+passengers a sick Jesuit, to whose care Rizal devoted himself, and
+though most of the passengers were openly hostile to one whom they
+supposed responsible for the existing outbreak, his professional
+skill led several to avail themselves of his services. These were
+given with a deference to the ship's doctor which made that official
+an admirer and champion of his colleague.
+
+Three only of the passengers, however, were really friendly--one
+Juan Utor y Fernandez, a prominent Mason and republican, another
+ex-official in the Philippines who shared Utor's liberal views,
+and a young man whose father was republican.
+
+But if Rizal's chief adversaries were content that he should go where
+he would not molest them or longer jeopardize their interests, the
+rabble that had been excited by the hired newspaper advocates was
+not so easily calmed. Every one who felt that his picture had been
+painted among the lower Spanish types portrayed in "Noli Me Tangere"
+was loud for revenge. The clamor grew so great that it seemed possible
+to take advantage of it to displace General Blanco, who was not a
+convenient tool for the interests.
+
+So his promotion was bought, it is said, to get one Polavieja,
+a willing tool, in his place. As soon as this scheme was arranged,
+a cablegram ordering Rizal's arrest was sent; it overtook the steamer
+at Suez. Thus as a prisoner he completed his journey.
+
+But this had not been entirely unforeseen, for when the steamer reached
+Singapore, Rizal's companion on board, the Filipino millionaire Pedro
+P. Roxas, had deserted the ship, urging the ex-exile to follow his
+example. Rizal demurred, and said such flight would be considered
+confession of guilt, but he was not fully satisfied in his mind that
+he was safe. At each port of call his uncertainty as to what course
+to pursue manifested itself, for though he considered his duty to his
+country already done, and his life now his own, he would do nothing
+that suggested an uneasy conscience despite his lack of confidence
+in Spanish justice.
+
+At first, not knowing the course of events in Manila, he very naturally
+blamed Governor-General Blanco for bad faith, and spoke rather harshly
+of him in a letter to Doctor Blumentritt, an opinion which he changed
+later when the truth was revealed to him in Manila.
+
+Upon the arrival of the steamer in Barcelona the prisoner was
+transferred to Montjuich Castle, a political prison associated with
+many cruelties, there to await the sailing that very day of the
+Philippine mail boat. The Captain-General was the same Despujol
+who had decoyed Rizal into the power of the Spaniards four years
+before. An interesting interview of some hours' duration took place
+between the governor and the prisoner, in which the clear conscience
+of the latter seems to have stirred some sense of shame in the man
+who had so dishonorably deceived him.
+
+He never heard of the effort of London friends to deliver him at
+Singapore by means of habeas-corpus proceedings. Mr. Regidor furnished
+the legal inspiration and Mr. Baustead the funds for getting an opinion
+as to Rizal's status as a prisoner when in British waters, from Sir
+Edward Clarke, ex-solicitor-general of Great Britain. Captain Camus, a
+Filipino living in Singapore, was cabled to, money was made available
+in the Chartered Bank of Singapore, as Mr. Baustead's father's
+firm was in business in that city, and a lawyer, now Sir Hugh Fort,
+K.C., of London, was retained. Secretly, in order that the attempt,
+if unsuccessful, might not jeopardize the prisoner, a petition was
+presented to the Supreme Court of the Straits Settlements reciting the
+facts that Doctor José Rizal, according to the Philippine practice of
+punishing Freemasons without trial, was being deprived of his liberty
+without warrant of law upon a ship then within the jurisdiction of
+the court.
+
+According to Spanish law Rizal was being illegally held on the Spanish
+mail steamer Colon, for the Constitution of Spain forbade detention
+except on a judge's order, but like most Spanish laws the Constitution
+was not much respected by Spanish officials. Rizal had never had a
+hearing before any judge, nor had any charge yet been placed against
+him. The writ of habeas corpus was justified, provided the Colon were
+a merchant ship that would be subject to British law when in British
+port, but the mail steamer that carried Rizal also had on board Spanish
+soldiers and flew the royal flag as if it were a national transport. No
+one was willing to deny that this condition made the ship floating
+Spanish territory, and the judge declined to issue the writ.
+
+Rizal reached Manila on November 3 and was at once transferred to
+Fort Santiago, at first being held in a dungeon "incomunicado" and
+later occupying a small cell on the ground floor. Its furnishings
+had to be supplied by himself and they consisted of a small rattan
+table, a high-backed chair, a steamer chair of the same material,
+and a cot of the kind used by Spanish officers--canvas top and
+collapsible frame which closed up lengthwise. His meals were sent in
+by his family, being carried by one of his former pupils at Dapitan,
+and such cooking or heating as was necessary was done on an alcohol
+lamp which had been presented to him in Paris by Mrs. Tavera.
+
+An unsuccessful effort had been made earlier to get evidence against
+Rizal by torturing his brother Paciano. For hours the elder brother had
+been seated at a table in the headquarters of the political police,
+a thumbscrew on one hand and pen in the other, while before him
+was a confession which would implicate José Rizal in the Katipunan
+uprising. The paper remained unsigned, though Paciano was hung up by
+the elbows till he was insensible, and then cut down that the fall
+might revive him. Three days of this maltreatment made him so ill
+that there was no possibility of his signing anything, and he was
+carted home.
+
+It would not be strictly accurate to say that at the close of the
+nineteenth century the Spaniards of Manila were using the same tortures
+that had made their name abhorrent in Europe three centuries earlier,
+for there was some progress; electricity was employed at times as
+an improved method of causing anguish, and the thumbscrews were much
+more neatly finished than those used by the Dons of the Dark Ages.
+
+Rizal did not approve of the rebellion and desired to issue a manifesto
+to those of his countrymen who had been deceived into believing that
+he was their leader. But the proclamation was not politic, for it
+contained none of those fulsomely flattering phrases which passed
+for patriotism in the feverish days of 1896. The address was not
+allowed to be made public but it was passed on to the prosecutor to
+form another count in the indictment of José Rizal for not esteeming
+Spanish civilization.
+
+The following address to some Filipinos shows more clearly and
+unmistakably than any words of mine exactly what was the state of
+Rizal's mind in this matter.
+
+
+COUNTRYMEN:
+
+On my return from Spain I learned that my name had been in use,
+among some who were in arms, as a war-cry. The news came as a painful
+surprise, but, believing it already closed, I kept silent over an
+incident which I considered irremediable. Now I notice indications of
+the disturbances continuing and if any still, in good or bad faith, are
+availing themselves of my name, to stop this abuse and undeceive the
+unwary I hasten to address you these lines that the truth may be known.
+
+From the very beginning, when I first had notice of what was being
+planned, I opposed it, fought it, and demonstrated its absolute
+impossibility. This is the fact, and witnesses to my words are now
+living. I was convinced that the scheme was utterly absurd, and,
+what was worse, would bring great suffering.
+
+I did even more. When later, against my advice, the movement
+materialized, of my own accord I offered not alone my good offices,
+but my very life, and even my name, to be used in whatever way
+might seem best, toward stifling the rebellion; for, convinced of
+the ills which it would bring, I considered myself fortunate if, at
+any sacrifice, I could prevent such useless misfortunes. This equally
+is of record. My countrymen, I have given proofs that I am one most
+anxious for liberties for our country, and I am still desirous of
+them. But I place as a prior condition the education of the people,
+that by means of instruction and industry our country may have an
+individuality of its own and make itself worthy of these liberties. I
+have recommended in my writings the study of the civic virtues,
+without which there is no redemption. I have written likewise (and I
+repeat my words) that reforms, to be beneficial, must come from above,
+that those which come from below are irregularly gained and uncertain.
+
+Holding these ideas, I cannot do less than condemn, and I do condemn
+this uprising--as absurd, savage, and plotted behind my back--which
+dishonors us Filipinos and discredits those who could plead our
+cause. I abhor its criminal methods and disclaim all part in it,
+pitying from the bottom of my heart the unwary who have been deceived.
+
+Return, then, to your homes, and may God pardon those who have worked
+in bad faith!
+
+José Rizal.
+
+Fort Santiago, December 15, 1896.
+
+
+Finally a court-martial was convened for Rizal's trial, in the
+Cuartel de España. No trained counsel was allowed to defend him,
+but a list of young army officers was presented from which he might
+select a nominal defender. Among the names was one which was familiar,
+Luis Taviel de Andrade, and he proved to be the brother of Rizal's
+companion during his visit to the Philippines in 1887-88. The young
+man did his best and risked unpopularity in order to be loyal to
+his client. His defense reads pitiably weak in these days but it was
+risky then to say even so much.
+
+The judge advocate in a ridiculously bombastic effusion gave an
+alleged sketch of Rizal's life which showed ignorance of almost every
+material event, and then formulated the first precise charge against
+the prisoner, which was that he had founded an illegal society,
+alleging that the Liga Filipina had for its sole object to commit
+the crime of rebellion.
+
+The second charge was that Rizal was responsible for the existing
+rebellion, having caused it, bringing it on by his unceasing labors. An
+aggravating circumstance was found in the prisoner's being a native
+of the Philippines.
+
+The penalty of death was asked of the court, and in the event of pardon
+being granted by the crown, the prisoner should at least remain under
+surveillance for the rest of his life and pay as damages 20,000 pesos.
+
+The arguments are so absurd, the bias of the court so palpable, that
+it is not worth while to discuss them. The parallel proceedings in
+the military trial and execution of Francisco Ferret in Barcelona in
+1909 caused worldwide indignation, and the illegality of almost every
+step, according to Spanish law, was shown in numerous articles in
+the European and American press. Rizal's case was even more brazenly
+unfair, but Manila was too remote and the news too carefully censored
+for the facts to become known.
+
+The prisoner's arms were tied, corded from elbow to elbow behind
+his back, and thus he sat through the weary trial while the public
+jeered him and clamored for his condemnation as the bloodthirsty
+crowds jeered and clamored in the French Reign of terror.
+
+Then came the verdict and the prisoner was invited to acknowledge
+the regularity of the proceedings in the farcical trial by signing
+the record. To this Rizal demurred, but after a vain protest, affixed
+his signature.
+
+He was at once transferred to the Fort chapel, there to pass the last
+twenty-four hours of his life in preparing for death. The military
+chaplain offered his services, which were courteously declined, but
+when the Jesuits came, those instructors of his youth were eagerly
+welcomed.
+
+Rizal's trial had awakened great interest and accounts of everything
+about the prisoner were cabled by eager correspondents to the Madrid
+newspapers. One of the newspaper men who visited Rizal in his cell
+mentions the courtesy of his reception, and relates how the prisoner
+played the host and insisted on showing his visitor those attentions
+which Spanish politeness considers due to a guest, saying that these
+must be permitted, for he was in his own home. The interviewer found
+the prisoner perfectly calm and natural, serious of course, but not
+at all overwhelmed by the near prospect of death, and in discussing
+his career Rizal displayed that dispassionate attitude toward his
+own doings that was characteristic of him. Almost as though speaking
+of a stranger he mentioned that if Archbishop Nozaleda's sane view
+had been taken and "Noli Me Tangere" not preached against, he would
+not have been in prison, and perhaps the rebellion would never have
+occurred. It is easy for us to recognize that the author referred to
+the misconception of his novel, which had arisen from the publication
+of the censor's extracts, which consisted of whatever could be
+construed into coming under one of the three headings of attacks on
+religion, attacks on government, and reflections on Spanish character,
+without the slightest regard to the context.
+
+But the interviewer, quite honestly, reported Rizal to be regretting
+his novel instead of regretting its miscomprehension, and he seems
+to have been equally in error in the way he mistook Rizal's meaning
+about the republicans in Spain having led him astray.
+
+Rizal's exact words are not given in the newspaper account, but it is
+not likely that a man would make admissions in a newspaper interview,
+which if made formally, would have saved his life. Rizal's memory
+has one safeguard against the misrepresentations which the absence
+of any witnesses favorable to him make possible regarding his last
+moments: a political retraction would have prevented his execution,
+and since the execution did take place, it is reasonable to believe
+that Rizal died holding the views for which he had expressed himself
+willing to suffer martyrdom.
+
+Yet this view does not reflect upon the good faith of the reporter. It
+is probable that the prisoner was calling attention to the illogical
+result that, though he had disregarded the advice of the radical
+Spaniards who urged him to violent measures, his peaceable agitation
+had been misunderstood and brought him to the same situation as though
+he had actually headed a rebellion by arms. His slighting opinion
+of his great novel was the view he had always held, for like all
+men who do really great things, he was the reverse of a braggart,
+and in his remark that he had attempted to do great things without
+the capacity for gaining success, one recognizes his remembrance of
+his mother's angry prophecy foretelling failure in all he undertook.
+
+His family waited long outside the Governor-General's place to ask
+a pardon, but in vain; General Polavieja had to pay the price of his
+appointment and refused to see them.
+
+The mother and sisters, however, were permitted to say farewell to
+Rizal in the chapel, under the eyes of the death-watch. The prisoner
+had been given the unusual privilege of not being tied, but he was
+not allowed to approach near his relatives, really for fear that
+he might pass some writing to them--the pretext was made that Rizal
+might thus obtain the means for committing suicide.
+
+To his sister Trinidad Rizal spoke of having nothing to give her
+by way of remembrance except the alcohol cooking lamp which he had
+been using, a gift, as he mentioned, from Mrs. Tavera. Then he added
+quickly, in English, so that the listening guard would not understand,
+"There is something inside."
+
+The other events of Rizal's last twenty-four hours, for he went in to
+the chapel at seven in the morning of the day preceding his execution,
+are perplexing. What purported to be a detailed account was promptly
+published in Barcelona, on Jesuit authority, but one must not forget
+that Spaniards are not of the phlegmatic disposition which makes for
+accuracy in minute matters and even when writing history they are
+dramatically ificlined. So while the truthfulness, that is the intent
+to be fair, may not be questioned, it would not be strange if those who
+wrote of what happened in the chapel in Fort Santiago during Rizal's
+last hours did not escape entirely from the influence of the national
+characteristics. In the main their narrative is to be accepted,
+but the possibility of unconscious coloring should not be disregarded.
+
+In substance it is alleged that Rizal greeted his old instructors
+and other past acquaintances in a friendly way. He asked for copies
+of the Gospels and the writings of Thomas-à-Kempis, desired to be
+formally married to Josefina, and asked to be allowed to confess. The
+Jesuits responded that first it would be necessary to investigate
+how far his beliefs conformed to the Roman Catholic teachings. Their
+catechizing convinced them that he was not orthodox and a religious
+debate ensued in which Rizal, after advancing all known arguments,
+was completely vanquished. His marriage was made contingent upon his
+signing a retraction of his published heresies.
+
+The Archbishop had prepared a form which the Jesuits believed
+Rizal would be little likely to sign, and they secured permission
+to substitute a shorter one of their own which included only the
+absolute essentials for reconciliation with the Church, and avoided all
+political references. They say that Rizal objected only to a disavowal
+of Freemasonry, stating that in England, where he held his membership,
+the Masonic institution was not hostile to the Church. After some
+argument, he waived this point and wrote out, at a Jesuit's dictation,
+the needed retraction, adding some words to strengthen it in parts,
+indicating his Catholic education and that the act was of his own
+free will and accord.
+
+The prisoner, the priests, and all the Spanish officials present knelt
+at the altar, at Rizal's suggestion, while he read his retraction
+aloud. Afterwards he put on a blue scapular, kissed the image of
+the Sacred Heart he had carved years before, heard mass as when
+a student in the Ateneo, took communion, and read his à-Kempis or
+prayed in the intervals. He took breakfast with the Spanish officers,
+who now regarded him very differently. At six Josefina entered and
+was married to him by Father Balanguer.
+
+Now in this narrative there are some apparent discrepancies. Mention is
+made of Rizal having in an access of devotion signed in a devotionary
+all the acts of faith, and it is said that this book was given to one
+of his sisters. His chapel gifts to his family have been examined,
+but though there is a book of devotion, "The Anchor of Faith," it
+contains no other signature than the presentation on a flyleaf. As
+to the religious controversy: while in Dapitan Rizal carried on with
+Father Pio Pi, the Jesuit superior, a lengthy discussion involving the
+interchange of many letters, but he succeeded in fairly maintaining
+his views, and these views would hardly have caused him to be called
+Protestant in the Roman Catholic churches of America. Then the
+theatrical reading aloud of his retraction before the altar does not
+conform to Rizal's known character. As to the anti-Masonic arguments,
+these appear to be from a work by Monsignor Dupanloup and therefore
+were not new to Rizal; furthermore, the book was in his own library.
+
+Again, it seems strange that Rizal should have asserted that his
+Masonic membership was in London when in visiting St. John's Lodge,
+Scotch Constitution, in Hongkong in November of 1891, since which
+date he had not been in London, he registered as from "Temple du
+honneur de les amis français," an old-established Paris lodge.
+
+Also the sister Lucia, who was said to have been a witness of the
+marriage, is not positive that it occurred, having only seen the
+priest at the altar in his vestments. The record of the marriage
+has been stated to be in the Manila Cathedral, but it is not there,
+and as the Jesuit in officiating would have been representing the
+military chaplain, the entry should have been in the Fort register,
+now in Madrid. Rizal's burial, too, does not indicate that he died
+in the faith, yet it with the marriage has been used as an argument
+for proving that the retraction must have been made.
+
+The retraction itself appears in two versions, with slight
+differences. No one outside the Spanish faction has ever seen
+the original, though the family nearly got into trouble by their
+persistence in trying to get sight of it after its first publication.
+
+The foregoing might suggest some disbelief, but in fact they are only
+proofs of the remarks already made about the Spanish carelessness in
+details and liking for the dramatic.
+
+The writer believes Rizal made a retraction, was married canonically,
+and was given what was intended to be Christian burial.
+
+The grounds for this belief rest upon the fact that he seems never
+to have been estranged in faith from the Roman Catholic Church,
+but he objected only to certain political and mercenary abuses. The
+first retraction is written in his style and it certainly contains
+nothing he could not have signed in Dapitan. In fact, Father Obach
+says that when he wanted to marry Josefina on her first arrival there,
+Rizal prepared a practically similar statement. Possibly the report of
+that priest aided in outlining the draft which the Jesuits substituted
+for the Archbishop's form. There is no mention of evasions or mental
+reservations and Rizal's renunciation of Masonry might have been
+qualified by the quibble that it was "the Masonry which was an enemy
+of the Church" that he was renouncing. Then since his association
+(not affiliation) had been with Masons not hostile to religion,
+he was not abandoning these.
+
+The possibility of this line of thought having suggested itself to
+him appears in his evasions on the witness-stand at his trial. Though
+he answered with absolute frankness whatever concerned himself and in
+everyday life was almost quixotically truthful, when cross-examined
+about others who would be jeopardized by admitting his acquaintance
+with them, he used the subterfuge of the symbolic names of his Masonic
+acquaintances. Thus he would say, "I know no one by that name," since
+care was always taken to employ the symbolic names in introductions
+and conversations.
+
+Rizal's own symbolic name was "Dimas Alang"--Tagalog for "Noli
+Me Tangere"--and his nom de plume in some of his controversial
+publications. The use of that name by one of his companions on the
+railroad trip to Tarlac entirely mystified a station master, as appears
+in the secret report of the espionage of that trip, which just preceded
+his deportation to Dapitan. Another possible explanation is that, since
+Freemasonry professes not to disturb the duties which its members owe
+to God, their country or their families, he may have considered himself
+as a good Mason under obligation to do whatever was demanded by these
+superior interests, all three of which were at this time involved.
+
+The argument that it was his pride that restrained him suggested to
+Rizal the possibility of his being unconsciously under an influence
+which during his whole life he had been combating, and he may have
+considered that his duty toward God required the sacrifice of this
+pride.
+
+For his country his sacrifice would have been blemished were any
+religious stigma to attach to it. He himself had always been careful
+of his own good name, and as we have said elsewhere, he told his
+companions that in their country's cause whatever they offered on the
+altars of patriotism must be as spotless as the sacrificial lambs of
+Levitical law.
+
+Furthermore, his work for a tranquil future for his family would be
+unfulfilled were he to die outside the Church. Josefina's anomalous
+status, justifiable when all the facts were known, would be sure
+to bring criticism upon her unless corrected by the better defined
+position of a wife by a church marriage. Then the aged parents and
+the numerous children of his sisters would by his act be saved the
+scandal that in a country so mediævally pious as the Philippines
+would come from having their relative die "an unrepentant heretic."
+
+Rizal had received from the Jesuits, while in prison, several religious
+books and pictures, which he used as remembrances for members of his
+family, writing brief dedications upon them. Then he said good-by to
+Josefina, asking in a low voice some question to which she answered
+in English, "Yes, yes," and aloud inquiring how she would be able to
+gain a living, since all his property had been seized by the Spanish
+government to satisfy the 20,000 pesetas costs which was included in
+the sentence of death against him. Her reply was that she could earn
+money giving lessons in English.
+
+The journey from the Fort to the place of execution, then Bagumbayan
+Field, now called the Luneta, was on foot. His arms were tied tightly
+behind his back, and he was surrounded by a heavy guard. The Jesuits
+accompanied him and some of his Dapitan schoolboys were in the crowd,
+while one friendly voice, that of a Scotch merchant still resident
+in Manila, called out in English, "Good-by, Rizal."
+
+The route was along the Malecon Drive where as a college student he
+had walked with his fiancée, Leonora. Above the city walls showed the
+twin towers of the Ateneo, and when he asked about them, for they were
+not there in his boyhood days, he spoke of the happy years that he
+had spent in the old school. The beauty of the morning, too, appealed
+to him, and may have recalled an experience of his '87 visit when he
+said to a friend whom he met on the beach during an early morning walk:
+"Do you know that I have a sort of foreboding that some such sunshiny
+morning as this I shall be out here facing a firing squad?"
+
+Troops held back the crowds and left a large square for the tragedy,
+while artillery behind them was ready for suppressing any attempt at
+rescuing the prisoner. None came, however, for though Rizal's brother
+Paciano had joined the insurrectionary forces in Cavite when the death
+sentence showed there was no more hope for José, he had discouraged
+the demonstration that had been planned as soon as he learned how
+scantily the insurgents were armed, hardly a score of serviceable
+firearms being in the possession of their entire "army."
+
+The firing squad was of Filipino soldiers, while behind them, better
+armed, were Spaniards in case these tried to evade the fratricidal
+part assigned them. Rizal's composure aroused the curiosity of a
+Spanish military surgeon standing by and he asked, "Colleague, may
+I feel your pulse?" Without other reply the prisoner twisted one of
+his hands as far from his body as the cords which bound him allowed,
+so that the other doctor could place his fingers on the wrist. The
+beats were steady and showed neither excitement nor fear, was the
+report made later.
+
+His request to be allowed to face his executioners was denied as being
+out of the power of the commanding officer to grant, though Rizal
+declared that he did not deserve such a death, for he was no traitor
+to Spain. It was promised, however, that his head should be respected,
+and as unblindfolded and erect Rizal turned his back to receive their
+bullets, he twisted a hand to indicate under the shoulder where the
+soldiers should aim so as to reach his heart. Then as the volley came,
+with a last supreme effort of will power, he turned and fell face
+upwards, thus receiving the subsequent "shots of grace" which ended his
+life, so that in form as well as fact he did not die a traitor's death.
+
+The Spanish national air was played, that march of Cadiz which should
+have recalled a violated constitution, for by the laws of Spain itself
+Rizal was illegally executed.
+
+Vivas, laughter and applause were heard, for it had been the social
+event of the day, with breakfasting parties on the walls and on
+the carriages, full of interested onlookers of both sexes, lined up
+conveniently near for the sightseeing.
+
+The troops defiled past the dead body, as though reviewed by it,
+for the most commanding figure of all was that which lay lifeless,
+but the center of all eyes. An officer, realizing the decency due to
+death, drew his handkerchief from the dead man's pocket and spread
+the silk over the calm face. A crimson stain soon marked the whiteness
+emblematic of the pure life that had just ended, and with the glorious
+blue overhead, the tricolor of Liberty, which had just claimed another
+martyr, was revealed in its richest beauty.
+
+Sir Hugh Clifford (now Governor of Ceylon), in Blackwood's Magazine,
+"The Story of José Rizal, the Filipino; A Fragment of Recent Asiatic
+History," comments as follows on the disgraceful doing of that day:
+
+"It was," he writes, "early morning, December 30, 1896, and the bright
+sunshine of the tropics streamed down upon the open space, casting
+hard fantastic shadows, and drenching with its splendor two crowds
+of sightseers. The one was composed of Filipinos, cowed, melancholy,
+sullen, gazing through hopeless eyes at the final scene in the life of
+their great countryman--the man who had dared to champion their cause,
+and to tell the world the story of their miseries; the other was blithe
+of air, gay with the uniforms of officers and the bright dresses of
+Spanish ladies, the men jesting and laughing, the women shamelessly
+applauding with waving handkerchiefs and clapping palms, all alike
+triumphing openly in the death of the hated 'Indian,' the 'brother
+of the water-buffalo,' whose insolence had wounded their pride.
+
+* * * Turning away, sick at heart, from the contemplation of this
+bitter tragedy, it is with a thrill of almost vindictive satisfaction
+that one remembers that less than eighteen months later the Luneta
+echoed once more to the sound of a mightier fusillade--the roar of
+the great guns with which the battle of Manila Bay was fought and won.
+
+* * * And if in the moment of his last supreme agony the power to probe
+the future had been vouchsafed to José Rizal, would he not have died
+happy in the knowledge that the land he loved so dearly was very soon
+to be transferred into such safekeeping?"
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+The After-Life in Memory
+
+An hour or so after the shooting a dead-wagon from San Juan de Diós
+Hospital took Rizal's body to Paco Cemetery. The civil governor of
+Manila was in charge and there also were present the members of a
+Church society whose duty it was to attend executions.
+
+Rizal had been wearing a black suit which he had obtained for his
+European trip, and a derby hat, not only appropriate for a funeral
+occasion because of their somber color, but also more desirable
+than white both for the full day's wear, since they had to be put
+on before the twenty-four hours in the chapel, and for the lying on
+the ground which would follow the execution of the sentence. A plain
+box inclosed the remains thus dressed, for even the hat was picked
+up and encoffined.
+
+No visitors were admitted to the cemetery while the interment was
+going on, and for several weeks after guards watched over the grave,
+lest Filipinos might come by night to steal away the body and apportion
+the clothing among themselves as relics of a martyr. Even the exact
+spot of the interment was intended to be unknown, but friends of the
+family were among the attendants at the burial and dropped into the
+grave a marble slab which had been furnished them, bearing the initials
+of the full baptismal name, José Protasio Rizal, in reversed order.
+
+The entry of the burial, like that of three of his followers of the
+Liga Filipina who were among the dozen executed a fortnight later,
+was on the back flyleaf of the cemetery register, with three or four
+words of explanation later erased and now unknown. On the previous
+page was the entry of a suicide's death, and following it is that of
+the British Consul who died on the eve of Manila's surrender and whose
+body, by the Archbishop's permission, was stored in a Paco niche till
+it could be removed to the Protestant (foreigners') cemetery at San
+Pedro Macati.
+
+The day of Rizal's execution, the day of his birth and the day of
+his first leaving his native land was a Wednesday. All that night,
+and the next day, the celebration continued the volunteers, who
+were particularly responsible, like their fellows in Cuba, for the
+atrocities which disgraced Spain's rule in the Philippines, being
+especially in evidence. It was their clamor that had made the bringing
+back of Rizal possible, their demands for his death had been most
+prominent in his so-called trial, and now they were praising themselves
+for their "patriotism." The landlords had objected to having their land
+titles questioned and their taxes raised. The other friar orders, as
+well as these, were opposed to a campaign which sought their transfer
+from profitable parishes to self-sacrificing missionary labors. But
+probably none of them as organizations desired Rizal's death.
+
+Rizal's old teachers wished for the restoration of their former
+pupil to the faith of his childhood, from which they believed he had
+departed. Through Despujol they seem to have worked for an opportunity
+for influencing him, yet his death was certainly not in their plans.
+
+Some Filipinos, to save themselves, tried to complicate Rizal with the
+Katipunan uprising by palpable falsehoods. But not every man is heroic
+and these can hardly be blamed, for if all the alleged confessions
+were not secured by actual torture, they were made through fear of
+it, since in 1896 there was in Manila the legal practice of causing
+bodily suffering by mediæval methods supplemented by torments devised
+by modern science.
+
+Among the Spaniards in Manila then, reënforced by those whom
+the uprising had frightened out of the provinces, were a few who
+realized that they belonged among the classes caricatured in Rizal's
+novels--some incompetent, others dishonest, cruel ones, the illiterate,
+wretched specimens that had married outside their race to get money
+and find wives who would not know them for what they were, or drunken
+husbands of viragoes. They came to the Philippines because they were
+below the standard of their homeland. These talked the loudest and
+thus dominated the undisciplined volunteers. With nothing divine about
+them, since they had not forgotten, they did not forgive. So when the
+Tondo "discoverer" of the Katipunan fancied he saw opportunity for
+promotion in fanning their flame of wrath, they claimed their victims,
+and neither the panic-stricken populace nor the weak-kneed government
+could withstand them.
+
+Once more it must be repeated that Spain has no monopoly of bad
+characters, nor suffers in the comparison of her honorable citizenship
+with that of other nationalities, but her system in the Philippines
+permitted abuses which good governments seek to avoid or, in the
+rare occasions when this is impossible, aim to punish. Here was the
+Spanish shortcoming, for these were the defects which made possible
+so strange a story as this biography unfolds. "José Rizal," said a
+recent Spanish writer, "was the living indictment of Spain's wretched
+colonial system."
+
+Rizal's family were scattered among the homes of friends brave enough
+to risk the popular resentment against everyone in any way identified
+with the victim of their prejudice.
+
+As New Year's eve approached, the bands ceased playing and the marchers
+stopped parading. Their enthusiasm had worn itself out in the two
+continuous days of celebration, and there was a lessening of the
+hospitality with which these "heroes" who had "saved the fatherland"
+at first had been entertained. Their great day of the year became of
+more interest than further remembrance of the bloody occurrence on
+Bagumbayan Field. To those who mourned a son and a brother the change
+must have come as a welcome relief, for even sorrow has its degrees,
+and the exultation over the death embittered their grief.
+
+To the remote and humble home where Rizal's widow and the sister
+to whom he had promised a parting gift were sheltered, the Dapitan
+schoolboy who had attended his imprisoned teacher brought an alcohol
+cooking-lamp. It was midnight before they dared seek the "something"
+which Rizal had said was inside. The alcohol was emptied from the tank
+and, with a convenient hairpin, a tightly folded and doubled piece of
+paper was dislodged from where it had been wedged in, out of sight,
+so that its rattling might not betray it.
+
+It was a single sheet of notepaper bearing verses in Rizal's well-known
+handwriting and familiar style. Hastily the young boy copied them,
+making some minor mistakes owing to his agitation and unfamiliarity
+with the language, and the copy, without explanation, was mailed to
+Mr. Basa in Hongkong. Then the original was taken by the two women with
+their few possessions and they fled to join the insurgents in Cavite.
+
+The following translation of these verses was made by Charles
+Derbyshire:
+
+
+  My Last Farewell
+
+  Farewell, dear Fatherland, clime of the sun caress'd,
+  Pearl of the Orient seas, our Eden lost!
+  Gladly now I go to give thee this faded life's best,
+  And were it brighter, fresher, or more blest,
+  Still would I give it thee, nor count the cost.
+
+  On the field of battle, 'mid the frenzy of fight,
+  Others have given their lives, without doubt or heed;
+  The place matters not--cypress or laurel or lily white,
+  Scaffold of open plain, combat or martyrdom's plight,
+  'Tis ever the same, to serve our home and country's need.
+
+  I die just when I see the dawn break,
+  Through the gloom of night, to herald the day;
+  And if color is lacking my blood thou shalt take,
+  Pour'd out at need for thy dear sake,
+  To dye with its crimson the waking ray.
+
+  My dreams, when life first opened to me,
+  My dreams, when the hopes of youth beat high,
+  Were to see thy lov'd face, O gem of the Orient sea,
+  From gloom and grief, from care and sorrow free;
+  No blush on thy brow, no tear in thine eye
+
+  Dream of my life, my living and burning desire,
+  All hail! cries the soul that is now to take flight;
+  All hail! And sweet it is for thee to expire;
+  To die for thy sake, that thou mayst aspire;
+  And sleep in thy bosom eternity's long night.
+
+  If over my grave some day thou seest grow,
+  In the grassy sod, a humble flower,
+  Draw it to thy lips and kiss my soul so,
+  While I may feel on my brow in the cold tomb below
+  The touch of thy tenderness, thy breath's warm power.
+
+  Let the moon beam over me soft and serene,
+  Let the dawn shed over me its radiant flashes,
+  Let the wind with sad lament over me keen;
+  And if on my cross a bird should be seen,
+  Let it trill there its hymn of peace to my ashes.
+
+  Let the sun draw the vapors up to the sky,
+  And heavenward in purity bear my tardy protest;
+  Let some kind soul o'er my untimely fate sigh,
+  And in the still evening a prayer be lifted on high
+  From thee, O my country, that in God I may rest.
+
+  Pray for all those that hapless have died,
+  For all who have suffered the unmeasur'd pain;
+  For our mothers that bitterly their woes have cried,
+  For widows and orphans, for captives by torture tried;
+  And then for thyself that redemption thou mayst gain.
+
+  And when the dark night wraps the graveyard around,
+  With only the dead in their vigil to see;
+  Break not my repose or the mystery profound,
+  And perchance thou mayst hear a sad hymn resound;
+  'Tis I, O my country, raising a song unto thee.
+
+  When even my grave is remembered no more,
+  Unmark'd by never a cross nor a stone;
+  Let the plow sweep through it, the spade turn it o'er,
+  That my ashes may carpet thy earthly floor,
+  Before into nothingness at last they are blown.
+
+  Then will oblivion bring to me no care,
+  As over thy vales and plains I sweep;
+  Throbbing and cleansed in thy space and air,
+  With color and light, with song and lament I fare,
+  Ever repeating the faith that I keep.
+
+  My Fatherland ador'd, that sadness to my sorrow lends,
+  Beloved Filipinas, hear now my last good-by!
+  I give thee all: parents and kindred and friends;
+  For I go where no slave before the oppressor bends,
+  Where faith can never kill, and God reigns e'er on high!
+
+  Farewell to you all, from my soul torn away,
+  Friends of my childhood in the home dispossessed!
+  Give thanks that I rest from the wearisome day!
+  Farewell to thee, too, sweet friend that lightened my way;
+  Beloved creatures all, farewell! In death there is rest!
+
+
+
+For some time such belongings of Rizal as had been intrusted to
+Josefina had been in the care of the American Consul in Manila
+for as the adopted daughter of the American Taufer she had claimed
+his protection. Stories are told of her as a second Joan of Arc,
+but it is not likely that one of the few rifles which the insurgents
+had would be turned over to a woman. After a short experience in the
+field, much of it spent in nursing her sister-in-law through a fever,
+Mrs. Rizal returned to Manila. Then came a brief interview with the
+Governor-General. He had learned that his "administrative powers"
+to exile without trial did not extend to foreigners, but by advice
+of her consul she soon sailed for Hongkong.
+
+Mrs. Rizal at first lived in the Basa home and received
+considerable attention from the Filipino colony. There was too
+great a difference between the freedom accorded Englishwomen and the
+restraints surrounding Spanish ladies however, to avoid difficulties
+and misunderstandings, for very long. She returned to her adopted
+father's house and after his death married Vicente Abad, a Cebuan,
+son of a Spaniard who had been prominent in the Tabacalera Company
+and had become an agent of theirs in Hongkong after he had completed
+his studies there.
+
+Two weeks after Rizal's execution a dozen other members of his
+"Liga Filipina" were executed on the Luneta. One was a millionaire,
+Francisco Roxas, who had lost his mind, and believing that he was in
+church, calmly spread his handkerchief on the ground and knelt upon
+it as had been his custom in childhood. An old man, Moises Salvador,
+had been crippled by torture so that he could not stand and had to
+be laid upon the grass to be shot. The others met their death standing.
+
+That bravery and cruelty do not usually go together was amply
+demonstrated in Polavieja's case and by the volunteers. The latter
+once showed their patriotism, after a banquet, by going to the water's
+edge on the Luneta and firing volleys at the insurgents across the
+bay, miles away. The General was relieved of his command after he had
+fortified a camp with siege guns against the bolo-armed insurgents,
+who, however, by captures from the Spaniards were gradually becoming
+better equipped. But he did not escape condemnation from his own
+countrymen, and when he visited Giron, years after he had returned to
+the Peninsula, circulars were distributed among the crowd, bearing
+Rizal's last verses, his portrait, and the charge that to Polavieja
+was due the loss of the Philippines to Spain.
+
+The Katipunan insurgents in time were bought off by General Primo de
+Rivera, once more returned to the Islands for further plunder. The
+money question does not concern Rizal's life, but his prediction of
+suffering to the country came true, for while the leaders with the
+first payment and hostages for their own safety sailed away to live
+securely in Hongkong, the poorer people who remained suffered the
+vengeance of a government which seems never to have kept a promise to
+its people. Whether reforms were pledged is disputed, but if any were,
+they never were put into effect. No more money was paid, and the first
+instalment, preserved by the prudent leaders, equipped them when,
+owing to Dewey's victory, they were enabled to return to their country.
+
+On the first anniversary of Rizal's execution some Spaniards desecrated
+the grave, while on one of the niches, rented for the purpose, many
+feet away, the family hung wreaths with Tagalog dedications but
+no name.
+
+August 13, 1898, the Spanish flag came down from Fort Santiago in
+evidence of the surrender of the city. At the first opportunity
+Paco Cemetery was visited and Rizal's body raised for a more decent
+interment. Vainly his shoes were searched for a last message which
+he had said might be concealed there, for the dampness had made any
+paper unrecognizable. Then a simple cross was erected, resting on a
+marble block carved, as had been the smaller one which secretly had
+first marked the spot, with the reversed initials "R. P. J."
+
+The first issue of a Filipino newspaper under the new government was
+entirely dedicated to Rizal. The second anniversary of his execution
+was observed with general unanimity, his countrymen demonstrating that
+those who were seeing the dawn of the new day were not forgetful of
+the greatest of those who had fallen in the night, to paraphrase his
+own words.
+
+His widow returned and did live by giving lessons in English, at first
+privately in Cebu, where one of her pupils was the present and first
+Speaker of the Philippine Assembly, and afterwards as a government
+employee in the public schools and in the "Liceo" of Manila.
+
+With the establishment of civil government a new province was formed
+near Manila, including the land across the lake to which, as a lad
+in Kalamba, Rizal had often wonderingly looked, and the name of Rizal
+Province was given it.
+
+Later when public holidays were provided for by the new laws, the
+anniversary of Rizal's execution was in the list, and it has become the
+great day of the year, with the entire community uniting, for Spaniards
+no longer consider him to have been a traitor to Spain and the American
+authorities have founded a government in conformity with his teachings.
+
+On one of these occasions, December 30, 1905, William Jennings Bryan,
+"The Great American Commoner," gave the Rizal Day address, in the
+course of which he said:
+
+"If you will permit me to draw one lesson from the life of Rizal,
+I will say that he presents an example of a great man consecrated
+to his country's welfare. He, though dead, is a living rebuke to the
+scholar who selfishly enjoys the privilege of an ample education and
+does not impart the benefits of it to his fellows. His example is worth
+much to the people of these Islands, to the child who reads of him,
+to the young and old."
+
+The fiftieth anniversary of Rizal's birth was observed throughout the
+Archipelago with exercises in every community by public schools now
+organized along the lines he wished, to make self-dependent, capable
+men and women, strong in body as in mind, knowing and claiming their
+own rights, and recognizing and respecting those of others.
+
+His father died early in the year that the flags changed, but the
+mother lived to see honor done her son and to prove herself as worthy,
+for when the Philippine Legislature wanted to set aside a considerable
+sum for her use, she declined it with the true and rightfully
+proud assertion, that her family had never been patriotic for
+money. Her funeral, in 1911, was an occasion of public mourning, the
+Governor-General, Legislature and chief men of the Islands attending,
+and all public business being suspended by proclamation for the day.
+
+A capitol for the representatives of the free people of the
+Philippines, and worthy of the pioneer democratic government in the
+Orient, is soon to be erected on the Luneta, facing the big Rizal
+monument which will mark the place of execution of the man who gave
+his life to prepare his countrymen for the changed conditions.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NOTES
+
+[1] -- I take the liberty, here, of citing an instance of this. In
+1861, when I found myself on the West Coast of Mexico, a dozen
+backwoods families determined upon settling in Sonora (forming an
+oasis in the desert); a plan which was frustrated by the invasion
+at that time of the European powers. Many native farmers awaited
+the arrival of these immigrants in order to take them under their
+protection. The value of land in consequence of the announcement of
+the project rose very considerably.
+
+[2] -- See Appendix.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Lineage, Life, and Labors of José
+Rizal, Philippine Patriot, by Austin Craig
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+<title>Lineage, Life and Labors of Jos&eacute; Rizal: Philippine Patriot</title>
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+<meta name="author" content="Austin Craig, 1872&#8211;">
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Lineage, Life and Labors of Jose Rizal:
+Philippine Patriot, by Austin Craig
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Lineage, Life and Labors of Jose Rizal: Philippine Patriot
+
+Author: Austin Craig
+
+Release Date: January 8, 2005 [EBook #6867]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE OF JOSE RIZAL ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the PG Distributed Proofreaders Team
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e59"></a></span><a id="d0e60"></a><p id="d0e61">Jos&eacute; Rizal<br id="d0e63">
+Philippine Patriot
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e65">Dulce Et Decorum Est Pro Patria Morir
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e67"></a>Page i</span></p>
+<p id="d0e68">In the Philippine Islands the American Government has tried, and is trying, to carry out exactly what the greatest genius
+and most revered patriot ever known in the Philippines, Jos&eacute; Rizal, steadfastly advocated,
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e70">&#8212;Theodore Roosevelt, then President of the United States, in a public address at Fargo, N. D., April 7, 1903.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e72"></p>
+<div id="d0e73" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/a001.jpg" alt="Philippine Money and Postage Stamps, with the Rizal Portrait"></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Philippine Money and Postage Stamps, with the Rizal Portrait</p>
+</div><p>
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e77"></a>Page ii</span>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e79"></p>
+<div id="d0e80" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/a002.jpg" alt="The Portrait of Rizal in 1883 Painted in Oil by Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">The Portrait of Rizal in 1883 Painted in Oil by Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo.</p>
+</div><p>
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e84"></a>Page iii</span></p>
+<h1 class="docTitle">Lineage Life and Labors</h1><br><h1 class="docTitle">of</h1><br><h1 class="docTitle">Jos&eacute; Rizal</h1><br><h1 class="docTitle">Philippine Patriot</h1><br><h1 class="docTitle">A Study of the Growth of Free Ideas in the Trans-Pacific American Territory</h1>
+<h2 class="byline">By
+<br>
+<span class="docAuthor">Austin Craig</span><br>
+Assistant Professor Oriental History<br>
+University of the Philippines
+<br>
+Author of &#8220;The Study of Jos&eacute; Rizal,&#8221; &#8220;El Lineaje del Doctor Rizal,&#8221; Etc.
+<br>
+Introduction by<br>
+James Alexander Robertson, L.H.D.
+</h2>
+<h2 class="docImprint">Manila<br id="d0e119">
+Philippine Education Company<br id="d0e121">
+1913
+</h2><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e123"></a>Page iv</span><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e124"></a>Page v</span><a id="d0e125"></a><h1>Dedication</h1>
+<p id="d0e128">To the Philippine Youth
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e130">The subject of Doctor Rizal&#8217;s first prize-winning poem was The Philippine Youth, and its theme was &#8220;Growth.&#8221; The study of
+the growth of free ideas, as illustrated in this book of his lineage, life and labors, may therefore fittingly be dedicated
+to the &#8220;fair hope of the fatherland.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e132">Except in the case of some few men of great genius, those who are accustomed to absolutism cannot comprehend democracy. Therefore
+our nation is relying on its young men and young women; on the rising, instructed generation, for the secure establishment
+of popular self-government in the Philippines. This was Rizal&#8217;s own idea, for he said, through the old philosopher in &#8220;Noli
+me Tangere,&#8221; that he was not writing for his own generation but for a coming, instructed generation that would understand
+his hidden meaning.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e134">Your public school education gives you the democratic view-point, which the genius of Rizal gave him; in the fifty-five volumes
+of the Blair-Robertson translation of Philippine historical material there is available today more about your country&#8217;s past
+than the entire contents of the British Museum afforded him; and you have the guidance in the new paths that Rizal struck
+out, of the life of a hero who, farsightedly or providentially, as you may later decide, was the forerunner of the present
+r&eacute;gime.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e136">But you will do as he would have done, neither accept anything because it is written, nor reject it because it does not fall
+in with your prejudices&#8212;study out the truth for yourselves.
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e138"></a>Page vi</span></p><a id="d0e139"></a><h1>Introduction</h1>
+<p id="d0e142">In writing a biography, the author, if he be discriminating, selects, with great care, the salient features of the life story
+of the one whom he deems worthy of being portrayed as a person possessed of pre&euml;minent qualities that make for a character
+and greatness. Indeed to write biography at all, one should have that nice sense of proportion that makes him instinctively
+seize upon only those points that do advance his theme. Boswell has given the world an example of biography that is often
+wearisome in the extreme, although he wrote about a man who occupied in his time a commanding position. Because Johnson was
+Johnson the world accepts Boswell, and loves to talk of the minuteness of Boswell&#8217;s portrayal, yet how many read him, or if
+they do read him, have the patience to read him to the end?
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e144">In writing the life of the greatest of the Filipinos, Mr. Craig has displayed judgment. Saturated as he is with endless details
+of Rizal&#8217;s life, he has had the good taste to select those incidents or those phases of Rizal&#8217;s life that exhibit his greatness
+of soul and that show the factors that were the most potent in shaping his character and in controlling his purposes and actions.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e146">A biography written with this chastening of wealth cannot fail to be instructive and worthy of study. If one were to point
+out but a single benefit that can accrue from a study of biography written as Mr. Craig has done that of Rizal, he would mention,
+I believe, that to the character of the student, for one cannot study seriously about men of character without being affected
+by that study. As leading to an understanding of the character of Rizal, Mr. Craig has described his ancestry with considerable
+fulness and has shown how the selective <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e148"></a>Page vii</span>principle has worked through successive generations. But he has also realized the value of the outside influences and shows
+how the accidents of birth and nation affected by environment plus mental vigor and will produced Jos&eacute; Rizal. With a strikingly
+meager setting of detail, Rizal has been portrayed from every side and the reader must leave the biography with a knowledge
+of the elements that entered into and made his life. As a study for the youth of the Philippines, I believe this life of Rizal
+will be productive of good results. Stimulation and purpose are presented (yet not didactically) throughout its pages. One
+object of the author, I should say, has been to show how both Philippine history and world history helped shape Rizal&#8217;s character.
+Accordingly, he has mentioned many historical matters both of Philippine and world-wide interest. One cannot read the book
+without a desire to know more of these matters. Thus the book is not only a biography, it is a history as well. It must give
+a larger outlook to the youth of the Philippines. The only drawback that one might find in it, and it seems paradoxical to
+say it, is the lack of more detail, for one leaves it wishing that he knew more of the actual intimate happenings, and this,
+I take it, is the best effect a biography can have on the reader outside of the instructive and moral value of the biography.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e150"><span class="smallcaps">James A. Robertson</span>.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e154"><span class="smallcaps">Manila, P. I.</span>
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e158"></a>Page viii</span></p><a id="d0e159"></a><h1>Contents</h1>
+<p id="d0e162"></p>
+<ul id="d0e163">
+<li id="d0e164">		<a id="d0e166" href="#d0e125">Dedication. To the Philippine Youth</a></li>
+<li id="d0e168">		<a id="d0e170" href="#d0e139">Introduction</a></li>
+<li id="d0e172">I.	<a id="d0e174" href="#d0e1069">America&#8217;s Forerunner</a></li>
+<li id="d0e176">II.	<a id="d0e178" href="#d0e1257">Rizal&#8217;s Chinese Ancestry</a></li>
+<li id="d0e180">III.	<a id="d0e182" href="#d0e1371">Liberalizing Hereditary Influences</a></li>
+<li id="d0e184">IV.	<a id="d0e186" href="#d0e1601">Rizal&#8217;s Early Childhood</a></li>
+<li id="d0e188">V.	<a id="d0e190" href="#d0e1835">Jagor&#8217;s Prophecy</a></li>
+<li id="d0e192">VI.	<a id="d0e194" href="#d0e2213">The Period of Preparation</a></li>
+<li id="d0e196">VII.	<a id="d0e198" href="#d0e2607">The Period of Propaganda</a></li>
+<li id="d0e200">VIII.	<a id="d0e202" href="#d0e3121">Despujol&#8217;s Duplicity</a></li>
+<li id="d0e204">IX.	<a id="d0e206" href="#d0e3347">The Deportation to Dapitan</a></li>
+<li id="d0e208">X.	<a id="d0e210" href="#d0e4019">Consummatum Est</a></li>
+<li id="d0e212">XI.	<a id="d0e214" href="#d0e4275">The After Life In Memory</a></li>
+<li id="d0e216">Appendix. <a id="d0e218" href="#d0e4584">The Monkey and the Tortoise</a></li>
+</ul><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e221"></p>
+<div id="d0e222" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/a008.jpg" alt="From Rizal&#8217;s sketch book."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">From Rizal&#8217;s sketch book.</p>
+</div><p>
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e226"></a>Page ix</span></p><a id="d0e227"></a><h1>List of Illustrations</h1>
+<p id="d0e230"><a id="d0e231" href="#d0e80">Portrait of Rizal</a> Frontispiece
+<i>Painted in oils by Felix Resurrection Hidalgo (in color).</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e237"><a id="d0e238" href="#d0e73">Philippine Money and Postage Stamps</a>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e241"><a id="d0e242" href="#d0e1105">Portrait of Rizal</a>
+<i>Painted in oils by Juan Luna in Paris. Facsimile (in color).</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e248"><a id="d0e249" href="#d0e1175">Columbus at Barcelona</a>
+<i>From a print in Rizal&#8217;s scrapbook.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e255"><a id="d0e256" href="#d0e1236">Portrait Group</a>
+<i>Rizal at thirteen. Rizal at eighteen. Rizal in London. The portrait on the postage stamp.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e262"><a id="d0e263" href="#d0e1309">The Baptismal Record of Domingo Lam-co</a>
+<i>Facsimile.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e269"><a id="d0e270" href="#d0e1354">Portrait Group</a>
+<i>1. In Luna&#8217;s home. 2. In 1890. 3. The portrait on the paper money. 4. In 1891. 5. In 1892.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e276"><a id="d0e277" href="#d0e1493">Pacific Ocean Spheres of Influence</a>
+<i>Made by Rizal during President Harrison&#8217;s administration.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e283"><a id="d0e284" href="#d0e1524">Father of Rizal</a>
+<i>Portrait.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e290"><a id="d0e291" href="#d0e1535">Mother of Rizal</a>
+<i>Portrait.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e297"><a id="d0e298" href="#d0e1592">Rizal&#8217;s Family-Tree</a>
+<i>Made by Rizal when in Dapitan.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e304"><a id="d0e305" href="#d0e1625">Birthplace of Jos&eacute; Rizal</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e311"><a id="d0e312" href="#d0e1643">Sketches by Rizal</a>
+<i>A group made during his travels.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e318"><a id="d0e319" href="#d0e1653">Bust of Rizal&#8217;s Father</a>
+<i>Carved in wood by Rizal.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e325"><a id="d0e326" href="#d0e1672">The Church and Convento at Kalamba</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e332"><a id="d0e333" href="#d0e1691">Father Leoncio Lopez</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e339"><a id="d0e340" href="#d0e1702">The Lake District of Central Luzon</a>
+<i>Sketch made by Rizal.</i>
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e346"></a>Page x</span></p>
+<p id="d0e347"><a id="d0e348" href="#d0e1738">Rizal&#8217;s Uncle, Jos&eacute; Alberto</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e354"><a id="d0e355" href="#d0e1745">Sir John Bowring, K.C.B.</a>
+<i>From an old print.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e361"><a id="d0e362" href="#d0e1756">Jos&eacute; Del Pan of Manila</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e368"><a id="d0e369" href="#d0e1771">Governor De La Torre</a>
+<i>From an old print.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e375"><a id="d0e376" href="#d0e1782">Archbishop Martinez</a>
+<i>From an old print.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e382"><a id="d0e383" href="#d0e1797">The Very Rev. James Burgos, D.D.</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e389"><a id="d0e390" href="#d0e1817">Gen. F. T. Ward</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e396"><a id="d0e397" href="#d0e1826">Monument to the &#8220;Ever-Victorious&#8221; Army, Shanghai</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e403"><a id="d0e404" href="#d0e1854">Mrs. Rizal and Her Two Daughters</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e410"><a id="d0e411" href="#d0e1863">Bilibid Prison</a>
+<i>From an old print.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e417"><a id="d0e418" href="#d0e1874">Model of a Head of a Dapitan Girl</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e424"><a id="d0e425" href="#d0e1892">Memorial to Jos&eacute; Alberto in the Church at Bi&ntilde;an</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e431"><a id="d0e432" href="#d0e1956">Books from Rizal&#8217;s Library</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e438"><a id="d0e439" href="#d0e1961">Rizal&#8217;s Carving of the Sacred Heart</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e445"><a id="d0e446" href="#d0e1972">Bust of Father Guerrico, S. J.</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e452"><a id="d0e453" href="#d0e1980">Two Views of a Composite Statuette by Rizal</a>
+<i>From photographs.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e459"><a id="d0e460" href="#d0e1988">Model in Clay of a Dapitan Woman</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e466"><a id="d0e467" href="#d0e2013">Sketch of Himself in the Training Class</a>
+<i>Photograph from the original.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e473"><a id="d0e474" href="#d0e2024">Oil Painting of Rizal&#8217;s Sister, Saturnina</a>
+<i>Photograph from the painting.</i>
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e480"></a>Page xi</span></p>
+<p id="d0e481"><a id="d0e482" href="#d0e2177">Rizal&#8217;s Parting View of Manila</a>
+<i>Pencil sketch by himself.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e488"><a id="d0e489" href="#d0e2182">Sketches: 1. Singapore Lighthouse. 2. Along the Suez Canal.
+3. Castle of St. Elmo</a>
+<i>From Rizal&#8217;s sketch book.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e495"><a id="d0e496" href="#d0e2194">Studies of Passengers on the French Mail Steamer</a>
+<i>From Rizal&#8217;s sketch book.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e502"><a id="d0e503" href="#d0e2206">Aden, May 28, 1882</a>
+<i>From Rizal&#8217;s sketch book.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e509"><a id="d0e510" href="#d0e2389">Don Pablo Ortigas y Reyes</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e516"><a id="d0e517" href="#d0e2402">First Lines of a Poem by Rizal to Miss Reyes</a>
+<i>Facsimile.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e523"><a id="d0e524" href="#d0e2412">Rizal in Juan Luna&#8217;s Studio in Paris</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e530"><a id="d0e531" href="#d0e2425">The Ruined Castle at Heidelberg</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e537"><a id="d0e538" href="#d0e2559">Dr. Rudolf Virchow</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e544"><a id="d0e545" href="#d0e2566">The House where Rizal Completed &#8220;Noli Me Tangere&#8221;</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e551"><a id="d0e552" href="#d0e2579">Manuscript of &#8220;Noli Me Tangere&#8221;</a>
+<i>Facsimile.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e558"><a id="d0e559" href="#d0e2588">Portrait of Dr. F. Blumentritt</a>
+<i>Pencil sketch by Rizal.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e565"><a id="d0e566" href="#d0e2595">The Victory of Death over Life and of Science over Death</a>
+<i>Statuettes by Rizal from photographs.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e572"><a id="d0e573" href="#d0e2619">Jos&eacute; T. De Andrade, Rizal&#8217;s Bodyguard</a>
+<i>From an old print.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e579"><a id="d0e580" href="#d0e2638">Jos&eacute; Maria Basa of Hongkong</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e586"><a id="d0e587" href="#d0e2658">Imitations of Japanese Art</a>
+<i>From Rizal&#8217;s sketch book.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e593"><a id="d0e594" href="#d0e2678">Dr. Antonio Maria Regidor</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e600"><a id="d0e601" href="#d0e2685">A &#8220;Wheel of Fortune&#8221; Answer Book</a>
+<i>Facsimile.</i>
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e607"></a>Page xii</span></p>
+<p id="d0e608"><a id="d0e609" href="#d0e2696">Dr. Reinhold Rost</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e615"><a id="d0e616" href="#d0e2703">A Page from Andersen&#8217;s Fairy Tales Translated by Rizal</a>
+<i>Facsimile.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e622"><a id="d0e623" href="#d0e2719">Dedication of Rizal&#8217;s Translation of Andersen&#8217;s Fairy Tales</a>
+<i>Facsimile.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e629"><a id="d0e630" href="#d0e2726">A Trilingual Letter by Rizal</a>
+<i>Facsimile.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e636"><a id="d0e637" href="#d0e2742">Morga&#8217;s History in the British Museum</a>
+<i>From a photograph of the original.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e643"><a id="d0e644" href="#d0e2752">Application, Recommendation and Admission to the British Museum</a>
+<i>From photographs of the originals.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e650"><a id="d0e651" href="#d0e2856">&#8220;La Solidaridad&#8221;</a>
+<i>From photograph of the original.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e657"><a id="d0e658" href="#d0e2868">Staff of &#8220;La Solidaridad&#8221;</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e664"><a id="d0e665" href="#d0e3026">Rizal Fencing with Luna in Paris</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e671"><a id="d0e672" href="#d0e3035">General Weyler Known as &#8220;Butcher&#8221; Weyler</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e678"><a id="d0e679" href="#d0e3047">Rizal&#8217;s Parents during the Land Troubles</a>
+<i>From photographs.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e685"><a id="d0e686" href="#d0e3058">The Writ of Eviction against Rizal&#8217;s Father</a>
+<i>Facsimile of the original.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e692"><a id="d0e693" href="#d0e3089">Room in which &#8220;El Filibusterismo&#8221; was Begun</a>
+<i>Pencil sketch by Rizal.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e699"><a id="d0e700" href="#d0e3101">First Page of the Manuscript of &#8220;El Filibusterismo&#8221;</a>
+<i>Facsimile from the original.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e706"><a id="d0e707" href="#d0e3112">Cover of the Manuscript of &#8220;El Filibusterismo&#8221;</a>
+<i>Facsimile of the original.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e713"><a id="d0e714" href="#d0e3150">Rizal&#8217;s Professional Card when in Hongkong</a>
+<i>Facsimile of the original.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e720"><a id="d0e721" href="#d0e3157">Statuette Modeled by Rizal</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e727"><a id="d0e728" href="#d0e3170">Don Eulogio Despujol</a>
+<i>From an old print.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e734"><a id="d0e735" href="#d0e3182">Proposed Settlement in Borneo</a>
+<i>Facsimile of original sketch.</i>
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e741"></a>Page xiii</span></p>
+<p id="d0e742"><a id="d0e743" href="#d0e3227">Rizal&#8217;s Passport or &#8220;Safe Conduct&#8221;</a>
+<i>Photograph of the original.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e749"><a id="d0e750" href="#d0e3238">Part of Despujol&#8217;s Private Inquiry</a>
+<i>Facsimile of the original.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e756"><a id="d0e757" href="#d0e3249">Case Secretly Filed against Rizal</a>
+<i>Facsimile of the original.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e763"><a id="d0e764" href="#d0e3256">Luis De La Torre, Secretary to Despujol</a>
+<i>From an old print.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e770"><a id="d0e771" href="#d0e3370">Regulations of La Liga Filipina</a>
+<i>Facsimile in Rizal&#8217;s handwriting.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e777"><a id="d0e778" href="#d0e3381">The Calle Ilaya Monument to Rizal and La Liga Filipina</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e784"><a id="d0e785" href="#d0e3431">Three New Species Discovered by Rizal and Named After Him</a>
+<i>From an engraving.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e791"><a id="d0e792" href="#d0e3441">Specimens Collected by Rizal and Father Sanchez</a>
+<i>From photographs.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e798"><a id="d0e799" href="#d0e3450">Statuette by Rizal, The Mother&#8217;s Revenge</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e805"><a id="d0e806" href="#d0e3457">Father Sanchez, S. J.</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e812"><a id="d0e813" href="#d0e3464">Drawings of Fishes Caught at Dapitan</a>
+<i>Twelve facsimiles of Rizal&#8217;s originals.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e819"><a id="d0e820" href="#d0e3474">Plan of the Water Works for Dapitan</a>
+<i>Facsimile of Rizal&#8217;s sketch.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e826"><a id="d0e827" href="#d0e3485">Jewelry of Earliest Moro Converts</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e833"><a id="d0e834" href="#d0e3495">Hill and Excavations where the Jewelry was Found</a>
+<i>Facsimile of a sketch by Rizal.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e840"><a id="d0e841" href="#d0e3773">List of Ethnographical Material</a>
+<i>Facsimile.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e847"><a id="d0e848" href="#d0e3781">The Blind Mr. Taufer</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e854"><a id="d0e855" href="#d0e3794">Rizal&#8217;s Father-in-Law</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e861"><a id="d0e862" href="#d0e3807">Carved Portrait of Josefina Bracken</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e868"><a id="d0e869" href="#d0e3820">Josefina Bracken&#8217;s Baptismal Certificate</a>
+<i>Facsimile of the original.</i>
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e875"></a>Page xiv</span></p>
+<p id="d0e876"><a id="d0e877" href="#d0e3831">Josefina Bracken, Afterwards Mrs. Jos&eacute; Rizal</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e883"><a id="d0e884" href="#d0e3855">Leonora Rivera</a>
+<i>Pencil sketch by Rizal.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e890"><a id="d0e891" href="#d0e3870">Leonora Rivera at the Age of Fifteen</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e897"><a id="d0e898" href="#d0e3880">Letter to His Nephew by Rizal</a>
+<i>Facsimile.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e904"><a id="d0e905" href="#d0e3900">Ethnographical Material Collected by Rizal</a>
+<i>From a print.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e911"><a id="d0e912" href="#d0e4070">Cell in which Rizal was Imprisoned</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e918"><a id="d0e919" href="#d0e4120">Cuartel De Espa&ntilde;a</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e925"><a id="d0e926" href="#d0e4131">Luis T. De Andrade</a>
+<i>From an old print.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e932"><a id="d0e933" href="#d0e4162">Interior of Cell</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e939"><a id="d0e940" href="#d0e4175">Rizal&#8217;s Wedding Gift to His Wife</a>
+<i>Facsimile of original.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e946"><a id="d0e947" href="#d0e4211">Rizal&#8217;s Symbolic Name in Masonry</a>
+<i>Facsimile of original.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e953"><a id="d0e954" href="#d0e4232">The Wife of Jos&eacute; Rizal</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e960"><a id="d0e961" href="#d0e4253">Execution of Rizal</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e967"><a id="d0e968" href="#d0e4289">Burial Record of Rizal</a>
+<i>Facsimile from the Paco register.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e974"><a id="d0e975" href="#d0e4310">Grave of Rizal in Paco Cemetery, Manila</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e981"><a id="d0e982" href="#d0e4321">The Alcohol Lamp in which the &#8220;Farewell&#8221; Poem was Hidden</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e988"><a id="d0e989" href="#d0e4328">The Opening Lines of Rizal&#8217;s Last Verses</a>
+<i>Facsimile of original.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e995"><a id="d0e996" href="#d0e4498">Rizal&#8217;s Farewell to His Mother</a>
+<i>Facsimile.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1002"><a id="d0e1003" href="#d0e4515">Monument at the Corner of Rizal Avenue</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1009"></a>Page xv</span></p>
+<p id="d0e1010"><a id="d0e1011" href="#d0e4524">Float in a Rizal Day Parade</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1017"><a id="d0e1018" href="#d0e4531">W. J. Bryan as a Rizal Day Orator</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1024"><a id="d0e1025" href="#d0e4542">Governor-General Forbes and Delegate Mariano Ponce</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1031"><a id="d0e1032" href="#d0e4551">The Last Portrait of Jos&eacute; Rizal&#8217;s Mother</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1038"><a id="d0e1039" href="#d0e4566">Accepted Model for the Rizal Monument</a>
+<i>From a photograph.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1045"><a id="d0e1046" href="#d0e4578">The Rizal Monument in Front of the New Capital</a>
+<i>From a sketch.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1052"><a id="d0e1053" href="#d0e4597">The Story of the Monkey and the Tortoise</a>
+<i>Six facsimiles from Rizal&#8217;s originals.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1059"></p>
+<div id="d0e1060" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/a015.jpg" alt="From Rizal&#8217;s sketch book."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">From Rizal&#8217;s sketch book.</p>
+</div><p>
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1064"></a>Page xvi</span></p><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1067"></a>Page 1</span><a id="d0e1069"></a><h2 class="abovehead">Chapter I</h2>
+<h1>America&#8217;s Forerunner</h1>
+<p id="d0e1072">The lineage of a hero who made the history of his country during its most critical period, and whose labors constitute its
+hope for the future, must be more than a simple list of an ascending line. The blood which flowed in his veins must be traced
+generation by generation, the better to understand the man, but at the same time the causes leading to the conditions of his
+times must be noted, step by step, in order to give a better understanding of the environment in which he lived and labored.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1074">The study of the growth of free ideas is now in the days of our democracy the most important feature of Philippine history;
+hitherto this history has consisted of little more than lists of governors, their term of office, and of the recital of such
+incidents as were considered to redound to the glory of Spain, or could be so twisted and misrepresented as to make them appear
+to do so. It rarely occurred to former historians that the lamp of experience might prove a light for the feet of future generations,
+and the mistakes of the past were usually ignored or passed over, thus leaving the way open for repeating the old errors.
+But profit, not pride, should be the object of the study of the past, and our historians of today very largely concern themselves
+with mistakes in policy and defects of system; fortunately for them such critical investigation under our changed conditions
+does not involve the discomfort and danger that attended it in the days of Doctor Rizal.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1076"><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1077"></a>Page 2</span>In the opinion of the martyred Doctor, criticism of the right sort&#8212;even the very best things may be abused till they become
+intolerable evils&#8212;serves much the same useful warning purpose for governments that the symptoms of sickness do for persons.
+Thus government and individual alike, when advised in time of something wrong with the system, can seek out and correct the
+cause before serious consequences ensue. But the nation that represses honest criticism with severity, like the individual
+who deadens his symptoms with dangerous drugs, is likely to be lulled into a false security that may prove fatal. Patriot
+toward Spain and the Philippines alike, Rizal tried to impress this view upon the government of his day, with fatal results
+to himself, and the disastrous effects of not heeding him have since justified his position.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1079">The very defenses of Old Manila illustrate how the Philippines have suffered from lack of such devoted, honest and courageous
+critics as Jos&eacute; Rizal. The city wall was built some years later than the first Spanish occupation to keep out Chinese pirates
+after Li Ma-hong destroyed the city. The Spaniards sheltered themselves in the old Tagalog fort till re&euml;nforcements could
+come from the country. No one had ever dared to quote the proverb about locking the door after the horse was stolen. The need
+for the moat, so recently filled in, was not seen until after the bitter experience of the easy occupation of Manila by the
+English, but if public opinion had been allowed free expression this experience might have been avoided. And the free space
+about the walls was cleared of buildings only after these same buildings had helped to make the same occupation of the city
+easier, yet there were many in Manila who foresaw the danger but feared to foretell it.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1081">Had the people of Spain been free to criticise the Spaniards&#8217; way of waiting to do things until it is too late, <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1083"></a>Page 3</span>that nation, at one time the largest and richest empire in the world, would probably have been saved from its loss of territory
+and its present impoverished condition. And had the early Filipinos, to whom splendid professions and sweeping promises were
+made, dared to complain of the Peninsular policy of procrastination&#8212;the &#8220;ma&ntilde;ana&#8221; habit, as it has been called&#8212;Spain might
+have been spared Doctor Rizal&#8217;s terrible but true indictment that she retarded Philippine progress, kept the Islands miserably
+ruled for 333 years and in the last days of the nineteenth century was still permitting medi&aelig;val malpractices. Rizal did not
+believe that his country was able to stand alone as a separate government. He therefore desired to preserve the Spanish sovereignty
+in the Philippines, but he desired also to bring about reforms and conditions conducive to advancement. To this end he carefully
+pointed out those colonial shortcomings that caused friction, kept up discontent, and prevented safe progress, and that would
+have been perfectly easy to correct. Directly as well as indirectly, the changes he proposed were calculated to benefit the
+homeland quite as much as the Philippines, but his well-meaning efforts brought him hatred and an undeserved death, thus proving
+once more how thankless is the task of telling unpleasant truths, no matter how necessary it may be to do so. Because Rizal
+spoke out boldly, while realizing what would probably be his fate, history holds him a hero and calls his death a martyrdom.
+He was not one of those popularity-seeking, self-styled patriots who are ever mouthing &#8220;My country, right or wrong;&#8221; his devotion
+was deeper and more disinterested. When he found his country wrong he willingly sacrificed himself to set her right. Such
+unselfish spirits are rare; in life they are often misunderstood, but when time does them justice, they come into a fame which
+endures.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1085"><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1086"></a>Page 4</span>Doctor Rizal knew that the real Spain had generous though sluggish intentions, and noble though erratic impulses, but it awoke
+too late; too late for Doctor Rizal and too late to save the Philippines for Spain; tardy reforms after his death were useless
+and the loss of her overseas possessions was the result. Doctor Rizal lost when he staked his life on his trust in the innate
+sense of honor of Spain, for that sense of honor became temporarily blinded by a sudden but fatal gust of passion; and it
+took the shock of the separation to rouse the dormant Spanish chivalry.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1088">Still in the main Rizal&#8217;s judgment was correct, and he was the victim of mistimed, rather than of misplaced, confidence, for
+as soon as the knowledge of the real Rizal became known to the Spanish people, belated justice began to be done his memory,
+and then, repentant and remorseful, as is characteristically Castilian, there was little delay and no half-heartedness. Another
+name may now be grouped with Columbus and Cervantes among those to whom Spain has given imprisonment in life and monuments
+after death&#8212;chains for the man and chaplets for his memory. In 1896, during the few days before he could be returned to Manila,
+Doctor Rizal occupied a dungeon in Montjuich Castle in Barcelona; while on his way to assist the Spanish soldiers in Cuba
+who were stricken with yellow fever, he was shipped and sent back to a prejudged trial and an unjust execution. Fifteen years
+later the Catalan city authorities commemorated the semi-centennial of this prisoner&#8217;s birth by changing, in his honor, the
+name of a street in the shadow of the infamous prison of Montjuich Castle to &#8220;Calle del Doctor Rizal.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1090">More instances of this nature are not cited since they are not essential to the proper understanding of Rizal&#8217;s story, but
+let it be made clear once for all that whatever <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1092"></a>Page 5</span>harshness may be found in the following pages is directed solely to those who betrayed the trust of the mother country and
+selfishly abused the ample and unrestrained powers with which Spain invested them.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1094">And what may seem the exaltation of the Anglo-Saxons at the expense of the Latins in these pages is intended only to point
+out the superiority of their ordered system of government, with its checks and balances, its individual rights and individual
+duties, under which men are &#8220;free to live by no man&#8217;s leave, underneath the Law.&#8221; No human being can be safely trusted with
+unlimited power, and no man, no matter what his nationality, could have withstood the temptations offered by the chaotic conditions
+in the Philippines in past times any better than did the Spaniards. There is nothing written in this book that should convey
+the opinion that in similar circumstances men of any nationality would not have acted as the Spaniards did. The easiest recognized
+characteristic of absolutism, and all the abuses and corruption it brings in its train, is fear of criticism, and Spain drew
+her own indictment in the Philippines when she executed Rizal.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1096">When any nation sets out to enroll all its scholarly critics among the martyrs in the cause of Liberty, it makes an open confession
+of guilt to all the world. For a quarter of a century Spain had been ruling in the Philippines by terrorizing its subjects
+there, and Rizal&#8217;s execution, with utter disregard of the most elementary rules of judicial procedure, was the culmination
+that drove the Filipinos to desperation and arrested the attention of the whole civilized world. It was evident that Rizal&#8217;s
+fate might have been that of any of his countrymen, and the thinking world saw that events had taken such a course in the
+Philippines that it had become justifiable for the Filipinos to attempt to dissolve the political <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1098"></a>Page 6</span>bands which had connected them with Spain for over three centuries.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1100">Such action by the Filipinos would not have been warranted by a solitary instance of unjust execution under stress of political
+excitement that did not indicate the existence of a settled policy. Such instances are rather to be classed among the mistakes
+to which governments as well as individuals are liable. Yet even such a mistake may be avoided by certain precautions which
+experience has suggested, and the nation that disregards these precautions is justly open to criticism.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1102">Our present Philippine government guarantees to its citizens as fundamental rights, that no person shall be held to answer
+for a capital crime unless on an indictment, nor may he be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself,
+nor be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law. The accused must have a speedy, public and impartial
+trial, be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation, be confronted with the witnesses against him, have compulsory
+process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and have the assistance of counsel for his defense. Not one of these safeguards
+protected Doctor Rizal except that he had an &#8220;open trial,&#8221; if that name may be given to a courtroom filled with his enemies
+openly clamoring for his death without rebuke from the court. Even the presumption of innocence till guilt was established
+was denied him. These precautions have been considered necessary for every criminal trial, but the framers of the American
+Constitution, fearful lest popular prejudice some day might cause injustice to those advocating unpopular ideals, prohibited
+the irremediable penalty of death upon a charge of treason except where the testimony of two reliable witnesses established
+some overt act, inference not being admissible as evidence.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1104"></p>
+<div id="d0e1105" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b007.jpg" alt="The Portrait of Rizal, Painted in Oil by Juan Luna in Paris."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">The Portrait of Rizal, Painted in Oil by Juan Luna in Paris.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1109"><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1110"></a>Page 7</span>Such protection was not given the subjects of Spain, but still, with all the laxity of the Spanish law, and even if all the
+charges had been true, which they were far from being, no case was made out against Doctor Rizal at his trial. According to
+the laws then in effect, he was unfairly convicted and he should be considered innocent; for this reason his life will be
+studied to see what kind of hero he was, and no attempt need be made to plead good character and honest intentions in extenuation
+of illegal acts. Rizal was ever the advocate of law, and it will be found, too, that he was always consistently law-abiding.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1112">Though they are in the Orient, the Filipinos are not of it. Rizal once said, upon hearing of plans for a Philippine exhibit
+at a European World&#8217;s Fair, that the people of Europe would have a chance to see themselves as they were in the Middle Ages.
+With allowances for the changes due to climate and for the character of the country, this statement can hardly be called exaggerated.
+The Filipinos in the last half of the nineteenth century were not Orientals but medi&aelig;val Europeans&#8212;to the credit of the early
+Castilians but to the discredit of the later Spaniards.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1114">The Filipinos of the remoter Christian barrios, whom Rizal had in mind particularly, were in customs, beliefs and advancement
+substantially what the descendants of Legaspi&#8217;s followers might have been had these been shipwrecked on the sparsely inhabited
+islands of the Archipelago and had their settlement remained shut off from the rest of the world.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1116">Except where foreign influence had accidentally crept in at the ports, it could truthfully be said that scarcely perceptible
+advance had been made in three hundred years. Succeeding Spaniards by their misrule not only added little to the glorious
+achievement of their ancestors, but seemed <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1118"></a>Page 8</span>to have prevented the natural progress which the land would have made.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1120">In one form or another, this contention was the basis of Rizal&#8217;s campaign. By careful search, it is true, isolated instances
+of improvement could be found, but the showing at its very best was so pitifully poor that the system stood discredited. And
+it was the system to which Rizal was opposed.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1122">The Spaniards who engaged in public argument with Rizal were continually discovering, too late to avoid tumbling into them,
+logical pitfalls which had been carefully prepared to trap them. Rizal argued much as he played chess, and was ever ready
+to sacrifice a pawn to be enabled to say &#8220;check.&#8221; Many an unwary opponent realized after he had published what he had considered
+a clever answer that the same reasoning which scored a point against Rizal incontrovertibly established the Kalamban&#8217;s major
+premise.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1124">Superficial antagonists, to the detriment of their own reputations, have made much of what they chose to consider Rizal&#8217;s
+historical errors. But history is not merely chronology, and his representation of its trend, disregarding details, was a
+masterly tracing of current evils to their remote causes. He may have erred in some of his minor statements; this will happen
+to anyone who writes much, but attempts to discredit Rizal on the score of historical inaccuracy really reflect upon the captious
+critics, just as a draftsman would expose himself to ridicule were he to complain of some famous historical painting that
+it had not been drawn to exact scale. Rizal&#8217;s writings were intended to bring out in relief the evils of the Spanish system
+of the government of the Filipino people, just as a map of the world may put the inhabited portions of the earth in greater
+prominence than those portions that are not inhabited. Neither is exact in its representation, but <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1126"></a>Page 9</span>each serves its purpose the better because it magnifies the important and minimizes the unimportant.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1128">In his disunited and abased countrymen, Rizal&#8217;s writings aroused, as he intended they should, the spirit of nationality, of
+a Fatherland which was not Spain, and put their feet on the road to progress. What matters it, then, if his historical references
+are not always exhaustive, and if to make himself intelligible in the Philippines he had to write in a style possibly not
+always sanctioned by the Spanish Academy? Spain herself had denied to the Filipinos a system of education that might have
+made a creditable Castilian the common language of the Archipelago. A display of erudition alone does not make an historian,
+nor is purity, propriety and precision in choosing words all there is to literature.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1130">Rizal charged Spain unceasingly with unprogressiveness in the Philippines, just as he labored and planned unwearyingly to
+bring the Filipinos abreast of modern European civilization. But in his appeals to the Spanish conscience and in his endeavors
+to educate his countrymen he showed himself as practical as he was in his arguments, ever ready to concede nonessentials in
+name and means if by doing so progress could be made.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1132">Because of his unceasing efforts for a wiser, better governed and more prosperous Philippines, and because of his frank admission
+that he hoped thus in time there might come a freer Philippines, Rizal was called traitor to Spain and ingrate. Now honest,
+open criticism is not treason, and the sincerest gratitude to those who first brought Christian civilization to the Philippines
+should not shut the eyes to the wrongs which Filipinos suffered from their successors. But until the latest moment of Spanish
+rule, the apologists of Spain seemed to think that they ought to be able to turn away the wrath evoked by the cruelty and
+incompetence that ran riot during centuries, by dwelling <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1134"></a>Page 10</span>upon the benefits of the early days of the Spanish dominion.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1136">Wearisome was the eternal harping on gratitude which at one time was the only safe tone for pulpit, press and public speech;
+it irritating because it ignored questions of current policy, and it was discouraging to the Filipinos who were reminded by
+it of the hopeless future for their country to which time had brought no progress. But with all the faults and unworthiness
+of the later rulers, and the inane attempts of their parasites to distract attention from these failings, there remains undimmed
+the luster of Spain&#8217;s early fame. The Christianizing which accompanied her flag upon the mainland and islands of the New World
+is its imperishable glory, and the transformation of the Filipino people from Orientals into medi&aelig;val Europeans through the
+colonizing genius of the early Castilians, remains a marvel unmatched in colonial history and merits the lasting gratitude
+of the Filipino.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1138">Doctor Rizal satirized the degenerate descendants and scored the unworthy successors, but his writings may be searched in
+vain for wholesale charges against the Spanish nation such as Spanish scribblers were forever directing against all Filipinos,
+past, present and future, with an alleged fault of a single one as a pretext. It will be found that he invariably recognized
+that the faithful first administrators and the devoted pioneer missionaries had a valid claim upon the continuing gratitude
+of the people of Tupa&#8217;s and Lakandola&#8217;s land.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1140">Rizal&#8217;s insight discerned, and experience has demonstrated, that Legaspi, Urdaneta and those who were like them, laid broad
+and firm foundations for a modern social and political organization which could be safely and speedily established by reforms
+from above. The early Christianizing civilizers deserve no part of the blame for the fact that Philippine ports were not earlier
+opened <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1142"></a>Page 11</span>to progress, but much credit is due them that there is succeeding here an orderly democracy such as now would be impossible
+in any neighboring country.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1144">The Philippine patriot would be the first to recognize the justice of the selection of portraits which appear with that of
+Rizal upon the present Philippine postage stamps, where they serve as daily reminders of how free government came here.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1146">The constancy and courage of a Portuguese sailor put these Islands into touch with the New World with which their future progress
+was to be identified. The tact and honesty of a civil official from Mexico made possible the almost bloodless conquest which
+brought the Filipinos under the then helpful rule of Spain. The bequest of a far-sighted early philanthropist was the beginning
+of the water system of Manila, which was a recognition of the importance of efforts toward improving the public health and
+remains a reminder of how, even in the darkest days of miseries and misgovernment, there have not been wanting Spaniards whose
+ideal of Spanish patriotism was to devote heart, brain and wealth to the welfare of the Filipinos. These were the heroes of
+the period of preparation.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1148">The life of the one whose story is told in these pages was devoted and finally sacrificed to dignify their common country
+in the eyes of his countrymen, and to unite them in a common patriotism; he inculcated that self-respect which, by leading
+to self-restraint and self-control, makes self-government possible; and sought to inspire in all a love of ordered freedom,
+so that, whether under the flag of Spain or any other, or by themselves, neither tyrants (caciques) nor slaves (those led
+by caciques) would be possible among them.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1150">And the change itself came through an American President who believed, and practiced the belief, that nations <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1152"></a>Page 12</span>owed obligations to other nations just as men had duties toward their fellow-men. He established here Liberty through Law,
+and provided for progress in general education, which should be a safeguard to good government as well, for an enlightened
+people cannot be an oppressed people. Then he went to war against the Philippines rather than deceive them, because the Filipinos,
+who repeatedly had been tricked by Spain with unfulfilled promises, insisted on pledges which he had not the power to give.
+They knew nothing of what was meant by the rule of the people, and could not conceive of a government whose head was the servant
+and not the master. Nor did they realize that even the voters might not promise for the future, since republicanism requires
+that the government of any period shall rule only during the period that it is in the majority. In that war military glory
+and quick conquest were sacrificed to consideration for the misled enemy, and every effort was made to minimize the evils
+of warfare and to gain the confidence of the people. Retaliation for violations of the usages of civilized warfare, of which
+Filipinos at first were guilty through their Spanish training, could not be entirely prevented, but this retaliation contrasted
+strikingly with the Filipinos&#8217; unhappy past experiences with Spanish soldiers. The few who had been educated out of Spain
+and therefore understood the American position were daily re&euml;nforced by those persons who became convinced from what they
+saw, until a majority of the Philippine people sought peace. Then the President of the United States outlined a policy, and
+the history and constitution of his government was an assurance that this policy would be followed; the American government
+then began to <i>do</i> what it had not been able to <i>promise</i>.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1160">The forerunner and the founder of the present regime in these Islands, by a strange coincidence, were as alike <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1162"></a>Page 13</span>in being cruelly misunderstood in their lifetimes by those whom they sought to benefit as they were in the tragedy of their
+deaths, and both were unjustly judged by many, probably well-meaning, countrymen.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1164">Magellan, Legaspi, Carriedo, Rizal and McKinley, heroes of the free Philippines, belonged to different times and were of different
+types, but their work combined to make possible the growing democracy of to-day. The diversity of nationalities among these
+heroes is an added advantage, for it recalls that mingling of blood which has developed the Filipinos into a strong people.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1166">England, the United States and the Philippines are each composed of widely diverse elements. They have each been developed
+by adversity. They have each honored their severest critics while yet those critics lived. Their common literature, which
+tells the story of human liberty in its own tongue, is the richest, most practical and most accessible of all literature,
+and the popular education upon which rests the freedom of all three is in the same democratic tongue, which is the most widely
+known of civilized languages and the only unsycophantic speech, for it stands alone in not distinguishing by its use of pronouns
+in the second person the social grade of the individual addressed.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1168">The future may well realize Rizal&#8217;s dream that his country should be to Asia what England has been to Europe and the United
+States is in America, a hope the more likely to be fulfilled since the events of 1898 restored only associations of the earlier
+and happier days of the history of the Philippines. The very name now used is nearer the spelling of the original <i>Philipinas</i> than the Filipinas of nineteenth century Spanish usage. The first form was used until nearly a century ago, when it was corrupted
+along with so many things of greater importance.
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1173"></a>Page 14</span></p>
+<p id="d0e1174"></p>
+<div id="d0e1175" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b014.jpg" alt="Columbus at Barcelona. From a print in Rizal&#8217;s scrap-book."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Columbus at Barcelona. From a print in Rizal&#8217;s scrap-book.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1179">The Philippines at first were called &#8220;The Islands of the West,&#8221; as they are considered to be occidental and not oriental.
+They were made known to Europe as a sequel to the discoveries of Columbus. Conquered and colonized from Mexico, most of their
+pious and charitable endowments, churches, hospitals, asylums and colleges, were endowed by philanthropic Mexicans. Almost
+as long as Mexico remained Spanish the commerce of the Philippines was confined to Mexico, and the Philippines were a part
+of the postal system of Mexico and dependent <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1181"></a>Page 15</span>upon the government of Mexico exactly as long as Mexico remained Spanish. They even kept the new world day, one day behind
+Europe, for a third of a century longer. The Mexican dollars continued to be their chief coins till supplanted, recently,
+by the present peso, and the highbuttoned white coat, the &#8220;americana,&#8221; by that name was in general use long years ago. The
+name America is frequently to be found in the old baptismal registers, for a century or more ago many a Filipino child was
+so christened, and in the &#8217;70&#8217;s Rizal&#8217;s carving instructor, because so many of the best-made articles he used were of American
+manufacture, gave the name &#8220;Americano&#8221; to a godchild. As Americans, Filipinos were joined with the Mexicans when King Ferdinand&nbsp;VII
+thanked his subjects in both countries for their loyalty during the Napoleonic wars. Filipino students abroad found, too,
+books about the Philippines listed in libraries and in booksellers&#8217; catalogues as a branch of &#8220;Americana.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1183">Nor was their acquaintance confined to Spanish Americans. The name &#8220;English&#8221; was early known. Perhaps no other was more familiar
+in the beginning, for it was constantly execrated by the Spaniards, and in consequence secretly cherished by those who suffered
+wrongs at their hands.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1185">Magellan had lost his life in his attempted circumnavigation of the globe and Elcano completed the disastrous voyage in a
+shattered ship, minus most of its crew. But Drake, an Englishman, undertook the same voyage, passed the Straits in less time
+than Magellan, and was the first commander in his own ship to put a belt around the earth. These facts were known in the Philippines,
+and from them the Filipinos drew comparisons unfavorable to the boastful Spaniards.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1187">When the rich Philippine galleon <i>Santa Ana</i> was captured off the California coast by Thomas Candish, &#8220;three <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1192"></a>Page 16</span>boys born in Manila&#8221; were taken on board the English ships. Afterwards Candish sailed into the straits south of &#8220;Lu&ccedil;on&#8221; and
+made friends with the people of the country. There the Filipinos promised &#8220;both themselves, and all the islands thereabouts,
+to aid him whensoever he should come again to overcome the Spaniards.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1194">Dampier, another English sea captain, passed through the Archipelago but little later, and one of his men, John Fitzgerald
+by name, remained in the Islands, marrying here. He pretended to be a physician, and practiced as a doctor in Manila. There
+was no doubt room for him, because when Spain expelled the Moors she reduced medicine in her country to a very low state,
+for the Moors had been her most skilled physicians. Many of these Moors who were Christians, though not orthodox according
+to the Spanish standard, settled in London, and the English thus profited by the persecution, just as she profited when the
+cutlery industry was in like manner transplanted from Toledo to Sheffield.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1196">The great Armada against England in Queen Elizabeth&#8217;s time was an attempt to stop once for all the depredations of her subjects
+on Spain&#8217;s commerce in the Orient. As the early Spanish historian, Morga, wrote of it: &#8220;Then only the English nation disturbed
+the Spanish dominion in that Orient. Consequently King Philip desired not only to forbid it with arms near at hand, but also
+to furnish an example, by their punishment, to all the northern nations, so that they should not undertake the invasions that
+we see. A beginning was made in this work in the year one thousand five hundred and eighty-eight.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1198">This ingeniously worded statement omits to tell how ignominiously the pretentious expedition ended, but the fact of failure
+remained and did not help the prestige of Spain, especially among her subjects in the Far East. After all the boastings of
+what was going to happen, and <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1200"></a>Page 17</span>all the claims of what had been accomplished, the enemies of Spain not only were unchecked but appeared to be bolder than
+ever. Some of the more thoughtful Filipinos then began to lose confidence in Spanish claims. They were only a few, but their
+numbers were to increase as the years went by. The Spanish Armada was one of the earliest of those influences which, re&euml;nforced
+by later events, culminated in the life work of Jos&eacute; Rizal and the loss of the Philippines by Spain.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1202">At that time the commerce of Manila was restricted to the galleon trade with Mexico, and the prosperity of the Filipino merchants&#8212;in
+large measure the prosperity of the entire Archipelago&#8212;depended upon the yearly ventures the hazard of which was not so much
+the ordinary uncertainty of the sea as the risk of capture by English freebooters. Everybody in the Philippines had heard
+of these daring English mariners, who were emboldened by an almost unbroken series of successes which had correspondingly
+discouraged the Spaniards. They carried on unceasing war despite occasional proclamation of peace between England and Spain,
+for the Spanish treasure ships were tempting prizes, and though at times policy made their government desire friendly relations
+with Spain, the English people regarded all Spaniards as their natural enemies and all Spanish property as their legitimate
+spoil.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1204">The Filipinos realized earlier than the Spaniards did that torturing to death shipwrecked English sailors was bad policy.
+The result was always to make other English sailors fight more desperately to avoid a similar fate. Revenge made them more
+and more aggressive, and treaties made with Spain were disregarded because, as they said, Spain&#8217;s inhumanity had forfeited
+her right to be considered a civilized country.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1206">It was less publicly discussed, but equally well known, that the English freebooters, besides committing countless <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1208"></a>Page 18</span>depredations on commerce, were always ready to lend their assistance to any discontented Spanish subjects whom they could
+encourage into open rebellion.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1210">The English word Filibuster was changed into &#8220;Filibusteros&#8221; by the Spanish, and in later years it came to be applied especially
+to those charged with stirring up discontent and rebellion. For three centuries, in its early application to the losses of
+commerce, and in its later use as denoting political agitation, possibly no other word in the Philippines, outside of the
+ordinary expressions of daily life, was so widely known, and certainly none had such sinister signification.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1212">In contrast to this lawless association is a similarity of laws. The followers of Cortez, it will be remembered, were welcomed
+in Mexico as the long-expected &#8220;Fair Gods&#8221; because of their blond complexions derived from a Gothic ancestry. Far back in
+history their forbears had been neighbors of the Anglo-Saxons in the forests of Germany, so that the customs of Anglo-Saxon
+England and of the Gothic kingdom of Castile had much in common. The &#8220;Laws of the Indies,&#8221; the disregard of which was the
+ground of most Filipino complaints up to the very last days of the rule of Spain, was a compilation of such of these Anglo-Saxon-Castilian
+laws and customs as it was thought could be extended to the Americas, originally called the New Kingdom of Castile, which
+included the Philippine Archipelago. Thus the New England township and the Mexican, and consequently the early Philippine
+pueblo, as units of local government are nearly related.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1214">These American associations, English influences, and Anglo-Saxon ideals also culminated in the life work of Jos&eacute; Rizal, the
+heir of all the past ages in Philippine history. But other causes operating in his own day&#8212;the stories of his elders, the
+incidents of his childhood, the <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1216"></a>Page 19</span>books he read, the men he met, the travels he made&#8212;as later pages will show&#8212;contributed further to make him the man he was.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1218">It was fortunate for the Philippines that after the war of misunderstanding with the United States there existed a character
+that commanded the admiration of both sides. Rizal&#8217;s writings revealed to the Americans aspirations that appealed to them
+and conditions that called forth their sympathy, while the Filipinos felt confidence, for that reason, in the otherwise incomprehensible
+new government which honored their hero.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1220">Rizal was already, and had been for years, without rival as the idol of his countrymen when there came, after deliberation
+and delay, his official recognition in the Philippines. Necessarily there had to be careful study of his life and scrutiny
+of his writings before the head of our nation could indorse as the corner stone of the new government which succeeded Spain&#8217;s
+misrule, the very ideas which Spain had considered a sufficient warrant for shooting their author as a traitor.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1222">Finally the President of the United States in a public address at Fargo, North Dakota, on April 7, 1903&#8212;five years after American
+scholars had begun to study Philippine affairs as they had never been studied before&#8212;declared: &#8221;<i>In the Philippine Islands the American government has tried, and is trying, to carry out exactly what the greatest genius
+and most revered patriot ever known in the Philippines, Jos&eacute; Rizal</i>, steadfastly advocated,&#8221; a formal, emphatic and clear-cut expression of national policy upon a question then of paramount
+interest.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1227">In the light of the facts of Philippine history already set forth there is no cause for wonder at this sweeping indorsement,
+even though the views so indorsed were those of a man who lived in conditions widely different from those about to be introduced
+by the new government. <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1229"></a>Page 20</span>Rizal had not allowed bias to influence him in studying the past history of the Philippines, he had been equally honest with
+himself in judging the conditions of his own time, and he knew and applied with the same fairness the teaching which holds
+true in history as in every other branch of science that like causes under like conditions must produce like results, He had
+been careful in his reasoning, and it stood the test, first of President Roosevelt&#8217;s advisers, or otherwise that Fargo speech
+would never have been made, and then of all the President&#8217;s critics, or there would have been heard more of the statement
+quoted above which passed unchallenged, but not, one may be sure, uninvestigated.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1231">The American system is in reality not foreign to the Philippines, but it is the highest development, perfected by experience,
+of the original plan under which the Philippines had prospered and progressed until its benefits were wrongfully withheld
+from them. Filipino leaders had been vainly asking Spain for the restoration of their rights and the return to the system
+of the Laws of the Indies. At the time when America came to the Islands there was among them no Rizal, with a knowledge of
+history that would enable him to recognize that they were getting what they had been wanting, who could rise superior to the
+unimportant detail of under what name or how the good came as long as it arrived, and whose prestige would have led his countrymen
+to accept his decision. Some leaders had one qualification, some another, a few combined two, but none had the three, for
+a country is seldom favored with more than one surpassingly great man at one time.
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1233"></a>Page 21</span><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1234"></a>Page 22</span>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1236"></p>
+<div id="d0e1237" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b022-1.jpg" alt="Rizal at Thirteen."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Rizal at Thirteen.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1241"></p>
+<div id="d0e1242" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b022-2.jpg" alt="Rizal at Eighteen."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Rizal at Eighteen.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1246"></p>
+<div id="d0e1247" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b022-3.jpg" alt="The Portrait on the Philippine Postage Stamp."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">The Portrait on the Philippine Postage Stamp.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1251"></p>
+<div id="d0e1252" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b022-4.jpg" alt="Rizal in London."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Rizal in London.</p>
+</div><p>
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1256"></a>Page 23</span></p><a id="d0e1257"></a><h2 class="abovehead">Chapter II</h2>
+<h1>Rizal&#8217;s Chinese Ancestry</h1>
+<p id="d0e1260">Clustered around the walls of Manila in the latter half of the seventeenth century were little villages the names of which,
+in some instances slightly changed, are the names of present districts. A fashionable drive then was through the settlement
+of Filipinos in Bagumbayan&#8212;the &#8220;new town&#8221; to which Lakandola&#8217;s subjects had migrated when Legaspi dispossessed them of their
+own &#8220;Maynila.&#8221; With the building of the moat this village disappeared, but the name remained, and it is often used to denote
+the older Luneta, as well as the drive leading to it.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1262">Within the walls lived the Spanish rulers and the few other persons that the fear and jealousy of the Spaniard allowed to
+come in. Some were Filipinos who ministered to the needs of the Spaniards, but the greater number were Sangleyes, or Chinese,
+&#8220;the mechanics in all trades and excellent workmen,&#8221; as an old Spanish chronicle says, continuing: &#8220;It is true that the city
+could not be maintained or preserved without the Sangleyes.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1264">The Chinese conditions of these early days are worth recalling, for influences strikingly similar to those which affected
+the life of Jos&eacute; Rizal in his native land were then at work. There were troubled times in the ancient &#8220;Middle Kingdom,&#8221; the
+earlier name of the corruption of the Malay Tchina (China) by which we know it. The conquering Manchus had placed their emperor
+on the throne so long occupied by the native dynasty whose adherents had boastingly called themselves &#8220;The Sons of Light.&#8221;
+The former liberal and progressive government, under which the people prospered, had grown corrupt and <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1266"></a>Page 24</span>helpless, and the country had yielded to the invaders and passed under the terrible tyranny of the Tartars.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1268">Yet there were true patriots among the Chinese who were neither discouraged by these conditions nor blind to the real cause
+of their misfortunes. They realized that the easy conquest of their country and the utter disregard by their people of the
+bad government which had preceded it, showed that something was wrong with themselves.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1270">Too wise to exhaust their land by carrying on a hopeless war, they sought rather to get a better government by deserving it,
+and worked for the general enlightenment, believing that it would offer the most effective opposition to oppression, for they
+knew well that an intelligent people could not be kept enslaved. Furthermore, they understood that, even if they were freed
+from foreign rule, the change would be merely to another tyranny unless the darkness of the whole people were dispelled. The
+few educated men among them would inevitably tyrannize over the ignorant many sooner or later, and it would be less easy to
+escape from the evils of such misrule, for the opposition to it would be divided, while the strength of union would oppose
+any foreign despotism. These true patriots were more concerned about the welfare of their country than ambitious for themselves,
+and they worked to prepare their countrymen for self-government by teaching self-control and respect for the rights of others.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1272">No public effort toward popular education can be made under a bad government. Those opposed to Manchu rule knew of a secret
+society that had long existed in spite of the laws against it, and they used it as their model in organizing a new society
+to carry out their purposes. Some of them were members of this Ke-Ming-Tong or Chinese Freemasonry as it is called, and it
+was difficult <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1274"></a>Page 25</span>for outsiders to find out the differences between it and the new Heaven-Earth-Man Brotherhood. The three parts to their name
+led the new brotherhood later to be called the Triad Society, and they used a triangle for their seal.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1276">The initiates of the Triad were pledged to one another in a blood compact to &#8220;depose the Tsing [Tartar] and restore the Ming
+[native Chinese] dynasty.&#8221; But really the society wanted only gradual reform and was against any violent changes. It was at
+first evolutionary, but later a section became dissatisfied and started another society. The original brotherhood, however,
+kept on trying to educate its members. It wanted them to realize that the dignity of manhood is above that of rank or riches,
+and seeking to break down the barriers of different languages and local prejudice, hoped to create an united China efficient
+in its home government and respected in its foreign relations.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1278"> * * * * *
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1280">It was the policy of Spain to rule by keeping the different elements among her subjects embittered against one another. Consequently
+the entire Chinese population of the Philippines had several times been almost wiped out by the Spaniards assisted by the
+Filipinos and resident Japanese. Although overcrowding was mainly the cause of the Chinese immigration, the considerations
+already described seem to have influenced the better class of emigrants who incorporated themselves with the Filipinos from
+1642 on through the eighteenth century. Apparently these emigrants left their Chinese homes to avoid the shaven crown and
+long braided queue that the Manchu conquerors were imposing as a sign of submission&#8212;a practice recalled by the recent wholesale
+cutting off of queues which marked the fall of this same Manchu dynasty upon the establishment of the present republic. The
+patriot Chinese in Manila retained the ancient style, which somewhat <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1282"></a>Page 26</span>resembled the way Koreans arrange their hair. Those who became Christians cut the hair short and wore European hats, otherwise
+using the clothing&#8212;blue cotton for the poor, silk for the richer&#8212;and felt-soled shoes, still considered characteristically
+Chinese.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1284">The reasons for the brutal treatment of the unhappy exiles and the causes of the frequent accusation against them that they
+were intending rebellion may be found in the fear that had been inspired by the Chinese pirates, and the apprehension that
+the Chinese traders and workmen would take away from the Filipinos their means of gaining a livelihood. At times unjust suspicions
+drove some of the less patient to take up arms in self-defense. Then many entirely innocent persons would be massacred, while
+those who had not bought protection from some powerful Spaniard would have their property pillaged by mobs that protested
+excessive devotion to Spain and found their patriotism so profitable that they were always eager to stir up trouble.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1286">One of the last native Chinese emperors, not wishing that any of his subjects should live outside his dominions, informed
+the Spanish authorities that he considered the emigrants evil persons unworthy of his interest. His Manchu successors had
+still more reason to be careless of the fate of the Manila Chinese. They were consequently ill treated with impunity, while
+the Japanese were &#8220;treated very cordially, as they are a race that demand good treatment, and it is advisable to do so for
+the friendly relations between the Islands and Japan,&#8221; to quote the ancient history once more.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1288">Pagan or Christian, a Chinaman&#8217;s life in Manila then was not an enviable one, though the Christians were slightly more secure.
+The Chinese quarter was at first inside the city, but before long it became a considerable district of several streets along
+Arroceros near the present <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1290"></a>Page 27</span>Botanical Garden. Thus the Chinese were under the guns of the Bastion San Gabriel, which also commanded two other Chinese
+settlements across the river in Tondo&#8212;Minondoc, or Binondo, and Baybay. They had their own headmen, their own magistrates
+and their own prison, and no outsiders were permitted among them. The Dominican Friars, who also had a number of missionary
+stations in China, maintained a church and a hospital for these Manila Chinese and established a settlement where those who
+became Christians might live with their families. Writers of that day suggest that sometimes conversions were prompted by
+the desire to get married&#8212;which until 1898 could not be done outside the Church&#8212;or to help the convert&#8217;s business or to secure
+the protection of an influential Spanish godfather, rather than by any changed belief.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1292">Certainly two of these reasons did not influence the conversion of Doctor Rizal&#8217;s paternal ancestor, Lam-co (that is, &#8220;Lam,
+Esq.&#8221;), for this Chinese had a Chinese godfather and was not married till many years later.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1294">He was a native of the Chinchew district, where the Jesuits first, and later the Dominicans, had had missions, and he perhaps
+knew something of Christianity before leaving China. One of his church records indicates his home more definitely, for it
+specifies Siongque, near the great city, an agricultural community, and in China cultivation of the soil is considered the
+most honorable employment. Curiously enough, without conversion, the people of that region even to-day consider themselves
+akin to the Christians. They believe in one god and have characteristics distinguishing them from the Pagan Chinese, possibly
+derived from some remote Mohammedan ancestors.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1296">Lam-co&#8217;s prestige among his own people, as shown by his leadership of those who later settled with him in <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1298"></a>Page 28</span>Bi&ntilde;an, as well as the fact that even after his residence in the country he was called to Manila to act as godfather, suggests
+that he was above the ordinary standing, and certainly not of the coolie class. This is borne out by his marrying the daughter
+of an educated Chinese, an alliance that was not likely to have been made unless he was a person of some education, and education
+is the Chinese test of social degree.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1300">He was baptized in the Parian church of San Gabriel on a Sunday in June of 1697. Lam-co&#8217;s age was given in the record as thirty-five
+years, and the names of his parents were given as Siang-co and Zun-nio. The second syllables of these names are titles of
+a little more respect than the ordinary &#8220;Mr.&#8221; and &#8220;Mrs.,&#8221; something like the Spanish Don and Do&ntilde;a, but possibly the Dominican
+priest who kept the register was not so careful in his use of Chinese words as a Chinese would have been. Following the custom
+of the other converts on the same occasion, Lam-co took the name Domingo, the Spanish for Sunday, in honor of the day. The
+record of this baptism is still to be seen in the records of the Parian church of San Gabriel, which are preserved with the
+Binondo records, in Manila.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1302">Chinchew, the capital of the district from which he came, was a literary center and a town famed in Chinese history for its
+loyalty; it was probably the great port Zeitung which so strongly impressed the Venetian traveler Marco Polo, the first European
+to see China.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1304">The city was said by later writers to be large and beautiful and to contain half a million inhabitants, &#8220;candid, open and
+friendly people, especially friendly and polite to foreigners.&#8221; It was situated forty miles from the sea, in the province
+of Fokien, the rocky coast of which has been described as resembling Scotland, and its sturdy inhabitants seem to have borne
+some resemblance to the <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1306"></a>Page 29</span>Scotch in their love of liberty. The district now is better known by its present port of Amoy.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1308"></p>
+<div id="d0e1309" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b029.jpg" alt="Facsimile of the baptisimal record of Domingo Lam-co."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Facsimile of the baptisimal record of Domingo Lam-co.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1313">Altogether, in wealth, culture and comfort, Lam-co&#8217;s home city far surpassed the Manila of that day, which was, however, patterned
+after it. The walls of Manila, its paved streets, stone bridges, and large houses with spacious courts are admitted by Spanish
+writers to be due <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1315"></a>Page 30</span>to the industry and skill of Chinese workmen. They were but slightly changed from their Chinese models, differing mainly in
+ornamentation, so that to a Chinese the city by the Pasig, to which he gave the name of &#8220;the city of horses,&#8221; did not seem
+strange, but reminded him rather of his own country.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1317">Famine in his native district, or the plague which followed it, may have been the cause of Lam-co&#8217;s leaving home, but it was
+more probably political troubles which transferred to the Philippines that intelligent and industrious stock whose descendants
+have proved such loyal and creditable sons of their adopted country. Chinese had come to the Islands centuries before the
+Spaniards arrived and they are still coming, but no other period has brought such a remarkable contribution to the strong
+race which the mixture of many peoples has built up in the Philippines. Few are the Filipinos notable in recent history who
+cannot trace descent from a Chinese baptized in San Gabriel church during the century following 1642; until recently many
+have felt ashamed of these really creditable ancestors.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1319">Soon after Lam-co came to Manila he made the acquaintance of two well-known Dominicans and thus made friendships that changed
+his career and materially affected the fortunes of his descendants. These powerful friends were the learned Friar Francisco
+Marquez, author of a Chinese grammar, and Friar Juan Caballero, a former missionary in China, who, because of his own work
+and because his brother held high office there, was influential in the business affairs of the Order. Through them Lam-co
+settled in Bi&ntilde;an, on the Dominican estate named after &#8220;St. Isidore the Laborer.&#8221; There, near where the Pasig river flows out
+of the Laguna de Bay, Lam-co&#8217;s descendants were to be tenants until another government, not yet born, and a system unknown
+in his day, should <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1321"></a>Page 31</span>end a long series of inevitable and vexatious disputes by buying the estate and selling it again, on terms practicable for
+them, to those who worked the land.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1323">The Filipinos were at law over boundaries and were claiming the property that had been early and cheaply acquired by the Order
+as endowment for its university and other charities. The Friars of the Parian quarter thought to take those of their parishioners
+in whom they had most confidence out of harm&#8217;s way, and by the same act secure more satisfactory tenants, for prejudice was
+then threatening another indiscriminate massacre. So they settled many industrious Chinese converts upon these farms, and
+flattered themselves that their tenant troubles were ended, for these foreigners could have no possible claim to the land.
+The Chinese were equally pleased to have safer homes and an occupation which in China placed them in a social position superior
+to that of a tradesman.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1325">Domingo Lam-co was influential in building up Tubigan barrio, one of the richest parts of the great estate. In name and appearance
+it recalled the fertile plains that surrounded his native Chinchew, &#8220;the city of springs.&#8221; His neighbors were mainly Chinchew
+men, and what is of more importance to this narrative, the wife whom he married just before removing to the farm was of a
+good Chinchew family. She was Inez de la Rosa and but half Domingo&#8217;s age; they were married in the Parian church by the same
+priest who over thirty years before had baptized her husband.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1327">Her father was Agustin Chinco, also of Chinchew, a rice merchant, who had been baptized five years earlier than Lam-co. His
+baptismal record suggests that he was an educated man, as already indicated, for the name of his town proved a puzzle till
+a present-day Dominican missionary from Amoy explained that it appeared to be the combined names for Chinchew in both the
+common <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1329"></a>Page 32</span>and literary Chinese, in each case with the syllable denoting the town left off. Apparently when questioned from what town
+he came, Chinco was careful not to repeat the word town, but gave its name only in the literary language, and when that was
+not understood, he would repeat it in the local dialect. The priest, not understanding the significance of either in that
+form, wrote down the two together as a single word. Knowledge of the literary Chinese, or Mandarin, as it is generally called,
+marked the educated man, and, as we have already pointed out, education in China meant social position. To such minute deductions
+is it necessary to resort when records are scarce, and to be of value the explanation must be in harmony with the conditions
+of the period; subsequent research has verified the foregoing conclusions.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1331">Agustin Chinco had also a Chinese godfather and his parents were Chin-co and Zun-nio. He was married to Jacinta Rafaela, a
+Chinese mestiza of the Parian, as soon after his baptism as the banns could be published. She apparently was the daughter
+of a Christian Chinese and a Chinese mestiza; there were too many of the name Jacinta in that day to identify which of the
+several Jacintas she was and so enable us to determine the names of her parents. The Rafaela part of her name was probably
+added after she was grown up, in honor of the patron of the Parian settlement, San Rafael, just as Domingo, at his marriage,
+added Antonio in honor of the Chinese. How difficult guides names then were may be seen from this list of the six children
+of Agustin Chinco and Jacinta Rafaela: Magdalena Vergara, Josepha, Cristoval de la Trinidad, Juan Batista, Francisco Hong-Sun
+and Inez de la Rosa.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1333">The father-in-law and the son-in-law, Agustin and Domingo, seem to have been old friends, and apparently of the same class.
+Lam-co must have seen his future wife, <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1335"></a>Page 33</span>the youngest in Chinco&#8217;s numerous family, grow up from babyhood, and probably was attracted by the idea that she would make
+a good housekeeper like her thrifty mother, rather than by any romantic feelings, for sentiment entered very little into matrimony
+in those days when the parents made the matches. Possibly, however, their married life was just as happy, for divorces then
+were not even thought of, and as this couple prospered they apparently worked well together in a financial way.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1337">The next recorded event in the life of Domingo Lam-co and his wife occurred in 1741 when, after years of apparently happy
+existence in Bi&ntilde;an, came a great grief in the loss of their baby daughter, Josepha Didnio, probably named for her aunt. She
+had lived only five days, but payments to the priest for a funeral such as was not given to many grown persons who died that
+year in Bi&ntilde;an show how keenly the parents felt the loss of their little girl. They had at the time but one other child, a
+boy of ten, Francisco Mercado, whose Christian name was given partly because he had an uncle of the same name, and partly
+as a tribute of gratitude to the friendly Friar scholar in Manila. His new surname suggests that the family possessed the
+commendable trait of taking pride in its ancestry.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1339">Among the Chinese the significance of a name counts for much and it is always safe to seek a reason for the choice of a name.
+The Lam-co family were not given to the practice of taking the names of their god-parents. Mercado recalls both an honest
+Spanish <i>encomendero</i> of the region, also named Francisco, and a worthy mestizo Friar, now remembered for his botanical studies, but it is not
+likely that these influenced Domingo Lam-co in choosing this name for his son. He gave his boy a name which in the careless
+Castilian of the country was but a Spanish translation of the Chinese name by which his <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1344"></a>Page 34</span>ancestors had been called. Sangley, Mercado and Merchant mean much the same; Francisco therefore set out in life with a surname
+that would free him from the prejudice that followed those with Chinese names, and yet would remind him of his Chinese ancestry.
+This was wisdom, for seldom are men who are ashamed of their ancestry any credit to it.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1346">The family history has to be gleaned from partially preserved parochial registers of births, marriages and deaths, incomplete
+court records, the scanty papers of the estates, a few land transfers, and some stray writings that accidentally have been
+preserved with the latter. The next event in Domingo&#8217;s life which is revealed by them is a visit to Manila where in the old
+Parian church he acted as sponsor, or godfather, at the baptism of a countryman, and a new convert, Siong-co, whose granddaughter
+was, we shall see, to marry a grandson of Lam-co&#8217;s, the couple becoming Rizal&#8217;s grandparents.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1348">Francisco was a grown man when his mother died and was buried with the elaborate ceremonies which her husband&#8217;s wealth permitted.
+There was a coffin, a niche in which to put it, chanting of the service and special prayers. All these involved extra cost,
+and the items noted in the margin of her funeral record make a total which in those days was a considerable sum. Domingo outlived
+Mrs. Lam-co by but a few years, and he also had, for the time, an expensive funeral.
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1350"></a>Page 35</span><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1351"></a>Page 36</span>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1353"></p>
+<div id="d0e1354" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b036.jpg" alt="Portrait Group."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Portrait Group.</p>
+<p id="d0e1357"></p>
+<ul id="d0e1358">
+<li id="d0e1359">Rizal in Luna&#8217;s Home.</li>
+<li id="d0e1361">Rizal in 1890.</li>
+<li id="d0e1363">The Portrait on the Paper Money.</li>
+<li id="d0e1365">Rizal in 1891.</li>
+<li id="d0e1367">Rizal in 1892.</li>
+</ul><p>
+</p>
+</div><p>
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1370"></a>Page 37</span></p><a id="d0e1371"></a><h2 class="abovehead">Chapter III</h2>
+<h1>Liberalizing Hereditary Influences</h1>
+<p id="d0e1374">The hope of the Bi&ntilde;an landlords that by changing from Filipino to Chinese tenantry they could avoid further litigation seems
+to have been disappointed. A family tradition of Francisco Mercado tells of a tedious and costly lawsuit with the Order. Its
+details and merits are no longer remembered, and they are not important.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1376">History has recorded enough agrarian trouble, in all ages and in all countries, to prove the economic mistake of large holdings
+of land by those who do not cultivate it. Human nature is alike the world over, it does not change with the centuries, and
+just as the Filipinos had done, the Chinese at last objected to paying increased rent for improvements which they made themselves.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1378">A Spanish judge required the landlords to produce their deeds, and, after measuring the land, he decided that they were then
+taking rent for considerably more than they had originally bought or had been given. But the tenants lost on the appeal, and,
+as they thought it was because they were weak and their opponents powerful, a grievance grew up which was still remembered
+in Rizal&#8217;s day and was well known and understood by him.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1380">Another cause of discontent, which was a liberalizing influence, was making itself felt in the Philippines about the time
+of Domingo&#8217;s death. A number of Spaniards had been claiming for their own countrymen such safeguards of personal liberty as
+were enjoyed by Englishmen, for no other government in Europe then paid any attention to the rights of the individual. Learned
+men had devoted much study to the laws and rights of nations, but these Spanish Liberals insisted that it was the guarantees
+given to the citizens, and not the political independence <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1382"></a>Page 38</span>of the State, that made a country really free. Unfortunately, just as their proposals began to gain followers, Spain became
+involved in war with England, because the Spanish King, then as now a Bourbon and so related to a number of other reactionary
+rulers, had united in the family compact by which the royal relatives were to stamp out liberal ideas in their own dominions,
+and as allies to crush England, the source of the dissatisfaction which threatened their thrones.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1384">Many progressive Spaniards had become Freemasons, when that ancient society, after its revival in England, had been reintroduced
+into Spain. Now they found themselves suspected of sympathy with England and therefore of treason to Spain. While this could
+not be proved, it led to enforcing a papal bull against them, by which Pope Clement&nbsp;XII placed their institution under the
+ban of excommunication.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1386">At first it was intended to execute all the Spanish Freemasons, but the Queen&#8217;s favorite violinist secretly sympathized with
+them. He used his influence with Her Majesty so well that through her intercession the King commuted the sentences from death
+to banishment as minor officials in the possessions overseas.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1388">Thus Cuba, Mexico, South and Central America, and the Philippines were provided with the ablest Spanish advocates of modern
+ideas. In no other way could liberalism have been spread so widely or more effectively.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1390">Besides these officeholders there had been from the earliest days noblemen, temporarily out of favor at Court, in banishment
+in the colonies. Cavite had some of these exiles, who were called &#8220;caja abierta,&#8221; or <i>carte blanche</i>, because their generous allowances, which could be drawn whenever there were government funds, seemed without limit to the
+Filipinos. The Spanish residents of the Philippines were naturally glad to entertain, supply <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1395"></a>Page 39</span>money to, and otherwise serve these men of noble birth, who might at any time be restored to favor and again be influential,
+and this gave them additional prestige in the eyes of the Filipinos. One of these exiles, whose descendants yet live in these
+Islands, passed from prisoner in Cavite to viceroy in Mexico.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1397">Francisco Mercado lived near enough to hear of the &#8220;cajas abiertas&#8221; (exiles) and their ways, if he did not actually meet some
+of them and personally experience the charm of their courtesy. They were as different from the ruder class of Spaniards who
+then were coming to the Islands as the few banished officials were unlike the general run of officeholders. The contrast naturally
+suggested that the majority of the Spaniards in the Philippines, both in official and in private life, were not creditable
+representatives of their country. This charge, insisted on with greater vehemence as subsequent events furnished further reasons
+for doing so, embittered the controversies of the last century of Spanish rule. The very persons who realized that the accusation
+was true of themselves, were those who most resented it, and the opinion of them which they knew the Filipinos held but dared
+not voice, rankled in their breasts. They welcomed every disparagement of the Philippines and its people, and thus made profitable
+a senseless and abusive campaign which was carried on by unscrupulous, irresponsible writers of such defective education that
+vilification was their sole argument. Their charges were easily disproved, but they had enough cunning to invent new charges
+continually, and prejudice gave ready credence to them.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1399">Finally an unreasoning fury broke out and in blind passion innocent persons were struck down; the taste for blood once aroused,
+irresponsible writers like that Retana who has now become Rizal&#8217;s biographer, whetted the <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1401"></a>Page 40</span>savage appetite for fresh victims. The last fifty years of Spanish rule in the Philippines was a small saturnalia of revenge
+with hardly a lucid interval for the governing power to reflect or an opportunity for the reasonable element to intervene.
+Somewhat similarly the Bourbons in France had hoped to postpone the day of reckoning for their mistakes by misdeeds done in
+fear to terrorize those who sought reforms. The aristocracy of France paid back tenfold each drop of innocent blood that was
+shed, but while the unreasoning world recalls the French Revolution with horror, the student of history thinks more of the
+evils which made it a natural result. Mirabeau in vain sought to restrain his aroused countrymen, just as he had vainly pleaded
+with the aristocrats to end their excesses. Rizal, who held Mirabeau for his hero among the men of the French Revolution,
+knew the historical lesson and sought to sound a warning, but he was unheeded by the Spaniards and misunderstood by many of
+his countrymen.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1403">At about the time of the arrival of the Spanish political exiles we find in Manila a proof of the normal mildness of Spain
+in the Philippines. The Inquisition, of dread name elsewhere, in the Philippines affected only Europeans, had before it two
+English-speaking persons, an Irish doctor and a county merchant accused of being Freemasons. The kind-hearted Friar inquisitor
+dismissed the culprits with warnings, and excepting some Spanish political matters in which it took part, this was the nearest
+that the institution ever came to exercising its functions here.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1405">The sufferings of the Indians in the Spanish-American gold mines, too, had no Philippine counterpart, for at the instance
+of the friars the Church early forbade the enslaving of the people. Neither friars nor government have any records in the
+Philippines which warrant belief <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1407"></a>Page 41</span>that they were responsible for the severe punishments of the period from &#8217;72 to &#8217;98. Both were connected with opposition to
+reforms which appeared likely to jeopardize their property or to threaten their prerogatives, and in this they were only human,
+but here their selfish interests and activities seem to cease.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1409">For religious reasons the friar orders combatted modern ideas which they feared might include atheistical teachings such as
+had made trouble in France, and the Government was against the introduction of latter-day thought of democratic tendency,
+but in both instances the opposition may well have been believed to be for the best interest of the Philippine people. However
+mistaken, their action can only be deplored not censured. The black side of this matter was the rousing of popular passion,
+and it was done by sheets subsidized to argue; their editors, however, resorted to abuse in order to conceal the fact that
+they had not the ability to perform the services for which they were hired. While some individual members of both the religious
+orders and of the Government were influenced by these inflaming attacks, the interests concerned, as organizations, seem to
+have had a policy of self-defense, and not of revenge.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1411">The theory here advanced must wait for the judgment of the reader till the later events have been submitted. However, Rizal
+himself may be called in to prove that the record and policy is what has been asserted, for otherwise he would hardly have
+disregarded, as he did, the writings of Motley and Prescott, historians whom he could have quoted with great advantage to
+support the attacks he would surely have not failed to make had they seemed to him warranted, for he never was wanting in
+knowledge, resourcefulness or courage where his country was concerned.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1413">No definite information is available as to what part <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1415"></a>Page 42</span>Francisco Mercado took during the disturbed two years when the English held Manila and Judge Anda carried on a guerilla warfare.
+The Dominicans were active in enlisting their tenants to fight against the invaders, and probably he did his share toward
+the Spanish defense either with contributions or personal service. The attitude of the region in which he lived strengthens
+this surmise, for only after long-continued wrongs and repeatedly broken promises of redress did Filipino loyalty fail. This
+was a century too early for the country around Manila, which had been better protected and less abused than the provinces
+to the north where the Ilokanos revolted.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1417">Bi&ntilde;an, however, was within the sphere of English influence, for Anda&#8217;s campaign was not quite so formidable as the inscription
+on his monument in Manila represents it to be, and he was far indeed from being the great conqueror that the tablet on the
+Santa Cruz Church describes him. Because of its nearness to Manila and Cavite and its rich gardens, British soldiers and sailors
+often visited Bi&ntilde;an, but as the inhabitants never found occasion to abandon their homes, they evidently suffered no serious
+inconvenience.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1419">Commerce, a powerful factor, destroying the hermit character of the Islands, gained by the short experience of freer trade
+under England&#8217;s rule, since the Filipinos obtained a taste for articles before unused, which led them to be discontented and
+insistent, till the Manila market finally came to be better supplied. The contrast of the British judicial system with the
+Spanish tribunals was also a revelation, for the foulest blot upon the colonial administration of Spain was her iniquitous
+courts of justice, and this was especially true of the Philippines.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1421">Anda&#8217;s triumphal entry into the capital was celebrated with a wholesale hanging of Chinese, which must have <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1423"></a>Page 43</span>made Francisco Mercado glad that he was now so identified with the country as to escape the prejudice against his race.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1425">A few years later came the expulsion of the Jesuit fathers and the confiscation of their property. It certainly weakened the
+government; personal acquaintance counted largely with the Filipinos; whole parishes knew Spain and the Church only through
+their parish priest, and the parish priest was usually a Jesuit whose courtesy equalled that of the most aristocratic officeholder
+or of any exiled &#8220;caja abierta.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1427">Francisco Mercado did not live in a Jesuit parish but in the neighboring hacienda of St. John the Baptist at Kalamba, where
+there was a great dam and an extensive irrigation system which caused the land to rival in fertility the rich soil of Bi&ntilde;an.
+Everybody in his neighborhood knew that the estate had been purchased with money left in Mexico by pious Spaniards who wanted
+to see Christianity spread in the Philippines, and it seemed to them sacrilege that the government should take such property
+for its own secular uses.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1429">The priests in Bi&ntilde;an were Filipinos and were usually leaders among the secular clergy, for the parish was desirable beyond
+most in the archdiocese because of its nearness to Manila, its excellent climate, its well-to-do parishioners and the great
+variety of its useful and ornamental plants and trees. Many of the fruits and vegetables of Bi&ntilde;an were little known elsewhere,
+for they were of American origin, brought by Dominicans on the voyages from Spain by way of Mexico. They were introduced first
+into the great gardens at the hacienda house, which was a comfortable and spacious building adjoining the church, and the
+favorite resting place for members of the Order in Manila.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1431">The attendance of the friars on Sundays and f&ecirc;te days <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1433"></a>Page 44</span>gave to the religious services on these occasions a dignity usually belonging to city churches. Sometimes, too, some of the
+missionaries from China and other Dominican notables would be seen in Bi&ntilde;an. So the people not only had more of the luxuries
+and the pomp of life than most Filipinos, but they had a broader outlook upon it. Their opinion of Spain was formed from acquaintance
+with many Spaniards and from comparing them with people of other lands who often came to Manila and investigated the region
+close to it, especially the show spots such as Bi&ntilde;an. Then they were on the road to the fashionable baths at Los Ba&ntilde;os, where
+the higher officials often resorted. Such opportunities gave a sort of education, and Bi&ntilde;an people were in this way more cultured
+than the dwellers in remote places, whose only knowledge of their sovereign state was derived from a single Spaniard, the
+friar curate of their parish.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1435">Monastic training consists in withdrawing from the world and living isolated under strict rule, and this would scarcely seem
+to be the best preparation for such responsibility as was placed upon the Friars. Troubles were bound to come, and the people
+of Bi&ntilde;an, knowing the ways of the world, would soon be likely to complain and demand the changes which would avoid them; the
+residents of less worldly wise communities would wait and suffer till too late, and then in blind wrath would wreak bloody
+vengeance upon guilty and innocent alike.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1437">Kalamba, a near neighbor of Bi&ntilde;an, had other reasons for being known besides its confiscation by the government. It was the
+scene of an early and especially cruel massacre of Chinese, and about Francisco&#8217;s time considerable talk had been occasioned
+because an archbishop had established an uniform scale of charges for the various rites of the Church. While these charges
+were often complained of, it was the poorer people (some of whom were in receipt <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1439"></a>Page 45</span>of charity) who suffered. The rich were seeking more expensive ceremonies in order to outshine the other well-to-do people
+of their neighborhood. The real grievance was, however, not the cost, but the fact that political discriminations were made
+so that those who were out of favor with the government were likewise deprived of church privileges. The reform of Archbishop
+Santo y Rufino has importance only because it gave the people of the provinces what Manila had long possessed&#8212;a knowledge
+of the rivalry between the secular and the regular clergy.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1441">The people had learned in Governor Bustamente&#8217;s time that Church and State did not always agree, and now they saw dissensions
+within the Church. The Spanish Conquest and the possession of the Philippines had been made easy by the doctrine of the indivisibility
+of Church and State, by the teaching that the two were one and inseparable, but events were continually demonstrating the
+falsity of this early teaching. Hence the foundation of the sovereignty of Spain was slowly weakening, and nowhere more surely
+than in the region near Manila which numbered Jos&eacute; Rizal&#8217;s keen-witted and observing great grandfather among its leading men.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1443">Francisco Mercado was a bachelor during the times of these exciting events and therefore more free to visit Manila and Cavite,
+and he was possibly the more likely to be interested in political matters. He married on May 26, 1771, rather later in life
+than was customary in Bi&ntilde;an, though he was by no means as old as his father, Domingo, was when he married. His bride, Bernarda
+Monicha, was a Chinese mestiza of the neighboring hacienda of San Pedro Tunasan, who had been early orphaned and from childhood
+had lived in Bi&ntilde;an. As the coadjutor priest of the parish bore the same name, one uncommon in the Bi&ntilde;an records of that period,
+it is possible that he was a <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1445"></a>Page 46</span>relative. The frequent occurrence of the name of Monicha among the last names of girls of that vicinity later on must be ascribed
+to Bernarda&#8217;s popularity as godmother.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1447">Mr. and Mrs. Francisco Mercado had two children, both boys, Juan and Clemente. During their youth the people of the Philippines
+were greatly interested in the struggles going on between England, the old enemy of Spain, and the rebellious English-American
+colonies. So bitter was the Spanish hatred of the nation which had humiliated her repeatedly on both land and sea, that the
+authorities forgot their customary caution and encouraged the circulation of any story that told in favor of the American
+colonies. Little did they realize the impression that the statement of grievances&#8212;so trivial compared with the injustices
+that were being inflicted upon the Spanish colonials&#8212;was making upon their subjects overseas, who until then had been carefully
+guarded from all modern ideas of government. American successes were hailed with enthusiasm in the most remote towns, and
+from this time may be dated a perceptible increase in Philippine discontent. Till then outbreaks and uprisings had been more
+for revenge than with any well-considered aim, but henceforth complaints became definite, demands were made that to an increasing
+number of people appeared to be reasonable, and those demands were denied or ignored, or promises were made in answer to them
+which were never fulfilled.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1449">Francisco Mercado was well to do, if we may judge from the number of carabaos he presented for registration, for his was among
+the largest herds in the book of brands that has chanced to be preserved with the Bi&ntilde;an church records. In 1783 he was alcalde,
+or chief officer of the town, and he lived till 1801. His name appears so often as godfather in the registers of baptisms
+and weddings <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1451"></a>Page 47</span>that he must have been a good-natured, liberal and popular man.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1453">Mrs. Francisco Mercado survived her husband by a number of years, and helped to nurse through his baby ailments a grandson
+also named Francisco, the father of Doctor Rizal.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1455">Francisco Mercado&#8217;s eldest son, Juan, built a fine house in the center of Bi&ntilde;an, where its pretentious stone foundations yet
+stand to attest how the home deserved the pride which the family took in it.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1457">At twenty-two Juan married a girl of Tubigan, who was two years his elder, Cirila Alejandra, daughter of Domingo Lam-co&#8217;s
+Chinese godson, Siong-co. Cirila&#8217;s father&#8217;s silken garments were preserved by the family until within the memory of persons
+now living, and it is likely that Jos&eacute; Rizal, Siong-co&#8217;s great-grandson, while in school at Bi&ntilde;an, saw these tangible proofs
+of the social standing in China of this one of his ancestors.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1459">Juan Mercado was three times the chief officer of Bi&ntilde;an&#8212;in 1808, 1813 and 1823. His sympathies are evident from the fact that
+he gave the second name, Fernando, to the son born when the French were trying to get the Filipinos to declare for King Joseph,
+whom his brother Napoleon had named sovereign of Spain. During the little while that the Philippines profited by the first
+constitution of Spain, Mercado was one of the two alcaldes. King Ferdinand&nbsp;VII then was relying on English aid, and to please
+his allies as well as to secure the loyalty of his subjects, Ferdinand pretended to be a very liberal monarch, swearing to
+uphold the constitution which the representatives of the people had framed at Cadiz in 1812. Under this constitution the Filipinos
+were to be represented in the Spanish Cortes, and the grandfather of Rizal was one of the electors to choose the Representative.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1461"><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1462"></a>Page 48</span>During the next twenty-five years the history of the connection of the Philippines with Spain is mainly a record of the breaking
+and renewing of the King&#8217;s oaths to the constitution, and of the Philippines electing delegates who would find the Cortes
+dissolved by the time they could get to Madrid, until in the final constitution that did last Philippine representation was
+left out altogether. Had things been different the sad story of this book might never have been told, for though the misgovernment
+of the Philippines was originally owing to the disregard for the Laws of the Indies and to giving unrestrained power to officials,
+the effects of these mistakes were not apparent until well into the nineteenth century.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1464">Another influence which educated the Filipino people was at work during this period. They had heard the American Revolution
+extolled and its course approved, because the Spaniards disliked England. Then came the French Revolution, which appalled
+the civilized world. A people, ignorant and oppressed, washed out in blood the wrongs which they had suffered, but their liberty
+degenerated into license, their ideals proved impracticable, and the anarchy of their radical republic was succeeded by the
+military despotism of Napoleon.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1466">A book written in Tagalog by a friar pointed out the differences between true liberty and false. It was the story of an old
+municipal captain who had traveled and returned to enlighten his friends at home. The story was well told, and the catechism
+form in which, by his friends&#8217; questions and the answers to them, the author&#8217;s opinions were presented, was familiar to Filipinos,
+so that there were many intelligent readers, but its results were quite different from what its pious and patriotic author
+had intended they should be.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1468">The book told of the broadening influences of travel and of education; it suggested that liberty was possible <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1470"></a>Page 49</span>only for the intelligent, but that schools, newspapers, libraries and the means of travel which the American colonists were
+enjoying were not provided for the Filipinos.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1472">They were further told that the Spanish colonies in America were repeating the unhappy experiences of the French republic,
+while the &#8220;English North Americans,&#8221; whose ships during the American Revolution had found the Pacific a safe refuge from England,
+had developed considerable commerce with the Philippines. A kindly feeling toward the Americans had been aroused by the praise
+given to Filipino mechanics who had been trained by an American naval officer to repair his ship when the Spaniards at the
+government dockyards proved incapable of doing the work. Even the first American Consul, whose monument yet remains in the
+Plaza Cervantes, Manila, though, because of his faith, he could not be buried in the consecrated ground of the Catholic cemeteries,
+received what would appear to be a higher honor, a grave in the principal business plaza of the city.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1474">The inferences were irresistible: the way of the French Revolution was repugnant alike to God and government, that of the
+American was approved by both. Filipinos of reflective turn of mind began to study America; some even had gone there; for,
+from a little Filipino settlement, St. Malo near New Orleans, sailors enlisted to fight in the second war of the United States
+against England; one of them was wounded and his name was long borne on the pension roll of the United States.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1476">The danger of the dense ignorance in which their rulers kept the Filipinos showed itself in 1819, when a French ship from
+India having introduced Asiatic cholera into the Islands, the lowest classes of Manila ascribed it to the collections of insects
+and reptiles which a French naturalist, who was a passenger upon the ship, had brought <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1478"></a>Page 50</span>ashore. However the story started, the collection and the dwelling of the naturalist fared badly, and afterwards the mob,
+excited by its success, made war upon all foreigners. At length the excitement subsided, but too much damage to foreign lives
+and property had been done to be ignored, and the matter had an ugly look, especially as no Spaniard had suffered by this
+outbreak. The Insular government roused itself to punish some of the minor misdoers and made many explanations and apologies,
+but the aggrieved nations insisted, and obtained as compensation a greater security for foreigners and the removal of many
+of the restraints upon commerce and travel. Thus the riot proved a substantial step in Philippine progress.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1480">Following closely the excitement over the massacre of the foreigners in Manila came the news that Spain had sold Florida to
+the United States. The circumstances of the sale were hardly creditable to the vendor, for it was under compulsion. Her lax
+government had permitted its territory to become the refuge of criminals and lawless savages who terrorized the border until
+in self-defense American soldiers under General Jackson had to do the work that Spain could not do. Then with order restored
+and the country held by American troops, an offer to purchase was made to Spain who found the liberal purchase money a very
+welcome addition to her bankrupt treasury.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1482">Immediately after this the Monroe Doctrine attracted widespread attention in the Philippines. Its story is part of Spanish
+history. A group of reactionary sovereigns of Europe, including King Ferdinand, had united to crush out progressive ideas
+in their kingdoms and to remove the dangerous examples of liberal states from their neighborhoods. One of the effects of this
+unholy alliance was to nullify all the reforms which Spain had introduced to secure English assistance in her time of <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1484"></a>Page 51</span>need, and the people of England were greatly incensed. Great Britain had borne the brunt of the war against Napoleon because
+her liberties were jeopardized, but naturally her people could not be expected to undertake further warfare merely for the
+sake of people of another land, however they might sympathize with them.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1486">George Canning, the English statesman to whom belonged much of the credit for the Constitution of Cadiz, thought out a way
+to punish the Spanish king for his perfidy. King Ferdinand was planning, with the Island of Cuba as a base, to begin a campaign
+that should return his rebellious American colonies to their allegiance, for they had taken advantage of disturbances in the
+Peninsula to declare their independence. England proposed to the United States that they, the two Anglo-Saxon nations whose
+ideas of liberty had unsettled Europe and whom the alliance would have attacked had it dared, should unite in a protectorate
+over the New World. England was to guard the sea and the United States were to furnish the soldiers for any land fighting
+which might come on their side of the Atlantic.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1488">World politics had led the enemies of England to help her revolting colonies, Napoleon&#8217;s jealousy of Britain had endowed the
+new nation with the vast Louisiana Territory, and European complications saved the United States from the natural consequences
+of their disastrous war of 1812, which taught them that union was as necessary to preserve their independence as it had been
+to win it. Canning&#8217;s project in principle appealed to the North Americans, but the study of it soon showed that Great Britain
+was selfish in her suggestion. After a generation of fighting, England found herself drained of soldiers and therefore she
+diplomatically invited the co&ouml;peration of her former colonies; but, regardless of any formal arrangement, her navy could be
+relied on to prevent those <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1490"></a>Page 52</span>who had played her false from transporting large armies across the ocean into the neighborhood of her otherwise defenseless
+colonies. That was self-preservation.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1492"></p>
+<div id="d0e1493" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b052.jpg" alt="Sketch of Pacific Ocean spheres of Influence, made by Rizal when&#xA;President Harrison was taking a decided policy regarding Samoa."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Sketch of Pacific Ocean spheres of Influence, made by Rizal when
+President Harrison was taking a decided policy regarding Samoa.
+</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1497">President Monroe&#8217;s advisers were willing that their country should run some risk on its own account, but they had the traditional
+American aversion to entangling alliances. So the Cabinet counseled that the young nation alone should make itself the protector
+of the South American republics, and drafted the declaration warning the world that aggression against any of the New World
+democracies would be resented as unfriendliness to the United States.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1499">It was the firm attitude of President Monroe that compelled Spain to forego the attempt to reconquer her former colonies,
+and therefore Mexico and Central and <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1501"></a>Page 53</span>South America owe their existence as republics quite as much to the elder commonwealth as does Cuba.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1503">The American attitude revealed in the Monroe Doctrine was especially obnoxious to the Spaniards in the Philippines but their
+intemperate denunciations of the policy of America for the Americans served only to spread a knowledge of that doctrine among
+the people of that little territory which remained to them to misgovern. Secretly there began to be, among the stouter-hearted
+Filipinos, some who cherished a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, the Philippines for the Filipinos.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1505">Thoughts of separation from Spain by means of rebellion, by sale and by the assistance of other nations, had been thus put
+into the heads of the people. These were all changes coming from outside, but it next to be demonstrated that Spain herself
+did not hold her noncontiguous territories as sacred as she did her home dominions.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1507">The sale of Florida suggested that Cuba, Porto Rico and the Philippines were also available assets, and an offer to sell them
+was made to the King of France; but this sovereign overreached himself, for, thinking to drive a better bargain, he claimed
+that the low prices were too high. Thereupon the Spanish Ambassador, who was not in accord with his unpatriotic instructions,
+at once withdrew the offer and the negotiations terminated. But the Spanish people learned of the proposed sale and their
+indignation was great. The news spread to the Spaniards in the Philippines. Through their comments the Filipinos realized
+that the much-talked-of sacred integrity of the Spanish dominions was a meaningless phrase, and that the Philippines would
+not always be Spanish if Spain could get her price.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1509">Gobernadorcillo Mercado, &#8220;Captain Juan,&#8221; as he was called, made a creditable figure in his office, and there <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1511"></a>Page 54</span>used to be in Bi&ntilde;an a painting of him with his official sword, cocked hat and embroidered blouse. The municipal executive
+in his time did not always wear the ridiculous combination of European and old Tagalog costumes, namely, a high hat and a
+short jacket over the floating tails of a pleated shirt, which later undignified the position. He has a notable record for
+his generosity, the absence of oppression and for the official honesty which distinguished his public service from that of
+many who held his same office. He did, however, change the tribute lists so that his family were no longer &#8220;Chinese mestizos,&#8221;
+but were enrolled as &#8220;Indians,&#8221; the wholesale Spanish term for the natives of all Spain&#8217;s possessions overseas. This, in a
+way, was compensation (it lowered his family&#8217;s tribute) for his having to pay the taxes of all who died in Bi&ntilde;an or moved
+away during his term of office. The municipal captain then was held accountable whether the people could pay or not, no deductions
+ever being made from the lists. Most gobernadorcillos found ways to reimburse themselves, but not Mercado. His family, however,
+were of the fourth generation in the Philippines and he evidently thought that they were entitled to be called Filipinos.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1513">A leader in church work also, and several times &#8220;Hermano mayor&#8221; of its charitable society, the Captain&#8217;s name appears on a
+number of lists that have come down from that time as a liberal contributor to various public subscriptions. His wife was
+equally benevolent, as the records show.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1515">Mr. and Mrs. Mercado did not neglect their family, which was rather numerous. Their children were Gavino, Potenciana (who
+never married), Leoncio, Fausto, Barcelisa (who became the wife of Hermenegildo Austria), Gabriel, Julian, Gregorio Fernando,
+Casimiro, Petrona (who married Gregorio Neri), Tomasa (later <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1517"></a>Page 55</span>Mrs. F. de Guzman), and Cornelia, the belle of the family, who later lived in Batangas.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1519">Young Francisco was only eight years old when his father died, but his mother and sister Potenciana looked well after him.
+First he attended a Bi&ntilde;an Latin school, and later he seems to have studied Latin and philosophy in the College of San Jos&eacute;
+in Manila.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1521">A sister, Petrona, for some years had been a dressgoods merchant in nearby Kalamba, on an estate that had recently come under
+the same ownership as Bi&ntilde;an. There she later married, and shortly after was widowed. Possibly upon their mother&#8217;s death, Potenciana
+and Francisco removed to Kalamba; though Petrona died not long after, her brother and sister continued to make their home
+there.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1523"></p>
+<table align="right" style="margin:10px; margin-right:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e1524" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b055.jpg" alt="Father of Rizal."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Father of Rizal.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1528">Francisco, in spite of his youth, became a tenant of the estate as did some others of his family, for their Bi&ntilde;an holdings
+were not large enough to give farms to all Captain Juan&#8217;s many sons. The landlords early recognized the agricultural skill
+of the Mercados by further allotments, as they could bring more land under cultivation. Sometimes Francisco was able to buy
+the holdings of others who proved less successful in their management and became discouraged.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1530">The pioneer farming, clearing the miasmatic forests especially, was dangerous work, and there were few families that did not
+buy their land with the lives of some of its members. In 1847 the Mercados had funerals, of brothers and nephews of Francisco,
+and, chief among them, of that elder sister who had devoted her life to him, <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1532"></a>Page 56</span>Potenciana. She had always prompted and inspired the young man, and Francisco&#8217;s success in life was largely due to her wise
+counsels and her devoted encouragement of his industry and ambition. Her thrifty management of the home, too, was sadly missed.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1534"></p>
+<table align="left" style="margin:10px; margin-left:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e1535" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b056.jpg" alt="Mother of Rizal."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Mother of Rizal.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1539">A year after his sister Potenciana&#8217;s death, Francisco Mercado married Teodora Alonzo, a native of Manila, who for several
+years had been residing with her mother at Kalamba. The history of the family of Mrs. Mercado is unfortunately not so easily
+traced as is that of her husband, and what is known is of less simplicity and perhaps of more interest since the mother&#8217;s
+influence is greater than the father&#8217;s, and she was the mother of Jos&eacute; Rizal.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1541">Her father, Lorenzo Alberto Alonzo (born 1790, died 1854), is said to have been &#8220;very Chinese&#8221; in appearance. He had a brother
+who was a priest, and a sister, Isabel, who was quite wealthy; he himself was also well to do. Their mother, Maria Florentina
+(born 1771, died 1817), was, on her mother&#8217;s side, of the famous Florentina family of Chinese mestizos originating in Baliwag,
+Bulacan, and her father was Captain Mariano Alejandro of Bi&ntilde;an.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1543">Lorenzo Alberto was municipal captain of Bi&ntilde;an in 1824, as had been his father, Captain Cipriano Alonzo (died 1805), in 1797.
+The grandfather, Captain Gregorio Alonzo (died 1794), was a native of Quiotan barrio, and twice, in 1763 and again in 1768,
+at the head of the mestizos&#8217; organization of the Santa Cruz district in Manila.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1545"><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1546"></a>Page 57</span>Captain Lorenzo was educated for a surveyor, and his engineering books, some in English and others in French, were preserved
+in Bi&ntilde;an till, upon the death of his son, the family belongings were scattered. He was wealthy, and had invested a considerable
+sum of money with the American Manila shipping firms of Peele, Hubbell &amp; Co., and Russell, Sturgis &amp; Co.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1548">The family story is that he became acquainted with Brigida de Quintos, Mrs. Rizal&#8217;s mother, while he was a student in Manila,
+and that she, being unusually well educated for a girl of those days, helped him with his mathematics. Their acquaintance
+apparently arose through relationship, both being connected with the Reyes family. They had five children: Narcisa (who married
+Santiago Muger), Teodora (Mrs. Francisco Rizal Mercado), Gregorio, Manuel and Jos&eacute;. All were born in Manila, but lived in
+Kalamba, and they used the name Alonzo till that general change of names in 1850 when, with their mother, they adopted the
+name Realonda. This latter name has been said to be an allusion to royal blood in the family, but other indications suggest
+that it might have been a careless mistake made in writing by Rosa Realonda, whose name sometimes appears written as Redonda.
+There is a family Redondo (Redonda in its feminine form) Alonzo of Ilokano origin, the same stock as their traditions give
+for Mrs. Rizal&#8217;s father, some of whose members were to be found in the neighborhood of Bi&ntilde;an and Pasay. One member of this
+family was akin in spirit to Jos&eacute; Rizal, for he was fined twenty-five thousand pesos by the Supreme Court of the Philippine
+Islands for &#8220;contempt of religion.&#8221; It appears that he put some original comparisons into a petition which sought to obtain
+justice from an inferior tribunal where, by the omission of the word &#8220;not&#8221; in copying, <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1550"></a>Page 58</span>the clerk had reversed the court&#8217;s decision but the judge refused to change the record.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1552">Brigida de Quintos&#8217;s death record, in Kalamba (1856), speaks of her as the daughter of Manuel de Quintos and Regina Ochoa.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1554">The most obscure part of Rizal&#8217;s family tree is the Ochoa branch, the family of the maternal grandmother, for all the archives,&#8212;church,
+land and court,&#8212;disappeared during the late disturbed conditions of which Cavite was the center. So one can only repeat what
+has been told by elderly people who have been found reliable in other accounts where the clews they gave could be compared
+with existing records.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1556">The first of the family is said to have been Policarpio Ochoa, an employ&eacute; of the Spanish customs house. Estanislao Manuel
+Ochoa was his son, with the blood of old Castile mingling with Chinese and Tagalog in his veins. He was part owner of the
+Hacienda of San Francisco de Malabon. One story says that somewhere in this family was a Mariquita Ochoa, of such beauty that
+she was known in Cavite, where was her home, as the Sampaguita (jasmine) of the Parian, or Chinese, quarter.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1558">There was a Spanish nobleman also in Cavite in her time who had been deported for political reasons&#8212;probably for holding liberal
+opinions and for being thought to be favorable to English ideas. It is said that this particular &#8220;caja abierta&#8221; was a Marquis
+de Canete, and if so there is ground for the claim that he was of royal blood; at least some of his far-off ancestors had
+been related to a former ruling family of Spain.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1560">Mariquita&#8217;s mother knew the exile, since, according to the custom in Filipino families, she looked after the business interests
+of her husband. Curious to see the belle of whom he had heard so much, the Marquis made an excuse of doing business with the
+mother, and went <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1562"></a>Page 59</span>to her home on an occasion when he knew that the mother was away. No one else was there to answer his knock and Mariquita,
+busied in making candy, could not in her confusion find a coconut shell to dip water for washing her hands from the large
+jar, and not to keep the visitor waiting, she answered the door as she was. Not only did her appearance realize the expectations
+of the Marquis, but the girl seemed equally attractive for her self-possessed manners and lively mind. The nobleman was charmed.
+On his way home he met a cart loaded with coconut dippers and he bought the entire lot and sent it as his first present.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1564">After this the exile invented numerous excuses to call, till Mariquita&#8217;s mother finally agreed to his union with her daughter.
+His political disability made him out of favor with the State church, the only place in which people could be married then,
+but Mariquita became what in English would be called a common-law wife. One of their children, Jos&eacute;, had a tobacco factory
+and a slipper factory in Meisic, Manila, and was the especial protector of his younger sister, Regina, who became the wife
+of attorney Manuel de Quintos. A sister of Regina was Diega de Castro, who with another sister, Luseria, sold &#8220;chorizos&#8221; (sausages)
+or &#8220;tiratira&#8221; (taffy candy), the first at a store and the second in their own home, but both in Cavite, according to the variations
+of one narrative.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1566">A different account varies the time and omits the noble ancestor by saying that Regina was married unusually young to Manuel
+de Quintos to escape the attentions of the Marquis. Another authority claims that Regina was wedded to the lawyer in second
+marriage, being the widow of Facundo de Layva, the captain of the ship <i>Hernando Magallanes</i>, whose pilot, by the way, was Andrew Stewart, an Englishman.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1571"><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1572"></a>Page 60</span>It is certain that Regina Ochoa was of Spanish, Chinese and Tagalog ancestry, and it is recorded that she was the wife of
+Manuel de Quintos. Here we stop depending on memories, for in the restored burial register of Kalamba church in the entry
+of the funeral of Brigida de Quintos she is called &#8220;the daughter of Manuel de Quintos and Regina Ochoa.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1574">Manuel de Quintos was an attorney of Manila, graduated from Santo Tom&aacute;s University, whose family were Chinese mestizos of
+Pangasinan. The lawyer&#8217;s father, of the same name, had been municipal captain of Lingayan, and an uncle was leader of the
+Chinese mestizos in a protest they had made against the arbitrariness of their provincial governor. This petition for redress
+of grievances is preserved in the Supreme Court archives with &#8220;Joaquin de Quintos&#8221; well and boldly written at the head of
+the complainants&#8217; names, evidence of a culture and a courage that were equally uncommon in those days. Complaints under Spanish
+rule, no matter how well founded, meant trouble for the complainants; we must not forget that it was a vastly different thing
+from signing petitions or adhering to resolutions nowadays. Then the signers risked certainly great annoyance, sometimes imprisonment,
+and not infrequently death.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1576">The home of Quintos had been in San Pedro Macati at the time of Captain Novales&#8217;s uprising, the so-called &#8220;American revolt&#8221;
+in protest against the Peninsulars sent out to supersede the Mexican officers who had remained loyal to Spain when the colony
+of their birth separated itself from the mother country. As little San Pedro Macati is charged with having originated the
+conspiracy, it is unlikely that it was concealed from the liberal lawyer, for attorneys were scarcer and held in higher esteem
+in those days.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1578">The conservative element then, as later, did not often <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1580"></a>Page 61</span>let drop any opportunity of purging the community of those who thought for themselves, by condemning them for crime unheard
+and undefended, whether they had been guilty of it or not.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1582">All the branches of Mrs. Rizal&#8217;s family were much richer than the relatives of her husband; there were numerous lawyers and
+priests among them&#8212;the old-time proof of social standing&#8212;and they were influential in the country.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1584">There are several names of these related families that belong among the descendants of Lakandola, as traced by Mr. Luther
+Parker in his study of the Pampangan migration, and color is thereby given, so far as Rizal is concerned, to a proud boast
+that an old Pampangan lady of this descent makes for her family. She, who is exceedingly well posted upon her ancestry, ends
+the tracing of her lineage from Lakandola&#8217;s time by asserting that the blood of that chief flowed in the veins of every Filipino
+who had the courage to stand forward as the champion of his people from the earliest days to the close of the Spanish r&eacute;gime.
+Lakandola, of course, belonged to the Mohammedan Sumatrans who emigrated to the Philippines only a few generations before
+Magellan&#8217;s discovery.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1586">To recall relatives of Mrs. Rizal who were in the professions may help to an understanding of the prominence of the family.
+Felix Florentino, an uncle, was the first clerk of the Nueva Segovia (Vigan) court. A cousin-german, Jos&eacute; Florentino, was
+a Philippine deputy in the Spanish Cortes, and a lawyer of note, as was also his brother, Manuel. Another relative, less near,
+was Clerk Reyes, of the Court of First Instance in Manila. The priest of Rosario, Vicar of Batangas Province, Father Leyva,
+was a half-blood relation, and another priestly relative was Mrs. Rizal&#8217;s paternal uncle, Father Alonzo. <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1588"></a>Page 62</span><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1589"></a>Page 63</span>These were in the earlier days when professional men were scarcer. Father Almeida, of Santa Cruz Church, Manila, and Father
+Agustin Mendoz, his predecessor in the same church, and one of the sufferers in the Cavite trouble of &#8217;72&#8212;a deport&eacute;&#8212;were most
+distantly connected with the Rizal family. Another relative, of the Reyes connection, was in the Internal Revenue Service
+and had charge of Kalamba during the latter part of the eighteenth century.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1591"></p>
+<div id="d0e1592" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b062.jpg" alt="Family tree made by Rizal when in Dapitan."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Family tree made by Rizal when in Dapitan.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1596">Mrs. Rizal was baptized in Santa Cruz Church, Manila, November 18, 1827, as Teodora Morales Alonzo, her godmother being a
+relative by marriage, Do&ntilde;a Maria Cristina. She was given an exceptionally good fundamental education by her gifted mother,
+and completed her training in Santa Rosa College, Manila, which was in the charge of Filipino sisters. Especially did the
+religious influence of her schooling manifest itself in her after life. Unfortunately there are no records in the institution,
+because it is said all the members of the Order who could read and write were needed for instruction and there was no one
+competent who had time for clerical work.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1598">Brigida de Quintos had removed to the property in Kalamba which Lorenzo Alberto had transferred to her, and there as early
+as 1844 she is first mentioned as Brigida de Quintos, then as Brigida de Alonzo, and later as Brigida Realonda.
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1600"></a>Page 64</span></p><a id="d0e1601"></a><h2 class="abovehead">Chapter IV</h2>
+<h1>Rizal&#8217;s Early Childhood</h1>
+<p id="d0e1604"><span class="smallcaps">Jos&eacute; Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda</span>, the seventh child of Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado y Alejandro and his wife, Teodora Morales Alonzo Realonda y Quintos,
+was born in Kalamba, June 19, 1861.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1608">He was a typical Filipino, for few persons in this land of mixed blood could boast a greater mixture than his. Practically
+all the ethnic elements, perhaps even the Negrito in the far past, combined in his blood. All his ancestors, except the doubtful
+strain of the Negrito, had been immigrants to the Philippines, early Malays, and later Sumatrans, Chinese of prehistoric times
+and the refugees from the Tartar dominion, and Spaniards of old Castile and Valencia&#8212;representatives of all the various peoples
+who have blended to make the strength of the Philippine race.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1610">Shortly before Jos&eacute;&#8217;s birth his family had built a pretentious new home in the center of Kalamba on a lot which Francisco
+Mercado had inherited from his brother. The house was destroyed before its usefulness had ceased, by the vindictiveness of
+those who hated the man-child that was born there. And later on the gratitude of a free people held the same spot sacred because
+there began that life consecrated to the Philippines and finally given for it, after preparing the way for the union of the
+various disunited Chinese mestizos, Spanish mestizos, and half a hundred dialectically distinguished &#8220;Indians&#8221; into the united
+people of the Philippines.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1612">Jos&eacute; was christened in the nearby church when three days old, and as two out-of-town bands happened to be in Kalamba for a
+local festival, music was a feature of <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1614"></a>Page 65</span>the event. His godfather was Father Pedro Casa&ntilde;as, a Filipino priest of a Kalamba family, and the priest who christened him
+was also a Filipino, Father Rufino Collantes. Following is a translation of the record of Rizal&#8217;s birth and baptism: &#8220;I, the
+undersigned parish priest of the town of Calamba, certify that from the investigation made with proper authority, for replacing
+the parish books which were burned September 28, 1862, to be found in Docket No. 1 of Baptisms, page 49, it appears by the
+sworn testimony of competent witnesses that <span class="smallcaps">Jos&eacute; Rizal Mercado</span> is the legitimate son, and of lawful wedlock, of Don Francisco Rizal Mercado and Do&ntilde;a Teodora Realonda, having been baptized
+in this parish on the 22d day of June in the year 1861, by the parish priest, Rev. Rufino Collantes, Rev. Pedro Casa&ntilde;as being
+his godfather.&#8221;&#8212;Witness my signature. <br id="d0e1619">(Signed) <span class="smallcaps">Leoncio Lopez</span>.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1624"></p>
+<div id="d0e1625" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b065.jpg" alt="Birthplace of Jos&eacute; Rizal."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Birthplace of Jos&eacute; Rizal.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1629"><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1630"></a>Page 66</span>Jos&eacute; Rizal&#8217;s earliest training recalls the education of William and Alexander von Humboldt, those two nineteenth century Germans
+whose achievements for the prosperity of their fatherland and the advancement of humanity have caused them to be spoken of
+as the most remarkable pair of brothers that ever lived. He was not physically a strong child, but the direction of his first
+studies was by an unusually gifted mother, who succeeded, almost without the aid of books, in laying a foundation upon which
+the man placed an amount of well-mastered knowledge along many different lines that is truly marvelous, and this was done
+in so short a time that its brevity constitutes another wonder.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1632">At three he learned his letters, having insisted upon being taught to read and being allowed to share the lessons of an elder
+sister. Immediately thereafter he was discovered with her story book, spelling out its words by the aid of the syllabary or
+&#8220;caton&#8221; which he had propped up before him and was using as one does a dictionary in a foreign language.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1634">The little boy spent also much of his time in the church, which was conveniently near, but when the mother suggested that
+this might be an indication of religious inclination, his prompt response was that he liked to watch the people.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1636">To how good purpose the small eyes and ears were used, the true-to-life types of the characters in &#8220;Noli Me Tangere&#8221; and &#8220;El
+Filibusterismo&#8221; testify.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1638">Three uncles, brothers of the mother, concerned themselves with the intellectual, artistic and physical training of this promising
+nephew. The youngest, Jos&eacute;, a teacher, looked after the regular lessons. The giant Manuel developed the physique of the youngster,
+until he had a supple body of silk and steel and was no longer a sickly lad, though he did not entirely lose his somewhat
+delicate <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1640"></a>Page 67</span>looks. The more scholarly Gregorio saw that the child earned his candy money&#8212;trying to instill the idea into his mind that
+it was not the world&#8217;s way that anything worth having should come without effort; he taught him also the value of rapidity
+in work, to think for himself, and to observe carefully and to picture what he saw.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1642"></p>
+<div id="d0e1643" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b067.jpg" alt="A Group of Sketches by Rizal."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">A Group of Sketches by Rizal.</p>
+</div><p>
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1647"></a>Page 68</span></p>
+<p id="d0e1648">Sometimes Jos&eacute; would draw a bird flying without lifting pencil from the paper till the picture was finished. At other times
+it would be a horse running or a dog in chase, but it always must be something of which he had thought himself and the idea
+must not be overworked; there was no payment for what had been done often before. Thus he came to think for himself, ideas
+were suggested to him indirectly, so he was never a servile copyist, and he acquired the habit of speedy accomplishment.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1650">Clay at first, then wax, was his favorite play material. From these he modeled birds and butterflies that came ever nearer
+to the originals in nature as the wise praise of the uncles called his attention to possibilities of improvement and encouraged
+him to further effort. This was the beginning of his nature study.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1652"></p>
+<table align="left" style="margin:10px; margin-left:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e1653" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b068.jpg" alt="Wooden bust of his father carved by Rizal"></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Wooden bust of his father carved by Rizal</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1657">Jos&eacute; had a pony and used to take long rides through all the surrounding country, so rich in picturesque scenery. Besides these
+horseback expeditions were excursions afoot; on the latter his companion was his big black dog, Usman. His father pretended
+to be fearful of some accident if dog and pony went together, so the boy had to choose between these favorites, and alternated
+walking and riding, just as Mr. Mercado had planned he should. The long pedestrian excursions of his European life, though
+spoken of as German and English habits, were merely continuations of this childhood custom. There were other playmates besides
+the dog and the horse, especially doves that lived in several houses about the <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1659"></a>Page 69</span>Mercado home, and the lad was friend and defender of all the animals, birds, and even insects in the neighborhood. Had his
+childish sympathies been respected the family would have been strictly vegetarian in their diet.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1661">At times Jos&eacute; was permitted to spend the night in one of the curious little straw huts which La Laguna farmers put up during
+the harvest season, and the myths and legends of the region which he then heard interested him and were later made good use
+of in his writings.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1663">Sleight-of-hand tricks were a favorite amusement, and he developed a dexterity which mystified the simple folk of the country.
+This diversion, and his proficiency in it, gave rise to that mysterious awe with which he was regarded by the common people
+of his home region; they ascribed to him supernatural powers, and refused to believe that he was really dead even after the
+tragedy of Bagumbayan.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1665">Entertainment of the neighbors with magic-lantern exhibitions was another frequent amusement, an ordinary lamp throwing its
+light on a common sheet serving as a screen. Jos&eacute;&#8217;s supple fingers twisted themselves into fantastic shapes, the enlarged
+shadows of which on the curtain bore resemblance to animals, and paper accessories were worked in to vary and enlarge the
+repertoire of action figures. The youthful showman was quite successful in catering to the public taste, and the knowledge
+he then gained proved valuable later in enabling him to approach his countrymen with books that held their attention and gave
+him the opportunity to tell them of shortcomings which it was necessary that they should correct.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1667">Almost from babyhood he had a grown-up way about him, a sort of dignity that seemed to make him realize and respect the rights
+of others and unconsciously disposed his elders to reason with him, rather than scold him <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1669"></a>Page 70</span>for his slight offenses. This habit grew, as reprimands were needed but once, and his grave promises of better behavior were
+faithfully kept when the explanation of why his conduct was wrong was once made clear to him. So the child came to be not
+an unwelcome companion even for adults, for he respected their moods and was never troublesome. A big influence in the formation
+of the child&#8217;s character was his association with the parish priest of Kalamba, Father Leoncio Lopez.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1671"></p>
+<div id="d0e1672" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b070.jpg" alt="The church and convento at Kalamba."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">The church and convento at Kalamba.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1676">The Kalamba church and convento, which were located across the way from the Rizal home, were constructed after the great earthquake
+of 1863, which demolished so many edifices throughout the central part of the Philippines.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1678">The curate of Kalamba had a strong personality and was notable among the Filipino secular clergy of that day when responsibility
+had developed many creditable figures. An English writer of long residence in the Philippines, <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1680"></a>Page 71</span>John Foreman, in his book on the Philippine Islands, describes how his first meeting with this priest impressed him, and tells
+us that subsequent acquaintance confirmed the early favorable opinion of one whom he considered remarkable for broad intelligence
+and sanity of view. Father Leonc&iacute;o never deceived himself and his judgment was sound and clear, even when against the opinions
+and persons of whom he would have preferred to think differently. Probably Jos&eacute;, through the priest&#8217;s fondness for children
+and because he was well behaved and the son of friendly neighbors, was at first tolerated about the convento, the Philippine
+name for the priest&#8217;s residence, but soon he became a welcome visitor for his own sake.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1682">He never disturbed the priest&#8217;s meditations when the old clergyman was studying out some difficult question, but was a keen
+observer, apparently none the less curious for his respectful reserve. Father Leonc&iacute;o may have forgotten the age of his listener,
+or possibly was only thinking aloud, but he spoke of those matters which interested all thinking Filipinos and found a sympathetic,
+eager audience in the little boy, who at least gave close heed if he had at first no valuable comments to offer.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1684">In time the child came to ask questions, and they were so sensible that careful explanation was given, and questions were
+not dismissed with the statement that these things were for grown-ups, a statement which so often repels the childish zeal
+for knowledge. Not many mature people in those days held so serious converse as the priest and his child friend, for fear
+of being overheard and reported, a danger which even then existed in the Philippines.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1686">That the old Filipino priest of Rizal&#8217;s novels owed something to the author&#8217;s recollections of Father Leonc&iacute;o is suggested
+by a chapter in &#8220;Noli Me Tangere.&#8221; Ibarra, viewing Manila by moonlight on the first night <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1688"></a>Page 72</span>after his return from Europe, recalls old memories and makes mention of the neighborhood of the Botanical Garden, just beyond
+which the friend and mentor of his youth had died. Father Leoncio Lopez died in Calle Concepci&oacute;n in that vicinity, which would
+seem to identify him in connection with that scene in the book, rather than numerous others whose names have been sometimes
+suggested.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1690"></p>
+<table align="left" style="margin:10px; margin-left:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e1691" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b072.jpg" alt="Father Leoncio Lopez."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Father Leoncio Lopez.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1695">Two writings of Rizal recall thoughts of his youthful days. One tells how he used to wander down along the lake shore and,
+looking across the waters, wonder about the people on the other side. Did they, too, he questioned, suffer injustice as the
+people of his home town did? Was the whip there used as freely, carelessly and unmercifully by the authorities? Had men and
+women also to be servile and hypocrites to live in peace over there? But among these thoughts, never once did it occur to
+him that at no distant day the conditions would be changed and, under a government that safeguarded the personal rights of
+the humblest of its citizens, the region that evoked his childhood wondering was to become part of a province bearing his
+own name in honor of his labors toward banishing servility and hypocrisy from the character of his countrymen.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1697">The lake district of Central Luzon is one of the most historic regions in the Islands, the May-i probably of the twelfth century
+Chinese geographer. Here was the scene of the earliest Spanish missionary activity. On the south <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1699"></a>Page 73</span>shore is Kalamba, birthplace of Doctor Rizal, with Bi&ntilde;an, the residence of his father&#8217;s ancestors, to the northwest, and on
+the north shore the land to which reference is made above. Today this same region at the north bears the name of Rizal Province
+in his honor.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1701"></p>
+<div id="d0e1702" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b073.jpg" alt="Sketch map of the lake district by Rizal."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Sketch map of the lake district by Rizal.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1706">The other recollection of Rizal&#8217;s youth is of his first reading lesson. He did not know Spanish and made bad <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1708"></a>Page 74</span>work of the story of the &#8220;Foolish Butterfly,&#8221; which his mother had selected, stumbling over the words and grouping them without
+regard to the sense. Finally Mrs. Rizal took the book from her son and read it herself, translating the tale into the familiar
+Tagalog used in their home. The moral is supposed to be obedience, and the young butterfly was burned and died because it
+disregarded the parental warning not to venture too close to the alluring flame. The reading lesson was in the evening and
+by the light of a coconut-oil lamp, and some moths were very appropriately fluttering about its cheerful blaze. The little
+boy watched them as his mother read and he missed the moral, for as the insects singed their wings and fluttered to their
+death in the flame he forgot their disobedience and found no warning in it for him. Rather he envied their fate and considered
+that the light was so fine a thing that it was worth dying for. Thus early did the notion that there are things worth more
+than life enter his head, though he could not foresee that he was to be himself a martyr and that the day of his death would
+before long be commemorated in his country to recall to his countrymen lessons as important to their national existence as
+his mother&#8217;s precept was for his childish welfare.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1710">When he was four the mystery of life&#8217;s ending had been brought home to him by the death of a favorite little sister, and he
+shed the first tears of real sorrow, for until then he had only wept as children do when disappointed in getting their own
+way. It was the first of many griefs, but he quickly realized that life is a constant struggle and he learned to meet disappointments
+and sorrows with the tears in the heart and a smile on the lips, as he once advised a nephew to do.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1712">At seven Jos&eacute; made his first real journey; the family went to Antipolo with the host of pilgrims who in May <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1714"></a>Page 75</span>visit the mountain shrine of Our Lady of Peace and Safe Travel. In the early Spanish days in Mexico she was the special patroness
+of voyages to America, especially while the galleon trade lasted; the statue was brought to Antipolo in 1672.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1716">A print of the Virgin, a souvenir of this pilgrimage, was, according to the custom of those times, pasted inside Jos&eacute;&#8217;s wooden
+chest when he left home for school; later on it was preserved in an album and went with him in all his travels. Afterwards
+it faced Bougereau&#8217;s splendid conception of the Christ-mother, as one who had herself thus suffered, consoling another mother
+grieving over the loss of a son. Many years afterwards Doctor Rizal was charged with having fallen away from religion, but
+he seems really rather to have experienced a deepening of the religious spirit which made the essentials of charity and kindness
+more important in his eyes than forms and ceremonies.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1718">Yet Rizal practiced those forms prescribed for the individual even when debarred from church privileges. The lad doubtless
+got his idea of distinguishing between the sign and the substance from a well-worn book of explanations of the church ritual
+and symbolism &#8220;intended for the use of parish priests.&#8221; It was found in his library, with Mrs. Rizal&#8217;s name on the flyleaf.
+Much did he owe his mother, and his grateful recognition appears in his appreciative portrayal of maternal affection in his
+novels.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1720">His parents were both religious, but in a different way. The father&#8217;s religion was manifested in his charities; he used to
+keep on hand a fund, of which his wife had no account, for contributions to the necessitous and loans to the irresponsible.
+Mrs. Rizal attended to the business affairs and was more careful in her handling of money, though quite as charitably disposed.
+Her early training in Santa Rosa had taught her the habit of frequent prayer <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1722"></a>Page 76</span>and she began early in the morning and continued till late in the evening, with frequent attendance in the church. Mr. Rizal
+did not forget his church duties, but was far from being so assiduous in his practice of them, and the discussions in the
+home frequently turned on the comparative value of words and deeds, discussions that were often given a humorous twist by
+the husband when he contrasted his wife&#8217;s liberality in prayers with her more careful dispensing of money aid.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1724">Not many homes in Kalamba were so well posted on events of the outside world, and the children constantly heard discussions
+of questions which other households either ignored or treated rather reservedly, for espionage was rampant even then in the
+Islands. Mrs. Rizal&#8217;s literary training had given her an acquaintance with the better Spanish writers which benefited her
+children; she told them the classic tales in style adapted to their childish comprehension, so that when they grew older they
+found that many noted authors were old acquaintances. The Bible, too, played a large part in the home. Mrs. Rizal&#8217;s copy was
+a Spanish translation of the Latin Vulgate, the version authorized by her Church but not common in the Islands then. Rizal&#8217;s
+frequent references to Biblical personages and incidents are not paralleled in the writings of any contemporary Filipino author.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1726">The frequent visitors to their home, the church, civil and military authorities, who found the spacious Rizal mansion a convenient
+resting place on their way to the health resort at Los Ba&ntilde;os, brought something of the city, and a something not found by
+many residents even there, to the people of this village household. Oftentimes the house was filled, and the family would
+not turn away a guest of less rank for the sake of one of higher distinction, though that unsocial practice was frequently
+followed by persons who forgot their self-respect in toadying to rank.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1728"><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1729"></a>Page 77</span>Little Jos&eacute; did not know Spanish very well, so far as conversational usage was concerned, but his mother tried to impress
+on him the beauty of the Spanish poets and encouraged him in essays at rhyming which finally grew into quite respectable poetical
+compositions. One of these was a drama in Tagalog which so pleased a municipal captain of the neighboring village of Paete,
+who happened to hear it while on a visit to Kalamba, that the youthful author was paid two pesos for the production. This
+was as much money as a field laborer in those days would have earned in half a month; although the family did not need the
+coin, the incident impressed them with the desirability of cultivating the boy&#8217;s talent.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1731">Jos&eacute; was nine years old when he was sent to study in Bi&ntilde;an. His master there, Justiniano Aquino Cruz, was of the old school
+and Rizal has left a record of some of his maxims, such as &#8220;Spare the rod and spoil the child,&#8221; &#8220;The letter enters with blood,&#8221;
+and other similar indications of his heroic treatment of the unfortunates under his care. However, if he was a strict disciplinarian,
+Master Justiniano was also a conscientious instructor, and the boy had been only a few months under his care when the pupil
+was told that he knew as much as his master, and had better go to Manila to school. Truthful Jos&eacute; repeated this conversation
+without the modification which modesty might have suggested, and his father responded rather vigorously to the idea and it
+was intimated that in the father&#8217;s childhood pupils were not accustomed to say that they knew as much as their teachers. However,
+Master Justiniano corroborated the child&#8217;s statement, so that preparations for Jos&eacute;&#8217;s going to Manila began to be made. This
+was in the Christmas vacation of 1871.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1733">Bi&ntilde;an had been a valuable experience for young Rizal. There he had met a host of relatives and from them heard much of the
+past of his father&#8217;s family. His maternal <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1735"></a>Page 78</span>grandfather&#8217;s great house was there, now inhabited by his mother&#8217;s half-brother, a most interesting personage.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1737"></p>
+<table align="left" style="margin:10px; margin-left:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e1738" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b078-1.jpg" alt="Rizal&#8217;s uncle, Jos&eacute; Alberto."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Rizal&#8217;s uncle, Jos&eacute; Alberto.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1742">This uncle, Jos&eacute; Alberto, had been educated in British India, spending eleven years in a Calcutta missionary school. This
+was the result of an acquaintance which his father had made with an English naval officer who visited the Philippines about
+1820, the author of &#8220;An Englishman&#8217;s Visit to the Philippines.&#8221; Lorenzo Alberto, the grandfather, himself spoke English and
+had English associations. He had also liberal ideas and preferred the system under which the Philippines were represented
+in the Cortes and were treated not as a colony but as part of the homeland and its people were considered Spaniards.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1744"></p>
+<table align="right" style="margin:10px; margin-right:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e1745" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b078-2.jpg" alt="Sir John Bowring."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Sir John Bowring.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1749">The great Bi&ntilde;an bridge had been built under Lorenzo Alberto&#8217;s supervision, and for services to the Spanish nation during the
+expedition to Cochin-China&#8212;probably liberal contributions of money&#8212;he had been granted the title of Knight of the American
+Order of Isabel the Catholic, but by the time this recognition reached him he had died, and the patent was made out to his
+son.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1751">An episode well known in the village&#8212;its chief event, if one might judge from the conversation of the inhabitants&#8212;was a visit
+which a governor of Hongkong had <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1753"></a>Page 79</span>made there when he was a guest in the home of Alberto. Many were the tales told of this distinguished Englishman, who was
+Sir John Bowring, the notable polyglot and translator into English of poetry in practically every one of the dialects of Europe.
+His achievements along this line had put him second or third among the linguists of the century. He was also interested in
+history, and mentioned in his Bi&ntilde;an visit that the Hakluyt Society, of which he was a Director, was then preparing to publish
+an exceedingly interesting account of the early Philippines that did more justice to its inhabitants than the regular Spanish
+historians. Here Rizal first heard of Morga, the historian, whose book he in after years made accessible to his countrymen.
+A desire to know other languages than his own also possessed him and he was eager to rival the achievements of Sir John Bowring.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1755"></p>
+<table align="right" style="margin:10px; margin-right:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e1756" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b079.jpg" alt="Jos&eacute; del Pan."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Jos&eacute; del Pan.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1760">In his book entitled &#8220;A Visit to the Philippine Islands,&#8221; which was translated into Spanish by Mr. Jos&eacute; del Pan, a liberal
+editor of Manila, Sir John Bowring gives the following account of his visit to Rizal&#8217;s uncle:
+
+</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p id="d0e1763">&#8220;We reached Bi&ntilde;an before sunset .... First we passed between files of youths, then of maidens; and through a triumphal arch
+we reached the handsome dwelling of a rich mestizo, whom we found decorated with a Spanish order, which had been granted to
+his father before him. He spoke English, having been educated at Calcutta, and his house&#8212;a very large one&#8212;gave abundant evidence
+that he had not studied in vain the arts of domestic civilization. The furniture, the beds, the table, the cookery, were all
+in good taste, and the obvious sincerity of the kind reception <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1765"></a>Page 80</span>added to its agreeableness. Great crowds were gathered together in the square which fronts the house of Don Jos&eacute; Alberto.&#8221;
+</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1768">The Philippines had just had a liberal governor, De la Torte, but even during this period of apparent liberalness there existed
+a confidential government order directing that all letters from Filipinos suspected of progressive ideas were to be opened
+in the post. This violation of the mails furnished the list of those who later suffered in the convenient insurrection of
+&#8217;72.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1770"></p>
+<table align="left" style="margin:10px; margin-left:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e1771" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b080.jpg" alt="Governor De la Torre."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Governor De la Torre.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1775">An agrarian trouble, the old disagreement between landlords and tenants, had culminated in an active outbreak which the government
+was unable to put down, and so it made terms by which, among other things, the leader of the insurrection was established
+as chief of a new civil guard for the purpose of keeping order. Here again was another preparation for &#8217;72, for at that time
+the agreement was forgotten and the officer suffered punishment, in spite of the immunity he had been promised.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1777">Religious troubles, too, were rife. The Jesuits had returned from exile shortly before, and were restricted to teaching work
+in those parishes in the missionary district where collections were few and danger was great. To make room for those whom
+they displaced the better parishes in the more thickly settled regions were taken from Filipino priests and turned over to
+members of the religious Orders. Naturally there was discontent. A confidential communication from the secular archbishop,
+Doctor Martinez, shows that he considered the Filipinos <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1779"></a>Page 81</span>had ground for complaint, for he states that if the Filipinos were under a non-Catholic government like that of England they
+would receive fairer treatment than they were getting from their Spanish co-religionaries, and warns the home government that
+trouble will inevitably result if the discrimination against the natives of the country is continued.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1781"></p>
+<table align="right" style="margin:10px; margin-right:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e1782" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b081.jpg" alt="Archbishop Martinez."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Archbishop Martinez.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1786">The Jesuit method of education in their newly established &#8220;Ateneo Municipal&#8221; was a change from that in the former schools.
+It treated the Filipino as a Spaniard and made no distinctions between the races in the school dormitory. In the older institutions
+of Manila the Spanish students lived in the Spanish way and spoke their own language, but Filipinos were required to talk
+Latin, sleep on floor mats and eat with their hands from low tables. These Filipino customs obtained in the hamlets, but did
+not appeal to city lads who had become used to Spanish ways in their own homes and objected to departing from them in school.
+The disaffection thus created was among the educated class, who were best fitted to be leaders of their people in any dangerous
+insurrection against the government.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1788">However, a change had to take place to meet the Jesuit competition, and in the rearrangement Filipino professors were given
+a larger share in the management of the schools. Notable among these was Father Burgos. He had earned his doctor&#8217;s degree
+in two separate courses, was among the best educated in the capital and by far the most public-spirited and valiant of the
+Filipino priests.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1790"><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1791"></a>Page 82</span>He enlisted the interest of many of the older Filipino clergy and through their contributions subsidized a paper, <i>El Eco Filipino</i>, which spoke from the Filipino standpoint and answered the reflections which were the stock in trade of the conservative
+organ, for the reactionaries had an abusive journal just as they had had in 1821 and were to have in the later days.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1796"></p>
+<table align="left" style="margin:10px; margin-left:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e1797" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b082.jpg" alt="The Very Rev. James Burgos, D.D."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">The Very Rev. James Burgos, D.D.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1801">Such were the conditions when Jos&eacute; Rizal got ready to leave home for school in Manila, a departure which was delayed by the
+misfortunes of his mother. His only, and elder, brother, Paciano, had been a student in San Jos&eacute; College in Manila for some
+years, and had regularly failed in passing his examinations because of his outspokenness against the evils of the country.
+Paciano was a great favorite with Doctor Burgos, in whose home he lived and for whom he acted as messenger and go-between
+in the delicate negotiations of the propaganda which the doctor was carrying on.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1803">In February of &#8217;72 all the dreams of a brighter and freer Philippines were crushed out in that enormous injustice <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1805"></a>Page 83</span>which made the mutiny of a few soldiers and arsenal employ&eacute;s in Cavite the excuse for deporting, imprisoning, and even shooting
+those whose correspondence, opened during the previous year, had shown them to be discontented with the backward conditions
+in the Philippines.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1807">Doctor Burgos, just as he had been nominated to a higher post in the Church, was the chief victim. Father Gomez, an old man,
+noted for charity, was another, and the third was Father Zamora. A reference in a letter of his to &#8220;powder,&#8221; which was his
+way of saying money, was distorted into a dangerous significance, in spite of the fact that the letter was merely an invitation
+to a gambling game. The trial was a farce, the informer was garroted just when he was on the point of complaining that he
+was not receiving the pardon and payment which he had been promised for his services in convicting the others. The whole affair
+had an ugly look, and the way it was hushed up did not add to the confidence of the people in the justice of the proceedings.
+The Islands were then placed under military law and remained so for many years.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1809">Father Burgos&#8217;s dying advice to Filipinos was for them to be educated abroad, preferably outside of Spain, but if they could
+do no better, at least go to the Peninsula. He urged that through education only could progress be hoped for. In one of his
+speeches he had warned the Spanish government that continued oppressive measures would drive the Filipinos from their allegiance
+and make them wish to become subjects of a freer power, suggesting England, whose possessions surrounded the Islands.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1811">Doctor Burgos&#8217;s idea of England as a hope for the Philippines was borne out by the interest which the British newspapers of
+Hongkong took in Philippine affairs. They gave accounts of the troubles and picked flaws in the garbled reports which the
+officials sent abroad.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1813"><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1814"></a>Page 84</span>Some zealous but unthinking reactionary at this time conceived the idea of publishing a book somewhat similar to that which
+had been gotten out against the Constitution of Cadiz. &#8220;Captain Juan&#8221; was its name; it was in catechism form, and told of
+an old municipal captain who deserved to be honored because he was so submissively subservient to all constituted authority.
+He tries to distinguish between different kinds of liberty, and the especial attention which he devotes to America shows how
+live a topic the great republic was at that time in the Islands. This interest is explained by the fact that an American company
+had just then received a grant of the northern part of Borneo, later British North Borneo, for a trading company. It was believed
+that the United States had designs on the Archipelago because of treaties which had been negotiated with the Sultan of Sulu
+and certain American commercial interests in the Far East, which were then rather important.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1816"></p>
+<table align="left" style="margin:10px; margin-left:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e1817" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b084.jpg" alt="General F. T. Ward."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">General F. T. Ward.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1821">Americans, too, had become known in the Philippines through a soldier of fortune who had helped out the Chinese government
+in suppressing the rebellion in the neighborhood of Shanghai. &#8220;General&#8221; F. T. Ward, from Massachusetts, organized an army
+of deserters from European ships, but their lack of discipline made them undesirable soldiers, and so he disbanded the force.
+He then gathered a regiment of Manila men, as the Filipinos usually found as quartermasters on all ships sailing in the East
+were then called. With the aid of some other Americans these troops were disciplined and drilled into such efficiency that
+the men came to have the title among <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1823"></a>Page 85</span>the Chinese of the &#8220;Ever-Victorious&#8221; army, because of the almost unbroken series of successes which they had experienced.
+A partial explanation, possibly, of their fighting so well is that they were paid only when they won.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1825"></p>
+<table align="right" style="margin:10px; margin-right:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e1826" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b085.jpg" alt="Monument to the &#8220;Ever-Victorious&#8221; army, Shanghai."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Monument to the &#8220;Ever-Victorious&#8221; army, Shanghai.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1830">The high praise given the Filipinos at this time was in contrast to the disparagement made of their efforts in Indo-China,
+where in reality they had done the fighting rather than their Spanish officers. When a Spaniard in the Philippines quoted
+of the Filipino their customary saying, &#8220;Poor soldier, worse sacristan,&#8221; the Filipinos dared make no open reply, but they
+consoled themselves with remembering the flattering comments of &#8220;General&#8221; Ward and the favorable opinion of Archbishop Martinez.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1832">References to Filipino military capacity were banned by the censors and the archbishop&#8217;s communication had been confidential,
+but both became known, for despotisms drive its victims to stealth and to methods which would not be considered creditable
+under freer conditions.
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1834"></a>Page 86</span></p><a id="d0e1835"></a><h2 class="abovehead">Chapter V</h2>
+<h1>Jagor&#8217;s Prophecy</h1>
+<p id="d0e1838">Rizal&#8217;s first home in Manila was in a nipa house with Manuel Hidalgo, later to be his brother-in-law, in Calle Espeleta, a
+street named for a former Filipino priest who had risen to be bishop and governor-general. This spot is now marked with a
+tablet which gives the date of his coming as the latter part of February, 1872.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1840">Rizal&#8217;s own recollections speak of June as being the date of the formal beginning of his studies in Manila. First he went
+to San Juan de Letran and took an examination in the Catechism. Then he went back to Kalamba and in July passed into the Ateneo,
+possibly because of the more favorable conditions under which the pupils were admitted, receiving credit for work in arithmetic,
+which in the other school, it is said, he would have had to restudy. This perhaps accounts for the credit shown in the scholastic
+year 1871&#8211;72. Until his fourth year Rizal was an externe, as those residing outside of the school dormitory were then called.
+The Ateneo was very popular and so great was the eagerness to enter it that the waiting list was long and two or three years&#8217;
+delay was not at all uncommon.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1842">There is a little uncertainty about this period; some writers have gone so far as to give recollections of childhood incidents
+of which Rizal was the hero while he lived in the house of Doctor Burgos, but the family deny that he was ever in this home,
+and say that he has been confused with his brother Paciano.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1844">The greatest influence upon Rizal during this period was the sense of Spanish judicial injustice in the legal persecutions
+of his mother, who, though innocent, for two years was treated as a criminal and held in prison.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1846"><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1847"></a>Page 87</span>Much of the story is not necessary for this narrative, but the mother&#8217;s troubles had their beginning in the attempted revenge
+of a lieutenant of the Civil Guard, one of a body of Spaniards who were no credit to the mother country and whom Rizal never
+lost opportunity in his writings of painting in their true colors. This official had been in the habit of having his horse
+fed at the Mercado home when he visited their town from his station in Bi&ntilde;an, but once there was a scarcity of fodder and
+Mr. Mercado insisted that his own stock was entitled to care before he could extend hospitality to strangers. This the official
+bitterly resented. His opportunity for revenge soon came, and was not overlooked. A disagreement between Jos&eacute; Alberto, the
+mother&#8217;s brother in Bi&ntilde;an, and his wife, also his cousin, to whom he had been married when they were both quite young, led
+to sensational charges which a discreet officer would have investigated and would assuredly have then realized to be unfounded.
+Instead the lieutenant accepted the most ridiculous statements, brought charges of attempted murder against Alberto and his
+sister, Mrs. Rizal, and evidently figured that he would be able to extort money from the rich man and gratify his revenge
+at the same time.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1849">Now comes a disgruntled judge, who had not received the attention at the Mercado home which he thought his dignity demanded.
+Out of revenge he ordered Mrs. Rizal to be conducted at once to the provincial prison, not in the usual way by boat, but,
+to cause her greater annoyance, afoot around the lake. It was a long journey from Kalamba to Santa Cruz, and the first evening
+the guard and his prisoner came to a village where there was a festival in progress. Mrs. Rizal was well known and was welcomed
+in the home of one of the prominent families. The festivities were at their height when the judge, who had been on horseback
+and so had reached the town <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1851"></a>Page 88</span>earlier, heard that the prisoner, instead of being in the village calaboose, was a guest of honor and apparently not suffering
+the annoyance to which he had intended to subject her. He strode to the house, and, not content to knock, broke in the door,
+splintered his cane on the poor constable&#8217;s head, and then exhausted himself beating the owner of the house.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1853"></p>
+<div id="d0e1854" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b088.jpg" alt="Mrs Rizal and her two daughters."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Mrs Rizal and her two daughters.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1858">These proceedings were revealed in a charge of prejudice which Mrs. Rizal&#8217;s lawyers urged against the judge who at the same
+time was the one who decided the case <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1860"></a>Page 89</span>and also the prosecutor. The Supreme Court agreed that her contention was correct and directed that she be discharged from
+custody. To this order the judge paid due respect and ordered her release, but he said that the accusation of unfairness against
+him was contempt of court, and gave her a longer sentence under this charge than the previous one from which she had just
+been absolved. After some delay the Supreme Court heard of this affair and decided that the judge was right. But, because
+Mrs. Rizal had been longer in prison awaiting trial than the sentence, they dated back her imprisonment, and again ordered
+her release. Here the record gets a little confused because it is concerned with a story that her brother had sixteen thousand
+pesos concealed in his cell, and everybody, from the Supreme Court down, seemed interested in trying to locate the money.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1862"></p>
+<div id="d0e1863" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b089.jpg" alt="Bilibid Prison."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Bilibid Prison.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1867">While the officials were looking for his sack of gold, Alberto gave a power of attorney to an overintelligent lawyer who worded
+his authority so that it gave him the right to do everything which his principal himself could have done &#8220;personally, legally
+and ecclesiastically.&#8221; From some source outside, but not from the brother, the attorney <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1869"></a>Page 90</span>heard that Mrs. Rizal had had money belonging to Alberto, for in the extensive sugar-purchasing business which she carried
+on she handled large sums and frequently borrowed as much as five thousand pesos from this brother. Anxious to get his hands
+on money, he instituted a charge of theft against her, under his power of attorney and acting in the name of his principal.
+Mrs. Rizal&#8217;s attorney demurred to such a charge being made without the man who had lent the money being at all consulted,
+and held that a power of attorney did not warrant such an action. In time the intelligent Supreme Court heard this case and
+decided that it should go to trial; but later, when the attorney, acting for his principal, wanted to testify for him under
+the power of attorney, they seem to have reached their limit, for they disapproved of that proposal.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1871">Anyone who cares to know just how ridiculous and inconsistent the judicial system of the Philippines then was would do well
+to try to unravel the mixed details of the half dozen charges, ranging from cruelty through theft to murder, which were made
+against Mrs. Rizal without a shadow of evidence. One case was trumped up as soon as another was finished, and possibly the
+affair would have dragged on till the end of the Spanish administration had not her little daughter danced before the Governor-General
+once when he was traveling through the country, won his approval, and when he asked what favor he could do for her, presented
+a petition for her mother&#8217;s release. In this way, which recalls the customs of primitive nations, Mrs. Rizal finally was enabled
+to return to her home.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1873"></p>
+<div id="d0e1874" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b091.jpg" alt="Model of head of a Dapitan girl by Rizal."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Model of head of a Dapitan girl by Rizal.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1878">Doctor Rizal tells us that it was then that he first began to lose confidence in mankind. A story of a school companion, that
+when Rizal recalled this incident the red came into his eyes, probably has about the same foundation as the frequent stories
+of his weeping with emotion upon other people&#8217;s shoulders when advised of momentous <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1880"></a>Page 91</span><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1881"></a>Page 92</span>changes in his life. Doctor Rizal did not have these Spanish ways, and the narrators are merely speaking of what other Spaniards
+would have done, for self-restraint and freedom from exhibitions of emotion were among his most prominent characteristics.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1883">Some time during Rizal&#8217;s early years of school came his first success in painting. It was the occasion of a festival in Kalamba;
+just at the last moment an important banner was accidentally damaged and there was not time to send to Manila for another.
+A hasty consultation was held among the village authorities, and one councilman suggested that Jos&eacute; Rizal had shown considerable
+skill with the brush and possibly he could paint something that would pass. The gobernadorcillo proceeded to the lad&#8217;s home
+and explained the need. Rizal promptly went to work, under the official&#8217;s direction, and speedily produced a painting which
+the delighted municipal executive declared was better than the expensive banner bought in Manila. The achievement was explained
+to all the participants in the festival and young Jos&eacute; was the hero of the occasion.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1885">During intervals of school work Rizal found time to continue his modeling in clay which he procured from the brickyard of
+a cousin at San Pedro Macati.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1887">Rizal&#8217;s uncle, Jos&eacute; Alberto, had played a considerable part in his political education. He was influential with the Regency
+in Spain, which succeeded Queen Isabel when that sovereign became too malodorous to be longer tolerated, and he was the personal
+friend of the Regent, General Prim, whose motto, &#8220;More liberal today than yesterday, more liberal tomorrow than today,&#8221; he
+was fond of quoting. He was present in Madrid at the time of General Prim&#8217;s assassination and often told of how this wise
+patriot, recognizing the unpreparedness of the Spanish people for a republic, opposed the efforts for <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1889"></a>Page 93</span>what would, he knew, result in as disastrous a failure as had been France&#8217;s first effort, and how he lost his life through
+his desire to follow the safer course of proceeding gradually through the preparatory stage of a constitutional monarchy.
+Alberto was made by him a Knight of the Order of Carlos&nbsp;III, and, after Prim&#8217;s death, was created by King Amadeo a Knight
+Commander, the step higher in the Order of Isabel the Catholic.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1891"></p>
+<table align="right" style="margin:10px; margin-right:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e1892" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b093.jpg" alt="Memorial to Jos&eacute; Alberto in the church at Bi&ntilde;an."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Memorial to Jos&eacute; Alberto in the church at Bi&ntilde;an.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1896">Events proved Prim&#8217;s wisdom, as Alberto was careful to observe, for King Amadeo was soon convinced of the unfitness of his
+people for even a constitutional monarchy, told them so, resigned his throne, and bade them farewell. Then came a republic
+marked by excesses such as even the worst monarch had not committed; among them the dreadful massacre of the members of the
+filibustering party on the steamer <i>Virginius</i> in Cuba, which would have caused war with the United States had not the Americans been deluded into the idea that they were
+dealing with a sister republic. America and Switzerland had been the only nations which <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1901"></a>Page 94</span>had recognized Spain&#8217;s new form of government. Prim sought an alliance with America, for he claimed that Spain should be linked
+with a country which would buy Spanish goods and to which Spain could send her products. France, with whom the Bourbons wished
+to be allied, was a competitor along Spain&#8217;s own lines.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1903">During the earlier disturbances in Spain a party of Carlists were sent to the Philippine Islands; they were welcomed by the
+reactionary Spaniards, for devotion to King Carlos had been their characteristic ever since the days when Queen Isabel had
+taken the throne that in their opinion belonged to the heir in the male line. Rizal frequently makes mention of this disloyalty
+to the ruler of Spain on the part of those who claimed to be most devoted Spaniards.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1905">Along with the stories of these troubles which Rizal heard during his school days in Manila were reports of how these exiles
+had established themselves in foreign cities, Basa in Hongkong, Regidor in London, and Tavera in Paris. At their homes in
+these cities they gave a warm welcome to such Filipinos as traveled abroad and they were always ready to act as guardians
+for Filipino students who wished to study in their cities, Many availed themselves of these opportunities and it came to be
+an ambition among those in the Islands to get an education which they believed was better than that which Spain afforded.
+There was some ground for such a belief, because many of the most prominent successful men of Spanish and Philippine birth
+were men whose education had been foreign. A well-known instance in Manila was the architect Roxas, father of the present
+Alcalde of Manila, who learned his profession in England and was almost the only notable builder in Manila during his lifetime.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1907">Paciano Rizal, Jos&eacute;&#8217;s elder brother, had retired from <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1909"></a>Page 95</span>Manila on the death of Doctor Burgos and devoted himself to farming; in some ways, perhaps, his career suggested the character
+of Tasio, the philosopher of &#8220;Noli Me Tangere.&#8221; He was careful to see that his younger brother was familiar with the liberal
+literature with which he had become acquainted through Doctor Burgos.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1911">The first foreign book read by Rizal, in a Spanish translation, was Dumas&#8217;s great novel, &#8220;The Count of Monte Cristo,&#8221; and
+the story of the wrongs suffered by the prisoner of the Ch&acirc;teau d&#8217;If recalled the injustice done his mother. Then came the
+book which had greatest influence upon the young man&#8217;s career; this was a Spanish translation of Jagor&#8217;s &#8220;Travels in the Philippines,&#8221;
+the observations of a German naturalist who had visited the Islands some fifteen years before. This latter book, among other
+comments, suggested that it was the fate of the North American republic to develop and bring to their highest prosperity the
+lands which Spain had conquered and Christianized with sword and cross. Sooner or later, this German writer believed, the
+Philippine Islands could no more escape this American influence than had the countries on the mainland, and expressed the
+hope that one day the Philippines would succumb to the same influence; he felt, however, that it was desirable first for the
+Islanders to become better able to meet the strong competition of the vigorous young people of the New World, for under Spain
+the Philippines had dreamed away its past.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1913">The exact title of the book is &#8220;Travels | in the | Philippines. | By F. Jagor. | With numerous illustrations and a Map | London:
+| Chapman and Hall, 193, Piccadilly. | 1875.&#8221; The title of the Spanish translation reads, &#8220;Viajes | por | Filipinas | de F. Jagor | Traducidos del Alem&aacute;n | por S. Vidal y Soler | Ingeniero de Montes | Edici&oacute;n illustrada
+con numerosos grabados | Madrid: Imprenta, Estereopidea y Galvanoplastia de Ariban y Ca. <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1917"></a>Page 96</span>| (Sucesores de Rivadencyra) | Impresores de Camara de S. M. | Calle del Duque de Osuna, n&uacute;m 3. 1875,&#8221; The following extract from the book will show how marvelously the author anticipated events that have now become history:
+
+
+</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p id="d0e1921">&#8220;With the altered condition of things, however, all this has disappeared. The colony can no longer be kept secluded from the
+world. Every facility afforded for commercial intercourse is a blow to the old system, and a great step made in the direction
+of broad and liberal reforms. The more foreign capital and foreign ideas and customs are introduced, increasing the prosperity,
+enlightenment, and self-esteem of the population, the more impatiently will the existing evils be endured.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1923">England can and does open her possessions unconcernedly to the world. The British colonies are united to the mother country
+by the bond of mutual advantage, viz., the produce of raw material by means of English capital, and the exchange of the same
+for English manufactures. The wealth of England is so great, the organization of her commerce with the world so complete,
+that nearly all the foreigners even in the British possessions are for the most part agents for English business houses, which
+would scarcely be affected, at least to any marked extent, by a political dismemberment. It is entirely different with Spain,
+which possesses the colony as an inherited property, and without the power of turning it to any useful account.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1925">Government monopolies rigorously maintained, insolent disregard and neglect of the half-castes and powerful creoles, and the
+example of the United States, were the chief reasons of the downfall of the American possessions. The same causes threaten
+ruin to the Philippines; but of the monopolies I have said enough.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1927">Half-castes and creoles, it is true are not, as they formerly were in America, excluded from all orificial appointments; but
+they feel deeply hurt and injured through the crowds of place-hunters which the frequent changes of Ministers send to Manilla.
+The influence, also, of the American element is at least visible on the horizon, and will be more noticeable when the relations
+increase between <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1929"></a>Page 97</span>the two countries. At present they are very slender. The trade in the meantime follows in its old channels to England and
+to the Atlantic ports of the United States. Nevertheless, whoever desires to form an opinion upon the future history of the
+Philippines, must not consider simply their relations to Spain, but must have regard to the prodigious changes which a few
+decades produce on either side of our planet.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1931">For the first time in the history of the world the mighty powers on both sides of the ocean have commenced to enter upon a
+direct intercourse with one another&#8212;Russia, which alone is larger than any two other parts of the earth; China, which contains
+within its own boundaries a third of the population of the world; and America, with ground under cultivation nearly sufficient
+to feed treble the total population of the earth. Russia&#8217;s further <i>r&ocirc;le</i> in the Pacific Ocean is not to be estimated at present.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1936">The trade between the two other great powers will therefore be presumably all the heavier, as the rectification of the pressing
+need of human labour on the one side, and of the corresponding overplus on the other, will fall to them.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1938">&#8220;The world of the ancients was confined to the shores of the Mediterranean; and the Atlantic and Indian Oceans sufficed at
+one time for our traffic. When first the shores of the Pacific re-echoed with the sounds of active commerce, the trade of
+the world and the history of the world may be really said to have begun. A start in that direction has been made; whereas
+not so very long ago the immense ocean was one wide waste of waters, traversed from both points only once a year. From 1603
+to 1769 scarcely a ship had ever visited California, that wonderful country which, twenty-five years ago, with the exception
+of a few places on the coast, was an unknown wilderness, but which is now covered with flourishing and prosperous towns and
+cities, divided from sea to sea by a railway, and its capital already ranking the third of the seaports of the Union; even
+at this early stage of its existence a central point of the world&#8217;s commerce, and apparently destined, by the proposed junction
+of the great oceans, to play a most important part in the future.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1940">In proportion as the navigation of the west coast of America extends the influence of the American element over the South
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1942"></a>Page 98</span>Sea, the captivating, magic power which the great republic exercises over the Spanish colonies<a id="d0e1944src" href="#d0e1944" class="noteref">1</a> will not fail to make itself felt also in the Philippines. The Americans are evidently destined to bring to a full development
+the germs originated by the Spaniards. As conquerors of modern times, they pursue their road to victory with the assistance
+of the pioneer&#8217;s axe and plough, representing an age of peace and commercial prosperity in contrast to that bygone and chivalrous
+age whose champions were upheld by the cross and protected by the sword.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1947">A considerable portion of Spanish America already belongs to the United States, and has since attained an importance which
+could not possibly have been anticipated either under the Spanish Government or during the anarchy which followed. With regard
+to permanence, the Spanish system cannot for a moment be compared with that of America. While each of the colonies, in order
+to favour a privileged class by immediate gains, exhausted still more the already enfeebled population of the metropolis by
+the withdrawal of the best of its ability, America, on the contrary, has attracted to itself from all countries the most energetic
+element, which, once on its soil and, freed from all fetters, restlessly progressing, has extended its power and influence
+still further and further. The Philippines will escape the action of the two great neighbouring powers all the less for the
+fact that neither they nor their metropolis find their condition of a stable and well-balanced nature.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1949">It seems to be desirable for the natives that the above-mentioned views should not speedily become accomplished facts, because
+their education and training hitherto have not been of a nature to prepare them successfully to compete with either of the
+other two energetic, creative, and progressive nations. They have, in truth, dreamed away their best days.&#8221;
+</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1952"><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1953"></a>Page 99</span>This prophecy of Jagor&#8217;s made a deep impression upon Rizal and seems to furnish the explanation of his life work. Henceforth
+it was his ambition to arouse his countrymen to prepare themselves for a freer state. He dedicated himself to the work which
+Doctor Jagor had indicated as necessary. It seems beyond question that Doctor Rizal, as early as 1876, believed that America
+would sometime come to the Philippines, and wished to prepare his countrymen for the changed conditions that would then have
+to be met. Many little incidents in his later life confirm this view: his eagerness to buy expensive books on the United States,
+such as his early purchase in Barcelona of two different &#8220;Lives of the Presidents of the United States&#8221;; his study of the
+country in his travel across it from San Francisco to New York; the reference in &#8220;The Philippines in a Hundred Years&#8221;; and
+the studies of the English Revolution and other Anglo-Saxon influences which culminated in the foundation of the United States
+of America.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1955"></p>
+<div id="d0e1956" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b099.jpg" alt="The Books that remain from Rizal&#8217;s library."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">The Books that remain from Rizal&#8217;s library.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1960"></p>
+<table align="left" style="margin:10px; margin-left:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e1961" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b100.jpg" alt="Rizal&#8217;s carving of the Sacred Heart."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Rizal&#8217;s carving of the Sacred Heart.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1965">Besides the interest he took in clay modeling, to which reference has already been made, Rizal was expert in carving. When
+first in the Ateneo he had carved an image <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1967"></a>Page 100</span>of the Virgin of such grace and beauty that one of the Fathers asked him to try an image of the Sacred Heart. Rizal complied,
+and produced the carving that played so important a part in his future life. The Jesuit Father had intended to take the image
+with him to Spain, but in some way it was left behind and the schoolboys put it up on the door of their dormitory. There it
+remained for nearly twenty years, constantly reminding the many lads who passed in and out of the one who teachers and pupils
+alike agreed was the greatest of all their number, for Rizal during these years was the schoolboy hero of the Ateneo, and
+from the Ateneo came the men who were most largely concerned in making the New Philippines. The image itself is of batikulin,
+an easily carved wood, and shows considerable skill when one remembers that an ordinary pocketknife was the simple instrument
+used in its manufacture. It was recalled to Rizal&#8217;s memory when he visited the Ateneo upon his first return from Spain and
+was forbidden the house by the Jesuits because of his alleged apostasy, and <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1969"></a>Page 101</span>again in the chapel of Fort Santiago, where it played an important part in what was called his conversion.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1971"></p>
+<table align="right" style="margin:10px; margin-right:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e1972" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b101.jpg" alt="Bust of Father Guerrico, S. J., modeled from memory by Rizal. Now in the Ateneo, Manila."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Bust of Father Guerrico, S. J., modeled from memory by Rizal. Now in the Ateneo, Manila.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1976">The proficiency he attained in the art of clay modeling is evidenced by many of the examples illustrated in this volume. They
+not only indicate an astonishing versatility, but they reveal his very characteristic method of working&#8212;a characteristic based
+on his constant desire to adapt the best things he found abroad to the conditions of his own country. The same characteristic
+appears also in most of his literary work, and in it there is no servile imitation; it is careful and studied selection, adaptation
+and combination. For example, the composition of a steel engraving in a French art journal suggested his model in clay of
+a Philippine wild boar; the head of the subject in a painting in the Luxembourg Gallery and the rest of a figure in an engraving
+in a newspaper are combined in a statuette he modeled in Brussels and sent, in May, 1890, to Valentina Ventura in place of
+a letter; a clipping from a newspaper cut is also adapted for his model of &#8220;The Vengeance of the Harem&#8221;; and as evidence of
+his facility of expressing himself in this medium, his clay modeling of a Dapitan woman may be cited. One day while in exile
+he saw a native woman clearing up the street in front of her home preparatory to a festival; the movements and the attitudes
+of the figure were so thoroughly typical and so impressed themselves on his mind that he worked out this statuette from memory.
+
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1978"></a>Page 102</span></p>
+<p id="d0e1979"></p>
+<div id="d0e1980" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b102.jpg" alt="A composite statuette by Rizal: the head from a painting in the Luxembourg (shown in upper right-hand corner), the rest from an engraving."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">A composite statuette by Rizal: the head from a painting in the Luxembourg (shown in upper right-hand corner), the rest from
+an engraving.
+</p>
+</div><p>
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1984"></a>Page 103</span></p>
+<p id="d0e1985">In a literary way Rizal&#8217;s first pretentious effort was a melodrama in one act and in verse, entitled &#8220;Junta al Pasig&#8221; (Beside
+the Pasig), a play in honor of the Virgin, which was given in the Ateneo to the great edification of a considerable audience,
+who were enthusiastic in their praise and hearty in their applause, but the young author neither saw the play nor paid any
+attention to the manner of its reception, for he was downstairs, intent on his own diversions and heedless of what was going
+on above.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1987"></p>
+<div id="d0e1988" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b103.jpg" alt="Clay model of a Dapitan woman, from life, by Rizal."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Clay model of a Dapitan woman, from life, by Rizal.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e1992">Thursday was the school holiday in those days, and <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e1994"></a>Page 104</span>Rizal usually spent the time at the Convent of La Concordia, where his youngest sister, Soledad, was a boarder. He was a great
+friend of the little one and a welcome visitor in the Convent; he used to draw pictures for her edification, sometimes teasing
+her by making her own portrait, to which he gave exaggerated ears to indicate her curiosity. Then he wrote short satirical
+skits, such as the following, which in English doggerel quite matches its Spanish original:
+
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e1997">&#8220;The girls of Concordia College<br id="d0e1999">Go dressed in the latest of styles&#8212;<br id="d0e2001">Bangs high on their foreheads for knowledge&#8212;<br id="d0e2003">But hungry their grins and their smiles!&#8221;
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2005">Some of these girls made an impression upon Jos&eacute;, and one of his diary entries of this time tells of his rude awakening when
+a girl, some years his elder, who had laughingly accepted his boyish adoration, informed him that she was to marry a relative
+of his, and he speaks of the heart-pang with which he watched the carromata that carried her from his sight to her wedding.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2007">Jos&eacute; was a great reader, and the newspapers were giving much attention to the World&#8217;s Fair in Philadelphia which commemorated
+the first centennial of American independence, and published numerous cuts illustrating various interesting phases of American
+life. Possibly as a reaction from the former disparagement of things American, the sentiment in the Philippines was then very
+friendly. There was one long account of the presentation of a Spanish banner to a Spanish commission in Philadelphia, and
+the newspapers, in speaking of the wonderful progress which the United States had made, recalled the early Spanish alliance
+and referred to the fact that, had it not been for the discoveries of the Spaniards, their new land would not have been known
+to Europe.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2009"><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2010"></a>Page 105</span>Rizal during his last two years in the Ateneo was a boarder. Throughout his entire course he had been the winner of most of
+the prizes. Upon receiving his Bachelor of Arts diploma he entered the University of Santo Tom&aacute;s; in the first year he studied
+the course in philosophy and in the second year began to specialize in medicine.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2012"></p>
+<table align="right" style="margin:10px; margin-right:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e2013" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b105.jpg" alt="A sketch of himself by Rizal, in the training class."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">A sketch of himself by Rizal, in the training class.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2017">The Ateneo course of study was a good deal like that of our present high school, though not so thorough nor so advanced. Still,
+the method of instruction which has made Jesuit education notable in all parts of the world carried on the good work which
+the mother&#8217;s training had begun. The system required the explanation of the morrow&#8217;s lesson, questioning on the lesson of
+the day and a review of the previous day&#8217;s work. This, with the attention given to the classics, developed and quickened faculties
+which gave Rizal a remarkable power of assimilating knowledge of all kinds for future use.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2019">The story is told that Rizal was undecided as to his career, and wrote to the rector of the Ateneo for advice; but the Jesuit
+was then in the interior of Mindanao, and by the time the answer, suggesting that he should devote himself to agriculture,
+was received, he had already made his choice. However, Rizal did continue the study of agriculture, besides specializing in
+medicine, carrying on double work as he took the course in the Ateneo which led to the degree of land surveyor and agricultural
+expert. This work was completed before he had reached the age <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2021"></a>Page 106</span>fixed by law, so that he could not then receive his diploma, which was not delivered to him until he had attained the age
+of twenty-one years.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2023"></p>
+<div id="d0e2024" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b106.jpg" alt="Rizal&#8217;s sister Saturnina. Painted in oil by Jos&eacute; Rizal while in Santo Tom&aacute;s University."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Rizal&#8217;s sister Saturnina. Painted in oil by Jos&eacute; Rizal while in Santo Tom&aacute;s University.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2028">In the &#8220;Life&#8221; of Rizal published in Barcelona after his death a brilliant picture is painted of how Rizal might have followed
+the advice of the rector of the Ateneo, and have lived a long, useful and honorable life as a farmer and gobernadorcillo of
+his home town, respected by the Spaniards, looked up to by his countrymen and filling an humble but safe lot in life. Today
+one can hardly feel <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2030"></a>Page 107</span>that such a career would have been suited to the man or regret that events took the course they did.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2032">Poetry was highly esteemed in the Ateneo, and Rizal frequently made essays in verse, often carrying his compositions to Kalamba
+for his mother&#8217;s criticisms and suggestions. The writings of the Spanish poet Zorilla were making a deep impression upon him
+at this time, and while his schoolmates seemed to have been more interested in their warlike features, Jos&eacute; appears to have
+gained from them an understanding of how Zorilla sought to restore the Spanish people to their former dignity, rousing their
+pride through recalling the heroic events in their past history. Some of the passages in the melodrama, &#8220;Junta al Pasig,&#8221;
+already described, were evidently influenced by his study of Zorilla; the fierce denunciation of Spain which is there put
+in the mouth of Satan expresses, no doubt, the real sentiments of Rizal.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2034">In 1877 a society known as the Liceo Literario-Artistica (Lyceum of Art and Literature) offered a prize for the best poem
+by a native. The winner was Rizal with the following verses, &#8220;Al Juventud Filipino&#8221; (To the Philippine Youth). The prize was
+a silver pen, feather-shaped and with a gold ribbon running through it.
+
+
+</p>
+<div class="blockquote"><a id="d0e2039"></a><h1>To the Philippine Youth</h1>
+<p id="d0e2042">Theme: &#8220;Growth&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2044">(Translation by Charles Derbyshire)
+
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e2047">Hold high the brow serene,<br id="d0e2049">O youth, where now you stand;<br id="d0e2051">Let the bright sheen<br id="d0e2053">Of your grace be seen,<br id="d0e2055">Fair hope of my fatherland!
+</p><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2057"></a>Page 108</span><p class="poetry"><br id="d0e2059">Come now, thou genius grand,<br id="d0e2061">And bring down inspiration;<br id="d0e2063">With thy mighty hand,<br id="d0e2065">Swifter than the wind&#8217;s volation,<br id="d0e2067">Raise the eager mind to higher station.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e2070">Come down with pleasing light<br id="d0e2072">Of art and science to the fight,<br id="d0e2074">O youth, and there untie<br id="d0e2076">The chains that heavy lie,<br id="d0e2078">Your spirit free to blight.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e2081">See how in flaming zone<br id="d0e2083">Amid the shadows thrown,<br id="d0e2085">The Spaniard&#8217;s holy hand<br id="d0e2087">A crown&#8217;s resplendent band<br id="d0e2089">Proffers to this Indian land.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e2092">Thou, who now wouldst rise<br id="d0e2094">On wings of rich emprise,<br id="d0e2096">Seeking from Olympian skies<br id="d0e2098">Songs of sweetest strain,<br id="d0e2100">Softer than ambrosial rain;
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e2103">Thou, whose voice divine<br id="d0e2105">Rivals Philomel&#8217;s refrain,<br id="d0e2107">And with varied line<br id="d0e2109">Through the night benign<br id="d0e2111">Frees mortality from pain;
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e2114">Thou, who by sharp strife<br id="d0e2116">Wakest thy mind to life;<br id="d0e2118">And the memory bright<br id="d0e2120">Of thy genius&#8217; light<br id="d0e2122">Makest immortal in its strength;
+</p><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2124"></a>Page 109</span><p class="poetry"><br id="d0e2126">And thou, in accents clear<br id="d0e2128">of Phoebus, to Apells dear;<br id="d0e2130">Or by the brush&#8217;s magic art<br id="d0e2132">Takest from nature&#8217;s store a part,<br id="d0e2134">To fix it on the simple canvas&#8217; length;
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e2137">Go forth, and then the sacred fire<br id="d0e2139">Of thy genius to the laurel may aspire;<br id="d0e2141">To spread around the fame,<br id="d0e2143">And in victory acclaim,<br id="d0e2145">Through wider spheres the human name.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e2148">Day, O happy day,<br id="d0e2150">Fair Filipinas, for thy land!<br id="d0e2152">So bless the Power today<br id="d0e2154">That places in thy way<br id="d0e2156">This favor and this fortune grand.
+</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2159">The next competition at the Liceo was in honor of the fourth centennial of the death of Cervantes; it was open to both Filipinos
+and Spaniards, and there was a dispute as to the winner of the prize. It is hard to figure out just what really happened;
+the newspapers speak of Rizal as winning the first prize, but his certificate says second, and there seems to have been some
+sort of compromise by which a Spaniard who was second was put at the head. Newspapers, of course, were then closely censored,
+but the liberal <i>La Oceania</i> contains a number of veiled allusions to medical poets, suggesting that for the good of humanity they should not be permitted
+to waste their time in verse-making. One reference quotes the title of Rizal&#8217;s first poem in saying that it was giving a word
+of advice &#8220;To the Philippine Youth,&#8221; and there are other indications that for some considerable time the outcome of this contest
+was a very live topic in the city of Manila.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2164"><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2165"></a>Page 110</span>Rizal&#8217;s poem was an allegory, &#8220;The Council of the Gods&#8221;&#8212;&#8220;El consejo de los Dioses.&#8221; It was an exceedingly artistic appreciation
+of the chief figure in Spanish literature. The rector of the Ateneo had assisted his former student by securing for him needed
+books, and though Rizal was at that time a student in Santo Tom&aacute;s, the rivalries were such that he was still ranked with the
+pupils of the Jesuits and his success was a corresponding source of elation to the Ateneo pupils and alumni. Some people have
+stated that Father Evaristo Arias, a notably brilliant writer of the Dominicans, was a competitor, a version I once published,
+but investigation shows that this was a mistake. However, sentiment in the University against Rizal grew, until matters became
+so unpleasant that he felt it time to follow the advice of Father Burgos and continue his education outside of the Islands.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2167">Just before this incident Rizal had been the victim of a brutal assault in Kalamba; one night when he was passing the barracks
+of the Civil Guard he noted in the darkness a large body, but did not recognize who it was, and passed without any attention
+to it. It turned out that the large body was a lieutenant of the Civil Guard, and, without warning or word of any kind, he
+drew his sword and wounded Rizal in the back. Rizal complained of this outrage to the authorities and tried several times,
+without success, to see the Governor-General. Finally he had to recognize that there was no redress for him. By May of 1882
+Rizal had made up his mind to set sail for Europe, and his brother, Paciano, equipped him with seven hundred pesos for the
+journey, while his sister, Saturnina, intrusted to him a valuable diamond ring which might prove a resource in time of emergency.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2169">Jos&eacute; had gone to Kalamba to attend a festival there, when Mr. Hidalgo, from Manila, notified him that his boat was ready to
+sail. The telegram, asking his immediate <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2171"></a>Page 111</span>return to the city, was couched in the form of advice of the condition of a patient, and the name of the steamer, <i>Salvadora</i>, by a play on words, was used in the sense of &#8220;May save her life.&#8221; Rizal had previously requested of Mr. Ramirez, of the
+Puerta del Sol store, letters of introduction to an Englishman, formerly in the Philippines, who was then living in Paris.
+He said nothing more of his intentions, but on his last night in the city, with his younger sister as companion, he drove
+all through the walled city and its suburbs, changing horses twice in the five hours of his farewell. The next morning he
+embarked on the steamer, and there yet remains the sketch which he made of his last view of the city, showing its waterfront
+as it appeared from the departing steamer. To leave town it was necessary to have a passport; his was in the name of Jos&eacute;
+Mercado, and had been secured by a distant relative of his who lived in the Santa Cruz district.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2176"></p>
+<div id="d0e2177" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b111.jpg" alt="Rizal&#8217;s parting view of Manila. A pencil sketch by himself."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Rizal&#8217;s parting view of Manila. A pencil sketch by himself.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2181"></p>
+<div id="d0e2182" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b112.jpg" alt="Sketches"></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Sketches</p>
+<p id="d0e2185">1. Singapore Lighthouse. 2. Along the Suez Canal. 3. Castle of St. Elmo, Naples. (From Rizal&#8217;s Sketch-book)</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2188">After five days&#8217; journey the little steamer reached the <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2190"></a>Page 112</span><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2191"></a>Page 113</span>English colony of Singapore. There Rizal saw a modern city for the first time. He was intensely interested in the improvements.
+Especially did the assured position of the natives, confident in their rights and not fearful of the authorities, arouse his
+admiration. Great was the contrast between the fear of their rulers shown by the Filipinos and the confidence which the natives
+of Singapore seemed to have in their government.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2193"></p>
+<div id="d0e2194" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b113.jpg" alt="Studies of passengers on the French mail steamer."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Studies of passengers on the French mail steamer.</p>
+<p id="d0e2197">(From Rizal&#8217;s sketch-book.)</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2200">At Singapore, Rizal transferred to a French mail <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2202"></a>Page 114</span><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2203"></a>Page 115</span>Steamer and seems to have had an interesting time making himself understood on board. He had studied some French in his Ateneo
+course, writing an ode which gained honors, but when he attempted to speak the language he was not successful in making Frenchmen
+understand him. So he resorted to a mixed system of his own, sometimes using Latin words and making the changes which regularly
+would have occurred, and when words failed, making signs, and in extreme cases drawing pictures of what he wanted. This versatility
+with the pencil, for many of his offhand sketches had humorous touches that almost carried them into the cartoon class, interested
+officers and passengers, so that the young student had the freedom of the ship and a voyage far from tedious.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2205"></p>
+<div id="d0e2206" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b114.jpg" alt="Aden&#8212;May 28, 1882. (From Rizal&#8217;s Sketch-book.)"></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Aden&#8212;May 28, 1882. (From Rizal&#8217;s Sketch-book.)</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2210">The passage of the Suez Canal, a glimpse of Egypt, Aden, where East and West meet, and the Italian city of Naples, with its
+historic castle, were the features of the trip which most impressed him.
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2212"></a>Page 116</span></p>
+<p></p>
+<hr class="noteseparator">
+<div class="notetext">
+<p class="notetext"><a id="d0e1944" href="#d0e1944src" class="noteref">1</a> I take the liberty, here, of citing an instance of this. In 1861, when I found myself on the West Coast of Mexico, a dozen
+backwoods families determined upon settling in Sonora (forming an oasis in the desert); a plan which was frustrated by the
+invasion at that time of the European powers. Many native farmers awaited the arrival of these immigrants in order to take
+them under their protection. The value of land in consequence of the announcement of the project rose very considerably.
+</p>
+</div><a id="d0e2213"></a><h2 class="abovehead">Chapter VI</h2>
+<h1>The Period of Preparation</h1>
+<p id="d0e2216">Rizal disembarked at Marseilles, saw a little of that famous port, and then went by rail to Barcelona, crossing the Pyrenees,
+the desolate ruggedness of which contrasted with the picturesque luxuriance of his tropical home, and remained a day at the
+frontier town of Port-Bou. The customary Spanish disregard of tourists compared very unfavorably with the courteous attention
+which he had remarked on his arrival at Marseilles, for the custom house officers on the Spanish frontier rather reminded
+him of the class of employes found in Manila.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2218">At Barcelona he met many who had been his schoolmates in the Ateneo and others to whom he was known by name. It was the custom
+of the Filipino students there to hold reunions every other Sunday at the caf&eacute;, for their limited resources did not permit
+the daily visits which were the Spanish custom. In honor of the new arrival a special gathering occurred in a favorite caf&eacute;
+in Plaza de Catalonia. The characteristics of the Spaniards and the features of Barcelona were all described for Rizal&#8217;s benefit,
+and he had to answer a host of questions about the changes which had occurred in Manila. Most of his answers were to the effect
+that old defects had not yet been remedied nor incompetent officials supplanted, and he gave a rather hopeless view of the
+future of their country. Somewhat in this gloomy mood, he wrote home for a newly established Tagalog newspaper of Manila,
+his views of &#8220;Love of country,&#8221; an article not so optimistic as most of his later writings.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2220">In Barcelona he remained but a short time, long enough, however, to see the historic sights around that city, which was established
+by Hannibal, had numbered <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2222"></a>Page 117</span>many noted Romans among its residents, and in later days was the scene of the return of Columbus from his voyages in the New
+World, bringing with him samples of Redskins, birds and other novel products of the unknown country. Then there were the magnificent
+boulevards, the handsome dwellings, the interest which the citizens took in adorning their city and the pride in the results,
+and above all, the disgust at all things Spanish and the loyalty to Catalonia, rather than to the &#8220;mother-fatherland.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2224">The Catalan was the most progressive type in Spain, but he had no love for his compatriots, was ever complaining of their
+&#8220;ma&ntilde;ana&#8221; habits and of the evils that were bound to exist in a country where Church and State were so inextricably intermingled.
+Many Catalans were avowedly republicans. Signs might be seen on the outside of buildings telling of the location of republican
+clubs, unpopular officials were hooted in the streets, the newspapers were intemperate in their criticism of the government,
+and a campaign was carried on openly which aimed at changing from a monarchy to a democracy, without any apparent molestation
+from the authorities. All these things impressed the lad who had seen in his own country the most respectfully worded complaints
+of unquestionable abuses treated as treason, bringing not merely punishment, but opprobrium as well.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2226">He, himself, in order to obtain a better education, had had to leave his country stealthily like a fugitive from justice,
+and his family, to save themselves from persecution, were compelled to profess ignorance of his plans and movements. His name
+was entered in Santo Tom&aacute;s at the opening of the new term, with the fees paid, and Paciano had gone to Manila pretending to
+be looking for this brother whom he had assisted out of the country.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2228">Early in the fall Rizal removed to Madrid and entered <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2230"></a>Page 118</span>the Central University there. His short residence in Barcelona was possibly for the purpose of correcting the irregularity
+in his passport, for in that town it would be easier to obtain a <i>cedula</i>, and with this his way in the national University would be made smoother. He enrolled in two courses, medicine, and literature
+and philosophy; besides these he studied sculpture, drawing and art in San Carlos, and took private lessons in languages from
+Mr. Hughes, a well-known instructor of the city. With all these labors it is not strange that he did not mingle largely in
+social life, and lack of funds and want of clothes, which have been suggested as reasons for this, seem hardly adequate. Jos&eacute;
+had left Manila with some seven hundred pesos and a diamond ring. Besides, he received funds from his father monthly, which
+were sent through his cousin, Antonio Rivera, of Manila, for fear that the landlords might revenge themselves upon their tenant
+for the slight which his son had cast upon their university in deserting it for a Peninsular institution. It was no easy task
+in those days for a lad from the provinces to get out of the Islands for study abroad.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2235">Rizal frequently attended the theater, choosing especially the higher class dramas, occasionally went to a masked ball, played
+the lotteries in small amounts but regularly, and for the rest devoted most of his money to the purchase of books. The greater
+part of these were second-hand, but he bought several standard works in good editions, many with bindings de luxe. Among the
+books first purchased figure a Spanish translation of the &#8220;Lives of the Presidents of the United States,&#8221; from Washington
+to Johnson, morocco bound, gilt-edged, and illustrated with steel engravings&#8212;certainly an expensive book; a &#8220;History of the
+English Revolution;&#8221; a comparison of the Romans and the Teutons, and several other books which indicated interest in the freer
+system <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2237"></a>Page 119</span>of the Anglo-Saxons. Later, another &#8220;History of the Presidents,&#8221; to Cleveland, was added to his library.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2239">The following lines, said to be addressed to his mother, were written about this time, evidently during an attack of homesickness:
+
+
+</p>
+<div class="blockquote"><a id="d0e2244"></a><h1>&#8220;You Ask Me for Verses&#8221;</h1>
+<p id="d0e2247">(Translated by Charles Derbyshire)
+
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e2250">You bid me now to strike the lyre,<br id="d0e2252">That mute and torn so long has lain;<br id="d0e2254">And yet I cannot wake the strain,<br id="d0e2256">Nor will the Muse one note inspire!<br id="d0e2258">Coldly it shakes in accents dire,<br id="d0e2260">As if my soul itself to wring,<br id="d0e2262">And when its sound seems but to fling<br id="d0e2264">A jest at its own low lament;<br id="d0e2266">So in sad isolation pent,<br id="d0e2268">My soul can neither feel nor sing.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e2271">There was a time&#8212;ah, &#8217;tis too true&#8212;<br id="d0e2273">But that time long ago has past&#8212;<br id="d0e2275">When upon me the Muse had cast<br id="d0e2277">Indulgent smile and friendship&#8217;s due;<br id="d0e2279">But of that age now all too few<br id="d0e2281">The thoughts that with me yet will stay;<br id="d0e2283">As from the hours of festive play<br id="d0e2285">There linger on mysterious notes,<br id="d0e2287">And in our minds the memory floats<br id="d0e2289">Of minstrelsy and music gay.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e2292">A plant I am, that scarcely grown,<br id="d0e2294">Was torn from out its Eastern bed,<br id="d0e2296">Where all around perfume is shed,<br id="d0e2298">And life but as a dream is known;<br id="d0e2300">The land that I can call my own,<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2302"></a>Page 120</span><br id="d0e2303">By me forgotten ne&#8217;er to be,<br id="d0e2305">Where trilling birds their song taught me,<br id="d0e2307">And cascades with their ceaseless roar,<br id="d0e2309">And all along the spreading shore<br id="d0e2311">The murmurs of the sounding sea.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e2314">While yet in childhood&#8217;s happy day,<br id="d0e2316">I learned upon its sun to smile,<br id="d0e2318">And in my breast there seemed the while<br id="d0e2320">Seething volcanic fires to play.<br id="d0e2322">A bard I was, and my wish alway<br id="d0e2324">To call upon the fleeting wind,<br id="d0e2326">With all the force of verse and mind:<br id="d0e2328">&#8220;Go forth, and spread around its fame,<br id="d0e2330">From zone to zone with glad acclaim,<br id="d0e2332">And earth to heaven together bind!&#8221;
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e2335">But it I left, and now no more&#8212;<br id="d0e2337">Like a tree that is broken and sere&#8212;<br id="d0e2339">My natal gods bring the echo clear<br id="d0e2341">Of songs that in past times they bore;<br id="d0e2343">Wide seas I cross&#8217;d to foreign shore,<br id="d0e2345">With hope of change and other fate;<br id="d0e2347">My folly was made clear too late,<br id="d0e2349">For in the place of good I sought<br id="d0e2351">The seas reveal&#8217;d unto me naught,<br id="d0e2353">But made death&#8217;s specter on me wait.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e2356">All these fond fancies that were mine,<br id="d0e2358">All love, all feeling, all emprise,<br id="d0e2360">Were left beneath the sunny skies,<br id="d0e2362">Which o&#8217;er that flowery region shine;<br id="d0e2364">So press no more that plea of thine,<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2366"></a>Page 121</span><br id="d0e2367">For songs of love from out a heart<br id="d0e2369">That coldly lies a thing apart;<br id="d0e2371">Since now with tortur&#8217;d soul I haste<br id="d0e2373">Unresting o&#8217;er the desert waste,<br id="d0e2375">And lifeless gone is all my art.
+</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2378">In Madrid a number of young Filipinos were intense enthusiasts over political agitation, and with the recklessness of youth,
+were careless of what they said or how they said it, so long as it brought no danger to them. A sort of Philippine social
+club had been organized by older Filipinos and Spaniards interested in the Philippines, with the idea of quietly assisting
+toward improved insular conditions, but it became so radical under the influence of this younger majority, that its conservative
+members were compelled to drop out and the club broke up. The young men were constantly holding meetings to revive it, but
+never arrived at any effective conclusions. Rizal was present at some of these meetings and suggested that a good means of
+propaganda would be a book telling the truth about Philippine conditions and illustrated by Filipino artists. At first the
+project was severely criticised; later a few conformed to the plan, and Rizal believed that his scheme was in a fair way of
+accomplishment. At the meeting to discuss the details, however, each member of the company wanted to write upon the Filipino
+woman, and the rest of the subjects scarcely interested any of them. Rizal was disgusted with this trifling and dropped the
+affair, nor did he ever again seem to take any very enthusiastic interest in such popular movements. His more mature mind
+put him out of sympathy with the younger men. Their admiration gave him great prestige, but his popularity did not arise from
+comradeship, as he had but very few intimates.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2380">Early in his stay in Madrid, Rizal had come across a <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2382"></a>Page 122</span>second-hand copy, in two volumes, of a French novel, which he bought to improve his knowledge of that language. It was Eugene
+Sue&#8217;s &#8220;The Wandering Jew,&#8221; that work which transformed the France of the nineteenth century. However one may agree or disagree
+with its teachings and concede or dispute its literary merits, it cannot be denied that it was the most powerful book in its
+effects on the century, surpassing even Mrs. Stowe&#8217;s &#8220;Uncle Tom&#8217;s Cabin,&#8221; which is usually credited with having hurried on
+the American Civil War and brought about the termination of African slavery in the United States. The book, he writes in his
+diary, affected him powerfully, not to tears, but with a tremendous sympathy for the unfortunates that made him willing to
+risk everything in their behalf. It seemed to him that such a presentation of Philippine conditions would certainly arouse
+Spain, but his modesty forbade his saying that he was going to write a book like the French masterpiece. Still, from this
+time his recollections of his youth and the stories which he could get from his companions were written down and revised,
+till finally the half had been prepared of what was finally the novel &#8220;Noli Me Tangere.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2384">Through Spaniards who still remembered Jos&eacute;&#8217;s uncle, he joined a lodge of Masons called the &#8220;Acacia.&#8221; At this time few Filipinos
+in Spain had joined the institution, and those were mostly men much more mature than himself. Thus he met leaders of Spanish
+national life who were men of state affairs and much more sedate, men with broader views and more settled opinions than the
+irresponsible class with whom his school companions were accustomed to associate. A distinction must be made between the Masonry
+of this time and the much more popular institution in which Filipinos later figured so <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2386"></a>Page 123</span>largely when Professor Miguel Morayta became head of the Grand Lodge which for a time was a rival of that to which the &#8220;Acacia&#8221;
+owed allegiance, and finally triumphed over it.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2388"></p>
+<table align="right" style="margin:10px; margin-right:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e2389" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b123.jpg" alt="Don Pablo Ortigas y Reyes."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Don Pablo Ortigas y Reyes.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2393">In 1884 Rizal had begun his studies in English; he had been studying French during and since his voyage to Spain; Italian
+was acquired apparently at a time when the exposition of Genoa had attracted Spanish interest toward Italy, and largely through
+the reading of Italian translations of works which he knew in other languages. German, too, he had started to study, but had
+not advanced far with it. Thus Rizal was preparing himself for the travels through Europe which he had intended to make from
+the time when he first left his home, for he well knew that it was only by knowing the language of a country that it would
+be possible for him to study the people, see in what way they differed from his own, and find out which of their customs and
+what lessons from their history might be of advantage to the Filipinos.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2395">A feature in Rizal&#8217;s social life was a weekly visit to the home of Don Pablo Ortigas y Reyes, a liberal Spaniard who had been
+Civil Governor of Manila in General de La Torre&#8217;s time. Here Filipino students gathered, and were entertained by the charming
+daughter of the home, Consuelo, who was the person to whom were dedicated the verses of Rizal usually entitled &#8220;&aacute; la Senorita
+C. O. y R.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2397">In Rizal&#8217;s later days he found a regular relaxation in <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2399"></a>Page 124</span>playing chess, in which he was skilled, with the venerable ex-president of the short-lived Spanish republic, Pi y Margal.
+This statesman was accused of German tendencies because of his inclination toward Anglo-Saxon safeguards for liberty, and
+was a champion of general education as a preparation for a freer Spain.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2401"></p>
+<div id="d0e2402" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b124.jpg" alt="Facsimile of the beginning of a poem by Rizal to Miss C. O. y Keyes, Don Pablo&#8217;s charming daughter."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Facsimile of the beginning of a poem by Rizal to Miss C. O. y Keyes, Don Pablo&#8217;s charming daughter.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2406">Rizal usually was present on public occasions in Filipino circles and took a leading part in them, as, for example, when he
+delivered the principal address at the banquet given by the Madrid Filipino colony in honor of their artist countrymen, after
+Luna and Hidalgo had won prizes in the Madrid National exposition. He was also at the New Year&#8217;s banquet when the students
+gathered in the restaurant to bid farewell to the old and usher <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2408"></a>Page 125</span><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2409"></a>Page 126</span>in the new year, and his was the chief speech, summarizing the remarks of the others.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2411"></p>
+<div id="d0e2412" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b125.jpg" alt="Rizal in Juan Luna&#8217;s studio in Paris."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Rizal in Juan Luna&#8217;s studio in Paris.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2416">In 1885, having completed the second of his two courses, with his credentials of licentiate in medicine and also in philosophy
+and literature, Rizal made a trip through the country provinces to study the Spanish peasant, for the rural people, he thought,
+being agriculturists, would be most like the farmer folk of his native land. Surely the Filipinos did not suffer in the comparison,
+for the Spanish peasants had not greatly changed from the day when they were so masterfully described by Cervantes. It seemed
+to Rizal almost like being in Don Quixote&#8217;s land, so many were the figures who might have been the characters in the book.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2418">The fall of &#8217;85 found Rizal in Paris, studying art, visiting the various museums and associating with the Lunas, the Taveras
+and other Filipino residents of the French capital, for there had been a considerable colony in that city ever since the troubles
+of 1872 had driven the Tavera family into exile and they had made their home in that city. In Paris a fourth of &#8220;Noli Me Tangere&#8221;
+was written, and Rizal specialized in ophthalmology, devoting his attention to those eye troubles that were most prevalent
+in the Philippines and least understood. His mother&#8217;s growing blindness made him covet the skill which might enable him to
+restore her sight. So successfully did he study that he became the favorite pupil of Doctor L. de Weckert, the leading authority
+among the oculists of France, and author of a three-volume standard work. Rizal next went to Germany, having continued his
+studies in its language in the French capital, and was present at Heidelberg on the five hundredth anniversary of the foundation
+of the University.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2420">Because he had no passport he could only attend lectures, but could not regularly matriculate. He lived in <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2422"></a>Page 127</span>one of the student boarding houses, with a number of law students, and when he was proposed for membership in the Chess Club
+he was registered in the Club books as being a student of law like the men who proposed him. These Chess Club gatherings were
+quite a feature of the town, being held in the large saloons with several hundred people present, and the contests of skill
+were eagerly watched by shrewd and competent judges. Rizal was a clever player, and left something of a record among the experts.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2424"></p>
+<table align="right" style="margin:10px; margin-right:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e2425" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b127.jpg" alt="The ruined castle at Heidelberg."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">The ruined castle at Heidelberg.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2429">The following lines were written by Rizal in a letter home while he was a student in Germany:
+
+</p>
+<div class="blockquote"><a id="d0e2434"></a><h1>To the Flowers of Heidelberg</h1>
+<p id="d0e2437">(translation by Charles Derbyshire)
+
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e2440">Go to my native land, go, foreign flowers,<br id="d0e2442">Sown by the traveler on his way;<br id="d0e2444">And there beneath its azure sky,<br id="d0e2446">Where all of my affections lie;<br id="d0e2448">There from the weary pilgrim say,<br id="d0e2450">What faith is his in that land of ours!
+</p><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2452"></a>Page 128</span><p class="poetry"><br id="d0e2454">Go there and tell how when the dawn,<br id="d0e2456">Her early light diffusing,<br id="d0e2458">Your petals first flung open wide;<br id="d0e2460">His steps beside chill Neckar drawn,<br id="d0e2462">You see him silent by your side,<br id="d0e2464">Upon its Spring perennial musing.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e2467">Saw how when morning&#8217;s light,<br id="d0e2469">All your fragrance stealing,<br id="d0e2471">Whispers to you as in mirth<br id="d0e2473">Playful songs of love&#8217;s delight,<br id="d0e2475">He, too, murmurs his love&#8217;s feeling<br id="d0e2477">In the tongue he learned at birth.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e2480">That when the sun on Koenigstuhl&#8217;s height<br id="d0e2482">Pours out its golden flood,<br id="d0e2484">And with its slowly warming light<br id="d0e2486">Gives life vale and grove and wood,<br id="d0e2488">He greets that sun, here only upraising,<br id="d0e2490">Which in his native land is at its zenith blazing.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e2493">And tell there of that day he stood,<br id="d0e2495">Near to a ruin&#8217;d castle gray,<br id="d0e2497">By Neckar&#8217;s banks, or shady wood,<br id="d0e2499">And pluck&#8217;d you from beside the way;<br id="d0e2501">Tell, too, the tale to you addressed,<br id="d0e2503">And how with tender care,<br id="d0e2505">Your bending leaves he press&#8217;d<br id="d0e2507">&#8217;Twixt pages of some volume rare.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e2510">Bear then, O flowers, love&#8217;s message bear;<br id="d0e2512">My love to all the lov&#8217;d ones there,<br id="d0e2514">Peace to my country&#8212;fruitful land&#8212;<br id="d0e2516">Faith whereon its sons may stand,<br id="d0e2518">And virtue for its daughters&#8217; care;<br id="d0e2520">All those belov&eacute;d creatures greet,<br id="d0e2522">That still around home&#8217;s altar meet.
+</p><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2524"></a>Page 129</span><p class="poetry"><br id="d0e2526">And when you come unto its shore,<br id="d0e2528">This kiss I now on you bestow,<br id="d0e2530">Fling where the winged breezes blow;<br id="d0e2532">That borne on them it may hover o&#8217;er<br id="d0e2534">All that I love, esteem, and adore.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e2537">But though, O flowers, you come unto that land,<br id="d0e2539">And still perchance your colors hold;<br id="d0e2541">So far from this heroic strand,<br id="d0e2543">Whose soil first bade your life unfold,<br id="d0e2545">Still here your fragrance will expand;<br id="d0e2547">Your soul that never quits the earth<br id="d0e2549">Whose light smiled on you at your birth.
+</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2552">From Heidelberg he went to Leipzig, then famous for the new studies in psychology which were making the science of the mind
+almost as exact as that of the body, and became interested in the comparison of race characteristics as influenced by environment,
+history and language. This probably accounts for the advanced views held by Rizal, who was thoroughly abreast of the new psychology.
+These ideas were since popularized in America largely through Professor Hugo Munsterberg of Harvard University, who was a
+fellow-student of Rizal at Heidelberg and also had been at Leipzig.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2554">A little later Rizal went to Berlin and there became acquainted with a number of men who had studied the Philippines and knew
+it as none whom he had ever met previously. Chief among these was Doctor Jagor, the author of the book which ten years before
+had inspired in him his life purpose of preparing his people for the time when America should come to the Philippines. Then
+there was Doctor Rudolf Virchow, head of the Anthropological Society and one of the greatest scientists in the world. Virchow
+was of intensely democratic ideals, <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2556"></a>Page 130</span>he was a statesman as well as a scientist, and the interest of the young student in the history of his country and in everything
+else which concerned it, and his sincere earnestness, so intelligently directed toward helping his country, made Rizal at
+once a prime favorite. Under Virchow&#8217;s sponsorship he became a member of the Berlin Anthropological Society.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2558"></p>
+<table align="left" style="margin:10px; margin-left:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e2559" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b130-1.jpg" alt="Dr. Rudolf Virchow."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Dr. Rudolf Virchow.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2563">Rizal lived in the third floor of a corner lodging house not very far from the University; in this room he spent much of his
+time, putting the finishing touches to what he had previously written of his novel, and there he wrote the latter half of
+&#8220;Noli Me Tangere&#8221; The German influence, and absence from the Philippines for so long a time, had modified his early radical
+views, and the book had now become less an effort to arouse the Spanish sense of justice than a means of education for Filipinos
+by pointing out their shortcomings. Perhaps a Spanish school history which he had read in Madrid deserves a part of the credit
+for this changed point of view, since in that the author, treating of Spain&#8217;s early misfortunes, brings out the fact that
+misgovernment may be due quite as much to the hypocrisy, servility and undeserving character of the people as it is to the
+corruption, tyranny and cruelty of the rulers.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2565"></p>
+<table align="right" style="margin:10px; margin-right:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e2566" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b130-2.jpg" alt="The house where Rizal completed &#8220;Noli me Tangere.&#8221;"></p>
+<p class="figureHead">The house where Rizal completed &#8220;Noli me Tangere.&#8221;</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2570"><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2571"></a>Page 131</span>The printer of &#8220;Noli Me Tangere&#8221; lived in a neighboring street, and, like most printers in Germany, worked for a very moderate
+compensation, so that the volume of over four hundred pages cost less than a fourth of what it would have done in England,
+or one half of what it would cost in economical Spain. Yet even at so modest a price, Rizal was delayed in the publication
+until one fortunate morning he received a visit from a countryman, Doctor Maximo Viola, who invited him to take a pedestrian
+trip. Rizal responded that his interests kept him in Berlin at that time as he was awaiting funds from home with which to
+publish a book he had just completed, and showed him the manuscript. Doctor Viola was much interested and offered to use the
+money he had put aside for the trip to help pay the publisher. So the work went ahead, and when the delayed remittance from
+his family arrived, Rizal repaid the obligation. Then the two sallied forth on their trip.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2573">After a considerable tour of the historic spots and scenic places in Germany, they arrived at Dresden, where Doctor Rizal
+was warmly greeted by Doctor A. B. Meyer, the Director of the Royal Saxony Ethnographical Institute. He was an authority upon
+Philippine matters, for some years before he had visited the Islands to make a study of the people. With a countryman resident
+in the Philippines, Doctor Meyer made careful and thorough scientific investigations, and his conclusions were more favorable
+to the Filipinos than the published views of many of the unscientific Spanish observers.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2575">In the Museum of Art at Dresden, Rizal saw a painting of &#8220;Prometheus Bound,&#8221; which recalled to him a representation of the
+same idea in a French gallery, and from memory he modeled this figure, which especially appealed to him as being typical of
+his country.
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2577"></a>Page 132</span></p>
+<p id="d0e2578"></p>
+<div id="d0e2579" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b132.jpg" alt="Manuscript of &#8220;Noli me Tangere&#8221; Bought by the Philippine Government for $25,000."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Manuscript of &#8220;Noli me Tangere&#8221; Bought by the Philippine Government for $25,000.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2583">In Austrian territory he first visited Doctor Ferdinand <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2585"></a>Page 133</span>Blumentritt, whom Rizal had known by reputation for many years and with whom he had long corresponded. The two friends stayed
+at the Hotel Roderkrebs, but were guests at the table of the Austrian professor, whose wife gave them appetizing demonstrations
+of the characteristic cookery of Hungary. During Rizal&#8217;s stay he was very much interested in a gathering of tourists, arranged
+to make known the beauties of that picturesque region, sometimes called the Austrian Switzerland, and he delivered an address
+upon this occasion. It is noteworthy that the present interest in attracting tourists to the Philippines, as an economic benefit
+to the country, was anticipated by Doctor Rizal and that he was always looking up methods used in foreign countries for building
+up tourists&#8217; travel.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2587"></p>
+<table align="right" style="margin:10px; margin-right:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e2588" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b133.jpg" alt="Pencil sketch of Dr. F. Blumentritt by Rizal."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Pencil sketch of Dr. F. Blumentritt by Rizal.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2592">One day, while the visitors were discussing Philippine matters with their host, Doctor Rizal made an off hand sketch of Doctor
+Blumentritt, on a scrap of paper which happened to be at hand, so characteristic that it serves as an excellent portrait,
+and it has been preserved among the Rizal relics which Doctor Blumentritt had treasured of the friend for whom he had so much
+respect and affection.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2594"></p>
+<div id="d0e2595" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b134.jpg" alt="The Victory of Death over Life and Science over Death. Statuettes made by Rizal for Dr. Blumentritt and exhibited in the Dresden Museum of Modern Art."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">The Victory of Death over Life and Science over Death. Statuettes made by Rizal for Dr. Blumentritt and exhibited in the Dresden
+Museum of Modern Art.
+</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2599">With a letter of introduction to a friend of Doctor Blumentritt in Vienna, Nordenfels, the greatest of Austrian novelists,
+Doctor Viola and Doctor Rizal went on to the capital, where they were entertained by the Concordia Club. So favorable was
+the impression that Rizal made upon Mr. Nordenfels that an answer was written to the <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2601"></a>Page 134</span><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2602"></a>Page 135</span>note of introduction, thanking the professor for having brought to his notice a person whom he had found so companionable
+and whose genius he so much admired. Nordenfels had been interested in Spanish subjects, and was able to discuss intelligently
+the peculiar development of Castilian civilization and the politics of the Spanish metropolis as they affected the overseas
+possessions.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2604">After having seen Rome and a little more of Italy, they embarked for the Philippines, again on the French mail, from Marseilles,
+coming by way of Saigon, where a rice steamer was taken for Manila.
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2606"></a>Page 136</span></p><a id="d0e2607"></a><h2 class="abovehead">Chapter VII</h2>
+<h1>The Period of Propaganda</h1>
+<p id="d0e2610">The city had not altered much during Rizal&#8217;s seven years of absence. The condition of the Binondo pavement, with the same
+holes in the road which Rizal claimed he remembered as a schoolboy, was unchanged, and this recalls the experience of Ybarra
+in &#8220;Noli Me Tangere&#8221; on his homecoming after a like period of absence.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2612">Doctor Rizal at once went to his home in Kalamba. His first operation in the Philippines relieved the blindness of his mother,
+by the removal of a double cataract, and thus the object of his special study in Paris was accomplished. This and other like
+successes gave the young oculist a fame which brought patients from all parts of Luzon; and, though his charges were moderate,
+during his seven months&#8217; stay in the Islands Doctor Rizal accumulated over five thousand pesos, besides a number of diamonds
+which he had bought as a secure way of carrying funds, mindful of the help that the ring had been with which he had first
+started from the Philippines.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2614">Shortly after his arrival, Governor-General Terrero summoned Rizal by telegraph to Malaca&ntilde;an from Kalamba. The interview proved
+to be due to the interest in the author of &#8220;Noli Me Tangere&#8221; and a curiosity to read the novel, arising from the copious extracts
+with which the Manila censors had submitted an unfavorable opinion when asking for the prohibition of the book. The recommendation
+of the censor was disregarded, and General Terrero, fearful that Rizal might be molested by some of the many persons who would
+feel themselves aggrieved by his plain picturing of undesirable classes in the Philippines, gave him for a bodyguard a young
+Spanish lieutenant, <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2616"></a>Page 137</span>Jos&eacute; Taviel de Andrade. The young men soon became fast friends, as they had artistic and other tastes in common. Once they
+climbed Mr. Makiling, near Kalamba, and placed there, after the European custom, a flag to show that they had reached the
+summit. This act was at first misrepresented by the enemies of Rizal as planting a German banner, for they started a story
+that he had taken possession of the Islands in the name of the country where he was educated, which was just then in unfriendly
+relations with Spain over the question of the ill treatment of the Protestant missionaries in the Caroline Islands. This same
+story was repeated after the American occupation with the variation that Rizal, as the supreme chief and originator of the
+ideas of the Katipunan (which in fact he was not&#8212;he was even opposed to the society as it existed in his time), had placed
+there a Filipino banner, in token that the Islands intended to reassume the independent condition of which the Spanish had
+dispossessed them.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2618"></p>
+<table align="right" style="margin:10px; margin-right:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e2619" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b137.jpg" alt="Jos&eacute; T. de Andrade, Rizal&#8217;s bodyguard."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Jos&eacute; T. de Andrade, Rizal&#8217;s bodyguard.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2623">&#8220;Noli Me Tangere&#8221; circulated first among Doctor Rizal&#8217;s relatives; on one occasion a cousin made a special trip to Kalamba
+and took the author to task for having caricatured her in the character of Do&ntilde;a Victorina. Rizal made no denial, but merely
+suggested that the book was a mirror of Philippine life, with types that unquestionably existed in the country, and that if
+anybody recognized one of the characters as picturing himself or herself, that person would do well to correct the faults
+which therein appeared ridiculous.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2625">A somewhat liberal administration was now governing <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2627"></a>Page 138</span>the Philippines, and efforts were being made to correct the more glaring abuses in the social conditions. One of these reforms
+proposed that the larger estates should bear their share of the taxes, which it was believed they were then escaping to a
+great extent. Requests were made of the municipal government of Kalamba, among other towns, for a statement of the relation
+that the big Dominican hacienda bore to the town, what increase or decrease there might have been in the income of the estate,
+and what taxes the proprietors were paying compared with the revenue their place afforded.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2629">Rizal interested the people of the community to gather reliable statistics, to go thoroughly into the actual conditions, and
+to leave out the generalities which usually characterized Spanish documents.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2631">He asked the people to co&ouml;perate, pointing out that when they did not complain it was their own fault more than that of the
+government if they suffered injustice. Further, he showed the folly of exaggerated statements, and insisted upon a definite
+and moderate showing of such abuses as were unquestionably within the power of the authorities to relieve. Rizal himself prepared
+the report, which is an excellent presentation of the grievances of the people of his town. It brings forward as special points
+in favor of the community their industriousness, their willingness to help themselves, their interest in education, and concludes
+with expressing confidence in the fairness of the government, pointing out the fact that they were risking the displeasure
+of their landlords by furnishing the information requested. The paper made a big stir, and its essential statements, like
+everything else in Rizal&#8217;s writings, were never successfully challenged.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2633">Conditions in Manila were at that time disturbed owing to the precedence which had been given in a local festival to the Chinese,
+because they paid more money. The <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2635"></a>Page 139</span>Filipinos claimed that, being in their home country, they should have had prior consideration and were entitled to it by law.
+The matter culminated in a protest, which was doubtless submitted to Doctor Rizal on the eve of his departure from the Islands;
+the protest in a general way met with his approval, but the theatrical methods adopted in the presentation of it can hardly
+have been according to his advice.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2637"></p>
+<table align="right" style="margin:10px; margin-right:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e2638" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b139.jpg" alt="Jose Maria Basa, of Hongkong."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Jose Maria Basa, of Hongkong.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2642">He sailed for Hongkong in February of 1888, and made a short stay in the British colony, becoming acquainted there with Jose
+Maria Basa, an exile of &#8217;72, who had constituted himself the especial guardian of the Filipino students in that city. The
+visitor was favorably impressed by the methods of education in the British colony and with the spirit of patriotism developed
+thereby. He also looked into the subject of the large investments in Hongkong property by the corporation landlords of the
+Philippines, their preparation for the day of trouble which they foresaw.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2644">Rizal was interested in the Chinese theater, comparing the plays with the somewhat similar productions which existed in the
+Philippines; there, however, they had been given a religious twist, which at first glance hid their debt to the Chinese drama.
+The Doctor notes meeting, at nearby Macao, an exile of &#8217;72, whose condition and patient, uncomplaining bearing of his many
+troubles aroused Rizal&#8217;s sympathies and commanded his admiration.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2646">With little delay, the journey was continued to Japan, where Doctor Rizal was surprised by an invitation to make his home
+in the Spanish consulate. There he was <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2648"></a>Page 140</span>hospitably entertained, and a like courtesy was shown him in the Spanish minister&#8217;s home in Tokio. The latter even offered
+him a position, as a sort of interpreter, probably, should he care to remain in the country. This offer, however, was declined.
+Rizal made considerable investigation into the condition of the various Japanese classes and acquired such facility in the
+use of the language that with it and his appearance, for he was &#8220;very Japanese,&#8221; the natives found it difficult to believe
+that he was not one of themselves. The month or more passed here he considered one of the happiest in his travels, and it
+was with regret that he sailed from Yokohama for San Francisco. A Japanese newspaper man, who knew no other language than
+his own, was a companion on the entire journey to London, and Rizal acted as his interpreter.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2650">Not only did he enter into the spirit of the language but with remarkable versatility he absorbed the spirit of the Japanese
+artists and acquired much dexterity in expressing himself in their style, as is shown by one of the illustrations in this
+book. The popular idea that things occidental are reversed in the Orient was amusingly caricatured in a sketch he made of
+a German face; by reversing its lines he converted it into an old-time Japanese countenance.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2652">The diary of the voyage from Hongkong to Japan records an incident to which he alludes as being similar to that of Aladdin
+in the Tagalog tale of Florante. The Filipino wife of an Englishman, Mrs. Jackson, who was a passenger on board, told Rizal
+a great deal about a Filipino named Rachal, who was educated in Europe and had written a much-talked-of novel, which she described
+and of which she spoke in such flattering terms that Rizal declared his identity. The confusion in names is explained <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2654"></a>Page 141</span><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2655"></a>Page 142</span>by the fact that Rachal is a name well known in the Philippines as that of a popular make of piano.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2657"></p>
+<div id="d0e2658" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b141.jpg" alt="Imitation of Japanese art by Rizal."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Imitation of Japanese art by Rizal.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2662">At San Francisco the boat was held for some time in quarantine because of sickness aboard, and Rizal was impressed by the
+fact that the valuable cargo of silk was not delayed but was quickly transferred to the shore. His diary is illustrated with
+a drawing of the Treasury flag on the customs launch which acted as go-between for their boat and the shore. Finally, the
+first-class passengers were allowed to land, and he went to the Palace Hotel.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2664">With little delay, the overland journey was begun; the scenery through the picturesque Rocky Mountains especially impressed
+him, and finally Chicago was reached. The thing that struck him most forcibly in that city was the large number of cigar stores
+with an Indian in front of each&#8212;and apparently no two Indians alike. The unexpressed idea was that in America the remembrance
+of the first inhabitants of the land and their dress was retained and popularized, while in the Philippines knowledge of the
+first inhabitants of the land was to be had only from foreign museums.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2666">Niagara Falls is the next impression recorded in the diary, which has been preserved and is now in the Newberry Library of
+Chicago. The same strange, awe-inspiring mystery which others have found in the big falls affected him, but characteristically
+he compared this world-wonder with the cascades of his native La Laguna, claiming for them greater delicacy and a daintier
+enchantment.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2668">From Albany, the train ran along the banks of the Hudson, and he was reminded of the Pasig in his homeland, with its much
+greater commerce and its constant activity.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2670">At New York, Rizal embarked on the <i>City of Rome</i>, then the finest steamer in the world, and after a pleasant <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2675"></a>Page 143</span>voyage, in which his spare moments were occupied in rereading &#8220;Gulliver&#8217;s Travels&#8221; in English, Rizal reached England, and
+said good-by to the friends whom he had met during their brief ocean trip together.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2677"></p>
+<table align="right" style="margin:10px; margin-right:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e2678" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b143-1.jpg" alt="Dr. Antonio Maria Regidor."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Dr. Antonio Maria Regidor.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2682">Rizal&#8217;s first letters home to his family speak of being in the free air of England and once more amidst European activity.
+For a short time he lived with Doctor Antonio Maria Regidor, an exile of &#8217;72, who had come to secure what Spanish legal Business
+he could in the British metropolis. Doctor Regidor was formerly an official in the Philippines, and later proved his innocence
+of any complicity in the troubles of &#8217;72.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2684"></p>
+<div id="d0e2685" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b143-2.jpg" alt="A &#8220;Wheel of Fortune&#8221; Answer book arranged&#xA;for the Rizal boys."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">A &#8220;Wheel of Fortune&#8221; Answer book arranged
+for the Rizal boys.
+</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2689">Doctor Rizal then boarded with a Mr. Beckett, organist of St. Paul&#8217;s Church, at 37 Charlecote Crescent, in the favorite North
+West residence section. The zo&ouml;logical <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2691"></a>Page 144</span>gardens were conveniently near and the British Museum was within easy walking distance. The new member was a favorite with
+all the family, which consisted of three daughters besides the father and mother.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2693">Rizal&#8217;s youthful interest in sleight-of-hand tricks was still maintained. During his stay in the Philippines he had sometimes
+amused his friends in this way, till one day he was horrified to find that the simple country folk, who were also looking
+on, thought that he was working miracles. In London he resumed his favorite diversion, and a Christmas gift of Mrs. Beckett
+to him, &#8220;The Life and Adventures of Valentine Vox the Ventriloquist,&#8221; indicated the interest his friends took in this amusement.
+One of his own purchases was &#8220;Modern Magic,&#8221; the frontispiece of which is the sphinx that figures in the story of &#8220;El Filibusterismo.&#8221;
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2695"></p>
+<table align="left" style="margin:10px; margin-left:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e2696" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b144.jpg" alt="Dr. Reinhold Rost."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Dr. Reinhold Rost.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2700">It was Rizal&#8217;s custom to study the deceptions practiced upon the peoples of other lands, comparing them with those of which
+his own countrymen had been victims. Thus he could get an idea of the relative credulity of different peoples and could also
+account for many practices the origin of which was otherwise less easy to understand. His investigations were both in books
+and by personal research. In quest of these experiences he one day chanced to visit a professional phrenologist; the bump-reader
+was a shrewd guesser, for he dwelt especially upon Rizal&#8217;s aptitude for learning languages and advised him to take up the
+study of them.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2702"></p>
+<div id="d0e2703" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b145.jpg" alt="Facsimile of a page of one of Andersen&#8217;s fairy tales, translated by Rizal for his nephews and nieces."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Facsimile of a page of one of Andersen&#8217;s fairy tales, translated by Rizal for his nephews and nieces.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2707">This interest in languages, shown in his childish ambition to be like Sir John Bowring, made Rizal a congenial <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2709"></a>Page 145</span><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2710"></a>Page 146</span>companion of a still more distinguished linguist, Doctor Reinhold Rost, the librarian of the India Office. The Raffles Library
+in Singapore now owns Doctor Rost&#8217;s library, and its collection of grammars in seventy languages attests the wide range of
+the studies of this Sanscrit scholar.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2712">Doctor Rost was born and educated in Germany, though naturalized as a British subject, and he was a man of great musical taste.
+His family sometimes formed an orchestra, at other times a glee club, and furnished all the necessary parts from its own members.
+Rizal was a frequent visitor, usually spending his Sundays in athletic exercises with the boys, for he quickly became proficient
+in the English sports of boxing and cricket. While resting he would converse with the father, or chat with the daughters of
+the home. All the children had literary tastes, and one, Daisy, presented him with a copy of a novel which she had just translated
+from the German, entitled &#8220;Ulli.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2714">Some idea of Doctor Rizal&#8217;s own linguistic attainments may be gained from the fact that instead of writing letters to his
+nephews and nieces he made for them translations of some of Hans Christian Andersen&#8217;s fairy tales. They consist of some forty
+manuscript pages, profusely illustrated, and the father is referred to in a &#8220;dedication,&#8221; as though it were a real book. The
+Hebrew Bible quotation is in allusion to a jocose remark once made by the father that German was like Hebrew to him, the verse
+being that in which the sons of Jacob, not recognizing that their brother was the seller, were bargaining for some of Pharaoh&#8217;s
+surplus corn, &#8220;And he (Joseph) said, How is the old man, your father?&#8221; Rizal always tried to relieve by a touch of humor anything
+that seemed to him as savoring of affectation, the phase of Spanish character that repelled him and the imitation of which
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2716"></a>Page 147</span>by his countrymen who knew nothing of the un-Spanish world disgusted him with them.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2718"></p>
+<div id="d0e2719" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b147.jpg" alt="Facsimile of the dedication of Rizal&#8217;s translation of Andersen&#8217;s fairy tales."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Facsimile of the dedication of Rizal&#8217;s translation of Andersen&#8217;s fairy tales.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2723">Another example of his versatility in language and of its usefulness to him as well, is shown in a trilingual letter written
+by Rizal in Dapitan when the censorship of his correspondence had become annoying through ignorant exceptions to perfectly
+harmless matters. No Spaniard available spoke more than one language besides his own and it was necessary to send the letter
+to three different persons to find out its contents. The critics took the hint and Rizal received better treatment thereafter.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2725"></p>
+<div id="d0e2726" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b148.jpg" alt="Facsimile of parts of a trilingual letter written by Rizal in Dapitan."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Facsimile of parts of a trilingual letter written by Rizal in Dapitan.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2730"></p>
+<div id="d0e2731" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b149.jpg" alt="Facsimile of parts of a trilingual letter written by Rizal in Dapitan."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Facsimile of parts of a trilingual letter written by Rizal in Dapitan.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2735">Another one of Rizal&#8217;s youthful aspirations was attained in London, for there he began transcribing the <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2737"></a>Page 148</span><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2738"></a>Page 149</span><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2739"></a>Page 150</span>early Spanish history by Morga of which Sir John Bowring had told his uncle. A copy of this rare book was in the British Museum
+and he gained admission as a reader there through the recommendation of Doctor Rost. Only five hundred persons can be accommodated
+in the big reading room, and as students are coming from every continent for special researches, good reason has to be shown
+why these studies cannot be made at some other institution.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2741"></p>
+<div id="d0e2742" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b150.jpg" alt="The copy of Morga&#8217;s History in the British Museum used by Rizal."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">The copy of Morga&#8217;s History in the British Museum used by Rizal.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2746">Besides the copying of the text of Morga&#8217;s history, Rizal read many other early writings on the Philippines, and the manifest
+unfairness of some of these who thought that they could glorify Spain only by disparaging the Filipinos aroused his wrath.
+Few Spanish writers held up the good name of those who were under their flag, and Rizal had to resort to foreign authorities
+to disprove their libels. Morga was almost alone among Spanish historians, <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2748"></a>Page 151</span><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2749"></a>Page 152</span>but his assertions found corroboration in the contemporary chronicles of other nationalities. Rizal spent his evenings in
+the home of Doctor Regidor, and many a time the bitterness and impatience with which his day&#8217;s work in the Museum had inspired
+him, would be forgotten as the older man counseled patience and urged that such prejudices were to be expected of a little
+educated nation. Then Rizal&#8217;s brow would clear as he quoted his favorite proverb, &#8220;To understand all is to forgive all.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2751"></p>
+<div id="d0e2752" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b151.jpg" alt="Application, recommendation, and admission of Rizal to the reading-room of the British Museum."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Application, recommendation, and admission of Rizal to the reading-room of the British Museum.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2756">Doctor Rost was editor of <i>Tr&uuml;bner&#8217;s Record</i>, a journal devoted to the literature of the East, founded by the famous Oriental Bookseller and Publisher of London, Nicholas
+Tr&uuml;bner, and Doctor Rizal contributed to it in May, 1889, some specimens of Tagal folklore, an extract from which is appended,
+as it was then printed:
+
+</p>
+<div class="blockquote"><a id="d0e2764"></a><h1>Specimens of Tagal Folklore</h1>
+<p align="left" class="byline"><i>By Doctor J. Rizal</i></p><a id="d0e2769"></a><h2>Proverbial Sayings</h2>
+<p id="d0e2772"><i>Malakas ang bulong sa sigaw</i>, Low words are stronger than loud words.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2776"><i>Ang lak&iacute; sa layaw karaniwa &#8217;y hubad</i>, A petted child is generally naked (i.e. poor).
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2780"><i>Hampasng magulang ay nakatab&atilde;</i>, Parents&#8217; punishment makes one fat.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2784"><i>Ibang har&#299; ibang uga&#299;l</i>, New king, new fashion.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2788"><i>Nagpup&uacute;tol ang kapus, ang labis ay nagdurugtong</i>, What is short cuts off a piece from itself, what is long adds another on (the poor gets poorer, the rich richer).
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2792"><i>Ang nagsasabing tapus ay siyang kinakapus</i>, He who finishes his words finds himself wanting.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2796"><i>Nangangak&otilde; habang napapak&otilde;</i>, Man promises while in need.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2800"><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2801"></a>Page 153</span><i>Ang naglalakad ng mar&aacute;han, matinik may mababaw</i>, He who walks slowly, though he may put his foot on a thorn, will not be hurt very much (Tagals mostly go barefooted).
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2805"><i>Ang maniwal&atilde; sa sabi &#8217;y walang bait na sarili</i>, He who believes in tales has no own mind.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2809"><i>Ang may isinuksok sa dingding, ay may titingalain</i>, He who has put something between the wall may afterwards look on (the saving man may afterwards be cheerful).&#8212;The wall of
+a Tagal house is made of palm-leaves and bamboo, so that it can be used as a cupboard.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2813"><i>Walang mahirap gisingin na paris nang nagtutulogtulugan</i>, The most difficult to rouse from sleep is the man who pretends to be asleep.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2817"><i>Labis sa salit&atilde;, kapus sa gaw&atilde;</i>, Too many words, too little work.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2821"><i>Hipong tulog ay nadadal&aacute; ng &aacute;nod</i>, The sleeping shrimp is carried away by the current.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2825"><i>Sa bibig nahuhuli ang isda</i>, The fish is caught through the mouth.
+
+</p><a id="d0e2829"></a><h2>Puzzles</h2>
+<p id="d0e2832"><i>Isang butil na palay sikip sa buony bahay</i>, One rice-corn fills up all the house.&#8212;The light. The rice-corn with the husk is yellowish.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2836"><i>Matapang ak&oacute; so dalaw&aacute;, duag ak&oacute; sa is&aacute;</i>, I am brave against two, coward against one.&#8212;The bamboo bridge. When the bridge is made of one bamboo only, it is difficult
+to pass over; but when it is made of two or more, it is very easy.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2840"><i>Dal&aacute; ak&oacute; niya, dal&aacute; ko siya</i>, He carries me, I carry him.&#8212;The shoes.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2844"><i>Isang balong malalim puna ng patal&iacute;m</i>, A deep well filled with steel blades.&#8212;The mouth.
+</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2849"><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2850"></a>Page 154</span>The Filipino colony in Spain had established a fortnightly review, published first in Barcelona and later in Madrid, to enlighten
+Spaniards on their distant colony, and Rizal wrote for it from the start. Its name, <i>La Solidaridad</i>, perhaps may be translated Equal Rights, as it aimed at like laws and the same privileges for the Peninsula and the possessions
+overseas.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2855"></p>
+<div id="d0e2856" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b154.jpg" alt="Heading of the Filipino-Madrid review &#8220;La Solidaridad.&#8221;"></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Heading of the Filipino-Madrid review &#8220;La Solidaridad.&#8221;</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2860">From the Philippines came news of a contemptible attempt to reach Rizal through his family&#8212;one of many similar petty persecutions.
+His sister Lucia&#8217;s husband had died and the corpse was refused interment in consecrated ground, upon the pretext that the
+dead man, who had been exceptionally liberal to the church and was of unimpeachable character, had been negligent in his religious
+duties. Another individual with a notorious record of longer absence from confession died about the same time, and his funeral
+took place from the church without demur. The ugly feature about the refusal to bury Hervosa was that the telegram from the
+friar parish-priest to the Archbishop at Manila in asking instructions, was careful to mention that the deceased was a brother-in-law
+of Rizal. Doctor Rizal wrote a scorching article for <i>La Solidaridad</i> under the caption &#8220;An Outrage,&#8221; and <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2865"></a>Page 155</span>took the matter up with the Spanish Colonial Minister, then Becerra, a professed Liberal. But that weakling statesman, more
+liberal in words than in actions, did nothing.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2867"></p>
+<div id="d0e2868" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b155.jpg" alt="Staff of &#8220;La Solidaridad.&#8221; Jos&eacute; Rizal, Marcelo H. de Pilar, Mariano Ponce."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Staff of &#8220;La Solidaridad.&#8221; Jos&eacute; Rizal, Marcelo H. de Pilar, Mariano Ponce.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2872">That the union of Church and State can be as demoralizing to religion as it is disastrous to good government seems sufficiently
+established by Philippine incidents like this, in which politics was substituted for piety as the test of a good Catholic,
+making marriage impossible and denying decent burial to the families of those who differed politically with the ministers
+of the national religion.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2874"><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2875"></a>Page 156</span>Of all his writings, the article in which Rizal speaks of this indignity to the dead comes nearest to exhibiting personal
+feeling and rancor. Yet his main point is to indicate generally what monstrous conditions the Philippine mixture of religion
+and politics made possible.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2877">The following are part of a series of nineteen verses published in <i>La Solidaridad</i> over Rizal&#8217;s favorite pen name of Laong Laan:
+
+</p>
+<div class="blockquote"><a id="d0e2885"></a><h1>To my Muse</h1>
+<p id="d0e2888">(translation by Charles Derbyshire)
+
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e2891">Invoked no longer is the Muse,<br id="d0e2893">The lyre is out of date;<br id="d0e2895">The poets it no longer use,<br id="d0e2897">And youth its inspiration now imbues<br id="d0e2899">With other form and state.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e2902">If today our fancies aught<br id="d0e2904">Of verse would still require,<br id="d0e2906">Helicon&#8217;s hill remains unsought;<br id="d0e2908">And without heed we but inquire,<br id="d0e2910">Why the coffee is not brought.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e2913">In the place of thought sincere<br id="d0e2915">That our hearts may feel,<br id="d0e2917">We must seize a pen of steel,<br id="d0e2919">And with verse and line severe<br id="d0e2921">Fling abroad a jest and jeer.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e2924">Muse, that in the past inspired me,<br id="d0e2926">And with songs of love hast fired me;<br id="d0e2928">Go thou now to dull repose,<br id="d0e2930">For today in sordid prose<br id="d0e2932">I must earn the gold that hired me.
+</p><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2934"></a>Page 157</span><p class="poetry"><br id="d0e2936">Now must I ponder deep,<br id="d0e2938">Meditate, and struggle on;<br id="d0e2940">E&#8217;en sometimes I must weep;<br id="d0e2942">For he who love would keep<br id="d0e2944">Great pain has undergone.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e2947">Fled are the days of ease,<br id="d0e2949">The days of Love&#8217;s delight;<br id="d0e2951">When flowers still would please<br id="d0e2953">And give to suffering souls surcease<br id="d0e2955">From pain and sorrow&#8217;s blight.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e2958">One by one they have passed on,<br id="d0e2960">All I loved and moved among;<br id="d0e2962">Dead or married&#8212;from me gone,<br id="d0e2964">For all I place my heart upon<br id="d0e2966">By fate adverse are stung.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e2969">Go thou, too, O Muse, depart,<br id="d0e2971">Other regions fairer find;<br id="d0e2973">For my land but offers art<br id="d0e2975">For the laurel, chains that bind,<br id="d0e2977">For a temple, prisons blind.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e2980">But before thou leavest me, speak:<br id="d0e2982">Tell me with thy voice sublime,<br id="d0e2984">Thou couldst ever from me seek<br id="d0e2986">A song of sorrow for the weak,<br id="d0e2988">Defiance to the tyrant&#8217;s crime.
+</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2991">Rizal&#8217;s congenial situation in the British capital was disturbed by his discovering a growing interest in the youngest of
+the three girls whom he daily met. He felt that his career did not permit him to marry, nor was his youthful affection for
+his cousin in Manila an entirely <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e2993"></a>Page 158</span>forgotten sentiment. Besides, though he never lapsed into such disregard for his feminine friends as the low Spanish standard
+had made too common among the Filipino students in Madrid, Rizal was ever on his guard against himself. So he suggested to
+Doctor Regidor that he considered it would be better for him to leave London. His parting gift to the family with whom he
+had lived so happily was a clay medallion bearing in relief the profiles of the three sisters.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2995">Other regretful good-bys were said to a number of young Filipinos whom he had gathered around him and formed into a club for
+the study of the history of their country and the discussion of its politics.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2997">Rizal now went to Paris, where he was glad to be again with his friend Valentin Ventura, a wealthy Pampangan who had been
+trained for the law. His tastes and ideals were very much those of Rizal, and he had sound sense and a freedom from affectation
+which especially appealed to Rizal. There Rizal&#8217;s reprint of Morga&#8217;s rare history was made, at a greater cost but also in
+better form than his first novel. Copious notes gave references to other authorities and compared present with past conditions,
+and Doctor Blumentritt contributed a forceful introduction.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e2999">When Rizal returned to London to correct the proofsheets, the old original book was in use and the copy could not be checked.
+This led to a number of errors, misspelled and changed words, and even omissions of sentences, which were afterwards discovered
+and carefully listed and filed away to be corrected in another edition.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3001">Possibly it has been made clear already that, while Rizal did not work for separation from Spain, he was no admirer of the
+Castilian character, nor of the Latin type, for that matter. He remarked on Blumentritt&#8217;s comparison of the Spanish rulers
+in the Philippines with the <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3003"></a>Page 159</span>Czars of Russia, that it is flattering to the Castilians but it is more than they merit, to put them in the same class as
+Russia. Apparently he had in mind the somewhat similar comparison in Burke&#8217;s speech on the conciliation of America, in which
+he said that Russia was more advanced and less cruel than Spain and so not to be classed with it.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3005">During his stay in Paris, Rizal was a frequent visitor at the home of the two Doctors Pardo de Tavera, sons of the exile of
+&#8217;72 who had gone to France, the younger now a physician in South America, the elder a former Philippine Commissioner. The
+interest of the one in art, and of the other in philology, the ideas of progress through education shared by both, and many
+other common tastes and ideals, made the two young men fast friends of Rizal. Mrs. Tavera, the mother, was an interesting
+conversationalist, and Rizal profited by her reminiscences of Philippine official life, to the inner circle of which her husband&#8217;s
+position had given her the entr&eacute;e.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3007">On Sundays Rizal fenced at Juan Luna&#8217;s house with his distinguished artist-countryman, or, while the latter was engaged with
+Ventura, watched their play. It was on one of these afternoons that the Tagalog story of &#8220;<a id="d0e3009" href="#d0e4584">The Monkey and the Tortoise</a>&#8221;<a id="d0e3012src" href="#d0e3012" class="noteref">1</a> was hastily sketched as a joke to fill the remaining pages of Mrs. Luna&#8217;s autograph album, in which she had been insisting
+Rizal must write before all its space was used up. A comparison of the Tagalog version with a Japanese counterpart was published
+by Rizal in English, in <i>Tr&uuml;bner&#8217;s Magazine</i>, suggesting that the two people may have had a common origin. This study received considerable attention from other ethnologists,
+and was among the topics at an ethnological conference.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3021">At times his antagonist was Miss Nellie Baustead, who had great skill with the foils. Her father, himself born <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3023"></a>Page 160</span>in the Philippines, the son of a wealthy merchant of Singapore, had married a member of the Genato family of Manila. At their
+villa in Biarritz, and again in their home in Belgium, Rizal was a guest later, for Mr. Baustead had taken a great liking
+to him.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3025"></p>
+<div id="d0e3026" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b160.jpg" alt="Rizal fencing with Luna in Paris."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Rizal fencing with Luna in Paris.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3030">The teaching instinct that led him to act as mentor to the Filipino students in Spain and made him the inspiration of a mutual
+improvement club of his young countrymen in London, suggested the foundation of a school in Paris. Later a Pampangan youth
+offered him $40,000 with which to found a Filipino college in Hongkong, where many young men from the Philippines had obtained
+an education better than their own land could afford but not entirely adapted to their needs. The scheme attracted Rizal,
+and a prospectus for such an institution which was later found among his papers not only proves how deeply he was interested,
+but reveals the fact that his ideas of education were essentially like those <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3032"></a>Page 161</span>carried out in the present public-school course of instruction in the Philippines.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3034"></p>
+<table align="right" style="margin:10px; margin-right:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e3035" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b161.jpg" alt="General Weyler, known as &#8220;Butcher Weyler.&#8221;"></p>
+<p class="figureHead">General Weyler, known as &#8220;Butcher Weyler.&#8221;</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3039">Early in August of 1890 Rizal went to Madrid to seek redress for a wrong done his family by the notorious General Weyler,
+the &#8220;Butcher&#8221; of evil memory in Cuba, then Governor-General of the Philippines. Just as the mother&#8217;s loss of liberty, years
+before, was caused by revengeful feelings on the part of an official because for one day she was obliged to omit a customary
+gift of horse feed, so the father&#8217;s loss of land was caused by a revengeful official, and for quite as trivial a cause.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3041">Mr. Mercado was a great poultry fancier and especially prided himself upon his fine stock of turkeys. He had been accustomed
+to respond to the frequent requests of the estate agent for presents of birds. But at one time disease had so reduced the
+number of turkeys that all that remained were needed for breeding purposes and Mercado was obliged to refuse him. In a rage
+the agent insisted, and when that proved unavailing, threats followed.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3043"><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3044"></a>Page 162</span>But Francisco Mercado was not a man to be moved by threats, and when the next rent day came round he was notified that his
+rent had been doubled. This was paid without protest, for the tenants were entirely at the mercy of the landlords, no fixed
+rate appearing either in contracts or receipts. Then the rent-raising was kept on till Mercado was driven to seek the protection
+of the courts. Part of his case led to exactly the same situation as that of the Bi&ntilde;an tenantry in his grandfather&#8217;s time,
+when the landlords were compelled to produce their title-deeds, and these proved that land of others had been illegally included
+in the estate. Other tenants, emboldened by Mercado&#8217;s example also refused to pay the exorbitant rent increases.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3046"></p>
+<div id="d0e3047" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b162.jpg" alt="Rizal&#8217;s parents during the land troubles."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Rizal&#8217;s parents during the land troubles.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3051">The justice of the peace of Kalamba, before whom the case first came, was threatened by the provincial governor for taking
+time to hear the testimony, and the case was turned over to the auxiliary justice, who promptly decided in the manner desired
+by the authorities. Mercado at once took an appeal, but the venal Weyler moved a force of artillery to Kalamba and quartered
+it upon the town as if rebellion openly existed there. Then the court representatives evicted the people from their homes
+and <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3053"></a>Page 163</span>directed them to remove all their buildings from the estate lands within twenty-four hours. In answer to the plea that they
+had appealed to the Supreme Court the tenants were told their houses could be brought back again if they <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3055"></a>Page 164</span>won their appeal. Of course this was impossible and some 150,000 pesos&#8217; worth of property was consequently destroyed by the
+court agents, who were worthy estate employees. Twenty or more families were made homeless and the other tenants were forbidden
+to shelter them under pain of their own eviction. This is the proceeding in which Retana suggests that the governor-general
+and the landlords were legally within their rights. If so, Spanish law was a disgrace to the nation. Fortunately the Rizal-Mercado
+family had another piece of property at Los Ba&ntilde;os, and there they made their home.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3057"></p>
+<div id="d0e3058" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b163.jpg" alt="The Writ of eviction against Rizal&#8217;s father. (Facsimile.)"></p>
+<p class="figureHead">The Writ of eviction against Rizal&#8217;s father. (Facsimile.)</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3062">Weyler&#8217;s motives in this matter do not have to be surmised, for among the (formerly) secret records of the government there
+exists a letter which he wrote when he first denied the petition of the Kalamba residents. It is marked &#8220;confidential&#8221; and
+is addressed to the landlords, expressing the pleasure which this action gave him. Then the official adds that it cannot have
+escaped their notice that the times demand diplomacy in handling the situation but that, should occasion arise, he will act
+with energy. Just as Weyler had favored the landlords at first so he kept on and when he had a chance to do something for
+them he did it.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3064">Finally, when Weyler left the Islands an investigation was ordered into his administration, owing to rumors of extensive and
+systematic frauds on the government, but nothing more came of the case than that Retana, later Rizal&#8217;s biographer, wrote a
+book in the General&#8217;s defense, &#8220;extensively documented,&#8221; and also abusively anti-Filipino. It has been urged (not by Retana,
+however) that the Weyler r&eacute;gime was unusually efficient, because he would allow no one but himself to make profits out of
+the public, and therefore, while his gains were greater than those of his predecessors, the Islands really received more attention
+from him.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3066"><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3067"></a>Page 165</span>During the Kalamba discussion in Spain, Retana, until 1899 always scurrilously anti-Filipino, made the mistake of his life,
+for he charged Rizal&#8217;s family with not paying their rent, which was not true. While Rizal believed that duelling was murder,
+to judge from a pair of pictures preserved in his album, he evidently considered that homicide of one like Retana was justifiable.
+After the Spanish custom, his seconds immediately called upon the author of the libel. Retana notes in his &#8220;Vida del Dr. Rizal&#8221;
+that the incident closed in a way honorable to both Rizal and himself&#8212;he, Retana, published an explicit retraction and abject
+apology in the Madrid papers. Another time, in Madrid, Rizal risked a duel when he challenged Antonio Luna, later the General,
+because of a slighting allusion to a lady at a public banquet. He had a nicer sense of honor in such matters than prevailed
+in Madrid, and Luna promptly saw the matter from Rizal&#8217;s point of view and withdrew the offensive remark. This second incident
+complements the first, for it shows that Rizal was as willing to risk a duel with his superior in arms as with one not so
+skilled as he. Rizal was an exceptional pistol shot and a fair swordsman, while Retana was inferior with either sword or pistol,
+but Luna, who would have had the choice of weapons, was immeasurably Rizal&#8217;s superior with the sword.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3069">Owing to a schism a rival arose against the old Masonry and finally the original organization succumbed to the offshoot. Doctor
+Miguel Morayta, Professor of History in the Central University at Madrid, was the head of the new institution and it had grown
+to be very popular among students. Doctor Morayta was friendly to the Filipinos and a lodge of the same name as their paper
+was organized among them. For their outside work they had a society named the Hispano-Filipino Association, of which Morayta
+was president, with convenient clubrooms <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3071"></a>Page 166</span>and a membership practically the same as the Lodge La Solidaridad.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3073">Just before Christmas of 1890, this Hispano-Filipino Association gave a largely attended banquet at which there were many
+prominent speakers. Rizal stayed away, not because of growing pessimism, as Retana suggests, but because one of the speakers
+was the same Becerra who had feared to act when the outrage against the body of Rizal&#8217;s brother-in-law had been reported to
+him. Now out of office, the ex-minister was again bold in words, but Rizal for one was not again to be deceived by them.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3075">The propaganda carried on by his countrymen in the Peninsula did not seem to Rizal effective, and he found his suggestions
+were not well received by those at its head. The story of Rizal&#8217;s separation from La Solidaridad, however, is really not material,
+but the following quotation from a letter written to Carlos Oliver, speaking of the opposition of the Madrid committee of
+Filipinos to himself, is interesting as showing Rizal&#8217;s attitude of mind:
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3077">&#8220;I regret exceedingly that they war against me, attempting to discredit me in the Philippines, but I shall be content provided
+only that my successor keeps on with the work. I ask only of those who say that I created discord among the Filipinos: Was
+there any effective union before I entered political life? Was there any chief whose authority I wanted to oppose? It is a
+pity that in our slavery we should have rivalries over leadership.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3079">And in Rizal&#8217;s letter from Hongkong, May 24, 1892, to Zulueta, commenting on an article by Leyte in <i>La Solidaridad</i>, he says:
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3084">&#8220;Again I repeat, I do not understand the reason of the attack, since now I have dedicated myself to preparing for our countrymen
+a safe refuge in case of persecution <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3086"></a>Page 167</span>and to writing some books, championing our cause, which shortly will appear. Besides, the article is impolitic in the extreme
+and prejudicial to the Philippines. Why say that the first thing we need is to have money? A wiser man would be silent and
+not wash soiled linen in public.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3088"></p>
+<div id="d0e3089" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b167.jpg" alt="Room in which &#8220;El Filibusterismo&#8221; was begun."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Room in which &#8220;El Filibusterismo&#8221; was begun.</p>
+<p id="d0e3092">(Pencil sketch by Rizal.)</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3095">Early in &#8217;91 Rizal went to Paris, visiting Mr. Baustead&#8217;s villa in Biarritz en route, and he was again a guest of his hospitable
+friend when, after the winter season was over, the family returned to their home in Brussels.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3097">During most of the year Rizal&#8217;s residence was in Ghent, where he had gathered around him a number of Filipinos. Doctor Blumentritt
+suggested that he should devote himself to the study of Malay-Polynesian languages, and as it appeared that thus he could
+earn a living in Holland he thought to make his permanent home there. But his parents were old and reluctant to leave their
+native land to pass their last years in a strange country, and that plan failed.
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3099"></a>Page 168</span></p>
+<p id="d0e3100"></p>
+<div id="d0e3101" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b168.jpg" alt="Facsimile of the first page of the MS. of &#8220;El Filibusterismo.&#8221;"></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Facsimile of the first page of the MS. of &#8220;El Filibusterismo.&#8221;</p>
+<p id="d0e3104">(Property of Mr. Valentin Ventura, of Barcelona.)</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3107">He now occupied himself in finishing the sequel to &#8220;Noli Me Tangere,&#8221; the novel &#8220;El Filibusterismo,&#8221; which he had begun in
+October of 1887 while on his visit to the Philippines. The bolder painting of the evil effects <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3109"></a>Page 169</span>of the Spanish culture upon the Filipinos may well have been inspired by his unfortunate experiences with his countrymen in
+Madrid who had not seen anything of Europe outside of Spain. On the other hand, the confidence of the author in those of his
+countrymen who had not been contaminated by the so-called Spanish civilization, is even more noticeable than in &#8220;Noli Me Tangere.&#8221;
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3111"></p>
+<div id="d0e3112" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b169.jpg" alt="Cover of the MS. of &#8220;El Filibusterismo.&#8221;"></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Cover of the MS. of &#8220;El Filibusterismo.&#8221;</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3116">Rizal had now done all that he could for his country; he had shown them by Morga what they were when Spain found them; through
+&#8220;Noli Me Tangere&#8221; he had painted their condition after three hundred years of Spanish influence; and in &#8220;El Filibusterismo&#8221;
+he had pictured what their future must be if better counsels did not prevail in the colony.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3118">These works were for the instruction of his countrymen, the fulfilment of the task he set for himself when he first read Doctor
+Jagor&#8217;s criticism fifteen years before; time only was now needed for them to accomplish their work and for education to bring
+forth its fruits.
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3120"></a>Page 170</span></p>
+<p></p>
+<hr class="noteseparator">
+<div class="notetext">
+<p class="notetext"><a id="d0e3012" href="#d0e3012src" class="noteref">1</a> See <a id="d0e3014" href="#d0e4584">Appendix</a>.
+</p>
+</div><a id="d0e3121"></a><h2 class="abovehead">Chapter VIII</h2>
+<h1>Despujol&#8217;s Duplicity</h1>
+<p id="d0e3124">As soon as he had set in motion what influence he possessed in Europe for the relief of his relatives, Rizal hurried to Hongkong
+and from there wrote to his parents asking their permission to join them. Some time before, his brother-in-law, Manuel Hidalgo,
+had been deported upon the recommendation of the governor of La Laguna, &#8220;to prove to the Filipinos that they were mistaken
+in thinking that the new Civil Code gave them any rights&#8221; in cases where the governor-general agreed with his subordinate&#8217;s
+reason for asking for the deportation as well as in its desirability. The offense was having buried a child, who had died
+of cholera, without church ceremonies. The law prescribed and public health demanded it. But the law was a dead letter and
+the public health was never considered when these cut into church revenues, as Hidalgo ought to have known.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3126">Upon Rizal&#8217;s arrival in Hongkong, in the fall of 1891, he received notice that his brother Paciano had been returned from
+exile in Mindoro, but that three of his sisters had been summoned, with the probability of deportation.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3128">A trap to get Rizal into the hands of the government by playing upon his affection for his mother was planned at this time,
+but it failed. Mrs. Rizal and one of her daughters were arrested in Manila for &#8220;falsification of cedula&#8221; because they no longer
+used the name Realonda, which the mother had dropped fifteen years before. Then, though there were frequently boats running
+to Kalamba, the two women were ordered to be taken there for trial on foot. As when Mrs. Rizal had been a prisoner before,
+the humane guards disobeyed their orders <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3130"></a>Page 171</span>and the elderly lady was carried in a hammock. The family understood the plans of their persecutors, and Rizal was told by
+his parents not to come to Manila. Then the persecution of the mother and the sister dropped.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3132">In Hongkong, Rizal was already acquainted with most of the Filipino colony, including Jose M. Basa, a &#8217;72 exile of great energy,
+for whom he had the greatest respect. The old man was an unceasing enemy of all the religious orders and was constantly getting
+out &#8220;proclamations,&#8221; as the handbills common in the old-time controversies were called. One of these, against the Jesuits,
+figures in the case against Rizal and bears some minor corrections in his handwriting. Nevertheless, his participation in
+it was probably no more than this proofreading for his friend, whose motives he could appreciate, but whose plan of action
+was not in harmony with his own ideas.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3134">Letters of introduction from London friends secured for Rizal the acquaintance of Mr. H. L. Dalrymple, a justice of the peace&#8212;which
+is a position more coveted and honored in English lands than here&#8212;and a member of the public library committee, as well as
+of the board of medical examiners. He was a merchant, too, and agent for the British North Borneo Company, which had recently
+secured a charter as a semi-independent colony for the extensive cession which had originally been made to the American Trading
+Company and later transferred to them.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3136">Rizal spent much of his time in the library, reading especially the files of the older newspapers, which contained frequent
+mention of the Philippines. As an old-time missionary had left his books to the library, the collection was rich in writings
+of the fathers of the early Church, as well as in philology and travel. He spent much time also in long conversations with
+Editor Frazier-Smith <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3138"></a>Page 172</span>of the <i>Hongkong Telegraph</i>, the most enterprising of the daily newspapers. He was the master of St. John&#8217;s Masonic lodge (Scotch constitution), which
+Rizal had visited upon his first arrival, intensely democratic and a close student of world politics. The two became fast
+friends and Rizal contributed to the <i>Telegraph</i> several articles on Philippine matters. These were printed in Spanish, ostensibly for the benefit of the Filipino colony
+in Hongkong, but large numbers of the paper were mailed to the Philippines and thus at first escaped the vigilance of the
+censors. Finally the scheme was discovered and the <i>Telegraph</i> placed on the prohibited list, but, like most Spanish actions, this was just too late to prevent the circulation of what
+Rizal had wished to say to his countrymen.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3149"></p>
+<div id="d0e3150" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b172.jpg" alt="Rizal&#8217;s professional card when in Hongkong."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Rizal&#8217;s professional card when in Hongkong.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3154">With the first of the year 1892 the free portion of Rizal&#8217;s family came to Hongkong. He had been licensed to practice medicine
+in the colony, and opened an office, specializing as an oculist with notable success.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3156"></p>
+<div id="d0e3157" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b173.jpg" alt="Statuette modelled by Rizal."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Statuette modelled by Rizal.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3161">Another congenial companion was a man of his own profession, Doctor L. P. Marquez, a Portuguese who had received his medical
+education in Dublin and was a naturalized British subject. He was a leading member of <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3163"></a>Page 173</span>the Portuguese club, Lusitania, which was of radically republican proclivities and possessed an excellent library of books
+on modern political conditions. An inspection of the colonial prison with him inspired Rizal&#8217;s article, &#8220;A Visit to Victoria
+Gaol,&#8221; through which runs a pathetic contrast of the English system of imprisonment for reformation <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3165"></a>Page 174</span>with the Spanish vindictive methods of punishment. A souvenir of one of their many conferences was a dainty modeling in clay
+made by Rizal with that astonishing quickness that resulted from his Uncle Gabriel&#8217;s training during his early childhood.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3167">In the spring, Rizal took a voyage to British North Borneo and with Mr. Pryor, the agent, looked over vacant lands which had
+been offered him by the Company for a Filipino colony. The officials were anxious to grow abaca, cacao, sugar cane and coconuts,
+all products of the Philippines, the soil of which resembled theirs. So they welcomed the prospect of the immigration of laborers
+skilled in such cultivation, the Kalambans and other persecuted people of the Luzon lake region, whom Doctor Rizal hoped to
+transplant there to a freer home.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3169"></p>
+<table align="left" style="margin:10px; margin-left:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e3170" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b174.jpg" alt="Don Eulogio Despujol."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Don Eulogio Despujol.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3174">A different kind of governor-general had succeeded Weyler in the Philippines; the new man was Despujol, a friend of the Jesuits
+and a man who at once gave the Filipinos hope of better days, for his promises were quickly backed up by the beginnings of
+their performance. Rizal witnessed this novel experience for his country with gratification, though he had seen too many disappointments
+to confide in the continuance of reform, and he remembered that the like liberal term of De la Torre had ended in the Cavite
+reaction.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3176">He wrote early to the new chief executive, applauding Despujol&#8217;s policy and offering such co&ouml;peration as he might be able
+to give toward making it a complete success. No reply had been received, but after Rizal&#8217;s return from his Borneo trip the
+Spanish consul in Hongkong <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3178"></a>Page 175</span><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3179"></a>Page 176</span>assured him that he would not be molested should he go to Manila.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3181"></p>
+<div id="d0e3182" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b175.jpg" alt="Proposed settlement in Borneo."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Proposed settlement in Borneo.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3186">Rizal therefore made up his mind to visit his home once more. He still cherished the plan of transferring those of his relatives
+and friends who were homeless through the land troubles, or discontented with their future in the Philippines, to the district
+offered to him by the British North Borneo Company. There, under the protection of the British flag, but in their accustomed
+climate, with familiar surroundings amid their own people, a New Kalamba would be established. Filipinos would there have
+a chance to prove to the world what they were capable of, and their free condition would inevitably react on the neighboring
+Philippines and help to bring about better government there.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3188">Rizal had no intention of renouncing his Philippine allegiance, for he always regretted the naturalization of his countrymen
+abroad, considering it a loss to the country which needed numbers to play the influential part he hoped it would play in awakening
+Asia. All his arguments were for British justice and &#8220;Equality before the Law,&#8221; for he considered that political power was
+only a means of securing and assuring fair treatment for all, and in itself of no interest.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3190">With such ideas he sailed for home, bearing the Spanish consul&#8217;s passport. He left two letters in Hongkong with his friend
+Doctor Marquez marked, &#8220;To be opened after my death,&#8221; and their contents indicate that he was not unmindful of how little
+regard Spain had had in his country for her plighted honor.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3192">One was to his beloved parents, brother and sisters, and friends:
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3194">&#8220;The affection that I have ever professed for you suggests this step, and time alone can tell whether or not it <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3196"></a>Page 177</span>is sensible. Their outcome decides things by results, but whether that be favorable or unfavorable, it may always be said
+that duty urged me, so if I die in doing it, it will not matter.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3198">&#8220;I realize how much suffering I have caused you, still I do not regret what I have done. Rather, if I had to begin over again,
+still I should do just the same, for it has been only duty. Gladly do I go to expose myself to peril, not as any expiation
+of misdeeds (for in this matter I believe myself guiltless of any), but to complete my work and myself offer the example of
+which I have always preached.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3200">&#8220;A man ought to die for duty and his principles. I hold fast to every idea which I have advanced as to the condition and future
+of our country, and shall willingly die for it, and even more willingly to procure for you justice and peace.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3202">&#8220;With pleasure, then, I risk life to save so many innocent persons&#8212;so many nieces and nephews, so many children of friends,
+and children, too, of others who are not even friends&#8212;who are suffering on my account. What am I? A single man, practically
+without family, and sufficiently undeceived as to life. I have had many disappointments and the future before me is gloomy,
+and will be gloomy if light does not illuminate it, the dawn of a better day for my native land. On the other hand, there
+are many individuals, filled with hope and ambition, who perhaps all might be happy were I dead, and then I hope my enemies
+would be satisfied and stop persecuting so many entirely innocent people. To a certain extent their hatred is justifiable
+as to myself, and my parents and relatives.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3204">&#8220;Should fate go against me, you will all understand that I shall die happy in the thought that my death will <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3206"></a>Page 178</span>end all your troubles. Return to our country and may you be happy in it.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3208">&#8220;Till the last moment of my life I shall be thinking of you and wishing you all good fortune and happiness.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3210"> * * * * *
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3212">The other letter was directed &#8220;To the Filipinos,&#8221; and said:
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3214">&#8220;The step which I am taking, or rather am about to take, is undoubtedly risky, and it is unnecessary to say that I have considered
+it some time. I understand that almost every one is opposed to it; but I know also that hardly anybody else comprehends what
+is in my heart. I cannot live on seeing so many suffer unjust persecutions on my account; I cannot bear longer the sight of
+my sisters and their numerous families treated like criminals. I prefer death and cheerfully shall relinquish life to free
+so many innocent persons from such unjust persecution.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3216">&#8220;I appreciate that at present the future of our country gravitates in some degree around me, that at my death many will feel
+triumphant, and, in consequence, many are wishing for my fall. But what of it? I hold duties of conscience above all else,
+I have obligations to the families who suffer, to my aged parents whose sighs strike me to the heart; I know that I alone,
+only with my death, can make them happy, returning them to their native land and to a peaceful life at home. I am all my parents
+have, but our country has many, many more sons who can take my place and even do my work better.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3218">&#8220;Besides I wish to show those who deny us patriotism that we know how to die for duty and principles. What matters death,
+if one dies for what one loves, for native land and beings held dear?
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3220">&#8220;If I thought that I were the only resource for the policy of progress in the Philippines and were I convinced that my countrymen
+were going to make use of my services, <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3222"></a>Page 179</span>perhaps I should hesitate about taking this step; but there are still others who can take my place, who, too, can take my
+place with advantage. Furthermore, there are perchance those who hold me unneeded and my services are not utilized, resulting
+that I am reduced to inactivity.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3224">&#8220;Always have I loved our unhappy land, and I am sure that I shall continue loving it till my latest moment, in case men prove
+unjust to me. My career, my life, my happiness, all have I sacrificed for love of it. Whatever my fate, I shall die blessing
+it and longing for the dawn of its redemption.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3226"></p>
+<table align="right" style="margin:10px; margin-right:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e3227" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b179.jpg" alt="Rizal&#8217;s passport, or &#8220;safe-conduct.&#8221;"></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Rizal&#8217;s passport, or &#8220;safe-conduct.&#8221;</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3231">And then followed the note; &#8220;Make these letters public after my death.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3233">Suspicion of the Spanish authorities was justified. The consul&#8217;s cablegram notifying Governor-General Despujol. that Rizal
+had fallen into their trap, sent the day of issuing the &#8220;safe-conduct&#8221; or special passport, bears the same date as the secret
+case filed against him in Manila, &#8220;for anti religious and anti patriotic agitation.&#8221; On that same day the deceitful Despujol
+was confidentially inquiring of his executive secretary whether it was true <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3235"></a>Page 180</span>that Rizal had been naturalized as a German subject, and, if so, what effect would that have on the governor-general&#8217;s right
+to take executive action; that is, could he deport one who had the protection of a strong nation with the same disregard for
+the forms of justice that he could a Filipino?
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3237"></p>
+<div id="d0e3238" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b180.jpg" alt="Facsimile of a part of Despujol&#8217;s private inquiry of Executive Secretary de la Torre."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Facsimile of a part of Despujol&#8217;s private inquiry of Executive Secretary de la Torre.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3242">This inquiry is joined to an order to the local authorities in the provinces near Manila instructing them to watch the comings
+and goings of their prominent people <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3244"></a>Page 181</span>during the following weeks. The scheme resembled that which was concocted prior to &#8217;72, but Governor-General de la Torte was
+honest in his reforms. Despujol may, or may not, have been honest in other matters, but as concerns Rizal there is no lack
+of proof of his perfidy. The confidential file relating to this part of the case was forgotten in destroying and removing
+secret papers when Manila passed into a democratic conqueror&#8217;s hands, and now whoever wishes may read, in the Bureau of Archives,
+documents which the Conde de Caspe, to use a noble title for an ignoble man, considered safely hidden. As with <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3246"></a>Page 182</span>Weyler&#8217;s contidential letter to the friar landlords, these discoveries convict their writers of bad faith, with no possibility
+of mistake.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3248"></p>
+<div id="d0e3249" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b181.jpg" alt="Case secretly filed against Rizal."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Case secretly filed against Rizal.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3253">This point in the reformed Spanish writer&#8217;s biography of Rizal is made occasion for another of his treacherous attacks upon
+the good name of his pretended hero. Just as in the land troubles Retana held that legally Governor-General Weyler was justified
+in disregarding an appeal pending in the courts, so in this connection he declares: &#8221;(Despujol) unquestionably had been deceived
+by Rizal when, from Hongkong, he offered to Despujol not to meddle in politics.&#8221; That Rizal meddled in politics rests solely
+upon Despujol&#8217;s word, and it will be seen later how little that is worth; but, politics or no politics, Rizal&#8217;s fate was settled
+before he ever came to Manila.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3255"></p>
+<table align="left" style="margin:10px; margin-left:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e3256" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b182.jpg" alt="Luis de la Torre, Secretary to Despujol."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Luis de la Torre, Secretary to Despujol.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3260">Rizal was accompanied to Manila by his sister Lucia, widow of that brother-in-law who had been denied Christian burial because
+of his relationship to Rizal. In the Basa home, among other waste papers, and for that use, she had gathered up five copies
+of a recent &#8220;proclamation,&#8221; entitled &#8220;Pobres Frailes&#8221; (Poor Friars), a small sheet possibly two inches wide and five long.
+These, crumpled up, were tucked into the case of the pillow which Mrs. Hervosa used on board. Later, rolled up in her blankets
+and bed mat, or petate, they went to the custom house along with the other baggage, and of course were discovered in the rigorous
+examination which the officers always made. How strict Philippine customs searches were, Henry Norman, an English writer of
+travels, explains <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3262"></a>Page 183</span>by remarking that Manila was the only port where he had ever had his pockets picked officially. His visit was made at about
+the time of which we are writing, and the object, he says, was to keep out anti friar publications.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3264">Rizal and his sister landed without difficulty, and he at once went to the Oriente Hotel, then the best in town, for Rizal
+always traveled and lived as became a member of a well-to-do family. Next he waited on the Governor-General, with whom he
+had a very brief interview, for it happened to be on one of the numerous religious festivals, during which he obtained favorable
+consideration for his deported sisters. Several more interviews occurred in which the hopes first given were realized, so
+that those of the family then awaiting exile were pardoned and those already deported were to be returned at an early date.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3266">One night Rizal was the guest of honor at a dinner given by the masters and wardens of the Masonic lodges of Manila, and he
+was surprised and delighted at the progress the institution had made in the Islands. Then he had another task not so agreeable,
+for, while awaiting a delayed appointment with the Governor-General, he with two others ran up on the new railway to Tarlac.
+Ostensibly this was to see the country, but it was not for a pleasure trip. They were investigating the sales of Rizal&#8217;s books
+and trying to find out what had become of the money received from them, for while the author&#8217;s desire had been to place them
+at so low a price as to be within the reach of even the poor, it was reported that the sales had been few and at high prices,
+so that copies were only read by the wealthy whose desire to obtain the rare and much-discussed novels led them to pay exorbitant
+figures for them.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3268">Rizal&#8217;s party, consisting of the Secretary of one of the lodges of Manila, and another Mason, a prominent school-teacher,
+were under constant surveillance and a <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3270"></a>Page 184</span>minute record of their every act is preserved in the &#8220;reserved&#8221; files, now, of course, so only in name, as they are no longer
+secret. Immediately after they left a house it would be thoroughly searched and the occupants strictly questioned. In spite
+of the precautions of the officials, Rizal soon learned of this, and those whom they visited were warned of what to expect.
+In one home so many forbidden papers were on hand that Rizal delayed his journey till the family completed their task of carrying
+them upstairs and hiding them in the roof.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3272">At another place he came across an instance of superstition such as that which had caused him to cease his sleight-of-hand
+exhibitions on his former return to the Islands. Their host was a man of little education but great hospitality, and the party
+were most pleasantly entertained. During the conversation he spoke of Rizal, but did not seem to know that his hero had come
+back to the Philippines. His remarks drifted into the wildest superstition, and, after asserting that Rizal bore a charmed
+life, he startled his audience by saying that if the author of &#8220;Noli Me Tangere&#8221; cared to do so, he could be with them at
+that very instant. At first the three thought themselves discovered by their host, but when Rizal made himself known, the
+old man proved that he had had no suspicion of his guest&#8217;s identity, for he promptly became busy preparing his home for the
+search which he realized would shortly follow. On another occasion their host was a stranger whom Rizal treated for a temporary
+illness, leaving a prescription to be filled at the drug store. The name signed to the paper was a revelation, but the first
+result was activity in cleaning house.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3274">No fact is more significant of the utter rottenness of the Spanish rule than the unanimity of the people in their discontent.
+Only a few persons at first were in open opposition, but books, pamphlets and circulars were eagerly <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3276"></a>Page 185</span>sought, read and preserved, with the knowledge generally, of the whole family, despite the danger of possessing them. At times,
+as in the case of Rizal&#8217;s novels, an entire neighborhood was in the secret; the book was buried in a garden and dug up to
+be read from at a gathering of the older men, for which a dance gave pretext. Informers were so rare that the possibility
+of treachery among themselves was hardly reckoned in the risk.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3278">The authorities were constantly searching dwellings, often entire neighborhoods, and with a thoroughness which entirely disregarded
+the possibility of damaging an innocent person&#8217;s property. These &#8220;domiciliary registrations&#8221; were, of course, supposed to
+be unexpected, but in the later Spanish days the intended victims usually had warning from some employee in the office where
+it was planned, or from some domestic of the official in charge; very often, however, the warning was so short as to give
+only time for a hasty destruction of incriminating documents and did not permit of their being transferred to other hiding
+places. Thus large losses were incurred, and to these must be added damages from dampness when a hole in the ground, the inside
+of a post, or cementing up in the wall furnished the means of concealment. Fires, too, were frequent, and such events attracted
+so much attention that it was scarcely safe to attempt to save anything of an incriminating nature.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3280">Six years of war conditions did their part toward destroying what little had escaped, and from these explanations the reader
+may understand how it comes that the tangled story of Spain&#8217;s last half century here presents an historical problem more puzzling
+than that of much more remote times in more favored lands.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3282">It seems almost providential that the published statement of the Governor-General can be checked not only by an account which
+Rizal secretly sent to friends, but <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3284"></a>Page 186</span>also by the candid memoranda contained in the untruthful executive&#8217;s own secret folios. While some unessential details of
+Rizal&#8217;s career are in doubt, not a point vital to establishing his good name lacks proof that his character was exemplary
+and that he is worthy of the hero-worship which has come to him.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3286">After Rizal&#8217;s return to Manila from his railway trip he had the promised interview with the Governor-General. At their previous
+meetings the discussions had been quite informal. Rizal, in complimenting the General upon his inauguration of reforms, mentioned
+that the Philippine system of having no restraint whatever upon the chief executive had at least the advantage that a well-disposed
+governor-general would find no red-tape hindrances to his plans for the public benefit. But Despujol professed to believe
+that the best of men make mistakes and that a wise government would establish safeguards against this human fallibility.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3288">The final, and fatal, interview began with the Governor-General asking Rizal if he still persisted in his plan for a Filipino
+colony in British North Borneo; Despujol had before remarked that with so much Philippine land lying idle for want of cultivation
+it did not seem to him patriotic to take labor needed at home away for the development of a foreign land. Rizal&#8217;s former reply
+had dealt with the difficulty the government was in respecting the land troubles, since the tenants who had taken the old
+renters&#8217; places now also must be considered, and he pointed out that there was, besides, a bitterness between the parties
+which could not easily be forgotten by either side. So this time he merely remarked that he had found no reason for changing
+his original views.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3290">Hereupon the General took from his desk the five little sheets of the &#8220;Poor Friars&#8221; handbill, which he said had been found
+in the roll of bedding sent with Rizal&#8217;s baggage <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3292"></a>Page 187</span>to the custom house, and asked whose they could be. Rizal answered that of course the General knew that the bedding belonged
+to his sister Lucia, but she was no fool and would not have secreted in a place where they were certain to be found five little
+papers which, hidden within her camisa or placed in her stocking, would have been absolutely sure to come in unnoticed.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3294">Rizal, neither then nor later, knew the real truth, which was that these papers were gathered up at random and without any
+knowledge of their contents. If it was a crime to have lived in a house where such seditious printed matter was common, then
+Rizal, who had openly visited Basa&#8217;s home, was guilty before ever the handbills were found. But no reasonable person would
+believe another rational being could be so careless of consequences as to bring in openly such dangerous material.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3296">The very title was in sarcastic allusion to the inconsistency of a religious order being an immensely wealthy organization,
+while its individual members were vowed to poverty. News, published everywhere except in the Philippines, of losses sustained
+in outside commercial enterprises running into the millions, was made the text for showing how money, professedly raised in
+the Philippines for charities, was not so used and was invested abroad in fear of that day of reckoning when tyranny would
+be overthrown in anarchy and property would be insecure. The belief of the pious Filipinos, fostered by their religious exploiters,
+that the Pope would suffer great hardship if their share of &#8220;Peter&#8217;s pence&#8221; was not prompt and full, was contrasted with another
+newspaper story of a rich dowry given to a favorite niece by a former Pope, but that in no way taught the truth that the Head
+of the Church was not put to bodily discomfort whenever a poor Filipino failed to come forward with his penny.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3298"><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3299"></a>Page 188</span>Despujol managed to work himself into something like a passion over this alleged disrespect to the Pope, and ordered Rizal
+to be taken as a prisoner to Fort Santiago by the nephew who acted as his aide.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3301">Like most facts, this version runs a middle course between the extreme stories which have been current. Like circulars may
+have been printed at the &#8220;Asilo de Malabon,&#8221; as has been asserted; these certainly came from Hongkong and were not introduced
+by any archbishop&#8217;s nephew on duty at the custom house, as another tale suggests. On the other hand, the circular was the
+merest pretext, and Despujol did not act in good faith, as many claim that he did.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3303">It may be of interest to reprint the handbill from a facsimile of an original copy:
+
+</p>
+<div class="blockquote"><a id="d0e3308"></a><h1>Pobres Frailes!</h1>
+<p id="d0e3311">Acaba de suspender sus pages un Banco, acaba de quebrarse el <i>New Oriental</i>.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3316">Grandes p&eacute;didas en la India, en la isla Mauricio al sur de Africa, cicl&oacute;nes y tempestades acabaron con su pode&iacute;ro, tragn&aacute;dose
+m&aacute;s de 36,000,000 de pesos. Estos treinta y seis millones representaban las esperanzas, las econom&iacute;as, el bienestar y el porvenir
+de numerosos individuos y familias.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3318">Entre los que m&aacute;s han sufrido podemos contar &aacute; la Rvda. Corporacion de los P. P. Dominicos, que pierden en esta quiebra muchos
+cientos de miles. No se sabe la cuenta exacta porque tanto dinero se les env&iacute;a de aqu&iacute; y tantos dep&oacute;sitos hacen, que se ne&ccedil;esitarlan
+muchos contadores para calcular el immense caudal de que disponen.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3320">Pero, no se aflijan los amigos ni triunfen los enemigos de los santos monjes que profesan vote de pobreza.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3322">A unos y otros les diremos que pueden estar tranquilos. La Corporacion tiene aun muchos millones depositados en los Bancos
+de Hongkong, y aunque todos quebrasen, y aunque se derrumbasen sus miles de casas de alquiler, siempre quedarian sus curates
+y <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3324"></a>Page 189</span>haciendas, les quedar&iacute;an los filipinos dispuestos siempre &aacute; ayunar para darles una limosna. &iquest;Qu&eacute; son cuatrocientos &oacute; quinientos
+mil? Que se tomen la molestia de recorrer los pueblos y pedir limosna y se resarcir&aacute;n de esa p&eacute;rdida. Hace un a&ntilde;o que, por
+la mala administracion de los cardenales, el Papa perdi&oacute; 14,000,000 del dinero de San Pedro; el Papa, para cubrir el d&eacute;ficit,
+acude &aacute; nosotros y nosotros recogemos de nuestros <i>tampipis</i> el &uacute;ltimo real, porque sabemos que el Papa tiene muchas atenciones; hace cosa de cinco a&ntilde;os cas&oacute; &aacute; una sobrina suya dot&aacute;ndola
+de un palacio y 300,000 francos ademas. Haced un esfuerzo pues, generosos filipinos, y socorred &aacute; los dominicos igualmente!
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3329">Adem&aacute;s, esos centanares de miles perdidos no son de ellos, segun dicen: &iquest;c&oacute;mo los iban &agrave; tener si tienen voto de pobreza?
+Hay que creerlos pues cuando, para cubrirse, dicen que son de los hu&eacute;rfanos y de las viudas. Muy seguramente pertencer&iacute;an
+algunos &aacute; las viudas y &aacute; los hu&eacute;rfanos de Kalamba, y qui&eacute;n sabe si &aacute; los desterrados maridos! y los manejan los virtuosos
+frailes s&oacute;lo &aacute; t&iacute;tulo de depositarios para devolverlos despues religiosamente con todos sus intereses cuando llegue el d&iacute;a
+de rendir cuentas! Qui&eacute;n sabe? Qui&eacute;n mejor que ellos pod&iacute;a encargarse de recoger los pocos haberes mientras las casas ard&iacute;an,
+hu&iacute;an las viudas y los hu&eacute;rfanos sin encontrar hospitalidad, pues <i>se habia prohibido darles albergue</i>, mientras los hombres estaban presos &oacute; perseguidos? &iquest;Qui&eacute;n mejor que los dominicos para tener tanto valor, tanta audacia
+y tanta humanidad?
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3334">Pero, ahora el diablo se ha llevado el dinero de los hu&eacute;rfanos y de las viudas, y es de temer que se lleve tambien el resto,
+pues cuando el diablo la empieza la ha de acabar. Tendr&iacute;a ese dinero mala procedencia?
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3336">Si asl sucediese, nosotros los recomendar&iacute;amos &aacute; los dominicos que dijesen con Job: <i>Desnudo sal&iacute; del vientre de mi madre (Espa&ntilde;a), y desnudo volver&eacute; all&aacute;; lo di&oacute; el diablo, el diablo se lo llev&oacute;; bendito sea
+el nombre del Se&ntilde;or!</i>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3341">Fr. Jacinto.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3343">Manila: Imprenta de los Amigos del Pais. </p>
+</div><p>
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3346"></a>Page 190</span></p><a id="d0e3347"></a><h2 class="abovehead">Chapter IX</h2>
+<h1>The Deportation to Dapitan</h1>
+<p id="d0e3350">As soon as Rizal was lodged in his prison, a room in Fort Santiago, the Governor-General began the composition of one of the
+most extraordinary official documents ever issued in this land where the strangest governmental acts have abounded. It is
+apology, argument, and attack all in one and was published in the <i>Official Gazette</i>, where it occupied most of an entire issue. The effect of the righteous anger it displays suffers somewhat when one knows
+how all was planned from the day Rizal was decoyed from Hongkong under the faithless safe-conduct. Another enlightening feature
+is the copy of a later letter, preserved in that invaluable secret file, wherein Despujol writes Rizal&#8217;s custodian, as jailer,
+to allow the exile in no circumstances to see this number of the <i>Gazette</i> or to know its contents, and suggests several evasions to assist the subordinate&#8217;s power of invention. It is certainly a
+strange indignation which fears that its object shall learn the reason for wrath, nor is it a creditable spectacle when one
+beholds the chief of a government giving private lessons in lying.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3358">A copy of the <i>Gazette</i> was sent to the Spanish Consul in Hongkong, also a cablegram directing him to give it publicity that &#8220;Spain&#8217;s good name might
+not suffer&#8221; in that colony. By his blunder, not knowing that the Lusitania Club was really a Portuguese Masonic lodge and
+full of Rizal&#8217;s friends, a copy was sent there and a strong reply was called forth. The friendly editor of the <i>Hongkong Telegraph</i> devoted columns to the outrage by which a man whose acquaintance in the scientific world reflected honor upon his nation,
+was decoyed to what was intended to be his death, exiled to &#8220;an unhealthful, savage <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3366"></a>Page 191</span><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3367"></a>Page 192</span>spot,&#8221; through &#8220;a plot of which the very Borgias would have been ashamed.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3369"></p>
+<div id="d0e3370" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b191.jpg" alt="Regulations of La Liga Filipina in Rizal&#8217;s handwriting."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Regulations of La Liga Filipina in Rizal&#8217;s handwriting.</p>
+<p id="d0e3373">(Facsimile.)</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3376">The British Consul in Manila, too, mentioned unofficially to Governor-General Despujol that it seemed a strange way of showing
+Spain&#8217;s often professed friendship for Great Britain thus to disregard the annoyance to the British colony of North Borneo
+caused by making impossible an entirely unexceptionable plan. Likewise, in much the same respectfully remonstrant tone which
+the Great Powers are wont to use in recalling to semi-savage states their obligations to civilization, he pointed out how
+Spain&#8217;s prestige as an advanced nation would suffer when the educated world, in which Rizal was Spain&#8217;s best-known representative,
+learned that the man whom they honored had been trapped out of his security under the British flag and sent into exile without
+the slightest form of trial.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3378">Almost the last act of Rizal while at liberty was the establishment of the &#8220;Liga Filipina,&#8221; a league or association seeking
+to unite all Filipinos of good character for concerted action toward the economic advancement of their country, for a higher
+standard of manhood, and to assure opportunities for education and development to talented Filipino youth. Resistance to oppression
+by lawful means was also urged, for Rizal believed that no one could fairly complain of bad government until he had exhausted
+and found unavailing all the legal resources provided for his protection. This was another expression of his constant teaching
+that slaves, those who toadied to power, and men without self-respect made possible and fostered tyranny, abuses and disregard
+of the rights of others.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3380"></p>
+<div id="d0e3381" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b193.jpg" alt="The Calle Ilaya monument to Rizal and his associates of La Liga Filipina."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">The Calle Ilaya monument to Rizal and his associates of La Liga Filipina.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3385">The character test was also a step forward, for the profession of patriotism has often been made to cloak moral shortcomings
+in the Philippines as well as elsewhere. <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3387"></a>Page 193</span>Rizal urged that those who would offer themselves on the altar of their fatherland must conform to the standard of old, and,
+like the sacrificial lamb, be spotless and without blemish. Therefore, no one who had justifiably <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3389"></a>Page 194</span>been prosecuted for any infamous crime was eligible to membership in the new organization.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3391">The plan, suggested by a Spanish Masonic society called C. Kadosch y Cia., originated with Jos&eacute; Maria Basa, at whose instance
+Rizal drafted the constitution and regulations. Possibly all the members were Freemasons of the educated and better-to-do
+class, and most of them adhered to the doctrine that peaceably obtained reforms and progress by education are surest and best.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3393">Rizal&#8217;s arrest discouraged those of this higher faith, for the peaceable policy seemed hopeless, while the radical element,
+freed from Rizal&#8217;s restraining influence and deeming the time for action come, formed a new and revolutionary society which
+preached force of arms as the only argument left to them, and sought its membership among the less-enlightened and poorer
+class.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3395">Their inspiration was Andr&eacute;s Bonifacio, a shipping clerk for a foreign firm, who had read and re-read accounts of the French
+Revolution till he had come to believe that blood alone could wipe out the wrongs of a country. His organization, The Sons
+of the Country, more commonly called the Katipunan, was, however, far from being as bloodthirsty as most Spanish accounts,
+and those of many credulous writers who have got their ideas from them, have asserted. To enlist others in their defense,
+those who knew that they were the cause of dissatisfaction spread the report that a race war was in progress and that the
+Katipuneros were planning the massacre of all of the white race. It was a sufficiently absurd statement, but it was made even
+more ridiculous by its &#8220;proof,&#8221; for this was the discovery of an apron with a severed head, a hand holding it by the hair
+and another grasping the dagger which had done the bloody work. This emblem, handed down from ancient days as an object lesson
+of faithfulness even to death, has been <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3397"></a>Page 195</span>known in many lands besides the Philippines, but only here has it ever been considered anything but an ancient symbol. As
+reasonably might the paintings of martyrdoms in the convents be taken as evidence of evil intentions upon the part of their
+occupants, but prejudice looks for pretexts rather than reasons, and this served as well as any other for the excesses of
+which the government in its frenzy of fear was later guilty.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3399">In talking of the Katipunan one must distinguish the first society, limited in its membership, from the organization of the
+days of the Aguinaldo &#8220;republic,&#8221; so called, when throughout the Tagalog provinces, and in the chief towns of other provinces
+as well, adherence to the revolutionary government entailed membership in the revolutionary society. And neither of these
+two Katipunans bore any relation, except in name and emblems, to the robber bands whose valor was displayed after the war
+had ceased and whose patriotism consisted in wronging and robbing their own defenseless countrymen and countrywomen, while
+carefully avoiding encounters with any able to defend themselves.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3401">Rizal&#8217;s arrest had put an end to all hope of progress under Governor-General Despujol. It had left the political field in
+possession of those countrymen who had not been in sympathy with his campaign of education. It had caused the succession of
+the revolutionary Katipunan to the economic Liga Filipina, with talk of independence supplanting Rizal&#8217;s ambition for the
+return of the Philippines to their former status under the Constitution of Cadiz. But the victim of the arrest was at peace
+as he had not been in years. The sacrifice for country and for family had been made, but it was not to cost him life, and
+he was human enough to wish to live. A visitor&#8217;s room in the Fort and books from the military library made his detention comfortable,
+for he did not worry <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3403"></a>Page 196</span>about the Spanish sentries without his door who were placed there under orders to shoot anyone who might attempt to signal
+to him from the plaza.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3405">One night the Governor-General&#8217;s nephew-aide came again to the Fort and Rizal embarked on the steamer which was to take him
+to his place of exile, but closely as he was guarded he risked dropping a note which a Filipino found and took, as it directed,
+to Mrs. Rizal&#8217;s cousin, Vicenta Leyba, who lived in Calle Jos&eacute;, Trozo. Thus the family were advised of his departure; this
+incident shows Rizal&#8217;s perfect confidence in his countrymen and the extent to which it was justified; he could risk a chance
+finder to take so dangerous a letter to its address.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3407">On the steamer he occupied an officer&#8217;s cabin and also found a Filipino quartermaster, of whom he requested a life preserver
+for his stateroom; evidently he was not entirely confident that there were no hostile designs against him. Accidents had rid
+the Philippines of troublesome persons before his time, and he was determined that if he sacrificed his life for his country,
+it should be openly. He realized that the tree of Liberty is often watered with the blood of secret as well as open martyrs.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3409">The same boat carried some soldier prisoners, one of whom was to be executed in Mindanao, and their case was not particularly
+creditable to Spanish ideas of justice. A Spanish officer had dishonorably interfered with the domestic relations of a sergeant,
+also Spanish, and the aggrieved party had inflicted punishment upon his superior, with the help of some other soldiers. For
+allowing himself to be punished, not for his own disgraceful act, the officer was dismissed from the service, but the sergeant
+was to go to the scene of his alleged &#8220;crime,&#8221; there to suffer death, while his companions who had assisted him in protecting
+their homes were to be witnesses of this &#8220;justice&#8221; and then to be imprisoned.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3411"><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3412"></a>Page 197</span>After an uneventful trip the steamer reached Dapitan, in the northeast of the large island of Mindanao, on a dark and rainy
+evening. The officer in charge of the expedition took Doctor Rizal ashore with some papers relating to him and delivered all
+to the commandant, Ricardo Carnicero. The receipt taken was briefed &#8220;One countryman and two packages.&#8221; At the same time learned
+men in Europe were beginning to hear of this outrage worthy of the Dark Ages and were remarking that Spain had stopped the
+work of the man who was practically her only representative in modern science, for the Castilian language has not been the
+medium through which any considerable additions have been made to the world&#8217;s store of scientific knowledge.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3414">Rizal was to reside either with the commandant or with the Jesuit parish priest, if the latter would take him into the convento.
+But while the exile had learned with pleasure that he was to meet priests who were refined and learned, as well as associated
+with his happier school days, he did not know that these priests were planning to restore him to his childhood faith and had
+mapped out a plan of action which should first make him feel his loneliness. So he was denied residence with the priest unless
+he would declare himself genuinely in sympathy with Spain.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3416">On his previous brief visit to the Islands he had been repelled from the Ateneo with the statement that till he ceased to
+be anti-Catholic and anti-Spanish he would not be welcome. Padre Faura, the famous meteorologist, was his former instructor
+and Rizal was his favorite pupil; he had tearfully predicted that the young man would come to the scaffold at last unless
+he mended his ways. But Rizal, confident in the clearness of his own conscience, went out cheerfully, and when the porter
+tried to bring back the memory of his childhood piety by reminding him of the image of the Sacred Heart which <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3418"></a>Page 198</span>he had carved years before, Rizal answered, &#8220;Other times, other customs, Brother. I do not believe that way any more.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3420">So Rizal, a good Catholic, was compelled to board with the commandant instead of with the priest because he was unwilling
+to make hypocritical professions of admiration for Spain. The commandant and Rizal soon became good friends, but in order
+to retain his position Carnicero had to write to the Governor-General in a different strain.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3422">The correspondence tells the facts in the main, but of course they are colored throughout to conform to Despujol&#8217;s character.
+The commandant is always represented as deceiving his prisoner and gaining his confidence only to betray him, but Rizal seems
+never to have experienced anything but straightforward dealing.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3424">Rizal&#8217;s earliest letter from Dapitan speaks almost enthusiastically of the place, describing the climate as exceptional for
+the tropics, his situation as agreeable, and saying that he could be quite content if his family and his books were there.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3426">Shortly after occurred the anniversary of Carnicero&#8217;s arrival in the town, and Rizal celebrated the event with a Spanish poem
+reciting the improvements made since his coming, written in the style of the Malay loa, and as though it were by the children
+of Dapitan.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3428">Next Rizal acquired a piece of property at Talisay, a little bay close to Dapitan, and at once became interested in his farm.
+Soon he built a house and moved into it, gathering a number of boy assistants about him, and before long he had a school.
+A hospital also was put up for his patients and these in time became a source of revenue, as people from a distance came to
+the oculist for treatment and paid liberally.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3430"></p>
+<div id="d0e3431" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b199.jpg" alt="Three new Species discovered by Rizal and named after him."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Three new Species discovered by Rizal and named after him.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3435">One five-hundred-peso fee from a rich Englishman was <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3437"></a>Page 199</span>devoted by Rizal to lighting the town, and the community benefited in this way by his charity in addition to the free treatment
+given its poor.
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3439"></a>Page 200</span></p>
+<p id="d0e3440"></p>
+<div id="d0e3441" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b200-1.jpg" alt="Specimens collected by Rizal and Father Sanchez, now in the Jesuit Museum."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Specimens collected by Rizal and Father Sanchez, now in the Jesuit Museum.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3445">The little settlement at Talisay kept growing and those who lived there were constantly improving it. When Father Obach, the
+Jesuit priest, fell through the bamboo stairway in the principal house, Rizal and his boys burned shells, made mortar, and
+soon built a fine stone stairway. They also did another piece of masonry work in the <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3447"></a>Page 201</span>shape of a dam for storing water that was piped to the houses and poultry yard; the overflow from the dam was made to fill
+a swimming tank.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3449"></p>
+<div id="d0e3450" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b200-2.jpg" alt="The mother&#8217;s revenge. Statuette modelled by Rizal in 1894."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">The mother&#8217;s revenge. Statuette modelled by Rizal in 1894.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3454">The school, including the house servants, numbered about twenty and was taught without books by Rizal, who conducted his recitations
+from a hammock. Considerable importance was given to mathematics, and in languages English was taught as well as Spanish,
+the entire waking period being devoted to the language allotted for the day, and whoever so far forgot as to utter a word
+in any other tongue was punished by having to wear a rattan handcuff. The use and meaning of this modern police device had
+to be explained to the boys, for Spain still tied her prisoners with rope.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3456"></p>
+<table align="right" style="margin:10px; margin-right:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e3457" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b201.jpg" alt="Father Sanchez, S. J."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Father Sanchez, S. J.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3461">Nature study consisted in helping the Doctor gather specimens of flowers, shells, insects and reptiles which were prepared
+and shipped to German museums. Rizal was paid for these specimens by scientific books and material. The director of the Royal
+Zo&ouml;logical and Anthropological Museum in Dresden, Saxony, Doctor Karl von Heller, was a great friend and admirer of Doctor
+Rizal. Doctor Heller&#8217;s father was tutor to the late King Alfonso&nbsp;XII and had many friends at the Court of Spain. Evidently
+Doctor Heller and other of his European friends did not consider Rizal a Spanish insurrectionary, but treated him rather as
+a reformer seeking progress by peaceful means.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3463"></p>
+<div id="d0e3464" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b202.jpg" alt="Facsimile of Rizal&#8217;s drawings of fishes caught at Dapitan."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Facsimile of Rizal&#8217;s drawings of fishes caught at Dapitan.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3468">Doctor Rizal remunerated his pupils&#8217; work with gifts <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3470"></a>Page 202</span><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3471"></a>Page 203</span>of clothing, books and other useful remembrances. Sometimes the rewards were cartidges, and those who had accumulated enough
+were permitted to accompany him in his hunting expeditions. The dignity of labor was practically inculcated by requiring everyone
+to make himself useful, and this was really the first school of the type, combining the use of English, nature study and industrial
+instruction.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3473"></p>
+<div id="d0e3474" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b203.jpg" alt="Plan of the waterworks for Dapitan constructed by Dr. Rizal and the Jesuit lay brother Juan Costa. Rizal&#8217;s name was omitted for political reasons."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Plan of the waterworks for Dapitan constructed by Dr. Rizal and the Jesuit lay brother Juan Costa. Rizal&#8217;s name was omitted
+for political reasons.
+</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3478">On one occasion in the year 1894 some of his schoolboys secretly went into the town in a banca; a puppy which tried to follow
+them was eaten by a crocodile. Rizal tired to impress the evil effects of disobedience upon the youngsters by <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3480"></a>Page 204</span>pointing out to them the sorrow which the mother-dog felt at the loss of her young one, and emphasized the lesson by modeling
+a statuette called &#8220;The Mother&#8217;s Revenge,&#8221; wherein she is represented, in revenge, as devouring the cayman. It is said to
+be a good likeness of the animal which was Doctor Rizal&#8217;s favorite companion in his many pedestrian excursions around Dapitan.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3482">Father Francisco Sanchez, Rizal&#8217;s instructor in rhetoric in the Ateneo, made a long visit to Dapitan and brought with him
+some surveyor&#8217;s instruments, which his former pupil was delighted to assist him in using. Together they ran the levels for
+a water system for the the town, which was later, with the aid of the lay Jesuit, Brother Tildot, carried to completion. This
+same water system is now being restored and enlarged with artesian wells by the present insular, provincial and municipal
+governments jointly, as part of the memorial to Rizal in this place of his exile.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3484"></p>
+<table align="left" style="margin:10px; margin-left:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e3485" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b204.jpg" alt="Jewelry of earliest Moro converts found by Father Sanchez and Rizal."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Jewelry of earliest Moro converts found by Father Sanchez and Rizal.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3489">A visit to a not distant mountain and some digging in a spot supposed by the people of the region to be haunted brought to
+light curious relics of the first Christian converts among the early Moros.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3491">The state of his mind at about this period of his career is indicated by the verses written in his home in Talisay, entitled
+&#8220;My Retreat,&#8221; of which the following translation has been made by Mr. Charles Derbyshire. The scene that inspired this poem
+has been converted by the government into a public park to the memory of Rizal.
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3493"></a>Page 205</span></p>
+<p id="d0e3494"></p>
+<div id="d0e3495" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b205.jpg" alt="Sketch by Rizal of the hill and excavations where the jewelry was found."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Sketch by Rizal of the hill and excavations where the jewelry was found.</p>
+</div><p>
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3499"></a>Page 206</span>
+
+</p>
+<p class="poetry">
+<h5>My Retreat</h5>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e3505">By the spreading beach where the sands are soft and fine,<br id="d0e3507">At the foot of the mount in its mantle of green,<br id="d0e3509">I have built my hut in the pleasant grove&#8217;s confine;<br id="d0e3511">From the forest seeking peace and a calmness divine,<br id="d0e3513">Rest for the weary brain and silence to my sorrow keen.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e3516">Its roof the frail palm-leaf and its floor the cane,<br id="d0e3518">Its beams and posts of the unhewn wood;<br id="d0e3520">Little there is of value in this hut so plain,<br id="d0e3522">And better by far in the lap of the mount to have lain,<br id="d0e3524">By the song and the murmur of the high sea&#8217;s flood.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e3527">A purling brook from the woodland glade<br id="d0e3529">Drops down o&#8217;er the stones and around it sweeps,<br id="d0e3531">Whence a fresh stream is drawn by the rough cane&#8217;s aid;<br id="d0e3533">That in the still night its murmur has made,<br id="d0e3535">And in the day&#8217;s heat a crystal fountain leaps.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e3538">When the sky is serene how gently it flows,<br id="d0e3540">And its zither unseen ceaselessly plays;<br id="d0e3542">But when the rains fall a torrent it goes<br id="d0e3544">Boiling and foaming through the rocky close,<br id="d0e3546">Roaring uncheck&#8217;d to the sea&#8217;s wide ways.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e3549">The howl of the dog and the song of the bird,<br id="d0e3551">And only the kalao&#8217;s hoarse call resound;<br id="d0e3553">Nor is the voice of vain man to be heard,<br id="d0e3555">My mind to harass or my steps to begird;<br id="d0e3557">The woodlands alone and the sea wrap me round.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e3560">The sea, ah, the sea! for me it is all,<br id="d0e3562">As it massively sweeps from the worlds apart;<br id="d0e3564">Its smile in the morn to my soul is a call,<br id="d0e3566">And when in the even my fath seems to pall,<br id="d0e3568">It breathes with its sadness an echo to my heart.
+</p><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3570"></a>Page 207</span><p class="poetry"><br id="d0e3572">By night an arcanum; when translucent it glows,<br id="d0e3574">All spangled over with its millions of lights,<br id="d0e3576">And the bright sky above resplendent shows;<br id="d0e3578">While the waves with their sighs tell of their woes&#8212;<br id="d0e3580">Tales that are lost as they roll to the heights.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e3583">They tell of the world when the first dawn broke,<br id="d0e3585">And the sunlight over their surface played;<br id="d0e3587">When thousands of beings from nothingness woke,<br id="d0e3589">To people the depths and the heights to cloak,<br id="d0e3591">Wherever its life-giving kiss was laid.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e3594">But when in the night the wild winds awake,<br id="d0e3596">And the waves in their fury begin to leap,<br id="d0e3598">Through the air rush the cries that my mind shake;<br id="d0e3600">Voices that pray, songs and moans that partake<br id="d0e3602">Of laments from the souls sunk down in the deep.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e3605">Then from their heights the mountains groan,<br id="d0e3607">And the trees shiver tremulous from great unto least;<br id="d0e3609">The groves rustle plaintive and the herds utter moan,<br id="d0e3611">For they say that the ghosts of the folk that are gone<br id="d0e3613">Are calling them down to their death&#8217;s merry feast.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e3616">In terror and confusion whispers the night,<br id="d0e3618">While blue and green flames flit over the deep;<br id="d0e3620">But calm reigns again with the morning&#8217;s light,<br id="d0e3622">And soon the bold fisherman comes into sight,<br id="d0e3624">As his bark rushes on and the waves sink to sleep.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e3627">So onward glide the days in my lonely abode;<br id="d0e3629">Driven forth from the world where once I was known,<br id="d0e3631">I muse o&#8217;er the fate upon me bestow&#8217;d;<br id="d0e3633">A fragment forgotten that the moss will corrode,<br id="d0e3635">To hide from mankind the world in me shown.
+</p><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3637"></a>Page 208</span><p class="poetry"><br id="d0e3639">I live in the thought of the lov&#8217;d ones left,<br id="d0e3641">And oft their names to my mind are borne;<br id="d0e3643">Some have forsaken me and some by death are reft;<br id="d0e3645">But now &#8217;tis all one, as through the past I drift,<br id="d0e3647">That past which from me can never be torn.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e3650">For it is the friend that is with me always,<br id="d0e3652">That ever in sorrow keeps the faith in my soul;<br id="d0e3654">While through the still night it watches and prays,<br id="d0e3656">As here in my exile in my lone hut it stays,<br id="d0e3658">To strengthen my faith when doubts o&#8217;er me roll.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e3661">That faith I keep and I hope to see shine<br id="d0e3663">The day when the Idea prevails over might;<br id="d0e3665">When after the fray and death&#8217;s slow decline,<br id="d0e3667">Some other voice sounds, far happier than mine,<br id="d0e3669">To raise the glad song of the triumph of right.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e3672">I see the sky glow, refulgent and clear,<br id="d0e3674">As when it forced on me my first dear illusion;<br id="d0e3676">I feel the same wind kiss my forehead sere,<br id="d0e3678">And the fire is the same that is burning here<br id="d0e3680">To stir up youth&#8217;s blood in boiling confusion.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e3683">I breathe here the winds that perchance have pass&#8217;d<br id="d0e3685">O&#8217;er the fields and the rivers of my own natal shore;<br id="d0e3687">And mayhap they will bring on the returning blast<br id="d0e3689">The sighs that lov&#8217;d being upon them has cast&#8212;<br id="d0e3691">Messages sweet from the love I first bore.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e3694">To see the same moon, all silver&#8217;d as of yore,<br id="d0e3696">I feel the sad thoughts within me arise;<br id="d0e3698">The fond recollections of the troth we swore,<br id="d0e3700">Of the field and the bower and the wide seashore,<br id="d0e3702">The blushes of joy, with the silence and sighs.
+</p><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3704"></a>Page 209</span><p class="poetry"><br id="d0e3706">A butterfly seeking the flowers and the light,<br id="d0e3708">Of other lands dreaming, of vaster extent;<br id="d0e3710">Scarce a youth, from home and love I took flight,<br id="d0e3712">To wander unheeding, free from doubt or affright&#8212;<br id="d0e3714">So in foreign lands were my brightest days spent.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e3717">And when like a languishing bird I was fain<br id="d0e3719">To the home of my fathers and my love to return,<br id="d0e3721">Of a sudden the fierce tempest roar&#8217;d amain;<br id="d0e3723">So I saw my wings shatter&#8217;d and no home remain,<br id="d0e3725">My trust sold to others and wrecks round me burn.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e3728">Hurl&#8217;d out into exile from the land I adore,<br id="d0e3730">My future all dark and no refuge to seek;<br id="d0e3732">My roseate dreams hover round me once more,<br id="d0e3734">Sole treasures of all that life to me bore;<br id="d0e3736">The faiths of youth that with sincerity speak.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e3739">But not as of old, full of life and of grace,<br id="d0e3741">Do you hold out hopes of undying reward;<br id="d0e3743">Sadder I find you; on your lov&#8217;d face,<br id="d0e3745">Though still sincere, the pale lines trace<br id="d0e3747">The marks of the faith it is yours to guard.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e3750">You offer now, dreams, my gloom to appease,<br id="d0e3752">And the years of my youth again to disclose;<br id="d0e3754">So I thank you, O storm, and heaven-born breeze,<br id="d0e3756">That you knew of the hour my wild flight to ease,<br id="d0e3758">To cast me back down to the soil whence I rose.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e3761">By the spreading beach where the sands are soft and fine,<br id="d0e3763">At the foot of the mount in its mantle of green;<br id="d0e3765">I have found a home in the pleasant grove&#8217;s confine,<br id="d0e3767">In the shady woods, that peace and calmness divine,<br id="d0e3769">Rest for the weary brain and silence to my sorrow keen.
+</p>
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3771"></a>Page 210</span><p id="d0e3772"></p>
+<div id="d0e3773" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b210.jpg" alt="One of the lists of ethnographical material collected at Dapitan by Rizal for the Dresden Museum."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">One of the lists of ethnographical material collected at Dapitan by Rizal for the Dresden Museum.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3777"><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3778"></a>Page 211</span>The Church benefited by the presence of the exile, for he drew the design for an elaborate curtain to adorn the sanctuary
+at Easter time, and an artist Sister of Charity of the school there did the oil painting under his direction. In this line
+he must have been proficient, for once in Spain, where he traveled out of his way to Saragossa to visit one of his former
+teachers of the Ateneo, who he had heard was there, Rizal offered his assistance in making some altar paintings, and the Jesuit
+says that his skill and taste were much appreciated.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3780"></p>
+<table align="right" style="margin:10px; margin-right:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e3781" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b211.jpg" alt="The blind Mr. Taufer who had adopted Josefina Bracken."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">The blind Mr. Taufer who had adopted Josefina Bracken.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3785">The home of the Sisters had a private chapel, for which the teachers were preparing an image of the Virgin. For the sake of
+economy the head only was procured from abroad, the vestments concealing all the rest of the figure except the feet, which
+rested upon a globe encircled by a snake in whose mouth is an apple. The beauty of the countenance, a real work of art, appealed
+to Rizal, and he modeled the more prominent right foot, the apple and the serpent&#8217;s head, while the artist Sister assisted
+by doing the minor work. Both curtain and image, twenty years after their making, are still in use.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3787">On Sundays, Father Sanchez and Rizal conducted a school for the people after mass. As part of this education it was intended
+to make raised maps in the plaza of the chief city of the eight principal islands of the Philippines, but on account of Father
+Sanchez&#8217;s being called away, only one. Mindanao, was completed; it has been <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3789"></a>Page 212</span>restored with a concrete sidewalk and balustrade about it, while the plaza is a national park.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3791">Among Rizal&#8217;s patients was a blind American named Taufer, fairly well to do, who had been engineer of the pumping plant of
+the Hongkong Fire Department. He was a man of bravery, for he held a diploma for helping to rescue five Spaniards from a shipwreck
+in Hongkong harbor. And he was not less kind-hearted, for he and his wife, a Portuguese, had adopted and brought up as their
+own the infant daughter of a poor Irish woman who had died in Hongkong, leaving a considerable family to her husband, a corporal
+in the British Army on service there.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3793"></p>
+<table align="left" style="margin:10px; margin-left:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e3794" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b212.jpg" alt="Rizal&#8217;s father-in-law."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Rizal&#8217;s father-in-law.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3798">The little girl had been educated in the Italian convent after the first Mrs. Taufer died, and upon Mr. Taufer&#8217;s remarriage,
+to another Portuguese, the adopted daughter and Mr. Taufer&#8217;s own child were equally sharers of his home.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3800">This girl had known Rizal, &#8220;the Spanish doctor,&#8221; as he was called there, in Hongkong, and persuaded her adopted father that
+possibly the Dapitan exile might restore his lost eyesight. So with the two girls and his wife, Mr. Taufer set out for Mindanao.
+At Manila his own daughter fell in love with a Filipino engineer, a Mr. Sunico, now owner of a foundry in Manila, and, marrying,
+remained there. But the party reached Dapitan with its original number, for they were joined by a good-looking mestiza from
+the South who was unofficially connected with one of the canons of the Manila cathedral.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3802">Josefina Bracken, the Irish girl, was lively, capable and of congenial temperament, and as there no longer existed any reason
+against his marriage, for Rizal considered his <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3804"></a>Page 213</span>political days over, they agreed to become husband and wife.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3806"></p>
+<table align="right" style="margin:10px; margin-right:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e3807" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b213.jpg" alt="Carving of Josefina Bracken."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Carving of Josefina Bracken.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3811">The priest was asked to perform the ceremony, but said the Bishop of Cebu must give his consent, and offered to write him.
+Rizal at first feared that some political retraction would be asked, but when assured that only his religious beliefs would
+be investigated, promptly submitted a statement which Father Obach says covered about the same ground as the earliest published
+of the retractions said to have been made on the eve of Rizal&#8217;s death.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3813">This document, inclosed with the priest&#8217;s letter, was ready for the mail when Rizal came hurrying in to reclaim it. The marriage
+was off, for Mr. Taufer had taken his family and gone to Manila.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3815">The explanation of this sudden departure was that, after the blind man had been told of the impossibility of anything being
+done for his eyes, he was informed of the proposed marriage. The trip had already cost him one daughter, he had found that
+his blindness was incurable, and now his only remaining daughter, who had for seventeen years been like his own child, was
+planning to leave him. He would have to return to Hongkong hopeless <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3817"></a>Page 214</span>and accompanied only by a wife he had never seen, one who really was merely a servant. In his despair he said he had nothing
+to live for, and, seizing his razor, would have ended his life had not Rizal seized him just in time and held him, with the
+firm grasp his athletic training had given him, till the commandant came and calmed the excited blind man.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3819"></p>
+<div id="d0e3820" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b214.jpg" alt="Josefina Bracken&#8217;s baptismal certificate proving her Irish parentage."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Josefina Bracken&#8217;s baptismal certificate proving her Irish parentage.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3824">It resulted in Josefina returning to Manila with him, but after a while Mr Taufer listened to reason and she went back to
+Dapitan, after a short stay in Manila with Rizal&#8217;s family, to whom she had carried his letter of introduction, taking considerable
+housekeeping furniture with her.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3826">Further consideration changed Rizal&#8217;s opinion as to marriage, possibly because the second time the priest may not have been
+so liberal in his requirements. The mother, too, seems to have suggested that as Spanish law had established civil marriage
+in the Philippines, and as the local government had not provided any way for people <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3828"></a>Page 215</span>to avail themselves of the right, because the governor-general had pigeon-holed the royal decree, it would be less sinful
+for the two to consider themselves civilly married than for Rizal to do violence to his conscience by making any sort of political
+retraction. Any marriage so bought would be just as little a sacrament as an absolutely civil marriage, and the latter was
+free from hypocrisy.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3830"></p>
+<div id="d0e3831" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b215.jpg" alt="Josefina Bracken, afterwards Mrs. Jos&eacute; Rizal&#8212;from a photograph."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Josefina Bracken, afterwards Mrs. Jos&eacute; Rizal&#8212;from a photograph.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3835">So as man and wife Rizal and Josefina lived together <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3837"></a>Page 216</span>in Talisay. Father Obach sought to prejudice public feeling in the town against the exile for the &#8220;scandal,&#8221; though other
+scandals happenings with less reason were going on unrebuked. The pages of &#8220;Dapitan&#8221;, which some have considered to be the
+first chapter of an unfinished novel, may reasonably be considered no more than Rizal&#8217;s rejoinder to Father Obach, written
+in sarcastic vein and primarily for Carnicero&#8217;s amusement, unless some date of writing earlier than this should hereafter
+be found for them.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3839">Josefina was bright, vivacious, and a welcome addition to the little colony at Talisay, but at times Rizal had misgivings
+as to how it came that this foreigner should be permitted by a suspicious and absolute government to join him, when Filipinos,
+over whom the authorities could have exercised complete control, were kept away. Josefina&#8217;s frequent visits to the convento
+once brought this suspicion to an open declaration of his misgivings by Rizal, but two days of weeping upon her part caused
+him to avoid the subject thereafter. Could the exile have seen the confidential correspondence in the secret archives the
+plan would have been plain to him, for there it is suggested that his impressionable character could best be reached through
+the sufferings of his family, and that only his mother and sisters should be allowed to visit him. Steps in this plot were
+the gradual pardoning and returning of the members of his family to their homes.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3841">Josefina must remain a mystery to us as she was to Rizal. While she was in a delicate condition Rizal played a prank on her,
+harmless in itself, which startled her so that she sprang forward and struck against an iron stand. Though it was pure accident
+and Rizal was scarcely at fault, he blamed himself for it, and his later devotion seems largely to have been trying to make
+amends.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3843"><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3844"></a>Page 217</span>The &#8220;burial of the son of Rizal,&#8221; sometimes referred to as occurring at Dapitan, has for its foundation the consequences of
+this accident. A sketch hastily penciled in one of his medical books depicts an unusual condition apparent in the infant which,
+had it regularly made its appearance in the world some months later, would have been cherished by both parents; this loss
+was a great and common grief which banished thereafter all distrust upon his part and all occasion for it upon hers.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3846">Rizal&#8217;s mother and several of his sisters, the latter changing from time to time, had been present during this critical period.
+Another operation had been performed upon Mrs. Rizal&#8217;s eyes, but she was restive and disregarded the ordinary precautions,
+and the son was in despair. A letter to his brother-in-law, Manuel Hidalgo, who was inclined toward medical studies, says,
+&#8220;I now realize the reason why physicians are directed not to practice in their own families.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3848">A story of his mother and Rizal, necessary to understand his peculiar attitude toward her, may serve as the transition from
+the hero&#8217;s sad (later) married experience to the real romance of his life. Mrs. Rizal&#8217;s talents commanded her son&#8217;s admiration,
+as her care for him demanded his gratitude, but, despite the common opinion, he never had that sense of companionship with
+her that he enjoyed with his father. Mrs. Rizal was a strict disciplinarian and a woman of unexceptionable character, but
+she arrogated to herself an infallibility which at times was trying to those about her, and she foretold bitter fates for
+those who dared dispute her.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3850">Just before Jos&eacute; went abroad to study, while engaged to his cousin, Leonora Rivera, Mrs. Rivera and her daughter visited their
+relatives in Kalamba. Naturally the young man wished the guests to have the best of everything; one day when they visited
+a bathing place <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3852"></a>Page 218</span>near by he used the family&#8217;s newest carriage. Though this had not been forbidden, his mother spoke rather sharply about it;
+Jos&eacute; ventured to remind her that guests were present and that it would be better to discuss the matter in private. Angry because
+one of her children ventured to dispute her, she replied: &#8220;You are an undutiful son. You will never accomplish anything which
+you undertake. All your plans will result in failure.&#8221; These words could not be forgotten, as succeeding events seemed to
+make their prophecy come true, and there is pathos in one of Rizal&#8217;s letters in which he reminds his mother that she had foretold
+his fate.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3854"></p>
+<table align="left" style="margin:10px; margin-left:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e3855" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b218.jpg" alt="Pencil sketch of Leonora by Rizal."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Pencil sketch of Leonora by Rizal.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3859">His thoughts of an early marriage were overruled because his unmarried sisters did not desire to have a sister-in-law in their
+home who would add to the household cares but was not trained to bear her share of them, and even Paciano, who was in his
+favor, thought that his younger brother would mar his career by marrying early.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3861">So, with fervent promises and high hopes, Rizal had sailed away to make the fortune which should allow him to marry his cousin
+Leonora. She was constantly in his thoughts and his long letters were mailed with regular frequency during all his first years
+in Europe; but only a few of the earliest ever reached her, and as few replies came into his hands, though she was equally
+faithful as a correspondent.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3863">Leonora&#8217;s mother had been told that it was for the good of her daughter&#8217;s soul and in the interest of her <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3865"></a>Page 219</span>happiness that she should not become the wife of a man like Rizal, who was obnoxious to the Church and in disfavor with the
+government. So, by advice, Mrs. Rivera gradually withheld more and more of the correspondence upon both sides, until finally
+it ceased. And she constantly suggested to the unhappy girl that her youthful lover had forgotten her amid the distractions
+and gayeties of Europe.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3867">Then the same influence which had advised breaking off the correspondence found a person whom the mother and others joined
+in urging upon her as a husband, till at last, in the belief that she owed obedience to her mother, she reluctantly consented.
+Strangely like the proposed husband of the Maria Clara of &#8220;Noli Me Tangere,&#8221; in which book Rizal had prophetically pictured
+her, this husband was &#8220;one whose children should rule &#8221;&#8212;an English engineer whose position had been found for him to make
+the match more desirable. Their marriage took place, and when Rizal returned to the Philippines she learned how she had been
+deceived. Then she asked for the letters that had been withheld, and when told that as a wife she might not keep love letters
+from any but her husband, she pleaded that they be burned and the ashes given her. This was done, and the silver box with
+the blackened bits of paper upon her dresser seemed to be a consolation during the few months of life which she knew would
+remain to her.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3869"></p>
+<div id="d0e3870" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b220.jpg" alt="Leonora Rivera. Rizal&#8217;s cousin and fianc&eacute;e at the age of 15."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Leonora Rivera. Rizal&#8217;s cousin and fianc&eacute;e at the age of 15.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3874">Another great disappointment to Rizal was the action of Despujol when he first arrived in Dapitan, for he still believed in
+the Governor-General&#8217;s good faith and thought in that fertile but sparsely settled region he might plant his &#8220;New Kalamba&#8221;
+without the objection that had been urged against the British North Borneo project. All seemed to be going on favorably for
+the assembling of his relatives and neighbors in what then would be no <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3876"></a>Page 220</span><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3877"></a>Page 221</span>longer exile, when most insultingly, the Governor-General refused the permission which Rizal had had reason to rely upon his
+granting. The exile was reminded of his deportation and taunted with trying to make himself a king. Though he did not know
+it, this was part of the plan which was to break his spirit, so that when he was touched with the sufferings of his family
+he would yield to the influences of his youth and make complete political retraction; thus would be removed the most reasonable,
+and therefore the most formidable, opponent of the unnatural conditions Philippines and of the selfish interests which were
+profiting by them. But the plotters failed in their plan; they had mistaken their man.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3879"></p>
+<table align="right" style="margin:10px; margin-right:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e3880" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b221.jpg" alt="Letter to his nephew Mauricio Cruz written from Dapitan by Rizal."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Letter to his nephew Mauricio Cruz written from Dapitan by Rizal.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3885">During all this time Rizal had repeated chances to escape, and persons high in authority seem to have urged flight upon him.
+Running away, however, seemed to him a confession of guilt; the opportunities of doing so always unsettled him, for each time
+the battle of self-sacrifice had to be fought over again; but he remained firm in his purpose. To meet death bravely is one
+thing; to seek it is another and harder thing; but to refuse life and choose death over and over again during many years is
+the rarest kind of heroism.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3887">Rizal used to make long trips, sometimes cruising for a week in his explorations of the Mindanao coast, and some of his friends
+proposed to charter a steamer in Singapore and, passing near Dapitan, pick him up on one <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3889"></a>Page 222</span>of these trips. Another Philippine steamer going to Borneo suggested taking him on board as a rescue at sea and then landing
+him at their destination, where he would be free from Spanish power. Either of these schemes would have been feasible, but
+he refused both.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3891">Plans, which materialized, to benefit the fishing industry by improved nets imported from his Laguna home, and to find a market
+for the abaka of Dapitan, were joined with the introduction of American machinery, for which Rizal acted as agent, among planters
+of neighboring islands. It was a busy, useful life, and in the economic advancement of his country the exile believed he was
+as patriotic as when he was working politically.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3893">Rizal personally had been fortunate, for in company with the commandant and a Spaniard, originally deported for political
+reasons from the Peninsula, he had gained one of the richer prizes in the government lottery. These funds came most opportunely,
+for the land troubles and succeeding litigation had almost stripped the family of all its possessions. The account of the
+first news in Dapitan of the good fortune of the three is interestingly told in an official report to the Governor-General
+from the commandant. The official saw the infrequent mail steamer arriving with flying bunting and at once imagined some high
+authority was aboard; he hastened to the beach with a band of music to assist in the welcome, but was agreeably disappointed
+with the news of the luck which had befallen his prisoner and himself.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3895">Not all of Dapitan life was profitable and prosperous. Yet in spite of this Rizal stayed in the town. This was pure self-sacrifice,
+for he refused to make any effort for his own release by invoking influences which could have brought pressure to bear upon
+the Spanish home government. He feared to act lest obstacles might be put in the way of the reforms that were apparently making
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3897"></a>Page 223</span>headway through Despujol&#8217;s initiative, and was content to wait rather than to jeopardize the prospects of others.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3899"></p>
+<div id="d0e3900" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b223.jpg" alt="Ethnographical material collected by Rizal for the Royal Zo&ouml;logical Museum in Dresden, Saxony."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Ethnographical material collected by Rizal for the Royal Zo&ouml;logical Museum in Dresden, Saxony.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3904">A plan for his transfer to the North, in the Ilokano country, had been deferred and had met with obstacles <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3906"></a>Page 224</span>which Rizal believed were placed in its way through some of his own countrymen in the Peninsula who feared his influence upon
+the revenue with which politics was furnishing them.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3908">Another proposal was to appoint Rizal district health officer for Dapitan, but this was merely a covert government bribe.
+While the exile expressed his willingness to accept the position, he did not make the &#8220;unequivocally Spanish&#8221; professions
+that were needed to secure this appointment.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3910">Yet the government could have been satisfied of Rizal&#8217;s innocence of any treasonable designs against Spain&#8217;s sovereignty in
+the Islands had it known how the exile had declined an opportunity to head the movement which had been initiated on the eve
+of his deportation. His name had been used to gather the members together and his portrait hung in each Katipunan lodge hall,
+but all this was without Rizal&#8217;s consent or even his knowledge.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3912">The members, who had been paying faithfully for four years, felt that it was time that something besides collecting money
+was done. Their restiveness and suspicions led Andr&eacute;s Bonifacio, its head, to resort to Rizal, feeling that a word from the
+exile, who had religiously held aloof from all politics since his deportation, would give the Katipunan leaders more time
+to mature their plans. So he sent a messenger to Dapitan, Pio Valenzuela, a doctor, who to conceal his mission took with him
+a blind man. Thus the doctor and his patient appeared as on a professional visit to the exiled oculist. But though the interview
+was successfully secured in this way, its results were far from satisfactory.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3914">Far from feeling grateful for the consideration for the possible consequences to him which Valenzuela pretended had prompted
+the visit, Rizal indignantly insisted that the country came first. He cited the Spanish <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3916"></a>Page 225</span>republics of South America, with their alternating revolutions and despotisms, as a warning against embarking on a change
+of government for which the people were not prepared. Education, he declared, was first necessary, and in his opinion general
+enlightenment was the only road to progress. Valenzuela cut short his trip, glad to escape without anyone realizing that Rizal
+and he had quarreled.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3918">Bonifacio called Rizal a coward when he heard his emissary&#8217;s report, and enjoined Valenzuela to say nothing of his trip. But
+the truth leaked out, and there was a falling away in Katipunan membership.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3920">Doctor Rizal&#8217;s own statement respecting the rebellion and Valenzuela&#8217;s visit may fitly be quoted here:
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3922">&#8220;I had no notice at all of what was being planned until the first or second of July, in 1896, when Pio Valenzuela came to
+see me, saying that an uprising was being arranged. I told him that it was absurd, etc., etc., and he answered me that they
+could bear no more. I advised him that they should have patience, etc., etc. He added then that he had been sent because they
+had compassion on my life and that probably it would compromise me. I replied that they should have patience and that if anything
+happened to me I would then prove my innocence. &#8216;Besides,&#8217; said I, &#8216;don&#8217;t consider me, but our country, which is the one that
+will suffer.&#8217; I went on to show how absurd was the movement.&#8212;This, later, Pio Valenzuela testified.&#8212;He did not tell me that
+my name was being used, neither did he suggest that I was its chief, or anything of that sort.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3924">&#8220;Those who testify that I am the chief (which I do not know, nor do I know of having ever treated with them), what proofs
+do they present of my having accepted this chiefship or that I was in relations with them or with their society? Either they
+have made use of my <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3926"></a>Page 226</span>name for their own purposes or they have been deceived by others who have. Where is the chief who dictates no order and makes
+no arrangement, who is not consulted in anything about so important an enterprise until the last moment, and then when he
+decides against it is disobeyed? Since the seventh of July of 1892 I have entirely ceased political activity. It seems some
+have wished to avail themselves of my name for their own ends.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3928">This was Rizal&#8217;s second temptation to engage in politics, the first having been a trap laid by his enemies. A man had come
+to see Rizal in his earlier days in Dapitan, claiming to be a relative and seeking letters to prominent Filipinos. The deceit
+was too plain and Rizal denounced the envoy to the commandant, whose investigations speedily disclosed the source of the plot.
+Further prosecution, of course, ceased at once.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3930">The visit of some image vendors from Laguna who never before had visited that region, and who seemed more intent on escaping
+notice than interested in business, appeared suspicious, but upon report of the Jesuits the matter was investigated and nothing
+really suspicious was found.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3932">Rizal&#8217;s charm of manner and attraction for every one he met is best shown by his relations with the successive commandants
+at Dapitan, all of whom, except Carnicero, were naturally predisposed against him, but every one became his friend and champion.
+One even asked relief on the ground of this growing favorable impression upon his part toward his prisoner.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3934">At times there were rumors of Rizal&#8217;s speedy pardon, and he would think of going regularly into scientific work, collecting
+for those European museums which had made him proposals that assured ample livelihood and congenial work.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3936">Then Doctor Blumentritt wrote to him of the ravages <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3938"></a>Page 227</span>of disease among the Spanish soldiers in Cuba and the scarcity of surgeons to attend them. Here was a labor &#8220;eminently humanitarian,&#8221;
+to quote Rizal&#8217;s words of his own profession, and it made so strong an appeal to him that, through the new governor-general,
+for Despujol had been replaced by Blanco, he volunteered his services. The minister of war of that time, General Azcarraga,
+was Philippine born. Blanco considered the time favorable for granting Rizal&#8217;s petition and thus lifting the decree of deportation
+without the embarrassment of having the popular prisoner remain in the Islands.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e3940">The thought of resuming his travels evidently inspired the following poem, which was written at about this time. The translation
+is by Arthur P. Ferguson:
+
+</p>
+<p class="poetry">
+<h5>The Song of the Traveler</h5>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e3946">Like to a leaf that is fallen and withered,<br id="d0e3948">Tossed by the tempest from pole unto pole;<br id="d0e3950">Thus roams the pilgrim abroad without purpose,<br id="d0e3952">Roams without love, without country or soul.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e3955">Following anxiously treacherous fortune,<br id="d0e3957">Fortune which e&#8217;en as he grasps at it flees;<br id="d0e3959">Vain though the hopes that his yearning is seeking,<br id="d0e3961">Yet does the pilgrim embark on the seas!
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e3964">Ever impelled by invisible power,<br id="d0e3966">Destined to roam from the East to the West;<br id="d0e3968">Oft he remembers the faces of loved ones,<br id="d0e3970">Dreams of the day when he, too, was at rest.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e3973">Chance may assign him a tomb on the desert,<br id="d0e3975">Grant him a final asylum of peace;<br id="d0e3977">Soon by the world and his country forgotten,<br id="d0e3979">God rest his soul when his wanderings cease!
+</p><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e3981"></a>Page 228</span><p class="poetry"><br id="d0e3983">Often the sorrowful pilgrim is envied,<br id="d0e3985">Circling the globe like a sea-gull above;<br id="d0e3987">Little, ah, little they know what a void<br id="d0e3989">Saddens his soul by the absence of love.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e3992">Home may the pilgrim return in the future,<br id="d0e3994">Back to his loved ones his footsteps he bends;<br id="d0e3996">Naught will he find but the snow and the ruins,<br id="d0e3998">Ashes of love and the tomb of his friends.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e4001">Pilgrim, begone! Nor return more hereafter.<br id="d0e4003">Stranger thou art in the land of thy birth;<br id="d0e4005">Others may sing of their love while rejoicing,<br id="d0e4007">Thou once again must roam o&#8217;er the earth.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e4010">Pilgrim, begone! Nor return more hereafter,<br id="d0e4012">Dry are the tears that a while for thee ran;<br id="d0e4014">Pilgrim, begone! And forget thy affliction,<br id="d0e4016">Loud laughs the world at the sorrows of man.
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4018"></a>Page 229</span></p><a id="d0e4019"></a><h2 class="abovehead">Chapter X</h2>
+<h1>&#8220;Consummatum Est&#8221;</h1>
+<p id="d0e4022">Notice of the granting of his request came to Rizal just when repeated disappointments had caused him to prepare for staying
+in Dapitan. Immediately he disposed of his salable possessions, including a Japanese tea set and large mirror now among the
+Rizal relics preserved by the government, and a piece of outlying land, the deed for which is also among the Rizalana in the
+Philippines library. Some half-finished busts were thrown into the pool behind the dam. Despite the short notice all was ready
+for the trip in time, and, attended by some of his schoolboys as well as by Josefina and Rizal&#8217;s niece, the daughter of his
+youngest sister, Soledad, whom Josefina wished to adopt, the party set out for Manila.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4024">The journey was not an uneventful one; at Dumaguete Rizal was the guest of a Spanish judge at dinner; in Cebu he operated
+successfully upon the eyes of a foreign merchant; and in Iloilo the local newspaper made much of his presence.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4026">The steamer from Dapitan reached Manila a little too late for the mail boat for Spain, and Rizal obtained permission to await
+the next sailing on board the cruiser <i>Castilla</i>, in the bay. Here he was treated like a guest and more than once the Spanish captain invited members of Rizal&#8217;s family to
+be his guests at dinner&#8212;Josefina with little Maria Luisa, the niece and the schoolboys, for whom positions had been obtained,
+in Manila.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4031">The alleged uprising of the Katipunan occurred during this time. A Tondo curate, with an eye to promotion, professed to have
+discovered a gigantic conspiracy. Incited by him, the lower class of Spaniards in Manila made demonstrations against Blanco
+and tried to force that <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4033"></a>Page 230</span>ordinarily sensible and humane executive into bloodthirsty measures, which should terrorize the Filipinos. Blanco had known
+of the Katipunan but realized that so long as interested parties were using it as a source of revenue, its activities would
+not go much beyond speechmaking. The rabble was not so far-seeing, and from high authorities came advice that the country
+was in a fever and could only be saved by blood-letting.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4035">Wholesale arrests filled every possible place for prisoners in Manila. The guilt of one suspect consisted in having visited
+the American consul to secure the address of a New York medical journal, and other charges were just as frivolous. There was
+a reign of terror in Luzon and, to save themselves, members of the Katipunan resorted to that open warfare which, had Blanco&#8217;s
+prudent counsels been regarded, would probably have been avoided.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4037">While the excitement was at its height, with a number of executions failing to satisfy the blood-hunger, Rizal sailed for
+Spain, bearing letters of recommendation from Blanco. These vouched for his exemplary conduct during his exile and stated
+that he had in no way been implicated in the conspiracies then disturbing the Islands.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4039">The Spanish mail boat upon which Rizal finally sailed had among its passengers a sick Jesuit, to whose care Rizal devoted
+himself, and though most of the passengers were openly hostile to one whom they supposed responsible for the existing outbreak,
+his professional skill led several to avail themselves of his services. These were given with a deference to the ship&#8217;s doctor
+which made that official an admirer and champion of his colleague.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4041">Three only of the passengers, however, were really friendly&#8212;one Juan Utor y Fernandez, a prominent Mason and republican, another
+ex-official in the Philippines <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4043"></a>Page 231</span>who shared Utor&#8217;s liberal views, and a young man whose father was republican.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4045">But if Rizal&#8217;s chief adversaries were content that he should go where he would not molest them or longer jeopardize their
+interests, the rabble that had been excited by the hired newspaper advocates was not so easily calmed. Every one who felt
+that his picture had been painted among the lower Spanish types portrayed in &#8220;Noli Me Tangere&#8221; was loud for revenge. The clamor
+grew so great that it seemed possible to take advantage of it to displace General Blanco, who was not a convenient tool for
+the interests.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4047">So his promotion was bought, it is said, to get one Polavieja, a willing tool, in his place. As soon as this scheme was arranged,
+a cablegram ordering Rizal&#8217;s arrest was sent; it overtook the steamer at Suez. Thus as a prisoner he completed his journey.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4049">But this had not been entirely unforeseen, for when the steamer reached Singapore, Rizal&#8217;s companion on board, the Filipino
+millionaire Pedro P. Roxas, had deserted the ship, urging the ex-exile to follow his example. Rizal demurred, and said such
+flight would be considered confession of guilt, but he was not fully satisfied in his mind that he was safe. At each port
+of call his uncertainty as to what course to pursue manifested itself, for though he considered his duty to his country already
+done, and his life now his own, he would do nothing that suggested an uneasy conscience despite his lack of confidence in
+Spanish justice.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4051">At first, not knowing the course of events in Manila, he very naturally blamed Governor-General Blanco for bad faith, and
+spoke rather harshly of him in a letter to Doctor Blumentritt, an opinion which he changed later when the truth was revealed
+to him in Manila.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4053">Upon the arrival of the steamer in Barcelona the prisoner <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4055"></a>Page 232</span>was transferred to Montjuich Castle, a political prison associated with many cruelties, there to await the sailing that very
+day of the Philippine mail boat. The Captain-General was the same Despujol who had decoyed Rizal into the power of the Spaniards
+four years before. An interesting interview of some hours&#8217; duration took place between the governor and the prisoner, in which
+the clear conscience of the latter seems to have stirred some sense of shame in the man who had so dishonorably deceived him.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4057">He never heard of the effort of London friends to deliver him at Singapore by means of habeas-corpus proceedings. Mr. Regidor
+furnished the legal inspiration and Mr. Baustead the funds for getting an opinion as to Rizal&#8217;s status as a prisoner when
+in British waters, from Sir Edward Clarke, ex-solicitor-general of Great Britain. Captain Camus, a Filipino living in Singapore,
+was cabled to, money was made available in the Chartered Bank of Singapore, as Mr. Baustead&#8217;s father&#8217;s firm was in business
+in that city, and a lawyer, now Sir Hugh Fort, K.C., of London, was retained. Secretly, in order that the attempt, if unsuccessful,
+might not jeopardize the prisoner, a petition was presented to the Supreme Court of the Straits Settlements reciting the facts
+that Doctor Jos&eacute; Rizal, according to the Philippine practice of punishing Freemasons without trial, was being deprived of
+his liberty without warrant of law upon a ship then within the jurisdiction of the court.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4059">According to Spanish law Rizal was being illegally held on the Spanish mail steamer <i>Colon</i>, for the Constitution of Spain forbade detention except on a judge&#8217;s order, but like most Spanish laws the Constitution was
+not much respected by Spanish officials. Rizal had never had a hearing before any judge, nor had any charge yet been placed
+against him. The writ of habeas corpus was justified, <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4064"></a>Page 233</span>provided the <i>Colon</i> were a merchant ship that would be subject to British law when in British port, but the mail steamer that carried Rizal also
+had on board Spanish soldiers and flew the royal flag as if it were a national transport. No one was willing to deny that
+this condition made the ship floating Spanish territory, and the judge declined to issue the writ.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4069"></p>
+<div id="d0e4070" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b233.jpg" alt="Cell in which Rizal was imprisoned, and dungeon where he was incomunicado, Fort Santiago."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Cell in which Rizal was imprisoned, and dungeon where he was <i>incomunicado</i>, Fort Santiago.
+</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4077">Rizal reached Manila on November 3 and was at once transferred to Fort Santiago, at first being held in a dungeon &#8220;incomunicado&#8221;
+and later occupying a small cell on the ground floor. Its furnishings had to be supplied by himself and they consisted of
+a small rattan table, a high-backed chair, a steamer chair of the same material, and a cot of the kind used by Spanish officers&#8212;<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4079"></a>Page 234</span>canvas top and collapsible frame which closed up lengthwise. His meals were sent in by his family, being carried by one of
+his former pupils at Dapitan, and such cooking or heating as was necessary was done on an alcohol lamp which had been presented
+to him in Paris by Mrs. Tavera.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4081">An unsuccessful effort had been made earlier to get evidence against Rizal by torturing his brother Paciano. For hours the
+elder brother had been seated at a table in the headquarters of the political police, a thumbscrew on one hand and pen in
+the other, while before him was a confession which would implicate Jos&eacute; Rizal in the Katipunan uprising. The paper remained
+unsigned, though Paciano was hung up by the elbows till he was insensible, and then cut down that the fall might revive him.
+Three days of this maltreatment made him so ill that there was no possibility of his signing anything, and he was carted home.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4083">It would not be strictly accurate to say that at the close of the nineteenth century the Spaniards of Manila were using the
+same tortures that had made their name abhorrent in Europe three centuries earlier, for there was some progress; electricity
+was employed at times as an improved method of causing anguish, and the thumbscrews were much more neatly finished than those
+used by the Dons of the Dark Ages.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4085">Rizal did not approve of the rebellion and desired to issue a manifesto to those of his countrymen who had been deceived into
+believing that he was their leader. But the proclamation was not politic, for it contained none of those fulsomely flattering
+phrases which passed for patriotism in the feverish days of 1896. The address was not allowed to be made public but it was
+passed on to the prosecutor to form another count in the indictment of Jos&eacute; Rizal for not esteeming Spanish civilization.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4087"><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4088"></a>Page 235</span>The following address to some Filipinos shows more clearly and unmistakably than any words of mine exactly what was the state
+of Rizal&#8217;s mind in this matter.
+
+</p>
+<div class="blockquote"><a id="d0e4093"></a><h1>Countrymen:</h1>
+<p id="d0e4096">On my return from Spain I learned that my name had been in use, among some who were in arms, as a war-cry. The news came as
+a painful surprise, but, believing it already closed, I kept silent over an incident which I considered irremediable. Now
+I notice indications of the disturbances continuing and if any still, in good or bad faith, are availing themselves of my
+name, to stop this abuse and undeceive the unwary I hasten to address you these lines that the truth may be known.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4098">From the very beginning, when I first had notice of what was being planned, I opposed it, fought it, and demonstrated its
+absolute impossibility. This is the fact, and witnesses to my words are now living. I was convinced that the scheme was utterly
+absurd, and, what was worse, would bring great suffering.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4100">I did even more. When later, against my advice, the movement materialized, of my own accord I offered not alone my good offices,
+but my very life, and even my name, to be used in whatever way might seem best, toward stifling the rebellion; for, convinced
+of the ills which it would bring, I considered myself fortunate if, at any sacrifice, I could prevent such useless misfortunes.
+This equally is of record. My countrymen, I have given proofs that I am one most anxious for liberties for our country, and
+I am still desirous of them. <i>But I place as a prior condition the education of the people,</i> that by means of instruction and industry our country may have an individuality of its own and make itself worthy of these
+liberties. I have recommended in my writings the study of the civic virtues, without which there is no redemption. <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4105"></a>Page 236</span>I have written likewise (and I repeat my words) that reforms, to be beneficial, must come from <i>above</i>, that those which come from below are irregularly gained and uncertain.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4110">Holding these ideas, I cannot do less than condemn, and I do condemn this uprising&#8212;as absurd, savage, and plotted behind my
+back&#8212;which dishonors us Filipinos and discredits those who could plead our cause. I abhor its criminal methods and disclaim
+all part in it, pitying from the bottom of my heart the unwary who have been deceived.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4112">Return, then, to your homes, and may God pardon those who have worked in bad faith!
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4114">Jos&eacute; Rizal.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4116">Fort Santiago, December 15, 1896. </p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4119"></p>
+<div id="d0e4120" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b236.jpg" alt="Cuartel de Espa&ntilde;a, scene of Rizal&#8217;s military trial."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Cuartel de Espa&ntilde;a, scene of Rizal&#8217;s military trial.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4124">Finally a court-martial was convened for Rizal&#8217;s trial, in the Cuartel de Espa&ntilde;a. No trained counsel was allowed to defend
+him, but a list of young army officers was presented from which he might select a nominal defender. Among the names was one
+which was familiar, Luis Taviel de Andrade, and he proved to be the brother of Rizal&#8217;s companion during his visit to the Philippines
+in <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4126"></a>Page 237</span>1887&#8211;88. The young man did his best and risked unpopularity in order to be loyal to his client. His defense reads pitiably
+weak in these days but it was risky then to say even so much.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4128">The judge advocate in a ridiculously bombastic effusion gave an alleged sketch of Rizal&#8217;s life which showed ignorance of almost
+every material event, and then formulated the first precise charge against the prisoner, which was that he had founded an
+illegal society, alleging that the Liga Filipina had for its sole object to commit the crime of rebellion.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4130"></p>
+<table align="right" style="margin:10px; margin-right:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e4131" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b237.jpg" alt="Luis T. de Andrade."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Luis T. de Andrade.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4135">The second charge was that Rizal was responsible for the existing rebellion, having caused it, bringing it on by his unceasing
+labors. An aggravating circumstance was found in the prisoner&#8217;s being a native of the Philippines.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4137">The penalty of death was asked of the court, and in the event of pardon being granted by the crown, the prisoner should at
+least remain under surveillance for the rest of his life and pay as damages 20,000 pesos.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4139">The arguments are so absurd, the bias of the court so palpable, that it is not worth while to discuss them. The parallel proceedings
+in the military trial and execution of Francisco Ferret in Barcelona in 1909 caused worldwide indignation, and the illegality
+of almost every step, according to Spanish law, was shown in numerous articles in the European and American press. Rizal&#8217;s
+case was even more brazenly unfair, but Manila was too remote and the news too carefully censored for the facts to become
+known.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4141"><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4142"></a>Page 238</span>The prisoner&#8217;s arms were tied, corded from elbow to elbow behind his back, and thus he sat through the weary trial while the
+public jeered him and clamored for his condemnation as the bloodthirsty crowds jeered and clamored in the French Reign of
+terror.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4144">Then came the verdict and the prisoner was invited to acknowledge the regularity of the proceedings in the farcical trial
+by signing the record. To this Rizal demurred, but after a vain protest, affixed his signature.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4146">He was at once transferred to the Fort chapel, there to pass the last twenty-four hours of his life in preparing for death.
+The military chaplain offered his services, which were courteously declined, but when the Jesuits came, those instructors
+of his youth were eagerly welcomed.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4148">Rizal&#8217;s trial had awakened great interest and accounts of everything about the prisoner were cabled by eager correspondents
+to the Madrid newspapers. One of the newspaper men who visited Rizal in his cell mentions the courtesy of his reception, and
+relates how the prisoner played the host and insisted on showing his visitor those attentions which Spanish politeness considers
+due to a guest, saying that these must be permitted, for he was in his own home. The interviewer found the prisoner perfectly
+calm and natural, serious of course, but not at all overwhelmed by the near prospect of death, and in discussing his career
+Rizal displayed that dispassionate attitude toward his own doings that was characteristic of him. Almost as though speaking
+of a stranger he mentioned that if Archbishop Nozaleda&#8217;s sane view had been taken and &#8220;Noli Me Tangere&#8221; not preached against,
+he would not have been in prison, and perhaps the rebellion would never have occurred. It is easy for us to recognize that
+the author referred to the misconception of his novel, which had arisen from the publication of the censor&#8217;s <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4150"></a>Page 239</span>extracts, which consisted of whatever could be construed into coming under one of the three headings of attacks on religion,
+attacks on government, and reflections on Spanish character, without the slightest regard to the context.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4152">But the interviewer, quite honestly, reported Rizal to be regretting his novel instead of regretting its miscomprehension,
+and he seems to have been equally in error in the way he mistook Rizal&#8217;s meaning about the republicans in Spain having led
+him astray.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4154">Rizal&#8217;s exact words are not given in the newspaper account, but it is not likely that a man would make admissions in a newspaper
+interview, which if made formally, would have saved his life. Rizal&#8217;s memory has one safeguard against the misrepresentations
+which the absence of any witnesses favorable to him make possible regarding his last moments: a political retraction would
+have prevented his execution, and since the execution did take place, it is reasonable to believe that Rizal died holding
+the views for which he had expressed himself willing to suffer martyrdom.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4156">Yet this view does not reflect upon the good faith of the reporter. It is probable that the prisoner was calling attention
+to the illogical result that, though he had disregarded the advice of the radical Spaniards who urged him to violent measures,
+his peaceable agitation had been misunderstood and brought him to the same situation as though he had actually headed a rebellion
+by arms. His slighting opinion of his great novel was the view he had always held, for like all men who do really great things,
+he was the reverse of a braggart, and in his remark that he had attempted to do great things without the capacity for gaining
+success, one recognizes his remembrance of his mother&#8217;s angry prophecy foretelling failure in all he undertook.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4158"><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4159"></a>Page 240</span>His family waited long outside the Governor-General&#8217;s place to ask a pardon, but in vain; General Polavieja had to pay the
+price of his appointment and refused to see them.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4161"></p>
+<table align="left" style="margin:10px; margin-left:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e4162" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b240.jpg" alt="Interior of the cell in which Rizal&#8217;s farewell verses were written."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Interior of the cell in which Rizal&#8217;s farewell verses were written.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4166">The mother and sisters, however, were permitted to say farewell to Rizal in the chapel, under the eyes of the death-watch.
+The prisoner had been given the unusual privilege of not being tied, but he was not allowed to approach near his relatives,
+really for fear that he might pass some writing to them&#8212;the pretext was made that Rizal might thus obtain the means for committing
+suicide.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4168">To his sister Trinidad Rizal spoke of having nothing to give her by way of remembrance except the alcohol cooking lamp which
+he had been using, a gift, as he mentioned, from Mrs. Tavera. Then he added quickly, in English, so that the listening guard
+would not understand, &#8220;There is something inside.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4170">The other events of Rizal&#8217;s last twenty-four hours, for he went in to the chapel at seven in the morning of the day preceding
+his execution, are perplexing. What purported to be a detailed account was promptly published in Barcelona, on Jesuit authority,
+but one must not forget that Spaniards are not of the phlegmatic disposition which makes for accuracy in minute matters and
+even when writing history they are dramatically inclined. So while the truthfulness, that is the intent to be fair, may not
+be questioned, it would not be strange if those who wrote of <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4172"></a>Page 241</span>what happened in the chapel in Fort Santiago during Rizal&#8217;s last hours did not escape entirely from the influence of the national
+characteristics. In the main their narrative is to be accepted, but the possibility of unconscious coloring should not be
+disregarded.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4174"></p>
+<div id="d0e4175" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b241.jpg" alt="Rizal&#8217;s wedding gift to his wife."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Rizal&#8217;s wedding gift to his wife.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4179">In substance it is alleged that Rizal greeted his old instructors and other past acquaintances in a friendly way. He asked
+for copies of the Gospels and the writings of Thomas-&agrave;-Kempis, desired to be formally married to Josefina, and asked to be
+allowed to confess. The Jesuits responded that first it would be necessary to investigate <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4181"></a>Page 242</span>how far his beliefs conformed to the Roman Catholic teachings. Their catechizing convinced them that he was not orthodox and
+a religious debate ensued in which Rizal, after advancing all known arguments, was completely vanquished. His marriage was
+made contingent upon his signing a retraction of his published heresies.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4183">The Archbishop had prepared a form which the Jesuits believed Rizal would be little likely to sign, and they secured permission
+to substitute a shorter one of their own which included only the absolute essentials for reconciliation with the Church, and
+avoided all political references. They say that Rizal objected only to a disavowal of Freemasonry, stating that in England,
+where he held his membership, the Masonic institution was not hostile to the Church. After some argument, he waived this point
+and wrote out, at a Jesuit&#8217;s dictation, the needed retraction, adding some words to strengthen it in parts, indicating his
+Catholic education and that the act was of his own free will and accord.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4185">The prisoner, the priests, and all the Spanish officials present knelt at the altar, at Rizal&#8217;s suggestion, while he read
+his retraction aloud. Afterwards he put on a blue scapular, kissed the image of the Sacred Heart he had carved years before,
+heard mass as when a student in the Ateneo, took communion, and read his &agrave;-Kempis or prayed in the intervals. He took breakfast
+with the Spanish officers, who now regarded him very differently. At six Josefina entered and was married to him by Father
+Balanguer.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4187">Now in this narrative there are some apparent discrepancies. Mention is made of Rizal having in an access of devotion signed
+in a devotionary all the acts of faith, and it is said that this book was given to one of his sisters. His chapel gifts to
+his family have been examined, but though there is a book of devotion, &#8220;The Anchor of <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4189"></a>Page 243</span>Faith,&#8221; it contains no other signature than the presentation on a flyleaf. As to the religious controversy: while in Dapitan
+Rizal carried on with Father Pio Pi, the Jesuit superior, a lengthy discussion involving the interchange of many letters,
+but he succeeded in fairly maintaining his views, and these views would hardly have caused him to be called Protestant in
+the Roman Catholic churches of America. Then the theatrical reading aloud of his retraction before the altar does not conform
+to Rizal&#8217;s known character. As to the anti-Masonic arguments, these appear to be from a work by Monsignor Dupanloup and therefore
+were not new to Rizal; furthermore, the book was in his own library.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4191">Again, it seems strange that Rizal should have asserted that his Masonic membership was in London when in visiting St. John&#8217;s
+Lodge, Scotch Constitution, in Hongkong in November of 1891, since which date he had not been in London, he registered as
+from &#8220;Temple du honneur de les amis fran&ccedil;ais,&#8221; an old-established Paris lodge.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4196">Also the sister Lucia, who was said to have been a witness of the marriage, is not positive that it occurred, having only
+seen the priest at the altar in his vestments. The record of the marriage has been stated to be in the Manila Cathedral, but
+it is not there, and as the Jesuit in officiating would have been representing the military chaplain, the entry should have
+been in the Fort register, now in Madrid. Rizal&#8217;s burial, too, does not indicate that he died in the faith, yet it with the
+marriage has been used as an argument for proving that the retraction must have been made.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4198">The retraction itself appears in two versions, with slight differences. No one outside the Spanish faction has ever seen the
+original, though the family nearly got into trouble by their persistence in trying to get sight of it after its first publication.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4200"><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4201"></a>Page 244</span>The foregoing might suggest some disbelief, but in fact they are only proofs of the remarks already made about the Spanish
+carelessness in details and liking for the dramatic.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4203">The writer believes Rizal made a retraction, was married canonically, and was given what was intended to be Christian burial.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4205">The grounds for this belief rest upon the fact that he seems never to have been estranged in faith from the Roman Catholic
+Church, but he objected only to certain political and mercenary abuses. The first retraction is written in his style and it
+certainly contains nothing he could not have signed in Dapitan. In fact, Father Obach says that when he wanted to marry Josefina
+on her first arrival there, Rizal prepared a practically similar statement. Possibly the report of that priest aided in outlining
+the draft which the Jesuits substituted for the Archbishop&#8217;s form. There is no mention of evasions or mental reservations
+and Rizal&#8217;s renunciation of Masonry might have been qualified by the quibble that it was &#8220;the Masonry which was an enemy of
+the Church&#8221; that he was renouncing. Then since his association (not affiliation) had been with Masons not hostile to religion,
+he was not abandoning these.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4207">The possibility of this line of thought having suggested itself to him appears in his evasions on the witness-stand at his
+trial. Though he answered with absolute frankness whatever concerned himself and in everyday life was almost quixotically
+truthful, when cross-examined about others who would be jeopardized by admitting his acquaintance with them, he used the subterfuge
+of the symbolic names of his Masonic acquaintances. Thus he would say, &#8220;I know no one by that name,&#8221; since care was always
+taken to employ the symbolic names in introductions and conversations.
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4209"></a>Page 245</span></p>
+<p id="d0e4210"></p>
+<div id="d0e4211" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b245.jpg" alt="A pamphlet bearing Rizal&#8217;s symbolic name in Masonry, &#8220;Dimas Alang.&#8221;"></p>
+<p class="figureHead">A pamphlet bearing Rizal&#8217;s symbolic name in Masonry, &#8220;Dimas Alang.&#8221;</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4215">Rizal&#8217;s own symbolic name was &#8220;Dimas Alang&#8221;&#8212;Tagalog for &#8220;Noli Me Tangere&#8221;&#8212;and his nom de plume in some of his controversial
+publications. The use of that name by one of his companions on the railroad trip to Tarlac entirely mystified a station master,
+as appears in the secret report of the espionage of that trip, which just preceded his deportation to Dapitan. Another <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4217"></a>Page 246</span>possible explanation is that, since Freemasonry professes not to disturb the duties which its members owe to God, their country
+or their families, he may have considered himself as a good Mason under obligation to do whatever was demanded by these superior
+interests, all three of which were at this time involved.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4219">The argument that it was his pride that restrained him suggested to Rizal the possibility of his being unconsciously under
+an influence which during his whole life he had been combating, and he may have considered that his duty toward God required
+the sacrifice of this pride.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4221">For his country his sacrifice would have been blemished were any religious stigma to attach to it. He himself had always been
+careful of his own good name, and as we have said elsewhere, he told his companions that in their country&#8217;s cause whatever
+they offered on the altars of patriotism must be as spotless as the sacrificial lambs of Levitical law.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4223">Furthermore, his work for a tranquil future for his family would be unfulfilled were he to die outside the Church. Josefina&#8217;s
+anomalous status, justifiable when all the facts were known, would be sure to bring criticism upon her unless corrected by
+the better defined position of a wife by a church marriage. Then the aged parents and the numerous children of his sisters
+would by his act be saved the scandal that in a country so medi&aelig;vally pious as the Philippines would come from having their
+relative die &#8220;an unrepentant heretic.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4225">Rizal had received from the Jesuits, while in prison, several religious books and pictures, which he used as remembrances
+for members of his family, writing brief dedications upon them. Then he said good-by to Josefina, asking in a low voice some
+question to which she answered in English, &#8220;Yes, yes,&#8221; and aloud inquiring how she would be able to gain a living, since all
+his property had <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4227"></a>Page 247</span>been seized by the Spanish government to satisfy the 20,000 pesetas costs which was included in the sentence of death against
+him. Her reply was that she could earn money giving lessons in English.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4229">The journey from the Fort to the place of execution, then Bagumbayan Field, now called the Luneta, was on foot. His arms were
+tied tightly behind his back, and he was surrounded by a heavy guard. The Jesuits accompanied him and some of his Dapitan
+schoolboys were in the crowd, while one friendly voice, that of a Scotch merchant still resident in Manila, called out in
+English, &#8220;Good-by, Rizal.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4231"></p>
+<table align="right" style="margin:10px; margin-right:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e4232" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b247.jpg" alt="The wife of Jos&eacute; Rizal."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">The wife of Jos&eacute; Rizal.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4236">The route was along the Malecon Drive where as a college student he had walked with his fianc&eacute;e, Leonora. Above the city walls
+showed the twin towers of the Ateneo, and when he asked about them, for they were not there in his boyhood days, he spoke
+of the happy years that he had spent in the old school. The beauty of the morning, too, appealed to him, and may have recalled
+an experience of his &#8217;87 visit when he said to a friend whom he met on the beach during an early morning walk: &#8220;Do you know
+that I have a sort of foreboding that some such sunshiny morning as this I shall be out here facing a firing squad?&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4238">Troops held back the crowds and left a large square for the tragedy, while artillery behind them was ready for suppressing
+any attempt at rescuing the prisoner. None came, however, for though Rizal&#8217;s brother Paciano had joined the insurrectionary
+forces in Cavite when the death sentence showed there was no more hope for Jos&eacute;, he had discouraged the demonstration that
+had been planned as <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4240"></a>Page 248</span>soon as he learned how scantily the insurgents were armed, hardly a score of serviceable firearms being in the possession
+of their entire &#8220;army.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4242">The firing squad was of Filipino soldiers, while behind them, better armed, were Spaniards in case these tried to evade the
+fratricidal part assigned them. Rizal&#8217;s composure aroused the curiosity of a Spanish military surgeon standing by and he asked,
+&#8220;Colleague, may I feel your pulse?&#8221; Without other reply the prisoner twisted one of his hands as far from his body as the
+cords which bound him allowed, so that the other doctor could place his fingers on the wrist. The beats were steady and showed
+neither excitement nor fear, was the report made later.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4244">His request to be allowed to face his executioners was denied as being out of the power of the commanding officer to grant,
+though Rizal declared that he did not deserve such a death, for he was no traitor to Spain. It was promised, however, that
+his head should be respected, and as unblindfolded and erect Rizal turned his back to receive their bullets, he twisted a
+hand to indicate under the shoulder where the soldiers should aim so as to reach his heart. Then as the volley came, with
+a last supreme effort of will power, he turned and fell face upwards, thus receiving the subsequent &#8220;shots of grace&#8221; which
+ended his life, so that in form as well as fact he did not die a traitor&#8217;s death.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4246">The Spanish national air was played, that march of Cadiz which should have recalled a violated constitution, for by the laws
+of Spain itself Rizal was illegally executed.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4248">Vivas, laughter and applause were heard, for it had been the social event of the day, with breakfasting parties on the walls
+and on the carriages, full of interested <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4250"></a>Page 249</span>onlookers of both sexes, lined up conveniently near for the sightseeing.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4252"></p>
+<div id="d0e4253" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b249.jpg" alt="Execution of Rizal, from a photograph."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Execution of Rizal, from a photograph.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4257">The troops defiled past the dead body, as though reviewed by it, for the most commanding figure of all was that which lay
+lifeless, but the center of all eyes. An officer, realizing the decency due to death, drew his handkerchief from the dead
+man&#8217;s pocket and spread the silk over the calm face. A crimson stain soon marked the whiteness emblematic of the pure life
+that had just ended, and with the glorious blue overhead, the tricolor of Liberty, which had just claimed another martyr,
+was revealed in its richest beauty.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4259">Sir Hugh Clifford (now Governor of Ceylon), in <i>Blackwood&#8217;s Magazine</i>, &#8220;The Story of Jos&eacute; Rizal, the Filipino; A Fragment of Recent Asiatic History,&#8221; comments as follows on the disgraceful doing
+of that day:
+
+</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p id="d0e4265">&#8220;It was,&#8221; he writes, &#8220;early morning, December 30, 1896, and the bright sunshine of the tropics streamed down upon the open
+space, casting hard fantastic shadows, and drenching with its splendor two crowds of sightseers. The one was composed of Filipinos,
+cowed, melancholy, sullen, gazing through hopeless eyes at the final <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4267"></a>Page 250</span>scene in the life of their great countryman&#8212;the man who had dared to champion their cause, and to tell the world the story
+of their miseries; the other was blithe of air, gay with the uniforms of officers and the bright dresses of Spanish ladies,
+the men jesting and laughing, the women shamelessly applauding with waving handkerchiefs and clapping palms, all alike triumphing
+openly in the death of the hated &#8216;Indian,&#8217; the &#8216;brother of the water-buffalo,&#8217; whose insolence had wounded their pride.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4269">* * * Turning away, sick at heart, from the contemplation of this bitter tragedy, it is with a thrill of almost vindictive
+satisfaction that one remembers that less than eighteen months later the Luneta echoed once more to the sound of a mightier
+fusillade&#8212;the roar of the great guns with which the battle of Manila Bay was fought and won.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4271">* * * And if in the moment of his last supreme agony the power to probe the future had been vouchsafed to Jos&eacute; Rizal, would
+he not have died happy in the knowledge that the land he loved so dearly was very soon to be transferred into such safekeeping?&#8221;
+</p>
+</div><p>
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4274"></a>Page 251</span></p><a id="d0e4275"></a><h2 class="abovehead">Chapter XI</h2>
+<h1>The After-Life in Memory</h1>
+<p id="d0e4278">An hour or so after the shooting a dead-wagon from San Juan de Di&oacute;s Hospital took Rizal&#8217;s body to Paco Cemetery. The civil
+governor of Manila was in charge and there also were present the members of a Church society whose duty it was to attend executions.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4280">Rizal had been wearing a black suit which he had obtained for his European trip, and a derby hat, not only appropriate for
+a funeral occasion because of their somber color, but also more desirable than white both for the full day&#8217;s wear, since they
+had to be put on before the twenty-four hours in the chapel, and for the lying on the ground which would follow the execution
+of the sentence. A plain box inclosed the remains thus dressed, for even the hat was picked up and encoffined.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4282">No visitors were admitted to the cemetery while the interment was going on, and for several weeks after guards watched over
+the grave, lest Filipinos might come by night to steal away the body and apportion the clothing among themselves as relics
+of a martyr. Even the exact spot of the interment was intended to be unknown, but friends of the family were among the attendants
+at the burial and dropped into the grave a marble slab which had been furnished them, bearing the initials of the full baptismal
+name, Jos&eacute; Protasio Rizal, in reversed order.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4284">The entry of the burial, like that of three of his followers of the Liga Filipina who were among the dozen executed a fortnight
+later, was on the back flyleaf of the cemetery register, with three or four words of explanation later erased and now unknown.
+On the previous page was the entry of a suicide&#8217;s death, and following it is that of the British Consul who died on the <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4286"></a>Page 252</span>eve of Manila&#8217;s surrender and whose body, by the Archbishop&#8217;s permission, was stored in a Paco niche till it could be removed
+to the Protestant (foreigners&#8217;) cemetery at San Pedro Macati.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4288"></p>
+<div id="d0e4289" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b252.jpg" alt="Burial record of Rizal in the Paco register."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Burial record of Rizal in the Paco register.</p>
+<p id="d0e4292">(Facsimile.)</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4295">The day of Rizal&#8217;s execution, the day of his birth and the day of his first leaving his native land was a Wednesday. All that
+night, and the next day, the celebration continued the volunteers, who were particularly responsible, like their fellows in
+Cuba, for the atrocities which disgraced Spain&#8217;s rule in the Philippines, being especially in evidence. It was their clamor
+that had made the bringing back of Rizal possible, their demands for his death had been most prominent in his so-called trial,
+and now they were praising themselves for their &#8220;patriotism.&#8221; The landlords had objected to having their land titles questioned
+and their taxes raised. The other friar orders, as well as these, were opposed to a campaign which sought their transfer from
+profitable parishes to self-sacrificing missionary labors. But probably none of them as organizations desired Rizal&#8217;s death.
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4297">Rizal&#8217;s old teachers wished for the restoration of their former pupil to the faith of his childhood, from which they believed
+he had departed. Through Despujol they <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4299"></a>Page 253</span>seem to have worked for an opportunity for influencing him, yet his death was certainly not in their plans.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4301">Some Filipinos, to save themselves, tried to complicate Rizal with the Katipunan uprising by palpable falsehoods. But not
+every man is heroic and these can hardly be blamed, for if all the alleged confessions were not secured by actual torture,
+they were made through fear of it, since in 1896 there was in Manila the legal practice of causing bodily suffering by medi&aelig;val
+methods supplemented by torments devised by modern science.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4303">Among the Spaniards in Manila then, re&euml;nforced by those whom the uprising had frightened out of the provinces, were a few
+who realized that they belonged among the classes caricatured in Rizal&#8217;s novels&#8212;some incompetent, others dishonest, cruel
+ones, the illiterate, wretched specimens that had married outside their race to get money and find wives who would not know
+them for what they were, or drunken husbands of viragoes. They came to the Philippines because they were below the standard
+of their homeland. These talked the loudest and thus dominated the undisciplined volunteers. With nothing divine about them,
+since they had not forgotten, they did not forgive. So when the Tondo &#8220;discoverer&#8221; of the Katipunan fancied he saw opportunity
+for promotion in fanning their flame of wrath, they claimed their victims, and neither the panic-stricken populace nor the
+weak-kneed government could withstand them.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4305">Once more it must be repeated that Spain has no monopoly of bad characters, nor suffers in the comparison of her honorable
+citizenship with that of other nationalities, but her system in the Philippines permitted abuses which good governments seek
+to avoid or, in the rare occasions when this is impossible, aim to punish. Here was the Spanish shortcoming, for these were
+the defects <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4307"></a>Page 254</span>which made possible so strange a story as this biography unfolds. &#8220;Jos&eacute; Rizal,&#8221; said a recent Spanish writer, &#8220;was the living
+indictment of Spain&#8217;s wretched colonial system.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4309"></p>
+<div id="d0e4310" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b254.jpg" alt="Grave of Rizal in Paco cemetery, Manila. The remains are now preserved in an urn."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Grave of Rizal in Paco cemetery, Manila. The remains are now preserved in an urn.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4314">Rizal&#8217;s family were scattered among the homes of friends brave enough to risk the popular resentment against everyone in any
+way identified with the victim of their prejudice.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4316">As New Year&#8217;s eve approached, the bands ceased playing and the marchers stopped parading. Their enthusiasm had worn itself
+out in the two continuous days of celebration, and there was a lessening of the hospitality with which these &#8220;heroes&#8221; who
+had &#8220;saved the fatherland&#8221; at first had been entertained. Their great day of the year became of more interest than further
+remembrance of the bloody occurrence on Bagumbayan Field. To those who mourned a son and a brother the change must have come
+as a welcome relief, for even sorrow has <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4318"></a>Page 255</span>its degrees, and the exultation over the death embittered their grief.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4320"></p>
+<table align="right" style="margin:10px; margin-right:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e4321" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b255-1.jpg" alt="The alcohol lamp in which the farewell poem was hidden."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">The alcohol lamp in which the farewell poem was hidden.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4325">To the remote and humble home where Rizal&#8217;s widow and the sister to whom he had promised a parting gift were sheltered, the
+Dapitan schoolboy who had attended his imprisoned teacher brought an alcohol cooking-lamp. It was midnight before they dared
+seek the &#8220;something&#8221; which Rizal had said was inside. The alcohol was emptied from the tank and, with a convenient hairpin,
+a tightly folded and doubled piece of paper was dislodged from where it had been wedged in, out of sight, so that its rattling
+might not betray it.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4327"></p>
+<div id="d0e4328" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b255-2.jpg" alt="Facsimile of the opening lines of Rizal&#8217;s last verses."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Facsimile of the opening lines of Rizal&#8217;s last verses.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4332">It was a single sheet of notepaper bearing verses in Rizal&#8217;s well-known handwriting and familiar style. Hastily the young
+boy copied them, making some minor mistakes owing to his agitation and unfamiliarity with the language, and the copy, without
+explanation, was mailed to Mr. Basa in Hongkong. Then the original was taken by the two women with their few possessions and
+they fled to join the insurgents in Cavite.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4334">The following translation of these verses was made by Charles Derbyshire:
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4336"></a>Page 256</span>
+
+</p>
+<p class="poetry">
+<h5>My Last Farewell</h5>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e4342">Farewell, dear Fatherland, clime of the sun caress&#8217;d,<br id="d0e4344">Pearl of the Orient seas, our Eden lost!<br id="d0e4346">Gladly now I go to give thee this faded life&#8217;s best,<br id="d0e4348">And were it brighter, fresher, or more blest,<br id="d0e4350">Still would I give it thee, nor count the cost.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e4353">On the field of battle, &#8217;mid the frenzy of fight,<br id="d0e4355">Others have given their lives, without doubt or heed;<br id="d0e4357">The place matters not&#8212;cypress or laurel or lily white,<br id="d0e4359">Scaffold of open plain, combat or martyrdom&#8217;s plight,<br id="d0e4361">&#8217;Tis ever the same, to serve our home and country&#8217;s need.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e4364">I die just when I see the dawn break,<br id="d0e4366">Through the gloom of night, to herald the day;<br id="d0e4368">And if color is lacking my blood thou shalt take,<br id="d0e4370">Pour&#8217;d out at need for thy dear sake,<br id="d0e4372">To dye with its crimson the waking ray.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e4375">My dreams, when life first opened to me,<br id="d0e4377">My dreams, when the hopes of youth beat high,<br id="d0e4379">Were to see thy lov&#8217;d face, O gem of the Orient sea,<br id="d0e4381">From gloom and grief, from care and sorrow free;<br id="d0e4383">No blush on thy brow, no tear in thine eye
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e4386">Dream of my life, my living and burning desire,<br id="d0e4388">All hail! cries the soul that is now to take flight;<br id="d0e4390">All hail! And sweet it is for thee to expire;<br id="d0e4392">To die for thy sake, that thou mayst aspire;<br id="d0e4394">And sleep in thy bosom eternity&#8217;s long night.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e4397">If over my grave some day thou seest grow,<br id="d0e4399">In the grassy sod, a humble flower,<br id="d0e4401">Draw it to thy lips and kiss my soul so,<br id="d0e4403">While I may feel on my brow in the cold tomb below<br id="d0e4405">The touch of thy tenderness, thy breath&#8217;s warm power.
+</p><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4407"></a>Page 257</span><p class="poetry"><br id="d0e4409">Let the moon beam over me soft and serene,<br id="d0e4411">Let the dawn shed over me its radiant flashes,<br id="d0e4413">Let the wind with sad lament over me keen;<br id="d0e4415">And if on my cross a bird should be seen,<br id="d0e4417">Let it trill there its hymn of peace to my ashes.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e4420">Let the sun draw the vapors up to the sky,<br id="d0e4422">And heavenward in purity bear my tardy protest;<br id="d0e4424">Let some kind soul o&#8217;er my untimely fate sigh,<br id="d0e4426">And in the still evening a prayer be lifted on high<br id="d0e4428">From thee, O my country, that in God I may rest.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e4431">Pray for all those that hapless have died,<br id="d0e4433">For all who have suffered the unmeasur&#8217;d pain;<br id="d0e4435">For our mothers that bitterly their woes have cried,<br id="d0e4437">For widows and orphans, for captives by torture tried;<br id="d0e4439">And then for thyself that redemption thou mayst gain.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e4442">And when the dark night wraps the graveyard around,<br id="d0e4444">With only the dead in their vigil to see;<br id="d0e4446">Break not my repose or the mystery profound,<br id="d0e4448">And perchance thou mayst hear a sad hymn resound;<br id="d0e4450">&#8217;Tis I, O my country, raising a song unto thee.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e4453">When even my grave is remembered no more,<br id="d0e4455">Unmark&#8217;d by never a cross nor a stone;<br id="d0e4457">Let the plow sweep through it, the spade turn it o&#8217;er,<br id="d0e4459">That my ashes may carpet thy earthly floor,<br id="d0e4461">Before into nothingness at last they are blown.
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e4464">Then will oblivion bring to me no care,<br id="d0e4466">As over thy vales and plains I sweep;<br id="d0e4468">Throbbing and cleansed in thy space and air,<br id="d0e4470">With color and light, with song and lament I fare,<br id="d0e4472">Ever repeating the faith that I keep.
+</p><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4474"></a>Page 258</span><p class="poetry"><br id="d0e4476">My Fatherland ador&#8217;d, that sadness to my sorrow lends,<br id="d0e4478">Beloved Filipinas, hear now my last good-by!<br id="d0e4480">I give thee all: parents and kindred and friends;<br id="d0e4482">For I go where no slave before the oppressor bends,<br id="d0e4484">Where faith can never kill, and God reigns e&#8217;er on high!
+</p>
+<p class="poetry"><br id="d0e4487">Farewell to you all, from my soul torn away,<br id="d0e4489">Friends of my childhood in the home dispossessed!<br id="d0e4491">Give thanks that I rest from the wearisome day!<br id="d0e4493">Farewell to thee, too, sweet friend that lightened my way;<br id="d0e4495">Beloved creatures all, farewell! In death there is rest!
+</p>
+
+<p id="d0e4497"></p>
+<div id="d0e4498" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b258.jpg" alt="Rizal&#8217;s farewell to his mother just before setting out to his execution."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Rizal&#8217;s farewell to his mother just before setting out to his execution.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4502">For some time such belongings of Rizal as had been intrusted to Josefina had been in the care of the American Consul in Manila
+for as the adopted daughter of the American Taufer she had claimed his protection. Stories are told of her as a second Joan
+of Arc, but it is not likely that one of the few rifles which the insurgents had would be turned over to a woman. After a
+short experience in the field, much of it spent in nursing her sister-in-law through a fever, Mrs. Rizal returned to Manila.
+Then came a brief interview with the Governor-General. <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4504"></a>Page 259</span>He had learned that his &#8220;administrative powers&#8221; to exile without trial did not extend to foreigners, but by advice of her
+consul she soon sailed for Hongkong.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4506">Mrs. Rizal at first lived in the Basa home and received considerable attention from the Filipino colony. There was too great
+a difference between the freedom accorded Englishwomen and the restraints surrounding Spanish ladies however, to avoid difficulties
+and misunderstandings, for very long. She returned to her adopted father&#8217;s house and after his death married Vicente Abad,
+a Cebuan, son of a Spaniard who had been prominent in the Tabacalera Company and had become an agent of theirs in Hongkong
+after he had completed his studies there.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4508">Two weeks after Rizal&#8217;s execution a dozen other members of his &#8220;Liga Filipina&#8221; were executed on the Luneta. One was a millionaire,
+Francisco Roxas, who had lost his mind, and believing that he was in church, calmly spread his handkerchief on the ground
+and knelt upon it as had been his custom in childhood. An old man, Moises Salvador, had been crippled by torture so that he
+could not stand and had to be laid upon the grass to be shot. The others met their death standing.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4510">That bravery and cruelty do not usually go together was amply demonstrated in Polavieja&#8217;s case and by the volunteers. The
+latter once showed their patriotism, after a banquet, by going to the water&#8217;s edge on the Luneta and firing volleys at the
+insurgents across the bay, miles away. The General was relieved of his command after he had fortified a camp with siege guns
+against the bolo-armed insurgents, who, however, by captures from the Spaniards were gradually becoming better equipped. But
+he did not escape condemnation from his own countrymen, and when he visited Giron, years after he had returned to the Peninsula,
+circulars were distributed <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4512"></a>Page 260</span>among the crowd, bearing Rizal&#8217;s last verses, his portrait, and the charge that to Polavieja was due the loss of the Philippines
+to Spain.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4514"></p>
+<div id="d0e4515" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b260.jpg" alt="Monument at the corner of Rizal avenue, Manila."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Monument at the corner of Rizal avenue, Manila.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4519">The Katipunan insurgents in time were bought off by General Primo de Rivera, once more returned to the <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4521"></a>Page 261</span>Islands for further plunder. The money question does not concern Rizal&#8217;s life, but his prediction of suffering to the country
+came true, for while the leaders with the first payment and hostages for their own safety sailed away to live securely in
+Hongkong, the poorer people who remained suffered the vengeance of a government which seems never to have kept a promise to
+its people. Whether reforms were pledged is disputed, but if any were, they never were put into effect. No more money was
+paid, and the first instalment, preserved by the prudent leaders, equipped them when, owing to Dewey&#8217;s victory, they were
+enabled to return to their country.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4523"></p>
+<div id="d0e4524" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b261.jpg" alt="Float in a Rizal day parade."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Float in a Rizal day parade.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4528">On the first anniversary of Rizal&#8217;s execution some Spaniards desecrated the grave, while on one of the niches, rented for
+the purpose, many feet away, the family hung wreaths with Tagalog dedications but no name.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4530"></p>
+<div id="d0e4531" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b262-1.jpg" alt="W. J. Bryan as an Rizal day orator."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">W. J. Bryan as an Rizal day orator.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4535">August 13, 1898, the Spanish flag came down from <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4537"></a>Page 262</span>Fort Santiago in evidence of the surrender of the city. At the first opportunity Paco Cemetery was visited and Rizal&#8217;s body
+raised for a more decent interment. Vainly his shoes were searched for a last message which he had said might be concealed
+there, for the dampness had made any paper unrecognizable. Then a simple cross was erected, resting on a marble block carved,
+as had been the <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4539"></a>Page 263</span>smaller one which secretly had first marked the spot, with the reversed initials &#8220;R. P. J.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4541"></p>
+<div id="d0e4542" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b262-2.jpg" alt="Governor-General Forbes and his aide, delegate Mariano Ponce, at the unveiling of the tablet on the Rizal house."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Governor-General Forbes and his aide, delegate Mariano Ponce, at the unveiling of the tablet on the Rizal house.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4546">The first issue of a Filipino newspaper under the new government was entirely dedicated to Rizal. The second anniversary of
+his execution was observed with general unanimity, his countrymen demonstrating that those who were seeing the dawn of the
+new day were not forgetful of the greatest of those who had fallen in the night, to paraphrase his own words.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4548">His widow returned and did live by giving lessons in English, at first privately in Cebu, where one of her pupils was the
+present and first Speaker of the Philippine Assembly, and afterwards as a government employee in the public schools and in
+the &#8220;Liceo&#8221; of Manila.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4550"></p>
+<table align="right" style="margin:10px; margin-right:0px">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div id="d0e4551" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b263.jpg" alt="The last portrait of Jos&eacute;&#xA;Rizal&#8217;s mother."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">The last portrait of Jos&eacute;
+Rizal&#8217;s mother.
+</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4555">With the establishment of civil government a new province was formed near Manila, including the land across the lake to which,
+as a lad in Kalamba, Rizal had often wonderingly looked, and the name of Rizal Province was given it.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4557">Later when public holidays were provided for by the new laws, the anniversary of Rizal&#8217;s execution was in the list, and it
+has become the great day of the year, with the entire community uniting, for Spaniards no longer consider him to have been
+a traitor to Spain and the American authorities have founded a government in conformity with his teachings.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4559">On one of these occasions, December 30, 1905, William Jennings Bryan, &#8220;The Great American Commoner,&#8221; gave the Rizal Day address,
+in the course of which he said:
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4561">&#8220;If you will permit me to draw one lesson from the <span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4563"></a>Page 264</span>life of Rizal, I will say that he presents an example of a great man consecrated to his country&#8217;s welfare. He, though dead,
+is a living rebuke to the scholar who selfishly enjoys the privilege of an ample education and does not impart the benefits
+of it to his fellows. His example is worth much to the people of these Islands, to the child who reads of him, to the young
+and old.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4565"></p>
+<div id="d0e4566" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b264.jpg" alt="Accepted model for the Rizal monument by the designer of the Swiss National Tell monument."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">Accepted model for the Rizal monument by the designer of the Swiss National Tell monument.</p>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4570"><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4571"></a>Page 265</span>The fiftieth anniversary of Rizal&#8217;s birth was observed throughout the Archipelago with exercises in every community by public
+schools now organized along the lines he wished, to make self-dependent, capable men and women, strong in body as in mind,
+knowing and claiming their own rights, and recognizing and respecting those of others.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4573">His father died early in the year that the flags changed, but the mother lived to see honor done her son and to prove herself
+as worthy, for when the Philippine Legislature wanted to set aside a considerable sum for her use, she declined it with the
+true and rightfully proud assertion, that her family had never been patriotic for money. Her funeral, in 1911, was an occasion
+of public mourning, the Governor-General, Legislature and chief men of the Islands attending, and all public business being
+suspended by proclamation for the day.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4575">A capitol for the representatives of the free people of the Philippines, and worthy of the pioneer democratic government in
+the Orient, is soon to be erected on the Luneta, facing the big Rizal monument which will mark the place of execution of the
+man who gave his life to prepare his countrymen for the changed conditions.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4577"></p>
+<div id="d0e4578" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b265.jpg" alt="The Rizal monument in front of the new Capitol."></p>
+<p class="figureHead">The Rizal monument in front of the new Capitol.</p>
+</div><p>
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4582"></a>Page 266</span></p><a id="d0e4584"></a><h1>The Tagalog Story of the Monkey and the Tortoise Illustrated by Jos&eacute; Rizal</h1><span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4587"></a>Page 267</span><p id="d0e4588"><span class="smallcaps">Note</span>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4592">An English version of this story entitled &#8220;The foolish monkey and the wise turtle&#8221; is found in The First Year Book published
+by The World Book Company of New York and Manila.
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4594"></a>Page 269</span>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4596"></p>
+<div id="d0e4597" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b269.jpg" alt=""></p>
+</div><p>
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4599"></a>Page 271</span>
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4601"></p>
+<div id="d0e4602" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b271.jpg" alt=""></p>
+</div><p>
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4604"></a>Page 273</span>
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4606"></p>
+<div id="d0e4607" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b273.jpg" alt=""></p>
+</div><p>
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4609"></a>Page 275</span>
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4611"></p>
+<div id="d0e4612" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b275.jpg" alt=""></p>
+</div><p>
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4614"></a>Page 277</span>
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4616"></p>
+<div id="d0e4617" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b277.jpg" alt=""></p>
+</div><p>
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4619"></a>Page 279</span>
+
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4621"></p>
+<div id="d0e4622" class="divFigure">
+<p class="legend"><img src="img/b279.jpg" alt=""></p>
+</div><p>
+<span class="pageno"><a id="d0e4624"></a>Page 281</span></p><a id="d0e4625"></a><h1>The Novels of Jos&eacute; Rizal Translated from Spanish into English</h1>
+<p id="d0e4628">By
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4630">Charles Derbyshire
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4632">The Social Cancer (Noli me Tangere) Price 3.00 Pesos
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4634">The Reign of Greed (El Filibusterismo) Price 2.75 Pesos
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4636">&#8220;A complete picture of the Philippines under the old regime. Their appearance ... is noteworthy as a literary event and as
+an important fact in the history of the American people in their world relations.&#8221;&#8212;<span class="smallcaps">American Review of Reviews</span>.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4641">&#8220;Here are two books that every American should read: not simply because a Malay novelist is a great curiosity, but because
+these romances contain a serious exposition of the conditions which prevailed in the Philippines before the American occupation.&#8221;&#8212;<span class="smallcaps">New York Nation</span>.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4646">&#8220;The best, because the most far-reaching memorial to Rizal is the translations of his picturesque novels of Filipino life.&#8221;&#8212;<span class="smallcaps">Current Opinion</span>.
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4651"><span class="smallcaps">Manila</span>
+
+</p>
+<p id="d0e4655"><span class="smallcaps">Philippine Education Company</span>
+
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Lineage, Life and Labors of Jose
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+</pre>
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+</body>
+</html>
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--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/6867-h/img/b273.jpg b/6867-h/img/b273.jpg
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/6867-h/img/b273.jpg
diff --git a/6867-h/img/b275.jpg b/6867-h/img/b275.jpg
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/6867-h/img/b275.jpg
diff --git a/6867-h/img/b277.jpg b/6867-h/img/b277.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cbf0911
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6867-h/img/b277.jpg
diff --git a/6867-h/img/b279.jpg b/6867-h/img/b279.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d6fa3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6867-h/img/b279.jpg
diff --git a/6867-h/img/tm-1.jpg b/6867-h/img/tm-1.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f611d89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6867-h/img/tm-1.jpg
diff --git a/6867-h/style/amazonia.css b/6867-h/style/amazonia.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f3a05a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6867-h/style/amazonia.css
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/* amazonia.css -- color scheme Amazonia, for use with Gutenberg stylesheet */
+
+body
+{
+	background:  #FFFFF5; /* #FFFFF5; very light green */
+}
+
+body, a.hidden
+{
+	color: black;
+}
+
+h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, .noteref, span.leftnote, p.legend, hr.noteseparator
+{
+	color: #880000; /* #880000; brownish red */
+}
+
+.navline, span.rightnote, span.pageno, span.lineno
+{
+	color: #808000; /* #808000;  olive green */
+}
+
+a.navline:hover, a.hidden:hover, a.noteref:hover
+{
+	color: red;
+}
diff --git a/6867-h/style/arctic.css b/6867-h/style/arctic.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..63bc14d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6867-h/style/arctic.css
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+/* arctic.css -- color scheme Arctic, for use with Gutenberg stylesheet */
+
+body
+{
+	background:  #FFFFFF;
+	font-family: Times, serif;
+}
+
+body, a.hidden
+{
+	color: black;
+}
+
+h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6
+{
+	color: #001FA4;
+	font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
+}
+
+.figureHead, .noteref, span.leftnote, p.legend
+{
+	color: #001FA4;
+}
+
+.navline, span.rightnote, span.pageno, span.lineno
+{
+	color: #AAAAAA;
+}
+
+a.navline:hover, a.hidden:hover, a.noteref:hover
+{
+	color: red;
+}
diff --git a/6867-h/style/borneo.css b/6867-h/style/borneo.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..51cc9bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6867-h/style/borneo.css
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
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diff --git a/6867.txt b/6867.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5aeb7a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6867.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7375 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Lineage, Life, and Labors of Jose Rizal,
+Philippine Patriot, by Austin Craig
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Lineage, Life, and Labors of Jose Rizal, Philippine Patriot
+
+Author: Austin Craig
+
+Release Date: June 18, 2004 [EBook #6867]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE, AND LABORS OF JOSE RIZAL ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and PG Distributed Proofreaders
+
+
+
+
+
+LINEAGE LIFE AND LABORS
+of
+JOSE RIZAL
+PHILIPPINE PATRIOT
+
+A Study of the Growth of Free Ideas in the Trans-Pacific American
+Territory
+
+BY
+
+AUSTIN CRAIG
+ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ORIENTAL HISTORY
+UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
+
+AUTHOR OF "THE STUDY OF JOSE RIZAL,"
+"EL LINEAJE DEL DOCTOR RIZAL," ETC.
+
+INTRODUCTION BY
+JAMES ALEXANDER ROBERTSON, L.H.D.
+
+
+MANILA
+
+
+1913
+
+
+
+
+
+DEDICATION
+
+To the Philippine Youth
+
+The subject of Doctor Rizal's first prize-winning poem was The
+Philippine Youth, and its theme was "Growth." The study of the growth
+of free ideas, as illustrated in this book of his lineage, life and
+labors, may therefore fittingly be dedicated to the "fair hope of
+the fatherland."
+
+Except in the case of some few men of great genius, those who are
+accustomed to absolutism cannot comprehend democracy. Therefore our
+nation is relying on its young men and young women; on the rising,
+instructed generation, for the secure establishment of popular
+self-government in the Philippines. This was Rizal's own idea, for
+he said, through the old philosopher in "Noli me Tangere," that he
+was not writing for his own generation but for a coming, instructed
+generation that would understand his hidden meaning.
+
+Your public school education gives you the democratic view-point,
+which the genius of Rizal gave him; in the fifty-five volumes of
+the Blair-Robertson translation of Philippine historical material
+there is available today more about your country's past than the
+entire contents of the British Museum afforded him; and you have the
+guidance in the new paths that Rizal struck out, of the life of a
+hero who, farsightedly or providentially, as you may later decide,
+was the forerunner of the present regime.
+
+But you will do as he would have done, neither accept anything because
+it is written, nor reject it because it does not fall in with your
+prejudices--study out the truth for yourselves.
+
+
+
+Introduction
+
+In writing a biography, the author, if he be discriminating, selects,
+with great care, the salient features of the life story of the one whom
+he deems worthy of being portrayed as a person possessed of preeminent
+qualities that make for a character and greatness. Indeed to write
+biography at all, one should have that nice sense of proportion that
+makes him instinctively seize upon only those points that do advance
+his theme. Boswell has given the world an example of biography that
+is often wearisome in the extreme, although he wrote about a man
+who occupied in his time a commanding position. Because Johnson was
+Johnson the world accepts Boswell, and loves to talk of the minuteness
+of Boswell's portrayal, yet how many read him, or if they do read him,
+have the patience to read him to the end?
+
+In writing the life of the greatest of the Filipinos, Mr. Craig has
+displayed judgment. Saturated as he is with endless details of Rizal's
+life, he has had the good taste to select those incidents or those
+phases of Rizal's life that exhibit his greatness of soul and that
+show the factors that were the most potent in shaping his character
+and in controlling his purposes and actions.
+
+A biography written with this chastening of wealth cannot fail to
+be instructive and worthy of study. If one were to point out but
+a single benefit that can accrue from a study of biography written
+as Mr. Craig has done that of Rizal, he would mention, I believe,
+that to the character of the student, for one cannot study seriously
+about men of character without being affected by that study. As
+leading to an understanding of the character of Rizal, Mr. Craig has
+described his ancestry with considerable fulness and has shown how the
+selective principle has worked through successive generations. But
+he has also realized the value of the outside influences and shows
+how the accidents of birth and nation affected by environment plus
+mental vigor and will produced Jose Rizal. With a strikingly meager
+setting of detail, Rizal has been portrayed from every side and the
+reader must leave the biography with a knowledge of the elements
+that entered into and made his life. As a study for the youth of the
+Philippines, I believe this life of Rizal will be productive of good
+results. Stimulation and purpose are presented (yet not didactically)
+throughout its pages. One object of the author, I should say, has been
+to show how both Philippine history and world history helped shape
+Rizal's character. Accordingly, he has mentioned many historical
+matters both of Philippine and world-wide interest. One cannot read
+the book without a desire to know more of these matters. Thus the
+book is not only a biography, it is a history as well. It must give
+a larger outlook to the youth of the Philippines. The only drawback
+that one might find in it, and it seems paradoxical to say it, is
+the lack of more detail, for one leaves it wishing that he knew more
+of the actual intimate happenings, and this, I take it, is the best
+effect a biography can have on the reader outside of the instructive
+and moral value of the biography.
+
+JAMES A. ROBERTSON.
+
+MANILA, P. I.
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+
+Dedication. To the Philippine Youth
+Introduction
+I. America's Forerunner
+II. Rizal's Chinese Ancestry
+III. Liberalizing Hereditary Influences
+IV. Rizal's Early Childhood
+V. Jagor's Prophecy
+VI. The Period of Preparation
+VII. The Period of Propaganda
+VIII. Despujol's Duplicity
+IX. The Deportation to Dapitan
+X. Consummatum Est
+XI. The After Life In Memory
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+Portrait of Rizal Frontispiece
+Painted in oils by Felix Resurrection Hidalgo (in color).
+
+Philippine Money and Postage Stamps
+
+Portrait of Rizal
+Painted in oils by Juan Luna in Paris. Facsimile (in color).
+
+Columbus at Barcelona
+From a print in Rizal's scrapbook.
+
+Portrait Group
+Rizal at thirteen. Rizal at eighteen. Rizal in London. The portrait
+on the postage stamp.
+
+The Baptismal Record of Domingo Lam-co
+Facsimile.
+
+Portrait Group
+1. In Luna's home. 2. In 1890. 3. The portrait on the paper
+money. 4. In 1891. 5. In 1892.
+
+Pacific Ocean Spheres of Influence
+Made by Rizal during President Harrison's administration.
+
+Father of Rizal
+Portrait.
+
+Mother of Rizal
+Portrait.
+
+Rizal's Family-Tree
+Made by Rizal when in Dapitan.
+
+Birthplace of Jose Rizal
+From a photograph.
+
+Sketches by Rizal
+A group made during his travels.
+
+Bust of Rizal's Father
+Carved in wood by Rizal.
+
+The Church and Convento at Kalamba
+From a photograph.
+
+Father Leoncio Lopez
+From a photograph.
+
+The Lake District of Central Luzon
+Sketch made by Rizal.
+
+Rizal's Uncle, Jose Alberto
+From a photograph.
+
+Sir John Bowring, K.C.B.
+From an old print.
+
+Jose Del Pan of Manila
+From a photograph.
+
+Governor De La Torre
+From an old print.
+
+Archbishop Martinez
+From an old print.
+
+The Very Rev. James Burgos, D.D.
+From a photograph.
+
+Gen. F. T. Ward
+From a photograph.
+
+Monument to the "Ever-Victorious" Army, Shanghai
+From a photograph.
+
+Mrs. Rizal and Her Two Daughters
+From a photograph.
+
+Bilibid Prison
+From an old print.
+
+Model of a Head of a Dapitan Girl
+From a photograph.
+
+Memorial to Jose Alberto in the Church at Binan
+From a photograph.
+
+Books from Rizal's Library
+From a photograph.
+
+Rizal's Carving of the Sacred Heart
+From a photograph.
+
+Bust of Father Guerrico, S. J.
+From a photograph.
+
+Two Views of a Composite Statuette by Rizal
+From photographs.
+
+Model in Clay of a Dapitan Woman
+From a photograph.
+
+Sketch of Himself in the Training Class
+Photograph from the original.
+
+Oil Painting of Rizal's Sister, Saturnina
+Photograph from the painting.
+
+Rizal's Parting View of Manila
+Pencil sketch by himself.
+
+Sketches: 1. Singapore Lighthouse. 2. Along the Suez Canal.
+3. Castle of St. Elmo
+From Rizal's sketch book.
+
+Studies of Passengers on the French Mail Steamer
+From Rizal's sketch book.
+
+Aden, May 28, 1882
+From Rizal's sketch book.
+
+Don Pablo Ortigas y Reyes
+From a photograph.
+
+First Lines of a Poem by Rizal to Miss Reyes
+Facsimile.
+
+Rizal in Juan Luna's Studio in Paris
+From a photograph.
+
+The Ruined Castle at Heidelberg
+From a photograph.
+
+Dr. Rudolf Virchow
+From a photograph.
+
+The House where Rizal Completed "Noli Me Tangere"
+From a photograph.
+
+Manuscript of "Noli Me Tangere"
+Facsimile.
+
+Portrait of Dr. F. Blumentritt
+Pencil sketch by Rizal.
+
+The Victory of Death over Life and of Science over Death
+Statuettes by Rizal from photographs.
+
+Jose T. De Andrade, Rizal's Bodyguard
+From an old print.
+
+Jose Maria Basa of Hongkong
+From a photograph.
+
+Imitations of Japanese Art
+From Rizal's sketch book.
+
+Dr. Antonio Maria Regidor
+From a photograph.
+
+A "Wheel of Fortune" Answer Book
+Facsimile.
+
+Dr. Reinhold Rost
+From a photograph.
+
+A Page from Andersen's Fairy Tales Translated by Rizal
+Facsimile.
+
+Dedication of Rizal's Translation of Andersen's Fairy Tales
+Facsimile.
+
+A Trilingual Letter by Rizal
+Facsimile.
+
+Morga's History in the British Museum
+From a photograph of the original.
+
+Application, Recommendation and Admission to the British Museum
+From photographs of the originals.
+
+"La Solidaridad"
+From photograph of the original.
+
+Staff of "La Solidaridad"
+From a photograph.
+
+Rizal Fencing with Luna in Paris
+From a photograph.
+
+General Weyler Known as "Butcher" Weyler
+From a photograph.
+
+Rizal's Parents during the Land Troubles
+From photographs.
+
+The Writ of Eviction against Rizal's Father
+Facsimile of the original.
+
+Room in which "El Filibusterismo" was Begun
+Pencil sketch by Rizal.
+
+First Page of the Manuscript of "El Filibusterismo"
+Facsimile from the original.
+
+Cover of the Manuscript of "El Filibusterismo"
+Facsimile of the original.
+
+Rizal's Professional Card when in Hongkong
+Facsimile of the original.
+
+Statuette Modeled by Rizal
+From a photograph.
+
+Don Eulogio Despujol
+From an old print.
+
+Proposed Settlement in Borneo
+Facsimile of original sketch.
+
+Rizal's Passport or "Safe Conduct"
+Photograph of the original.
+
+Part of Despujol's Private Inquiry
+Facsimile of the original.
+
+Case Secretly Filed against Rizal
+Facsimile of the original.
+
+Luis De La Torre, Secretary to Despujol
+From an old print.
+
+Regulations of La Liga Filipina
+Facsimile in Rizal's handwriting.
+
+The Calle Ilaya Monument to Rizal and La Liga Filipina
+From a photograph.
+
+Three New Species Discovered by Rizal and Named After Him
+From an engraving.
+
+Specimens Collected by Rizal and Father Sanchez
+From photographs.
+
+Statuette by Rizal, The Mother's Revenge
+From a photograph.
+
+Father Sanchez, S. J.
+From a photograph.
+
+Drawings of Fishes Caught at Dapitan
+Twelve facsimiles of Rizal's originals.
+
+Plan of the Water Works for Dapitan
+Facsimile of Rizal's sketch.
+
+Jewelry of Earliest Moro Converts
+From a photograph.
+
+Hill and Excavations where the Jewelry was Found
+Facsimile of a sketch by Rizal.
+
+List of Ethnographical Material
+Facsimile.
+
+The Blind Mr. Taufer
+From a photograph.
+
+Rizal's Father-in-Law
+From a photograph.
+
+Carved Portrait of Josefina Bracken
+From a photograph.
+
+Josefina Bracken's Baptismal Certificate
+Facsimile of the original.
+
+Josefina Bracken, Afterwards Mrs. Jose Rizal
+From a photograph.
+
+Leonora Rivera
+Pencil sketch by Rizal.
+
+Leonora Rivera at the Age of Fifteen
+From a photograph.
+
+Letter to His Nephew by Rizal
+Facsimile.
+
+Ethnographical Material Collected by Rizal
+From a print.
+
+Cell in which Rizal was Imprisoned
+From a photograph.
+
+Cuartel De Espana
+From a photograph.
+
+Luis T. De Andrade
+From an old print.
+
+Interior of Cell
+From a photograph.
+
+Rizal's Wedding Gift to His Wife
+Facsimile of original.
+
+Rizal's Symbolic Name in Masonry
+Facsimile of original.
+
+The Wife of Jose Rizal
+From a photograph.
+
+Execution of Rizal
+From a photograph.
+
+Burial Record of Rizal
+Facsimile from the Paco register.
+
+Grave of Rizal in Paco Cemetery, Manila
+From a photograph.
+
+The Alcohol Lamp in which the "Farewell" Poem was Hidden
+From a photograph.
+
+The Opening Lines of Rizal's Last Verses
+Facsimile of original.
+
+Rizal's Farewell to His Mother
+Facsimile.
+
+Monument at the Corner of Rizal Avenue
+From a photograph.
+
+Float in a Rizal Day Parade
+From a photograph.
+
+W. J. Bryan as a Rizal Day Orator
+From a photograph.
+
+Governor-General Forbes and Delegate Mariano Ponce
+From a photograph.
+
+The Last Portrait of Jose Rizal's Mother
+From a photograph.
+
+Accepted Model for the Rizal Monument
+From a photograph.
+
+The Rizal Monument in Front of the New Capital
+From a sketch.
+
+The Story of the Monkey and the Tortoise
+Six facsimiles from Rizal's originals.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+America's Forerunner
+
+THE lineage of a hero who made the history of his country during its
+most critical period, and whose labors constitute its hope for the
+future, must be more than a simple list of an ascending line. The blood
+which flowed in his veins must be traced generation by generation,
+the better to understand the man, but at the same time the causes
+leading to the conditions of his times must be noted, step by step,
+in order to give a better understanding of the environment in which
+he lived and labored.
+
+The study of the growth of free ideas is now in the days of our
+democracy the most important feature of Philippine history; hitherto
+this history has consisted of little more than lists of governors,
+their term of office, and of the recital of such incidents as were
+considered to redound to the glory of Spain, or could be so twisted
+and misrepresented as to make them appear to do so. It rarely occurred
+to former historians that the lamp of experience might prove a light
+for the feet of future generations, and the mistakes of the past
+were usually ignored or passed over, thus leaving the way open for
+repeating the old errors. But profit, not pride, should be the object
+of the study of the past, and our historians of today very largely
+concern themselves with mistakes in policy and defects of system;
+fortunately for them such critical investigation under our changed
+conditions does not involve the discomfort and danger that attended
+it in the days of Doctor Rizal.
+
+In the opinion of the martyred Doctor, criticism of the right
+sort--even the very best things may be abused till they become
+intolerable evils--serves much the same useful warning purpose
+for governments that the symptoms of sickness do for persons. Thus
+government and individual alike, when advised in time of something
+wrong with the system, can seek out and correct the cause before
+serious consequences ensue. But the nation that represses honest
+criticism with severity, like the individual who deadens his symptoms
+with dangerous drugs, is likely to be lulled into a false security
+that may prove fatal. Patriot toward Spain and the Philippines alike,
+Rizal tried to impress this view upon the government of his day,
+with fatal results to himself, and the disastrous effects of not
+heeding him have since justified his position.
+
+The very defenses of Old Manila illustrate how the Philippines have
+suffered from lack of such devoted, honest and courageous critics as
+Jose Rizal. The city wall was built some years later than the first
+Spanish occupation to keep out Chinese pirates after Li Ma-hong
+destroyed the city. The Spaniards sheltered themselves in the old
+Tagalog fort till reenforcements could come from the country. No one
+had ever dared to quote the proverb about locking the door after the
+horse was stolen. The need for the moat, so recently filled in, was
+not seen until after the bitter experience of the easy occupation of
+Manila by the English, but if public opinion had been allowed free
+expression this experience might have been avoided. And the free
+space about the walls was cleared of buildings only after these same
+buildings had helped to make the same occupation of the city easier,
+yet there were many in Manila who foresaw the danger but feared to
+foretell it.
+
+Had the people of Spain been free to criticise the Spaniards' way of
+waiting to do things until it is too late, that nation, at one time the
+largest and richest empire in the world, would probably have been saved
+from its loss of territory and its present impoverished condition. And
+had the early Filipinos, to whom splendid professions and sweeping
+promises were made, dared to complain of the Peninsular policy of
+procrastination--the "manana" habit, as it has been called--Spain
+might have been spared Doctor Rizal's terrible but true indictment
+that she retarded Philippine progress, kept the Islands miserably
+ruled for 333 years and in the last days of the nineteenth century was
+still permitting mediaeval malpractices. Rizal did not believe that
+his country was able to stand alone as a separate government. He
+therefore desired to preserve the Spanish sovereignty in the
+Philippines, but he desired also to bring about reforms and conditions
+conducive to advancement. To this end he carefully pointed out those
+colonial shortcomings that caused friction, kept up discontent, and
+prevented safe progress, and that would have been perfectly easy to
+correct. Directly as well as indirectly, the changes he proposed were
+calculated to benefit the homeland quite as much as the Philippines,
+but his well-meaning efforts brought him hatred and an undeserved
+death, thus proving once more how thankless is the task of telling
+unpleasant truths, no matter how necessary it may be to do so. Because
+Rizal spoke out boldly, while realizing what would probably be his
+fate, history holds him a hero and calls his death a martyrdom. He
+was not one of those popularity-seeking, self-styled patriots who are
+ever mouthing "My country, right or wrong;" his devotion was deeper
+and more disinterested. When he found his country wrong he willingly
+sacrificed himself to set her right. Such unselfish spirits are rare;
+in life they are often misunderstood, but when time does them justice,
+they come into a fame which endures.
+
+Doctor Rizal knew that the real Spain had generous though sluggish
+intentions, and noble though erratic impulses, but it awoke too late;
+too late for Doctor Rizal and too late to save the Philippines for
+Spain; tardy reforms after his death were useless and the loss of
+her overseas possessions was the result. Doctor Rizal lost when he
+staked his life on his trust in the innate sense of honor of Spain,
+for that sense of honor became temporarily blinded by a sudden but
+fatal gust of passion; and it took the shock of the separation to
+rouse the dormant Spanish chivalry.
+
+Still in the main Rizal's judgment was correct, and he was the victim
+of mistimed, rather than of misplaced, confidence, for as soon as
+the knowledge of the real Rizal became known to the Spanish people,
+belated justice began to be done his memory, and then, repentant and
+remorseful, as is characteristically Castilian, there was little delay
+and no half-heartedness. Another name may now be grouped with Columbus
+and Cervantes among those to whom Spain has given imprisonment in
+life and monuments after death--chains for the man and chaplets for
+his memory. In 1896, during the few days before he could be returned
+to Manila, Doctor Rizal occupied a dungeon in Montjuich Castle in
+Barcelona; while on his way to assist the Spanish soldiers in Cuba
+who were stricken with yellow fever, he was shipped and sent back to
+a prejudged trial and an unjust execution. Fifteen years later the
+Catalan city authorities commemorated the semi-centennial of this
+prisoner's birth by changing, in his honor, the name of a street in
+the shadow of the infamous prison of Montjuich Castle to "Calle del
+Doctor Rizal."
+
+More instances of this nature are not cited since they are not
+essential to the proper understanding of Rizal's story, but let it be
+made clear once for all that whatever harshness may be found in the
+following pages is directed solely to those who betrayed the trust
+of the mother country and selfishly abused the ample and unrestrained
+powers with which Spain invested them.
+
+And what may seem the exaltation of the Anglo-Saxons at the expense of
+the Latins in these pages is intended only to point out the superiority
+of their ordered system of government, with its checks and balances,
+its individual rights and individual duties, under which men are
+"free to live by no man's leave, underneath the Law." No human being
+can be safely trusted with unlimited power, and no man, no matter
+what his nationality, could have withstood the temptations offered by
+the chaotic conditions in the Philippines in past times any better
+than did the Spaniards. There is nothing written in this book that
+should convey the opinion that in similar circumstances men of any
+nationality would not have acted as the Spaniards did. The easiest
+recognized characteristic of absolutism, and all the abuses and
+corruption it brings in its train, is fear of criticism, and Spain
+drew her own indictment in the Philippines when she executed Rizal.
+
+When any nation sets out to enroll all its scholarly critics among
+the martyrs in the cause of Liberty, it makes an open confession of
+guilt to all the world. For a quarter of a century Spain had been
+ruling in the Philippines by terrorizing its subjects there, and
+Rizal's execution, with utter disregard of the most elementary rules
+of judicial procedure, was the culmination that drove the Filipinos
+to desperation and arrested the attention of the whole civilized
+world. It was evident that Rizal's fate might have been that of any
+of his countrymen, and the thinking world saw that events had taken
+such a course in the Philippines that it had become justifiable for
+the Filipinos to attempt to dissolve the political bands which had
+connected them with Spain for over three centuries.
+
+Such action by the Filipinos would not have been warranted by a
+solitary instance of unjust execution under stress of political
+excitement that did not indicate the existence of a settled
+policy. Such instances are rather to be classed among the mistakes
+to which governments as well as individuals are liable. Yet even such
+a mistake may be avoided by certain precautions which experience has
+suggested, and the nation that disregards these precautions is justly
+open to criticism.
+
+Our present Philippine government guarantees to its citizens as
+fundamental rights, that no person shall be held to answer for a
+capital crime unless on an indictment, nor may he be compelled in any
+criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life,
+liberty or property without due process of law. The accused must have
+a speedy, public and impartial trial, be informed of the nature and
+cause of the accusation, be confronted with the witnesses against him,
+have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and have
+the assistance of counsel for his defense. Not one of these safeguards
+protected Doctor Rizal except that he had an "open trial," if that name
+may be given to a courtroom filled with his enemies openly clamoring
+for his death without rebuke from the court. Even the presumption of
+innocence till guilt was established was denied him. These precautions
+have been considered necessary for every criminal trial, but the
+framers of the American Constitution, fearful lest popular prejudice
+some day might cause injustice to those advocating unpopular ideals,
+prohibited the irremediable penalty of death upon a charge of treason
+except where the testimony of two reliable witnesses established some
+overt act, inference not being admissible as evidence.
+
+Such protection was not given the subjects of Spain, but still, with
+all the laxity of the Spanish law, and even if all the charges had been
+true, which they were far from being, no case was made out against
+Doctor Rizal at his trial. According to the laws then in effect, he
+was unfairly convicted and he should be considered innocent; for this
+reason his life will be studied to see what kind of hero he was, and
+no attempt need be made to plead good character and honest intentions
+in extenuation of illegal acts. Rizal was ever the advocate of law,
+and it will be found, too, that he was always consistently law-abiding.
+
+Though they are in the Orient, the Filipinos are not of it. Rizal once
+said, upon hearing of plans for a Philippine exhibit at a European
+World's Fair, that the people of Europe would have a chance to see
+themselves as they were in the Middle Ages. With allowances for the
+changes due to climate and for the character of the country, this
+statement can hardly be called exaggerated. The Filipinos in the
+last half of the nineteenth century were not Orientals but mediaeval
+Europeans--to the credit of the early Castilians but to the discredit
+of the later Spaniards.
+
+The Filipinos of the remoter Christian barrios, whom Rizal had in mind
+particularly, were in customs, beliefs and advancement substantially
+what the descendants of Legaspi's followers might have been had these
+been shipwrecked on the sparsely inhabited islands of the Archipelago
+and had their settlement remained shut off from the rest of the world.
+
+Except where foreign influence had accidentally crept in at the
+ports, it could truthfully be said that scarcely perceptible advance
+had been made in three hundred years. Succeeding Spaniards by their
+misrule not only added little to the glorious achievement of their
+ancestors, but seemed to have prevented the natural progress which
+the land would have made.
+
+In one form or another, this contention was the basis of Rizal's
+campaign. By careful search, it is true, isolated instances of
+improvement could be found, but the showing at its very best was
+so pitifully poor that the system stood discredited. And it was the
+system to which Rizal was opposed.
+
+The Spaniards who engaged in public argument with Rizal were
+continually discovering, too late to avoid tumbling into them, logical
+pitfalls which had been carefully prepared to trap them. Rizal argued
+much as he played chess, and was ever ready to sacrifice a pawn to
+be enabled to say "check." Many an unwary opponent realized after
+he had published what he had considered a clever answer that the
+same reasoning which scored a point against Rizal incontrovertibly
+established the Kalamban's major premise.
+
+Superficial antagonists, to the detriment of their own reputations,
+have made much of what they chose to consider Rizal's historical
+errors. But history is not merely chronology, and his representation
+of its trend, disregarding details, was a masterly tracing of current
+evils to their remote causes. He may have erred in some of his minor
+statements; this will happen to anyone who writes much, but attempts to
+discredit Rizal on the score of historical inaccuracy really reflect
+upon the captious critics, just as a draftsman would expose himself
+to ridicule were he to complain of some famous historical painting
+that it had not been drawn to exact scale. Rizal's writings were
+intended to bring out in relief the evils of the Spanish system of
+the government of the Filipino people, just as a map of the world
+may put the inhabited portions of the earth in greater prominence
+than those portions that are not inhabited. Neither is exact in its
+representation, but each serves its purpose the better because it
+magnifies the important and minimizes the unimportant.
+
+In his disunited and abased countrymen, Rizal's writings aroused, as he
+intended they should, the spirit of nationality, of a Fatherland which
+was not Spain, and put their feet on the road to progress. What matters
+it, then, if his historical references are not always exhaustive, and
+if to make himself intelligible in the Philippines he had to write in
+a style possibly not always sanctioned by the Spanish Academy? Spain
+herself had denied to the Filipinos a system of education that
+might have made a creditable Castilian the common language of the
+Archipelago. A display of erudition alone does not make an historian,
+nor is purity, propriety and precision in choosing words all there
+is to literature.
+
+Rizal charged Spain unceasingly with unprogressiveness in the
+Philippines, just as he labored and planned unwearyingly to bring
+the Filipinos abreast of modern European civilization. But in his
+appeals to the Spanish conscience and in his endeavors to educate his
+countrymen he showed himself as practical as he was in his arguments,
+ever ready to concede nonessentials in name and means if by doing so
+progress could be made.
+
+Because of his unceasing efforts for a wiser, better governed and
+more prosperous Philippines, and because of his frank admission that
+he hoped thus in time there might come a freer Philippines, Rizal was
+called traitor to Spain and ingrate. Now honest, open criticism is
+not treason, and the sincerest gratitude to those who first brought
+Christian civilization to the Philippines should not shut the eyes to
+the wrongs which Filipinos suffered from their successors. But until
+the latest moment of Spanish rule, the apologists of Spain seemed to
+think that they ought to be able to turn away the wrath evoked by the
+cruelty and incompetence that ran riot during centuries, by dwelling
+upon the benefits of the early days of the Spanish dominion.
+
+Wearisome was the eternal harping on gratitude which at one time was
+the only safe tone for pulpit, press and public speech; it irritating
+because it ignored questions of current policy, and it was discouraging
+to the Filipinos who were reminded by it of the hopeless future for
+their country to which time had brought no progress. But with all the
+faults and unworthiness of the later rulers, and the inane attempts
+of their parasites to distract attention from these failings, there
+remains undimmed the luster of Spain's early fame. The Christianizing
+which accompanied her flag upon the mainland and islands of the
+New World is its imperishable glory, and the transformation of the
+Filipino people from Orientals into mediaeval Europeans through the
+colonizing genius of the early Castilians, remains a marvel unmatched
+in colonial history and merits the lasting gratitude of the Filipino.
+
+Doctor Rizal satirized the degenerate descendants and scored the
+unworthy successors, but his writings may be searched in vain for
+wholesale charges against the Spanish nation such as Spanish scribblers
+were forever directing against all Filipinos, past, present and future,
+with an alleged fault of a single one as a pretext. It will be found
+that he invariably recognized that the faithful first administrators
+and the devoted pioneer missionaries had a valid claim upon the
+continuing gratitude of the people of Tupa's and Lakandola's land.
+
+Rizal's insight discerned, and experience has demonstrated, that
+Legaspi, Urdaneta and those who were like them, laid broad and firm
+foundations for a modern social and political organization which
+could be safely and speedily established by reforms from above. The
+early Christianizing civilizers deserve no part of the blame for
+the fact that Philippine ports were not earlier opened to progress,
+but much credit is due them that there is succeeding here an orderly
+democracy such as now would be impossible in any neighboring country.
+
+The Philippine patriot would be the first to recognize the justice
+of the selection of portraits which appear with that of Rizal upon
+the present Philippine postage stamps, where they serve as daily
+reminders of how free government came here.
+
+The constancy and courage of a Portuguese sailor put these Islands into
+touch with the New World with which their future progress was to be
+identified. The tact and honesty of a civil official from Mexico made
+possible the almost bloodless conquest which brought the Filipinos
+under the then helpful rule of Spain. The bequest of a far-sighted
+early philanthropist was the beginning of the water system of Manila,
+which was a recognition of the importance of efforts toward improving
+the public health and remains a reminder of how, even in the darkest
+days of miseries and misgovernment, there have not been wanting
+Spaniards whose ideal of Spanish patriotism was to devote heart,
+brain and wealth to the welfare of the Filipinos. These were the
+heroes of the period of preparation.
+
+The life of the one whose story is told in these pages was devoted
+and finally sacrificed to dignify their common country in the eyes
+of his countrymen, and to unite them in a common patriotism; he
+inculcated that self-respect which, by leading to self-restraint and
+self-control, makes self-government possible; and sought to inspire
+in all a love of ordered freedom, so that, whether under the flag
+of Spain or any other, or by themselves, neither tyrants (caciques)
+nor slaves (those led by caciques) would be possible among them.
+
+And the change itself came through an American President who
+believed, and practiced the belief, that nations owed obligations
+to other nations just as men had duties toward their fellow-men. He
+established here Liberty through Law, and provided for progress in
+general education, which should be a safeguard to good government as
+well, for an enlightened people cannot be an oppressed people. Then
+he went to war against the Philippines rather than deceive them,
+because the Filipinos, who repeatedly had been tricked by Spain with
+unfulfilled promises, insisted on pledges which he had not the power to
+give. They knew nothing of what was meant by the rule of the people,
+and could not conceive of a government whose head was the servant
+and not the master. Nor did they realize that even the voters might
+not promise for the future, since republicanism requires that the
+government of any period shall rule only during the period that it
+is in the majority. In that war military glory and quick conquest
+were sacrificed to consideration for the misled enemy, and every
+effort was made to minimize the evils of warfare and to gain the
+confidence of the people. Retaliation for violations of the usages of
+civilized warfare, of which Filipinos at first were guilty through
+their Spanish training, could not be entirely prevented, but this
+retaliation contrasted strikingly with the Filipinos' unhappy past
+experiences with Spanish soldiers. The few who had been educated out
+of Spain and therefore understood the American position were daily
+reenforced by those persons who became convinced from what they saw,
+until a majority of the Philippine people sought peace. Then the
+President of the United States outlined a policy, and the history
+and constitution of his government was an assurance that this policy
+would be followed; the American government then began to do what it
+had not been able to promise.
+
+The forerunner and the founder of the present regime in these Islands,
+by a strange coincidence, were as alike in being cruelly misunderstood
+in their lifetimes by those whom they sought to benefit as they were
+in the tragedy of their deaths, and both were unjustly judged by many,
+probably well-meaning, countrymen.
+
+Magellan, Legaspi, Carriedo, Rizal and McKinley, heroes of the free
+Philippines, belonged to different times and were of different types,
+but their work combined to make possible the growing democracy of
+to-day. The diversity of nationalities among these heroes is an added
+advantage, for it recalls that mingling of blood which has developed
+the Filipinos into a strong people.
+
+England, the United States and the Philippines are each composed
+of widely diverse elements. They have each been developed by
+adversity. They have each honored their severest critics while yet
+those critics lived. Their common literature, which tells the story
+of human liberty in its own tongue, is the richest, most practical
+and most accessible of all literature, and the popular education upon
+which rests the freedom of all three is in the same democratic tongue,
+which is the most widely known of civilized languages and the only
+unsycophantic speech, for it stands alone in not distinguishing by
+its use of pronouns in the second person the social grade of the
+individual addressed.
+
+The future may well realize Rizal's dream that his country should
+be to Asia what England has been to Europe and the United States
+is in America, a hope the more likely to be fulfilled since the
+events of 1898 restored only associations of the earlier and happier
+days of the history of the Philippines. The very name now used is
+nearer the spelling of the original Philipinas than the Filipinas
+of nineteenth century Spanish usage. The first form was used until
+nearly a century ago, when it was corrupted along with so many things
+of greater importance.
+
+The Philippines at first were called "The Islands of the West," as
+they are considered to be occidental and not oriental. They were made
+known to Europe as a sequel to the discoveries of Columbus. Conquered
+and colonized from Mexico, most of their pious and charitable
+endowments, churches, hospitals, asylums and colleges, were endowed
+by philanthropic Mexicans. Almost as long as Mexico remained Spanish
+the commerce of the Philippines was confined to Mexico, and the
+Philippines were a part of the postal system of Mexico and dependent
+upon the government of Mexico exactly as long as Mexico remained
+Spanish. They even kept the new world day, one day behind Europe,
+for a third of a century longer. The Mexican dollars continued to be
+their chief coins till supplanted, recently, by the present peso,
+and the highbuttoned white coat, the "americana," by that name was
+in general use long years ago. The name America is frequently to be
+found in the old baptismal registers, for a century or more ago many
+a Filipino child was so christened, and in the '70's Rizal's carving
+instructor, because so many of the best-made articles he used were
+of American manufacture, gave the name "Americano" to a godchild. As
+Americans, Filipinos were joined with the Mexicans when King Ferdinand
+VII thanked his subjects in both countries for their loyalty during
+the Napoleonic wars. Filipino students abroad found, too, books about
+the Philippines listed in libraries and in booksellers' catalogues
+as a branch of "Americana."
+
+Nor was their acquaintance confined to Spanish Americans. The name
+"English" was early known. Perhaps no other was more familiar in
+the beginning, for it was constantly execrated by the Spaniards,
+and in consequence secretly cherished by those who suffered wrongs
+at their hands.
+
+Magellan had lost his life in his attempted circumnavigation of the
+globe and Elcano completed the disastrous voyage in a shattered ship,
+minus most of its crew. But Drake, an Englishman, undertook the same
+voyage, passed the Straits in less time than Magellan, and was the
+first commander in his own ship to put a belt around the earth. These
+facts were known in the Philippines, and from them the Filipinos drew
+comparisons unfavorable to the boastful Spaniards.
+
+When the rich Philippine galleon Santa Ana was captured off the
+California coast by Thomas Candish, "three boys born in Manila"
+were taken on board the English ships. Afterwards Candish sailed into
+the straits south of "Lucon" and made friends with the people of the
+country. There the Filipinos promised "both themselves, and all the
+islands thereabouts, to aid him whensoever he should come again to
+overcome the Spaniards."
+
+Dampier, another English sea captain, passed through the Archipelago
+but little later, and one of his men, John Fitzgerald by name, remained
+in the Islands, marrying here. He pretended to be a physician, and
+practiced as a doctor in Manila. There was no doubt room for him,
+because when Spain expelled the Moors she reduced medicine in her
+country to a very low state, for the Moors had been her most skilled
+physicians. Many of these Moors who were Christians, though not
+orthodox according to the Spanish standard, settled in London, and
+the English thus profited by the persecution, just as she profited
+when the cutlery industry was in like manner transplanted from Toledo
+to Sheffield.
+
+The great Armada against England in Queen Elizabeth's time was an
+attempt to stop once for all the depredations of her subjects on
+Spain's commerce in the Orient. As the early Spanish historian, Morga,
+wrote of it: "Then only the English nation disturbed the Spanish
+dominion in that Orient. Consequently King Philip desired not only
+to forbid it with arms near at hand, but also to furnish an example,
+by their punishment, to all the northern nations, so that they should
+not undertake the invasions that we see. A beginning was made in this
+work in the year one thousand five hundred and eighty-eight."
+
+This ingeniously worded statement omits to tell how ignominiously
+the pretentious expedition ended, but the fact of failure remained
+and did not help the prestige of Spain, especially among her subjects
+in the Far East. After all the boastings of what was going to happen,
+and all the claims of what had been accomplished, the enemies of Spain
+not only were unchecked but appeared to be bolder than ever. Some of
+the more thoughtful Filipinos then began to lose confidence in Spanish
+claims. They were only a few, but their numbers were to increase as
+the years went by. The Spanish Armada was one of the earliest of those
+influences which, reenforced by later events, culminated in the life
+work of Jose Rizal and the loss of the Philippines by Spain.
+
+At that time the commerce of Manila was restricted to the galleon
+trade with Mexico, and the prosperity of the Filipino merchants--in
+large measure the prosperity of the entire Archipelago--depended
+upon the yearly ventures the hazard of which was not so much the
+ordinary uncertainty of the sea as the risk of capture by English
+freebooters. Everybody in the Philippines had heard of these daring
+English mariners, who were emboldened by an almost unbroken series of
+successes which had correspondingly discouraged the Spaniards. They
+carried on unceasing war despite occasional proclamation of peace
+between England and Spain, for the Spanish treasure ships were
+tempting prizes, and though at times policy made their government
+desire friendly relations with Spain, the English people regarded
+all Spaniards as their natural enemies and all Spanish property as
+their legitimate spoil.
+
+The Filipinos realized earlier than the Spaniards did that torturing to
+death shipwrecked English sailors was bad policy. The result was always
+to make other English sailors fight more desperately to avoid a similar
+fate. Revenge made them more and more aggressive, and treaties made
+with Spain were disregarded because, as they said, Spain's inhumanity
+had forfeited her right to be considered a civilized country.
+
+It was less publicly discussed, but equally well known, that the
+English freebooters, besides committing countless depredations
+on commerce, were always ready to lend their assistance to any
+discontented Spanish subjects whom they could encourage into open
+rebellion.
+
+The English word Filibuster was changed into "Filibusteros" by the
+Spanish, and in later years it came to be applied especially to those
+charged with stirring up discontent and rebellion. For three centuries,
+in its early application to the losses of commerce, and in its later
+use as denoting political agitation, possibly no other word in the
+Philippines, outside of the ordinary expressions of daily life, was
+so widely known, and certainly none had such sinister signification.
+
+In contrast to this lawless association is a similarity of laws. The
+followers of Cortez, it will be remembered, were welcomed in Mexico
+as the long-expected "Fair Gods" because of their blond complexions
+derived from a Gothic ancestry. Far back in history their forbears
+had been neighbors of the Anglo-Saxons in the forests of Germany,
+so that the customs of Anglo-Saxon England and of the Gothic
+kingdom of Castile had much in common. The "Laws of the Indies,"
+the disregard of which was the ground of most Filipino complaints
+up to the very last days of the rule of Spain, was a compilation
+of such of these Anglo-Saxon-Castilian laws and customs as it was
+thought could be extended to the Americas, originally called the New
+Kingdom of Castile, which included the Philippine Archipelago. Thus
+the New England township and the Mexican, and consequently the early
+Philippine pueblo, as units of local government are nearly related.
+
+These American associations, English influences, and Anglo-Saxon ideals
+also culminated in the life work of Jose Rizal, the heir of all the
+past ages in Philippine history. But other causes operating in his
+own day--the stories of his elders, the incidents of his childhood,
+the books he read, the men he met, the travels he made--as later
+pages will show--contributed further to make him the man he was.
+
+It was fortunate for the Philippines that after the war of
+misunderstanding with the United States there existed a character that
+commanded the admiration of both sides. Rizal's writings revealed to
+the Americans aspirations that appealed to them and conditions that
+called forth their sympathy, while the Filipinos felt confidence,
+for that reason, in the otherwise incomprehensible new government
+which honored their hero.
+
+Rizal was already, and had been for years, without rival as the idol
+of his countrymen when there came, after deliberation and delay, his
+official recognition in the Philippines. Necessarily there had to be
+careful study of his life and scrutiny of his writings before the head
+of our nation could indorse as the corner stone of the new government
+which succeeded Spain's misrule, the very ideas which Spain had
+considered a sufficient warrant for shooting their author as a traitor.
+
+Finally the President of the United States in a public address at
+Fargo, North Dakota, on April 7, 1903--five years after American
+scholars had begun to study Philippine affairs as they had never
+been studied before--declared: "In the Philippine Islands the
+American government has tried, and is trying, to carry out exactly
+what the greatest genius and most revered patriot ever known in the
+Philippines, Jose Rizal, steadfastly advocated," a formal, emphatic
+and clear-cut expression of national policy upon a question then of
+paramount interest.
+
+In the light of the facts of Philippine history already set forth
+there is no cause for wonder at this sweeping indorsement, even
+though the views so indorsed were those of a man who lived in
+conditions widely different from those about to be introduced by
+the new government. Rizal had not allowed bias to influence him in
+studying the past history of the Philippines, he had been equally
+honest with himself in judging the conditions of his own time, and
+he knew and applied with the same fairness the teaching which holds
+true in history as in every other branch of science that like causes
+under like conditions must produce like results, He had been careful in
+his reasoning, and it stood the test, first of President Roosevelt's
+advisers, or otherwise that Fargo speech would never have been made,
+and then of all the President's critics, or there would have been
+heard more of the statement quoted above which passed unchallenged,
+but not, one may be sure, uninvestigated.
+
+The American system is in reality not foreign to the Philippines,
+but it is the highest development, perfected by experience, of the
+original plan under which the Philippines had prospered and progressed
+until its benefits were wrongfully withheld from them. Filipino
+leaders had been vainly asking Spain for the restoration of their
+rights and the return to the system of the Laws of the Indies. At the
+time when America came to the Islands there was among them no Rizal,
+with a knowledge of history that would enable him to recognize that
+they were getting what they had been wanting, who could rise superior
+to the unimportant detail of under what name or how the good came as
+long as it arrived, and whose prestige would have led his countrymen to
+accept his decision. Some leaders had one qualification, some another,
+a few combined two, but none had the three, for a country is seldom
+favored with more than one surpassingly great man at one time.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+Rizal's Chinese Ancestry
+
+Clustered around the walls of Manila in the latter half of the
+seventeenth century were little villages the names of which, in some
+instances slightly changed, are the names of present districts. A
+fashionable drive then was through the settlement of Filipinos in
+Bagumbayan--the "new town" to which Lakandola's subjects had migrated
+when Legaspi dispossessed them of their own "Maynila." With the
+building of the moat this village disappeared, but the name remained,
+and it is often used to denote the older Luneta, as well as the drive
+leading to it.
+
+Within the walls lived the Spanish rulers and the few other persons
+that the fear and jealousy of the Spaniard allowed to come in. Some
+were Filipinos who ministered to the needs of the Spaniards, but the
+greater number were Sangleyes, or Chinese, "the mechanics in all trades
+and excellent workmen," as an old Spanish chronicle says, continuing:
+"It is true that the city could not be maintained or preserved without
+the Sangleyes."
+
+The Chinese conditions of these early days are worth recalling, for
+influences strikingly similar to those which affected the life of Jose
+Rizal in his native land were then at work. There were troubled times
+in the ancient "Middle Kingdom," the earlier name of the corruption
+of the Malay Tchina (China) by which we know it. The conquering
+Manchus had placed their emperor on the throne so long occupied by
+the native dynasty whose adherents had boastingly called themselves
+"The Sons of Light." The former liberal and progressive government,
+under which the people prospered, had grown corrupt and helpless,
+and the country had yielded to the invaders and passed under the
+terrible tyranny of the Tartars.
+
+Yet there were true patriots among the Chinese who were neither
+discouraged by these conditions nor blind to the real cause of their
+misfortunes. They realized that the easy conquest of their country
+and the utter disregard by their people of the bad government which
+had preceded it, showed that something was wrong with themselves.
+
+Too wise to exhaust their land by carrying on a hopeless war,
+they sought rather to get a better government by deserving it,
+and worked for the general enlightenment, believing that it would
+offer the most effective opposition to oppression, for they knew well
+that an intelligent people could not be kept enslaved. Furthermore,
+they understood that, even if they were freed from foreign rule, the
+change would be merely to another tyranny unless the darkness of the
+whole people were dispelled. The few educated men among them would
+inevitably tyrannize over the ignorant many sooner or later, and it
+would be less easy to escape from the evils of such misrule, for the
+opposition to it would be divided, while the strength of union would
+oppose any foreign despotism. These true patriots were more concerned
+about the welfare of their country than ambitious for themselves,
+and they worked to prepare their countrymen for self-government by
+teaching self-control and respect for the rights of others.
+
+No public effort toward popular education can be made under a bad
+government. Those opposed to Manchu rule knew of a secret society
+that had long existed in spite of the laws against it, and they used
+it as their model in organizing a new society to carry out their
+purposes. Some of them were members of this Ke-Ming-Tong or Chinese
+Freemasonry as it is called, and it was difficult for outsiders to
+find out the differences between it and the new Heaven-Earth-Man
+Brotherhood. The three parts to their name led the new brotherhood
+later to be called the Triad Society, and they used a triangle for
+their seal.
+
+The initiates of the Triad were pledged to one another in a blood
+compact to "depose the Tsing [Tartar] and restore the Ming [native
+Chinese] dynasty." But really the society wanted only gradual reform
+and was against any violent changes. It was at first evolutionary, but
+later a section became dissatisfied and started another society. The
+original brotherhood, however, kept on trying to educate its
+members. It wanted them to realize that the dignity of manhood is
+above that of rank or riches, and seeking to break down the barriers
+of different languages and local prejudice, hoped to create an united
+China efficient in its home government and respected in its foreign
+relations.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+It was the policy of Spain to rule by keeping the different elements
+among her subjects embittered against one another. Consequently the
+entire Chinese population of the Philippines had several times been
+almost wiped out by the Spaniards assisted by the Filipinos and
+resident Japanese. Although overcrowding was mainly the cause of
+the Chinese immigration, the considerations already described seem
+to have influenced the better class of emigrants who incorporated
+themselves with the Filipinos from 1642 on through the eighteenth
+century. Apparently these emigrants left their Chinese homes to avoid
+the shaven crown and long braided queue that the Manchu conquerors
+were imposing as a sign of submission--a practice recalled by
+the recent wholesale cutting off of queues which marked the fall
+of this same Manchu dynasty upon the establishment of the present
+republic. The patriot Chinese in Manila retained the ancient style,
+which somewhat resembled the way Koreans arrange their hair. Those who
+became Christians cut the hair short and wore European hats, otherwise
+using the clothing--blue cotton for the poor, silk for the richer--and
+felt-soled shoes, still considered characteristically Chinese.
+
+The reasons for the brutal treatment of the unhappy exiles and the
+causes of the frequent accusation against them that they were intending
+rebellion may be found in the fear that had been inspired by the
+Chinese pirates, and the apprehension that the Chinese traders and
+workmen would take away from the Filipinos their means of gaining a
+livelihood. At times unjust suspicions drove some of the less patient
+to take up arms in self-defense. Then many entirely innocent persons
+would be massacred, while those who had not bought protection from
+some powerful Spaniard would have their property pillaged by mobs that
+protested excessive devotion to Spain and found their patriotism so
+profitable that they were always eager to stir up trouble.
+
+One of the last native Chinese emperors, not wishing that any of
+his subjects should live outside his dominions, informed the Spanish
+authorities that he considered the emigrants evil persons unworthy
+of his interest. His Manchu successors had still more reason to be
+careless of the fate of the Manila Chinese. They were consequently ill
+treated with impunity, while the Japanese were "treated very cordially,
+as they are a race that demand good treatment, and it is advisable
+to do so for the friendly relations between the Islands and Japan,"
+to quote the ancient history once more.
+
+Pagan or Christian, a Chinaman's life in Manila then was not an
+enviable one, though the Christians were slightly more secure. The
+Chinese quarter was at first inside the city, but before long it became
+a considerable district of several streets along Arroceros near the
+present Botanical Garden. Thus the Chinese were under the guns of the
+Bastion San Gabriel, which also commanded two other Chinese settlements
+across the river in Tondo--Minondoc, or Binondo, and Baybay. They had
+their own headmen, their own magistrates and their own prison, and no
+outsiders were permitted among them. The Dominican Friars, who also
+had a number of missionary stations in China, maintained a church and
+a hospital for these Manila Chinese and established a settlement where
+those who became Christians might live with their families. Writers
+of that day suggest that sometimes conversions were prompted by the
+desire to get married--which until 1898 could not be done outside the
+Church--or to help the convert's business or to secure the protection
+of an influential Spanish godfather, rather than by any changed belief.
+
+Certainly two of these reasons did not influence the conversion of
+Doctor Rizal's paternal ancestor, Lam-co (that is, "Lam, Esq."),
+for this Chinese had a Chinese godfather and was not married till
+many years later.
+
+He was a native of the Chinchew district, where the Jesuits first, and
+later the Dominicans, had had missions, and he perhaps knew something
+of Christianity before leaving China. One of his church records
+indicates his home more definitely, for it specifies Siongque, near
+the great city, an agricultural community, and in China cultivation
+of the soil is considered the most honorable employment. Curiously
+enough, without conversion, the people of that region even to-day
+consider themselves akin to the Christians. They believe in one god
+and have characteristics distinguishing them from the Pagan Chinese,
+possibly derived from some remote Mohammedan ancestors.
+
+Lam-co's prestige among his own people, as shown by his leadership of
+those who later settled with him in Binan, as well as the fact that
+even after his residence in the country he was called to Manila to
+act as godfather, suggests that he was above the ordinary standing,
+and certainly not of the coolie class. This is bogne out by his
+marrying the daughter of an educated Chinese, an alliance that was
+not likely to have been made unless he was a person of some education,
+and education is the Chinese test of social degree.
+
+He was baptized in the Parian church of San Gabriel on a Sunday in June
+of 1697. Lam-co's age was given in the record as thirty-five years,
+and the names of his parents were given as Siang-co and Zun-nio. The
+second syllables of these names are titles of a little more respect
+than the ordinary "Mr." and "Mrs.," something like the Spanish Don
+and Dona, but possibly the Dominican priest who kept the register
+was not so careful in his use of Chinese words as a Chinese would
+have been. Following the custom of the other converts on the same
+occasion, Lam-co took the name Domingo, the Spanish for Sunday, in
+honor of the day. The record of this baptism is still to be seen in
+the records of the Parian church of San Gabriel, which are preserved
+with the Binondo records, in Manila.
+
+Chinchew, the capital of the district from which he came, was a
+literary center and a town famed in Chinese history for its loyalty;
+it was probably the great port Zeitung which so strongly impressed
+the Venetian traveler Marco Polo, the first European to see China.
+
+The city was said by later writers to be large and beautiful and to
+contain half a million inhabitants, "candid, open and friendly people,
+especially friendly and polite to foreigners." It was situated forty
+miles from the sea, in the province of Fokien, the rocky coast of which
+has been described as resembling Scotland, and its sturdy inhabitants
+seem to have borne some resemblance to the Scotch in their love of
+liberty. The district now is better known by its present port of Amoy.
+
+Altogether, in wealth, culture and comfort, Lam-co's home city far
+surpassed the Manila of that day, which was, however, patterned after
+it. The walls of Manila, its paved streets, stone bridges, and large
+houses with spacious courts are admitted by Spanish writers to be due
+to the industry and skill of Chinese workmen. They were but slightly
+changed from their Chinese models, differing mainly in ornamentation,
+so that to a Chinese the city by the Pasig, to which he gave the name
+of "the city of horses," did not seem strange, but reminded him rather
+of his own country.
+
+Famine in his native district, or the plague which followed it,
+may have been the cause of Lam-co's leaving home, but it was more
+probably political troubles which transferred to the Philippines
+that intelligent and industrious stock whose descendants have proved
+such loyal and creditable sons of their adopted country. Chinese had
+come to the Islands centuries before the Spaniards arrived and they
+are still coming, but no other period has brought such a remarkable
+contribution to the strong race which the mixture of many peoples
+has built up in the Philippines. Few are the Filipinos notable in
+recent history who cannot trace descent from a Chinese baptized in
+San Gabriel church during the century following 1642; until recently
+many have felt ashamed of these really creditable ancestors.
+
+Soon after Lam-co came to Manila he made the acquaintance of two
+well-known Dominicans and thus made friendships that changed his career
+and materially affected the fortunes of his descendants. These powerful
+friends were the learned Friar Francisco Marquez, author of a Chinese
+grammar, and Friar Juan Caballero, a former missionary in China,
+who, because of his own work and because his brother held high office
+there, was influential in the business affairs of the Order. Through
+them Lam-co settled in Binan, on the Dominican estate named after
+"St. Isidore the Laborer." There, near where the Pasig river flows
+out of the Laguna de Bay, Lam-co's descendants were to be tenants
+until another government, not yet born, and a system unknown in his
+day, should end a long series of inevitable and vexatious disputes by
+buying the estate and selling it again, on terms practicable for them,
+to those who worked the land.
+
+The Filipinos were at law over boundaries and were claiming the
+property that had been early and cheaply acquired by the Order as
+endowment for its university and other charities. The Friars of
+the Parian quarter thought to take those of their parishioners in
+whom they had most confidence out of harm's way, and by the same act
+secure more satisfactory tenants, for prejudice was then threatening
+another indiscriminate massacre. So they settled many industrious
+Chinese converts upon these farms, and flattered themselves that
+their tenant troubles were ended, for these foreigners could have no
+possible claim to the land. The Chinese were equally pleased to have
+safer homes and an occupation which in China placed them in a social
+position superior to that of a tradesman.
+
+Domingo Lam-co was influential in building up Tubigan barrio, one
+of the richest parts of the great estate. In name and appearance
+it recalled the fertile plains that surrounded his native Chinchew,
+"the city of springs." His neighbors were mainly Chinchew men, and
+what is of more importance to this narrative, the wife whom he married
+just before removing to the farm was of a good Chinchew family. She
+was Inez de la Rosa and but half Domingo's age; they were married
+in the Parian church by the same priest who over thirty years before
+had baptized her husband.
+
+Her father was Agustin Chinco, also of Chinchew, a rice merchant,
+who had been baptized five years earlier than Lam-co. His baptismal
+record suggests that he was an educated man, as already indicated,
+for the name of his town proved a puzzle till a present-day Dominican
+missionary from Amoy explained that it appeared to be the combined
+names for Chinchew in both the common and literary Chinese, in each
+case with the syllable denoting the town left off. Apparently when
+questioned from what town he came, Chinco was careful not to repeat
+the word town, but gave its name only in the literary language,
+and when that was not understood, he would repeat it in the local
+dialect. The priest, not understanding the significance of either in
+that form, wrote down the two together as a single word. Knowledge
+of the literary Chinese, or Mandarin, as it is generally called,
+marked the educated man, and, as we have already pointed out,
+education in China meant social position. To such minute deductions
+is it necessary to resort when records are scarce, and to be of value
+the explanation must be in harmony with the conditions of the period;
+subsequent research has verified the foregoing conclusions.
+
+Agustin Chinco had also a Chinese godfather and his parents were
+Chin-co and Zun-nio. He was married to Jacinta Rafaela, a Chinese
+mestiza of the Parian, as soon after his baptism as the banns could
+be published. She apparently was the daughter of a Christian Chinese
+and a Chinese mestiza; there were too many of the name Jacinta in that
+day to identify which of the several Jacintas she was and so enable us
+to determine the names of her parents. The Rafaela part of her name
+was probably added after she was grown up, in honor of the patron of
+the Parian settlement, San Rafael, just as Domingo, at his marriage,
+added Antonio in honor of the Chinese. How difficult guides names
+then were may be seen from this list of the six children of Agustin
+Chinco and Jacinta Rafaela: Magdalena Vergara, Josepha, Cristoval de
+la Trinidad, Juan Batista, Francisco Hong-Sun and Inez de la Rosa.
+
+The father-in-law and the son-in-law, Agustin and Domingo, seem to
+have been old friends, and apparently of the same class. Lam-co must
+have seen his future wife, the youngest in Chinco's numerous family,
+grow up from babyhood, and probably was attracted by the idea that
+she would make a good housekeeper like her thrifty mother, rather
+than by any romantic feelings, for sentiment entered very little into
+matrimony in those days when the parents made the matches. Possibly,
+however, their married life was just as happy, for divorces then were
+not even thought of, and as this couple prospered they apparently
+worked well together in a financial way.
+
+The next recorded event in the life of Domingo Lam-co and his wife
+occurred in 1741 when, after years of apparently happy existence in
+Binan, came a great grief in the loss of their baby daughter, Josepha
+Didnio, probably named for her aunt. She had lived only five days,
+but payments to the priest for a funeral such as was not given to
+many grown persons who died that year in Binan show how keenly the
+parents felt the loss of their little girl. They had at the time but
+one other child, a boy of ten, Francisco Mercado, whose Christian
+name was given partly because he had an uncle of the same name,
+and partly as a tribute of gratitude to the friendly Friar scholar
+in Manila. His new surname suggests that the family possessed the
+commendable trait of taking pride in its ancestry.
+
+Among the Chinese the significance of a name counts for much and it
+is always safe to seek a reason for the choice of a name. The Lam-co
+family were not given to the practice of taking the names of their
+god-parents. Mercado recalls both an honest Spanish encomendero
+of the region, also named Francisco, and a worthy mestizo Friar,
+now remembered for his botanical studies, but it is not likely that
+these influenced Domingo Lam-co in choosing this name for his son. He
+gave his boy a name which in the careless Castilian of the country was
+but a Spanish translation of the Chinese name by which his ancestors
+had been called. Sangley, Mercado and Merchant mean much the same;
+Francisco therefore set out in life with a surname that would free
+him from the prejudice that followed those with Chinese names,
+and yet would remind him of his Chinese ancestry. This was wisdom,
+for seldom are men who are ashamed of their ancestry any credit to it.
+
+The family history has to be gleaned from partially preserved parochial
+registers of births, marriages and deaths, incomplete court records,
+the scanty papers of the estates, a few land transfers, and some stray
+writings that accidentally have been preserved with the latter. The
+next event in Domingo's life which is revealed by them is a visit
+to Manila where in the old Parian church he acted as sponsor,
+or godfather, at the baptism of a countryman, and a new convert,
+Siong-co, whose granddaughter was, we shall see, to marry a grandson
+of Lam-co's, the couple becoming Rizal's grandparents.
+
+Francisco was a grown man when his mother died and was buried with
+the elaborate ceremonies which her husband's wealth permitted. There
+was a coffin, a niche in which to put it, chanting of the service and
+special prayers. All these involved extra cost, and the items noted in
+the margin of her funeral record make a total which in those days was
+a considerable sum. Domingo outlived Mrs. Lam-co by but a few years,
+and he also had, for the time, an expensive funeral.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+Liberalizing Hereditary Influences
+
+The hope of the Binan landlords that by changing from Filipino to
+Chinese tenantry they could avoid further litigation seems to have
+been disappointed. A family tradition of Francisco Mercado tells of
+a tedious and costly lawsuit with the Order. Its details and merits
+are no longer remembered, and they are not important.
+
+History has recorded enough agrarian trouble, in all ages and in all
+countries, to prove the economic mistake of large holdings of land by
+those who do not cultivate it. Human nature is alike the world over,
+it does not change with the centuries, and just as the Filipinos
+had done, the Chinese at last obiected to paying increased rent for
+improvements which they made themselves.
+
+A Spanish iudge required the landlords to produce their deeds, and,
+after measuring the land, he decided that they were then taking rent
+for considerably more than they had originally bought or had been
+given. But the tenants lost on the appeal, and, as they thought it
+was because they were weak and their opponents powerful, a grievance
+grew up which was still remembered in Rizal's day and was well known
+and understood by him.
+
+Another cause of discontent, which was a liberalizing influence,
+was making itself felt in the Philippines about the time of Domingo's
+death. A number of Spaniards had been claiming for their own countrymen
+such safeguards of personal liberty as were enjoyed by Englishmen,
+for no other government in Europe then paid any attention to the rights
+of the individual. Learned men had devoted much study to the laws and
+rights of nations, but these Spanish Liberals insisted that it was the
+guarantees given to the citizens, and not the political independence
+of the State, that made a country really free. Unfortunately, just
+as their proposals began to gain followers, Spain became involved in
+war with England, because the Spanish King, then as now a Bourbon
+and so related to a number of other reactionary rulers, had united
+in the family compact by which the royal relatives were to stamp out
+liberal ideas in their own dominions, and as allies to crush England,
+the source of the dissatisfaction which threatened their thrones.
+
+Many progressive Spaniards had become Freemasons, when that ancient
+society, after its revival in England, had been reintroduced into
+Spain. Now they found themselves suspected of sympathy with England
+and therefore of treason to Spain. While this could not be proved,
+it led to enforcing a papal bull against them, by which Pope Clement
+XII placed their institution under the ban of excommunication.
+
+At first it was intended to execute all the Spanish Freemasons, but
+the Queen's favorite violinist secretly sympathized with them. He used
+his influence with Her Majesty so well that through her intercession
+the King commuted the sentences from death to banishment as minor
+officials in the possessions overseas.
+
+Thus Cuba, Mexico, South and Central America, and the Philippines were
+provided with the ablest Spanish advocates of modern ideas. In no other
+way could liberalism have been spread so widely or more effectively.
+
+Besides these officeholders there had been from the earliest days
+noblemen, temporarily out of favor at Court, in banishment in the
+colonies. Cavite had some of these exiles, who were called "caja
+abierta," or carte blanche, because their generous allowances, which
+could be drawn whenever there were government funds, seemed without
+limit to the Filipinos. The Spanish residents of the Philippines were
+naturally glad to entertain, supply money to, and otherwise serve
+these men of noble birth, who might at any time be restored to favor
+and again be influential, and this gave them additional prestige in the
+eyes of the Filipinos. One of these exiles, whose descendants yet live
+in these Islands, passed from prisoner in Cavite to viceroy in Mexico.
+
+Francisco Mercado lived near enough to hear of the "cajas abiertas"
+(exiles) and their ways, if he did not actually meet some of them
+and personally experience the charm of their courtesy. They were as
+different from the ruder class of Spaniards who then were coming to
+the Islands as the few banished officials were unlike the general run
+of officeholders. The contrast naturally suggested that the majority of
+the Spaniards in the Philippines, both in official and in private life,
+were not creditable representatives of their country. This charge,
+insisted on with greater vehemence as subsequent events furnished
+further reasons for doing so, embittered the controversies of the
+last century of Spanish rule. The very persons who realized that the
+accusation was true of themselves, were those who most resented it,
+and the opinion of them which they knew the Filipinos held but dared
+not voice, rankled in their breasts. They welcomed every disparagement
+of the Philippines and its people, and thus made profitable a
+senseless and abusive campaign which was carried on by unscrupulous,
+irresponsible writers of such defective education that vilification
+was their sole argument. Their charges were easily disproved, but they
+had enough cunning to invent new charges continually, and prejudice
+gave ready credence to them.
+
+Finally an unreasoning fury broke out and in blind passion innocent
+persons were struck down; the taste for blood once aroused,
+irresponsible writers like that Retana who has now become Rizal's
+biographer, whetted the savage appetite for fresh victims. The
+last fifty years of Spanish rule in the Philippines was a small
+saturnalia of revenge with hardly a lucid interval for the governing
+power to reflect or an opportunity for the reasonable element to
+intervene. Somewhat similarly the Bourbons in France had hoped to
+postpone the day of reckoning for their mistakes by misdeeds done
+in fear to terrorize those who sought reforms. The aristocracy of
+France paid back tenfold each drop of innocent blood that was shed,
+but while the unreasoning world recalls the French Revolution with
+horror, the student of history thinks more of the evils which made
+it a natural result. Mirabeau in vain sought to restrain his aroused
+countrymen, just as he had vainly pleaded with the aristocrats to end
+their excesses. Rizal, who held Mirabeau for his hero among the men of
+the French Revolution, knew the historical lesson and sought to sound
+a warning, but he was unheeded by the Spaniards and misunderstood by
+many of his countrymen.
+
+At about the time of the arrival of the Spanish political exiles
+we find in Manila a proof of the normal mildness of Spain in
+the Philippines. The Inquisition, of dread name elsewhere, in the
+Philippines affected only Europeans, had before it two English-speaking
+persons, an Irish doctor and a county merchant accused of being
+Freemasons. The kind-hearted Friar inquisitor dismissed the culprits
+with warnings, and excepting some Spanish political matters in which
+it took part, this was the nearest that the institution ever came to
+exercising its functions here.
+
+The sufferings of the Indians in the Spanish-American gold mines, too,
+had no Philippine counterpart, for at the instance of the friars the
+Church early forbade the enslaving of the people. Neither friars nor
+government have any records in the Philippines which warrant belief
+that they were responsible for the severe punishments of the period
+from '72 to '98. Both were connected with opposition to reforms
+which appeared likely to jeopardize their property or to threaten
+their prerogatives, and in this they were only human, but here their
+selfish interests and activities seem to cease.
+
+For religious reasons the friar orders combatted modern ideas which
+they feared might include atheistical teachings such as had made
+trouble in France, and the Government was against the introduction of
+latter-day thought of democratic tendency, but in both instances the
+opposition may well have been believed to be for the best interest
+of the Philippine people. However mistaken, their action can only be
+deplored not censured. The black side of this matter was the rousing
+of popular passion, and it was done by sheets subsidized to argue;
+their editors, however, resorted to abuse in order to conceal the fact
+that they had not the ability to perform the services for which they
+were hired. While some individual members of both the religious orders
+and of the Government were influenced by these inflaming attacks,
+the interests concerned, as organizations, seem to have had a policy
+of self-defense, and not of revenge.
+
+The theory here advanced must wait for the judgment of the reader
+till the later events have been submitted. However, Rizal himself
+may be called in to prove that the record and policy is what has been
+asserted, for otherwise he would hardly have disregarded, as he did,
+the writings of Motley and Prescott, historians whom he could have
+quoted with great advantage to support the attacks he would surely
+have not failed to make had they seemed to him warranted, for he
+never was wanting in knowledge, resourcefulness or courage where his
+country was concerned.
+
+No definite information is available as to what part Francisco
+Mercado took during the disturbed two years when the English held
+Manila and Judge Anda carried on a guerilla warfare. The Dominicans
+were active in enlisting their tenants to fight against the invaders,
+and probably he did his share toward the Spanish defense either with
+contributions or personal service. The attitude of the region in
+which he lived strengthens this surmise, for only after long-continued
+wrongs and repeatedly broken promises of redress did Filipino loyalty
+fail. This was a century too early for the country around Manila,
+which had been better protected and less abused than the provinces
+to the north where the Ilokanos revolted.
+
+Binan, however, was within the sphere of English influence, for
+Anda's campaign was not quite so formidable as the inscription on his
+monument in Manila represents it to be, and he was far indeed from
+being the great conqueror that the tablet on the Santa Cruz Church
+describes him. Because of its nearness to Manila and Cavite and
+its rich gardens, British soldiers and sailors often visited Binan,
+but as the inhabitants never found occasion to abandon their homes,
+they evidently suffered no serious inconvenience.
+
+Commerce, a powerful factor, destroying the hermit character of
+the Islands, gained by the short experience of freer trade under
+England's rule, since the Filipinos obtained a taste for articles
+before unused, which led them to be discontented and insistent, till
+the Manila market finally came to be better supplied. The contrast
+of the British judicial system with the Spanish tribunals was also a
+revelation, for the foulest blot upon the colonial administration of
+Spain was her iniquitous courts of justice, and this was especially
+true of the Philippines.
+
+Anda's triumphal entry into the capital was celebrated with a wholesale
+hanging of Chinese, which must have made Francisco Mercado glad that
+he was now so identified with the country as to escape the prejudice
+against his race.
+
+A few years later came the expulsion of the Jesuit fathers and the
+confiscation of their property. It certainly weakened the government;
+personal acquaintance counted largely with the Filipinos; whole
+parishes knew Spain and the Church only through their parish priest,
+and the parish priest was usually a Jesuit whose courtesy equalled that
+of the most aristocratic officeholder or of any exiled "caja abierta."
+
+Francisco Mercado did not live in a Jesuit parish but in the
+neighboring hacienda of St. John the Baptist at Kalamba, where there
+was a great dam and an extensive irrigation system which caused the
+land to rival in fertility the rich soil of Binan. Everybody in his
+neighborhood knew that the estate had been purchased with money left
+in Mexico by pious Spaniards who wanted to see Christianity spread in
+the Philippines, and it seemed to them sacrilege that the government
+should take such property for its own secular uses.
+
+The priests in Binan were Filipinos and were usually leaders among
+the secular clergy, for the parish was desirable beyond most in the
+archdiocese because of its nearness to Manila, its excellent climate,
+its well-to-do parishioners and the great variety of its useful and
+ornamental plants and trees. Many of the fruits and vegetables of
+Binan were little known elsewhere, for they were of American origin,
+brought by Dominicans on the voyages from Spain by way of Mexico. They
+were introduced first into the great gardens at the hacienda house,
+which was a comfortable and spacious building adjoining the church,
+and the favorite resting place for members of the Order in Manila.
+
+The attendance of the friars on Sundays and fete days gave to the
+religious services on these occasions a dignity usually belonging to
+city churches. Sometimes, too, some of the missionaries from China
+and other Dominican notables would be seen in Binan. So the people
+not only had more of the luxuries and the pomp of life than most
+Filipinos, but they had a broader outlook upon it. Their opinion
+of Spain was formed from acquaintance with many Spaniards and from
+comparing them with people of other lands who often came to Manila and
+investigated the region close to it, especially the show spots such
+as Binan. Then they were on the road to the fashionable baths at Los
+Banos, where the higher officials often resorted. Such opportunities
+gave a sort of education, and Binan people were in this way more
+cultured than the dwellers in remote places, whose only knowledge of
+their sovereign state was derived from a single Spaniard, the friar
+curate of their parish.
+
+Monastic training consists in withdrawing from the world and living
+isolated under strict rule, and this would scarcely seem to be
+the best preparation for such responsibility as was placed upon the
+Friars. Troubles were bound to come, and the people of Binan, knowing
+the ways of the world, would soon be likely to complain and demand the
+changes which would avoid them; the residents of less worldly wise
+communities would wait and suffer till too late, and then in blind
+wrath would wreak bloody vengeance upon guilty and innocent alike.
+
+Kalamba, a near neighbor of Binan, had other reasons for being known
+besides its confiscation by the government. It was the scene of an
+early and especially cruel massacre of Chinese, and about Francisco's
+time considerable talk had been occasioned because an archbishop had
+established an uniform scale of charges for the various rites of the
+Church. While these charges were often complained of, it was the poorer
+people (some of whom were in receipt of charity) who suffered. The
+rich were seeking more expensive ceremonies in order to outshine the
+other well-to-do people of their neighborhood. The real grievance was,
+however, not the cost, but the fact that political discriminations
+were made so that those who were out of favor with the government
+were likewise deprived of church privileges. The reform of Archbishop
+Santo y Rufino has importance only because it gave the people of the
+provinces what Manila had long possessed--a knowledge of the rivalry
+between the secular and the regular clergy.
+
+The people had learned in Governor Bustamente's time that Church and
+State did not always agree, and now they saw dissensions within the
+Church. The Spanish Conquest and the possession of the Philippines
+had been made easy by the doctrine of the indivisibility of Church
+and State, by the teaching that the two were one and inseparable,
+but events were continually demonstrating the falsity of this early
+teaching. Hence the foundation of the sovereignty of Spain was
+slowly weakening, and nowhere more surely than in the region near
+Manila which numbered Jose Rizal's keen-witted and observing great
+grandfather among its leading men.
+
+Francisco Mercado was a bachelor during the times of these exciting
+events and therefore more free to visit Manila and Cavite, and he was
+possibly the more likely to be interested in political matters. He
+married on May 26, 1771, rather later in life than was customary in
+Binan, though he was by no means as old as his father, Domingo, was
+when he married. His bride, Bernarda Monicha, was a Chinese mestiza
+of the neighboring hacienda of San Pedro Tunasan, who had been early
+orphaned and from childhood had lived in Binan. As the coadjutor priest
+of the parish bore the same name, one uncommon in the Binan records
+of that period, it is possible that he was a relative. The frequent
+occurrence of the name of Monicha among the last names of girls of
+that vicinity later on must be ascribed to Bernarda's popularity
+as godmother.
+
+Mr. and Mrs. Francisco Mercado had two children, both boys, Juan and
+Clemente. During their youth the people of the Philippines were greatly
+interested in the struggles going on between England, the old enemy
+of Spain, and the rebellious English-American colonies. So bitter was
+the Spanish hatred of the nation which had humiliated her repeatedly
+on both land and sea, that the authorities forgot their customary
+caution and encouraged the circulation of any story that told in favor
+of the American colonies. Little did they realize the impression that
+the statement of grievances--so trivial compared with the injustices
+that were being inflicted upon the Spanish colonials--was making upon
+their subjects overseas, who until then had been carefully guarded from
+all modern ideas of government. American successes were hailed with
+enthusiasm in the most remote towns, and from this time may be dated
+a perceptible increase in Philippine discontent. Till then outbreaks
+and uprisings had been more for revenge than with any well-considered
+aim, but henceforth complaints became definite, demands were made
+that to an increasing number of people appeared to be reasonable,
+and those demands were denied or ignored, or promises were made in
+answer to them which were never fulfilled.
+
+Francisco Mercado was well to do, if we may judge from the number of
+carabaos he presented for registration, for his was among the largest
+herds in the book of brands that has chanced to be preserved with the
+Binan church records. In 1783 he was alcalde, or chief officer of the
+town, and he lived till 1801. His name appears so often as godfather
+in the registers of baptisms and weddings that he must have been a
+good-natured, liberal and popular man.
+
+Mrs. Francisco Mercado survived her husband by a number of years,
+and helped to nurse through his baby ailments a grandson also named
+Francisco, the father of Doctor Rizal.
+
+Francisco Mercado's eldest son, Juan, built a fine house in the center
+of Binan, where its pretentious stone foundations yet stand to attest
+how the home deserved the pride which the family took in it.
+
+At twenty-two Juan married a girl of Tubigan, who was two years his
+elder, Cirila Alejandra, daughter of Domingo Lam-co's Chinese godson,
+Siong-co. Cirila's father's silken garments were preserved by the
+family until within the memory of persons now living, and it is likely
+that Jose Rizal, Siong-co's great-grandson, while in school at Binan,
+saw these tangible proofs of the social standing in China of this
+one of his ancestors.
+
+Juan Mercado was three times the chief officer of Binan--in 1808, 1813
+and 1823. His sympathies are evident from the fact that he gave the
+second name, Fernando, to the son born when the French were trying
+to get the Filipinos to declare for King Joseph, whom his brother
+Napoleon had named sovereign of Spain. During the little while that the
+Philippines profited by the first constitution of Spain, Mercado was
+one of the two alcaldes. King Ferdinand VII then was relying on English
+aid, and to please his allies as well as to secure the loyalty of his
+subjects, Ferdinand pretended to be a very liberal monarch, swearing
+to uphold the constitution which the representatives of the people
+had framed at Cadiz in 1812. Under this constitution the Filipinos
+were to be represented in the Spanish Cortes, and the grandfather of
+Rizal was one of the electors to choose the Representative.
+
+During the next twenty-five years the history of the connection of the
+Philippines with Spain is mainly a record of the breaking and renewing
+of the King's oaths to the constitution, and of the Philippines
+electing delegates who would find the Cortes dissolved by the time
+they could get to Madrid, until in the final constitution that did
+last Philippine representation was left out altogether. Had things
+been different the sad story of this book might never have been told,
+for though the misgovernment of the Philippines was originally owing
+to the disregard for the Laws of the Indies and to giving unrestrained
+power to officials, the effects of these mistakes were not apparent
+until well into the nineteenth century.
+
+Another influence which educated the Filipino people was at work during
+this period. They had heard the American Revolution extolled and its
+course approved, because the Spaniards disliked England. Then came
+the French Revolution, which appalled the civilized world. A people,
+ignorant and oppressed, washed out in blood the wrongs which they had
+suffered, but their liberty degenerated into license, their ideals
+proved impracticable, and the anarchy of their radical republic was
+succeeded by the military despotism of Napoleon.
+
+A book written in Tagalog by a friar pointed out the differences
+between true liberty and false. It was the story of an old municipal
+captain who had traveled and returned to enlighten his friends at
+home. The story was well told, and the catechism form in which, by
+his friends' questions and the answers to them, the author's opinions
+were presented, was familiar to Filipinos, so that there were many
+intelligent readers, but its results were quite different from what
+its pious and patriotic author had intended they should be.
+
+The book told of the broadening influences of travel and of education;
+it suggested that liberty was possible only for the intelligent, but
+that schools, newspapers, libraries and the means of travel which the
+American colonists were enjoying were not provided for the Filipinos.
+
+They were further told that the Spanish colonies in America were
+repeating the unhappy experiences of the French republic, while
+the "English North Americans," whose ships during the American
+Revolution had found the Pacific a safe refuge from England,
+had developed considerable commerce with the Philippines. A kindly
+feeling toward the Americans had been aroused by the praise given to
+Filipino mechanics who had been trained by an American naval officer
+to repair his ship when the Spaniards at the government dockyards
+proved incapable of doing the work. Even the first American Consul,
+whose monument yet remains in the Plaza Cervantes, Manila, though,
+because of his faith, he could not be buried in the consecrated ground
+of the Catholic cemeteries, received what would appear to be a higher
+honor, a grave in the principal business plaza of the city.
+
+The inferences were irresistible: the way of the French Revolution
+was repugnant alike to God and government, that of the American
+was approved by both. Filipinos of reflective turn of mind began to
+study America; some even had gone there; for, from a little Filipino
+settlement, St. Malo near New Orleans, sailors enlisted to fight
+in the second war of the United States against England; one of them
+was wounded and his name was long borne on the pension roll of the
+United States.
+
+The danger of the dense ignorance in which their rulers kept the
+Filipinos showed itself in 1819, when a French ship from India having
+introduced Asiatic cholera into the Islands, the lowest classes of
+Manila ascribed it to the collections of insects and reptiles which
+a French naturalist, who was a passenger upon the ship, had brought
+ashore. However the story started, the collection and the dwelling
+of the naturalist fared badly, and afterwards the mob, excited by
+its success, made war upon all foreigners. At length the excitement
+subsided, but too much damage to foreign lives and property had been
+done to be ignored, and the matter had an ugly look, especially as
+no Spaniard had suffered by this outbreak. The Insular government
+roused itself to punish some of the minor misdoers and made many
+explanations and apologies, but the aggrieved nations insisted, and
+obtained as compensation a greater security for foreigners and the
+removal of many of the restraints upon commerce and travel. Thus the
+riot proved a substantial step in Philippine progress.
+
+Following closely the excitement over the massacre of the foreigners
+in Manila came the news that Spain had sold Florida to the United
+States. The circumstances of the sale were hardly creditable to the
+vendor, for it was under compulsion. Her lax government had permitted
+its territory to become the refuge of criminals and lawless savages
+who terrorized the border until in self-defense American soldiers under
+General Jackson had to do the work that Spain could not do. Then with
+order restored and the country held by American troops, an offer to
+purchase was made to Spain who found the liberal purchase money a
+very welcome addition to her bankrupt treasury.
+
+Immediately after this the Monroe Doctrine attracted widespread
+attention in the Philippines. Its story is part of Spanish history. A
+group of reactionary sovereigns of Europe, including King Ferdinand,
+had united to crush out progressive ideas in their kingdoms and
+to remove the dangerous examples of liberal states from their
+neighborhoods. One of the effects of this unholy alliance was to
+nullify all the reforms which Spain had introduced to secure English
+assistance in her time of need, and the people of England were greatly
+incensed. Great Britain had borne the brunt of the war against Napoleon
+because her liberties were jeopardized, but naturally her people could
+not be expected to undertake further warfare merely for the sake of
+people of another land, however they might sympathize with them.
+
+George Canning, the English statesman to whom belonged much of the
+credit for the Constitution of Cadiz, thought out a way to punish
+the Spanish king for his perfidy. King Ferdinand was planning, with
+the Island of Cuba as a base, to begin a campaign that should return
+his rebellious American colonies to their allegiance, for they had
+taken advantage of disturbances in the Peninsula to declare their
+independence. England proposed to the United States that they, the two
+Anglo-Saxon nations whose ideas of liberty had unsettled Europe and
+whom the alliance would have attacked had it dared, should unite in
+a protectorate over the New World. England was to guard the sea and
+the United States were to furnish the soldiers for any land fighting
+which might come on their side of the Atlantic.
+
+World politics had led the enemies of England to help her revolting
+colonies, Napoleon's jealousy of Britain had endowed the new nation
+with the vast Louisiana Territory, and European complications saved the
+United States from the natural consequences of their disastrous war of
+1812, which taught them that union was as necessary to preserve their
+independence as it had been to win it. Canning's project in principle
+appealed to the North Americans, but the study of it soon showed that
+Great Britain was selfish in her suggestion. After a generation of
+fighting, England found herself drained of soldiers and therefore she
+diplomatically invited the cooeperation of her former colonies; but,
+regardless of any formal arrangement, her navy could be relied on to
+prevent those who had played her false from transporting large armies
+across the ocean into the neighborhood of her otherwise defenseless
+colonies. That was self-preservation.
+
+President Monroe's advisers were willing that their country should run
+some risk on its own account, but they had the traditional American
+aversion to entangling alliances. So the Cabinet counseled that the
+young nation alone should make itself the protector of the South
+American republics, and drafted the declaration warning the world
+that aggression against any of the New World democracies would be
+resented as unfriendliness to the United States.
+
+It was the firm attitude of President Monroe that compelled Spain to
+forego the attempt to reconquer her former colonies, and therefore
+Mexico and Central and South America owe their existence as republics
+quite as much to the elder commonwealth as does Cuba.
+
+The American attitude revealed in the Monroe Doctrine was especially
+obnoxious to the Spaniards in the Philippines but their intemperate
+denunciations of the policy of America for the Americans served only
+to spread a knowledge of that doctrine among the people of that little
+territory which remained to them to misgovern. Secretly there began
+to be, among the stouter-hearted Filipinos, some who cherished a
+corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, the Philippines for the Filipinos.
+
+Thoughts of separation from Spain by means of rebellion, by sale
+and by the assistance of other nations, had been thus put into the
+heads of the people. These were all changes coming from outside,
+but it next to be demonstrated that Spain herself did not hold her
+noncontiguous territories as sacred as she did her home dominions.
+
+The sale of Florida suggested that Cuba, Porto Rico and the Philippines
+were also available assets, and an offer to sell them was made to
+the King of France; but this sovereign overreached himself, for,
+thinking to drive a better bargain, he claimed that the low prices
+were too high. Thereupon the Spanish Ambassador, who was not in accord
+with his unpatriotic instructions, at once withdrew the offer and
+the negotiations terminated. But the Spanish people learned of the
+proposed sale and their indignation was great. The news spread to the
+Spaniards in the Philippines. Through their comments the Filipinos
+realized that the much-talked-of sacred integrity of the Spanish
+dominions was a meaningless phrase, and that the Philippines would
+not always be Spanish if Spain could get her price.
+
+Gobernadorcillo Mercado, "Captain Juan," as he was called, made a
+creditable figure in his office, and there used to be in Binan a
+painting of him with his official sword, cocked hat and embroidered
+blouse. The municipal executive in his time did not always wear the
+ridiculous combination of European and old Tagalog costumes, namely, a
+high hat and a short jacket over the floating tails of a pleated shirt,
+which later undignified the position. He has a notable record for his
+generosity, the absence of oppression and for the official honesty
+which distinguished his public service from that of many who held
+his same office. He did, however, change the tribute lists so that
+his family were no longer "Chinese mestizos," but were enrolled as
+"Indians," the wholesale Spanish term for the natives of all Spain's
+possessions overseas. This, in a way, was compensation (it lowered
+his family's tribute) for his having to pay the taxes of all who
+died in Binan or moved away during his term of office. The municipal
+captain then was held accountable whether the people could pay or not,
+no deductions ever being made from the lists. Most gobernadorcillos
+found ways to reimburse themselves, but not Mercado. His family,
+however, were of the fourth generation in the Philippines and he
+evidently thought that they were entitled to be called Filipinos.
+
+A leader in church work also, and several times "Hermano mayor" of
+its charitable society, the Captain's name appears on a number of
+lists that have come down from that time as a liberal contributor
+to various public subscriptions. His wife was equally benevolent,
+as the records show.
+
+Mr. and Mrs. Mercado did not neglect their family, which was rather
+numerous. Their children were Gavino, Potenciana (who never married),
+Leoncio, Fausto, Barcelisa (who became the wife of Hermenegildo
+Austria), Gabriel, Julian, Gregorio Fernando, Casimiro, Petrona
+(who married Gregorio Neri), Tomasa (later Mrs. F. de Guzman), and
+Cornelia, the belle of the family, who later lived in Batangas.
+
+Young Francisco was only eight years old when his father died, but
+his mother and sister Potenciana looked well after him. First he
+attended a Binan Latin school, and later he seems to have studied
+Latin and philosophy in the College of San Jose in Manila.
+
+A sister, Petrona, for some years had been a dressgoods merchant in
+nearby Kalamba, on an estate that had recently come under the same
+ownership as Binan. There she later married, and shortly after was
+widowed. Possibly upon their mother's death, Potenciana and Francisco
+removed to Kalamba; though Petrona died not long after, her brother
+and sister continued to make their home there.
+
+Francisco, in spite of his youth, became a tenant of the estate as did
+some others of his family, for their Binan holdings were not large
+enough to give farms to all Captain Juan's many sons. The landlords
+early recognized the agricultural skill of the Mercados by further
+allotments, as they could bring more land under cultivation. Sometimes
+Francisco was able to buy the holdings of others who proved less
+successful in their management and became discouraged.
+
+The pioneer farming, clearing the miasmatic forests especially, was
+dangerous work, and there were few families that did not buy their
+land with the lives of some of its members. In 1847 the Mercados
+had funerals, of brothers and nephews of Francisco, and, chief
+among them, of that elder sister who had devoted her life to him,
+Potenciana. She had always prompted and inspired the young man, and
+Francisco's success in life was largely due to her wise counsels and
+her devoted encouragement of his industry and ambition. Her thrifty
+management of the home, too, was sadly missed.
+
+A year after his sister Potenciana's death, Francisco Mercado married
+Teodora Alonzo, a native of Manila, who for several years had been
+residing with her mother at Kalamba. The history of the family of
+Mrs. Mercado is unfortunately not so easily traced as is that of her
+husband, and what is known is of less simplicity and perhaps of more
+interest since the mother's influence is greater than the father's,
+and she was the mother of Jose Rizal.
+
+Her father, Lorenzo Alberto Alonzo (born 1790, died 1854), is said
+to have been "very Chinese" in appearance. He had a brother who was
+a priest, and a sister, Isabel, who was quite wealthy; he himself
+was also well to do. Their mother, Maria Florentina (born 1771, died
+1817), was, on her mother's side, of the famous Florentina family of
+Chinese mestizos originating in Baliwag, Bulacan, and her father was
+Captain Mariano Alejandro of Binan.
+
+Lorenzo Alberto was municipal captain of Binan in 1824, as had been his
+father, Captain Cipriano Alonzo (died 18O5), in 1797. The grandfather,
+Captain Gregorio Alonzo (died 1794), was a native of Quiotan barrio,
+and twice, in 1763 and again in 1768, at the head of the mestizos'
+organization of the Santa Cruz district in Manila.
+
+Captain Lorenzo was educated for a surveyor, and his engineering books,
+some in English and others in French, were preserved in Binan till,
+upon the death of his son, the family belongings were scattered. He
+was wealthy, and had invested a considerable sum of money with the
+American Manila shipping firms of Peele, Hubbell & Co., and Russell,
+Sturgis & Co.
+
+The family story is that he became acquainted with Brigida de Quintos,
+Mrs. Rizal's mother, while he was a student in Manila, and that she,
+being unusually well educated for a girl of those days, helped him
+with his mathematics. Their acquaintance apparently arose through
+relationship, both being connected with the Reyes family. They had five
+children: Narcisa (who married Santiago Muger), Teodora (Mrs. Francisco
+Rizal Mercado), Gregorio, Manuel and Jose. All were born in Manila,
+but lived in Kalamba, and they used the name Alonzo till that general
+change of names in 1850 when, with their mother, they adopted the
+name Realonda. This latter name has been said to be an allusion to
+royal blood in the family, but other indications suggest that it
+might have been a careless mistake made in writing by Rosa Realonda,
+whose name sometimes appears written as Redonda. There is a family
+Redondo (Redonda in its feminine form) Alonzo of Ilokano origin, the
+same stock as their traditions give for Mrs. Rizal's father, some
+of whose members were to be found in the neighborhood of Binan and
+Pasay. One member of this family was akin in spirit to Jose Rizal,
+for he was fined twenty-five thousand pesos by the Supreme Court of
+the Philippine Islands for "contempt of religion." It appears that he
+put some original comparisons into a petition which sought to obtain
+justice from an inferior tribunal where, by the omission of the word
+"not" in copying, the clerk had reversed the court's decision but
+the judge refused to change the record.
+
+Brigida de Quintos's death record, in Kalamba (1856), speaks of her
+as the daughter of Manuel de Quintos and Regina Ochoa.
+
+The most obscure part of Rizal's family tree is the Ochoa branch, the
+family of the maternal grandmother, for all the archives,--church,
+land and court,--disappeared during the late disturbed conditions
+of which Cavite was the center. So one can only repeat what has been
+told by elderly people who have been found reliable in other accounts
+where the clews they gave could be compared with existing records.
+
+The first of the family is said to have been Policarpio Ochoa, an
+employe of the Spanish customs house. Estanislao Manuel Ochoa was his
+son, with the blood of old Castile mingling with Chinese and Tagalog
+in his veins. He was part owner of the Hacienda of San Francisco de
+Malabon. One story says that somewhere in this family was a Mariquita
+Ochoa, of such beauty that she was known in Cavite, where was her home,
+as the Sampaguita (jasmine) of the Parian, or Chinese, quarter.
+
+There was a Spanish nobleman also in Cavite in her time who had
+been deported for political reasons--probably for holding liberal
+opinions and for being thought to be favorable to English ideas. It
+is said that this particular "caja abierta" was a Marquis de Canete,
+and if so there is ground for the claim that he was of royal blood;
+at least some of his far-off ancestors had been related to a former
+ruling family of Spain.
+
+Mariquita's mother knew the exile, since, according to the custom
+in Filipino families, she looked after the business interests of her
+husband. Curious to see the belle of whom he had heard so much, the
+Marquis made an excuse of doing business with the mother, and went to
+her home on an occasion when he knew that the mother was away. No one
+else was there to answer his knock and Mariquita, busied in making
+candy, could not in her confusion find a coconut shell to dip water
+for washing her hands from the large jar, and not to keep the visitor
+waiting, she answered the door as she was. Not only did her appearance
+realize the expectations of the Marquis, but the girl seemed equally
+attractive for her self-possessed manners and lively mind. The nobleman
+was charmed. On his way home he met a cart loaded with coconut dippers
+and he bought the entire lot and sent it as his first present.
+
+After this the exile invented numerous excuses to call, till
+Mariquita's mother finally agreed to his union with her daughter. His
+political disability made him out of favor with the State church,
+the only place in which people could be married then, but Mariquita
+became what in English would be called a common-law wife. One of their
+children, Jose, had a tobacco factory and a slipper factory in Meisic,
+Manila, and was the especial protector of his younger sister, Regina,
+who became the wife of attorney Manuel de Quintos. A sister of Regina
+was Diega de Castro, who with another sister, Luseria, sold "chorizos"
+(sausages) or "tiratira" (taffy candy), the first at a store and
+the second in their own home, but both in Cavite, according to the
+variations of one narrative.
+
+A different account varies the time and omits the noble ancestor by
+saying that Regina was married unusually young to Manuel de Quintos to
+escape the attentions of the Marquis. Another authority claims that
+Regina was wedded to the lawyer in second marriage, being the widow
+of Facundo de Layva, the captain of the ship Hernando Magallanes,
+whose pilot, by the way, was Andrew Stewart, an Englishman.
+
+It is certain that Regina Ochoa was of Spanish, Chinese and Tagalog
+ancestry, and it is recorded that she was the wife of Manuel de
+Quintos. Here we stop depending on memories, for in the restored
+burial register of Kalamba church in the entry of the funeral of
+Brigida de Quintos she is called "the daughter of Manuel de Quintos
+and Regina Ochoa."
+
+Manuel de Quintos was an attorney of Manila, graduated from Santo Tomas
+University, whose family were Chinese mestizos of Pangasinan. The
+lawyer's father, of the same name, had been municipal captain of
+Lingayan, and an uncle was leader of the Chinese mestizos in a
+protest they had made against the arbitrariness of their provincial
+governor. This petition for redress of grievances is preserved in
+the Supreme Court archives with "Joaquin de Quintos" well and boldly
+written at the head of the complainants' names, evidence of a culture
+and a courage that were equally uncommon in those days. Complaints
+under Spanish rule, no matter how well founded, meant trouble for the
+complainants; we must not forget that it was a vastly different thing
+from signing petitions or adhering to resolutions nowadays. Then the
+signers risked certainly great annoyance, sometimes imprisonment,
+and not infrequently death.
+
+The home of Quintos had been in San Pedro Macati at the time of Captain
+Novales's uprising, the so-called "American revolt" in protest against
+the Peninsulars sent out to supersede the Mexican officers who had
+remained loyal to Spain when the colony of their birth separated
+itself from the mother country. As little San Pedro Macati is charged
+with having originated the conspiracy, it is unlikely that it was
+concealed from the liberal lawyer, for attorneys were scarcer and
+held in higher esteem in those days.
+
+The conservative element then, as later, did not often let drop
+any opportunity of purging the community of those who thought for
+themselves, by condemning them for crime unheard and undefended,
+whether they had been guilty of it or not.
+
+All the branches of Mrs. Rizal's family were much richer than the
+relatives of her husband; there were numerous lawyers and priests
+among them--the old-time proof of social standing--and they were
+influential in the country.
+
+There are several names of these related families that belong among
+the descendants of Lakandola, as traced by Mr. Luther Parker in
+his study of the Pampangan migration, and color is thereby given,
+so far as Rizal is concerned, to a proud boast that an old Pampangan
+lady of this descent makes for her family. She, who is exceedingly
+well posted upon her ancestry, ends the tracing of her lineage from
+Lakandola's time by asserting that the blood of that chief flowed
+in the veins of every Filipino who had the courage to stand forward
+as the champion of his people from the earliest days to the close of
+the Spanish regime. Lakandola, of course, belonged to the Mohammedan
+Sumatrans who emigrated to the Philippines only a few generations
+before Magellan's discovery.
+
+To recall relatives of Mrs. Rizal who were in the professions may
+help to an understanding of the prominence of the family. Felix
+Florentino, an uncle, was the first clerk of the Nueva Segovia
+(Vigan) court. A cousin-german, Jose Florentino, was a Philippine
+deputy in the Spanish Cortes, and a lawyer of note, as was also
+his brother, Manuel. Another relative, less near, was Clerk Reyes,
+of the Court of First Instance in Manila. The priest of Rosario,
+Vicar of Batangas Province, Father Leyva, was a half-blood relation,
+and another priestly relative was Mrs. Rizal's paternal uncle,
+Father Alonzo. These were in the earlier days when professional
+men were scarcer. Father Almeida, of Santa Cruz Church, Manila,
+and Father Agustin Mendoz, his predecessor in the same church, and
+one of the sufferers in the Cavite trouble of '72--a deporte--were
+most distantly connected with the Rizal family. Another relative,
+of the Reyes connection, was in the Internal Revenue Service and had
+charge of Kalamba during the latter part of the eighteenth century.
+
+Mrs. Rizal was baptized in Santa Cruz Church, Manila, November 18,
+1827, as Teodora Morales Alonzo, her godmother being a relative by
+marriage, Dona Maria Cristina. She was given an exceptionally good
+fundamental education by her gifted mother, and completed her training
+in Santa Rosa College, Manila, which was in the charge of Filipino
+sisters. Especially did the religious influence of her schooling
+manifest itself in her after life. Unfortunately there are no records
+in the institution, because it is said all the members of the Order
+who could read and write were needed for instruction and there was
+no one competent who had time for clerical work.
+
+Brigida de Quintos had removed to the property in Kalamba which Lorenzo
+Alberto had transferred to her, and there as early as 1844 she is
+first mentioned as Brigida de Quintos, then as Brigida de Alonzo,
+and later as Brigida Realonda.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+Rizal's Early Childhood
+
+JOSE PROTASIO RIZAL MERCADO Y ALONZO REALONDA, the seventh child of
+Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado y Alejandro and his wife, Teodora
+Morales Alonzo Realonda y Quintos, was born in Kalamba, June 19, 1861.
+
+He was a typical Filipino, for few persons in this land of mixed
+blood could boast a greater mixture than his. Practically all
+the ethnic elements, perhaps even the Negrito in the far past,
+combined in his blood. All his ancestors, except the doubtful
+strain of the Negrito, had been immigrants to the Philippines, early
+Malays, and later Sumatrans, Chinese of prehistoric times and the
+refugees from the Tartar dominion, and Spaniards of old Castile and
+Valencia--representatives of all the various peoples who have blended
+to make the strength of the Philippine race.
+
+Shortly before Jose's birth his family had built a pretentious new home
+in the center of Kalamba on a lot which Francisco Mercado had inherited
+from his brother. The house was destroyed before its usefulness had
+ceased, by the vindictiveness of those who hated the man-child that
+was born there. And later on the gratitude of a free people held the
+same spot sacred because there began that life consecrated to the
+Philippines and finally given for it, after preparing the way for the
+union of the various disunited Chinese mestizos, Spanish mestizos,
+and half a hundred dialectically distinguished "Indians" into the
+united people of the Philippines.
+
+Jose was christened in the nearby church when three days old, and as
+two out-of-town bands happened to be in Kalamba for a local festival,
+music was a feature of the event. His godfather was Father Pedro
+Casanas, a Filipino priest of a Kalamba family, and the priest who
+christened him was also a Filipino, Father Rufino Collantes. Following
+is a translation of the record of Rizal's birth and baptism: "I, the
+undersigned parish priest of the town of Calamba, certify that from
+the investigation made with proper authority, for replacing the parish
+books which were burned September 28, 1862, to be found in Docket No. 1
+of Baptisms, page 49, it appears by the sworn testimony of competent
+witnesses that JOSE RIZAL MERCADO is the legitimate son, and of lawful
+wedlock, of Don Francisco Rizal Mercado and Dona Teodora Realonda,
+having been baptized in this parish on the 22d day of June in the year
+1861, by the parish priest, Rev. Rufino Collantes, Rev. Pedro Casanas
+being his godfather."--Witness my signature. (Signed) LEONCIO LOPEZ.
+
+Jose Rizal's earliest training recalls the education of William
+and Alexander von Humboldt, those two nineteenth century Germans
+whose achievements for the prosperity of their fatherland and the
+advancement of humanity have caused them to be spoken of as the most
+remarkable pair of brothers that ever lived. He was not physically
+a strong child, but the direction of his first studies was by an
+unusually gifted mother, who succeeded, almost without the aid of
+books, in laying a foundation upon which the man placed an amount
+of well-mastered knowledge along many different lines that is truly
+marvelous, and this was done in so short a time that its brevity
+constitutes another wonder.
+
+At three he learned his letters, having insisted upon being
+taught to read and being allowed to share the lessons of an elder
+sister. Immediately thereafter he was discovered with her story book,
+spelling out its words by the aid of the syllabary or "caton" which
+he had propped up before him and was using as one does a dictionary
+in a foreign language.
+
+The little boy spent also much of his time in the church, which was
+conveniently near, but when the mother suggested that this might be
+an indication of religious inclination, his prompt response was that
+he liked to watch the people.
+
+To how good purpose the small eyes and ears were used, the true-to-life
+types of the characters in "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo"
+testify.
+
+Three uncles, brothers of the mother, concerned themselves with
+the intellectual, artistic and physical training of this promising
+nephew. The youngest, Jose, a teacher, looked after the regular
+lessons. The giant Manuel developed the physique of the youngster,
+until he had a supple body of silk and steel and was no longer a
+sickly lad, though he did not entirely lose his somewhat delicate
+looks. The more scholarly Gregorio saw that the child earned his candy
+money--trying to instill the idea into his mind that it was not the
+world's way that anything worth having should come without effort; he
+taught him also the value of rapidity in work, to think for himself,
+and to observe carefully and to picture what he saw.
+
+Sometimes Jose would draw a bird flying without lifting pencil from the
+paper till the picture was finished. At other times it would be a horse
+running or a dog in chase, but it always must be something of which
+he had thought himself and the idea must not be overworked; there was
+no payment for what had been done often before. Thus he came to think
+for himself, ideas were suggested to him indirectly, so he was never
+a servile copyist, and he acquired the habit of speedy accomplishment.
+
+Clay at first, then wax, was his favorite play material. From these he
+modeled birds and butterflies that came ever nearer to the originals
+in nature as the wise praise of the uncles called his attention to
+possibilities of improvement and encouraged him to further effort. This
+was the beginning of his nature study.
+
+Jose had a pony and used to take long rides through all the surrounding
+country, so rich in picturesque scenery. Besides these horseback
+expeditions were excursions afoot; on the latter his companion was
+his big black dog, Usman. His father pretended to be fearful of some
+accident if dog and pony went together, so the boy had to choose
+between these favorites, and alternated walking and riding, just as
+Mr. Mercado had planned he should. The long pedestrian excursions
+of his European life, though spoken of as German and English habits,
+were merely continuations of this childhood custom. There were other
+playmates besides the dog and the horse, especially doves that lived
+in several houses about the Mercado home, and the lad was friend
+and defender of all the animals, birds, and even insects in the
+neighborhood. Had his childish sympathies been respected the family
+would have been strictly vegetarian in their diet.
+
+At times Jose was permitted to spend the night in one of the curious
+little straw huts which La Laguna farmers put up during the harvest
+season, and the myths and legends of the region which he then heard
+interested him and were later made good use of in his writings.
+
+Sleight-of-hand tricks were a favorite amusement, and he developed
+a dexterity which mystified the simple folk of the country. This
+diversion, and his proficiency in it, gave rise to that mysterious awe
+with which he was regarded by the common people of his home region;
+they ascribed to him supernatural powers, and refused to believe that
+he was really dead even after the tragedy of Bagumbayan.
+
+Entertainment of the neighbors with magic-lantern exhibitions was
+another frequent amusement, an ordinary lamp throwing its light on
+a common sheet serving as a screen. Jose's supple fingers twisted
+themselves into fantastic shapes, the enlarged shadows of which on
+the curtain bore resemblance to animals, and paper accessories were
+worked in to vary and enlarge the repertoire of action figures. The
+youthful showman was quite successful in catering to the public taste,
+and the knowledge he then gained proved valuable later in enabling
+him to approach his countrymen with books that held their attention
+and gave him the opportunity to tell them of shortcomings which it
+was necessary that they should correct.
+
+Almost from babyhood he had a grown-up way about him, a sort of dignity
+that seemed to make him realize and respect the rights of others and
+unconsciously disposed his elders to reason with him, rather than scold
+him for his slight offenses. This habit grew, as reprimands were needed
+but once, and his grave promises of better behavior were faithfully
+kept when the explanation of why his conduct was wrong was once made
+clear to him. So the child came to be not an unwelcome companion even
+for adults, for he respected their moods and was never troublesome. A
+big influence in the formation of the child's character was his
+association with the parish priest of Kalamba, Father Leoncio Lopez.
+
+The Kalamba church and convento, which were located across the way
+from the Rizal home, were constructed after the great earthquake of
+1863, which demolished so many edifices throughout the central part
+of the Philippines.
+
+The curate of Kalamba had a strong personality and was notable
+among the Filipino secular clergy of that day when responsibility
+had developed many creditable figures. An English writer of long
+residence in the Philippines, John Foreman, in his book on the
+Philippine Islands, describes how his first meeting with this priest
+impressed him, and tells us that subsequent acquaintance confirmed
+the early favorable opinion of one whom he considered remarkable for
+broad intelligence and sanity of view. Father Leoncio never deceived
+himself and his judgment was sound and clear, even when against
+the opinions and persons of whom he would have preferred to think
+differently. Probably Jose, through the priest's fondness for children
+and because he was well behaved and the son of friendly neighbors,
+was at first tolerated about the convento, the Philippine name for
+the priest's residence, but soon he became a welcome visitor for his
+own sake.
+
+He never disturbed the priest's meditations when the old clergyman
+was studying out some difficult question, but was a keen observer,
+apparently none the less curious for his respectful reserve. Father
+Leoncio may have forgotten the age of his listener, or possibly was
+only thinking aloud, but he spoke of those matters which interested
+all thinking Filipinos and found a sympathetic, eager audience in
+the little boy, who at least gave close heed if he had at first no
+valuable comments to offer.
+
+In time the child came to ask questions, and they were so sensible
+that careful explanation was given, and questions were not dismissed
+with the statement that these things were for grown-ups, a statement
+which so often repels the childish zeal for knowledge. Not many
+mature people in those days held so serious converse as the priest
+and his child friend, for fear of being overheard and reported,
+a danger which even then existed in the Philippines.
+
+That the old Filipino priest of Rizal's novels owed something to the
+author's recollections of Father Leoncio is suggested by a chapter in
+"Noli Me Tangere." Ibarra, viewing Manila by moonlight on the first
+night after his return from Europe, recalls old memories and makes
+mention of the neighborhood of the Botanical Garden, just beyond
+which the friend and mentor of his youth had died. Father Leoncio
+Lopez died in Calle Concepcion in that vicinity, which would seem to
+identify him in connection with that scene in the book, rather than
+numerous others whose names have been sometimes suggested.
+
+Two writings of Rizal recall thoughts of his youthful days. One tells
+how he used to wander down along the lake shore and, looking across
+the waters, wonder about the people on the other side. Did they,
+too, he questioned, suffer injustice as the people of his home town
+did? Was the whip there used as freely, carelessly and unmercifully by
+the authorities? Had men and women also to be servile and hypocrites
+to live in peace over there? But among these thoughts, never once
+did it occur to him that at no distant day the conditions would be
+changed and, under a government that safeguarded the personal rights
+of the humblest of its citizens, the region that evoked his childhood
+wondering was to become part of a province bearing his own name in
+honor of his labors toward banishing servility and hypocrisy from
+the character of his countrymen.
+
+The lake district of Central Luzon is one of the most historic regions
+in the Islands, the May-i probably of the twelfth century Chinese
+geographer. Here was the scene of the earliest Spanish missionary
+activity. On the south shore is Kalamba, birthplace of Doctor Rizal,
+with Binan, the residence of his father's ancestors, to the northwest,
+and on the north shore the land to which reference is made above. Today
+this same region at the north bears the name of Rizal Province in
+his honor.
+
+The other recollection of Rizal's youth is of his first reading
+lesson. He did not know Spanish and made bad work of the story of the
+"Foolish Butterfly," which his mother had selected, stumbling over the
+words and grouping them without regard to the sense. Finally Mrs. Rizal
+took the book from her son and read it herself, translating the tale
+into the familiar Tagalog used in their home. The moral is supposed
+to be obedience, and the young butterfly was burned and died because
+it disregarded the parental warning not to venture too close to the
+alluring flame. The reading lesson was in the evening and by the
+light of a coconut-oil lamp, and some moths were very appropriately
+fluttering about its cheerful blaze. The little boy watched them as
+his mother read and he missed the moral, for as the insects singed
+their wings and fluttered to their death in the flame he forgot
+their disobedience and found no warning in it for him. Rather he
+envied their fate and considered that the light was so fine a thing
+that it was worth dying for. Thus early did the notion that there
+are things worth more than life enter his head, though he could not
+foresee that he was to be himself a martyr and that the day of his
+death would before long be commemorated in his country to recall to
+his countrymen lessons as important to their national existence as
+his mother's precept was for his childish welfare.
+
+When he was four the mystery of life's ending had been brought home to
+him by the death of a favorite little sister, and he shed the first
+tears of real sorrow, for until then he had only wept as children do
+when disappointed in getting their own way. It was the first of many
+griefs, but he quickly realized that life is a constant struggle and
+he learned to meet disappointments and sorrows with the tears in the
+heart and a smile on the lips, as he once advised a nephew to do.
+
+At seven Jose made his first real journey; the family went to Antipolo
+with the host of pilgrims who in May visit the mountain shrine of Our
+Lady of Peace and Safe Travel. In the early Spanish days in Mexico
+she was the special patroness of voyages to America, especially while
+the galleon trade lasted; the statue was brought to Antipolo in 1672.
+
+A print of the Virgin, a souvenir of this pilgrimage, was, according
+to the custom of those times, pasted inside Jose's wooden chest when
+he left home for school; later on it was preserved in an album and
+went with him in all his travels. Afterwards it faced Bougereau's
+splendid conception of the Christ-mother, as one who had herself
+thus suffered, consoling another mother grieving over the loss of a
+son. Many years afterwards Doctor Rizal was charged with having fallen
+away from religion, but he seems really rather to have experienced a
+deepening of the religious spirit which made the essentials of charity
+and kindness more important in his eyes than forms and ceremonies.
+
+Yet Rizal practiced those forms prescribed for the individual even
+when debarred from church privileges. The lad doubtless got his
+idea of distinguishing between the sign and the substance from a
+well-worn book of explanations of the church ritual and symbolism
+"intended for the use of parish priests." It was found in his library,
+with Mrs. Rizal's name on the flyleaf. Much did he owe his mother,
+and his grateful recognition appears in his appreciative portrayal
+of maternal affection in his novels.
+
+His parents were both religious, but in a different way. The father's
+religion was manifested in his charities; he used to keep on hand
+a fund, of which his wife had no account, for contributions to the
+necessitous and loans to the irresponsible. Mrs. Rizal attended to
+the business affairs and was more careful in her handling of money,
+though quite as charitably disposed. Her early training in Santa
+Rosa had taught her the habit of frequent prayer and she began early
+in the morning and continued till late in the evening, with frequent
+attendance in the church. Mr. Rizal did not forget his church duties,
+but was far from being so assiduous in his practice of them, and the
+discussions in the home frequently turned on the comparative value of
+words and deeds, discussions that were often given a humorous twist
+by the husband when he contrasted his wife's liberality in prayers
+with her more careful dispensing of money aid.
+
+Not many homes in Kalamba were so well posted on events of the outside
+world, and the children constantly heard discussions of questions
+which other households either ignored or treated rather reservedly, for
+espionage was rampant even then in the Islands. Mrs. Rizal's literary
+training had given her an acquaintance with the better Spanish writers
+which benefited her children; she told them the classic tales in style
+adapted to their childish comprehension, so that when they grew older
+they found that many noted authors were old acquaintances. The Bible,
+too, played a large part in the home. Mrs. Rizal's copy was a Spanish
+translation of the Latin Vulgate, the version authorized by her Church
+but not common in the Islands then. Rizal's frequent references to
+Biblical personages and incidents are not paralleled in the writings
+of any contemporary Filipino author.
+
+The frequent visitors to their home, the church, civil and military
+authorities, who found the spacious Rizal mansion a convenient resting
+place on their way to the health resort at Los Banos, brought something
+of the city, and a something not found by many residents even there, to
+the people of this village household. Oftentimes the house was filled,
+and the family would not turn away a guest of less rank for the sake of
+one of higher distinction, though that unsocial practice was frequently
+followed by persons who forgot their self-respect in toadying to rank.
+
+Little Jose did not know Spanish very well, so far as conversational
+usage was concerned, but his mother tried to impress on him the beauty
+of the Spanish poets and encouraged him in essays at rhyming which
+finally grew into quite respectable poetical compositions. One of
+these was a drama in Tagalog which so pleased a municipal captain of
+the neighboring village of Paete, who happened to hear it while on
+a visit to Kalamba, that the youthful author was paid two pesos for
+the production. This was as much money as a field laborer in those
+days would have earned in half a month; although the family did not
+need the coin, the incident impressed them with the desirability of
+cultivating the boy's talent.
+
+Jose was nine years old when he was sent to study in Binan. His master
+there, Justiniano Aquino Cruz, was of the old school and Rizal has left
+a record of some of his maxims, such as "Spare the rod and spoil the
+child," "The letter enters with blood," and other similar indications
+of his heroic treatment of the unfortunates under his care. However,
+if he was a strict disciplinarian, Master Justiniano was also a
+conscientious instructor, and the boy had been only a few months
+under his care when the pupil was told that he knew as much as his
+master, and had better go to Manila to school. Truthful Jose repeated
+this conversation without the modification which modesty might have
+suggested, and his father responded rather vigorously to the idea
+and it was intimated that in the father's childhood pupils were not
+accustomed to say that they knew as much as their teachers. However,
+Master Justiniano corroborated the child's statement, so that
+preparations for Jose's going to Manila began to be made. This was
+in the Christmas vacation of 1871.
+
+Binan had been a valuable experience for young Rizal. There he had
+met a host of relatives and from them heard much of the past of his
+father's family. His maternal grandfather's great house was there, now
+inhabited by his mother's half-brother, a most interesting personage.
+
+This uncle, Jose Alberto, had been educated in British India, spending
+eleven years in a Calcutta missionary school. This was the result of
+an acquaintance which his father had made with an English naval officer
+who visited the Philippines about 1820, the author of "An Englishman's
+Visit to the Philippines." Lorenzo Alberto, the grandfather, himself
+spoke English and had English associations. He had also liberal ideas
+and preferred the system under which the Philippines were represented
+in the Cortes and were treated not as a colony but as part of the
+homeland and its people were considered Spaniards.
+
+The great Binan bridge had been built under Lorenzo Alberto's
+supervision, and for services to the Spanish nation during the
+expedition to Cochin-China--probably liberal contributions of money--he
+had been granted the title of Knight of the American Order of Isabel
+the Catholic, but by the time this recognition reached him he had died,
+and the patent was made out to his son.
+
+An episode well known in the village--its chief event, if one might
+judge from the conversation of the inhabitants--was a visit which
+a governor of Hongkong had made there when he was a guest in the
+home of Alberto. Many were the tales told of this distinguished
+Englishman, who was Sir John Bowring, the notable polyglot and
+translator into English of poetry in practically every one of the
+dialects of Europe. His achievements along this line had put him
+second or third among the linguists of the century. He was also
+interested in history, and mentioned in his Binan visit that the
+Hakluyt Society, of which he was a Director, was then preparing to
+publish an exceedingly interesting account of the early Philippines
+that did more justice to its inhabitants than the regular Spanish
+historians. Here Rizal first heard of Morga, the historian, whose
+book he in after years made accessible to his countrymen. A desire
+to know other languages than his own also possessed him and he was
+eager to rival the achievements of Sir John Bowring.
+
+In his book entitled "A Visit to the Philippine Islands," which was
+translated into Spanish by Mr. Jose del Pan, a liberal editor of
+Manila, Sir John Bowring gives the following account of his visit to
+Rizal's uncle:
+
+"We reached Binan before sunset .... First we passed between
+files of youths, then of maidens; and through a triumphal
+arch we reached the handsome dwelling of a rich mestizo, whom
+we found decorated with a Spanish order, which had been granted
+to his father before him. He spoke English, having been educated
+at Calcutta, and his house--a very large one--gave abundant
+evidence that he had not studied in vain the arts of domestic
+civilization. The furniture, the beds, the table, the cookery, were
+all in good taste, and the obvious sincerity of the kind reception
+added to its agreeableness. Great crowds were gathered together
+in the square which fronts the house of Don Jose Alberto."
+
+
+The Philippines had just had a liberal governor, De la Torte, but even
+during this period of apparent liberalness there existed a confidential
+government order directing that all letters from Filipinos suspected
+of progressive ideas were to be opened in the post. This violation
+of the mails furnished the list of those who later suffered in the
+convenient insurrection of '72.
+
+An agrarian trouble, the old disagreement between landlords and
+tenants, had culminated in an active outbreak which the government
+was unable to put down, and so it made terms by which, among other
+things, the leader of the insurrection was established as chief
+of a new civil guard for the purpose of keeping order. Here again
+was another preparation for '72, for at that time the agreement
+was forgotten and the officer suffered punishment, in spite of the
+immunity he had been promised.
+
+Religious troubles, too, were rife. The Jesuits had returned from
+exile shortly before, and were restricted to teaching work in those
+parishes in the missionary district where collections were few and
+danger was great. To make room for those whom they displaced the better
+parishes in the more thickly settled regions were taken from Filipino
+priests and turned over to members of the religious Orders. Naturally
+there was discontent. A confidential communication from the secular
+archbishop, Doctor Martinez, shows that he considered the Filipinos had
+ground for complaint, for he states that if the Filipinos were under a
+non-Catholic government like that of England they would receive fairer
+treatment than they were getting from their Spanish co-religionaries,
+and warns the home government that trouble will inevitably result if
+the discrimination against the natives of the country is continued.
+
+The Jesuit method of education in their newly established "Ateneo
+Municipal" was a change from that in the former schools. It treated the
+Filipino as a Spaniard and made no distinctions between the races in
+the school dormitory. In the older institutions of Manila the Spanish
+students lived in the Spanish way and spoke their own language, but
+Filipinos were required to talk Latin, sleep on floor mats and eat
+with their hands from low tables. These Filipino customs obtained in
+the hamlets, but did not appeal to city lads who had become used to
+Spanish ways in their own homes and objected to departing from them in
+school. The disaffection thus created was among the educated class,
+who were best fitted to be leaders of their people in any dangerous
+insurrection against the government.
+
+However, a change had to take place to meet the Jesuit competition,
+and in the rearrangement Filipino professors were given a larger
+share in the management of the schools. Notable among these was
+Father Burgos. He had earned his doctor's degree in two separate
+courses, was among the best educated in the capital and by far the
+most public-spirited and valiant of the Filipino priests.
+
+He enlisted the interest of many of the older Filipino clergy and
+through their contributions subsidized a paper, El Eco Filipino,
+which spoke from the Filipino standpoint and answered the reflections
+which were the stock in trade of the conservative organ, for the
+reactionaries had an abusive journal just as they had had in 1821
+and were to have in the later days.
+
+Such were the conditions when Jose Rizal got ready to leave home for
+school in Manila, a departure which was delayed by the misfortunes of
+his mother. His only, and elder, brother, Paciano, had been a student
+in San Jose College in Manila for some years, and had regularly failed
+in passing his examinations because of his outspokenness against
+the evils of the country. Paciano was a great favorite with Doctor
+Burgos, in whose home he lived and for whom he acted as messenger
+and go-between in the delicate negotiations of the propaganda which
+the doctor was carrying on.
+
+In February of '72 all the dreams of a brighter and freer Philippines
+were crushed out in that enormous injustice which made the mutiny of a
+few soldiers and arsenal employes in Cavite the excuse for deporting,
+imprisoning, and even shooting those whose correspondence, opened
+during the previous year, had shown them to be discontented with the
+backward conditions in the Philippines.
+
+Doctor Burgos, just as he had been nominated to a higher post in the
+Church, was the chief victim. Father Gomez, an old man, noted for
+charity, was another, and the third was Father Zamora. A reference
+in a letter of his to "powder," which was his way of saying money,
+was distorted into a dangerous significance, in spite of the fact
+that the letter was merely an invitation to a gambling game. The
+trial was a farce, the informer was garroted just when he was on
+the point of complaining that he was not receiving the pardon and
+payment which he had been promised for his services in convicting
+the others. The whole affair had an ugly look, and the way it was
+hushed up did not add to the confidence of the people in the justice
+of the proceedings. The Islands were then placed under military law
+and remained so for many years.
+
+Father Burgos's dying advice to Filipinos was for them to be educated
+abroad, preferably outside of Spain, but if they could do no better,
+at least go to the Peninsula. He urged that through education only
+could progress be hoped for. In one of his speeches he had warned the
+Spanish government that continued oppressive measures would drive the
+Filipinos from their allegiance and make them wish to become subjects
+of a freer power, suggesting England, whose possessions surrounded
+the Islands.
+
+Doctor Burgos's idea of England as a hope for the Philippines was
+borne out by the interest which the British newspapers of Hongkong
+took in Philippine affairs. They gave accounts of the troubles and
+picked flaws in the garbled reports which the officials sent abroad.
+
+Some zealous but unthinking reactionary at this time conceived the idea
+of publishing a book somewhat similar to that which had been gotten
+out against the Constitution of Cadiz. "Captain Juan" was its name;
+it was in catechism form, and told of an old municipal captain who
+deserved to be honored because he was so submissively subservient to
+all constituted authority. He tries to distinguish between different
+kinds of liberty, and the especial attention which he devotes to
+America shows how live a topic the great republic was at that time in
+the Islands. This interest is explained by the fact that an American
+company had just then received a grant of the northern part of Borneo,
+later British North Borneo, for a trading company. It was believed that
+the United States had designs on the Archipelago because of treaties
+which had been negotiated with the Sultan of Sulu and certain American
+commercial interests in the Far East, which were then rather important.
+
+Americans, too, had become known in the Philippines through a soldier
+of fortune who had helped out the Chinese government in suppressing
+the rebellion in the neighborhood of Shanghai. "General" F. T. Ward,
+from Massachusetts, organized an army of deserters from European ships,
+but their lack of discipline made them undesirable soldiers, and so
+he disbanded the force. He then gathered a regiment of Manila men,
+as the Filipinos usually found as quartermasters on all ships sailing
+in the East were then called. With the aid of some other Americans
+these troops were disciplined and drilled into such efficiency that the
+men came to have the title among the Chinese of the "Ever-Victorious"
+army, because of the almost unbroken series of successes which they
+had experienced. A partial explanation, possibly, of their fighting
+so well is that they were paid only when they won.
+
+The high praise given the Filipinos at this time was in contrast to the
+disparagement made of their efforts in Indo-China, where in reality
+they had done the fighting rather than their Spanish officers. When
+a Spaniard in the Philippines quoted of the Filipino their customary
+saying, "Poor soldier, worse sacristan," the Filipinos dared make
+no open reply, but they consoled themselves with remembering the
+flattering comments of "General" Ward and the favorable opinion of
+Archbishop Martinez.
+
+References to Filipino military capacity were banned by the censors and
+the archbishop's communication had been confidential, but both became
+known, for despotisms drive its victims to stealth and to methods
+which would not be considered creditable under freer conditions.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+Jagor's Prophecy
+
+RIZAL'S first home in Manila was in a nipa house with Manuel
+Hidalgo, later to be his brother-in-law, in Calle Espeleta, a street
+named for a former Filipino priest who had risen to be bishop and
+governor-general. This spot is now marked with a tablet which gives
+the date of his coming as the latter part of February, 1872.
+
+Rizal's own recollections speak of June as being the date of the
+formal beginning of his studies in Manila. First he went to San Juan
+de Letran and took an examination in the Catechism. Then he went back
+to Kalamba and in July passed into the Ateneo, possibly because of
+the more favorable conditions under which the pupils were admitted,
+receiving credit for work in arithmetic, which in the other school,
+it is said, he would have had to restudy. This perhaps accounts for
+the credit shown in the scholastic year 1871-72. Until his fourth
+year Rizal was an externe, as those residing outside of the school
+dormitory were then called. The Ateneo was very popular and so great
+was the eagerness to enter it that the waiting list was long and two
+or three years' delay was not at all uncommon.
+
+There is a little uncertainty about this period; some writers have
+gone so far as to give recollections of childhood incidents of which
+Rizal was the hero while he lived in the house of Doctor Burgos,
+but the family deny that he was ever in this home, and say that he
+has been confused with his brother Paciano.
+
+The greatest influence upon Rizal during this period was the sense of
+Spanish judicial injustice in the legal persecutions of his mother,
+who, though innocent, for two years was treated as a criminal and
+held in prison.
+
+Much of the story is not necessary for this narrative, but the mother's
+troubles had their beginning in the attempted revenge of a lieutenant
+of the Civil Guard, one of a body of Spaniards who were no credit
+to the mother country and whom Rizal never lost opportunity in his
+writings of painting in their true colors. This official had been in
+the habit of having his horse fed at the Mercado home when he visited
+their town from his station in Binan, but once there was a scarcity
+of fodder and Mr. Mercado insisted that his own stock was entitled
+to care before he could extend hospitality to strangers. This the
+official bitterly resented. His opportunity for revenge soon came, and
+was not overlooked. A disagreement between Jose Alberto, the mother's
+brother in Binan, and his wife, also his cousin, to whom he had been
+married when they were both quite young, led to sensational charges
+which a discreet officer would have investigated and would assuredly
+have then realized to be unfounded. Instead the lieutenant accepted
+the most ridiculous statements, brought charges of attempted murder
+against Alberto and his sister, Mrs. Rizal, and evidently figured
+that he would be able to extort money from the rich man and gratify
+his revenge at the same time.
+
+Now comes a disgruntled judge, who had not received the attention at
+the Mercado home which he thought his dignity demanded. Out of revenge
+he ordered Mrs. Rizal to be conducted at once to the provincial prison,
+not in the usual way by boat, but, to cause her greater annoyance,
+afoot around the lake. It was a long journey from Kalamba to Santa
+Cruz, and the first evening the guard and his prisoner came to
+a village where there was a festival in progress. Mrs. Rizal was
+well known and was welcomed in the home of one of the prominent
+families. The festivities were at their height when the judge, who
+had been on horseback and so had reached the town earlier, heard that
+the prisoner, instead of being in the village calaboose, was a guest
+of honor and apparently not suffering the annoyance to which he had
+intended to subject her. He strode to the house, and, not content to
+knock, broke in the door, splintered his cane on the poor constable's
+head, and then exhausted himself beating the owner of the house.
+
+These proceedings were revealed in a charge of prejudice which
+Mrs. Rizal's lawyers urged against the judge who at the same time
+was the one who decided the case and also the prosecutor. The Supreme
+Court agreed that her contention was correct and directed that she be
+discharged from custody. To this order the judge paid due respect and
+ordered her release, but he said that the accusation of unfairness
+against him was contempt of court, and gave her a longer sentence
+under this charge than the previous one from which she had just been
+absolved. After some delay the Supreme Court heard of this affair and
+decided that the judge was right. But, because Mrs. Rizal had been
+longer in prison awaiting trial than the sentence, they dated back
+her imprisonment, and again ordered her release. Here the record
+gets a little confused because it is concerned with a story that
+her brother had sixteen thousand pesos concealed in his cell, and
+everybody, from the Supreme Court down, seemed interested in trying
+to locate the money.
+
+While the officials were looking for his sack of gold, Alberto
+gave a power of attorney to an overintelligent lawyer who worded
+his authority so that it gave him the right to do everything
+which his principal himself could have done "personally, legally
+and ecclesiastically." From some source outside, but not from the
+brother, the attorney heard that Mrs. Rizal had had money belonging
+to Alberto, for in the extensive sugar-purchasing business which she
+carried on she handled large sums and frequently borrowed as much as
+five thousand pesos from this brother. Anxious to get his hands on
+money, he instituted a charge of theft against her, under his power of
+attorney and acting in the name of his principal. Mrs. Rizal's attorney
+demurred to such a charge being made without the man who had lent the
+money being at all consulted, and held that a power of attorney did
+not warrant such an action. In time the intelligent Supreme Court
+heard this case and decided that it should go to trial; but later,
+when the attorney, acting for his principal, wanted to testify for him
+under the power of attorney, they seem to have reached their limit,
+for they disapproved of that proposal.
+
+Anyone who cares to know just how ridiculous and inconsistent the
+judicial system of the Philippines then was would do well to try to
+unravel the mixed details of the half dozen charges, ranging from
+cruelty through theft to murder, which were made against Mrs. Rizal
+without a shadow of evidence. One case was trumped up as soon as
+another was finished, and possibly the affair would have dragged on
+till the end of the Spanish administration had not her little daughter
+danced before the Governor-General once when he was traveling through
+the country, won his approval, and when he asked what favor he could do
+for her, presented a petition for her mother's release. In this way,
+which recalls the customs of primitive nations, Mrs. Rizal finally
+was enabled to return to her home.
+
+Doctor Rizal tells us that it was then that he first began to lose
+confidence in mankind. A story of a school companion, that when
+Rizal recalled this incident the red came into his eyes, probably
+has about the same foundation as the frequent stories of his weeping
+with emotion upon other people's shoulders when advised of momentous
+changes in his life. Doctor Rizal did not have these Spanish ways,
+and the narrators are merely speaking of what other Spaniards would
+have done, for self-restraint and freedom from exhibitions of emotion
+were among his most prominent characteristics.
+
+Some time during Rizal's early years of school came his first success
+in painting. It was the occasion of a festival in Kalamba; just at
+the last moment an important banner was accidentally damaged and there
+was not time to send to Manila for another. A hasty consultation was
+held among the village authorities, and one councilman suggested that
+Jose Rizal had shown considerable skill with the brush and possibly he
+could paint something that would pass. The gobernadorcillo proceeded to
+the lad's home and explained the need. Rizal promptly went to work,
+under the official's direction, and speedily produced a painting
+which the delighted municipal executive declared was better than the
+expensive banner bought in Manila. The achievement was explained to
+all the participants in the festival and young Jose was the hero of
+the occasion.
+
+During intervals of school work Rizal found time to continue his
+modeling in clay which he procured from the brickyard of a cousin at
+San Pedro Macati.
+
+Rizal's uncle, Jose Alberto, had played a considerable part in his
+political education. He was influential with the Regency in Spain,
+which succeeded Queen Isabel when that sovereign became too malodorous
+to be longer tolerated, and he was the personal friend of the Regent,
+General Prim, whose motto, "More liberal today than yesterday, more
+liberal tomorrow than today," he was fond of quoting. He was present in
+Madrid at the time of General Prim's assassination and often told of
+how this wise patriot, recognizing the unpreparedness of the Spanish
+people for a republic, opposed the efforts for what would, he knew,
+result in as disastrous a failure as had been France's first effort,
+and how he lost his life through his desire to follow the safer
+course of proceeding gradually through the preparatory stage of a
+constitutional monarchy. Alberto was made by him a Knight of the Order
+of Carlos III, and, after Prim's death, was created by King Amadeo a
+Knight Commander, the step higher in the Order of Isabel the Catholic.
+
+Events proved Prim's wisdom, as Alberto was careful to observe, for
+King Amadeo was soon convinced of the unfitness of his people for even
+a constitutional monarchy, told them so, resigned his throne, and bade
+them farewell. Then came a republic marked by excesses such as even
+the worst monarch had not committed; among them the dreadful massacre
+of the members of the filibustering party on the steamer Virginius
+in Cuba, which would have caused war with the United States had not
+the Americans been deluded into the idea that they were dealing with
+a sister republic. America and Switzerland had been the only nations
+which had recognized Spain's new form of government. Prim sought an
+alliance with America, for he claimed that Spain should be linked
+with a country which would buy Spanish goods and to which Spain could
+send her products. France, with whom the Bourbons wished to be allied,
+was a competitor along Spain's own lines.
+
+During the earlier disturbances in Spain a party of Carlists were
+sent to the Philippine Islands; they were welcomed by the reactionary
+Spaniards, for devotion to King Carlos had been their characteristic
+ever since the days when Queen Isabel had taken the throne that in
+their opinion belonged to the heir in the male line. Rizal frequently
+makes mention of this disloyalty to the ruler of Spain on the part
+of those who claimed to be most devoted Spaniards.
+
+Along with the stories of these troubles which Rizal heard during his
+school days in Manila were reports of how these exiles had established
+themselves in foreign cities, Basa in Hongkong, Regidor in London,
+and Tavera in Paris. At their homes in these cities they gave a warm
+welcome to such Filipinos as traveled abroad and they were always ready
+to act as guardians for Filipino students who wished to study in their
+cities, Many availed themselves of these opportunities and it came to
+be an ambition among those in the Islands to get an education which
+they believed was better than that which Spain afforded. There was some
+ground for such a belief, because many of the most prominent successful
+men of Spanish and Philippine birth were men whose education had been
+foreign. A well-known instance in Manila was the architect Roxas,
+father of the present Alcalde of Manila, who learned his profession
+in England and was almost the only notable builder in Manila during
+his lifetime.
+
+Paciano Rizal, Jose's elder brother, had retired from Manila on the
+death of Doctor Burgos and devoted himself to farming; in some ways,
+perhaps, his career suggested the character of Tasio, the philosopher
+of "Noli Me Tangere." He was careful to see that his younger brother
+was familiar with the liberal literature with which he had become
+acquainted through Doctor Burgos.
+
+The first foreign book read by Rizal, in a Spanish translation,
+was Dumas's great novel, "The Count of Monte Cristo," and the story
+of the wrongs suffered by the prisoner of the Chateau d'If recalled
+the injustice done his mother. Then came the book which had greatest
+influence upon the young man's career; this was a Spanish translation
+of Jagor's "Travels in the Philippines," the observations of a German
+naturalist who had visited the Islands some fifteen years before. This
+latter book, among other comments, suggested that it was the fate of
+the North American republic to develop and bring to their highest
+prosperity the lands which Spain had conquered and Christianized
+with sword and cross. Sooner or later, this German writer believed,
+the Philippine Islands could no more escape this American influence
+than had the countries on the mainland, and expressed the hope that
+one day the Philippines would succumb to the same influence; he felt,
+however, that it was desirable first for the Islanders to become better
+able to meet the strong competition of the vigorous young people of the
+New World, for under Spain the Philippines had dreamed away its past.
+
+The exact title of the book is "Travels | in the | Philippines. |
+By F. Jagor. | With numerous illustrations and a Map | London: |
+Chapman and Hall, 193, Piccadilly. | 1875." The title of the Spanish
+translation reads, "Viajes | por | Filipinas | de F. Jagor | Traducidos
+del Aleman | por S. Vidal y Soler | Ingeniero de Montes | Edicion
+illustrada con numerosos grabados | Madrid: Imprenta, Estereopidea
+y Galvanoplastia de Ariban y Ca. | (Sucesores de Rivadencyra) |
+Impresores de Camara de S. M. | Calle del Duque de Osuna, num 3. 1875,"
+The following extract from the book will show how marvelously the
+author anticipated events that have now become history:
+
+"With the altered condition of things, however, all this has
+disappeared. The colony can no longer be kept secluded from the
+world. Every facility afforded for commercial intercourse is a blow
+to the old system, and a great step made in the direction of broad
+and liberal reforms. The more foreign capital and foreign ideas and
+customs are introduced, increasing the prosperity, enlightenment,
+and self-esteem of the population, the more impatiently will the
+existing evils be endured.
+
+England can and does open her possessions unconcernedly to the
+world. The British colonies are united to the mother country by
+the bond of mutual advantage, viz., the produce of raw material by
+means of English capital, and the exchange of the same for English
+manufactures. The wealth of England is so great, the organization of
+her commerce with the world so complete, that nearly all the foreigners
+even in the British possessions are for the most part agents for
+English business houses, which would scarcely be affected, at least
+to any marked extent, by a political dismemberment. It is entirely
+different with Spain, which possesses the colony as an inherited
+property, and without the power of turning it to any useful account.
+
+Government monopolies rigorously maintained, insolent disregard and
+neglect of the half-castes and powerful creoles, and the example
+of the United States, were the chief reasons of the downfall of the
+American possessions. The same causes threaten ruin to the Philippines;
+but of the monopolies I have said enough.
+
+Half-castes and creoles, it is true are not, as they formerly were
+in America, excluded from all orificial appointments; but they feel
+deeply hurt and injured through the crowds of place-hunters which
+the frequent changes of Ministers send to Manilla. The influence,
+also, of the American element is at least visible on the horizon,
+and will be more noticeable when the relations increase between the
+two countries. At present they are very slender. The trade in the
+meantime follows in its old channels to England and to the Atlantic
+ports of the United States. Nevertheless, whoever desires to form an
+opinion upon the future history of the Philippines, must not consider
+simply their relations to Spain, but must have regard to the prodigious
+changes which a few decades produce on either side of our planet.
+
+For the first time in the history of the world the mighty powers
+on both sides of the ocean have commenced to enter upon a direct
+intercourse with one another--Russia, which alone is larger than
+any two other parts of the earth; China, which contains within its
+own boundaries a third of the population of the world; and America,
+with ground under cultivation nearly sufficient to feed treble the
+total population of the earth. Russia's further role in the Pacific
+Ocean is not to be estimated at present.
+
+The trade between the two other great powers will therefore be
+presumably all the heavier, as the rectification of the pressing need
+of human labour on the one side, and of the corresponding overplus
+on the other, will fall to them.
+
+"The world of the ancients was confined to the shores of the
+Mediterranean; and the Atlantic and Indian Oceans sufficed at one
+time for our traffic. When first the shores of the Pacific re-echoed
+with the sounds of active commerce, the trade of the world and
+the history of the world may be really said to have begun. A start
+in that direction has been made; whereas not so very long ago the
+immense ocean was one wide waste of waters, traversed from both points
+only once a year. From 1603 to 1769 scarcely a ship had ever visited
+California, that wonderful country which, twenty-five years ago, with
+the exception of a few places on the coast, was an unknown wilderness,
+but which is now covered with flourishing and prosperous towns and
+cities, divided from sea to sea by a railway, and its capital already
+ranking the third of the seaports of the Union; even at this early
+stage of its existence a central point of the world's commerce, and
+apparently destined, by the proposed junction of the great oceans,
+to play a most important part in the future.
+
+In proportion as the navigation of the west coast of America
+extends the influence of the American element over the South Sea,
+the captivating, magic power which the great republic exercises over
+the Spanish colonies[1] will not fail to make itself felt also in the
+Philippines. The Americans are evidently destined to bring to a full
+development the germs originated by the Spaniards. As conquerors of
+modern times, they pursue their road to victory with the assistance
+of the pioneer's axe and plough, representing an age of peace and
+commercial prosperity in contrast to that bygone and chivalrous age
+whose champions were upheld by the cross and protected by the sword.
+
+A considerable portion of Spanish America already belongs to the
+United States, and has since attained an importance which could not
+possibly have been anticipated either under the Spanish Government
+or during the anarchy which followed. With regard to permanence,
+the Spanish system cannot for a moment be compared with that of
+America. While each of the colonies, in order to favour a privileged
+class by immediate gains, exhausted still more the already enfeebled
+population of the metropolis by the withdrawal of the best of its
+ability, America, on the contrary, has attracted to itself from all
+countries the most energetic element, which, once on its soil and,
+freed from all fetters, restlessly progressing, has extended its power
+and influence still further and further. The Philippines will escape
+the action of the two great neighbouring powers all the less for the
+fact that neither they nor their metropolis find their condition of
+a stable and well-balanced nature.
+
+It seems to be desirable for the natives that the above-mentioned
+views should not speedily become accomplished facts, because their
+education and training hitherto have not been of a nature to prepare
+them successfully to compete with either of the other two energetic,
+creative, and progressive nations. They have, in truth, dreamed away
+their best days."
+
+This prophecy of Jagor's made a deep impression upon Rizal and
+seems to furnish the explanation of his life work. Henceforth it was
+his ambition to arouse his countrymen to prepare themselves for a
+freer state. He dedicated himself to the work which Doctor Jagor had
+indicated as necessary. It seems beyond question that Doctor Rizal,
+as early as 1876, believed that America would sometime come to the
+Philippines, and wished to prepare his countrymen for the changed
+conditions that would then have to be met. Many little incidents
+in his later life confirm this view: his eagerness to buy expensive
+books on the United States, such as his early purchase in Barcelona
+of two different "Lives of the Presidents of the United States"; his
+study of the country in his travel across it from San Francisco to
+New York; the reference in "The Philippines in a Hundred Years"; and
+the studies of the English Revolution and other Anglo-Saxon influences
+which culminated in the foundation of the United States of America.
+
+Besides the interest he took in clay modeling, to which reference
+has already been made, Rizal was expert in carving. When first
+in the Ateneo he had carved an image of the Virgin of such grace
+and beauty that one of the Fathers asked him to try an image of the
+Sacred Heart. Rizal complied, and produced the carving that played so
+important a part in his future life. The Jesuit Father had intended to
+take the image with him to Spain, but in some way it was left behind
+and the schoolboys put it up on the door of their dormitory. There it
+remained for nearly twenty years, constantly reminding the many lads
+who passed in and out of the one who teachers and pupils alike agreed
+was the greatest of all their number, for Rizal during these years was
+the schoolboy hero of the Ateneo, and from the Ateneo came the men who
+were most largely concerned in making the New Philippines. The image
+itself is of batikulin, an easily carved wood, and shows considerable
+skill when one remembers that an ordinary pocketknife was the simple
+instrument used in its manufacture. It was recalled to Rizal's memory
+when he visited the Ateneo upon his first return from Spain and was
+forbidden the house by the Jesuits because of his alleged apostasy,
+and again in the chapel of Fort Santiago, where it played an important
+part in what was called his conversion.
+
+The proficiency he attained in the art of clay modeling is evidenced by
+many of the examples illustrated in this volume. They not only indicate
+an astonishing versatility, but they reveal his very characteristic
+method of working--a characteristic based on his constant desire
+to adapt the best things he found abroad to the conditions of his
+own country. The same characteristic appears also in most of his
+literary work, and in it there is no servile imitation; it is careful
+and studied selection, adaptation and combination. For example, the
+composition of a steel engraving in a French art journal suggested
+his model in clay of a Philippine wild boar; the head of the subject
+in a painting in the Luxembourg Gallery and the rest of a figure in
+an engraving in a newspaper are combined in a statuette he modeled
+in Brussels and sent, in May, 1890, to Valentina Ventura in place
+of a letter; a clipping from a newspaper cut is also adapted for
+his model of "The Vengeance of the Harem"; and as evidence of his
+facility of expressing himself in this medium, his clay modeling of
+a Dapitan woman may be cited. One day while in exile he saw a native
+woman clearing up the street in front of her home preparatory to
+a festival; the movements and the attitudes of the figure were so
+thoroughly typical and so impressed themselves on his mind that he
+worked out this statuette from memory.
+
+In a literary way Rizal's first pretentious effort was a melodrama in
+one act and in verse, entitled "Junta al Pasig" (Beside the Pasig),
+a play in honor of the Virgin, which was given in the Ateneo to the
+great edification of a considerable audience, who were enthusiastic
+in their praise and hearty in their applause, but the young author
+neither saw the play nor paid any attention to the manner of its
+reception, for he was downstairs, intent on his own diversions and
+heedless of what was going on above.
+
+Thursday was the school holiday in those days, and Rizal usually spent
+the time at the Convent of La Concordia, where his youngest sister,
+Soledad, was a boarder. He was a great friend of the little one
+and a welcome visitor in the Convent; he used to draw pictures for
+her edification, sometimes teasing her by making her own portrait,
+to which he gave exaggerated ears to indicate her curiosity. Then he
+wrote short satirical skits, such as the following, which in English
+doggerel quite matches its Spanish original:
+
+
+  "The girls of Concordia College
+  Go dressed in the latest of styles--
+  Bangs high on their foreheads for knowledge--
+  But hungry their grins and their smiles!"
+
+
+Some of these girls made an impression upon Jose, and one of his diary
+entries of this time tells of his rude awakening when a girl, some
+years his elder, who had laughingly accepted his boyish adoration,
+informed him that she was to marry a relative of his, and he speaks
+of the heart-pang with which he watched the carromata that carried
+her from his sight to her wedding.
+
+Jose was a great reader, and the newspapers were giving much attention
+to the World's Fair in Philadelphia which commemorated the first
+centennial of American independence, and published numerous cuts
+illustrating various interesting phases of American life. Possibly
+as a reaction from the former disparagement of things American, the
+sentiment in the Philippines was then very friendly. There was one
+long account of the presentation of a Spanish banner to a Spanish
+commission in Philadelphia, and the newspapers, in speaking of the
+wonderful progress which the United States had made, recalled the
+early Spanish alliance and referred to the fact that, had it not been
+for the discoveries of the Spaniards, their new land would not have
+been known to Europe.
+
+Rizal during his last two years in the Ateneo was a boarder. Throughout
+his entire course he had been the winner of most of the prizes. Upon
+receiving his Bachelor of Arts diploma he entered the University of
+Santo Tomas; in the first year he studied the course in philosophy
+and in the second year began to specialize in medicine.
+
+The Ateneo course of study was a good deal like that of our present
+high school, though not so thorough nor so advanced. Still, the method
+of instruction which has made Jesuit education notable in all parts
+of the world carried on the good work which the mother's training
+had begun. The system required the explanation of the morrow's
+lesson, questioning on the lesson of the day and a review of the
+previous day's work. This, with the attention given to the classics,
+developed and quickened faculties which gave Rizal a remarkable power
+of assimilating knowledge of all kinds for future use.
+
+The story is told that Rizal was undecided as to his career, and wrote
+to the rector of the Ateneo for advice; but the Jesuit was then in
+the interior of Mindanao, and by the time the answer, suggesting that
+he should devote himself to agriculture, was received, he had already
+made his choice. However, Rizal did continue the study of agriculture,
+besides specializing in medicine, carrying on double work as he took
+the course in the Ateneo which led to the degree of land surveyor and
+agricultural expert. This work was completed before he had reached
+the age fixed by law, so that he could not then receive his diploma,
+which was not delivered to him until he had attained the age of
+twenty-one years.
+
+In the "Life" of Rizal published in Barcelona after his death a
+brilliant picture is painted of how Rizal might have followed the
+advice of the rector of the Ateneo, and have lived a long, useful
+and honorable life as a farmer and gobernadorcillo of his home town,
+respected by the Spaniards, looked up to by his countrymen and filling
+an humble but safe lot in life. Today one can hardly feel that such
+a career would have been suited to the man or regret that events took
+the course they did.
+
+Poetry was highly esteemed in the Ateneo, and Rizal frequently made
+essays in verse, often carrying his compositions to Kalamba for his
+mother's criticisms and suggestions. The writings of the Spanish poet
+Zorilla were making a deep impression upon him at this time, and while
+his schoolmates seemed to have been more interested in their warlike
+features, Jose appears to have gained from them an understanding of how
+Zorilla sought to restore the Spanish people to their former dignity,
+rousing their pride through recalling the heroic events in their past
+history. Some of the passages in the melodrama, "Junta al Pasig,"
+already described, were evidently influenced by his study of Zorilla;
+the fierce denunciation of Spain which is there put in the mouth of
+Satan expresses, no doubt, the real sentiments of Rizal.
+
+In 1877 a society known as the Liceo Literario-Artistica (Lyceum of
+Art and Literature) offered a prize for the best poem by a native. The
+winner was Rizal with the following verses, "Al Juventud Filipino"
+(To the Philippine Youth). The prize was a silver pen, feather-shaped
+and with a gold ribbon running through it.
+
+
+ To the Philippine Youth
+
+ Theme: "Growth"
+
+ (Translation by Charles Derbyshire)
+
+ Hold high the brow serene,
+ O youth, where now you stand;
+ Let the bright sheen
+ Of your grace be seen,
+ Fair hope of my fatherland!
+
+ Come now, thou genius grand,
+ And bring down inspiration;
+ With thy mighty hand,
+ Swifter than the wind's volation,
+ Raise the eager mind to higher station.
+
+ Come down with pleasing light
+ Of art and science to the fight,
+ O youth, and there untie
+ The chains that heavy lie,
+ Your spirit free to blight.
+
+ See how in flaming zone
+ Amid the shadows thrown,
+ The Spaniard's holy hand
+ A crown's resplendent band
+ Proffers to this Indian land.
+
+ Thou, who now wouldst rise
+ On wings of rich emprise,
+ Seeking from Olympian skies
+ Songs of sweetest strain,
+ Softer than ambrosial rain;
+
+ Thou, whose voice divine
+ Rivals Philomel's refrain,
+ And with varied line
+ Through the night benign
+ Frees mortality from pain;
+
+ Thou, who by sharp strife
+ Wakest thy mind to life;
+ And the memory bright
+ Of thy genius' light
+ Makest immortal in its strength;
+
+ And thou, in accents clear
+ of Phoebus, to Apells dear;
+ Or by the brush's magic art
+ Takest from nature's store a part,
+ To fix it on the simple canvas' length;
+
+ Go forth, and then the sacred fire
+ Of thy genius to the laurel may aspire;
+ To spread around the fame,
+ And in victory acclaim,
+ Through wider spheres the human name.
+
+ Day, O happy day,
+ Fair Filipinas, for thy land!
+ So bless the Power today
+ That places in thy way
+ This favor and this fortune grand.
+
+
+The next competition at the Liceo was in honor of the fourth centennial
+of the death of Cervantes; it was open to both Filipinos and Spaniards,
+and there was a dispute as to the winner of the prize. It is hard
+to figure out just what really happened; the newspapers speak of
+Rizal as winning the first prize, but his certificate says second,
+and there seems to have been some sort of compromise by which a
+Spaniard who was second was put at the head. Newspapers, of course,
+were then closely censored, but the liberal La Oceania contains a
+number of veiled allusions to medical poets, suggesting that for the
+good of humanity they should not be permitted to waste their time in
+verse-making. One reference quotes the title of Rizal's first poem in
+saying that it was giving a word of advice "To the Philippine Youth,"
+and there are other indications that for some considerable time the
+outcome of this contest was a very live topic in the city of Manila.
+
+Rizal's poem was an allegory, "The Council of the Gods"--"El consejo de
+los Dioses." It was an exceedingly artistic appreciation of the chief
+figure in Spanish literature. The rector of the Ateneo had assisted
+his former student by securing for him needed books, and though
+Rizal was at that time a student in Santo Tomas, the rivalries were
+such that he was still ranked with the pupils of the Jesuits and his
+success was a corresponding source of elation to the Ateneo pupils and
+alumni. Some people have stated that Father Evaristo Arias, a notably
+brilliant writer of the Dominicans, was a competitor, a version I once
+published, but investigation shows that this was a mistake. However,
+sentiment in the University against Rizal grew, until matters became
+so unpleasant that he felt it time to follow the advice of Father
+Burgos and continue his education outside of the Islands.
+
+Just before this incident Rizal had been the victim of a brutal assault
+in Kalamba; one night when he was passing the barracks of the Civil
+Guard he noted in the darkness a large body, but did not recognize
+who it was, and passed without any attention to it. It turned out
+that the large body was a lieutenant of the Civil Guard, and, without
+warning or word of any kind, he drew his sword and wounded Rizal in the
+back. Rizal complained of this outrage to the authorities and tried
+several times, without success, to see the Governor-General. Finally
+he had to recognize that there was no redress for him. By May of 1882
+Rizal had made up his mind to set sail for Europe, and his brother,
+Paciano, equipped him with seven hundred pesos for the journey, while
+his sister, Saturnina, intrusted to him a valuable diamond ring which
+might prove a resource in time of emergency.
+
+Jose had gone to Kalamba to attend a festival there, when Mr. Hidalgo,
+from Manila, notified him that his boat was ready to sail. The
+telegram, asking his immediate return to the city, was couched in
+the form of advice of the condition of a patient, and the name of
+the steamer, Salvadora, by a play on words, was used in the sense of
+"May save her life." Rizal had previously requested of Mr. Ramirez,
+of the Puerta del Sol store, letters of introduction to an Englishman,
+formerly in the Philippines, who was then living in Paris. He said
+nothing more of his intentions, but on his last night in the city,
+with his younger sister as companion, he drove all through the walled
+city and its suburbs, changing horses twice in the five hours of
+his farewell. The next morning he embarked on the steamer, and there
+yet remains the sketch which he made of his last view of the city,
+showing its waterfront as it appeared from the departing steamer. To
+leave town it was necessary to have a passport; his was in the name
+of Jose Mercado, and had been secured by a distant relative of his
+who lived in the Santa Cruz district.
+
+After five days' journey the little steamer reached the English colony
+of Singapore. There Rizal saw a modern city for the first time. He was
+intensely interested in the improvements. Especially did the assured
+position of the natives, confident in their rights and not fearful of
+the authorities, arouse his admiration. Great was the contrast between
+the fear of their rulers shown by the Filipinos and the confidence
+which the natives of Singapore seemed to have in their government.
+
+At Singapore, Rizal transferred to a French mail Steamer and seems to
+have had an interesting time making himself understood on board. He
+had studied some French in his Ateneo course, writing an ode which
+gained honors, but when he attempted to speak the language he was
+not successful in making Frenchmen understand him. So he resorted to
+a mixed system of his own, sometimes using Latin words and making
+the changes which regularly would have occurred, and when words
+failed, making signs, and in extreme cases drawing pictures of what
+he wanted. This versatility with the pencil, for many of his offhand
+sketches had humorous touches that almost carried them into the cartoon
+class, interested officers and passengers, so that the young student
+had the freedom of the ship and a voyage far from tedious.
+
+The passage of the Suez Canal, a glimpse of Egypt, Aden, where East and
+West meet, and the Italian city of Naples, with its historic castle,
+were the features of the trip which most impressed him.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+The Period of Preparation
+
+Rizal disembarked at Marseilles, saw a little of that famous port, and
+then went by rail to Barcelona, crossing the Pyrenees, the desolate
+ruggedness of which contrasted with the picturesque luxuriance
+of his tropical home, and remained a day at the frontier town of
+Port-Bou. The customary Spanish disregard of tourists compared very
+unfavorably with the courteous attention which he had remarked on his
+arrival at Marseilles, for the custom house officers on the Spanish
+frontier rather reminded him of the class of employes found in Manila.
+
+At Barcelona he met many who had been his schoolmates in the Ateneo
+and others to whom he was known by name. It was the custom of the
+Filipino students there to hold reunions every other Sunday at the
+cafe, for their limited resources did not permit the daily visits
+which were the Spanish custom. In honor of the new arrival a special
+gathering occurred in a favorite cafe in Plaza de Catalonia. The
+characteristics of the Spaniards and the features of Barcelona were
+all described for Rizal's benefit, and he had to answer a host of
+questions about the changes which had occurred in Manila. Most of his
+answers were to the effect that old defects had not yet been remedied
+nor incompetent officials supplanted, and he gave a rather hopeless
+view of the future of their country. Somewhat in this gloomy mood,
+he wrote home for a newly established Tagalog newspaper of Manila,
+his views of "Love of country," an article not so optimistic as most
+of his later writings.
+
+In Barcelona he remained but a short time, long enough, however, to
+see the historic sights around that city, which was established by
+Hannibal, had numbered many noted Romans among its residents, and in
+later days was the scene of the return of Columbus from his voyages in
+the New World, bringing with him samples of Redskins, birds and other
+novel products of the unknown country. Then there were the magnificent
+boulevards, the handsome dwellings, the interest which the citizens
+took in adorning their city and the pride in the results, and above
+all, the disgust at all things Spanish and the loyalty to Catalonia,
+rather than to the "mother-fatherland."
+
+The Catalan was the most progressive type in Spain, but he had no
+love for his compatriots, was ever complaining of their "manana"
+habits and of the evils that were bound to exist in a country where
+Church and State were so inextricably intermingled. Many Catalans were
+avowedly republicans. Signs might be seen on the outside of buildings
+telling of the location of republican clubs, unpopular officials
+were hooted in the streets, the newspapers were intemperate in their
+criticism of the government, and a campaign was carried on openly
+which aimed at changing from a monarchy to a democracy, without any
+apparent molestation from the authorities. All these things impressed
+the lad who had seen in his own country the most respectfully worded
+complaints of unquestionable abuses treated as treason, bringing not
+merely punishment, but opprobrium as well.
+
+He, himself, in order to obtain a better education, had had to leave
+his country stealthily like a fugitive from justice, and his family, to
+save themselves from persecution, were compelled to profess ignorance
+of his plans and movements. His name was entered in Santo Tomas at the
+opening of the new term, with the fees paid, and Paciano had gone to
+Manila pretending to be looking for this brother whom he had assisted
+out of the country.
+
+Early in the fall Rizal removed to Madrid and entered the Central
+University there. His short residence in Barcelona was possibly for
+the purpose of correcting the irregularity in his passport, for in
+that town it would be easier to obtain a cedula, and with this his
+way in the national University would be made smoother. He enrolled in
+two courses, medicine, and literature and philosophy; besides these
+he studied sculpture, drawing and art in San Carlos, and took private
+lessons in languages from Mr. Hughes, a well-known instructor of the
+city. With all these labors it is not strange that he did not mingle
+largely in social life, and lack of funds and want of clothes, which
+have been suggested as reasons for this, seem hardly adequate. Jose had
+left Manila with some seven hundred pesos and a diamond ring. Besides,
+he received funds from his father monthly, which were sent through
+his cousin, Antonio Rivera, of Manila, for fear that the landlords
+might revenge themselves upon their tenant for the slight which his
+son had cast upon their university in deserting it for a Peninsular
+institution. It was no easy task in those days for a lad from the
+provinces to get out of the Islands for study abroad.
+
+Rizal frequently attended the theater, choosing especially the higher
+class dramas, occasionally went to a masked ball, played the lotteries
+in small amounts but regularly, and for the rest devoted most of
+his money to the purchase of books. The greater part of these were
+second-hand, but he bought several standard works in good editions,
+many with bindings de luxe. Among the books first purchased figure
+a Spanish translation of the "Lives of the Presidents of the United
+States," from Washington to Johnson, morocco bound, gilt-edged,
+and illustrated with steel engravings--certainly an expensive book;
+a "History of the English Revolution;" a comparison of the Romans
+and the Teutons, and several other books which indicated interest in
+the freer system of the Anglo-Saxons. Later, another "History of the
+Presidents," to Cleveland, was added to his library.
+
+The following lines, said to be addressed to his mother, were written
+about this time, evidently during an attack of homesickness:
+
+
+  "You Ask Me for Verses"
+
+  (Translated by Charles Derbyshire)
+
+  You bid me now to strike the lyre,
+  That mute and torn so long has lain;
+  And yet I cannot wake the strain,
+  Nor will the Muse one note inspire!
+  Coldly it shakes in accents dire,
+  As if my soul itself to wring,
+  And when its sound seems but to fling
+  A jest at its own low lament;
+  So in sad isolation pent,
+  My soul can neither feel nor sing.
+
+  There was a time--ah, 'tis too true--
+  But that time long ago has past--
+  When upon me the Muse had cast
+  Indulgent smile and friendship's due;
+  But of that age now all too few
+  The thoughts that with me yet will stay;
+  As from the hours of festive play
+  There linger on mysterious notes,
+  And in our minds the memory floats
+  Of minstrelsy and music gay.
+
+  A plant I am, that scarcely grown,
+  Was torn from out its Eastern bed,
+  Where all around perfume is shed,
+  And life but as a dream is known;
+  The land that I can call my own,
+
+  By me forgotten ne'er to be,
+  Where trilling birds their song taught me,
+  And cascades with their ceaseless roar,
+  And all along the spreading shore
+  The murmurs of the sounding sea.
+
+  While yet in childhood's happy day,
+  I learned upon its sun to smile,
+  And in my breast there seemed the while
+  Seething volcanic fires to play.
+  A bard I was, and my wish alway
+  To call upon the fleeting wind,
+  With all the force of verse and mind:
+  "Go forth, and spread around its fame,
+  From zone to zone with glad acclaim,
+  And earth to heaven together bind!"
+
+  But it I left, and now no more--
+  Like a tree that is broken and sere--
+  My natal gods bring the echo clear
+  Of songs that in past times they bore;
+  Wide seas I cross'd to foreign shore,
+  With hope of change and other fate;
+  My folly was made clear too late,
+  For in the place of good I sought
+  The seas reveal'd unto me naught,
+  But made death's specter on me wait.
+
+  All these fond fancies that were mine,
+  All love, all feeling, all emprise,
+  Were left beneath the sunny skies,
+  Which o'er that flowery region shine;
+  So press no more that plea of thine,
+
+  For songs of love from out a heart
+  That coldly lies a thing apart;
+  Since now with tortur'd soul I haste
+  Unresting o'er the desert waste,
+  And lifeless gone is all my art.
+
+
+In Madrid a number of young Filipinos were intense enthusiasts over
+political agitation, and with the recklessness of youth, were careless
+of what they said or how they said it, so long as it brought no danger
+to them. A sort of Philippine social club had been organized by older
+Filipinos and Spaniards interested in the Philippines, with the idea
+of quietly assisting toward improved insular conditions, but it became
+so radical under the influence of this younger majority, that its
+conservative members were compelled to drop out and the club broke
+up. The young men were constantly holding meetings to revive it, but
+never arrived at any effective conclusions. Rizal was present at some
+of these meetings and suggested that a good means of propaganda would
+be a book telling the truth about Philippine conditions and illustrated
+by Filipino artists. At first the project was severely criticised;
+later a few conformed to the plan, and Rizal believed that his scheme
+was in a fair way of accomplishment. At the meeting to discuss the
+details, however, each member of the company wanted to write upon the
+Filipino woman, and therest of the subjects scarcely interested any of
+them. Rizal was disgusted with this trifling and dropped the affair,
+nor did he ever again seem to take any very enthusiastic interest in
+such popular movements. His more mature mind put him out of sympathy
+with the younger men. Their admiration gave him great prestige, but
+his popularity did not arise from comradeship, as he had but very
+few intimates.
+
+Early in his stay in Madrid, Rizal had come across a second-hand
+copy, in two volumes, of a French novel, which he bought to improve
+his knowledge of that language. It was Eugene Sue's "The Wandering
+Jew," that work which transformed the France of the nineteenth
+century. However one may agree or disagree with its teachings and
+concede or dispute its literary merits, it cannot be denied that it
+was the most powerful book in its effects on the century, surpassing
+even Mrs. Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin," which is usually credited
+with having hurried on the American Civil War and brought about
+the termination of African slavery in the United States. The book,
+he writes in his diary, affected him powerfully, not to tears, but
+with a tremendous sympathy for the unfortunates that made him willing
+to risk everything in their behalf. It seemed to him that such a
+presentation of Philippine conditions would certainly arouse Spain,
+but his modesty forbade his saying that he was going to write a book
+like the French masterpiece. Still, from this time his recollections
+of his youth and the stories which he could get from his companions
+were written down and revised, till finally the half had been prepared
+of what was finally the novel "Noli Me Tangere."
+
+Through Spaniards who still remembered Jose's uncle, he joined a
+lodge of Masons called the "Acacia." At this time few Filipinos in
+Spain had joined the institution, and those were mostly men much more
+mature than himself. Thus he met leaders of Spanish national life who
+were men of state affairs and much more sedate, men with broader views
+and more settled opinions than the irresponsible class with whom his
+school companions were accustomed to associate. A distinction must
+be made between the Masonry of this time and the much more popular
+institution in which Filipinos later figured so largely when Professor
+Miguel Morayta became head of the Grand Lodge which for a time was
+a rival of that to which the "Acacia" owed allegiance, and finally
+triumphed over it.
+
+In 1884 Rizal had begun his studies in English; he had been studying
+French during and since his voyage to Spain; Italian was acquired
+apparently at a time when the exposition of Genoa had attracted Spanish
+interest toward Italy, and largely through the reading of Italian
+translations of works which he knew in other languages. German, too,
+he had started to study, but had not advanced far with it. Thus Rizal
+was preparing himself for the travels through Europe which he had
+intended to make from the time when he first left his home, for he
+well knew that it was only by knowing the language of a country that
+it would be possible for him to study the people, see in what way
+they differed from his own, and find out which of their customs and
+what lessons from their history might be of advantage to the Filipinos.
+
+A feature in Rizal's social life was a weekly visit to the home of
+Don Pablo Ortigas y Reyes, a liberal Spaniard who had been Civil
+Governor of Manila in General de La Torre's time. Here Filipino
+students gathered, and were entertained by the charming daughter of
+the home, Consuelo, who was the person to whom were dedicated the
+verses of Rizal usually entitled "a la Senorita C. O. y R."
+
+In Rizal's later days he found a regular relaxation in playing chess,
+in which he was skilled, with the venerable ex-president of the
+short-lived Spanish republic, Pi y Margal. This statesman was accused
+of German tendencies because of his inclination toward Anglo-Saxon
+safeguards for liberty, and was a champion of general education as
+a preparation for a freer Spain.
+
+Rizal usually was present on public occasions in Filipino circles
+and took a leading part in them, as, for example, when he delivered
+the principal address at the banquet given by the Madrid Filipino
+colony in honor of their artist countrymen, after Luna and Hidalgo
+had won prizes in the Madrid National exposition. He was also at the
+New Year's banquet when the students gathered in the restaurant to
+bid farewell to the old and usher in the new year, and his was the
+chief speech, summarizing the remarks of the others.
+
+In 1885, having completed the second of his two courses, with his
+credentials of licentiate in medicine and also in philosophy and
+literature, Rizal made a trip through the country provinces to
+study the Spanish peasant, for the rural people, he thought, being
+agriculturists, would be most like the farmer folk of his native
+land. Surely the Filipinos did not suffer in the comparison, for the
+Spanish peasants had not greatly changed from the day when they were
+so masterfully described by Cervantes. It seemed to Rizal almost like
+being in Don Quixote's land, so many were the figures who might have
+been the characters in the book.
+
+The fall of '85 found Rizal in Paris, studying art, visiting the
+various museums and associating with the Lunas, the Taveras and
+other Filipino residents of the French capital, for there had been
+a considerable colony in that city ever since the troubles of 1872
+had driven the Tavera family into exile and they had made their home
+in that city. In Paris a fourth of "Noli Me Tangere" was written,
+and Rizal specialized in ophthalmology, devoting his attention to
+those eye troubles that were most prevalent in the Philippines and
+least understood. His mother's growing blindness made him covet the
+skill which might enable him to restore her sight. So successfully
+did he study that he became the favorite pupil of Doctor L. de
+Weckert, the leading authority among the oculists of France, and
+author of a three-volume standard work. Rizal next went to Germany,
+having continued his studies in its language in the French capital,
+and was present at Heidelberg on the five hundredth anniversary of
+the foundation of the University.
+
+Because he had no passport he could only attend lectures, but could
+not regularly matriculate. He lived in one of the student boarding
+houses, with a number of law students, and when he was proposed for
+membership in the Chess Club he was registered in the Club books as
+being a student of law like the men who proposed him. These Chess
+Club gatherings were quite a feature of the town, being held in the
+large saloons with several hundred people present, and the contests
+of skill were eagerly watched by shrewd and competent judges. Rizal
+was a clever player, and left something of a record among the experts.
+
+The following lines were written by Rizal in a letter home while he
+was a student in Germany:
+
+
+  To the Flowers of Heidelberg
+
+  (translation by Charles Derbyshire)
+
+  Go to my native land, go, foreign flowers,
+  Sown by the traveler on his way;
+  And there beneath its azure sky,
+  Where all of my affections lie;
+  There from the weary pilgrim say,
+  What faith is his in that land of ours!
+
+  Go there and tell how when the dawn,
+  Her early light diffusing,
+  Your petals first flung open wide;
+  His steps beside chill Neckar drawn,
+  You see him silent by your side,
+  Upon its Spring perennial musing.
+
+  Saw how when morning's light,
+  All your fragrance stealing,
+  Whispers to you as in mirth
+  Playful songs of love's delight,
+  He, too, murmurs his love's feeling
+  In the tongue he learned at birth.
+
+  That when the sun on Koenigstuhl's height
+  Pours out its golden flood,
+  And with its slowly warming light
+  Gives life vale and grove and wood,
+  He greets that sun, here only upraising,
+  Which in his native land is at its zenith blazing.
+
+  And tell there of that day he stood,
+  Near to a ruin'd castle gray,
+  By Neckar's banks, or shady wood,
+  And pluck'd you from beside the way;
+  Tell, too, the tale to you addressed,
+  And how with tender care,
+  Your bending leaves he press'd
+  'Twixt pages of some volume rare.
+
+  Bear then, O flowers, love's message bear;
+  My love to all the lov'd ones there,
+  Peace to my country--fruitful land--
+  Faith whereon its sons may stand,
+  And virtue for its daughters' care;
+  All those beloved creatures greet,
+  That still around home's altar meet.
+
+  And when you come unto its shore,
+  This kiss I now on you bestow,
+  Fling where the winged breezes blow;
+  That borne on them it may hover o'er
+  All that I love, esteem, and adore.
+
+  But though, O flowers, you come unto that land,
+  And still perchance your colors hold;
+  So far from this heroic strand,
+  Whose soil first bade your life unfold,
+  Still here your fragrance will expand;
+  Your soul that never quits the earth
+  Whose light smiled on you at your birth.
+
+
+From Heidelberg he went to Leipzig, then famous for the new studies
+in psychology which were making the science of the mind almost as
+exact as that of the body, and became interested in the comparison
+of race characteristics as influenced by environment, history and
+language. This probably accounts for the advanced views held by Rizal,
+who was thoroughly abreast of the new psychology. These ideas were
+since popularized in America largely through Professor Hugo Munsterberg
+of Harvard University, who was a fellow-student of Rizal at Heidelberg
+and also had been at Leipzig.
+
+A little later Rizal went to Berlin and there became acquainted with
+a number of men who had studied the Philippines and knew it as none
+whom he had ever met previously. Chief among these was Doctor Jagor,
+the author of the book which ten years before had inspired in him his
+life purpose of preparing his people for the time when America should
+come to the Philippines. Then there was Doctor Rudolf Virchow, head of
+the Anthropological Society and one of the greatest scientists in the
+world. Virchow was of intensely democratic ideals, he was a statesman
+as well as a scientist, and the interest of the young student in the
+history of his country and in everything else which concerned it,
+and his sincere earnestness, so intelligently directed toward helping
+his country, made Rizal at once a prime favorite. Under Virchow's
+sponsorship he became a member of the Berlin Anthropological Society.
+
+Rizal lived in the third floor of a corner lodging house not very
+far from the University; in this room he spent much of his time,
+putting the finishing touches to what he had previously written of
+his novel, and there he wrote the latter half of "Noli Me Tangere"
+The German influence, and absence from the Philippines for so long a
+time, had modified his early radical views, and the book had now become
+less an effort to arouse the Spanish sense of justice than a means of
+education for Filipinos by pointing out their shortcomings. Perhaps a
+Spanish school history which he had read in Madrid deserves a part of
+the credit for this changed point of view, since in that the author,
+treating of Spain's early misfortunes, brings out the fact that
+misgovernment may be due quite as much to the hypocrisy, servility
+and undeserving character of the people as it is to the corruption,
+tyranny and cruelty of the rulers.
+
+The printer of "Noli Me Tangere" lived in a neighboring street, and,
+like most printers in Germany, worked for a very moderate compensation,
+so that the volume of over four hundred pages cost less than a fourth
+of what it would have done in England, or one half of what it would
+cost in economical Spain. Yet even at so modest a price, Rizal was
+delayed in the publication until one fortunate morning he received a
+visit from a countryman, Doctor Maximo Viola, who invited him to take a
+pedestrian trip. Rizal responded that his interests kept him in Berlin
+at that time as he was awaiting funds from home with which to publish
+a book he had just completed, and showed him the manuscript. Doctor
+Viola was much interested and offered to use the money he had put
+aside for the trip to help pay the publisher. So the work went ahead,
+and when the delayed remittance from his family arrived, Rizal repaid
+the obligation. Then the two sallied forth on their trip.
+
+After a considerable tour of the historic spots and scenic places
+in Germany, they arrived at Dresden, where Doctor Rizal was warmly
+greeted by Doctor A. B. Meyer, the Director of the Royal Saxony
+Ethnographical Institute. He was an authority upon Philippine matters,
+for some years before he had visited the Islands to make a study of
+the people. With a countryman resident in the Philippines, Doctor
+Meyer made careful and thorough scientific investigations, and his
+conclusions were more favorable to the Filipinos than the published
+views of many of the unscientific Spanish observers.
+
+In the Museum of Art at Dresden, Rizal saw a painting of "Prometheus
+Bound," which recalled to him a representation of the same idea
+in a French gallery, and from memory he modeled this figure, which
+especially appealed to him as being typical of his country.
+
+In Austrian territory he first visited Doctor Ferdinand Blumentritt,
+whom Rizal had known by reputation for many years and with whom he had
+long corresponded. The two friends stayed at the Hotel Roderkrebs,
+but were guests at the table of the Austrian professor, whose wife
+gave them appetizing demonstrations of the characteristic cookery
+of Hungary. During Rizal's stay he was very much interested in a
+gathering of tourists, arranged to make known the beauties of that
+picturesque region, sometimes called the Austrian Switzerland, and
+he delivered an address upon this occasion. It is noteworthy that
+the present interest in attracting tourists to the Philippines, as
+an economic benefit to the country, was anticipated by Doctor Rizal
+and that he was always looking up methods used in foreign countries
+for building up tourists' travel.
+
+One day, while the visitors were discussing Philippine matters with
+their host, Doctor Rizal made an off hand sketch of Doctor Blumentritt,
+on a scrap of paper which happened to be at hand, so characteristic
+that it serves as an excellent portrait, and it has been preserved
+among the Rizal relics which Doctor Blumentritt had treasured of the
+friend for whom he had so much respect and affection.
+
+With a letter of introduction to a friend of Doctor Blumentritt in
+Vienna, Nordenfels, the greatest of Austrian novelists, Doctor Viola
+and Doctor Rizal went on to the capital, where they were entertained
+by the Concordia Club. So favorable was the impression that Rizal
+made upon Mr. Nordenfels that an answer was written to the note of
+introduction, thanking the professor for having brought to his notice
+a person whom he had found so companionable and whose genius he so
+much admired. Nordenfels had been interested in Spanish subjects,
+and was able to discuss intelligently the peculiar development of
+Castilian civilization and the politics of the Spanish metropolis as
+they affected the overseas possessions.
+
+After having seen Rome and a little more of Italy, they embarked for
+the Philippines, again on the French mail, from Marseilles, coming
+by way of Saigon, where a rice steamer was taken for Manila.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+The Period of Propaganda
+
+The city had not altered much during Rizal's seven years of
+absence. The condition of the Binondo pavement, with the same holes
+in the road which Rizal claimed he remembered as a schoolboy, was
+unchanged, and this recalls the experience of Ybarra in "Noli Me
+Tangere" on his homecoming after a like period of absence.
+
+Doctor Rizal at once went to his home in Kalamba. His first operation
+in the Philippines relieved the blindness of his mother, by the removal
+of a double cataract, and thus the object of his special study in
+Paris was accomplished. This and other like successes gave the young
+oculist a fame which brought patients from all parts of Luzon; and,
+though his charges were moderate, during his seven months' stay
+in the Islands Doctor Rizal accumulated over five thousand pesos,
+besides a number of diamonds which he had bought as a secure way of
+carrying funds, mindful of the help that the ring had been with which
+he had first started from the Philippines.
+
+Shortly after his arrival, Governor-General Terrero summoned Rizal by
+telegraph to Malacanan from Kalamba. The interview proved to be due
+to the interest in the author of "Noli Me Tangere" and a curiosity
+to read the novel, arising from the copious extracts with which the
+Manila censors had submitted an unfavorable opinion when asking for
+the prohibition of the book. The recommendation of the censor was
+disregarded, and General Terrero, fearful that Rizal might be molested
+by some of the many persons who would feel themselves aggrieved by his
+plain picturing of undesirable classes in the Philippines, gave him for
+a bodyguard a young Spanish lieutenant, Jose Taviel de Andrade. The
+young men soon became fast friends, as they had artistic and other
+tastes in common. Once they climbed Mr. Makiling, near Kalamba,
+and placed there, after the European custom, a flag to show that
+they had reached the summit. This act was at first misrepresented by
+the enemies of Rizal as planting a German banner, for they started
+a story that he had taken possession of the Islands in the name of
+the country where he was educated, which was just then in unfriendly
+relations with Spain over the question of the ill treatment of the
+Protestant missionaries in the Caroline Islands. This same story was
+repeated after the American occupation with the variation that Rizal,
+as the supreme chief and originator of the ideas of the Katipunan
+(which in fact he was not--he was even opposed to the society as it
+existed in his time), had placed there a Filipino banner, in token
+that the Islands intended to reassume the independent condition of
+which the Spanish had dispossessed them.
+
+"Noli Me Tangere" circulated first among Doctor Rizal's relatives;
+on one occasion a cousin made a special trip to Kalamba and took
+the author to task for having caricatured her in the character of
+Dona Victorina. Rizal made no denial, but merely suggested that the
+book was a mirror of Philippine life, with types that unquestionably
+existed in the country, and that if anybody recognized one of the
+characters as picturing himself or herself, that person would do well
+to correct the faults which therein appeared ridiculous.
+
+A somewhat liberal administration was now governing the Philippines,
+and efforts were being made to correct the more glaring abuses in
+the social conditions. One of these reforms proposed that the larger
+estates should bear their share of the taxes, which it was believed
+they were then escaping to a great extent. Requests were made of the
+municipal government of Kalamba, among other towns, for a statement
+of the relation that the big Dominican hacienda bore to the town,
+what increase or decrease there might have been in the income of the
+estate, and what taxes the proprietors were paying compared with the
+revenue their place afforded.
+
+Rizal interested the people of the community to gather reliable
+statistics, to go thoroughly into the actual conditions, and to leave
+out the generalities which usually characterized Spanish documents.
+
+He asked the people to cooeperate, pointing out that when they
+did not complain it was their own fault more than that of the
+government if they suffered injustice. Further, he showed the folly
+of exaggerated statements, and insisted upon a definite and moderate
+showing of such abuses as were unquestionably within the power of
+the authorities to relieve. Rizal himself prepared the report, which
+is an excellent presentation of the grievances of the people of his
+town. It brings forward as special points in favor of the community
+their industriousness, their willingness to help themselves, their
+interest in education, and concludes with expressing confidence
+in the fairness of the government, pointing out the fact that they
+were risking the displeasure of their landlords by furnishing the
+information requested. The paper made a big stir, and its essential
+statements, like everything else in Rizal's writings, were never
+successfully challenged.
+
+Conditions in Manila were at that time disturbed owing to the
+precedence which had been given in a local festival to the Chinese,
+because they paid more money. The Filipinos claimed that, being in
+their home country, they should have had prior consideration and were
+entitled to it by law. The matter culminated in a protest, which was
+doubtless submitted to Doctor Rizal on the eve of his departure from
+the Islands; the protest in a general way met with his approval, but
+the theatrical methods adopted in the presentation of it can hardly
+have been according to his advice.
+
+He sailed for Hongkong in February of 1888, and made a short stay in
+the British colony, becoming acquainted there with Jose Maria Basa, an
+exile of '72, who had constituted himself the especial guardian of the
+Filipino students in that city. The visitor was favorably impressed by
+the methods of education in the British colony and with the spirit of
+patriotism developed thereby. He also looked into the subject of the
+large investments in Hongkong property by the corporation landlords
+of the Philippines, their preparation for the day of trouble which
+they foresaw.
+
+Rizal was interested in the Chinese theater, comparing the plays with
+the somewhat similar productions which existed in the Philippines;
+there, however, they had been given a religious twist, which at
+first glance hid their debt to the Chinese drama. The Doctor notes
+meeting, at nearby Macao, an exile of '72, whose condition and patient,
+uncomplaining bearing of his many troubles aroused Rizal's sympathies
+and commanded his admiration.
+
+With little delay, the journey was continued to Japan, where Doctor
+Rizal was surprised by an invitation to make his home in the Spanish
+consulate. There he was hospitably entertained, and a like courtesy
+was shown him in the Spanish minister's home in Tokio. The latter
+even offered him a position, as a sort of interpreter, probably,
+should he care to remain in the country. This offer, however, was
+declined. Rizal made considerable investigation into the condition
+of the various Japanese classes and acquired such facility in the
+use of the language that with it and his appearance, for he was "very
+Japanese," the natives found it difficult to believe that he was not
+one of themselves. The month or more passed here he considered one of
+the happiest in his travels, and it was with regret that he sailed
+from Yokohama for San Francisco. A Japanese newspaper man, who knew
+no other language than his own, was a companion on the entire journey
+to London, and Rizal acted as his interpreter.
+
+Not only did he enter into the spirit of the language but with
+remarkable versatility he absorbed the spirit of the Japanese artists
+and acquired much dexterity in expressing himself in their style,
+as is shown by one of the illustrations in this book. The popular
+idea that things occidental are reversed in the Orient was amusingly
+caricatured in a sketch he made of a German face; by reversing its
+lines he converted it into an old-time Japanese countenance.
+
+The diary of the voyage from Hongkong to Japan records an incident to
+which he alludes as being similar to that of Aladdin in the Tagalog
+tale of Florante. The Filipino wife of an Englishman, Mrs. Jackson,
+who was a passenger on board, told Rizal a great deal about a
+Filipino named Rachal, who was educated in Europe and had written a
+much-talked-of novel, which she described and of which she spoke in
+such flattering terms that Rizal declared his identity. The confusion
+in names is explained by the fact that Rachal is a name well known
+in the Philippines as that of a popular make of piano.
+
+At San Francisco the boat was held for some time in quarantine because
+of sickness aboard, and Rizal was impressed by the fact that the
+valuable cargo of silk was not delayed but was quickly transferred to
+the shore. His diary is illustrated with a drawing of the Treasury
+flag on the customs launch which acted as go-between for their boat
+and the shore. Finally, the first-class passengers were allowed to
+land, and he went to the Palace Hotel.
+
+With little delay, the overland journey was begun; the scenery through
+the picturesque Rocky Mountains especially impressed him, and finally
+Chicago was reached. The thing that struck him most forcibly in that
+city was the large number of cigar stores with an Indian in front of
+each--and apparently no two Indians alike. The unexpressed idea was
+that in America the remembrance of the first inhabitants of the land
+and their dress was retained and popularized, while in the Philippines
+knowledge of the first inhabitants of the land was to be had only
+from foreign museums.
+
+Niagara Falls is the next impression recorded in the diary, which has
+been preserved and is now in the Newberry Library of Chicago. The
+same strange, awe-inspiring mystery which others have found in the
+big falls affected him, but characteristically he compared this
+world-wonder with the cascades of his native La Laguna, claiming for
+them greater delicacy and a daintier enchantment.
+
+From Albany, the train ran along the banks of the Hudson, and he was
+reminded of the Pasig in his homeland, with its much greater commerce
+and its constant activity.
+
+At New York, Rizal embarked on the City of Rome, then the finest
+steamer in the world, and after a pleasant voyage, in which his spare
+moments were occupied in rereading "Gulliver's Travels" in English,
+Rizal reached England, and said good-by to the friends whom he had
+met during their brief ocean trip together.
+
+Rizal's first letters home to his family speak of being in the free
+air of England and once more amidst European activity. For a short
+time he lived with Doctor Antonio Maria Regidor, an exile of '72,
+who had come to secure what Spanish legal Business he could in the
+British metropolis. Doctor Regidor was formerly an official in the
+Philippines, and later proved his innocence of any complicity in the
+troubles of '72.
+
+Doctor Rizal then boarded with a Mr. Beckett, organist of St. Paul's
+Church, at 37 Charlecote Crescent, in the favorite North West residence
+section. The zooelogical gardens were conveniently near and the British
+Museum was within easy walking distance. The new member was a favorite
+with all the family, which consisted of three daughters besides the
+father and mother.
+
+Rizal's youthful interest in sleight-of-hand tricks was still
+maintained. During his stay in the Philippines he had sometimes amused
+his friends in this way, till one day he was horrified to find that
+the simple country folk, who were also looking on, thought that he
+was working miracles. In London he resumed his favorite diversion, and
+a Christmas gift of Mrs. Beckett to him, "The Life and Adventures of
+Valentine Vox the Ventriloquist," indicated the interest his friends
+took in this amusement. One of his own purchases was "Modern Magic,"
+the frontispiece of which is the sphinx that figures in the story of
+"El Filibusterismo."
+
+It was Rizal's custom to study the deceptions practiced upon the
+peoples of other lands, comparing them with those of which his
+own countrymen had been victims. Thus he could get an idea of the
+relative credulity of different peoples and could also account
+for many practices the origin of which was otherwise less easy to
+understand. His investigations were both in books and by personal
+research. In quest of these experiences he one day chanced to visit
+a professional phrenologist; the bump-reader was a shrewd guesser,
+for he dwelt especially upon Rizal's aptitude for learning languages
+and advised him to take up the study of them.
+
+This interest in languages, shown in his childish ambition to be
+like Sir John Bowring, made Rizal a congenial companion of a still
+more distinguished linguist, Doctor Reinhold Rost, the librarian of
+the India Office. The Raffles Library in Singapore now owns Doctor
+Rost's library, and its collection of grammars in seventy languages
+attests the wide range of the studies of this Sanscrit scholar.
+
+Doctor Rost was born and educated in Germany, though naturalized
+as a British subject, and he was a man of great musical taste. His
+family sometimes formed an orchestra, at other times a glee club, and
+furnished all the necessary parts from its own members. Rizal was a
+frequent visitor, usually spending his Sundays in athletic exercises
+with the boys, for he quickly became proficient in the English sports
+of boxing and cricket. While resting he would converse with the father,
+or chat with the daughters of the home. All the children had literary
+tastes, and one, Daisy, presented him with a copy of a novel which
+she had just translated from the German, entitled "Ulli."
+
+Some idea of Doctor Rizal's own linguistic attainments may be gained
+from the fact that instead of writing letters to his nephews and nieces
+he made for them translations of some of Hans Christian Andersen's
+fairy tales. They consist of some forty manuscript pages, profusely
+illustrated, and the father is referred to in a "dedication,"
+as though it were a real book. The Hebrew Bible quotation is in
+allusion to a jocose remark once made by the father that German was
+like Hebrew to him, the verse being that in which the sons of Jacob,
+not recognizing that their brother was the seller, were bargaining
+for some of Pharaoh's surplus corn, "And he (Joseph) said, How is
+the old man, your father?" Rizal always tried to relieve by a touch
+of humor anything that seemed to him as savoring of affectation,
+the phase of Spanish character that repelled him and the imitation
+of which by his countrymen who knew nothing of the un-Spanish world
+disgusted him with them.
+
+Another example of his versatility in language and of its usefulness
+to him as well, is shown in a trilingual letter written by Rizal in
+Dapitan when the censorship of his correspondence had become annoying
+through ignorant exceptions to perfectly harmless matters. No Spaniard
+available spoke more than one language besides his own and it was
+necessary to send the letter to three different persons to find out
+its contents. The critics took the hint and Rizal received better
+treatment thereafter.
+
+Another one of Rizal's youthful aspirations was attained in London,
+for there he began transcribing the early Spanish history by Morga of
+which Sir John Bowring had told his uncle. A copy of this rare book
+was in the British Museum and he gained admission as a reader there
+through the recommendation of Doctor Rost. Only five hundred persons
+can be accommodated in the big reading room, and as students are
+coming from every continent for special researches, good reason has
+to be shown why these studies cannot be made at some other institution.
+
+Besides the copying of the text of Morga's history, Rizal read
+many other early writings on the Philippines, and the manifest
+unfairness of some of these who thought that they could glorify Spain
+only by disparaging the Filipinos aroused his wrath. Few Spanish
+writers held up the good name of those who were under their flag,
+and Rizal had to resort to foreign authorities to disprove their
+libels. Morga was almost alone among Spanish historians, but his
+assertions found corroboration in the contemporary chronicles of
+other nationalities. Rizal spent his evenings in the home of Doctor
+Regidor, and many a time the bitterness and impatience with which his
+day's work in the Museum had inspired him, would be forgotten as the
+older man counseled patience and urged that such prejudices were to be
+expected of a little educated nation. Then Rizal's brow would clear as
+he quoted his favorite proverb, "To understand all is to forgive all."
+
+Doctor Rost was editor of Truebner's Record, a journal devoted to the
+literature of the East, founded by the famous Oriental Bookseller and
+Publisher of London, Nicholas Truebner, and Doctor Rizal contributed
+to it in May, 1889, some specimens of Tagal folklore, an extract from
+which is appended, as it was then printed:
+
+
+Specimens of Tagal Folklore
+
+By Doctor J. Rizal
+
+
+Proverbial Sayings
+
+Malakas ang bulong sa sigaw, Low words are stronger than loud words.
+
+Ang laki sa layaw karaniwa 'y hubad, A petted child is generally naked
+(i.e. poor).
+
+Hampasng magulang ay nakataba, Parents' punishment makes one fat.
+
+Ibang hari ibang ugail, New king, new fashion.
+
+Nagpuputol ang kapus, ang labis ay nagdurugtong, What is short cuts
+off a piece from itself, what is long adds another on (the poor gets
+poorer, the rich richer).
+
+Ang nagsasabing tapus ay siyang kinakapus, He who finishes his words
+finds himself wanting.
+
+Nangangako habang napapako, Man promises while in need.
+
+Ang naglalakad ng marahan, matinik may mababaw, He who walks slowly,
+though he may put his foot on a thorn, will not be hurt very much
+(Tagals mostly go barefooted).
+
+Ang maniwala sa sabi 'y walang bait na sarili, He who believes in
+tales has no own mind.
+
+Ang may isinuksok sa dingding, ay may titingalain, He who has put
+something between the wall may afterwards look on (the saving man
+may afterwards be cheerful).--The wall of a Tagal house is made of
+palm-leaves and bamboo, so that it can be used as a cupboard.
+
+Walang mahirap gisingin na paris nang nagtutulogtulugan, The most
+difficult to rouse from sleep is the man who pretends to be asleep.
+
+Labis sa salita, kapus sa gawa, Too many words, too little work.
+
+Hipong tulog ay nadadala ng anod, The sleeping shrimp is carried away
+by the current.
+
+Sa bibig nahuhuli ang isda, The fish is caught through the mouth.
+
+
+Puzzles
+
+Isang butil na palay sikip sa buony bahay, One rice-corn fills up
+all the house.--The light. The rice-corn with the husk is yellowish.
+
+Matapang ako so dalawa, duag ako sa isa, I am brave against two,
+coward against one.--The bamboo bridge. When the bridge is made of
+one bamboo only, it is difficult to pass over; but when it is made
+of two or more, it is very easy.
+
+Dala ako niya, dala ko siya, He carries me, I carry him.--The shoes.
+
+Isang balong malalim puna ng patalim, A deep well filled with steel
+blades.--The mouth.
+
+The Filipino colony in Spain had established a fortnightly review,
+published first in Barcelona and later in Madrid, to enlighten
+Spaniards on their distant colony, and Rizal wrote for it from the
+start. Its name, La Solidaridad, perhaps may be translated Equal
+Rights, as it aimed at like laws and the same privileges for the
+Peninsula and the possessions overseas.
+
+From the Philippines came news of a contemptible attempt to reach
+Rizal through his family--one of many similar petty persecutions. His
+sister Lucia's husband had died and the corpse was refused interment
+in consecrated ground, upon the pretext that the dead man, who had been
+exceptionally liberal to the church and was of unimpeachable character,
+had been negligent in his religious duties. Another individual with
+a notorious record of longer absence from confession died about
+the same time, and his funeral took place from the church without
+demur. The ugly feature about the refusal to bury Hervosa was that the
+telegram from the friar parish-priest to the Archbishop at Manila in
+asking instructions, was careful to mention that the deceased was a
+brother-in-law of Rizal. Doctor Rizal wrote a scorching article for
+La Solidaridad under the caption "An Outrage," and took the matter
+up with the Spanish Colonial Minister, then Becerra, a professed
+Liberal. But that weakling statesman, more liberal in words than in
+actions, did nothing.
+
+That the union of Church and State can be as demoralizing to religion
+as it is disastrous to good government seems sufficiently established
+by Philippine incidents like this, in which politics was substituted
+for piety as the test of a good Catholic, making marriage impossible
+and denying decent burial to the families of those who differed
+politically with the ministers of the national religion.
+
+Of all his writings, the article in which Rizal speaks of this
+indignity to the dead comes nearest to exhibiting personal feeling and
+rancor. Yet his main point is to indicate generally what monstrous
+conditions the Philippine mixture of religion and politics made
+possible.
+
+The following are part of a series of nineteen verses published in
+La Solidaridad over Rizal's favorite pen name of Laong Laan:
+
+
+  To my Muse
+
+  (translation by Charles Derbyshire)
+
+  Invoked no longer is the Muse,
+  The lyre is out of date;
+  The poets it no longer use,
+  And youth its inspiration now imbues
+  With other form and state.
+
+  If today our fancies aught
+  Of verse would still require,
+  Helicon's hill remains unsought;
+  And without heed we but inquire,
+  Why the coffee is not brought.
+
+  In the place of thought sincere
+  That our hearts may feel,
+  We must seize a pen of steel,
+  And with verse and line severe
+  Fling abroad a jest and jeer.
+
+  Muse, that in the past inspired me,
+  And with songs of love hast fired me;
+  Go thou now to dull repose,
+  For today in sordid prose
+  I must earn the gold that hired me.
+
+  Now must I ponder deep,
+  Meditate, and struggle on;
+  E'en sometimes I must weep;
+  For he who love would keep
+  Great pain has undergone.
+
+  Fled are the days of ease,
+  The days of Love's delight;
+  When flowers still would please
+  And give to suffering souls surcease
+  From pain and sorrow's blight.
+
+  One by one they have passed on,
+  All I loved and moved among;
+  Dead or married--from me gone,
+  For all I place my heart upon
+  By fate adverse are stung.
+
+  Go thou, too, O Muse, depart,
+  Other regions fairer find;
+  For my land but offers art
+  For the laurel, chains that bind,
+  For a temple, prisons blind.
+
+  But before thou leavest me, speak:
+  Tell me with thy voice sublime,
+  Thou couldst ever from me seek
+  A song of sorrow for the weak,
+  Defiance to the tyrant's crime.
+
+
+Rizal's congenial situation in the British capital was disturbed
+by his discovering a growing interest in the youngest of the three
+girls whom he daily met. He felt that his career did not permit him
+to marry, nor was his youthful affection for his cousin in Manila an
+entirely forgotten sentiment. Besides, though he never lapsed into
+such disregard for his feminine friends as the low Spanish standard
+had made too common among the Filipino students in Madrid, Rizal was
+ever on his guard against himself. So he suggested to Doctor Regidor
+that he considered it would be better for him to leave London. His
+parting gift to the family with whom he had lived so happily was a
+clay medallion bearing in relief the profiles of the three sisters.
+
+Other regretful good-bys were said to a number of young Filipinos
+whom he had gathered around him and formed into a club for the study
+of the history of their country and the discussion of its politics.
+
+Rizal now went to Paris, where he was glad to be again with his friend
+Valentin Ventura, a wealthy Pampangan who had been trained for the
+law. His tastes and ideals were very much those of Rizal, and he had
+sound sense and a freedom from affectation which especially appealed
+to Rizal. There Rizal's reprint of Morga's rare history was made, at
+a greater cost but also in better form than his first novel. Copious
+notes gave references to other authorities and compared present
+with past conditions, and Doctor Blumentritt contributed a forceful
+introduction.
+
+When Rizal returned to London to correct the proofsheets, the old
+original book was in use and the copy could not be checked. This led to
+a number of errors, misspelled and changed words, and even omissions
+of sentences, which were afterwards discovered and carefully listed
+and filed away to be corrected in another edition.
+
+Possibly it has been made clear already that, while Rizal did not
+work for separation from Spain, he was no admirer of the Castilian
+character, nor of the Latin type, for that matter. He remarked on
+Blumentritt's comparison of the Spanish rulers in the Philippines
+with the Czars of Russia, that it is flattering to the Castilians
+but it is more than they merit, to put them in the same class as
+Russia. Apparently he had in mind the somewhat similar comparison in
+Burke's speech on the conciliation of America, in which he said that
+Russia was more advanced and less cruel than Spain and so not to be
+classed with it.
+
+During his stay in Paris, Rizal was a frequent visitor at the home
+of the two Doctors Pardo de Tavera, sons of the exile of '72 who
+had gone to France, the younger now a physician in South America,
+the elder a former Philippine Commissioner. The interest of the
+one in art, and of the other in philology, the ideas of progress
+through education shared by both, and many other common tastes and
+ideals, made the two young men fast friends of Rizal. Mrs. Tavera,
+the mother, was an interesting conversationalist, and Rizal profited
+by her reminiscences of Philippine official life, to the inner circle
+of which her husband's position had given her the entree.
+
+On Sundays Rizal fenced at Juan Luna's house with his distinguished
+artist-countryman, or, while the latter was engaged with Ventura,
+watched their play. It was on one of these afternoons that the Tagalog
+story of "The Monkey and the Tortoise"[2] was hastily sketched as a
+joke to fill the remaining pages of Mrs. Luna's autograph album, in
+which she had been insisting Rizal must write before all its space
+was used up. A comparison of the Tagalog version with a Japanese
+counterpart was published by Rizal in English, in Truebner's Magazine,
+suggesting that the two people may have had a common origin. This
+study received considerable attention from other ethnologists, and
+was among the topics at an ethnological conference.
+
+At times his antagonist was Miss Nellie Baustead, who had great
+skill with the foils. Her father, himself born in the Philippines,
+the son of a wealthy merchant of Singapore, had married a member of
+the Genato family of Manila. At their villa in Biarritz, and again
+in their home in Belgium, Rizal was a guest later, for Mr. Baustead
+had taken a great liking to him.
+
+The teaching instinct that led him to act as mentor to the Filipino
+students in Spain and made him the inspiration of a mutual improvement
+club of his young countrymen in London, suggested the foundation of
+a school in Paris. Later a Pampangan youth offered him $40,000 with
+which to found a Filipino college in Hongkong, where many young men
+from the Philippines had obtained an education better than their
+own land could afford but not entirely adapted to their needs. The
+scheme attracted Rizal, and a prospectus for such an institution
+which was later found among his papers not only proves how deeply
+he was interested, but reveals the fact that his ideas of education
+were essentially like those carried out in the present public-school
+course of instruction in the Philippines.
+
+Early in August of 1890 Rizal went to Madrid to seek redress for a
+wrong done his family by the notorious General Weyler, the "Butcher"
+of evil memory in Cuba, then Governor-General of the Philippines. Just
+as the mother's loss of liberty, years before, was caused by revengeful
+feelings on the part of an official because for one day she was obliged
+to omit a customary gift of horse feed, so the father's loss of land
+was caused by a revengeful official, and for quite as trivial a cause.
+
+Mr. Mercado was a great poultry fancier and especially prided himself
+upon his fine stock of turkeys. He had been accustomed to respond to
+the frequent requests of the estate agent for presents of birds. But
+at one time disease had so reduced the number of turkeys that all that
+remained were needed for breeding purposes and Mercado was obliged
+to refuse him. In a rage the agent insisted, and when that proved
+unavailing, threats followed.
+
+But Francisco Mercado was not a man to be moved by threats, and
+when the next rent day came round he was notified that his rent had
+been doubled. This was paid without protest, for the tenants were
+entirely at the mercy of the landlords, no fixed rate appearing
+either in contracts or receipts. Then the rent-raising was kept on
+till Mercado was driven to seek the protection of the courts. Part
+of his case led to exactly the same situation as that of the Binan
+tenantry in his grandfather's time, when the landlords were compelled
+to produce their title-deeds, and these proved that land of others
+had been illegally included in the estate. Other tenants, emboldened
+by Mercado's example also refused to pay the exorbitant rent increases.
+
+The justice of the peace of Kalamba, before whom the case first came,
+was threatened by the provincial governor for taking time to hear the
+testimony, and the case was turned over to the auxiliary justice, who
+promptly decided in the manner desired by the authorities. Mercado at
+once took an appeal, but the venal Weyler moved a force of artillery
+to Kalamba and quartered it upon the town as if rebellion openly
+existed there. Then the court representatives evicted the people
+from their homes and directed them to remove all their buildings
+from the estate lands within twenty-four hours. In answer to the
+plea that they had appealed to the Supreme Court the tenants were
+told their houses could be brought back again if they won their
+appeal. Of course this was impossible and some 150,000 pesos' worth
+of property was consequently destroyed by the court agents, who were
+worthy estate employees. Twenty or more families were made homeless
+and the other tenants were forbidden to shelter them under pain of
+their own eviction. This is the proceeding in which Retana suggests
+that the governor-general and the landlords were legally within their
+rights. If so, Spanish law was a disgrace to the nation. Fortunately
+the Rizal-Mercado family had another piece of property at Los Banos,
+and there they made their home.
+
+Weyler's motives in this matter do not have to be surmised, for
+among the (formerly) secret records of the government there exists
+a letter which he wrote when he first denied the petition of the
+Kalamba residents. It is marked "confidential" and is addressed to the
+landlords, expressing the pleasure which this action gave him. Then
+the official adds that it cannot have escaped their notice that the
+times demand diplomacy in handling the situation but that, should
+occasion arise, he will act with energy. Just as Weyler had favored
+the landlords at first so he kept on and when he had a chance to do
+something for them he did it.
+
+Finally, when Weyler left the Islands an investigation was ordered into
+his administration, owing to rumors of extensive and systematic frauds
+on the government, but nothing more came of the case than that Retana,
+later Rizal's biographer, wrote a book in the General's defense,
+"extensively documented," and also abusively anti-Filipino. It has been
+urged (not by Retana, however) that the Weyler regime was unusually
+efficient, because he would allow no one but himself to make profits
+out of the public, and therefore, while his gains were greater than
+those of his predecessors, the Islands really received more attention
+from him.
+
+During the Kalamba discussion in Spain, Retana, until 1899 always
+scurrilously anti-Filipino, made the mistake of his life, for he
+charged Rizal's family with not paying their rent, which was not
+true. While Rizal believed that duelling was murder, to judge from a
+pair of pictures preserved in his album, he evidently considered that
+homicide of one like Retana was justifiable. After the Spanish custom,
+his seconds immediately called upon the author of the libel. Retana
+notes in his "Vida del Dr. Rizal" that the incident closed in a way
+honorable to both Rizal and himself--he, Retana, published an explicit
+retraction and abject apology in the Madrid papers. Another time,
+in Madrid, Rizal risked a duel when he challenged Antonio Luna,
+later the General, because of a slighting allusion to a lady at a
+public banquet. He had a nicer sense of honor in such matters than
+prevailed in Madrid, and Luna promptly saw the matter from Rizal's
+point of view and withdrew the offensive remark. This second incident
+complements the first, for it shows that Rizal was as willing to risk a
+duel with his superior in arms as with one not so skilled as he. Rizal
+was an exceptional pistol shot and a fair swordsman, while Retana was
+inferior with either sword or pistol, but Luna, who would have had the
+choice of weapons, was immeasurably Rizal's superior with the sword.
+
+Owing to a schism a rival arose against the old Masonry and finally
+the original organization succumbed to the offshoot. Doctor Miguel
+Morayta, Professor of History in the Central University at Madrid, was
+the head of the new institution and it had grown to be very popular
+among students. Doctor Morayta was friendly to the Filipinos and a
+lodge of the same name as their paper was organized among them. For
+their outside work they had a society named the Hispano-Filipino
+Association, of which Morayta was president, with convenient clubrooms
+and a membership practically the same as the Lodge La Solidaridad.
+
+Just before Christmas of 1890, this Hispano-Filipino Association
+gave a largely attended banquet at which there were many prominent
+speakers. Rizal stayed away, not because of growing pessimism,
+as Retana suggests, but because one of the speakers was the same
+Becerra who had feared to act when the outrage against the body of
+Rizal's brother-in-law had been reported to him. Now out of office,
+the ex-minister was again bold in words, but Rizal for one was not
+again to be deceived by them.
+
+The propaganda carried on by his countrymen in the Peninsula did not
+seem to Rizal effective, and he found his suggestions were not well
+received by those at its head. The story of Rizal's separation from
+La Solidaridad, however, is really not material, but the following
+quotation from a letter written to Carlos Oliver, speaking of the
+opposition of the Madrid committee of Filipinos to himself, is
+interesting as showing Rizal's attitude of mind:
+
+"I regret exceedingly that they war against me, attempting to discredit
+me in the Philippines, but I shall be content provided only that my
+successor keeps on with the work. I ask only of those who say that
+I created discord among the Filipinos: Was there any effective union
+before I entered political life? Was there any chief whose authority
+I wanted to oppose? It is a pity that in our slavery we should have
+rivalries over leadership."
+
+And in Rizal's letter from Hongkong, May 24, 1892, to Zulueta,
+commenting on an article by Leyte in La Solidaridad, he says:
+
+"Again I repeat, I do not understand the reason of the attack, since
+now I have dedicated myself to preparing for our countrymen a safe
+refuge in case of persecution and to writing some books, championing
+our cause, which shortly will appear. Besides, the article is impolitic
+in the extreme and prejudicial to the Philippines. Why say that the
+first thing we need is to have money? A wiser man would be silent
+and not wash soiled linen in public."
+
+Early in '91 Rizal went to Paris, visiting Mr. Baustead's villa in
+Biarritz en route, and he was again a guest of his hospitable friend
+when, after the winter season was over, the family returned to their
+home in Brussels.
+
+During most of the year Rizal's residence was in Ghent, where he had
+gathered around him a number of Filipinos. Doctor Blumentritt suggested
+that he should devote himself to the study of Malay-Polynesian
+languages, and as it appeared that thus he could earn a living in
+Holland he thought to make his permanent home there. But his parents
+were old and reluctant to leave their native land to pass their last
+years in a strange country, and that plan failed.
+
+He now occupied himself in finishing the sequel to "Noli Me Tangere,"
+the novel "El Filibusterismo," which he had begun in October of 1887
+while on his visit to the Philippines. The bolder painting of the
+evil effects of the Spanish culture upon the Filipinos may well have
+been inspired by his unfortunate experiences with his countrymen in
+Madrid who had not seen anything of Europe outside of Spain. On the
+other hand, the confidence of the author in those of his countrymen
+who had not been contaminated by the so-called Spanish civilization,
+is even more noticeable than in "Noli Me Tangere."
+
+Rizal had now done all that he could for his country; he had shown
+them by Morga what they were when Spain found them; through "Noli Me
+Tangere" he had painted their condition after three hundred years of
+Spanish influence; and in "El Filibusterismo" he had pictured what
+their future must be if better counsels did not prevail in the colony.
+
+These works were for the instruction of his countrymen, the fulfilment
+of the task he set for himself when he first read Doctor Jagor's
+criticism fifteen years before; time only was now needed for them to
+accomplish their work and for education to bring forth its fruits.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+Despujol's Duplicity
+
+As soon as he had set in motion what influence he possessed in Europe
+for the relief of his relatives, Rizal hurried to Hongkong and from
+there wrote to his parents asking their permission to join them. Some
+time before, his brother-in-law, Manuel Hidalgo, had been deported
+upon the recommendation of the governor of La Laguna, "to prove to
+the Filipinos that they were mistaken in thinking that the new Civil
+Code gave them any rights" in cases where the governor-general agreed
+with his subordinate's reason for asking for the deportation as well
+as in its desirability. The offense was having buried a child, who
+had died of cholera, without church ceremonies. The law prescribed
+and public health demanded it. But the law was a dead letter and the
+public health was never considered when these cut into church revenues,
+as Hidalgo ought to have known.
+
+Upon Rizal's arrival in Hongkong, in the fall of 1891, he received
+notice that his brother Paciano had been returned from exile in
+Mindoro, but that three of his sisters had been summoned, with the
+probability of deportation.
+
+A trap to get Rizal into the hands of the government by playing
+upon his affection for his mother was planned at this time, but it
+failed. Mrs. Rizal and one of her daughters were arrested in Manila
+for "falsification of cedula" because they no longer used the name
+Realonda, which the mother had dropped fifteen years before. Then,
+though there were frequently boats running to Kalamba, the two women
+were ordered to be taken there for trial on foot. As when Mrs. Rizal
+had been a prisoner before, the humane guards disobeyed their orders
+and the elderly lady was carried in a hammock. The family understood
+the plans of their persecutors, and Rizal was told by his parents
+not to come to Manila. Then the persecution of the mother and the
+sister dropped.
+
+In Hongkong, Rizal was already acquainted with most of the Filipino
+colony, including Jose M. Basa, a '72 exile of great energy, for whom
+he had the greatest respect. The old man was an unceasing enemy of all
+the religious orders and was constantly getting out "proclamations,"
+as the handbills common in the old-time controversies were called. One
+of these, against the Jesuits, figures in the case against Rizal
+and bears some minor corrections in his handwriting. Nevertheless,
+his participation in it was probably no more than this proofreading
+for his friend, whose motives he could appreciate, but whose plan of
+action was not in harmony with his own ideas.
+
+Letters of introduction from London friends secured for Rizal the
+acquaintance of Mr. H. L. Dalrymple, a justice of the peace--which is
+a position more coveted and honored in English lands than here--and
+a member of the public library committee, as well as of the board
+of medical examiners. He was a merchant, too, and agent for the
+British North Borneo Company, which had recently secured a charter
+as a semi-independent colony for the extensive cession which had
+originally been made to the American Trading Company and later
+transferred to them.
+
+Rizal spent much of his time in the library, reading especially the
+files of the older newspapers, which contained frequent mention of
+the Philippines. As an oldtime missionary had left his books to the
+library, the collection was rich in writings of the fathers of the
+early Church, as well as in philology and travel. He spent much time
+also in long conversations with Editor Frazier-Smith of the Hongkong
+Telegraph, the most enterprising of the daily newspapers. He was
+the master of St. John's Masonic lodge (Scotch constitution), which
+Rizal had visited upon his first arrival, intensely democratic and
+a close student of world politics. The two became fast friends and
+Rizal contributed to the Telegraph several articles on Philippine
+matters. These were printed in Spanish, ostensibly for the benefit of
+the Filipino colony in Hongkong, but large numbers of the paper were
+mailed to the Philippines and thus at first escaped the vigilance
+of the censors. Finally the scheme was discovered and the Telegraph
+placed on the prohibited list, but, like most Spanish actions, this
+was just too late to prevent the circulation of what Rizal had wished
+to say to his countrymen.
+
+With the first of the year 1892 the free portion of Rizal's family came
+to Hongkong. He had been licensed to practice medicine in the colony,
+and opened an office, specializing as an oculist with notable success.
+
+Another congenial companion was a man of his own profession, Doctor
+L. P. Marquez, a Portuguese who had received his medical education in
+Dublin and was a naturalized British subject. He was a leading member
+of the Portuguese club, Lusitania, which was of radically republican
+proclivities and possessed an excellent library of books on modern
+political conditions. An inspection of the colonial prison with him
+inspired Rizal's article, "A Visit to Victoria Gaol," through which
+runs a pathetic contrast of the English system of imprisonment for
+reformation with the Spanish vindictive methods of punishment. A
+souvenir of one of their many conferences was a dainty modeling in
+clay made by Rizal with that astonishing quickness that resulted from
+his Uncle Gabriel's training during his early childhood.
+
+In the spring, Rizal took a voyage to British North Borneo and with
+Mr. Pryor, the agent, looked over vacant lands which had been offered
+him by the Company for a Filipino colony. The officials were anxious
+to grow abaca, cacao, sugar cane and coconuts, all products of the
+Philippines, the soil of which resembled theirs. So they welcomed the
+prospect of the immigration of laborers skilled in such cultivation,
+the Kalambans and other persecuted people of the Luzon lake region,
+whom Doctor Rizal hoped to transplant there to a freer home.
+
+A different kind of governor-general had succeeded Weyler in the
+Philippines; the new man was Despujol, a friend of the Jesuits
+and a man who at once gave the Filipinos hope of better days,
+for his promises were quickly backed up by the beginnings of their
+performance. Rizal witnessed this novel experience for his country
+with gratification, though he had seen too many disappointments to
+confide in the continuance of reform, and he remembered that the like
+liberal term of De la Torre had ended in the Cavite reaction.
+
+He wrote early to the new chief executive, applauding Despujol's policy
+and offering such cooeperation as he might be able to give toward
+making it a complete success. No reply had been received, but after
+Rizal's return from his Borneo trip the Spanish consul in Hongkong
+assured him that he would not be molested should he go to Manila.
+
+Rizal therefore made up his mind to visit his home once more. He
+still cherished the plan of transferring those of his relatives
+and friends who were homeless through the land troubles, or
+discontented with their future in the Philippines, to the district
+offered to him by the British North Borneo Company. There, under the
+protection of the British flag, but in their accustomed climate, with
+familiar surroundings amid their own people, a New Kalamba would be
+established. Filipinos would there have a chance to prove to the world
+what they were capable of, and their free condition would inevitably
+react on the neighboring Philippines and help to bring about better
+government there.
+
+Rizal had no intention of renouncing his Philippine allegiance, for
+he always regretted the naturalization of his countrymen abroad,
+considering it a loss to the country which needed numbers to play
+the influential part he hoped it would play in awakening Asia. All
+his arguments were for British justice and "Equality before the Law,"
+for he considered that political power was only a means of securing
+and assuring fair treatment for all, and in itself of no interest.
+
+With such ideas he sailed for home, bearing the Spanish consul's
+passport. He left two letters in Hongkong with his friend Doctor
+Marquez marked, "To be opened after my death," and their contents
+indicate that he was not unmindful of how little regard Spain had
+had in his country for her plighted honor.
+
+One was to his beloved parents, brother and sisters, and friends:
+
+"The affection that I have ever professed for you suggests this
+step, and time alone can tell whether or not it is sensible. Their
+outcome decides things by results, but whether that be favorable or
+unfavorable, it may always be said that duty urged me, so if I die
+in doing it, it will not matter.
+
+"I realize how much suffering I have caused you, still I do not
+regret what I have done. Rather, if I had to begin over again, still
+I should do just the same, for it has been only duty. Gladly do I go
+to expose myself to peril, not as any expiation of misdeeds (for in
+this matter I believe myself guiltless of any), but to complete my
+work and myself offer the example of which I have always preached.
+
+"A man ought to die for duty and his principles. I hold fast to
+every idea which I have advanced as to the condition and future of
+our country, and shall willingly die for it, and even more willingly
+to procure for you justice and peace.
+
+"With pleasure, then, I risk life to save so many innocent persons--so
+many nieces and nephews, so many children of friends, and children,
+too, of others who are not even friends--who are suffering on my
+account. What am I? A single man, practically without family, and
+sufficiently undeceived as to life. I have had many disappointments
+and the future before me is gloomy, and will be gloomy if light does
+not illuminate it, the dawn of a better day for my native land. On the
+other hand, there are many individuals, filled with hope and ambition,
+who perhaps all might be happy were I dead, and then I hope my enemies
+would be satisfied and stop persecuting so many entirely innocent
+people. To a certain extent their hatred is justifiable as to myself,
+and my parents and relatives.
+
+"Should fate go against me, you will all understand that I shall die
+happy in the thought that my death will end all your troubles. Return
+to our country and may you be happy in it.
+
+"Till the last moment of my life I shall be thinking of you and
+wishing you all good fortune and happiness."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The other letter was directed "To the Filipinos," and said:
+
+"The step which I am taking, or rather am about to take, is undoubtedly
+risky, and it is unnecessary to say that I have considered it some
+time. I understand that almost every one is opposed to it; but I know
+also that hardly anybody else comprehends what is in my heart. I cannot
+live on seeing so many suffer unjust persecutions on my account; I
+cannot bear longer the sight of my sisters and their numerous families
+treated like criminals. I prefer death and cheerfully shall relinquish
+life to free so many innocent persons from such unjust persecution.
+
+"I appreciate that at present the future of our country gravitates
+in some degree around me, that at my death many will feel triumphant,
+and, in consequence, many are wishing for my fall. But what of it? I
+hold duties of conscience above all else, I have obligations to the
+families who suffer, to my aged parents whose sighs strike me to the
+heart; I know that I alone, only with my death, can make them happy,
+returning them to their native land and to a peaceful life at home. I
+am all my parents have, but our country has many, many more sons who
+can take my place and even do my work better.
+
+"Besides I wish to show those who deny us patriotism that we know
+how to die for duty and principles. What matters death, if one dies
+for what one loves, for native land and beings held dear?
+
+"If I thought that I were the only resource for the policy of progress
+in the Philippines and were I convinced that my countrymen were
+going to make use of my services, perhaps I should hesitate about
+taking this step; but there are still others who can take my place,
+who, too, can take my place with advantage. Furthermore, there are
+perchance those who hold me unneeded and my services are not utilized,
+resulting that I am reduced to inactivity.
+
+"Always have I loved our unhappy land, and I am sure that I shall
+continue loving it till my latest moment, in case men prove unjust
+to me. My career, my life, my happiness, all have I sacrificed for
+love of it. Whatever my fate, I shall die blessing it and longing
+for the dawn of its redemption."
+
+And then followed the note; "Make these letters public after my death."
+
+Suspicion of the Spanish authorities was justified. The consul's
+cablegram notifying Governor-General Despujol. that Rizal had fallen
+into their trap, sent the day of issuing the "safe-conduct" or special
+passport, bears the same date as the secret case filed against him
+in Manila, "for anti religious and anti patriotic agitation." On
+that same day the deceitful Despujol was confidentially inquiring
+of his executive secretary whether it was true that Rizal had been
+naturalized as a German subject, and, if so, what effect would that
+have on the governor-general's right to take executive action; that
+is, could he deport one who had the protection of a strong nation with
+the same disregard for the forms of justice that he could a Filipino?
+
+This inquiry is joined to an order to the local authorities in the
+provinces near Manila instructing them to watch the comings and goings
+of their prominent people during the following weeks. The scheme
+resembled that which was concocted prior to '72, but Governor-General
+de la Torte was honest in his reforms. Despujol may, or may not,
+have been honest in other matters, but as concerns Rizal there is
+no lack of proof of his perfidy. The confidential file relating to
+this part of the case was forgotten in destroying and removing secret
+papers when Manila passed into a democratic conqueror's hands, and
+now whoever wishes may read, in the Bureau of Archives, documents
+which the Conde de Caspe, to use a noble title for an ignoble man,
+considered safely hidden. As with Weyler's contidential letter to the
+friar landlords, these discoveries convict their writers of bad faith,
+with no possibility of mistake.
+
+This point in the reformed Spanish writer's biography of Rizal is
+made occasion for another of his treacherous attacks upon the good
+name of his pretended hero. Just as in the land troubles Retana held
+that legally Governor-General Weyler was justified in disregarding
+an appeal pending in the courts, so in this connection he declares:
+"(Despujol) unquestionably had been deceived by Rizal when, from
+Hongkong, he offered to Despujol not to meddle in politics." That
+Rizal meddled in politics rests solely upon Despujol's word, and
+it will be seen later how little that is worth; but, politics or no
+politics, Rizal's fate was settled before he ever came to Manila.
+
+Rizal was accompanied to Manila by his sister Lucia, widow of that
+brother-in-law who had been denied Christian burial because of his
+relationship to Rizal. In the Basa home, among other waste papers,
+and for that use, she had gathered up five copies of a recent
+"proclamation," entitled "Pobres Frailes" (Poor Friars), a small
+sheet possibly two inches wide and five long. These, crumpled up,
+were tucked into the case of the pillow which Mrs. Hervosa used on
+board. Later, rolled up in her blankets and bed mat, or petate, they
+went to the custom house along with the other baggage, and of course
+were discovered in the rigorous examination which the officers always
+made. How strict Philippine customs searches were, Henry Norman, an
+English writer of travels, explains by remarking that Manila was the
+only port where he had ever had his pockets picked officially. His
+visit was made at about the time of which we are writing, and the
+object, he says, was to keep out anti friar publications.
+
+Rizal and his sister landed without difficulty, and he at once went to
+the Oriente Hotel, then the best in town, for Rizal always traveled
+and lived as became a member of a well-to-do family. Next he waited
+on the Governor-General, with whom he had a very brief interview,
+for it happened to be on one of the numerous religious festivals,
+during which he obtained favorable consideration for his deported
+sisters. Several more interviews occurred in which the hopes first
+given were realized, so that those of the family then awaiting exile
+were pardoned and those already deported were to be returned at an
+early date.
+
+One night Rizal was the guest of honor at a dinner given by the masters
+and wardens of the Masonic lodges of Manila, and he was surprised and
+delighted at the progress the institution had made in the Islands. Then
+he had another task not so agreeable, for, while awaiting a delayed
+appointment with the Governor-General, he with two others ran up on
+the new railway to Tarlac. Ostensibly this was to see the country,
+but it was not for a pleasure trip. They were investigating the sales
+of Rizal's books and trying to find out what had become of the money
+received from them, for while the author's desire had been to place
+them at so low a price as to be within the reach of even the poor, it
+was reported that the sales had been few and at high prices, so that
+copies were only read by the wealthy whose desire to obtain the rare
+and much-discussed novels led them to pay exorbitant figures for them.
+
+Rizal's party, consisting of the Secretary of one of the lodges of
+Manila, and another Mason, a prominent school-teacher, were under
+constant surveillance and a minute record of their every act is
+preserved in the "reserved" files, now, of course, so only in name,
+as they are no longer secret. Immediately after they left a house it
+would be thoroughly searched and the occupants strictly questioned. In
+spite of the precautions of the officials, Rizal soon learned of this,
+and those whom they visited were warned of what to expect. In one home
+so many forbidden papers were on hand that Rizal delayed his journey
+till the family completed their task of carrying them upstairs and
+hiding them in the roof.
+
+At another place he came across an instance of superstition such as
+that which had caused him to cease his sleight-of-hand exhibitions
+on his former return to the Islands. Their host was a man of little
+education but great hospitality, and the party were most pleasantly
+entertained. During the conversation he spoke of Rizal, but did not
+seem to know that his hero had come back to the Philippines. His
+remarks drifted into the wildest superstition, and, after asserting
+that Rizal bore a charmed life, he startled his audience by saying
+that if the author of "Noli Me Tangere" cared to do so, he could be
+with them at that very instant. At first the three thought themselves
+discovered by their host, but when Rizal made himself known, the
+old man proved that he had had no suspicion of his guest's identity,
+for he promptly became busy preparing his home for the search which
+he realized would shortly follow. On another occasion their host
+was a stranger whom Rizal treated for a temporary illness, leaving
+a prescription to be filled at the drug store. The name signed to
+the paper was a revelation, but the first result was activity in
+cleaning house.
+
+No fact is more significant of the utter rottenness of the Spanish
+rule than the unanimity of the people in their discontent. Only a
+few persons at first were in open opposition, but books, pamphlets
+and circulars were eagerly sought, read and preserved, with the
+knowledge generally, of the whole family, despite the danger of
+possessing them. At times, as in the case of Rizal's novels, an entire
+neighborhood was in the secret; the book was buried in a garden and
+dug up to be read from at a gathering of the older men, for which a
+dance gave pretext. Informers were so rare that the possibility of
+treachery among themselves was hardly reckoned in the risk.
+
+The authorities were constantly searching dwellings, often entire
+neighborhoods, and with a thoroughness which entirely disregarded
+the possibility of damaging an innocent person's property. These
+"domiciliary registrations" were, of course, supposed to be unexpected,
+but in the later Spanish days the intended victims usually had
+warning from some employee in the office where it was planned, or
+from some domestic of the official in charge; very often, however, the
+warning was so short as to give only time for a hasty destruction of
+incriminating documents and did not permit of their being transferred
+to other hiding places. Thus large losses were incurred, and to these
+must be added damages from dampness when a hole in the ground, the
+inside of a post, or cementing up in the wall furnished the means of
+concealment. Fires, too, were frequent, and such events attracted so
+much attention that it was scarcely safe to attempt to save anything
+of an incriminating nature.
+
+Six years of war conditions did their part toward destroying what
+little had escaped, and from these explanations the reader may
+understand how it comes that the tangled story of Spain's last half
+century here presents an historical problem more puzzling than that
+of much more remote times in more favored lands.
+
+It seems almost providential that the published statement of
+the Governor-General can be checked not only by an account which
+Rizal secretly sent to friends, but also by the candid memoranda
+contained in the untruthful executive's own secret folios. While
+some unessential details of Rizal's career are in doubt, not a point
+vital to establishing his good name lacks proof that his character
+was exemplary and that he is worthy of the hero-worship which has
+come to him.
+
+After Rizal's return to Manila from his railway trip he had the
+promised interview with the Governor-General. At their previous
+meetings the discussions had been quite informal. Rizal, in
+complimenting the General upon his inauguration of reforms, mentioned
+that the Philippine system of having no restraint whatever upon
+the chief executive had at least the advantage that a well-disposed
+governor-general would find no red-tape hindrances to his plans for
+the public benefit. But Despujol professed to believe that the best
+of men make mistakes and that a wise government would establish
+safeguards against this human fallibility.
+
+The final, and fatal, interview began with the Governor-General asking
+Rizal if he still persisted in his plan for a Filipino colony in
+British North Borneo; Despujol had before remarked that with so much
+Philippine land lying idle for want of cultivation it did not seem to
+him patriotic to take labor needed at home away for the development
+of a foreign land. Rizal's former reply had dealt with the difficulty
+the government was in respecting the land troubles, since the tenants
+who had taken the old renters' places now also must be considered,
+and he pointed out that there was, besides, a bitterness between the
+parties which could not easily be forgotten by either side. So this
+time he merely remarked that he had found no reason for changing his
+original views.
+
+Hereupon the General took from his desk the five little sheets of
+the "Poor Friars" handbill, which he said had been found in the roll
+of bedding sent with Rizal's baggage to the custom house, and asked
+whose they could be. Rizal answered that of course the General knew
+that the bedding belonged to his sister Lucia, but she was no fool
+and would not have secreted in a place where they were certain to be
+found five little papers which, hidden within her camisa or placed
+in her stocking, would have been absolutely sure to come in unnoticed.
+
+Rizal, neither then nor later, knew the real truth, which was that
+these papers were gathered up at random and without any knowledge of
+their contents. If it was a crime to have lived in a house where such
+seditious printed matter was common, then Rizal, who had openly visited
+Basa's home, was guilty before ever the handbills were found. But no
+reasonable person would believe another rational being could be so
+careless of consequences as to bring in openly such dangerous material.
+
+The very title was in sarcastic allusion to the inconsistency of a
+religious order being an immensely wealthy organization, while its
+individual members were vowed to poverty. News, published everywhere
+except in the Philippines, of losses sustained in outside commercial
+enterprises running into the millions, was made the text for showing
+how money, professedly raised in the Philippines for charities,
+was not so used and was invested abroad in fear of that day of
+reckoning when tyranny would be overthrown in anarchy and property
+would be insecure. The belief of the pious Filipinos, fostered
+by their religious exploiters, that the Pope would suffer great
+hardship if their share of "Peter's pence" was not prompt and full,
+was contrasted with another newspaper story of a rich dowry given
+to a favorite niece by a former Pope, but that in no way taught the
+truth that the Head of the Church was not put to bodily discomfort
+whenever a poor Filipino failed to come forward with his penny.
+
+Despujol managed to work himself into something like a passion over
+this alleged disrespect to the Pope, and ordered Rizal to be taken
+as a prisoner to Fort Santiago by the nephew who acted as his aide.
+
+Like most facts, this version runs a middle course between the extreme
+stories which have been current. Like circulars may have been printed
+at the "Asilo de Malabon," as has been asserted; these certainly came
+from Hongkong and were not introduced by any archbishop's nephew on
+duty at the custom house, as another tale suggests. On the other hand,
+the circular was the merest pretext, and Despujol did not act in good
+faith, as many claim that he did.
+
+It may be of interest to reprint the handbill from a facsimile of an
+original copy:
+
+
+Pobres Frailes!
+
+Acaba de suspender sus pages un Banco, acaba de quebrarse el New
+Oriental.
+
+Grandes pedidas en la India, en la isla Mauricio al sur de Africa,
+ciclones y tempestades acabaron con su podeiro, tragnadose mas de
+36,000,000 de pesos. Estos treinta y seis millones representaban las
+esperanzas, las economias, el bienestar y el porvenir de numerosos
+individuos y familias.
+
+Entre los que mas han sufrido podemos contar a la Rvda. Corporacion
+de los P. P. Dominicos, que pierden en esta quiebra muchos cientos
+de miles. No se sabe la cuenta exacta porque tanto dinero se les
+envia de aqui y tantos depositos hacen, que se necesitarlan muchos
+contadores para calcular el immense caudal de que disponen.
+
+Pero, no se aflijan los amigos ni triunfen los enemigos de los santos
+monjes que profesan vote de pobreza.
+
+A unos y otros les diremos que pueden estar tranquilos. La Corporacion
+tiene aun muchos millones depositados en los Bancos de Hongkong, y
+aunque todos quebrasen, y aunque se derrumbasen sus miles de casas de
+alquiler, siempre quedarian sus curates y haciendas, les quedarian los
+filipinos dispuestos siempre a ayunar para darles una limosna. ?Que son
+cuatrocientos o quinientos mil? Que se tomen la molestia de recorrer
+los pueblos y pedir limosna y se resarciran de esa perdida. Hace un
+ano que, por la mala administracion de los cardenales, el Papa perdio
+14,000,000 del dinero de San Pedro; el Papa, para cubrir el deficit,
+acude a nosotros y nosotros recogemos de nuestros tampipis el ultimo
+real, porque sabemos que el Papa tiene muchas atenciones; hace cosa
+de cinco anos caso a una sobrina suya dotandola de un palacio y
+300,000 francos ademas. Haced un esfuerzo pues, generosos filipinos,
+y socorred a los dominicos igualmente!
+
+Ademas, esos centanares de miles perdidos no son de ellos, segun dicen:
+?como los iban a tener si tienen voto de pobreza? Hay que creerlos
+pues cuando, para cubrirse, dicen que son de los huerfanos y de las
+viudas. Muy seguramente pertencerian algunos a las viudas y a los
+huerfanos de Kalamba, y quien sabe si a los desterrados maridos! y
+los manejan los virtuosos frailes solo a titulo de depositarios para
+devolverlos despues religiosamente con todos sus intereses cuando
+llegue el dia de rendir cuentas! Quien sabe? Quien mejor que ellos
+podia encargarse de recoger los pocos haberes mientras las casas
+ardian, huian las viudas y los huerfanos sin encontrar hospitalidad,
+pues se habia prohibido darles albergue, mientras los hombres estaban
+presos o perseguidos? ?Quien mejor que los dominicos para tener tanto
+valor, tanta audacia y tanta humanidad?
+
+Pero, ahora el diablo se ha llevado el dinero de los huerfanos y de
+las viudas, y es de temer que se lleve tambien el resto, pues cuando el
+diablo la empieza la ha de acabar. Tendria ese dinero mala procedencia?
+
+Si asl sucediese, nosotros los recomendariamos a los dominicos que
+dijesen con Job: Desnudo sali del vientre de mi madre (Espana),
+y desnudo volvere alla; lo dio el diablo, el diablo se lo llevo;
+bendito sea el nombre del Senor!
+
+Fr. Jacinto.
+
+Manila: Imprenta de los Amigos del Pais.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+The Deportation to Dapitan
+
+As soon as Rizal was lodged in his prison, a room in Fort Santiago, the
+Governor-General began the composition of one of the most extraordinary
+official documents ever issued in this land where the strangest
+governmental acts have abounded. It is apology, argument, and attack
+all in one and was published in the Official Gazette, where it occupied
+most of an entire issue. The effect of the righteous anger it displays
+suffers somewhat when one knows how all was planned from the day Rizal
+was decoyed from Hongkong under the faithless safe-conduct. Another
+enlightening feature is the copy of a later letter, preserved in that
+invaluable secret file, wherein Despujol writes Rizal's custodian, as
+jailer, to allow the exile in no circumstances to see this number of
+the Gazette or to know its contents, and suggests several evasions to
+assist the subordinate's power of invention. It is certainly a strange
+indignation which fears that its object shall learn the reason for
+wrath, nor is it a creditable spectacle when one beholds the chief
+of a government giving private lessons in lying.
+
+A copy of the Gazette was sent to the Spanish Consul in Hongkong, also
+a cablegram directing him to give it publicity that "Spain's good name
+might not suffer" in that colony. By his blunder, not knowing that
+the Lusitania Club was really a Portuguese Masonic lodge and full of
+Rizal's friends, a copy was sent there and a strong reply was called
+forth. The friendly editor of the Hongkong Telegraph devoted columns to
+the outrage by which a man whose acquaintance in the scientific world
+reflected honor upon his nation, was decoyed to what was intended
+to be his death, exiled to "an unhealthful, savage spot," through
+"a plot of which the very Borgias would have been ashamed."
+
+The British Consul in Manila, too, mentioned unofficially to
+Governor-General Despujol that it seemed a strange way of showing
+Spain's often professed friendship for Great Britain thus to disregard
+the annoyance to the British colony of North Borneo caused by making
+impossible an entirely unexceptionable plan. Likewise, in much the
+same respectfully remonstrant tone which the Great Powers are wont
+to use in recalling to semi-savage states their obligations to
+civilization, he pointed out how Spain's prestige as an advanced
+nation would suffer when the educated world, in which Rizal was
+Spain's best-known representative, learned that the man whom they
+honored had been trapped out of his security under the British flag
+and sent into exile without the slightest form of trial.
+
+Almost the last act of Rizal while at liberty was the establishment
+of the "Liga Filipina," a league or association seeking to unite all
+Filipinos of good character for concerted action toward the economic
+advancement of their country, for a higher standard of manhood, and
+to assure opportunities for education and development to talented
+Filipino youth. Resistance to oppression by lawful means was also
+urged, for Rizal believed that no one could fairly complain of bad
+government until he had exhausted and found unavailing all the legal
+resources provided for his protection. This was another expression
+of his constant teaching that slaves, those who toadied to power,
+and men without self-respect made possible and fostered tyranny,
+abuses and disregard of the rights of others.
+
+The character test was also a step forward, for the profession of
+patriotism has often been made to cloak moral shortcomings in the
+Philippines as well as elsewhere. Rizal urged that those who would
+offer themselves on the altar of their fatherland must conform to
+the standard of old, and, like the sacrificial lamb, be spotless
+and without blemish. Therefore, no one who had justifiably been
+prosecuted for any infamous crime was eligible to membership in the
+new organization.
+
+The plan, suggested by a Spanish Masonic society called C. Kadosch
+y Cia., originated with Jose Maria Basa, at whose instance Rizal
+drafted the constitution and regulations. Possibly all the members
+were Freemasons of the educated and better-to-do class, and most
+of them adhered to the doctrine that peaceably obtained reforms and
+progress by education are surest and best.
+
+Rizal's arrest discouraged those of this higher faith, for the
+peaceable policy seemed hopeless, while the radical element, freed from
+Rizal's restraining influence and deeming the time for action come,
+formed a new and revolutionary society which preached force of arms
+as the only argument left to them, and sought its membership among
+the less-enlightened and poorer class.
+
+Their inspiration was Andres Bonifacio, a shipping clerk for a foreign
+firm, who had read and re-read accounts of the French Revolution
+till he had come to believe that blood alone could wipe out the
+wrongs of a country. His organization, The Sons of the Country,
+more commonly called the Katipunan, was, however, far from being as
+bloodthirsty as most Spanish accounts, and those of many credulous
+writers who have got their ideas from them, have asserted. To enlist
+others in their defense, those who knew that they were the cause of
+dissatisfaction spread the report that a race war was in progress
+and that the Katipuneros were planning the massacre of all of the
+white race. It was a sufficiently absurd statement, but it was made
+even more ridiculous by its "proof," for this was the discovery of an
+apron with a severed head, a hand holding it by the hair and another
+grasping the dagger which had done the bloody work. This emblem,
+handed down from ancient days as an object lesson of faithfulness
+even to death, has been known in many lands besides the Philippines,
+but only here has it ever been considered anything but an ancient
+symbol. As reasonably might the paintings of martyrdoms in the
+convents be taken as evidence of evil intentions upon the part of
+their occupants, but prejudice looks for pretexts rather than reasons,
+and this served as well as any other for the excesses of which the
+government in its frenzy of fear was later guilty.
+
+In talking of the Katipunan one must distinguish the first society,
+limited in its membership, from the organization of the days of the
+Aguinaldo "republic," so called, when throughout the Tagalog provinces,
+and in the chief towns of other provinces as well, adherence to the
+revolutionary government entailed membership in the revolutionary
+society. And neither of these two Katipunans bore any relation, except
+in name and emblems, to the robber bands whose valor was displayed
+after the war had ceased and whose patriotism consisted in wronging
+and robbing their own defenseless countrymen and countrywomen, while
+carefully avoiding encounters with any able to defend themselves.
+
+Rizal's arrest had put an end to all hope of progress under
+Governor-General Despujol. It had left the political field in
+possession of those countrymen who had not been in sympathy with
+his campaign of education. It had caused the succession of the
+revolutionary Katipunan to the economic Liga Filipina, with talk
+of independence supplanting Rizal's ambition for the return of
+the Philippines to their former status under the Constitution of
+Cadiz. But the victim of the arrest was at peace as he had not been
+in years. The sacrifice for country and for family had been made,
+but it was not to cost him life, and he was human enough to wish to
+live. A visitor's room in the Fort and books from the military library
+made his detention comfortable, for he did not worry about the Spanish
+sentries without his door who were placed there under orders to shoot
+anyone who might attempt to signal to him from the plaza.
+
+One night the Governor-General's nephew-aide came again to the Fort
+and Rizal embarked on the steamer which was to take him to his place
+of exile, but closely as he was guarded he risked dropping a note
+which a Filipino found and took, as it directed, to Mrs. Rizal's
+cousin, Vicenta Leyba, who lived in Calle Jose, Trozo. Thus the
+family were advised of his departure; this incident shows Rizal's
+perfect confidence in his countrymen and the extent to which it was
+justified; he could risk a chance finder to take so dangerous a letter
+to its address.
+
+On the steamer he occupied an officer's cabin and also found a Filipino
+quartermaster, of whom he requested a life preserver for his stateroom;
+evidently he was not entirely confident that there were no hostile
+designs against him. Accidents had rid the Philippines of troublesome
+persons before his time, and he was determined that if he sacrificed
+his life for his country, it should be openly. He realized that the
+tree of Liberty is often watered with the blood of secret as well as
+open martyrs.
+
+The same boat carried some soldier prisoners, one of whom was to be
+executed in Mindanao, and their case was not particularly creditable
+to Spanish ideas of justice. A Spanish officer had dishonorably
+interfered with the domestic relations of a sergeant, also Spanish,
+and the aggrieved party had inflicted punishment upon his superior,
+with the help of some other soldiers. For allowing himself to be
+punished, not for his own disgraceful act, the officer was dismissed
+from the service, but the sergeant was to go to the scene of his
+alleged "crime," there to suffer death, while his companions who had
+assisted him in protecting their homes were to be witnesses of this
+"justice" and then to be imprisoned.
+
+After an uneventful trip the steamer reached Dapitan, in the northeast
+of the large island of Mindanao, on a dark and rainy evening. The
+officer in charge of the expedition took Doctor Rizal ashore with
+some papers relating to him and delivered all to the commandant,
+Ricardo Carnicero. The receipt taken was briefed "One countryman and
+two packages." At the same time learned men in Europe were beginning
+to hear of this outrage worthy of the Dark Ages and were remarking
+that Spain had stopped the work of the man who was practically her
+only representative in modern science, for the Castilian language
+has not been the medium through which any considerable additions have
+been made to the world's store of scientific knowledge.
+
+Rizal was to reside either with the commandant or with the Jesuit
+parish priest, if the latter would take him into the convento. But
+while the exile had learned with pleasure that he was to meet priests
+who were refined and learned, as well as associated with his happier
+school days, he did not know that these priests were planning to
+restore him to his childhood faith and had mapped out a plan of action
+which should first make him feel his loneliness. So he was denied
+residence with the priest unless he would declare himself genuinely
+in sympathy with Spain.
+
+On his previous brief visit to the Islands he had been repelled from
+the Ateneo with the statement that till he ceased to be anti-Catholic
+and anti-Spanish he would not be welcome. Padre Faura, the famous
+meteorologist, was his former instructor and Rizal was his favorite
+pupil; he had tearfully predicted that the young man would come to
+the scaffold at last unless he mended his ways. But Rizal, confident
+in the clearness of his own conscience, went out cheerfully, and when
+the porter tried to bring back the memory of his childhood piety by
+reminding him of the image of the Sacred Heart which he had carved
+years before, Rizal answered, "Other times, other customs, Brother. I
+do not believe that way any more."
+
+So Rizal, a good Catholic, was compelled to board with the commandant
+instead of with the priest because he was unwilling to make
+hypocritical professions of admiration for Spain. The commandant and
+Rizal soon became good friends, but in order to retain his position
+Carnicero had to write to the Governor-General in a different strain.
+
+The correspondence tells the facts in the main, but of course
+they are colored throughout to conform to Despujol's character. The
+commandant is always represented as deceiving his prisoner and gaining
+his confidence only to betray him, but Rizal seems never to have
+experienced anything but straightforward dealing.
+
+Rizal's earliest letter from Dapitan speaks almost enthusiastically
+of the place, describing the climate as exceptional for the tropics,
+his situation as agreeable, and saying that he could be quite content
+if his family and his books were there.
+
+Shortly after occurred the anniversary of Carnicero's arrival in the
+town, and Rizal celebrated the event with a Spanish poem reciting
+the improvements made since his coming, written in the style of the
+Malay loa, and as though it were by the children of Dapitan.
+
+Next Rizal acquired a piece of property at Talisay, a little bay close
+to Dapitan, and at once became interested in his farm. Soon he built
+a house and moved into it, gathering a number of boy assistants about
+him, and before long he had a school. A hospital also was put up for
+his patients and these in time became a source of revenue, as people
+from a distance came to the oculist for treatment and paid liberally.
+
+One five-hundred-peso fee from a rich Englishman was devoted by Rizal
+to lighting the town, and the community benefited in this way by his
+charity in addition to the free treatment given its poor.
+
+The little settlement at Talisay kept growing and those who lived
+there were constantly improving it. When Father Obach, the Jesuit
+priest, fell through the bamboo stairway in the principal house, Rizal
+and his boys burned shells, made mortar, and soon built a fine stone
+stairway. They also did another piece of masonry work in the shape of
+a dam for storing water that was piped to the houses and poultry yard;
+the overflow from the dam was made to fill a swimming tank.
+
+The school, including the house servants, numbered about twenty and
+was taught without books by Rizal, who conducted his recitations
+from a hammock. Considerable importance was given to mathematics,
+and in languages English was taught as well as Spanish, the entire
+waking period being devoted to the language allotted for the day,
+and whoever so far forgot as to utter a word in any other tongue was
+punished by having to wear a rattan handcuff. The use and meaning of
+this modern police device had to be explained to the boys, for Spain
+still tied her prisoners with rope.
+
+Nature study consisted in helping the Doctor gather specimens
+of flowers, shells, insects and reptiles which were prepared and
+shipped to German museums. Rizal was paid for these specimens by
+scientific books and material. The director of the Royal Zooelogical
+and Anthropological Museum in Dresden, Saxony, Doctor Karl von Heller,
+was a great friend and admirer of Doctor Rizal. Doctor Heller's father
+was tutor to the late King Alfonso XII and had many friends at the
+Court of Spain. Evidently Doctor Heller and other of his European
+friends did not consider Rizal a Spanish insurrectionary, but treated
+him rather as a reformer seeking progress by peaceful means.
+
+Doctor Rizal remunerated his pupils' work with gifts of clothing,
+books and other useful remembrances. Sometimes the rewards were
+cartidges, and those who had accumulated enough were permitted to
+accompany him in his hunting expeditions. The dignity of labor was
+practically inculcated by requiring everyone to make himself useful,
+and this was really the first school of the type, combining the use
+of English, nature study and industrial instruction.
+
+On one occasion in the year 1894 some of his schoolboys secretly
+went into the town in a banca; a puppy which tried to follow them
+was eaten by a crocodile. Rizal tired to impress the evil effects of
+disobedience upon the youngsters by pointing out to them the sorrow
+which the mother-dog felt at the loss of her young one, and emphasized
+the lesson by modeling a statuette called "The Mother's Revenge,"
+wherein she is represented, in revenge, as devouring the cayman. It
+is said to be a good likeness of the animal which was Doctor Rizal's
+favorite companion in his many pedestrian excursions around Dapitan.
+
+Father Francisco Sanchez, Rizal's instructor in rhetoric in the Ateneo,
+made a long visit to Dapitan and brought with him some surveyor's
+instruments, which his former pupil was delighted to assist him in
+using. Together they ran the levels for a water system for the the
+town, which was later, with the aid of the lay Jesuit, Brother Tildot,
+carried to completion. This same water system is now being restored
+and enlarged with artesian wells by the present insular, provincial
+and municipal governments jointly, as part of the memorial to Rizal
+in this place of his exile.
+
+A visit to a not distant mountain and some digging in a spot supposed
+by the people of the region to be haunted brought to light curious
+relics of the first Christian converts among the early Moros.
+
+The state of his mind at about this period of his career is indicated
+by the verses written in his home in Talisay, entitled "My Retreat,"
+of which the following translation has been made by Mr. Charles
+Derbyshire. The scene that inspired this poem has been converted by
+the government into a public park to the memory of Rizal.
+
+
+  My Retreat
+
+  By the spreading beach where the sands are soft and fine,
+  At the foot of the mount in its mantle of green,
+  I have built my hut in the pleasant grove's confine;
+  From the forest seeking peace and a calmness divine,
+  Rest for the weary brain and silence to my sorrow keen.
+
+  Its roof the frail palm-leaf and its floor the cane,
+  Its beams and posts of the unhewn wood;
+  Little there is of value in this hut so plain,
+  And better by far in the lap of the mount to have lain,
+  By the song and the murmur of the high sea's flood.
+
+  A purling brook from the woodland glade
+  Drops down o'er the stones and around it sweeps,
+  Whence a fresh stream is drawn by the rough cane's aid;
+  That in the still night its murmur has made,
+  And in the day's heat a crystal fountain leaps.
+
+  When the sky is serene how gently it flows,
+  And its zither unseen ceaselessly plays;
+  But when the rains fall a torrent it goes
+  Boiling and foaming through the rocky close,
+  Roaring uncheck'd to the sea's wide ways.
+
+  The howl of the dog and the song of the bird,
+  And only the kalao's hoarse call resound;
+  Nor is the voice of vain man to be heard,
+  My mind to harass or my steps to begird;
+  The woodlands alone and the sea wrap me round.
+
+  The sea, ah, the sea! for me it is all,
+  As it massively sweeps from the worlds apart;
+  Its smile in the morn to my soul is a call,
+  And when in the even my fath seems to pall,
+  It breathes with its sadness an echo to my heart.
+
+  By night an arcanum; when translucent it glows,
+  All spangled over with its millions of lights,
+  And the bright sky above resplendent shows;
+  While the waves with their sighs tell of their woes--
+  Tales that are lost as they roll to the heights.
+
+  They tell of the world when the first dawn broke,
+  And the sunlight over their surface played;
+  When thousands of beings from nothingness woke,
+  To people the depths and the heights to cloak,
+  Wherever its life-giving kiss was laid.
+
+  But when in the night the wild winds awake,
+  And the waves in their fury begin to leap,
+  Through the air rush the cries that my mind shake;
+  Voices that pray, songs and moans that partake
+  Of laments from the souls sunk down in the deep.
+
+  Then from their heights the mountains groan,
+  And the trees shiver tremulous from great unto least;
+  The groves rustle plaintive and the herds utter moan,
+  For they say that the ghosts of the folk that are gone
+  Are calling them down to their death's merry feast.
+
+  In terror and confusion whispers the night,
+  While blue and green flames flit over the deep;
+  But calm reigns again with the morning's light,
+  And soon the bold fisherman comes into sight,
+  As his bark rushes on and the waves sink to sleep.
+
+  So onward glide the days in my lonely abode;
+  Driven forth from the world where once I was known,
+  I muse o'er the fate upon me bestow'd;
+  A fragment forgotten that the moss will corrode,
+  To hide from mankind the world in me shown.
+
+  I live in the thought of the lov'd ones left,
+  And oft their names to my mind are borne;
+  Some have forsaken me and some by death are reft;
+  But now 'tis all one, as through the past I drift,
+  That past which from me can never be torn.
+
+  For it is the friend that is with me always,
+  That ever in sorrow keeps the faith in my soul;
+  While through the still night it watches and prays,
+  As here in my exile in my lone hut it stays,
+  To strengthen my faith when doubts o'er me roll.
+
+  That faith I keep and I hope to see shine
+  The day when the Idea prevails over might;
+  When after the fray and death's slow decline,
+  Some other voice sounds, far happier than mine,
+  To raise the glad song of the triumph of right.
+
+  I see the sky glow, refulgent and clear,
+  As when it forced on me my first dear illusion;
+  I feel the same wind kiss my forehead sere,
+  And the fire is the same that is burning here
+  To stir up youth's blood in boiling confusion.
+
+  I breathe here the winds that perchance have pass'd
+  O'er the fields and the rivers of my own natal shore;
+  And mayhap they will bring on the returning blast
+  The sighs that lov'd being upon them has cast--
+  Messages sweet from the love I first bore.
+
+  To see the same moon, all silver'd as of yore,
+  I feel the sad thoughts within me arise;
+  The fond recollections of the troth we swore,
+  Of the field and the bower and the wide seashore,
+  The blushes of joy, with the silence and sighs.
+
+  A butterfly seeking the flowers and the light,
+  Of other lands dreaming, of vaster extent;
+  Scarce a youth, from home and love I took flight,
+  To wander unheeding, free from doubt or affright--
+  So in foreign lands were my brightest days spent.
+
+  And when like a languishing bird I was fain
+  To the home of my fathers and my love to return,
+  Of a sudden the fierce tempest roar'd amain;
+  So I saw my wings shatter'd and no home remain,
+  My trust sold to others and wrecks round me burn.
+
+  Hurl'd out into exile from the land I adore,
+  My future all dark and no refuge to seek;
+  My roseate dreams hover round me once more,
+  Sole treasures of all that life to me bore;
+  The faiths of youth that with sincerity speak.
+
+  But not as of old, full of life and of grace,
+  Do you hold out hopes of undying reward;
+  Sadder I find you; on your lov'd face,
+  Though still sincere, the pale lines trace
+  The marks of the faith it is yours to guard.
+
+  You offer now, dreams, my gloom to appease,
+  And the years of my youth again to disclose;
+  So I thank you, O storm, and heaven-born breeze,
+  That you knew of the hour my wild flight to ease,
+  To cast me back down to the soil whence I rose.
+
+  By the spreading beach where the sands are soft and fine,
+  At the foot of the mount in its mantle of green;
+  I have found a home in the pleasant grove's confine,
+  In the shady woods, that peace and calmness divine,
+  Rest for the weary brain and silence to my sorrow keen.
+
+
+The Church benefited by the presence of the exile, for he drew the
+design for an elaborate curtain to adorn the sanctuary at Easter
+time, and an artist Sister of Charity of the school there did the
+oil painting under his direction. In this line he must have been
+proficient, for once in Spain, where he traveled out of his way to
+Saragossa to visit one of his former teachers of the Ateneo, who
+he had heard was there, Rizal offered his assistance in making some
+altar paintings, and the Jesuit says that his skill and taste were
+much appreciated.
+
+The home of the Sisters had a private chapel, for which the teachers
+were preparing an image of the Virgin. For the sake of economy the
+head only was procured from abroad, the vestments concealing all
+the rest of the figure except the feet, which rested upon a globe
+encircled by a snake in whose mouth is an apple. The beauty of the
+countenance, a real work of art, appealed to Rizal, and he modeled
+the more prominent right foot, the apple and the serpent's head, while
+the artist Sister assisted by doing the minor work. Both curtain and
+image, twenty years after their making, are still in use.
+
+On Sundays, Father Sanchez and Rizal conducted a school for the people
+after mass. As part of this education it was intended to make raised
+maps in the plaza of the chief city of the eight principal islands of
+the Philippines, but on account of Father Sanchez's being called away,
+only one. Mindanao, was completed; it has been restored with a concrete
+sidewalk and balustrade about it, while the plaza is a national park.
+
+Among Rizal's patients was a blind American named Taufer, fairly well
+to do, who had been engineer of the pumping plant of the Hongkong Fire
+Department. He was a man of bravery, for he held a diploma for helping
+to rescue five Spaniards from a shipwreck in Hongkong harbor. And he
+was not less kind-hearted, for he and his wife, a Portuguese, had
+adopted and brought up as their own the infant daughter of a poor
+Irish woman who had died in Hongkong, leaving a considerable family
+to her husband, a corporal in the British Army on service there.
+
+The little girl had been educated in the Italian convent after the
+first Mrs. Taufer died, and upon Mr. Taufer's remarriage, to another
+Portuguese, the adopted daughter and Mr. Taufer's own child were
+equally sharers of his home.
+
+This girl had known Rizal, "the Spanish doctor," as he was called
+there, in Hongkong, and persuaded her adopted father that possibly
+the Dapitan exile might restore his lost eyesight. So with the two
+girls and his wife, Mr. Taufer set out for Mindanao. At Manila his
+own daughter fell in love with a Filipino engineer, a Mr. Sunico,
+now owner of a foundry in Manila, and, marrying, remained there. But
+the party reached Dapitan with its original number, for they were
+joined by a good-looking mestiza from the South who was unofficially
+connected with one of the canons of the Manila cathedral.
+
+Josefina Bracken, the Irish girl, was lively, capable and of congenial
+temperament, and as there no longer existed any reason against his
+marriage, for Rizal considered his political days over, they agreed
+to become husband and wife.
+
+The priest was asked to perform the ceremony, but said the Bishop
+of Cebu must give his consent, and offered to write him. Rizal at
+first feared that some political retraction would be asked, but
+when assured that only his religious beliefs would be investigated,
+promptly submitted a statement which Father Obach says covered about
+the same ground as the earliest published of the retractions said to
+have been made on the eve of Rizal's death.
+
+This document, inclosed with the priest's letter, was ready for the
+mail when Rizal came hurrying in to reclaim it. The marriage was off,
+for Mr. Taufer had taken his family and gone to Manila.
+
+The explanation of this sudden departure was that, after the blind
+man had been told of the impossibility of anything being done for his
+eyes, he was informed of the proposed marriage. The trip had already
+cost him one daughter, he had found that his blindness was incurable,
+and now his only remaining daughter, who had for seventeen years
+been like his own child, was planning to leave him. He would have to
+return to Hongkong hopeless and accompanied only by a wife he had
+never seen, one who really was merely a servant. In his despair he
+said he had nothing to live for, and, seizing his razor, would have
+ended his life had not Rizal seized him just in time and held him,
+with the firm grasp his athletic training had given him, till the
+commandant came and calmed the excited blind man.
+
+It resulted in Josefina returning to Manila with him, but after a
+while Mr Taufer listened to reason and she went back to Dapitan,
+after a short stay in Manila with Rizal's family, to whom she had
+carried his letter of introduction, taking considerable housekeeping
+furniture with her.
+
+Further consideration changed Rizal's opinion as to marriage, possibly
+because the second time the priest may not have been so liberal in his
+requirements. The mother, too, seems to have suggested that as Spanish
+law had established civil marriage in the Philippines, and as the local
+government had not provided any way for people to avail themselves of
+the right, because the governor-general had pigeon-holed the royal
+decree, it would be less sinful for the two to consider themselves
+civilly married than for Rizal to do violence to his conscience
+by making any sort of political retraction. Any marriage so bought
+would be just as little a sacrament as an absolutely civil marriage,
+and the latter was free from hypocrisy.
+
+So as man and wife Rizal and Josefina lived together in Talisay. Father
+Obach sought to prejudice public feeling in the town against the
+exile for the "scandal," though other scandals happenings with less
+reason were going on unrebuked. The pages of "Dapitan", which some
+have considered to be the first chapter of an unfinished novel, may
+reasonably be considered no more than Rizal's rejoinder to Father
+Obach, written in sarcastic vein and primarily for Carnicero's
+amusement, unless some date of writing earlier than this should
+hereafter be found for them.
+
+Josefina was bright, vivacious, and a welcome addition to the little
+colony at Talisay, but at times Rizal had misgivings as to how it came
+that this foreigner should be permitted by a suspicious and absolute
+government to join him, when Filipinos, over whom the authorities
+could have exercised complete control, were kept away. Josefina's
+frequent visits to the convento once brought this suspicion to an open
+declaration of his misgivings by Rizal, but two days of weeping upon
+her part caused him to avoid the subiect thereafter. Could the exile
+have seen the confidential correspondence in the secret archives
+the plan would have been plain to him, for there it is suggested
+that his impressionable character could best be reached through the
+sufferings of his family, and that only his mother and sisters should
+be allowed to visit him. Steps in this plot were the gradual pardoning
+and returning of the members of his family to their homes.
+
+Josefina must remain a mystery to us as she was to Rizal. While she
+was in a delicate condition Rizal played a prank on her, harmless
+in itself, which startled her so that she sprang forward and struck
+against an iron stand. Though it was pure accident and Rizal was
+scarcely at fault, he blamed himself for it, and his later devotion
+seems largely to have been trying to make amends.
+
+The "burial of the son of Rizal," sometimes referred to as occurring at
+Dapitan, has for its foundation the consequences of this accident. A
+sketch hastily penciled in one of his medical books depicts an
+unusual condition apparent in the infant which, had it regularly
+made its appearance in the world some months later, would have been
+cherished by both parents; this loss was a great and common grief
+which banished thereafter all distrust upon his part and all occasion
+for it upon hers.
+
+Rizal's mother and several of his sisters, the latter changing from
+time to time, had been present during this critical period. Another
+operation had been performed upon Mrs. Rizal's eyes, but she was
+restive and disregarded the ordinary precautions, and the son was
+in despair. A letter to his brother-in-law, Manuel Hidalgo, who was
+inclined toward medical studies, says, "I now realize the reason why
+physicians are directed not to practice in their own families."
+
+A story of his mother and Rizal, necessary to understand his
+peculiar attitude toward her, may serve as the transition from
+the hero's sad (later) married experience to the real romance of
+his life. Mrs. Rizal's talents commanded her son's admiration, as
+her care for him demanded his gratitude, but, despite the common
+opinion, he never had that sense of companionship with her that he
+enjoyed with his father. Mrs. Rizal was a strict disciplinarian and
+a woman of unexceptionable character, but she arrogated to herself
+an infallibility which at times was trying to those about her, and
+she foretold bitter fates for those who dared dispute her.
+
+Just before Jose went abroad to study, while engaged to his cousin,
+Leonora Rivera, Mrs. Rivera and her daughter visited their relatives in
+Kalamba. Naturally the young man wished the guests to have the best of
+everything; one day when they visited a bathing place near by he used
+the family's newest carriage. Though this had not been forbidden,
+his mother spoke rather sharply about it; Jose ventured to remind
+her that guests were present and that it would be better to discuss
+the matter in private. Angry because one of her children ventured to
+dispute her, she replied: "You are an undutiful son. You will never
+accomplish anything which you undertake. All your plans will result
+in failure." These words could not be forgotten, as succeeding events
+seemed to make their prophecy come true, and there is pathos in one of
+Rizal's letters in which he reminds his mother that she had foretold
+his fate.
+
+His thoughts of an early marriage were overruled because his unmarried
+sisters did not desire to have a sister-in-law in their home who
+would add to the household cares but was not trained to bear her
+share of them, and even Paciano, who was in his favor, thought that
+his younger brother would mar his career by marrying early.
+
+So, with fervent promises and high hopes, Rizal had sailed away to make
+the fortune which should allow him to marry his cousin Leonora. She
+was constantly in his thoughts and his long letters were mailed with
+regular frequency during all his first years in Europe; but only a
+few of the earliest ever reached her, and as few replies came into
+his hands, though she was equally faithful as a correspondent.
+
+Leonora's mother had been told that it was for the good of her
+daughter's soul and in the interest of her happiness that she should
+not become the wife of a man like Rizal, who was obnoxious to the
+Church and in disfavor with the government. So, by advice, Mrs. Rivera
+gradually withheld more and more of the correspondence upon both sides,
+until finally it ceased. And she constantly suggested to the unhappy
+girl that her youthful lover had forgotten her amid the distractions
+and gayeties of Europe.
+
+Then the same influence which had advised breaking off the
+correspondence found a person whom the mother and others joined in
+urging upon her as a husband, till at last, in the belief that she
+owed obedience to her mother, she reluctantly consented. Strangely
+like the proposed husband of the Maria Clara of "Noli Me Tangere,"
+in which book Rizal had prophetically pictured her, this husband was
+"one whose children should rule "--an English engineer whose position
+had been found for him to make the match more desirable. Their marriage
+took place, and when Rizal returned to the Philippines she learned
+how she had been deceived. Then she asked for the letters that had
+been withheld, and when told that as a wife she might not keep love
+letters from any but her husband, she pleaded that they be burned
+and the ashes given her. This was done, and the silver box with the
+blackened bits of paper upon her dresser seemed to be a consolation
+during the few months of life which she knew would remain to her.
+
+Another great disappointment to Rizal was the action of Despujol
+when he first arrived in Dapitan, for he still believed in the
+Governor-General's good faith and thought in that fertile but sparsely
+settled region he might plant his "New Kalamba" without the objection
+that had been urged against the British North Borneo project. All
+seemed to be going on favorably for the assembling of his relatives and
+neighbors in what then would be no longer exile, when most insultingly,
+the Governor-General refused the permission which Rizal had had reason
+to rely upon his granting. The exile was reminded of his deportation
+and taunted with trying to make himself a king. Though he did not know
+it, this was part of the plan which was to break his spirit, so that
+when he was touched with the sufferings of his family he would yield
+to the influences of his youth and make complete political retraction;
+thus would be removed the most reasonable, and therefore the most
+formidable, opponent of the unnatural conditions Philippines and of
+the selfish interests which were profiting by them. But the plotters
+failed in their plan; they had mistaken their man.
+
+During all this time Rizal had repeated chances to escape, and persons
+high in authority seem to have urged flight upon him. Running away,
+however, seemed to him a confession of guilt; the opportunities
+of doing so always unsettled him, for each time the battle of
+self-sacrifice had to be fought over again; but he remained firm
+in his purpose. To meet death bravely is one thing; to seek it is
+another and harder thing; but to refuse life and choose death over
+and over again during many years is the rarest kind of heroism.
+
+Rizal used to make long trips, sometimes cruising for a week in his
+explorations of the Mindanao coast, and some of his friends proposed
+to charter a steamer in Singapore and, passing near Dapitan, pick him
+up on one of these trips. Another Philippine steamer going to Borneo
+suggested taking him on board as a rescue at sea and then landing him
+at their destination, where he would be free from Spanish power. Either
+of these schemes would have been feasible, but he refused both.
+
+Plans, which materialized, to benefit the fishing industry by improved
+nets imported from his Laguna home, and to find a market for the abaka
+of Dapitan, were joined with the introduction of American machinery,
+for which Rizal acted as agent, among planters of neighboring
+islands. It was a busy, useful life, and in the economic advancement
+of his country the exile believed he was as patriotic as when he was
+working politically.
+
+Rizal personally had been fortunate, for in company with the commandant
+and a Spaniard, originally deported for political reasons from the
+Peninsula, he had gained one of the richer prizes in the government
+lottery. These funds came most opportunely, for the land troubles
+and succeeding litigation had almost stripped the family of all its
+possessions. The account of the first news in Dapitan of the good
+fortune of the three is interestingly told in an official report to the
+Governor-General from the commandant. The official saw the infrequent
+mail steamer arriving with flying bunting and at once imagined some
+high authority was aboard; he hastened to the beach with a band of
+music to assist in the welcome, but was agreeably disappointed with
+the news of the luck which had befallen his prisoner and himself.
+
+Not all of Dapitan life was profitable and prosperous. Yet in spite
+of this Rizal stayed in the town. This was pure self-sacrifice,
+for he refused to make any effort for his own release by invoking
+influences which could have brought pressure to bear upon the
+Spanish home government. He feared to act lest obstacles might be
+put in the way of the reforms that were apparently making headway
+through Despujol's initiative, and was content to wait rather than
+to jeopardize the prospects of others.
+
+A plan for his transfer to the North, in the Ilokano country, had been
+deferred and had met with obstacles which Rizal believed were placed in
+its way through some of his own countrymen in the Peninsula who feared
+his influence upon the revenue with which politics was furnishing them.
+
+Another proposal was to appoint Rizal district health officer for
+Dapitan, but this was merely a covert government bribe. While the
+exile expressed his willingness to accept the position, he did not
+make the "unequivocally Spanish" professions that were needed to
+secure this appointment.
+
+Yet the government could have been satisfied of Rizal's innocence of
+any treasonable designs against Spain's sovereignty in the Islands
+had it known how the exile had declined an opportunity to head the
+movement which had been initiated on the eve of his deportation. His
+name had been used to gather the members together and his portrait
+hung in each Katipunan lodge hall, but all this was without Rizal's
+consent or even his knowledge.
+
+The members, who had been paying faithfully for four years, felt that
+it was time that something besides collecting money was done. Their
+restiveness and suspicions led Andres Bonifacio, its head, to resort
+to Rizal, feeling that a word from the exile, who had religiously
+held aloof from all politics since his deportation, would give the
+Katipunan leaders more time to mature their plans. So he sent a
+messenger to Dapitan, Pio Valenzuela, a doctor, who to conceal his
+mission took with him a blind man. Thus the doctor and his patient
+appeared as on a professional visit to the exiled oculist. But though
+the interview was successfully secured in this way, its results were
+far from satisfactory.
+
+Far from feeling grateful for the consideration for the possible
+consequences to him which Valenzuela pretended had prompted the
+visit, Rizal indignantly insisted that the country came first. He
+cited the Spanish republics of South America, with their alternating
+revolutions and despotisms, as a warning against embarking on a change
+of government for which the people were not prepared. Education, he
+declared, was first necessary, and in his opinion general enlightenment
+was the only road to progress. Valenzuela cut short his trip, glad
+to escape without anyone realizing that Rizal and he had quarreled.
+
+Bonifacio called Rizal a coward when he heard his emissary's report,
+and enjoined Valenzuela to say nothing of his trip. But the truth
+leaked out, and there was a falling away in Katipunan membership.
+
+Doctor Rizal's own statement respecting the rebellion and Valenzuela's
+visit may fitly be quoted here:
+
+"I had no notice at all of what was being planned until the first or
+second of July, in 1896, when Pio Valenzuela came to see me, saying
+that an uprising was being arranged. I told him that it was absurd,
+etc., etc., and he answered me that they could bear no more. I advised
+him that they should have patience, etc., etc. He added then that
+he had been sent because they had compassion on my life and that
+probably it would compromise me. I replied that they should have
+patience and that if anything happened to me I would then prove my
+innocence. 'Besides,' said I, 'don't consider me, but our country,
+which is the one that will suffer.' I went on to show how absurd was
+the movement.--This, later, Pio Valenzuela testified.--He did not
+tell me that my name was being used, neither did he suggest that I
+was its chief, or anything of that sort.
+
+"Those who testify that I am the chief (which I do not know, nor do I
+know of having ever treated with them), what proofs do they present of
+my having accepted this chiefship or that I was in relations with them
+or with their society? Either they have made use of my name for their
+own purposes or they have been deceived by others who have. Where is
+the chief who dictates no order and makes no arrangement, who is not
+consulted in anything about so important an enterprise until the last
+moment, and then when he decides against it is disobeyed? Since the
+seventh of July of 1892 I have entirely ceased political activity. It
+seems some have wished to avail themselves of my name for their
+own ends."
+
+This was Rizal's second temptation to engage in politics, the first
+having been a trap laid by his enemies. A man had come to see Rizal
+in his earlier days in Dapitan, claiming to be a relative and seeking
+letters to prominent Filipinos. The deceit was too plain and Rizal
+denounced the envoy to the commandant, whose investigations speedily
+disclosed the source of the plot. Further prosecution, of course,
+ceased at once.
+
+The visit of some image vendors from Laguna who never before had
+visited that region, and who seemed more intent on escaping notice
+than interested in business, appeared suspicious, but upon report of
+the Jesuits the matter was investigated and nothing really suspicious
+was found.
+
+Rizal's charm of manner and attraction for every one he met is best
+shown by his relations with the successive commandants at Dapitan,
+all of whom, except Carnicero, were naturally predisposed against him,
+but every one became his friend and champion. One even asked relief on
+the ground of this growing favorable impression upon his part toward
+his prisoner.
+
+At times there were rumors of Rizal's speedy pardon, and he would
+think of going regularly into scientific work, collecting for those
+European museums which had made him proposals that assured ample
+livelihood and congenial work.
+
+Then Doctor Blumentritt wrote to him of the ravages of disease among
+the Spanish soldiers in Cuba and the scarcity of surgeons to attend
+them. Here was a labor "eminently humanitarian," to quote Rizal's words
+of his own profession, and it made so strong an appeal to him that,
+through the new governor-general, for Despujol had been replaced by
+Blanco, he volunteered his services. The minister of war of that time,
+General Azcarraga, was Philippine born. Blanco considered the time
+favorable for granting Rizal's petition and thus lifting the decree of
+deportation without the embarrassment of having the popular prisoner
+remain in the Islands.
+
+The thought of resuming his travels evidently inspired the following
+poem, which was written at about this time. The translation is by
+Arthur P. Ferguson:
+
+
+  The Song of the Traveler
+
+  Like to a leaf that is fallen and withered,
+  Tossed by the tempest from pole unto pole;
+  Thus roams the pilgrim abroad without purpose,
+  Roams without love, without country or soul.
+
+  Following anxiously treacherous fortune,
+  Fortune which e'en as he grasps at it flees;
+  Vain though the hopes that his yearning is seeking,
+  Yet does the pilgrim embark on the seas!
+
+  Ever impelled by invisible power,
+  Destined to roam from the East to the West;
+  Oft he remembers the faces of loved ones,
+  Dreams of the day when he, too, was at rest.
+
+  Chance may assign him a tomb on the desert,
+  Grant him a final asylum of peace;
+  Soon by the world and his country forgotten,
+  God rest his soul when his wanderings cease!
+
+  Often the sorrowful pilgrim is envied,
+  Circling the globe like a sea-gull above;
+  Little, ah, little they know what a void
+  Saddens his soul by the absence of love.
+
+  Home may the pilgrim return in the future,
+  Back to his loved ones his footsteps he bends;
+  Naught will he find but the snow and the ruins,
+  Ashes of love and the tomb of his friends.
+
+  Pilgrim, begone! Nor return more hereafter.
+  Stranger thou art in the land of thy birth;
+  Others may sing of their love while rejoicing,
+  Thou once again must roam o'er the earth.
+
+  Pilgrim, begone! Nor return more hereafter,
+  Dry are the tears that a while for thee ran;
+  Pilgrim, begone! And forget thy affliction,
+  Loud laughs the world at the sorrows of man.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+"Consummatum Est"
+
+NOTICE of the granting of his request came to Rizal just when
+repeated disappointments had caused him to prepare for staying
+in Dapitan. Immediately he disposed of his salable possessions,
+including a Japanese tea set and large mirror now among the Rizal
+relics preserved by the government, and a piece of outlying land,
+the deed for which is also among the Rizalana in the Philippines
+library. Some half-finished busts were thrown into the pool behind
+the dam. Despite the short notice all was ready for the trip in time,
+and, attended by some of his schoolboys as well as by Josefina and
+Rizal's niece, the daughter of his youngest sister, Soledad, whom
+Josefina wished to adopt, the party set out for Manila.
+
+The journey was not an uneventful one; at Dumaguete Rizal was the
+guest of a Spanish judge at dinner; in Cebu he operated successfully
+upon the eyes of a foreign merchant; and in Iloilo the local newspaper
+made much of his presence.
+
+The steamer from Dapitan reached Manila a little too late for the mail
+boat for Spain, and Rizal obtained permission to await the next sailing
+on board the cruiser Castilla, in the bay. Here he was treated like a
+guest and more than once the Spanish captain invited members of Rizal's
+family to be his guests at dinner--Josefina with little Maria Luisa,
+the niece and the schoolboys, for whom positions had been obtained,
+in Manila.
+
+The alleged uprising of the Katipunan occurred during this time. A
+Tondo curate, with an eye to promotion, professed to have discovered
+a gigantic conspiracy. Incited by him, the lower class of Spaniards
+in Manila made demonstrations against Blanco and tried to force
+that ordinarily sensible and humane executive into bloodthirsty
+measures, which should terrorize the Filipinos. Blanco had known of
+the Katipunan but realized that so long as interested parties were
+using it as a source of revenue, its activities would not go much
+beyond speechmaking. The rabble was not so far-seeing, and from high
+authorities came advice that the country was in a fever and could
+only be saved by blood-letting.
+
+Wholesale arrests filled every possible place for prisoners in
+Manila. The guilt of one suspect consisted in having visited the
+American consul to secure the address of a New York medical journal,
+and other charges were just as frivolous. There was a reign of terror
+in Luzon and, to save themselves, members of the Katipunan resorted to
+that open warfare which, had Blanco's prudent counsels been regarded,
+would probably have been avoided.
+
+While the excitement was at its height, with a number of executions
+failing to satisfy the blood-hunger, Rizal sailed for Spain,
+bearing letters of recommendation from Blanco. These vouched for his
+exemplary conduct during his exile and stated that he had in no way
+been implicated in the conspiracies then disturbing the Islands.
+
+The Spanish mail boat upon which Rizal finally sailed had among its
+passengers a sick Jesuit, to whose care Rizal devoted himself, and
+though most of the passengers were openly hostile to one whom they
+supposed responsible for the existing outbreak, his professional
+skill led several to avail themselves of his services. These were
+given with a deference to the ship's doctor which made that official
+an admirer and champion of his colleague.
+
+Three only of the passengers, however, were really friendly--one
+Juan Utor y Fernandez, a prominent Mason and republican, another
+ex-official in the Philippines who shared Utor's liberal views,
+and a young man whose father was republican.
+
+But if Rizal's chief adversaries were content that he should go where
+he would not molest them or longer jeopardize their interests, the
+rabble that had been excited by the hired newspaper advocates was
+not so easily calmed. Every one who felt that his picture had been
+painted among the lower Spanish types portrayed in "Noli Me Tangere"
+was loud for revenge. The clamor grew so great that it seemed possible
+to take advantage of it to displace General Blanco, who was not a
+convenient tool for the interests.
+
+So his promotion was bought, it is said, to get one Polavieja,
+a willing tool, in his place. As soon as this scheme was arranged,
+a cablegram ordering Rizal's arrest was sent; it overtook the steamer
+at Suez. Thus as a prisoner he completed his journey.
+
+But this had not been entirely unforeseen, for when the steamer reached
+Singapore, Rizal's companion on board, the Filipino millionaire Pedro
+P. Roxas, had deserted the ship, urging the ex-exile to follow his
+example. Rizal demurred, and said such flight would be considered
+confession of guilt, but he was not fully satisfied in his mind that
+he was safe. At each port of call his uncertainty as to what course
+to pursue manifested itself, for though he considered his duty to his
+country already done, and his life now his own, he would do nothing
+that suggested an uneasy conscience despite his lack of confidence
+in Spanish justice.
+
+At first, not knowing the course of events in Manila, he very naturally
+blamed Governor-General Blanco for bad faith, and spoke rather harshly
+of him in a letter to Doctor Blumentritt, an opinion which he changed
+later when the truth was revealed to him in Manila.
+
+Upon the arrival of the steamer in Barcelona the prisoner was
+transferred to Montjuich Castle, a political prison associated with
+many cruelties, there to await the sailing that very day of the
+Philippine mail boat. The Captain-General was the same Despujol
+who had decoyed Rizal into the power of the Spaniards four years
+before. An interesting interview of some hours' duration took place
+between the governor and the prisoner, in which the clear conscience
+of the latter seems to have stirred some sense of shame in the man
+who had so dishonorably deceived him.
+
+He never heard of the effort of London friends to deliver him at
+Singapore by means of habeas-corpus proceedings. Mr. Regidor furnished
+the legal inspiration and Mr. Baustead the funds for getting an opinion
+as to Rizal's status as a prisoner when in British waters, from Sir
+Edward Clarke, ex-solicitor-general of Great Britain. Captain Camus, a
+Filipino living in Singapore, was cabled to, money was made available
+in the Chartered Bank of Singapore, as Mr. Baustead's father's
+firm was in business in that city, and a lawyer, now Sir Hugh Fort,
+K.C., of London, was retained. Secretly, in order that the attempt,
+if unsuccessful, might not jeopardize the prisoner, a petition was
+presented to the Supreme Court of the Straits Settlements reciting the
+facts that Doctor Jose Rizal, according to the Philippine practice of
+punishing Freemasons without trial, was being deprived of his liberty
+without warrant of law upon a ship then within the jurisdiction of
+the court.
+
+According to Spanish law Rizal was being illegally held on the Spanish
+mail steamer Colon, for the Constitution of Spain forbade detention
+except on a judge's order, but like most Spanish laws the Constitution
+was not much respected by Spanish officials. Rizal had never had a
+hearing before any judge, nor had any charge yet been placed against
+him. The writ of habeas corpus was justified, provided the Colon were
+a merchant ship that would be subject to British law when in British
+port, but the mail steamer that carried Rizal also had on board Spanish
+soldiers and flew the royal flag as if it were a national transport. No
+one was willing to deny that this condition made the ship floating
+Spanish territory, and the judge declined to issue the writ.
+
+Rizal reached Manila on November 3 and was at once transferred to
+Fort Santiago, at first being held in a dungeon "incomunicado" and
+later occupying a small cell on the ground floor. Its furnishings
+had to be supplied by himself and they consisted of a small rattan
+table, a high-backed chair, a steamer chair of the same material,
+and a cot of the kind used by Spanish officers--canvas top and
+collapsible frame which closed up lengthwise. His meals were sent in
+by his family, being carried by one of his former pupils at Dapitan,
+and such cooking or heating as was necessary was done on an alcohol
+lamp which had been presented to him in Paris by Mrs. Tavera.
+
+An unsuccessful effort had been made earlier to get evidence against
+Rizal by torturing his brother Paciano. For hours the elder brother had
+been seated at a table in the headquarters of the political police,
+a thumbscrew on one hand and pen in the other, while before him
+was a confession which would implicate Jose Rizal in the Katipunan
+uprising. The paper remained unsigned, though Paciano was hung up by
+the elbows till he was insensible, and then cut down that the fall
+might revive him. Three days of this maltreatment made him so ill
+that there was no possibility of his signing anything, and he was
+carted home.
+
+It would not be strictly accurate to say that at the close of the
+nineteenth century the Spaniards of Manila were using the same tortures
+that had made their name abhorrent in Europe three centuries earlier,
+for there was some progress; electricity was employed at times as
+an improved method of causing anguish, and the thumbscrews were much
+more neatly finished than those used by the Dons of the Dark Ages.
+
+Rizal did not approve of the rebellion and desired to issue a manifesto
+to those of his countrymen who had been deceived into believing that
+he was their leader. But the proclamation was not politic, for it
+contained none of those fulsomely flattering phrases which passed
+for patriotism in the feverish days of 1896. The address was not
+allowed to be made public but it was passed on to the prosecutor to
+form another count in the indictment of Jose Rizal for not esteeming
+Spanish civilization.
+
+The following address to some Filipinos shows more clearly and
+unmistakably than any words of mine exactly what was the state of
+Rizal's mind in this matter.
+
+
+COUNTRYMEN:
+
+On my return from Spain I learned that my name had been in use,
+among some who were in arms, as a war-cry. The news came as a painful
+surprise, but, believing it already closed, I kept silent over an
+incident which I considered irremediable. Now I notice indications of
+the disturbances continuing and if any still, in good or bad faith, are
+availing themselves of my name, to stop this abuse and undeceive the
+unwary I hasten to address you these lines that the truth may be known.
+
+From the very beginning, when I first had notice of what was being
+planned, I opposed it, fought it, and demonstrated its absolute
+impossibility. This is the fact, and witnesses to my words are now
+living. I was convinced that the scheme was utterly absurd, and,
+what was worse, would bring great suffering.
+
+I did even more. When later, against my advice, the movement
+materialized, of my own accord I offered not alone my good offices,
+but my very life, and even my name, to be used in whatever way
+might seem best, toward stifling the rebellion; for, convinced of
+the ills which it would bring, I considered myself fortunate if, at
+any sacrifice, I could prevent such useless misfortunes. This equally
+is of record. My countrymen, I have given proofs that I am one most
+anxious for liberties for our country, and I am still desirous of
+them. But I place as a prior condition the education of the people,
+that by means of instruction and industry our country may have an
+individuality of its own and make itself worthy of these liberties. I
+have recommended in my writings the study of the civic virtues,
+without which there is no redemption. I have written likewise (and I
+repeat my words) that reforms, to be beneficial, must come from above,
+that those which come from below are irregularly gained and uncertain.
+
+Holding these ideas, I cannot do less than condemn, and I do condemn
+this uprising--as absurd, savage, and plotted behind my back--which
+dishonors us Filipinos and discredits those who could plead our
+cause. I abhor its criminal methods and disclaim all part in it,
+pitying from the bottom of my heart the unwary who have been deceived.
+
+Return, then, to your homes, and may God pardon those who have worked
+in bad faith!
+
+Jose Rizal.
+
+Fort Santiago, December 15, 1896.
+
+
+Finally a court-martial was convened for Rizal's trial, in the
+Cuartel de Espana. No trained counsel was allowed to defend him,
+but a list of young army officers was presented from which he might
+select a nominal defender. Among the names was one which was familiar,
+Luis Taviel de Andrade, and he proved to be the brother of Rizal's
+companion during his visit to the Philippines in 1887-88. The young
+man did his best and risked unpopularity in order to be loyal to
+his client. His defense reads pitiably weak in these days but it was
+risky then to say even so much.
+
+The judge advocate in a ridiculously bombastic effusion gave an
+alleged sketch of Rizal's life which showed ignorance of almost every
+material event, and then formulated the first precise charge against
+the prisoner, which was that he had founded an illegal society,
+alleging that the Liga Filipina had for its sole object to commit
+the crime of rebellion.
+
+The second charge was that Rizal was responsible for the existing
+rebellion, having caused it, bringing it on by his unceasing labors. An
+aggravating circumstance was found in the prisoner's being a native
+of the Philippines.
+
+The penalty of death was asked of the court, and in the event of pardon
+being granted by the crown, the prisoner should at least remain under
+surveillance for the rest of his life and pay as damages 20,000 pesos.
+
+The arguments are so absurd, the bias of the court so palpable, that
+it is not worth while to discuss them. The parallel proceedings in
+the military trial and execution of Francisco Ferret in Barcelona in
+1909 caused worldwide indignation, and the illegality of almost every
+step, according to Spanish law, was shown in numerous articles in
+the European and American press. Rizal's case was even more brazenly
+unfair, but Manila was too remote and the news too carefully censored
+for the facts to become known.
+
+The prisoner's arms were tied, corded from elbow to elbow behind
+his back, and thus he sat through the weary trial while the public
+jeered him and clamored for his condemnation as the bloodthirsty
+crowds jeered and clamored in the French Reign of terror.
+
+Then came the verdict and the prisoner was invited to acknowledge
+the regularity of the proceedings in the farcical trial by signing
+the record. To this Rizal demurred, but after a vain protest, affixed
+his signature.
+
+He was at once transferred to the Fort chapel, there to pass the last
+twenty-four hours of his life in preparing for death. The military
+chaplain offered his services, which were courteously declined, but
+when the Jesuits came, those instructors of his youth were eagerly
+welcomed.
+
+Rizal's trial had awakened great interest and accounts of everything
+about the prisoner were cabled by eager correspondents to the Madrid
+newspapers. One of the newspaper men who visited Rizal in his cell
+mentions the courtesy of his reception, and relates how the prisoner
+played the host and insisted on showing his visitor those attentions
+which Spanish politeness considers due to a guest, saying that these
+must be permitted, for he was in his own home. The interviewer found
+the prisoner perfectly calm and natural, serious of course, but not
+at all overwhelmed by the near prospect of death, and in discussing
+his career Rizal displayed that dispassionate attitude toward his
+own doings that was characteristic of him. Almost as though speaking
+of a stranger he mentioned that if Archbishop Nozaleda's sane view
+had been taken and "Noli Me Tangere" not preached against, he would
+not have been in prison, and perhaps the rebellion would never have
+occurred. It is easy for us to recognize that the author referred to
+the misconception of his novel, which had arisen from the publication
+of the censor's extracts, which consisted of whatever could be
+construed into coming under one of the three headings of attacks on
+religion, attacks on government, and reflections on Spanish character,
+without the slightest regard to the context.
+
+But the interviewer, quite honestly, reported Rizal to be regretting
+his novel instead of regretting its miscomprehension, and he seems
+to have been equally in error in the way he mistook Rizal's meaning
+about the republicans in Spain having led him astray.
+
+Rizal's exact words are not given in the newspaper account, but it is
+not likely that a man would make admissions in a newspaper interview,
+which if made formally, would have saved his life. Rizal's memory
+has one safeguard against the misrepresentations which the absence
+of any witnesses favorable to him make possible regarding his last
+moments: a political retraction would have prevented his execution,
+and since the execution did take place, it is reasonable to believe
+that Rizal died holding the views for which he had expressed himself
+willing to suffer martyrdom.
+
+Yet this view does not reflect upon the good faith of the reporter. It
+is probable that the prisoner was calling attention to the illogical
+result that, though he had disregarded the advice of the radical
+Spaniards who urged him to violent measures, his peaceable agitation
+had been misunderstood and brought him to the same situation as though
+he had actually headed a rebellion by arms. His slighting opinion
+of his great novel was the view he had always held, for like all
+men who do really great things, he was the reverse of a braggart,
+and in his remark that he had attempted to do great things without
+the capacity for gaining success, one recognizes his remembrance of
+his mother's angry prophecy foretelling failure in all he undertook.
+
+His family waited long outside the Governor-General's place to ask
+a pardon, but in vain; General Polavieja had to pay the price of his
+appointment and refused to see them.
+
+The mother and sisters, however, were permitted to say farewell to
+Rizal in the chapel, under the eyes of the death-watch. The prisoner
+had been given the unusual privilege of not being tied, but he was
+not allowed to approach near his relatives, really for fear that
+he might pass some writing to them--the pretext was made that Rizal
+might thus obtain the means for committing suicide.
+
+To his sister Trinidad Rizal spoke of having nothing to give her
+by way of remembrance except the alcohol cooking lamp which he had
+been using, a gift, as he mentioned, from Mrs. Tavera. Then he added
+quickly, in English, so that the listening guard would not understand,
+"There is something inside."
+
+The other events of Rizal's last twenty-four hours, for he went in to
+the chapel at seven in the morning of the day preceding his execution,
+are perplexing. What purported to be a detailed account was promptly
+published in Barcelona, on Jesuit authority, but one must not forget
+that Spaniards are not of the phlegmatic disposition which makes for
+accuracy in minute matters and even when writing history they are
+dramatically ificlined. So while the truthfulness, that is the intent
+to be fair, may not be questioned, it would not be strange if those who
+wrote of what happened in the chapel in Fort Santiago during Rizal's
+last hours did not escape entirely from the influence of the national
+characteristics. In the main their narrative is to be accepted,
+but the possibility of unconscious coloring should not be disregarded.
+
+In substance it is alleged that Rizal greeted his old instructors
+and other past acquaintances in a friendly way. He asked for copies
+of the Gospels and the writings of Thomas-a-Kempis, desired to be
+formally married to Josefina, and asked to be allowed to confess. The
+Jesuits responded that first it would be necessary to investigate
+how far his beliefs conformed to the Roman Catholic teachings. Their
+catechizing convinced them that he was not orthodox and a religious
+debate ensued in which Rizal, after advancing all known arguments,
+was completely vanquished. His marriage was made contingent upon his
+signing a retraction of his published heresies.
+
+The Archbishop had prepared a form which the Jesuits believed
+Rizal would be little likely to sign, and they secured permission
+to substitute a shorter one of their own which included only the
+absolute essentials for reconciliation with the Church, and avoided all
+political references. They say that Rizal objected only to a disavowal
+of Freemasonry, stating that in England, where he held his membership,
+the Masonic institution was not hostile to the Church. After some
+argument, he waived this point and wrote out, at a Jesuit's dictation,
+the needed retraction, adding some words to strengthen it in parts,
+indicating his Catholic education and that the act was of his own
+free will and accord.
+
+The prisoner, the priests, and all the Spanish officials present knelt
+at the altar, at Rizal's suggestion, while he read his retraction
+aloud. Afterwards he put on a blue scapular, kissed the image of
+the Sacred Heart he had carved years before, heard mass as when
+a student in the Ateneo, took communion, and read his a-Kempis or
+prayed in the intervals. He took breakfast with the Spanish officers,
+who now regarded him very differently. At six Josefina entered and
+was married to him by Father Balanguer.
+
+Now in this narrative there are some apparent discrepancies. Mention is
+made of Rizal having in an access of devotion signed in a devotionary
+all the acts of faith, and it is said that this book was given to one
+of his sisters. His chapel gifts to his family have been examined,
+but though there is a book of devotion, "The Anchor of Faith," it
+contains no other signature than the presentation on a flyleaf. As
+to the religious controversy: while in Dapitan Rizal carried on with
+Father Pio Pi, the Jesuit superior, a lengthy discussion involving the
+interchange of many letters, but he succeeded in fairly maintaining
+his views, and these views would hardly have caused him to be called
+Protestant in the Roman Catholic churches of America. Then the
+theatrical reading aloud of his retraction before the altar does not
+conform to Rizal's known character. As to the anti-Masonic arguments,
+these appear to be from a work by Monsignor Dupanloup and therefore
+were not new to Rizal; furthermore, the book was in his own library.
+
+Again, it seems strange that Rizal should have asserted that his
+Masonic membership was in London when in visiting St. John's Lodge,
+Scotch Constitution, in Hongkong in November of 1891, since which
+date he had not been in London, he registered as from "Temple du
+honneur de les amis francais," an old-established Paris lodge.
+
+Also the sister Lucia, who was said to have been a witness of the
+marriage, is not positive that it occurred, having only seen the
+priest at the altar in his vestments. The record of the marriage
+has been stated to be in the Manila Cathedral, but it is not there,
+and as the Jesuit in officiating would have been representing the
+military chaplain, the entry should have been in the Fort register,
+now in Madrid. Rizal's burial, too, does not indicate that he died
+in the faith, yet it with the marriage has been used as an argument
+for proving that the retraction must have been made.
+
+The retraction itself appears in two versions, with slight
+differences. No one outside the Spanish faction has ever seen
+the original, though the family nearly got into trouble by their
+persistence in trying to get sight of it after its first publication.
+
+The foregoing might suggest some disbelief, but in fact they are only
+proofs of the remarks already made about the Spanish carelessness in
+details and liking for the dramatic.
+
+The writer believes Rizal made a retraction, was married canonically,
+and was given what was intended to be Christian burial.
+
+The grounds for this belief rest upon the fact that he seems never
+to have been estranged in faith from the Roman Catholic Church,
+but he objected only to certain political and mercenary abuses. The
+first retraction is written in his style and it certainly contains
+nothing he could not have signed in Dapitan. In fact, Father Obach
+says that when he wanted to marry Josefina on her first arrival there,
+Rizal prepared a practically similar statement. Possibly the report of
+that priest aided in outlining the draft which the Jesuits substituted
+for the Archbishop's form. There is no mention of evasions or mental
+reservations and Rizal's renunciation of Masonry might have been
+qualified by the quibble that it was "the Masonry which was an enemy
+of the Church" that he was renouncing. Then since his association
+(not affiliation) had been with Masons not hostile to religion,
+he was not abandoning these.
+
+The possibility of this line of thought having suggested itself to
+him appears in his evasions on the witness-stand at his trial. Though
+he answered with absolute frankness whatever concerned himself and in
+everyday life was almost quixotically truthful, when cross-examined
+about others who would be jeopardized by admitting his acquaintance
+with them, he used the subterfuge of the symbolic names of his Masonic
+acquaintances. Thus he would say, "I know no one by that name," since
+care was always taken to employ the symbolic names in introductions
+and conversations.
+
+Rizal's own symbolic name was "Dimas Alang"--Tagalog for "Noli
+Me Tangere"--and his nom de plume in some of his controversial
+publications. The use of that name by one of his companions on the
+railroad trip to Tarlac entirely mystified a station master, as appears
+in the secret report of the espionage of that trip, which just preceded
+his deportation to Dapitan. Another possible explanation is that, since
+Freemasonry professes not to disturb the duties which its members owe
+to God, their country or their families, he may have considered himself
+as a good Mason under obligation to do whatever was demanded by these
+superior interests, all three of which were at this time involved.
+
+The argument that it was his pride that restrained him suggested to
+Rizal the possibility of his being unconsciously under an influence
+which during his whole life he had been combating, and he may have
+considered that his duty toward God required the sacrifice of this
+pride.
+
+For his country his sacrifice would have been blemished were any
+religious stigma to attach to it. He himself had always been careful
+of his own good name, and as we have said elsewhere, he told his
+companions that in their country's cause whatever they offered on the
+altars of patriotism must be as spotless as the sacrificial lambs of
+Levitical law.
+
+Furthermore, his work for a tranquil future for his family would be
+unfulfilled were he to die outside the Church. Josefina's anomalous
+status, justifiable when all the facts were known, would be sure
+to bring criticism upon her unless corrected by the better defined
+position of a wife by a church marriage. Then the aged parents and
+the numerous children of his sisters would by his act be saved the
+scandal that in a country so mediaevally pious as the Philippines
+would come from having their relative die "an unrepentant heretic."
+
+Rizal had received from the Jesuits, while in prison, several religious
+books and pictures, which he used as remembrances for members of his
+family, writing brief dedications upon them. Then he said good-by to
+Josefina, asking in a low voice some question to which she answered
+in English, "Yes, yes," and aloud inquiring how she would be able to
+gain a living, since all his property had been seized by the Spanish
+government to satisfy the 20,000 pesetas costs which was included in
+the sentence of death against him. Her reply was that she could earn
+money giving lessons in English.
+
+The journey from the Fort to the place of execution, then Bagumbayan
+Field, now called the Luneta, was on foot. His arms were tied tightly
+behind his back, and he was surrounded by a heavy guard. The Jesuits
+accompanied him and some of his Dapitan schoolboys were in the crowd,
+while one friendly voice, that of a Scotch merchant still resident
+in Manila, called out in English, "Good-by, Rizal."
+
+The route was along the Malecon Drive where as a college student he
+had walked with his fiancee, Leonora. Above the city walls showed the
+twin towers of the Ateneo, and when he asked about them, for they were
+not there in his boyhood days, he spoke of the happy years that he
+had spent in the old school. The beauty of the morning, too, appealed
+to him, and may have recalled an experience of his '87 visit when he
+said to a friend whom he met on the beach during an early morning walk:
+"Do you know that I have a sort of foreboding that some such sunshiny
+morning as this I shall be out here facing a firing squad?"
+
+Troops held back the crowds and left a large square for the tragedy,
+while artillery behind them was ready for suppressing any attempt at
+rescuing the prisoner. None came, however, for though Rizal's brother
+Paciano had joined the insurrectionary forces in Cavite when the death
+sentence showed there was no more hope for Jose, he had discouraged
+the demonstration that had been planned as soon as he learned how
+scantily the insurgents were armed, hardly a score of serviceable
+firearms being in the possession of their entire "army."
+
+The firing squad was of Filipino soldiers, while behind them, better
+armed, were Spaniards in case these tried to evade the fratricidal
+part assigned them. Rizal's composure aroused the curiosity of a
+Spanish military surgeon standing by and he asked, "Colleague, may
+I feel your pulse?" Without other reply the prisoner twisted one of
+his hands as far from his body as the cords which bound him allowed,
+so that the other doctor could place his fingers on the wrist. The
+beats were steady and showed neither excitement nor fear, was the
+report made later.
+
+His request to be allowed to face his executioners was denied as being
+out of the power of the commanding officer to grant, though Rizal
+declared that he did not deserve such a death, for he was no traitor
+to Spain. It was promised, however, that his head should be respected,
+and as unblindfolded and erect Rizal turned his back to receive their
+bullets, he twisted a hand to indicate under the shoulder where the
+soldiers should aim so as to reach his heart. Then as the volley came,
+with a last supreme effort of will power, he turned and fell face
+upwards, thus receiving the subsequent "shots of grace" which ended his
+life, so that in form as well as fact he did not die a traitor's death.
+
+The Spanish national air was played, that march of Cadiz which should
+have recalled a violated constitution, for by the laws of Spain itself
+Rizal was illegally executed.
+
+Vivas, laughter and applause were heard, for it had been the social
+event of the day, with breakfasting parties on the walls and on
+the carriages, full of interested onlookers of both sexes, lined up
+conveniently near for the sightseeing.
+
+The troops defiled past the dead body, as though reviewed by it,
+for the most commanding figure of all was that which lay lifeless,
+but the center of all eyes. An officer, realizing the decency due to
+death, drew his handkerchief from the dead man's pocket and spread
+the silk over the calm face. A crimson stain soon marked the whiteness
+emblematic of the pure life that had just ended, and with the glorious
+blue overhead, the tricolor of Liberty, which had just claimed another
+martyr, was revealed in its richest beauty.
+
+Sir Hugh Clifford (now Governor of Ceylon), in Blackwood's Magazine,
+"The Story of Jose Rizal, the Filipino; A Fragment of Recent Asiatic
+History," comments as follows on the disgraceful doing of that day:
+
+"It was," he writes, "early morning, December 30, 1896, and the bright
+sunshine of the tropics streamed down upon the open space, casting
+hard fantastic shadows, and drenching with its splendor two crowds
+of sightseers. The one was composed of Filipinos, cowed, melancholy,
+sullen, gazing through hopeless eyes at the final scene in the life of
+their great countryman--the man who had dared to champion their cause,
+and to tell the world the story of their miseries; the other was blithe
+of air, gay with the uniforms of officers and the bright dresses of
+Spanish ladies, the men jesting and laughing, the women shamelessly
+applauding with waving handkerchiefs and clapping palms, all alike
+triumphing openly in the death of the hated 'Indian,' the 'brother
+of the water-buffalo,' whose insolence had wounded their pride.
+
+* * * Turning away, sick at heart, from the contemplation of this
+bitter tragedy, it is with a thrill of almost vindictive satisfaction
+that one remembers that less than eighteen months later the Luneta
+echoed once more to the sound of a mightier fusillade--the roar of
+the great guns with which the battle of Manila Bay was fought and won.
+
+* * * And if in the moment of his last supreme agony the power to probe
+the future had been vouchsafed to Jose Rizal, would he not have died
+happy in the knowledge that the land he loved so dearly was very soon
+to be transferred into such safekeeping?"
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+The After-Life in Memory
+
+An hour or so after the shooting a dead-wagon from San Juan de Dios
+Hospital took Rizal's body to Paco Cemetery. The civil governor of
+Manila was in charge and there also were present the members of a
+Church society whose duty it was to attend executions.
+
+Rizal had been wearing a black suit which he had obtained for his
+European trip, and a derby hat, not only appropriate for a funeral
+occasion because of their somber color, but also more desirable
+than white both for the full day's wear, since they had to be put
+on before the twenty-four hours in the chapel, and for the lying on
+the ground which would follow the execution of the sentence. A plain
+box inclosed the remains thus dressed, for even the hat was picked
+up and encoffined.
+
+No visitors were admitted to the cemetery while the interment was
+going on, and for several weeks after guards watched over the grave,
+lest Filipinos might come by night to steal away the body and apportion
+the clothing among themselves as relics of a martyr. Even the exact
+spot of the interment was intended to be unknown, but friends of the
+family were among the attendants at the burial and dropped into the
+grave a marble slab which had been furnished them, bearing the initials
+of the full baptismal name, Jose Protasio Rizal, in reversed order.
+
+The entry of the burial, like that of three of his followers of the
+Liga Filipina who were among the dozen executed a fortnight later,
+was on the back flyleaf of the cemetery register, with three or four
+words of explanation later erased and now unknown. On the previous
+page was the entry of a suicide's death, and following it is that of
+the British Consul who died on the eve of Manila's surrender and whose
+body, by the Archbishop's permission, was stored in a Paco niche till
+it could be removed to the Protestant (foreigners') cemetery at San
+Pedro Macati.
+
+The day of Rizal's execution, the day of his birth and the day of
+his first leaving his native land was a Wednesday. All that night,
+and the next day, the celebration continued the volunteers, who
+were particularly responsible, like their fellows in Cuba, for the
+atrocities which disgraced Spain's rule in the Philippines, being
+especially in evidence. It was their clamor that had made the bringing
+back of Rizal possible, their demands for his death had been most
+prominent in his so-called trial, and now they were praising themselves
+for their "patriotism." The landlords had objected to having their land
+titles questioned and their taxes raised. The other friar orders, as
+well as these, were opposed to a campaign which sought their transfer
+from profitable parishes to self-sacrificing missionary labors. But
+probably none of them as organizations desired Rizal's death.
+
+Rizal's old teachers wished for the restoration of their former
+pupil to the faith of his childhood, from which they believed he had
+departed. Through Despujol they seem to have worked for an opportunity
+for influencing him, yet his death was certainly not in their plans.
+
+Some Filipinos, to save themselves, tried to complicate Rizal with the
+Katipunan uprising by palpable falsehoods. But not every man is heroic
+and these can hardly be blamed, for if all the alleged confessions
+were not secured by actual torture, they were made through fear of
+it, since in 1896 there was in Manila the legal practice of causing
+bodily suffering by mediaeval methods supplemented by torments devised
+by modern science.
+
+Among the Spaniards in Manila then, reenforced by those whom
+the uprising had frightened out of the provinces, were a few who
+realized that they belonged among the classes caricatured in Rizal's
+novels--some incompetent, others dishonest, cruel ones, the illiterate,
+wretched specimens that had married outside their race to get money
+and find wives who would not know them for what they were, or drunken
+husbands of viragoes. They came to the Philippines because they were
+below the standard of their homeland. These talked the loudest and
+thus dominated the undisciplined volunteers. With nothing divine about
+them, since they had not forgotten, they did not forgive. So when the
+Tondo "discoverer" of the Katipunan fancied he saw opportunity for
+promotion in fanning their flame of wrath, they claimed their victims,
+and neither the panic-stricken populace nor the weak-kneed government
+could withstand them.
+
+Once more it must be repeated that Spain has no monopoly of bad
+characters, nor suffers in the comparison of her honorable citizenship
+with that of other nationalities, but her system in the Philippines
+permitted abuses which good governments seek to avoid or, in the
+rare occasions when this is impossible, aim to punish. Here was the
+Spanish shortcoming, for these were the defects which made possible
+so strange a story as this biography unfolds. "Jose Rizal," said a
+recent Spanish writer, "was the living indictment of Spain's wretched
+colonial system."
+
+Rizal's family were scattered among the homes of friends brave enough
+to risk the popular resentment against everyone in any way identified
+with the victim of their prejudice.
+
+As New Year's eve approached, the bands ceased playing and the marchers
+stopped parading. Their enthusiasm had worn itself out in the two
+continuous days of celebration, and there was a lessening of the
+hospitality with which these "heroes" who had "saved the fatherland"
+at first had been entertained. Their great day of the year became of
+more interest than further remembrance of the bloody occurrence on
+Bagumbayan Field. To those who mourned a son and a brother the change
+must have come as a welcome relief, for even sorrow has its degrees,
+and the exultation over the death embittered their grief.
+
+To the remote and humble home where Rizal's widow and the sister
+to whom he had promised a parting gift were sheltered, the Dapitan
+schoolboy who had attended his imprisoned teacher brought an alcohol
+cooking-lamp. It was midnight before they dared seek the "something"
+which Rizal had said was inside. The alcohol was emptied from the tank
+and, with a convenient hairpin, a tightly folded and doubled piece of
+paper was dislodged from where it had been wedged in, out of sight,
+so that its rattling might not betray it.
+
+It was a single sheet of notepaper bearing verses in Rizal's well-known
+handwriting and familiar style. Hastily the young boy copied them,
+making some minor mistakes owing to his agitation and unfamiliarity
+with the language, and the copy, without explanation, was mailed to
+Mr. Basa in Hongkong. Then the original was taken by the two women with
+their few possessions and they fled to join the insurgents in Cavite.
+
+The following translation of these verses was made by Charles
+Derbyshire:
+
+
+  My Last Farewell
+
+  Farewell, dear Fatherland, clime of the sun caress'd,
+  Pearl of the Orient seas, our Eden lost!
+  Gladly now I go to give thee this faded life's best,
+  And were it brighter, fresher, or more blest,
+  Still would I give it thee, nor count the cost.
+
+  On the field of battle, 'mid the frenzy of fight,
+  Others have given their lives, without doubt or heed;
+  The place matters not--cypress or laurel or lily white,
+  Scaffold of open plain, combat or martyrdom's plight,
+  'Tis ever the same, to serve our home and country's need.
+
+  I die just when I see the dawn break,
+  Through the gloom of night, to herald the day;
+  And if color is lacking my blood thou shalt take,
+  Pour'd out at need for thy dear sake,
+  To dye with its crimson the waking ray.
+
+  My dreams, when life first opened to me,
+  My dreams, when the hopes of youth beat high,
+  Were to see thy lov'd face, O gem of the Orient sea,
+  From gloom and grief, from care and sorrow free;
+  No blush on thy brow, no tear in thine eye
+
+  Dream of my life, my living and burning desire,
+  All hail! cries the soul that is now to take flight;
+  All hail! And sweet it is for thee to expire;
+  To die for thy sake, that thou mayst aspire;
+  And sleep in thy bosom eternity's long night.
+
+  If over my grave some day thou seest grow,
+  In the grassy sod, a humble flower,
+  Draw it to thy lips and kiss my soul so,
+  While I may feel on my brow in the cold tomb below
+  The touch of thy tenderness, thy breath's warm power.
+
+  Let the moon beam over me soft and serene,
+  Let the dawn shed over me its radiant flashes,
+  Let the wind with sad lament over me keen;
+  And if on my cross a bird should be seen,
+  Let it trill there its hymn of peace to my ashes.
+
+  Let the sun draw the vapors up to the sky,
+  And heavenward in purity bear my tardy protest;
+  Let some kind soul o'er my untimely fate sigh,
+  And in the still evening a prayer be lifted on high
+  From thee, O my country, that in God I may rest.
+
+  Pray for all those that hapless have died,
+  For all who have suffered the unmeasur'd pain;
+  For our mothers that bitterly their woes have cried,
+  For widows and orphans, for captives by torture tried;
+  And then for thyself that redemption thou mayst gain.
+
+  And when the dark night wraps the graveyard around,
+  With only the dead in their vigil to see;
+  Break not my repose or the mystery profound,
+  And perchance thou mayst hear a sad hymn resound;
+  'Tis I, O my country, raising a song unto thee.
+
+  When even my grave is remembered no more,
+  Unmark'd by never a cross nor a stone;
+  Let the plow sweep through it, the spade turn it o'er,
+  That my ashes may carpet thy earthly floor,
+  Before into nothingness at last they are blown.
+
+  Then will oblivion bring to me no care,
+  As over thy vales and plains I sweep;
+  Throbbing and cleansed in thy space and air,
+  With color and light, with song and lament I fare,
+  Ever repeating the faith that I keep.
+
+  My Fatherland ador'd, that sadness to my sorrow lends,
+  Beloved Filipinas, hear now my last good-by!
+  I give thee all: parents and kindred and friends;
+  For I go where no slave before the oppressor bends,
+  Where faith can never kill, and God reigns e'er on high!
+
+  Farewell to you all, from my soul torn away,
+  Friends of my childhood in the home dispossessed!
+  Give thanks that I rest from the wearisome day!
+  Farewell to thee, too, sweet friend that lightened my way;
+  Beloved creatures all, farewell! In death there is rest!
+
+
+
+For some time such belongings of Rizal as had been intrusted to
+Josefina had been in the care of the American Consul in Manila
+for as the adopted daughter of the American Taufer she had claimed
+his protection. Stories are told of her as a second Joan of Arc,
+but it is not likely that one of the few rifles which the insurgents
+had would be turned over to a woman. After a short experience in the
+field, much of it spent in nursing her sister-in-law through a fever,
+Mrs. Rizal returned to Manila. Then came a brief interview with the
+Governor-General. He had learned that his "administrative powers"
+to exile without trial did not extend to foreigners, but by advice
+of her consul she soon sailed for Hongkong.
+
+Mrs. Rizal at first lived in the Basa home and received
+considerable attention from the Filipino colony. There was too
+great a difference between the freedom accorded Englishwomen and the
+restraints surrounding Spanish ladies however, to avoid difficulties
+and misunderstandings, for very long. She returned to her adopted
+father's house and after his death married Vicente Abad, a Cebuan,
+son of a Spaniard who had been prominent in the Tabacalera Company
+and had become an agent of theirs in Hongkong after he had completed
+his studies there.
+
+Two weeks after Rizal's execution a dozen other members of his
+"Liga Filipina" were executed on the Luneta. One was a millionaire,
+Francisco Roxas, who had lost his mind, and believing that he was in
+church, calmly spread his handkerchief on the ground and knelt upon
+it as had been his custom in childhood. An old man, Moises Salvador,
+had been crippled by torture so that he could not stand and had to
+be laid upon the grass to be shot. The others met their death standing.
+
+That bravery and cruelty do not usually go together was amply
+demonstrated in Polavieja's case and by the volunteers. The latter
+once showed their patriotism, after a banquet, by going to the water's
+edge on the Luneta and firing volleys at the insurgents across the
+bay, miles away. The General was relieved of his command after he had
+fortified a camp with siege guns against the bolo-armed insurgents,
+who, however, by captures from the Spaniards were gradually becoming
+better equipped. But he did not escape condemnation from his own
+countrymen, and when he visited Giron, years after he had returned to
+the Peninsula, circulars were distributed among the crowd, bearing
+Rizal's last verses, his portrait, and the charge that to Polavieja
+was due the loss of the Philippines to Spain.
+
+The Katipunan insurgents in time were bought off by General Primo de
+Rivera, once more returned to the Islands for further plunder. The
+money question does not concern Rizal's life, but his prediction of
+suffering to the country came true, for while the leaders with the
+first payment and hostages for their own safety sailed away to live
+securely in Hongkong, the poorer people who remained suffered the
+vengeance of a government which seems never to have kept a promise to
+its people. Whether reforms were pledged is disputed, but if any were,
+they never were put into effect. No more money was paid, and the first
+instalment, preserved by the prudent leaders, equipped them when,
+owing to Dewey's victory, they were enabled to return to their country.
+
+On the first anniversary of Rizal's execution some Spaniards desecrated
+the grave, while on one of the niches, rented for the purpose, many
+feet away, the family hung wreaths with Tagalog dedications but
+no name.
+
+August 13, 1898, the Spanish flag came down from Fort Santiago in
+evidence of the surrender of the city. At the first opportunity
+Paco Cemetery was visited and Rizal's body raised for a more decent
+interment. Vainly his shoes were searched for a last message which
+he had said might be concealed there, for the dampness had made any
+paper unrecognizable. Then a simple cross was erected, resting on a
+marble block carved, as had been the smaller one which secretly had
+first marked the spot, with the reversed initials "R. P. J."
+
+The first issue of a Filipino newspaper under the new government was
+entirely dedicated to Rizal. The second anniversary of his execution
+was observed with general unanimity, his countrymen demonstrating that
+those who were seeing the dawn of the new day were not forgetful of
+the greatest of those who had fallen in the night, to paraphrase his
+own words.
+
+His widow returned and did live by giving lessons in English, at first
+privately in Cebu, where one of her pupils was the present and first
+Speaker of the Philippine Assembly, and afterwards as a government
+employee in the public schools and in the "Liceo" of Manila.
+
+With the establishment of civil government a new province was formed
+near Manila, including the land across the lake to which, as a lad
+in Kalamba, Rizal had often wonderingly looked, and the name of Rizal
+Province was given it.
+
+Later when public holidays were provided for by the new laws, the
+anniversary of Rizal's execution was in the list, and it has become the
+great day of the year, with the entire community uniting, for Spaniards
+no longer consider him to have been a traitor to Spain and the American
+authorities have founded a government in conformity with his teachings.
+
+On one of these occasions, December 30, 1905, William Jennings Bryan,
+"The Great American Commoner," gave the Rizal Day address, in the
+course of which he said:
+
+"If you will permit me to draw one lesson from the life of Rizal,
+I will say that he presents an example of a great man consecrated
+to his country's welfare. He, though dead, is a living rebuke to the
+scholar who selfishly enjoys the privilege of an ample education and
+does not impart the benefits of it to his fellows. His example is worth
+much to the people of these Islands, to the child who reads of him,
+to the young and old."
+
+The fiftieth anniversary of Rizal's birth was observed throughout the
+Archipelago with exercises in every community by public schools now
+organized along the lines he wished, to make self-dependent, capable
+men and women, strong in body as in mind, knowing and claiming their
+own rights, and recognizing and respecting those of others.
+
+His father died early in the year that the flags changed, but the
+mother lived to see honor done her son and to prove herself as worthy,
+for when the Philippine Legislature wanted to set aside a considerable
+sum for her use, she declined it with the true and rightfully
+proud assertion, that her family had never been patriotic for
+money. Her funeral, in 1911, was an occasion of public mourning, the
+Governor-General, Legislature and chief men of the Islands attending,
+and all public business being suspended by proclamation for the day.
+
+A capitol for the representatives of the free people of the
+Philippines, and worthy of the pioneer democratic government in the
+Orient, is soon to be erected on the Luneta, facing the big Rizal
+monument which will mark the place of execution of the man who gave
+his life to prepare his countrymen for the changed conditions.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NOTES
+
+[1] -- I take the liberty, here, of citing an instance of this. In
+1861, when I found myself on the West Coast of Mexico, a dozen
+backwoods families determined upon settling in Sonora (forming an
+oasis in the desert); a plan which was frustrated by the invasion
+at that time of the European powers. Many native farmers awaited
+the arrival of these immigrants in order to take them under their
+protection. The value of land in consequence of the announcement of
+the project rose very considerably.
+
+[2] -- See Appendix.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Lineage, Life, and Labors of Jose
+Rizal, Philippine Patriot, by Austin Craig
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Lineage, Life and Labors of Jose Rizal,
+Philippine Patriot, by Austin Craig
+
+Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the
+copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing
+this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook.
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+Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the
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+**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts**
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+*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!*****
+
+
+Title: Lineage, Life and Labors of Jose Rizal, Philippine Patriot
+
+Author: Austin Craig
+
+Release Date: November, 2004 [EBook #6867]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on February 2, 2003]
+
+Edition: 10
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOSE RIZAL ***
+
+
+
+
+Text prepared by Jeroen Hellingman,
+with help of the distributed proofreading website.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+LINEAGE LIFE AND LABORS
+of
+JOSE RIZAL
+PHILIPPINE PATRIOT
+
+A Study of the Growth of Free Ideas in the Trans-Pacific American
+Territory
+
+BY
+
+AUSTIN CRAIG
+ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ORIENTAL HISTORY
+UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
+
+AUTHOR OF "THE STUDY OF JOSE RIZAL,"
+"EL LINEAJE DEL DOCTOR RIZAL," ETC.
+
+INTRODUCTION BY
+JAMES ALEXANDER ROBERTSON, L.H.D.
+
+
+MANILA
+PHILIPPINE EDUCATION COMPANY
+1913
+
+
+
+
+
+DEDICATION
+
+To the Philippine Youth
+
+The subject of Doctor Rizal's first prize-winning poem was The
+Philippine Youth, and its theme was "Growth." The study of the growth
+of free ideas, as illustrated in this book of his lineage, life and
+labors, may therefore fittingly be dedicated to the "fair hope of
+the fatherland."
+
+Except in the case of some few men of great genius, those who are
+accustomed to absolutism cannot comprehend democracy. Therefore our
+nation is relying on its young men and young women; on the rising,
+instructed generation, for the secure establishment of popular
+self-government in the Philippines. This was Rizal's own idea, for
+he said, through the old philosopher in "Noli me Tangere," that he
+was not writing for his own generation but for a coming, instructed
+generation that would understand his hidden meaning.
+
+Your public school education gives you the democratic view-point,
+which the genius of Rizal gave him; in the fifty-five volumes of
+the Blair-Robertson translation of Philippine historical material
+there is available today more about your country's past than the
+entire contents of the British Museum afforded him; and you have the
+guidance in the new paths that Rizal struck out, of the life of a
+hero who, farsightedly or providentially, as you may later decide,
+was the forerunner of the present regime.
+
+But you will do as he would have done, neither accept anything because
+it is written, nor reject it because it does not fall in with your
+prejudices--study out the truth for yourselves.
+
+
+
+Introduction
+
+In writing a biography, the author, if he be discriminating, selects,
+with great care, the salient features of the life story of the one whom
+he deems worthy of being portrayed as a person possessed of preeminent
+qualities that make for a character and greatness. Indeed to write
+biography at all, one should have that nice sense of proportion that
+makes him instinctively seize upon only those points that do advance
+his theme. Boswell has given the world an example of biography that
+is often wearisome in the extreme, although he wrote about a man
+who occupied in his time a commanding position. Because Johnson was
+Johnson the world accepts Boswell, and loves to talk of the minuteness
+of Boswell's portrayal, yet how many read him, or if they do read him,
+have the patience to read him to the end?
+
+In writing the life of the greatest of the Filipinos, Mr. Craig has
+displayed judgment. Saturated as he is with endless details of Rizal's
+life, he has had the good taste to select those incidents or those
+phases of Rizal's life that exhibit his greatness of soul and that
+show the factors that were the most potent in shaping his character
+and in controlling his purposes and actions.
+
+A biography written with this chastening of wealth cannot fail to
+be instructive and worthy of study. If one were to point out but
+a single benefit that can accrue from a study of biography written
+as Mr. Craig has done that of Rizal, he would mention, I believe,
+that to the character of the student, for one cannot study seriously
+about men of character without being affected by that study. As
+leading to an understanding of the character of Rizal, Mr. Craig has
+described his ancestry with considerable fulness and has shown how the
+selective principle has worked through successive generations. But
+he has also realized the value of the outside influences and shows
+how the accidents of birth and nation affected by environment plus
+mental vigor and will produced Jose Rizal. With a strikingly meager
+setting of detail, Rizal has been portrayed from every side and the
+reader must leave the biography with a knowledge of the elements
+that entered into and made his life. As a study for the youth of the
+Philippines, I believe this life of Rizal will be productive of good
+results. Stimulation and purpose are presented (yet not didactically)
+throughout its pages. One object of the author, I should say, has been
+to show how both Philippine history and world history helped shape
+Rizal's character. Accordingly, he has mentioned many historical
+matters both of Philippine and world-wide interest. One cannot read
+the book without a desire to know more of these matters. Thus the
+book is not only a biography, it is a history as well. It must give
+a larger outlook to the youth of the Philippines. The only drawback
+that one might find in it, and it seems paradoxical to say it, is
+the lack of more detail, for one leaves it wishing that he knew more
+of the actual intimate happenings, and this, I take it, is the best
+effect a biography can have on the reader outside of the instructive
+and moral value of the biography.
+
+JAMES A. ROBERTSON.
+
+MANILA, P. I.
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+
+Dedication. To the Philippine Youth
+Introduction
+I. America's Forerunner
+II. Rizal's Chinese Ancestry
+III. Liberalizing Hereditary Influences
+IV. Rizal's Early Childhood
+V. Jagor's Prophecy
+VI. The Period of Preparation
+VII. The Period of Propaganda
+VIII. Despujol's Duplicity
+IX. The Deportation to Dapitan
+X. Consummatum Est
+XI. The After Life In Memory
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+Portrait of Rizal Frontispiece
+Painted in oils by Felix Resurrection Hidalgo (in color).
+
+Philippine Money and Postage Stamps
+
+Portrait of Rizal
+Painted in oils by Juan Luna in Paris. Facsimile (in color).
+
+Columbus at Barcelona
+From a print in Rizal's scrapbook.
+
+Portrait Group
+Rizal at thirteen. Rizal at eighteen. Rizal in London. The portrait
+on the postage stamp.
+
+The Baptismal Record of Domingo Lam-co
+Facsimile.
+
+Portrait Group
+1. In Luna's home. 2. In 1890. 3. The portrait on the paper
+money. 4. In 1891. 5. In 1892.
+
+Pacific Ocean Spheres of Influence
+Made by Rizal during President Harrison's administration.
+
+Father of Rizal
+Portrait.
+
+Mother of Rizal
+Portrait.
+
+Rizal's Family-Tree
+Made by Rizal when in Dapitan.
+
+Birthplace of Jose Rizal
+From a photograph.
+
+Sketches by Rizal
+A group made during his travels.
+
+Bust of Rizal's Father
+Carved in wood by Rizal.
+
+The Church and Convento at Kalamba
+From a photograph.
+
+Father Leoncio Lopez
+From a photograph.
+
+The Lake District of Central Luzon
+Sketch made by Rizal.
+
+Rizal's Uncle, Jose Alberto
+From a photograph.
+
+Sir John Bowring, K.C.B.
+From an old print.
+
+Jose Del Pan of Manila
+From a photograph.
+
+Governor De La Torre
+From an old print.
+
+Archbishop Martinez
+From an old print.
+
+The Very Rev. James Burgos, D.D.
+From a photograph.
+
+Gen. F. T. Ward
+From a photograph.
+
+Monument to the "Ever-Victorious" Army, Shanghai
+From a photograph.
+
+Mrs. Rizal and Her Two Daughters
+From a photograph.
+
+Bilibid Prison
+From an old print.
+
+Model of a Head of a Dapitan Girl
+From a photograph.
+
+Memorial to Jose Alberto in the Church at Binan
+From a photograph.
+
+Books from Rizal's Library
+From a photograph.
+
+Rizal's Carving of the Sacred Heart
+From a photograph.
+
+Bust of Father Guerrico, S. J.
+From a photograph.
+
+Two Views of a Composite Statuette by Rizal
+From photographs.
+
+Model in Clay of a Dapitan Woman
+From a photograph.
+
+Sketch of Himself in the Training Class
+Photograph from the original.
+
+Oil Painting of Rizal's Sister, Saturnina
+Photograph from the painting.
+
+Rizal's Parting View of Manila
+Pencil sketch by himself.
+
+Sketches: 1. Singapore Lighthouse. 2. Along the Suez Canal.
+3. Castle of St. Elmo
+From Rizal's sketch book.
+
+Studies of Passengers on the French Mail Steamer
+From Rizal's sketch book.
+
+Aden, May 28, 1882
+From Rizal's sketch book.
+
+Don Pablo Ortigas y Reyes
+From a photograph.
+
+First Lines of a Poem by Rizal to Miss Reyes
+Facsimile.
+
+Rizal in Juan Luna's Studio in Paris
+From a photograph.
+
+The Ruined Castle at Heidelberg
+From a photograph.
+
+Dr. Rudolf Virchow
+From a photograph.
+
+The House where Rizal Completed "Noli Me Tangere"
+From a photograph.
+
+Manuscript of "Noli Me Tangere"
+Facsimile.
+
+Portrait of Dr. F. Blumentritt
+Pencil sketch by Rizal.
+
+The Victory of Death over Life and of Science over Death
+Statuettes by Rizal from photographs.
+
+Jose T. De Andrade, Rizal's Bodyguard
+From an old print.
+
+Jose Maria Basa of Hongkong
+From a photograph.
+
+Imitations of Japanese Art
+From Rizal's sketch book.
+
+Dr. Antonio Maria Regidor
+From a photograph.
+
+A "Wheel of Fortune" Answer Book
+Facsimile.
+
+Dr. Reinhold Rost
+From a photograph.
+
+A Page from Andersen's Fairy Tales Translated by Rizal
+Facsimile.
+
+Dedication of Rizal's Translation of Andersen's Fairy Tales
+Facsimile.
+
+A Trilingual Letter by Rizal
+Facsimile.
+
+Morga's History in the British Museum
+From a photograph of the original.
+
+Application, Recommendation and Admission to the British Museum
+From photographs of the originals.
+
+"La Solidaridad"
+From photograph of the original.
+
+Staff of "La Solidaridad"
+From a photograph.
+
+Rizal Fencing with Luna in Paris
+From a photograph.
+
+General Weyler Known as "Butcher" Weyler
+From a photograph.
+
+Rizal's Parents during the Land Troubles
+From photographs.
+
+The Writ of Eviction against Rizal's Father
+Facsimile of the original.
+
+Room in which "El Filibusterismo" was Begun
+Pencil sketch by Rizal.
+
+First Page of the Manuscript of "El Filibusterismo"
+Facsimile from the original.
+
+Cover of the Manuscript of "El Filibusterismo"
+Facsimile of the original.
+
+Rizal's Professional Card when in Hongkong
+Facsimile of the original.
+
+Statuette Modeled by Rizal
+From a photograph.
+
+Don Eulogio Despujol
+From an old print.
+
+Proposed Settlement in Borneo
+Facsimile of original sketch.
+
+Rizal's Passport or "Safe Conduct"
+Photograph of the original.
+
+Part of Despujol's Private Inquiry
+Facsimile of the original.
+
+Case Secretly Filed against Rizal
+Facsimile of the original.
+
+Luis De La Torre, Secretary to Despujol
+From an old print.
+
+Regulations of La Liga Filipina
+Facsimile in Rizal's handwriting.
+
+The Calle Ilaya Monument to Rizal and La Liga Filipina
+From a photograph.
+
+Three New Species Discovered by Rizal and Named After Him
+From an engraving.
+
+Specimens Collected by Rizal and Father Sanchez
+From photographs.
+
+Statuette by Rizal, The Mother's Revenge
+From a photograph.
+
+Father Sanchez, S. J.
+From a photograph.
+
+Drawings of Fishes Caught at Dapitan
+Twelve facsimiles of Rizal's originals.
+
+Plan of the Water Works for Dapitan
+Facsimile of Rizal's sketch.
+
+Jewelry of Earliest Moro Converts
+From a photograph.
+
+Hill and Excavations where the Jewelry was Found
+Facsimile of a sketch by Rizal.
+
+List of Ethnographical Material
+Facsimile.
+
+The Blind Mr. Taufer
+From a photograph.
+
+Rizal's Father-in-Law
+From a photograph.
+
+Carved Portrait of Josefina Bracken
+From a photograph.
+
+Josefina Bracken's Baptismal Certificate
+Facsimile of the original.
+
+Josefina Bracken, Afterwards Mrs. Jose Rizal
+From a photograph.
+
+Leonora Rivera
+Pencil sketch by Rizal.
+
+Leonora Rivera at the Age of Fifteen
+From a photograph.
+
+Letter to His Nephew by Rizal
+Facsimile.
+
+Ethnographical Material Collected by Rizal
+From a print.
+
+Cell in which Rizal was Imprisoned
+From a photograph.
+
+Cuartel De Espana
+From a photograph.
+
+Luis T. De Andrade
+From an old print.
+
+Interior of Cell
+From a photograph.
+
+Rizal's Wedding Gift to His Wife
+Facsimile of original.
+
+Rizal's Symbolic Name in Masonry
+Facsimile of original.
+
+The Wife of Jose Rizal
+From a photograph.
+
+Execution of Rizal
+From a photograph.
+
+Burial Record of Rizal
+Facsimile from the Paco register.
+
+Grave of Rizal in Paco Cemetery, Manila
+From a photograph.
+
+The Alcohol Lamp in which the "Farewell" Poem was Hidden
+From a photograph.
+
+The Opening Lines of Rizal's Last Verses
+Facsimile of original.
+
+Rizal's Farewell to His Mother
+Facsimile.
+
+Monument at the Corner of Rizal Avenue
+From a photograph.
+
+Float in a Rizal Day Parade
+From a photograph.
+
+W. J. Bryan as a Rizal Day Orator
+From a photograph.
+
+Governor-General Forbes and Delegate Mariano Ponce
+From a photograph.
+
+The Last Portrait of Jose Rizal's Mother
+From a photograph.
+
+Accepted Model for the Rizal Monument
+From a photograph.
+
+The Rizal Monument in Front of the New Capital
+From a sketch.
+
+The Story of the Monkey and the Tortoise
+Six facsimiles from Rizal's originals.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+America's Forerunner
+
+THE lineage of a hero who made the history of his country during its
+most critical period, and whose labors constitute its hope for the
+future, must be more than a simple list of an ascending line. The blood
+which flowed in his veins must be traced generation by generation,
+the better to understand the man, but at the same time the causes
+leading to the conditions of his times must be noted, step by step,
+in order to give a better understanding of the environment in which
+he lived and labored.
+
+The study of the growth of free ideas is now in the days of our
+democracy the most important feature of Philippine history; hitherto
+this history has consisted of little more than lists of governors,
+their term of office, and of the recital of such incidents as were
+considered to redound to the glory of Spain, or could be so twisted
+and misrepresented as to make them appear to do so. It rarely occurred
+to former historians that the lamp of experience might prove a light
+for the feet of future generations, and the mistakes of the past
+were usually ignored or passed over, thus leaving the way open for
+repeating the old errors. But profit, not pride, should be the object
+of the study of the past, and our historians of today very largely
+concern themselves with mistakes in policy and defects of system;
+fortunately for them such critical investigation under our changed
+conditions does not involve the discomfort and danger that attended
+it in the days of Doctor Rizal.
+
+In the opinion of the martyred Doctor, criticism of the right
+sort--even the very best things may be abused till they become
+intolerable evils--serves much the same useful warning purpose
+for governments that the symptoms of sickness do for persons. Thus
+government and individual alike, when advised in time of something
+wrong with the system, can seek out and correct the cause before
+serious consequences ensue. But the nation that represses honest
+criticism with severity, like the individual who deadens his symptoms
+with dangerous drugs, is likely to be lulled into a false security
+that may prove fatal. Patriot toward Spain and the Philippines alike,
+Rizal tried to impress this view upon the government of his day,
+with fatal results to himself, and the disastrous effects of not
+heeding him have since justified his position.
+
+The very defenses of Old Manila illustrate how the Philippines have
+suffered from lack of such devoted, honest and courageous critics as
+Jose Rizal. The city wall was built some years later than the first
+Spanish occupation to keep out Chinese pirates after Li Ma-hong
+destroyed the city. The Spaniards sheltered themselves in the old
+Tagalog fort till reenforcements could come from the country. No one
+had ever dared to quote the proverb about locking the door after the
+horse was stolen. The need for the moat, so recently filled in, was
+not seen until after the bitter experience of the easy occupation of
+Manila by the English, but if public opinion had been allowed free
+expression this experience might have been avoided. And the free
+space about the walls was cleared of buildings only after these same
+buildings had helped to make the same occupation of the city easier,
+yet there were many in Manila who foresaw the danger but feared to
+foretell it.
+
+Had the people of Spain been free to criticise the Spaniards' way of
+waiting to do things until it is too late, that nation, at one time the
+largest and richest empire in the world, would probably have been saved
+from its loss of territory and its present impoverished condition. And
+had the early Filipinos, to whom splendid professions and sweeping
+promises were made, dared to complain of the Peninsular policy of
+procrastination--the "manana" habit, as it has been called--Spain
+might have been spared Doctor Rizal's terrible but true indictment
+that she retarded Philippine progress, kept the Islands miserably
+ruled for 333 years and in the last days of the nineteenth century was
+still permitting mediaeval malpractices. Rizal did not believe that
+his country was able to stand alone as a separate government. He
+therefore desired to preserve the Spanish sovereignty in the
+Philippines, but he desired also to bring about reforms and conditions
+conducive to advancement. To this end he carefully pointed out those
+colonial shortcomings that caused friction, kept up discontent, and
+prevented safe progress, and that would have been perfectly easy to
+correct. Directly as well as indirectly, the changes he proposed were
+calculated to benefit the homeland quite as much as the Philippines,
+but his well-meaning efforts brought him hatred and an undeserved
+death, thus proving once more how thankless is the task of telling
+unpleasant truths, no matter how necessary it may be to do so. Because
+Rizal spoke out boldly, while realizing what would probably be his
+fate, history holds him a hero and calls his death a martyrdom. He
+was not one of those popularity-seeking, self-styled patriots who are
+ever mouthing "My country, right or wrong;" his devotion was deeper
+and more disinterested. When he found his country wrong he willingly
+sacrificed himself to set her right. Such unselfish spirits are rare;
+in life they are often misunderstood, but when time does them justice,
+they come into a fame which endures.
+
+Doctor Rizal knew that the real Spain had generous though sluggish
+intentions, and noble though erratic impulses, but it awoke too late;
+too late for Doctor Rizal and too late to save the Philippines for
+Spain; tardy reforms after his death were useless and the loss of
+her overseas possessions was the result. Doctor Rizal lost when he
+staked his life on his trust in the innate sense of honor of Spain,
+for that sense of honor became temporarily blinded by a sudden but
+fatal gust of passion; and it took the shock of the separation to
+rouse the dormant Spanish chivalry.
+
+Still in the main Rizal's judgment was correct, and he was the victim
+of mistimed, rather than of misplaced, confidence, for as soon as
+the knowledge of the real Rizal became known to the Spanish people,
+belated justice began to be done his memory, and then, repentant and
+remorseful, as is characteristically Castilian, there was little delay
+and no half-heartedness. Another name may now be grouped with Columbus
+and Cervantes among those to whom Spain has given imprisonment in
+life and monuments after death--chains for the man and chaplets for
+his memory. In 1896, during the few days before he could be returned
+to Manila, Doctor Rizal occupied a dungeon in Montjuich Castle in
+Barcelona; while on his way to assist the Spanish soldiers in Cuba
+who were stricken with yellow fever, he was shipped and sent back to
+a prejudged trial and an unjust execution. Fifteen years later the
+Catalan city authorities commemorated the semi-centennial of this
+prisoner's birth by changing, in his honor, the name of a street in
+the shadow of the infamous prison of Montjuich Castle to "Calle del
+Doctor Rizal."
+
+More instances of this nature are not cited since they are not
+essential to the proper understanding of Rizal's story, but let it be
+made clear once for all that whatever harshness may be found in the
+following pages is directed solely to those who betrayed the trust
+of the mother country and selfishly abused the ample and unrestrained
+powers with which Spain invested them.
+
+And what may seem the exaltation of the Anglo-Saxons at the expense of
+the Latins in these pages is intended only to point out the superiority
+of their ordered system of government, with its checks and balances,
+its individual rights and individual duties, under which men are
+"free to live by no man's leave, underneath the Law." No human being
+can be safely trusted with unlimited power, and no man, no matter
+what his nationality, could have withstood the temptations offered by
+the chaotic conditions in the Philippines in past times any better
+than did the Spaniards. There is nothing written in this book that
+should convey the opinion that in similar circumstances men of any
+nationality would not have acted as the Spaniards did. The easiest
+recognized characteristic of absolutism, and all the abuses and
+corruption it brings in its train, is fear of criticism, and Spain
+drew her own indictment in the Philippines when she executed Rizal.
+
+When any nation sets out to enroll all its scholarly critics among
+the martyrs in the cause of Liberty, it makes an open confession of
+guilt to all the world. For a quarter of a century Spain had been
+ruling in the Philippines by terrorizing its subjects there, and
+Rizal's execution, with utter disregard of the most elementary rules
+of judicial procedure, was the culmination that drove the Filipinos
+to desperation and arrested the attention of the whole civilized
+world. It was evident that Rizal's fate might have been that of any
+of his countrymen, and the thinking world saw that events had taken
+such a course in the Philippines that it had become justifiable for
+the Filipinos to attempt to dissolve the political bands which had
+connected them with Spain for over three centuries.
+
+Such action by the Filipinos would not have been warranted by a
+solitary instance of unjust execution under stress of political
+excitement that did not indicate the existence of a settled
+policy. Such instances are rather to be classed among the mistakes
+to which governments as well as individuals are liable. Yet even such
+a mistake may be avoided by certain precautions which experience has
+suggested, and the nation that disregards these precautions is justly
+open to criticism.
+
+Our present Philippine government guarantees to its citizens as
+fundamental rights, that no person shall be held to answer for a
+capital crime unless on an indictment, nor may he be compelled in any
+criminal case to be a witness gainst himself, nor be deprived of life,
+liberty or property without due process of law. The accused must have
+a speedy, public and impartial trial, be informed of the nature and
+cause of the accusation, be confronted with the witnesses against him,
+have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and have
+the assistance of counsel for his defense. Not one of these safeguards
+protected Doctor Rizal except that he had an "open trial," if that name
+may be given to a courtroom filled with his enemies openly clamoring
+for his death without rebuke from the court. Even the presumption of
+innocence till guilt was established was denied him. These precautions
+have been considered necessary for every criminal trial, but the
+framers of the American Constitution, fearful lest popular prejudice
+some day might cause injustice to those advocating unpopular ideals,
+prohibited the irremediable penalty of death upon a charge of treason
+except where the testimony of two reliable witnesses established some
+overt act, inference not being admissible as evidence.
+
+Such protection was not given the subjects of Spain, but still, with
+all the laxity of the Spanish law, and even if all the charges had been
+true, which they were far from being, no case was made out against
+Doctor Rizal at his trial. According to the laws then in effect, he
+was unfairly convicted and he should be considered innocent; for this
+reason his life will be studied to see what kind of hero he was, and
+no attempt need be made to plead good character and honest intentions
+in extenuation of illegal acts. Rizal was ever the advocate of law,
+and it will be found, too, that he was always consistently law-abiding.
+
+Though they are in the Orient, the Filipinos are not of it. Rizal once
+said, upon hearing of plans for a Philippine exhibit at a European
+World's Fair, that the people of Europe would have a chance to see
+themselves as they were in the Middle Ages. With allowances for the
+changes due to climate and for the character of the country, this
+statement can hardly be called exaggerated. The Filipinos in the
+last half of the nineteenth century were not Orientals but mediaeval
+Europeans--to the credit of the early Castilians but to the discredit
+of the later Spaniards.
+
+The Filipinos of the remoter Christian barrios, whom Rizal had in mind
+particularly, were in customs, beliefs and advancement substantially
+what the descendants of Legaspi's followers might have been had these
+been shipwrecked on the sparsely inhabited islands of the Archipelago
+and had their settlement remained shut off from the rest of the world.
+
+Except where foreign influence had accidentally crept in at the
+ports, it could truthfully be said that scarcely perceptible advance
+had been made in three hundred years. Succeeding Spaniards by their
+misrule not only added little to the glorious achievement of their
+ancestors, but seemed to have prevented the natural progress which
+the land would have made.
+
+In one form or another, this contention was the basis of Rizal's
+campaign. By careful search, it is true, isolated instances of
+improvement could be found, but the showing at its very best was
+so pitifully poor that the system stood discredited. And it was the
+system to which Rizal was opposed.
+
+The Spaniards who engaged in public argument with Rizal were
+continually discovering, too late to avoid tumbling into them, logical
+pitfalls which had been carefully prepared to trap them. Rizal argued
+much as he played chess, and was ever ready to sacrifice a pawn to
+be enabled to say "check." Many an unwary opponent realized after
+he had published what he had considered a clever answer that the
+same reasoning which scored a point against Rizal incontrovertibly
+established the Kalamban's major premise.
+
+Superficial antagonists, to the detriment of their own reputations,
+have made much of what they chose to consider Rizal's historical
+errors. But history is not merely chronology, and his representation
+of its trend, disregarding details, was a masterly tracing of current
+evils to their remote causes. He may have erred in some of his minor
+statements; this will happen to anyone who writes much, but attempts to
+discredit Rizal on the score of historical inaccuracy really reflect
+upon the captious critics, just as a draftsman would expose himself
+to ridicule were he to complain of some famous historical painting
+that it had not been drawn to exact scale. Rizal's writings were
+intended to bring out in relief the evils of the Spanish system of
+the government of the Filipino people, just as a map of the world
+may put the inhabited portions of the earth in greater prominence
+than those portions that are not inhabited. Neither is exact in its
+representation, but each serves its purpose the better because it
+magnifies the important and minimizes the unimportant.
+
+In his disunited and abased countrymen, Rizal's writings aroused, as he
+intended they should, the spirit of nationality, of a Fatherland which
+was not Spain, and put their feet on the road to progress. What matters
+it, then, if his historical references are not always exhaustive, and
+if to make himself intelligible in the Philippines he had to write in
+a style possibly not always sanctioned by the Spanish Academy? Spain
+herself had denied to the Filipinos a system of education that
+might have made a creditable Castilian the common language of the
+Archipelago. A display of erudition alone does not make an historian,
+nor is purity, propriety and precision in choosing words all there
+is to literature.
+
+Rizal charged Spain unceasingly with unprogressiveness in the
+Philippines, just as he labored and planned unwearyingly to bring
+the Filipinos abreast of modern European civilization. But in his
+appeals to the Spanish conscience and in his endeavors to educate his
+countrymen he showed himself as practical as he was in his arguments,
+ever ready to concede nonessentials in name and means if by doing so
+progress could be made.
+
+Because of his unceasing efforts for a wiser, better governed and
+more prosperous Philippines, and because of his frank admission that
+he hoped thus in time there might come a freer Philippines, Rizal was
+called traitor to Spain and ingrate. Now honest, open criticism is
+not treason, and the sincerest gratitude to those who first brought
+Christian civilization to the Philippines should not shut the eyes to
+the wrongs which Filipinos suffered from their successors. But until
+the latest moment of Spanish rule, the apologists of Spain seemed to
+think that they ought to be able to turn away the wrath evoked by the
+cruelty and incompetence that ran riot during centuries, by dwelling
+upon the benefits of the early days of the Spanish dominion.
+
+Wearisome was the eternal harping on gratitude which at one time was
+the only safe tone for pulpit, press and public speech; it irritating
+because it ignored questions of current policy, and it was discouraging
+to the Filipinos who were reminded by it of the hopeless future for
+their country to which time had brought no progress. But with all the
+faults and unworthiness of the later rulers, and the inane attempts
+of their parasites to distract attention from these failings, there
+remains undimmed the luster of Spain's early fame. The Christianizing
+which accompanied her flag upon the mainland and islands of the
+New World is its imperishable glory, and the transformation of the
+Filipino people from Orientals into mediaeval Europeans through the
+colonizing genius of the early Castilians, remains a marvel unmatched
+in colonial history and merits the lasting gratitude of the Filipino.
+
+Doctor Rizal satirized the degenerate descendants and scored the
+unworthy successors, but his writings may be searched in vain for
+wholesale charges against the Spanish nation such as Spanish scribblers
+were forever directing against all Filipinos, past, present and future,
+with an alleged fault of a single one as a pretext. It will be found
+that he invariably recognized that the faithful first administrators
+and the devoted pioneer missionaries had a valid claim upon the
+continuing gratitude of the people of Tupa's and Lakandola's land.
+
+Rizal's insight discerned, and experience has demonstrated, that
+Legaspi, Urdaneta and those who were like them, laid broad and firm
+foundations for a modern social and political organization which
+could be safely and speedily established by reforms from above. The
+early Christianizing civilizers deserve no part of the blame for
+the fact that Philippine ports were not earlier opened to progress,
+but much credit is due them that there is succeeding here an orderly
+democracy such as now would be impossible in any neighboring country.
+
+The Philippine patriot would be the first to recognize the justice
+of the selection of portraits which appear with that of Rizal upon
+the present Philippine postage stamps, where they serve as daily
+reminders of how free government came here.
+
+The constancy and courage of a Portuguese sailor put these Islands into
+touch with the New World with which their future progress was to be
+identified. The tact and honesty of a civil official from Mexico made
+possible the almost bloodless conquest which brought the Filipinos
+under the then helpful rule of Spain. The bequest of a far-sighted
+early philanthropist was the beginning of the water system of Manila,
+which was a recognition of the importance of efforts toward improving
+the public health and remains a reminder of how, even in the darkest
+days of miseries and misgovernment, there have not been wanting
+Spaniards whose ideal of Spanish patriotism was to devote heart,
+brain and wealth to the welfare of the Filipinos. These were the
+heroes of the period of preparation.
+
+The life of the one whose story is told in these pages was devoted
+and finally sacrificed to dignify their common country in the eyes
+of his countrymen, and to unite them in a common patriotism; he
+inculcated that self-respect which, by leading to self-restraint and
+self-control, makes self-government possible; and sought to inspire
+in all a love of ordered freedom, so that, whether under the flag
+of Spain or any other, or by themselves, neither tyrants (caciques)
+nor slaves (those led by caciques) would be possible among them.
+
+And the change itself came through an American President who
+believed, and practiced the belief, that nations owed obligations
+to other nations just as men had duties toward their fellow-men. He
+established here Liberty through Law, and provided for progress in
+general education, which should be a safeguard to good government as
+well, for an enlightened people cannot be an oppressed people. Then
+he went to war against the Philippines rather than deceive them,
+because the Filipinos, who repeatedly had been tricked by Spain with
+unfulfilled promises, insisted on pledges which he had not the power to
+give. They knew nothing of what was meant by the rule of the people,
+and could not conceive of a government whose head was the servant
+and not the master. Nor did they realize that even the voters might
+not promise for the future, since republicanism requires that the
+government of any period shall rule only during the period that it
+is in the majority. In that war military glory and quick conquest
+were sacrificed to consideration for the misled enemy, and every
+effort was made to minimize the evils of warfare and to gain the
+confidence of the people. Retaliation for violations of the usages of
+civilized warfare, of which Filipinos at first were guilty through
+their Spanish training, could not be entirely prevented, but this
+retaliation contrasted strikingly with the Filipinos' unhappy past
+experiences with Spanish soldiers. The few who had been educated out
+of Spain and therefore understood the American position were daily
+reenforced by those persons who became convinced from what they saw,
+until a majority of the Philippine people sought peace. Then the
+President of the United States outlined a policy, and the history
+and constitution of his government was an assurance that this policy
+would be followed; the American government then began to do what it
+had not been able to promise.
+
+The forerunner and the founder of the present regime in these Islands,
+by a strange coincidence, were as alike in being cruelly misunderstood
+in their lifetimes by those whom they sought to benefit as they were
+in the tragedy of their deaths, and both were unjustly judged by many,
+probably well-meaning, countrymen.
+
+Magellan, Legaspi, Carriedo, Rizal and McKinley, heroes of the free
+Philippines, belonged to different times and were of different types,
+but their work combined to make possible the growing democracy of
+to-day. The diversity of nationalities among these heroes is an added
+advantage, for it recalls that mingling of blood which has developed
+the Filipinos into a strong people.
+
+England, the United States and the Philippines are each composed
+of widely diverse elements. They have each been developed by
+adversity. They have each honored their severest critics while yet
+those critics lived. Their common literature, which tells the story
+of human liberty in its own tongue, is the richest, most practical
+and most accessible of all literature, and the popular education upon
+which rests the freedom of all three is in the same democratic tongue,
+which is the most widely known of civilized languages and the only
+unsycophantic speech, for it stands alone in not distinguishing by
+its use of pronouns in the second person the social grade of the
+individual addressed.
+
+The future may well realize Rizal's dream that his country should
+be to Asia what England has been to Europe and the United States
+is in America, a hope the more likely to be fulfilled since the
+events of 1898 restored only associations of the earlier and happier
+days of the history of the Philippines. The very name now used is
+nearer the spelling of the original Philipinas than the Filipinas
+of nineteenth century Spanish usage. The first form was used until
+nearly a century ago, when it was corrupted along with so many things
+of greater importance.
+
+The Philippines at first were called "The Islands of the West," as
+they are considered to be occidental and not oriental. They were made
+known to Europe as a sequel to the discoveries of Columbus. Conquered
+and colonized from Mexico, most of their pious and charitable
+endowments, churches, hospitals, asylums and colleges, were endowed
+by philanthropic Mexicans. Almost as long as Mexico remained Spanish
+the commerce of the Philippines was confined to Mexico, and the
+Philippines were a part of the postal system of Mexico and dependent
+upon the government of Mexico exactly as long as Mexico remained
+Spanish. They even kept the new world day, one day behind Europe,
+for a third of a century longer. The Mexican dollars continued to be
+their chief coins till supplanted, recently, by the present peso,
+and the highbuttoned white coat, the "americana," by that name was
+in general use long years ago. The name America is frequently to be
+found in the old baptismal registers, for a century or more ago many
+a Filipino child was so christened, and in the '70's Rizal's carving
+instructor, because so many of the best-made articles he used were
+of American manufacture, gave the name "Americano" to a godchild. As
+Americans, Filipinos were joined with the Mexicans when King Ferdinand
+VII thanked his subjects in both countries for their loyalty during
+the Napoleonic wars. Filipino students abroad found, too, books about
+the Philippines listed in libraries and in booksellers' catalogues
+as a branch of "Americana."
+
+Nor was their acquaintance confined to Spanish Americans. The name
+"English" was early known. Perhaps no other was more familiar in
+the beginning, for it was constantly execrated by the Spaniards,
+and in consequence secretly cherished by those who suffered wrongs
+at their hands.
+
+Magellan had lost his life in his attempted circumnavigation of the
+globe and Elcano completed the disastrous voyage in a shattered ship,
+minus most of its crew. But Drake, an Englishman, undertook the same
+voyage, passed the Straits in less time than Magellan, and was the
+first commander in his own ship to put a belt around the earth. These
+facts were known in the Philippines, and from them the Filipinos drew
+comparisons unfavorable to the boastful Spaniards.
+
+When the rich Philippine galleon Santa Ana was captured off the
+California coast by Thomas Candish, "three boys born in Manila"
+were taken on board the English ships. Afterwards Candish sailed into
+the straits south of "Lucon" and made friends with the people of the
+country. There the Filipinos promised "both themselves, and all the
+islands thereabouts, to aid him whensoever he should come again to
+overcome the Spaniards."
+
+Dampier, another English sea captain, passed through the Archipelago
+but little later, and one of his men, John Fitzgerald by name, remained
+in the Islands, marrying here. He pretended to be a physician, and
+practiced as a doctor in Manila. There was no doubt room for him,
+because when Spain expelled the Moors she reduced medicine in her
+country to a very low state, for the Moors had been her most skilled
+physicians. Many of these Moors who were Christians, though not
+orthodox according to the Spanish standard, settled in London, and
+the English thus profited by the persecution, just as she profited
+when the cutlery industry was in like manner transplanted from Toledo
+to Sheffield.
+
+The great Armada against England in Queen Elizabeth's time was an
+attempt to stop once for all the depredations of her subjects on
+Spain's commerce in the Orient. As the early Spanish historian, Morga,
+wrote of it: "Then only the English nation disturbed the Spanish
+dominion in that Orient. Consequently King Philip desired not only
+to forbid it with arms near at hand, but also to furnish an example,
+by their punishment, to all the northern nations, so that they should
+not undertake the invasions that we see. A beginning was made in this
+work in the year one thousand five hundred and eighty-eight."
+
+This ingeniously worded statement omits to tell how ignominiously
+the pretentious expedition ended, but the fact of failure remained
+and did not help the prestige of Spain, especially among her subjects
+in the Far East. After all the boastings of what was going to happen,
+and all the claims of what had been accomplished, the enemies of Spain
+not only were unchecked but appeared to be bolder than ever. Some of
+the more thoughtful Filipinos then began to lose confidence in Spanish
+claims. They were only a few, but their numbers were to increase as
+the years went by. The Spanish Armada was one of the earliest of those
+influences which, reenforced by later events, culminated in the life
+work of Jose Rizal and the loss of the Philippines by Spain.
+
+At that time the commerce of Manila was restricted to the galleon
+trade with Mexico, and the prosperity of the Filipino merchants--in
+large measure the prosperity of the entire Archipelago--depended
+upon the yearly ventures the hazard of which was not so much the
+ordinary uncertainty of the sea as the risk of capture by English
+freebooters. Everybody in the Philippines had heard of these daring
+English mariners, who were emboldened by an almost unbroken series of
+successes which had correspondingly discouraged the Spaniards. They
+carried on unceasing war despite occasional proclamation of peace
+between England and Spain, for the Spanish treasure ships were
+tempting prizes, and though at times policy made their government
+desire friendly relations with Spain, the English people regarded
+all Spaniards as their natural enemies and all Spanish property as
+their legitimate spoil.
+
+The Filipinos realized earlier than the Spaniards did that torturing to
+death shipwrecked English sailors was bad policy. The result was always
+to make other English sailors fight more desperately to avoid a similar
+fate. Revenge made them more and more aggressive, and treaties made
+with Spain were disregarded because, as they said, Spain's inhumanity
+had forfeited her right to be considered a civilized country.
+
+It was less publicly discussed, but equally well known, that the
+English freebooters, besides committing countless depredations
+on commerce, were always ready to lend their assistance to any
+discontented Spanish subjects whom they could encourage into open
+rebellion.
+
+The English word Filibuster was changed into "Filibusteros" by the
+Spanish, and in later years it came to be applied especially to those
+charged with stirring up discontent and rebellion. For three centuries,
+in its early application to the losses of commerce, and in its later
+use as denoting political agitation, possibly no other word in the
+Philippines, outside of the ordinary expressions of daily life, was
+so widely known, and certainly none had such sinister signification.
+
+In contrast to this lawless association is a similarity of laws. The
+followers of Cortez, it will be remembered, were welcomed in Mexico
+as the long-expected "Fair Gods" because of their blond complexions
+derived from a Gothic ancestry. Far back in history their forbears
+had been neighbors of the Anglo-Saxons in the forests of Germany,
+so that the customs of Anglo-Saxon England and of the Gothic
+kingdom of Castile had much in common. The "Laws of the Indies,"
+the disregard of which was the ground of most Filipino complaints
+up to the very last days of the rule of Spain, was a compilation
+of such of these Anglo-Saxon-Castilian laws and customs as it was
+thought could be extended to the Americas, originally called the New
+Kingdom of Castile, which included the Philippine Archipelago. Thus
+the New England township and the Mexican, and consequently the early
+Philippine pueblo, as units of local government are nearly related.
+
+These American associations, English influences, and Anglo-Saxon ideals
+also culminated in the life work of Jose Rizal, the heir of all the
+past ages in Philippine history. But other causes operating in his
+own day--the stories of his elders, the incidents of his childhood,
+the books he read, the men he met, the travels he made--as later
+pages will show--contributed further to make him the man he was.
+
+It was fortunate for the Philippines that after the war of
+misunderstanding with the United States there existed a character that
+commanded the admiration of both sides. Rizal's writings revealed to
+the Americans aspirations that appealed to them and conditions that
+called forth their sympathy, while the Filipinos felt confidence,
+for that reason, in the otherwise incomprehensible new government
+which honored their hero.
+
+Rizal was already, and had been for years, without rival as the idol
+of his countrymen when there came, after deliberation and delay, his
+official recognition in the Philippines. Necessarily there had to be
+careful study of his life and scrutiny of his writings before the head
+of our nation could indorse as the corner stone of the new government
+which succeeded Spain's misrule, the very ideas which Spain had
+considered a sufficient warrant for shooting their author as a traitor.
+
+Finally the President of the United States in a public address at
+Fargo, North Dakota, on April 7, 1903--five years after American
+scholars had begun to study Philippine affairs as they had never
+been studied before--declared: "In the Philippine Islands the
+American government has tried, and is trying, to carry out exactly
+what the greatest genius and most revered patriot ever known in the
+Philippines, Jose Rizal, steadfastly advocated," a formal, emphatic
+and clear-cut expression of national policy upon a question then of
+paramount interest.
+
+In the light of the facts of Philippine history already set forth
+there is no cause for wonder at this sweeping indorsement, even
+though the views so indorsed were those of a man who lived in
+conditions widely different from those about to be introduced by
+the new government. Rizal had not allowed bias to influence him in
+studying the past history of the Philippines, he had been equally
+honest with himself in judging the conditions of his own time, and
+he knew and applied with the same fairness the teaching which holds
+true in history as in every other branch of science that like causes
+under like conditions must produce like results, He had been careful in
+his reasoning, and it stood the test, first of President Roosevelt's
+advisers, or otherwise that Fargo speech would never have been made,
+and then of all the President's critics, or there would have been
+heard more of the statement quoted above which passed unchallenged,
+but not, one may be sure, uninvestigated.
+
+The American system is in reality not foreign to the Philippines,
+but it is the highest development, perfected by experience, of the
+original plan under which the Philippines had prospered and progressed
+until its benefits were wrongfully withheld from them. Filipino
+leaders had been vainly asking Spain for the restoration of their
+rights and the return to the system of the Laws of the Indies. At the
+time when America came to the Islands there was among them no Rizal,
+with a knowledge of history that would enable him to recognize that
+they were getting what they had been wanting, who could rise superior
+to the unimportant detail of under what name or how the good came as
+long as it arrived, and whose prestige would have led his countrymen to
+accept his decision. Some leaders had one qualification, some another,
+a few combined two, but none had the three, for a country is seldom
+favored with more than one surpassingly great man at one time.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+Rizal's Chinese Ancestry
+
+Clustered around the walls of Manila in the latter half of the
+seventeenth century were little villages the names of which, in some
+instances slightly changed, are the names of present districts. A
+fashionable drive then was through the settlement of Filipinos in
+Bagumbayan--the "new town" to which Lakandola's subjects had migrated
+when Legaspi dispossessed them of their own "Maynila." With the
+building of the moat this village disappeared, but the name remained,
+and it is often used to denote the older Luneta, as well as the drive
+leading to it.
+
+Within the walls lived the Spanish rulers and the few other persons
+that the fear and jealousy of the Spaniard allowed to come in. Some
+were Filipinos who ministered to the needs of the Spaniards, but the
+greater number were Sangleyes, or Chinese, "the mechanics in all trades
+and excellent workmen," as an old Spanish chronicle says, continuing:
+"It is true that the city could not be maintained or preserved without
+the Sangleyes."
+
+The Chinese conditions of these early days are worth recalling, for
+influences strikingly similar to those which affected the life of Jose
+Rizal in his native land were then at work. There were troubled times
+in the ancient "Middle Kingdom," the earlier name of the corruption
+of the Malay Tchina (China) by which we know it. The conquering
+Manchus had placed their emperor on the throne so long occupied by
+the native dynasty whose adherents had boastingly called themselves
+"The Sons of Light." The former liberal and progressive government,
+under which the people prospered, had grown corrupt and helpless,
+and the country had yielded to the invaders and passed under the
+terrible tyranny of the Tartars.
+
+Yet there were true patriots among the Chinese who were neither
+discouraged by these conditions nor blind to the real cause of their
+misfortunes. They realized that the easy conquest of their country
+and the utter disregard by their people of the bad government which
+had preceded it, showed that something was wrong with themselves.
+
+Too wise to exhaust their land by carrying on a hopeless war,
+they sought rather to get a better government by deserving it,
+and worked for the general enlightenment, believing that it would
+offer the most effective opposition to oppression, for they knew well
+that an intelligent people could not be kept enslaved. Furthermore,
+they understood that, even if they were freed from foreign rule, the
+change would be merely to another tyranny unless the darkness of the
+whole people were dispelled. The few educated men among them would
+inevitably tyrannize over the ignorant many sooner or later, and it
+would be less easy to escape from the evils of such misrule, for the
+opposition to it would be divided, while the strength of union would
+oppose any foreign despotism. These true patriots were more concerned
+about the welfare of their country than ambitious for themselves,
+and they worked to prepare their countrymen for self-government by
+teaching self-control and respect for the rights of others.
+
+No public effort toward popular education can be made under a bad
+government. Those opposed to Manchu rule knew of a secret society
+that had long existed in spite of the laws against it, and they used
+it as their model in organizing a new society to carry out their
+purposes. Some of them were members of this Ke-Ming-Tong or Chinese
+Freemasonry as it is called, and it was difficult for outsiders to
+find out the differences between it and the new Heaven-Earth-Man
+Brotherhood. The three parts to their name led the new brotherhood
+later to be called the Triad Society, and they used a triangle for
+their seal.
+
+The initiates of the Triad were pledged to one another in a blood
+compact to "depose the Tsing [Tartar] and restore the Ming [native
+Chinese] dynasty." But really the society wanted only gradual reform
+and was against any violent changes. It was at first evolutionary, but
+later a section became dissatisfied and started another society. The
+original brotherhood, however, kept on trying to educate its
+members. It wanted them to realize that the dignity of manhood is
+above that of rank or riches, and seeking to break down the barriers
+of different languages and local prejudice, hoped to create an united
+China efficient in its home government and respected in its foreign
+relations.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+It was the policy of Spain to rule by keeping the different elements
+among her subjects embittered against one another. Consequently the
+entire Chinese population of the Philippines had several times been
+almost wiped out by the Spaniards assisted by the Filipinos and
+resident Japanese. Although overcrowding was mainly the cause of
+the Chinese immigration, the considerations already described seem
+to have influenced the better class of emigrants who incorporated
+themselves with the Filipinos from 1642 on through the eighteenth
+century. Apparently these emigrants left their Chinese homes to avoid
+the shaven crown and long braided queue that the Manchu conquerors
+were imposing as a sign of submission--a practice recalled by
+the recent wholesale cutting off of queues which marked the fall
+of this same Manchu dynasty upon the establishment of the present
+republic. The patriot Chinese in Manila retained the ancient style,
+which somewhat resembled the way Koreans arrange their hair. Those who
+became Christians cut the hair short and wore European hats, otherwise
+using the clothing--blue cotton for the poor, silk for the richer--and
+felt-soled shoes, still considered characteristically Chinese.
+
+The reasons for the brutal treatment of the unhappy exiles and the
+causes of the frequent accusation against them that they were intending
+rebellion may be found in the fear that had been inspired by the
+Chinese pirates, and the apprehension that the Chinese traders and
+workmen would take away from the Filipinos their means of gaining a
+livelihood. At times unjust suspicions drove some of the less patient
+to take up arms in self-defense. Then many entirely innocent persons
+would be massacred, while those who had not bought protection from
+some powerful Spaniard would have their property pillaged by mobs that
+protested excessive devotion to Spain and found their patriotism so
+profitable that they were always eager to stir up trouble.
+
+One of the last native Chinese emperors, not wishing that any of
+his subjects should live outside his dominions, informed the Spanish
+authorities that he considered the emigrants evil persons unworthy
+of his interest. His Manchu successors had still more reason to be
+careless of the fate of the Manila Chinese. They were consequently ill
+treated with impunity, while the Japanese were "treated very cordially,
+as they are a race that demand good treatment, and it is advisable
+to do so for the friendly relations between the Islands and Japan,"
+to quote the ancient history once more.
+
+Pagan or Christian, a Chinaman's life in Manila then was not an
+enviable one, though the Christians were slightly more secure. The
+Chinese quarter was at first inside the city, but before long it became
+a considerable district of several streets along Arroceros near the
+present Botanical Garden. Thus the Chinese were under the guns of the
+Bastion San Gabriel, which also commanded two other Chinese settlements
+across the river in Tondo--Minondoc, or Binondo, and Baybay. They had
+their own headmen, their own magistrates and their own prison, and no
+outsiders were permitted among them. The Dominican Friars, who also
+had a number of missionary stations in China, maintained a church and
+a hospital for these Manila Chinese and established a settlement where
+those who became Christians might live with their families. Writers
+of that day suggest that sometimes conversions were prompted by the
+desire to get married--which until 1898 could not be done outside the
+Church--or to help the convert's business or to secure the protection
+of an influential Spanish godfather, rather than by any changed belief.
+
+Certainly two of these reasons did not influence the conversion of
+Doctor Rizal's paternal ancestor, Lam-co (that is, "Lam, Esq."),
+for this Chinese had a Chinese godfather and was not married till
+many years later.
+
+He was a native of the Chinchew district, where the Jesuits first, and
+later the Dominicans, had had missions, and he perhaps knew something
+of Christianity before leaving China. One of his church records
+indicates his home more definitely, for it specifies Siongque, near
+the great city, an agricultural community, and in China cultivation
+of the soil is considered the most honorable employment. Curiously
+enough, without conversion, the people of that region even to-day
+consider themselves akin to the Christians. They believe in one god
+and have characteristics distinguishing them from the Pagan Chinese,
+possibly derived from some remote Mohammedan ancestors.
+
+Lam-co's prestige among his own people, as shown by his leadership of
+those who later settled with him in Binan, as well as the fact that
+even after his residence in the country he was called to Manila to
+act as godfather, suggests that he was above the ordinary standing,
+and certainly not of the coolie class. This is bogne out by his
+marrying the daughter of an educated Chinese, an alliance that was
+not likely to have been made unless he was a person of some education,
+and education is the Chinese test of social degree.
+
+He was baptized in the Parian church of San Gabriel on a Sunday in June
+of 1697. Lam-co's age was given in the record as thirty-five years,
+and the names of his parents were given as Siang-co and Zun-nio. The
+second syllables of these names are titles of a little more respect
+than the ordinary "Mr." and "Mrs.," something like the Spanish Don
+and Dona, but possibly the Dominican priest who kept the register
+was not so careful in his use of Chinese words as a Chinese would
+have been. Following the custom of the other converts on the same
+occasion, Lam-co took the name Domingo, the Spanish for Sunday, in
+honor of the day. The record of this baptism is still to be seen in
+the records of the Parian church of San Gabriel, which are preserved
+with the Binondo records, in Manila.
+
+Chinchew, the capital of the district from which he came, was a
+literary center and a town famed in Chinese history for its loyalty;
+it was probably the great port Zeitung which so strongly impressed
+the Venetian traveler Marco Polo, the first European to see China.
+
+The city was said by later writers to be large and beautiful and to
+contain half a million inhabitants, "candid, open and friendly people,
+especially friendly and polite to foreigners." It was situated forty
+miles from the sea, in the province of Fokien, the rocky coast of which
+has been described as resembling Scotland, and its sturdy inhabitants
+seem to have borne some resemblance to the Scotch in their love of
+liberty. The district now is better known by its present port of Amoy.
+
+Altogether, in wealth, culture and comfort, Lam-co's home city far
+surpassed the Manila of that day, which was, however, patterned after
+it. The walls of Manila, its paved streets, stone bridges, and large
+houses with spacious courts are admitted by Spanish writers to be due
+to the industry and skill of Chinese workmen. They were but slightly
+changed from their Chinese models, differing mainly in ornamentation,
+so that to a Chinese the city by the Pasig, to which he gave the name
+of "the city of horses," did not seem strange, but reminded him rather
+of his own country.
+
+Famine in his native district, or the plague which followed it,
+may have been the cause of Lam-co's leaving home, but it was more
+probably political troubles which transferred to the Philippines
+that intelligent and industrious stock whose descendants have proved
+such loyal and creditable sons of their adopted country. Chinese had
+come to the Islands centuries before the Spaniards arrived and they
+are still coming, but no other period has brought such a remarkable
+contribution to the strong race which the mixture of many peoples
+has built up in the Philippines. Few are the Filipinos notable in
+recent history who cannot trace descent from a Chinese baptized in
+San Gabriel church during the century following 1642; until recently
+many have felt ashamed of these really creditable ancestors.
+
+Soon after Lam-co came to Manila he made the acquaintance of two
+well-known Dominicans and thus made friendships that changed his career
+and materially affected the fortunes of his descendants. These powerful
+friends were the learned Friar Francisco Marquez, author of a Chinese
+grammar, and Friar Juan Caballero, a former missionary in China,
+who, because of his own work and because his brother held high office
+there, was influential in the business affairs of the Order. Through
+them Lam-co settled in Binan, on the Dominican estate named after
+"St. Isidore the Laborer." There, near where the Pasig river flows
+out of the Laguna de Bay, Lam-co's descendants were to be tenants
+until another government, not yet born, and a system unknown in his
+day, should end a long series of inevitable and vexatious disputes by
+buying the estate and selling it again, on terms practicable for them,
+to those who worked the land.
+
+The Filipinos were at law over boundaries and were claiming the
+property that had been early and cheaply acquired by the Order as
+endowment for its university and other charities. The Friars of
+the Parian quarter thought to take those of their parishioners in
+whom they had most confidence out of harm's way, and by the same act
+secure more satisfactory tenants, for prejudice was then threatening
+another indiscriminate massacre. So they settled many industrious
+Chinese converts upon these farms, and flattered themselves that
+their tenant troubles were ended, for these foreigners could have no
+possible claim to the land. The Chinese were equally pleased to have
+safer homes and an occupation which in China placed them in a social
+position superior to that of a tradesman.
+
+Domingo Lam-co was influential in building up Tubigan barrio, one
+of the richest parts of the great estate. In name and appearance
+it recalled the fertile plains that surrounded his native Chinchew,
+"the city of springs." His neighbors were mainly Chinchew men, and
+what is of more importance to this narrative, the wife whom he married
+just before removing to the farm was of a good Chinchew family. She
+was Inez de la Rosa and but half Domingo's age; they were married
+in the Parian church by the same priest who over thirty years before
+had baptized her husband.
+
+Her father was Agustin Chinco, also of Chinchew, a rice merchant,
+who had been baptized five years earlier than Lam-co. His baptismal
+record suggests that he was an educated man, as already indicated,
+for the name of his town proved a puzzle till a present-day Dominican
+missionary from Amoy explained that it appeared to be the combined
+names for Chinchew in both the common and literary Chinese, in each
+case with the syllable denoting the town left off. Apparently when
+questioned from what town he came, Chinco was careful not to repeat
+the word town, but gave its name only in the literary language,
+and when that was not understood, he would repeat it in the local
+dialect. The priest, not understanding the significance of either in
+that form, wrote down the two together as a single word. Knowledge
+of the literary Chinese, or Mandarin, as it is generally called,
+marked the educated man, and, as we have already pointed out,
+education in China meant social position. To such minute deductions
+is it necessary to resort when records are scarce, and to be of value
+the explanation must be in harmony with the conditions of the period;
+subsequent research has verified the foregoing conclusions.
+
+Agustin Chinco had also a Chinese godfather and his parents were
+Chin-co and Zun-nio. He was married to Jacinta Rafaela, a Chinese
+mestiza of the Parian, as soon after his baptism as the banns could
+be published. She apparently was the daughter of a Christian Chinese
+and a Chinese mestiza; there were too many of the name Jacinta in that
+day to identify which of the several Jacintas she was and so enable us
+to determine the names of her parents. The Rafaela part of her name
+was probably added after she was grown up, in honor of the patron of
+the Parian settlement, San Rafael, just as Domingo, at his marriage,
+added Antonio in honor of the Chinese. How difficult guides names
+then were may be seen from this list of the six children of Agustin
+Chinco and Jacinta Rafaela: Magdalena Vergara, Josepha, Cristoval de
+la Trinidad, Juan Batista, Francisco Hong-Sun and Inez de la Rosa.
+
+The father-in-law and the son-in-law, Agustin and Domingo, seem to
+have been old friends, and apparently of the same class. Lam-co must
+have seen his future wife, the youngest in Chinco's numerous family,
+grow up from babyhood, and probably was attracted by the idea that
+she would make a good housekeeper like her thrifty mother, rather
+than by any romantic feelings, for sentiment entered very little into
+matrimony in those days when the parents made the matches. Possibly,
+however, their married life was just as happy, for divorces then were
+not even thought of, and as this couple prospered they apparently
+worked well together in a financial way.
+
+The next recorded event in the life of Domingo Lam-co and his wife
+occurred in 1741 when, after years of apparently happy existence in
+Binan, came a great grief in the loss of their baby daughter, Josepha
+Didnio, probably named for her aunt. She had lived only five days,
+but payments to the priest for a funeral such as was not given to
+many grown persons who died that year in Binan show how keenly the
+parents felt the loss of their little girl. They had at the time but
+one other child, a boy of ten, Francisco Mercado, whose Christian
+name was given partly because he had an uncle of the same name,
+and partly as a tribute of gratitude to the friendly Friar scholar
+in Manila. His new surname suggests that the family possessed the
+commendable trait of taking pride in its ancestry.
+
+Among the Chinese the significance of a name counts for much and it
+is always safe to seek a reason for the choice of a name. The Lam-co
+family were not given to the practice of taking the names of their
+god-parents. Mercado recalls both an honest Spanish encomendero
+of the region, also named Francisco, and a worthy mestizo Friar,
+now remembered for his botanical studies, but it is not likely that
+these influenced Domingo Lam-co in choosing this name for his son. He
+gave his boy a name which in the careless Castilian of the country was
+but a Spanish translation of the Chinese name by which his ancestors
+had been called. Sangley, Mercado and Merchant mean much the same;
+Francisco therefore set out in life with a surname that would free
+him from the prejudice that followed those with Chinese names,
+and yet would remind him of his Chinese ancestry. This was wisdom,
+for seldom are men who are ashamed of their ancestry any credit to it.
+
+The family history has to be gleaned from partially preserved parochial
+registers of births, marriages and deaths, incomplete court records,
+the scanty papers of the estates, a few land transfers, and some stray
+writings that accidentally have been preserved with the latter. The
+next event in Domingo's life which is revealed by them is a visit
+to Manila where in the old Parian church he acted as sponsor,
+or godfather, at the baptism of a countryman, and a new convert,
+Siong-co, whose granddaughter was, we shall see, to marry a grandson
+of Lam-co's, the couple becoming Rizal's grandparents.
+
+Francisco was a grown man when his mother died and was buried with
+the elaborate ceremonies which her husband's wealth permitted. There
+was a coffin, a niche in which to put it, chanting of the service and
+special prayers. All these involved extra cost, and the items noted in
+the margin of her funeral record make a total which in those days was
+a considerable sum. Domingo outlived Mrs. Lam-co by but a few years,
+and he also had, for the time, an expensive funeral.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+Liberalizing Hereditary Influences
+
+The hope of the Binan landlords that by changing from Filipino to
+Chinese tenantry they could avoid further litigation seems to have
+been disappointed. A family tradition of Francisco Mercado tells of
+a tedious and costly lawsuit with the Order. Its details and merits
+are no longer remembered, and they are not important.
+
+History has recorded enough agrarian trouble, in all ages and in all
+countries, to prove the economic mistake of large holdings of land by
+those who do not cultivate it. Human nature is alike the world over,
+it does not change with the centuries, and just as the Filipinos
+had done, the Chinese at last obiected to paying increased rent for
+improvements which they made themselves.
+
+A Spanish iudge required the landlords to produce their deeds, and,
+after measuring the land, he decided that they were then taking rent
+for considerably more than they had originally bought or had been
+given. But the tenants lost on the appeal, and, as they thought it
+was because they were weak and their opponents powerful, a grievance
+grew up which was still remembered in Rizal's day and was well known
+and understood by him.
+
+Another cause of discontent, which was a liberalizing influence,
+was making itself felt in the Philippines about the time of Domingo's
+death. A number of Spaniards had been claiming for their own countrymen
+such safeguards of personal liberty as were enjoyed by Englishmen,
+for no other government in Europe then paid any attention to the rights
+of the individual. Learned men had devoted much study to the laws and
+rights of nations, but these Spanish Liberals insisted that it was the
+guarantees given to the citizens, and not the political independence
+of the State, that made a country really free. Unfortunately, just
+as their proposals began to gain followers, Spain became involved in
+war with England, because the Spanish King, then as now a Bourbon
+and so related to a number of other reactionary rulers, had united
+in the family compact by which the royal relatives were to stamp out
+liberal ideas in their own dominions, and as allies to crush England,
+the source of the dissatisfaction which threatened their thrones.
+
+Many progressive Spaniards had become Freemasons, when that ancient
+society, after its revival in England, had been reintroduced into
+Spain. Now they found themselves suspected of sympathy with England
+and therefore of treason to Spain. While this could not be proved,
+it led to enforcing a papal bull against them, by which Pope Clement
+XII placed their institution under the ban of excommunication.
+
+At first it was intended to execute all the Spanish Freemasons, but
+the Queen's favorite violinist secretly sympathized with them. He used
+his influence with Her Majesty so well that through her intercession
+the King commuted the sentences from death to banishment as minor
+officials in the possessions overseas.
+
+Thus Cuba, Mexico, South and Central America, and the Philippines were
+provided with the ablest Spanish advocates of modern ideas. In no other
+way could liberalism have been spread so widely or more effectively.
+
+Besides these officeholders there had been from the earliest days
+noblemen, temporarily out of favor at Court, in banishment in the
+colonies. Cavite had some of these exiles, who were called "caja
+abierta," or carte blanche, because their generous allowances, which
+could be drawn whenever there were government funds, seemed without
+limit to the Filipinos. The Spanish residents of the Philippines were
+naturally glad to entertain, supply money to, and otherwise serve
+these men of noble birth, who might at any time be restored to favor
+and again be influential, and this gave them additional prestige in the
+eyes of the Filipinos. One of these exiles, whose descendants yet live
+in these Islands, passed from prisoner in Cavite to viceroy in Mexico.
+
+Francisco Mercado lived near enough to hear of the "cajas abiertas"
+(exiles) and their ways, if he did not actually meet some of them
+and personally experience the charm of their courtesy. They were as
+different from the ruder class of Spaniards who then were coming to
+the Islands as the few banished officials were unlike the general run
+of officeholders. The contrast naturally suggested that the majority of
+the Spaniards in the Philippines, both in official and in private life,
+were not creditable representatives of their country. This charge,
+insisted on with greater vehemence as subsequent events furnished
+further reasons for doing so, embittered the controversies of the
+last century of Spanish rule. The very persons who realized that the
+accusation was true of themselves, were those who most resented it,
+and the opinion of them which they knew the Filipinos held but dared
+not voice, rankled in their breasts. They welcomed every disparagement
+of the Philippines and its people, and thus made profitable a
+senseless and abusive campaign which was carried on by unscrupulous,
+irresponsible writers of such defective education that vilification
+was their sole argument. Their charges were easily disproved, but they
+had enough cunning to invent new charges continually, and prejudice
+gave ready credence to them.
+
+Finally an unreasoning fury broke out and in blind passion innocent
+persons were struck down; the taste for blood once aroused,
+irresponsible writers like that Retana who has now become Rizal's
+biographer, whetted the savage appetite for fresh victims. The
+last fifty years of Spanish rule in the Philippines was a small
+saturnalia of revenge with hardly a lucid interval for the governing
+power to reflect or an opportunity for the reasonable element to
+intervene. Somewhat similarly the Bourbons in France had hoped to
+postpone the day of reckoning for their mistakes by misdeeds done
+in fear to terrorize those who sought reforms. The aristocracy of
+France paid back tenfold each drop of innocent blood that was shed,
+but while the unreasoning world recalls the French Revolution with
+horror, the student of history thinks more of the evils which made
+it a natural result. Mirabeau in vain sought to restrain his aroused
+countrymen, just as he had vainly pleaded with the aristocrats to end
+their excesses. Rizal, who held Mirabeau for his hero among the men of
+the French Revolution, knew the historical lesson and sought to sound
+a warning, but he was unheeded by the Spaniards and misunderstood by
+many of his countrymen.
+
+At about the time of the arrival of the Spanish political exiles
+we find in Manila a proof of the normal mildness of Spain in
+the Philippines. The Inquisition, of dread name elsewhere, in the
+Philippines affected only Europeans, had before it two English-speaking
+persons, an Irish doctor and a county merchant accused of being
+Freemasons. The kind-hearted Friar inquisitor dismissed the culprits
+with warnings, and excepting some Spanish political matters in which
+it took part, this was the nearest that the institution ever came to
+exercising its functions here.
+
+The sufferings of the Indians in the Spanish-American gold mines, too,
+had no Philippine counterpart, for at the instance of the friars the
+Church early forbade the enslaving of the people. Neither friars nor
+government have any records in the Philippines which warrant belief
+that they were responsible for the severe punishments of the period
+from '72 to '98. Both were connected with opposition to reforms
+which appeared likely to jeopardize their property or to threaten
+their prerogatives, and in this they were only human, but here their
+selfish interests and activities seem to cease.
+
+For religious reasons the friar orders combatted modern ideas which
+they feared might include atheistical teachings such as had made
+trouble in France, and the Government was against the introduction of
+latter-day thought of democratic tendency, but in both instances the
+opposition may well have been believed to be for the best interest
+of the Philippine people. However mistaken, their action can only be
+deplored not censured. The black side of this matter was the rousing
+of popular passion, and it was done by sheets subsidized to argue;
+their editors, however, resorted to abuse in order to conceal the fact
+that they had not the ability to perform the services for which they
+were hired. While some individual members of both the religious orders
+and of the Government were influenced by these inflaming attacks,
+the interests concerned, as organizations, seem to have had a policy
+of self-defense, and not of revenge.
+
+The theory here advanced must wait for the judgment of the reader
+till the later events have been submitted. However, Rizal himself
+may be called in to prove that the record and policy is what has been
+asserted, for otherwise he would hardly have disregarded, as he did,
+the writings of Motley and Prescott, historians whom he could have
+quoted with great advantage to support the attacks he would surely
+have not failed to make had they seemed to him warranted, for he
+never was wanting in knowledge, resourcefulness or courage where his
+country was concerned.
+
+No definite information is available as to what part Francisco
+Mercado took during the disturbed two years when the English held
+Manila and Judge Anda carried on a guerilla warfare. The Dominicans
+were active in enlisting their tenants to fight against the invaders,
+and probably he did his share toward the Spanish defense either with
+contributions or personal service. The attitude of the region in
+which he lived strengthens this surmise, for only after long-continued
+wrongs and repeatedly broken promises of redress did Filipino loyalty
+fail. This was a century too early for the country around Manila,
+which had been better protected and less abused than the provinces
+to the north where the Ilokanos revolted.
+
+Binan, however, was within the sphere of English influence, for
+Anda's campaign was not quite so formidable as the inscription on his
+monument in Manila represents it to be, and he was far indeed from
+being the great conqueror that the tablet on the Santa Cruz Church
+describes him. Because of its nearness to Manila and Cavite and
+its rich gardens, British soldiers and sailors often visited Binan,
+but as the inhabitants never found occasion to abandon their homes,
+they evidently suffered no serious inconvenience.
+
+Commerce, a powerful factor, destroying the hermit character of
+the Islands, gained by the short experience of freer trade under
+England's rule, since the Filipinos obtained a taste for articles
+before unused, which led them to be discontented and insistent, till
+the Manila market finally came to be better supplied. The contrast
+of the British judicial system with the Spanish tribunals was also a
+revelation, for the foulest blot upon the colonial administration of
+Spain was her iniquitous courts of justice, and this was especially
+true of the Philippines.
+
+Anda's triumphal entry into the capital was celebrated with a wholesale
+hanging of Chinese, which must have made Francisco Mercado glad that
+he was now so identified with the country as to escape the prejudice
+against his race.
+
+A few years later came the expulsion of the Jesuit fathers and the
+confiscation of their property. It certainly weakened the government;
+personal acquaintance counted largely with the Filipinos; whole
+parishes knew Spain and the Church only through their parish priest,
+and the parish priest was usually a Jesuit whose courtesy equalled that
+of the most aristocratic officeholder or of any exiled "caja abierta."
+
+Francisco Mercado did not live in a Jesuit parish but in the
+neighboring hacienda of St. John the Baptist at Kalamba, where there
+was a great dam and an extensive irrigation system which caused the
+land to rival in fertility the rich soil of Binan. Everybody in his
+neighborhood knew that the estate had been purchased with money left
+in Mexico by pious Spaniards who wanted to see Christianity spread in
+the Philippines, and it seemed to them sacrilege that the government
+should take such property for its own secular uses.
+
+The priests in Binan were Filipinos and were usually leaders among
+the secular clergy, for the parish was desirable beyond most in the
+archdiocese because of its nearness to Manila, its excellent climate,
+its well-to-do parishioners and the great variety of its useful and
+ornamental plants and trees. Many of the fruits and vegetables of
+Binan were little known elsewhere, for they were of American origin,
+brought by Dominicans on the voyages from Spain by way of Mexico. They
+were introduced first into the great gardens at the hacienda house,
+which was a comfortable and spacious building adjoining the church,
+and the favorite resting place for members of the Order in Manila.
+
+The attendance of the friars on Sundays and fete days gave to the
+religious services on these occasions a dignity usually belonging to
+city churches. Sometimes, too, some of the missionaries from China
+and other Dominican notables would be seen in Binan. So the people
+not only had more of the luxuries and the pomp of life than most
+Filipinos, but they had a broader outlook upon it. Their opinion
+of Spain was formed from acquaintance with many Spaniards and from
+comparing them with people of other lands who often came to Manila and
+investigated the region close to it, especially the show spots such
+as Binan. Then they were on the road to the fashionable baths at Los
+Banos, where the higher officials often resorted. Such opportunities
+gave a sort of education, and Binan people were in this way more
+cultured than the dwellers in remote places, whose only knowledge of
+their sovereign state was derived from a single Spaniard, the friar
+curate of their parish.
+
+Monastic training consists in withdrawing from the world and living
+isolated under strict rule, and this would scarcely seem to be
+the best preparation for such responsibility as was placed upon the
+Friars. Troubles were bound to come, and the people of Binan, knowing
+the ways of the world, would soon be likely to complain and demand the
+changes which would avoid them; the residents of less worldly wise
+communities would wait and suffer till too late, and then in blind
+wrath would wreak bloody vengeance upon guilty and innocent alike.
+
+Kalamba, a near neighbor of Binan, had other reasons for being known
+besides its confiscation by the government. It was the scene of an
+early and especially cruel massacre of Chinese, and about Francisco's
+time considerable talk had been occasioned because an archbishop had
+established an uniform scale of charges for the various rites of the
+Church. While these charges were often complained of, it was the poorer
+people (some of whom were in receipt of charity) who suffered. The
+rich were seeking more expensive ceremonies in order to outshine the
+other well-to-do people of their neighborhood. The real grievance was,
+however, not the cost, but the fact that political discriminations
+were made so that those who were out of favor with the government
+were likewise deprived of church privileges. The reform of Archbishop
+Santo y Rufino has importance only because it gave the people of the
+provinces what Manila had long possessed--a knowledge of the rivalry
+between the secular and the regular clergy.
+
+The people had learned in Governor Bustamente's time that Church and
+State did not always agree, and now they saw dissensions within the
+Church. The Spanish Conquest and the possession of the Philippines
+had been made easy by the doctrine of the indivisibility of Church
+and State, by the teaching that the two were one and inseparable,
+but events were continually demonstrating the falsity of this early
+teaching. Hence the foundation of the sovereignty of Spain was
+slowly weakening, and nowhere more surely than in the region near
+Manila which numbered Jose Rizal's keen-witted and observing great
+grandfather among its leading men.
+
+Francisco Mercado was a bachelor during the times of these exciting
+events and therefore more free to visit Manila and Cavite, and he was
+possibly the more likely to be interested in political matters. He
+married on May 26, 1771, rather later in life than was customary in
+Binan, though he was by no means as old as his father, Domingo, was
+when he married. His bride, Bernarda Monicha, was a Chinese mestiza
+of the neighboring hacienda of San Pedro Tunasan, who had been early
+orphaned and from childhood had lived in Binan. As the coadjutor priest
+of the parish bore the same name, one uncommon in the Binan records
+of that period, it is possible that he was a relative. The frequent
+occurrence of the name of Monicha among the last names of girls of
+that vicinity later on must be ascribed to Bernarda's popularity
+as godmother.
+
+Mr. and Mrs. Francisco Mercado had two children, both boys, Juan and
+Clemente. During their youth the people of the Philippines were greatly
+interested in the struggles going on between England, the old enemy
+of Spain, and the rebellious English-American colonies. So bitter was
+the Spanish hatred of the nation which had humiliated her repeatedly
+on both land and sea, that the authorities forgot their customary
+caution and encouraged the circulation of any story that told in favor
+of the American colonies. Little did they realize the impression that
+the statement of grievances--so trivial compared with the injustices
+that were being inflicted upon the Spanish colonials--was making upon
+their subjects overseas, who until then had been carefully guarded from
+all modern ideas of government. American successes were hailed with
+enthusiasm in the most remote towns, and from this time may be dated
+a perceptible increase in Philippine discontent. Till then outbreaks
+and uprisings had been more for revenge than with any well-considered
+aim, but henceforth complaints became definite, demands were made
+that to an increasing number of people appeared to be reasonable,
+and those demands were denied or ignored, or promises were made in
+answer to them which were never fulfilled.
+
+Francisco Mercado was well to do, if we may judge from the number of
+carabaos he presented for registration, for his was among the largest
+herds in the book of brands that has chanced to be preserved with the
+Binan church records. In 1783 he was alcalde, or chief officer of the
+town, and he lived till 1801. His name appears so often as godfather
+in the registers of baptisms and weddings that he must have been a
+good-natured, liberal and popular man.
+
+Mrs. Francisco Mercado survived her husband by a number of years,
+and helped to nurse through his baby ailments a grandson also named
+Francisco, the father of Doctor Rizal.
+
+Francisco Mercado's eldest son, Juan, built a fine house in the center
+of Binan, where its pretentious stone foundations yet stand to attest
+how the home deserved the pride which the family took in it.
+
+At twenty-two Juan married a girl of Tubigan, who was two years his
+elder, Cirila Alejandra, daughter of Domingo Lam-co's Chinese godson,
+Siong-co. Cirila's father's silken garments were preserved by the
+family until within the memory of persons now living, and it is likely
+that Jose Rizal, Siong-co's great-grandson, while in school at Binan,
+saw these tangible proofs of the social standing in China of this
+one of his ancestors.
+
+Juan Mercado was three times the chief officer of Binan--in 1808, 1813
+and 1823. His sympathies are evident from the fact that he gave the
+second name, Fernando, to the son born when the French were trying
+to get the Filipinos to declare for King Joseph, whom his brother
+Napoleon had named sovereign of Spain. During the little while that the
+Philippines profited by the first constitution of Spain, Mercado was
+one of the two alcaldes. King Ferdinand VII then was relying on English
+aid, and to please his allies as well as to secure the loyalty of his
+subjects, Ferdinand pretended to be a very liberal monarch, swearing
+to uphold the constitution which the representatives of the people
+had framed at Cadiz in 1812. Under this constitution the Filipinos
+were to be represented in the Spanish Cortes, and the grandfather of
+Rizal was one of the electors to choose the Representative.
+
+During the next twenty-five years the history of the connection of the
+Philippines with Spain is mainly a record of the breaking and renewing
+of the King's oaths to the constitution, and of the Philippines
+electing delegates who would find the Cortes dissolved by the time
+they could get to Madrid, until in the final constitution that did
+last Philippine representation was left out altogether. Had things
+been different the sad story of this book might never have been told,
+for though the misgovernment of the Philippines was originally owing
+to the disregard for the Laws of the Indies and to giving unrestrained
+power to officials, the effects of these mistakes were not apparent
+until well into the nineteenth century.
+
+Another influence which educated the Filipino people was at work during
+this period. They had heard the American Revolution extolled and its
+course approved, because the Spaniards disliked England. Then came
+the French Revolution, which appalled the civilized world. A people,
+ignorant and oppressed, washed out in blood the wrongs which they had
+suffered, but their liberty degenerated into license, their ideals
+proved impracticable, and the anarchy of their radical republic was
+succeeded by the military despotism of Napoleon.
+
+A book written in Tagalog by a friar pointed out the differences
+between true liberty and false. It was the story of an old municipal
+captain who had traveled and returned to enlighten his friends at
+home. The story was well told, and the catechism form in which, by
+his friends' questions and the answers to them, the author's opinions
+were presented, was familiar to Filipinos, so that there were many
+intelligent readers, but its results were quite different from what
+its pious and patriotic author had intended they should be.
+
+The book told of the broadening influences of travel and of education;
+it suggested that liberty was possible only for the intelligent, but
+that schools, newspapers, libraries and the means of travel which the
+American colonists were enjoying were not provided for the Filipinos.
+
+They were further told that the Spanish colonies in America were
+repeating the unhappy experiences of the French republic, while
+the "English North Americans," whose ships during the American
+Revolution had found the Pacific a safe refuge from England,
+had developed considerable commerce with the Philippines. A kindly
+feeling toward the Americans had been aroused by the praise given to
+Filipino mechanics who had been trained by an American naval officer
+to repair his ship when the Spaniards at the government dockyards
+proved incapable of doing the work. Even the first American Consul,
+whose monument yet remains in the Plaza Cervantes, Manila, though,
+because of his faith, he could not be buried in the consecrated ground
+of the Catholic cemeteries, received what would appear to be a higher
+honor, a grave in the principal business plaza of the city.
+
+The inferences were irresistible: the way of the French Revolution
+was repugnant alike to God and government, that of the American
+was approved by both. Filipinos of reflective turn of mind began to
+study America; some even had gone there; for, from a little Filipino
+settlement, St. Malo near New Orleans, sailors enlisted to fight
+in the second war of the United States against England; one of them
+was wounded and his name was long borne on the pension roll of the
+United States.
+
+The danger of the dense ignorance in which their rulers kept the
+Filipinos showed itself in 1819, when a French ship from India having
+introduced Asiatic cholera into the Islands, the lowest classes of
+Manila ascribed it to the collections of insects and reptiles which
+a French naturalist, who was a passenger upon the ship, had brought
+ashore. However the story started, the collection and the dwelling
+of the naturalist fared badly, and afterwards the mob, excited by
+its success, made war upon all foreigners. At length the excitement
+subsided, but too much damage to foreign lives and property had been
+done to be ignored, and the matter had an ugly look, especially as
+no Spaniard had suffered by this outbreak. The Insular government
+roused itself to punish some of the minor misdoers and made many
+explanations and apologies, but the aggrieved nations insisted, and
+obtained as compensation a greater security for foreigners and the
+removal of many of the restraints upon commerce and travel. Thus the
+riot proved a substantial step in Philippine progress.
+
+Following closely the excitement over the massacre of the foreigners
+in Manila came the news that Spain had sold Florida to the United
+States. The circumstances of the sale were hardly creditable to the
+vendor, for it was under compulsion. Her lax government had permitted
+its territory to become the refuge of criminals and lawless savages
+who terrorized the border until in self-defense American soldiers under
+General Jackson had to do the work that Spain could not do. Then with
+order restored and the country held by American troops, an offer to
+purchase was made to Spain who found the liberal purchase money a
+very welcome addition to her bankrupt treasury.
+
+Immediately after this the Monroe Doctrine attracted widespread
+attention in the Philippines. Its story is part of Spanish history. A
+group of reactionary sovereigns of Europe, including King Ferdinand,
+had united to crush out progressive ideas in their kingdoms and
+to remove the dangerous examples of liberal states from their
+neighborhoods. One of the effects of this unholy alliance was to
+nullify all the reforms which Spain had introduced to secure English
+assistance in her time of need, and the people of England were greatly
+incensed. Great Britain had borne the brunt of the war against Napoleon
+because her liberties were jeopardized, but naturally her people could
+not be expected to undertake further warfare merely for the sake of
+people of another land, however they might sympathize with them.
+
+George Canning, the English statesman to whom belonged much of the
+credit for the Constitution of Cadiz, thought out a way to punish
+the Spanish king for his perfidy. King Ferdinand was planning, with
+the Island of Cuba as a base, to begin a campaign that should return
+his rebellious American colonies to their allegiance, for they had
+taken advantage of disturbances in the Peninsula to declare their
+independence. England proposed to the United States that they, the two
+Anglo-Saxon nations whose ideas of liberty had unsettled Europe and
+whom the alliance would have attacked had it dared, should unite in
+a protectorate over the New World. England was to guard the sea and
+the United States were to furnish the soldiers for any land fighting
+which might come on their side of the Atlantic.
+
+World politics had led the enemies of England to help her revolting
+colonies, Napoleon's jealousy of Britain had endowed the new nation
+with the vast Louisiana Territory, and European complications saved the
+United States from the natural consequences of their disastrous war of
+1812, which taught them that union was as necessary to preserve their
+independence as it had been to win it. Canning's project in principle
+appealed to the North Americans, but the study of it soon showed that
+Great Britain was selfish in her suggestion. After a generation of
+fighting, England found herself drained of soldiers and therefore she
+diplomatically invited the cooeperation of her former colonies; but,
+regardless of any formal arrangement, her navy could be relied on to
+prevent those who had played her false from transporting large armies
+across the ocean into the neighborhood of her otherwise defenseless
+colonies. That was self-preservation.
+
+President Monroe's advisers were willing that their country should run
+some risk on its own account, but they had the traditional American
+aversion to entangling alliances. So the Cabinet counseled that the
+young nation alone should make itself the protector of the South
+American republics, and drafted the declaration warning the world
+that aggression against any of the New World democracies would be
+resented as unfriendliness to the United States.
+
+It was the firm attitude of President Monroe that compelled Spain to
+forego the attempt to reconquer her former colonies, and therefore
+Mexico and Central and South America owe their existence as republics
+quite as much to the elder commonwealth as does Cuba.
+
+The American attitude revealed in the Monroe Doctrine was especially
+obnoxious to the Spaniards in the Philippines but their intemperate
+denunciations of the policy of America for the Americans served only
+to spread a knowledge of that doctrine among the people of that little
+territory which remained to them to misgovern. Secretly there began
+to be, among the stouter-hearted Filipinos, some who cherished a
+corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, the Philippines for the Filipinos.
+
+Thoughts of separation from Spain by means of rebellion, by sale
+and by the assistance of other nations, had been thus put into the
+heads of the people. These were all changes coming from outside,
+but it next to be demonstrated that Spain herself did not hold her
+noncontiguous territories as sacred as she did her home dominions.
+
+The sale of Florida suggested that Cuba, Porto Rico and the Philippines
+were also available assets, and an offer to sell them was made to
+the King of France; but this sovereign overreached himself, for,
+thinking to drive a better bargain, he claimed that the low prices
+were too high. Thereupon the Spanish Ambassador, who was not in accord
+with his unpatriotic instructions, at once withdrew the offer and
+the negotiations terminated. But the Spanish people learned of the
+proposed sale and their indignation was great. The news spread to the
+Spaniards in the Philippines. Through their comments the Filipinos
+realized that the much-talked-of sacred integrity of the Spanish
+dominions was a meaningless phrase, and that the Philippines would
+not always be Spanish if Spain could get her price.
+
+Gobernadorcillo Mercado, "Captain Juan," as he was called, made a
+creditable figure in his office, and there used to be in Binan a
+painting of him with his official sword, cocked hat and embroidered
+blouse. The municipal executive in his time did not always wear the
+ridiculous combination of European and old Tagalog costumes, namely, a
+high hat and a short jacket over the floating tails of a pleated shirt,
+which later undignified the position. He has a notable record for his
+generosity, the absence of oppression and for the official honesty
+which distinguished his public service from that of many who held
+his same office. He did, however, change the tribute lists so that
+his family were no longer "Chinese mestizos," but were enrolled as
+"Indians," the wholesale Spanish term for the natives of all Spain's
+possessions overseas. This, in a way, was compensation (it lowered
+his family's tribute) for his having to pay the taxes of all who
+died in Binan or moved away during his term of office. The municipal
+captain then was held accountable whether the people could pay or not,
+no deductions ever being made from the lists. Most gobernadorcillos
+found ways to reimburse themselves, but not Mercado. His family,
+however, were of the fourth generation in the Philippines and he
+evidently thought that they were entitled to be called Filipinos.
+
+A leader in church work also, and several times "Hermano mayor" of
+its charitable society, the Captain's name appears on a number of
+lists that have come down from that time as a liberal contributor
+to various public subscriptions. His wife was equally benevolent,
+as the records show.
+
+Mr. and Mrs. Mercado did not neglect their family, which was rather
+numerous. Their children were Gavino, Potenciana (who never married),
+Leoncio, Fausto, Barcelisa (who became the wife of Hermenegildo
+Austria), Gabriel, Julian, Gregorio Fernando, Casimiro, Petrona
+(who married Gregorio Neri), Tomasa (later Mrs. F. de Guzman), and
+Cornelia, the belle of the family, who later lived in Batangas.
+
+Young Francisco was only eight years old when his father died, but
+his mother and sister Potenciana looked well after him. First he
+attended a Binan Latin school, and later he seems to have studied
+Latin and philosophy in the College of San Jose in Manila.
+
+A sister, Petrona, for some years had been a dressgoods merchant in
+nearby Kalamba, on an estate that had recently come under the same
+ownership as Binan. There she later married, and shortly after was
+widowed. Possibly upon their mother's death, Potenciana and Francisco
+removed to Kalamba; though Petrona died not long after, her brother
+and sister continued to make their home there.
+
+Francisco, in spite of his youth, became a tenant of the estate as did
+some others of his family, for their Binan holdings were not large
+enough to give farms to all Captain Juan's many sons. The landlords
+early recognized the agricultural skill of the Mercados by further
+allotments, as they could bring more land under cultivation. Sometimes
+Francisco was able to buy the holdings of others who proved less
+successful in their management and became discouraged.
+
+The pioneer farming, clearing the miasmatic forests especially, was
+dangerous work, and there were few families that did not buy their
+land with the lives of some of its members. In 1847 the Mercados
+had funerals, of brothers and nephews of Francisco, and, chief
+among them, of that elder sister who had devoted her life to him,
+Potenciana. She had always prompted and inspired the young man, and
+Francisco's success in life was largely due to her wise counsels and
+her devoted encouragement of his industry and ambition. Her thrifty
+management of the home, too, was sadly missed.
+
+A year after his sister Potenciana's death, Francisco Mercado married
+Teodora Alonzo, a native of Manila, who for several years had been
+residing with her mother at Kalamba. The history of the family of
+Mrs. Mercado is unfortunately not so easily traced as is that of her
+husband, and what is known is of less simplicity and perhaps of more
+interest since the mother's influence is greater than the father's,
+and she was the mother of Jose Rizal.
+
+Her father, Lorenzo Alberto Alonzo (born 1790, died 1854), is said
+to have been "very Chinese" in appearance. He had a brother who was
+a priest, and a sister, Isabel, who was quite wealthy; he himself
+was also well to do. Their mother, Maria Florentina (born 1771, died
+1817), was, on her mother's side, of the famous Florentina family of
+Chinese mestizos originating in Baliwag, Bulacan, and her father was
+Captain Mariano Alejandro of Binan.
+
+Lorenzo Alberto was municipal captain of Binan in 1824, as had been his
+father, Captain Cipriano Alonzo (died 18O5), in 1797. The grandfather,
+Captain Gregorio Alonzo (died 1794), was a native of Quiotan barrio,
+and twice, in 1763 and again in 1768, at the head of the mestizos'
+organization of the Santa Cruz district in Manila.
+
+Captain Lorenzo was educated for a surveyor, and his engineering books,
+some in English and others in French, were preserved in Binan till,
+upon the death of his son, the family belongings were scattered. He
+was wealthy, and had invested a considerable sum of money with the
+American Manila shipping firms of Peele, Hubbell & Co., and Russell,
+Sturgis & Co.
+
+The family story is that he became acquainted with Brigida de Quintos,
+Mrs. Rizal's mother, while he was a student in Manila, and that she,
+being unusually well educated for a girl of those days, helped him
+with his mathematics. Their acquaintance apparently arose through
+relationship, both being connected with the Reyes family. They had five
+children: Narcisa (who married Santiago Muger), Teodora (Mrs. Francisco
+Rizal Mercado), Gregorio, Manuel and Jose. All were born in Manila,
+but lived in Kalamba, and they used the name Alonzo till that general
+change of names in 1850 when, with their mother, they adopted the
+name Realonda. This latter name has been said to be an allusion to
+royal blood in the family, but other indications suggest that it
+might have been a careless mistake made in writing by Rosa Realonda,
+whose name sometimes appears written as Redonda. There is a family
+Redondo (Redonda in its feminine form) Alonzo of Ilokano origin, the
+same stock as their traditions give for Mrs. Rizal's father, some
+of whose members were to be found in the neighborhood of Binan and
+Pasay. One member of this family was akin in spirit to Jose Rizal,
+for he was fined twenty-five thousand pesos by the Supreme Court of
+the Philippine Islands for "contempt of religion." It appears that he
+put some original comparisons into a petition which sought to obtain
+justice from an inferior tribunal where, by the omission of the word
+"not" in copying, the clerk had reversed the court's decision but
+the judge refused to change the record.
+
+Brigida de Quintos's death record, in Kalamba (1856), speaks of her
+as the daughter of Manuel de Quintos and Regina Ochoa.
+
+The most obscure part of Rizal's family tree is the Ochoa branch, the
+family of the maternal grandmother, for all the archives,--church,
+land and court,--disappeared during the late disturbed conditions
+of which Cavite was the center. So one can only repeat what has been
+told by elderly people who have been found reliable in other accounts
+where the clews they gave could be compared with existing records.
+
+The first of the family is said to have been Policarpio Ochoa, an
+employe of the Spanish customs house. Estanislao Manuel Ochoa was his
+son, with the blood of old Castile mingling with Chinese and Tagalog
+in his veins. He was part owner of the Hacienda of San Francisco de
+Malabon. One story says that somewhere in this family was a Mariquita
+Ochoa, of such beauty that she was known in Cavite, where was her home,
+as the Sampaguita (jasmine) of the Parian, or Chinese, quarter.
+
+There was a Spanish nobleman also in Cavite in her time who had
+been deported for political reasons--probably for holding liberal
+opinions and for being thought to be favorable to English ideas. It
+is said that this particular "caja abierta" was a Marquis de Canete,
+and if so there is ground for the claim that he was of royal blood;
+at least some of his far-off ancestors had been related to a former
+ruling family of Spain.
+
+Mariquita's mother knew the exile, since, according to the custom
+in Filipino families, she looked after the business interests of her
+husband. Curious to see the belle of whom he had heard so much, the
+Marquis made an excuse of doing business with the mother, and went to
+her home on an occasion when he knew that the mother was away. No one
+else was there to answer his knock and Mariquita, busied in making
+candy, could not in her confusion find a coconut shell to dip water
+for washing her hands from the large jar, and not to keep the visitor
+waiting, she answered the door as she was. Not only did her appearance
+realize the expectations of the Marquis, but the girl seemed equally
+attractive for her self-possessed manners and lively mind. The nobleman
+was charmed. On his way home he met a cart loaded with coconut dippers
+and he bought the entire lot and sent it as his first present.
+
+After this the exile invented numerous excuses to call, till
+Mariquita's mother finally agreed to his union with her daughter. His
+political disability made him out of favor with the State church,
+the only place in which people could be married then, but Mariquita
+became what in English would be called a common-law wife. One of their
+children, Jose, had a tobacco factory and a slipper factory in Meisic,
+Manila, and was the especial protector of his younger sister, Regina,
+who became the wife of attorney Manuel de Quintos. A sister of Regina
+was Diega de Castro, who with another sister, Luseria, sold "chorizos"
+(sausages) or "tiratira" (taffy candy), the first at a store and
+the second in their own home, but both in Cavite, according to the
+variations of one narrative.
+
+A different account varies the time and omits the noble ancestor by
+saying that Regina was married unusually young to Manuel de Quintos to
+escape the attentions of the Marquis. Another authority claims that
+Regina was wedded to the lawyer in second marriage, being the widow
+of Facundo de Layva, the captain of the ship Hernando Magallanes,
+whose pilot, by the way, was Andrew Stewart, an Englishman.
+
+It is certain that Regina Ochoa was of Spanish, Chinese and Tagalog
+ancestry, and it is recorded that she was the wife of Manuel de
+Quintos. Here we stop depending on memories, for in the restored
+burial register of Kalamba church in the entry of the funeral of
+Brigida de Quintos she is called "the daughter of Manuel de Quintos
+and Regina Ochoa."
+
+Manuel de Quintos was an attorney of Manila, graduated from Santo Tomas
+University, whose family were Chinese mestizos of Pangasinan. The
+lawyer's father, of the same name, had been municipal captain of
+Lingayan, and an uncle was leader of the Chinese mestizos in a
+protest they had made against the arbitrariness of their provincial
+governor. This petition for redress of grievances is preserved in
+the Supreme Court archives with "Joaquin de Quintos" well and boldly
+written at the head of the complainants' names, evidence of a culture
+and a courage that were equally uncommon in those days. Complaints
+under Spanish rule, no matter how well founded, meant trouble for the
+complainants; we must not forget that it was a vastly different thing
+from signing petitions or adhering to resolutions nowadays. Then the
+signers risked certainly great annoyance, sometimes imprisonment,
+and not infrequently death.
+
+The home of Quintos had been in San Pedro Macati at the time of Captain
+Novales's uprising, the so-called "American revolt" in protest against
+the Peninsulars sent out to supersede the Mexican officers who had
+remained loyal to Spain when the colony of their birth separated
+itself from the mother country. As little San Pedro Macati is charged
+with having originated the conspiracy, it is unlikely that it was
+concealed from the liberal lawyer, for attorneys were scarcer and
+held in higher esteem in those days.
+
+The conservative element then, as later, did not often let drop
+any opportunity of purging the community of those who thought for
+themselves, by condemning them for crime unheard and undefended,
+whether they had been guilty of it or not.
+
+All the branches of Mrs. Rizal's family were much richer than the
+relatives of her husband; there were numerous lawyers and priests
+among them--the old-time proof of social standing--and they were
+influential in the country.
+
+There are several names of these related families that belong among
+the descendants of Lakandola, as traced by Mr. Luther Parker in
+his study of the Pampangan migration, and color is thereby given,
+so far as Rizal is concerned, to a proud boast that an old Pampangan
+lady of this descent makes for her family. She, who is exceedingly
+well posted upon her ancestry, ends the tracing of her lineage from
+Lakandola's time by asserting that the blood of that chief flowed
+in the veins of every Filipino who had the courage to stand forward
+as the champion of his people from the earliest days to the close of
+the Spanish regime. Lakandola, of course, belonged to the Mohammedan
+Sumatrans who emigrated to the Philippines only a few generations
+before Magellan's discovery.
+
+To recall relatives of Mrs. Rizal who were in the professions may
+help to an understanding of the prominence of the family. Felix
+Florentino, an uncle, was the first clerk of the Nueva Segovia
+(Vigan) court. A cousin-german, Jose Florentino, was a Philippine
+deputy in the Spanish Cortes, and a lawyer of note, as was also
+his brother, Manuel. Another relative, less near, was Clerk Reyes,
+of the Court of First Instance in Manila. The priest of Rosario,
+Vicar of Batangas Province, Father Leyva, was a half-blood relation,
+and another priestly relative was Mrs. Rizal's paternal uncle,
+Father Alonzo. These were in the earlier days when professional
+men were scarcer. Father Almeida, of Santa Cruz Church, Manila,
+and Father Agustin Mendoz, his predecessor in the same church, and
+one of the sufferers in the Cavite trouble of '72--a deporte--were
+most distantly connected with the Rizal family. Another relative,
+of the Reyes connection, was in the Internal Revenue Service and had
+charge of Kalamba during the latter part of the eighteenth century.
+
+Mrs. Rizal was baptized in Santa Cruz Church, Manila, November 18,
+1827, as Teodora Morales Alonzo, her godmother being a relative by
+marriage, Dona Maria Cristina. She was given an exceptionally good
+fundamental education by her gifted mother, and completed her training
+in Santa Rosa College, Manila, which was in the charge of Filipino
+sisters. Especially did the religious influence of her schooling
+manifest itself in her after life. Unfortunately there are no records
+in the institution, because it is said all the members of the Order
+who could read and write were needed for instruction and there was
+no one competent who had time for clerical work.
+
+Brigida de Quintos had removed to the property in Kalamba which Lorenzo
+Alberto had transferred to her, and there as early as 1844 she is
+first mentioned as Brigida de Quintos, then as Brigida de Alonzo,
+and later as Brigida Realonda.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+Rizal's Early Childhood
+
+JOSE PROTASIO RIZAL MERCADO Y ALONZO REALONDA, the seventh child of
+Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado y Alejandro and his wife, Teodora
+Morales Alonzo Realonda y Quintos, was born in Kalamba, June 19, 1861.
+
+He was a typical Filipino, for few persons in this land of mixed
+blood could boast a greater mixture than his. Practically all
+the ethnic elements, perhaps even the Negrito in the far past,
+combined in his blood. All his ancestors, except the doubtful
+strain of the Negrito, had been immigrants to the Philippines, early
+Malays, and later Sumatrans, Chinese of prehistoric times and the
+refugees from the Tartar dominion, and Spaniards of old Castile and
+Valencia--representatives of all the various peoples who have blended
+to make the strength of the Philippine race.
+
+Shortly before Jose's birth his family had built a pretentious new home
+in the center of Kalamba on a lot which Francisco Mercado had inherited
+from his brother. The house was destroyed before its usefulness had
+ceased, by the vindictiveness of those who hated the man-child that
+was born there. And later on the gratitude of a free people held the
+same spot sacred because there began that life consecrated to the
+Philippines and finally given for it, after preparing the way for the
+union of the various disunited Chinese mestizos, Spanish mestizos,
+and half a hundred dialectically distinguished "Indians" into the
+united people of the Philippines.
+
+Jose was christened in the nearby church when three days old, and as
+two out-of-town bands happened to be in Kalamba for a local festival,
+music was a feature of the event. His godfather was Father Pedro
+Casanas, a Filipino priest of a Kalamba family, and the priest who
+christened him was also a Filipino, Father Rufino Collantes. Following
+is a translation of the record of Rizal's birth and baptism: "I, the
+undersigned parish priest of the town of Calamba, certify that from
+the investigation made with proper authority, for replacing the parish
+books which were burned September 28, 1862, to be found in Docket No. 1
+of Baptisms, page 49, it appears by the sworn testimony of competent
+witnesses that JOSE RIZAL MERCADO is the legitimate son, and of lawful
+wedlock, of Don Francisco Rizal Mercado and Dona Teodora Realonda,
+having been baptized in this parish on the 22d day of June in the year
+1861, by the parish preiset, Rev. Rufino Collantes, Rev. Pedro Casanas
+being his god-father."--Witness my signature. (Signed) LEONCIO LOPEZ.
+
+Jose Rizal's earliest training recalls the education of William
+and Alexander von Humboldt, those two nineteenth century Germans
+whose achievements for the prosperity of their fatherland and the
+advancement of humanity have caused them to be spoken of as the most
+remarkable pair of brothers that ever lived. He was not physically
+a strong child, but the direction of his first studies was by an
+unusually gifted mother, who succeeded, almost without the aid of
+books, in laying a foundation upon which the man placed an amount
+of well-mastered knowledge along many different lines that is truly
+marvelous, and this was done in so short a time that its brevity
+constitutes another wonder.
+
+At three he learned his letters, having insisted upon being
+taught to read and being allowed to share the lessons of an elder
+sister. Immediately thereafter he was discovered with her story book,
+spelling out its words by the aid of the syllabary or "caton" which
+he had propped up before him and was using as one does a dictionary
+in a foreign language.
+
+The little boy spent also much of his time in the church, which was
+conveniently near, but when the mother suggested that this might be
+an indication of religious inclination, his prompt response was that
+he liked to watch the people.
+
+To how good purpose the small eyes and ears were used, the true-to-life
+types of the characters in "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo"
+testify.
+
+Three uncles, brothers of the mother, concerned themselves with
+the intellectual, artistic and physical training of this promising
+nephew. The youngest, Jose, a teacher, looked after the regular
+lessons. The giant Manuel developed the physique of the youngster,
+until he had a supple body of silk and steel and was no longer a
+sickly lad, though he did not entirely lose his somewhat delicate
+looks. The more scholarly Gregorio saw that the child earned his candy
+money--trying to instill the idea into his mind that it was not the
+world's way that anything worth having should come without effort; he
+taught him also the value of rapidity in work, to think for himself,
+and to observe carefully and to picture what he saw.
+
+Sometimes Jose would draw a bird flying without lifting pencil from the
+paper till the picture was finished. At other times it would be a horse
+running or a dog in chase, but it always must be something of which
+he had thought himself and the idea must not be overworked; there was
+no payment for what had been done often before. Thus he came to think
+for himself, ideas were suggested to him indirectly, so he was never
+a servile copyist, and he acquired the habit of speedy accomplishment.
+
+Clay at first, then wax, was his favorite play material. From these he
+modeled birds and butterflies that came ever nearer to the originals
+in nature as the wise praise of the uncles called his attention to
+possibilities of improvement and encouraged him to further effort. This
+was the beginning of his nature study.
+
+Jose had a pony and used to take long rides through all the surrounding
+country, so rich in picturesque scenery. Besides these horseback
+expeditions were excursions afoot; on the latter his companion was
+his big black dog, Usman. His father pretended to be fearful of some
+accident if dog and pony went together, so the boy had to choose
+between these favorites, and alternated walking and riding, just as
+Mr. Mercado had planned he should. The long pedestrian excursions
+of his European life, though spoken of as German and English habits,
+were merely continuations of this childhood custom. There were other
+playmates besides the dog and the horse, especially doves that lived
+in several houses about the Mercado home, and the lad was friend
+and defender of all the animals, birds, and even insects in the
+neighborhood. Had his childish sympathies been respected the family
+would have been strictly vegetarian in their diet.
+
+At times Jose was permitted to spend the night in one of the curious
+little straw huts which La Laguna farmers put up during the harvest
+season, and the myths and legends of the region which he then heard
+interested him and were later made good use of in his writings.
+
+Sleight-of-hand tricks were a favorite amusement, and he developed
+a dexterity which mystified the simple folk of the country. This
+diversion, and his proficiency in it, gave rise to that mysterious awe
+with which he was regarded by the common people of his home region;
+they ascribed to him supernatural powers, and refused to believe that
+he was really dead even after the tragedy of Bagumbayan.
+
+Entertainment of the neighbors with magic-lantern exhibitions was
+another frequent amusement, an ordinary lamp throwing its light on
+a common sheet serving as a screen. Jose's supple fingers twisted
+themselves into fantastic shapes, the enlarged shadows of which on
+the curtain bore resemblance to animals, and paper accessories were
+worked in to vary and enlarge the repertoire of action figures. The
+youthful showman was quite successful in catering to the public taste,
+and the knowledge he then gained proved valuable later in enabling
+him to approach his countrymen with books that held their attention
+and gave him the opportunity to tell them of shortcomings which it
+was necessary that they should correct.
+
+Almost from babyhood he had a grown-up way about him, a sort of dignity
+that seemed to make him realize and respect the rights of others and
+unconsciously disposed his elders to reason with him, rather than scold
+him for his slight offenses. This habit grew, as reprimands were needed
+but once, and his grave promises of better behavior were faithfully
+kept when the explanation of why his conduct was wrong was once made
+clear to him. So the child came to be not an unwelcome companion even
+for adults, for he respected their moods and was never troublesome. A
+big influence in the formation of the child's character was his
+association with the parish priest of Kalamba, Father Leoncio Lopez.
+
+The Kalamba church and convento, which were located across the way
+from the Rizal home, were constructed after the great earthquake of
+1863, which demolished so many edifices throughout the central part
+of the Philippines.
+
+The curate of Kalamba had a strong personality and was notable
+among the Filipino secular clergy of that day when responsibility
+had developed many creditable figures. An English writer of long
+residence in the Philippines, John Foreman, in his book on the
+Philippine Islands, describes how his first meeting with this priest
+impressed him, and tells us that subsequent acquaintance confirmed
+the early favorable opinion of one whom he considered remarkable for
+broad intelligence and sanity of view. Father Leoncio never deceived
+himself and his judgment was sound and clear, even when against
+the opinions and persons of whom he would have preferred to think
+differently. Probably Jose, through the priest's fondness for children
+and because he was well behaved and the son of friendly neighbors,
+was at first tolerated about the convento, the Philippine name for
+the priest's residence, but soon he became a welcome visitor for his
+own sake.
+
+He never disturbed the priest's meditations when the old clergyman
+was studying out some difficult question, but was a keen observer,
+apparently none the less curious for his respectful reserve. Father
+Leoncio may have forgotten the age of his listener, or possibly was
+only thinking aloud, but he spoke of those matters which interested
+all thinking Filipinos and found a sympathetic, eager audience in
+the little boy, who at least gave close heed if he had at first no
+valuable comments to offer.
+
+In time the child came to ask questions, and they were so sensible
+that careful explanation was given, and questions were not dismissed
+with the statement that these things were for grown-ups, a statement
+which so often repels the childish zeal for knowledge. Not many
+mature people in those days held so serious converse as the priest
+and his child friend, for fear of being overheard and reported,
+a danger which even then existed in the Philippines.
+
+That the old Filipino priest of Rizal's novels owed something to the
+author's recollections of Father Leoncio is suggested by a chapter in
+"Noli Me Tangere." Ibarra, viewing Manila by moonlight on the first
+night after his return from Europe, recalls old memories and makes
+mention of the neighborhood of the Botanical Garden, just beyond
+which the friend and mentor of his youth had died. Father Leoncio
+Lopez died in Calle Concepcion in that vicinity, which would seem to
+identify him in connection with that scene in the book, rather than
+numerous others whose names have been sometimes suggested.
+
+Two writings of Rizal recall thoughts of his youthful days. Orie tells
+how he used to wander down along the lake shore and, looking across
+the waters, wonder about the people on the other side. Did they,
+too, he questioned, suffer injustice as the people of his home town
+did? Was the whip there used as freely, carelessly and unmercifully by
+the authorities? Had men and women also to be servile and hypocrites
+to live in peace over there? But among these thoughts, never once
+did it occur to him that at no distant day the conditions would be
+changed and, under a government that safeguarded the personal rights
+of the humblest of its citizens, the region that evoked his childhood
+wondering was to become part of a province bearing his own name in
+honor of his labors toward banishing servility and hypocrisy from
+the character of his countrymen.
+
+The lake district of Central Luzon is one of the most historic regions
+in the Islands, the May-i probably of the twelfth century Chinese
+geographer. Here was the scene of the earliest Spanish missionary
+activity. On the south shore is Kalamba, birthplace of Doctor Rizal,
+with Binan, the residence of his father's ancestors, to the northwest,
+and on the north shore the land to which reference is made above. Today
+this same region at the north bears the name of Rizal Province in
+his honor.
+
+The other recollection of Rizal's youth is of his first reading
+lesson. He did not know Spanish and made bad work of the story of the
+"Foolish Butterfly," which his mother had selected, stumbling over the
+words and grouping them without regard to the sense. Finally Mrs. Rizal
+took the book from her son and read it herself, translating the tale
+into the familiar Tagalog used in their home. The moral is supposed
+to be obedience, and the young butterfly was burned and died because
+it disregarded the parental warning not to venture too close to the
+alluring flame. The reading lesson was in the evening and by the
+light of a coconut-oil lamp, and some moths were very appropriately
+fluttering about its cheerful blaze. The little boy watched them as
+his mother read and he missed the moral, for as the insects singed
+their wings and fluttered to their death in the flame he forgot
+their disobedience and found no warning in it for him. Rather he
+envied their fate and considered that the light was so fine a thing
+that it was worth dying for. Thus early did the notion that there
+are things worth more than life enter his head, though he could not
+foresee that he was to be himself a martyr and that the day of his
+death would before long be commemorated in his country to recall to
+his countrymen lessons as important to their national existence as
+his mother's precept was for his childish welfare.
+
+When he was four the mystery of life's ending had been brought home to
+him by the death of a favorite little sister, and he shed the first
+tears of real sorrow, for until then he had only wept as children do
+when disappointed in getting their own way. It was the first of many
+griefs, but he quickly realized that life is a constant struggle and
+he learned to meet disappointments and sorrows with the tears in the
+heart and a smile on the lips, as he once advised a nephew to do.
+
+At seven Jose made his first real journey; the family went to Antipolo
+with the host of pilgrims who in May visit the mountain shrine of Our
+Lady of Peace and Safe Travel. In the early Spanish days in Mexico
+she was the special patroness of voyages to America, especially while
+the galleon trade lasted; the statue was brought to Antipolo in 1672.
+
+A print of the Virgin, a souvenir of this pilgrimage, was, according
+to the custom of those times, pasted inside Jose's wooden chest when
+he left home for school; later on it was preserved in an album and
+went with him in all his travels. Afterwards it faced Bougereau's
+splendid conception of the Christ-mother, as one who had herself
+thus suffered, consoling another mother grieving over the loss of a
+son. Many years afterwards Doctor Rizal was charged with having fallen
+away from religion, but he seems really rather to have experienced a
+deepening of the religious spirit which made the essentials of charity
+and kindness more important in his eyes than forms and ceremonies.
+
+Yet Rizal practiced those forms prescribed for the individual even
+when debarred from church privileges. The lad doubtless got his
+idea of distinguishing between the sign and the substance from a
+well-worn book of explanations of the church ritual and symbolism
+"intended for the use of parish priests." It was found in his library,
+with Mrs. Rizal's name on the flyleaf. Much did he owe his mother,
+and his grateful recognition appears in his appreciative portrayal
+of maternal affection in his novels.
+
+His parents were both religious, but in a different way. The father's
+religion was manifested in his charities; he used to keep on hand
+a fund, of which his wife had no account, for contributions to the
+necessitous and loans to the irresponsible. Mrs. Rizal attended to
+the business affairs and was more careful in her handling of money,
+though quite as charitably disposed. Her early training in Santa
+Rosa had taught her the habit of frequent prayer and she began early
+in the morning and continued till late in the evening, with frequent
+attendance in the church. Mr. Rizal did not forget his church duties,
+but was far from being so assiduous in his practice of them, and the
+discussions in the home frequently turned on the comparative value of
+words and deeds, discussions that were often given a humorous twist
+by the husband when he contrasted his wife's liberality in prayers
+with her more careful dispensing of money aid.
+
+Not many homes in Kalamba were so well posted on events of the outside
+world, and the children constantly heard discussions of questions
+which other households either ignored or treated rather reservedly, for
+espionage was rampant even then in the Islands. Mrs. Rizal's literary
+training had given her an acquaintance with the better Spanish writers
+which benefited her children; she told them the classic tales in style
+adapted to their childish comprehension, so that when they grew older
+they found that many noted authors were old acquaintances. The Bible,
+too, played a large part in the home. Mrs. Rizal's copy was a Spanish
+translation of the Latin Vulgate, the version authorized by her Church
+but not common in the Islands then. Rizal's frequent references to
+Biblical personages and incidents are not paralleled in the writings
+of any contemporary Filipino author.
+
+The frequent visitors to their home, the church, civil and military
+authorities, who found the spacious Rizal mansion a convenient resting
+place on their way to the health resort at Los Banos, brought something
+of the city, and a something not found by many residents even there, to
+the people of this village household. Oftentimes the house was filled,
+and the family would not turn away a guest of less rank for the sake of
+one of higher distinction, though that unsocial practice was frequently
+followed by persons who forgot their self-respect in toadying to rank.
+
+Little Jose did not know Spanish very well, so far as conversational
+usage was concerned, but his mother tried to impress on him the beauty
+of the Spanish poets and encouraged him in essays at rhyming which
+finally grew into quite respectable poetical compositions. One of
+these was a drama in Tagalog which so pleased a municipal captain of
+the neighboring village of Paete, who happened to hear it while on
+a visit to Kalamba, that the youthful author was paid two pesos for
+the production. This was as much money as a field laborer in those
+days would have earned in half a month; although the family did not
+need the coin, the incident impressed them with the desirability of
+cultivating the boy's talent.
+
+Jose was nine years old when he was sent to study in Binan. His master
+there, Justiniano Aquino Cruz, was of the old school and Rizal has left
+a record of some of his maxims, such as "Spare the rod and spoil the
+child," "The letter enters with blood," and other similar indications
+of his heroic treatment of the unfortunates under his care. However,
+if he was a strict disciplinarian, Master Justiniano was also a
+conscientious instructor, and the boy had been only a few months
+under his care when the pupil was told that he knew as much as his
+master, and had better go to Manila to school. Truthful Jose repeated
+this conversation without the modification which modesty might have
+suggested, and his father responded rather vigorously to the idea
+and it was intimated that in the father's childhood pupils were not
+accustomed to say that they knew as much as their teachers. However,
+Master Justiniano corroborated the child's statement, so that
+preparations for Jose's going to Manila began to be made. This was
+in the Christmas vacation of 1871.
+
+Binan had been a valuable experience for young Rizal. There he had
+met a host of relatives and from them heard much of the past of his
+father's family. His maternal grandfather's great house was there, now
+inhabited by his mother's half-brother, a most interesting personage.
+
+This uncle, Jose Alberto, had been educated in British India, spending
+eleven years in a Calcutta missionary school. This was the result of
+an acquaintance which his father had made with an English naval officer
+who visited the Philippines about 1820, the author of "An Englishman's
+Visit to the Philippines." Lorenzo Alberto, the grandfather, himself
+spoke English and had English associations. He had also liberal ideas
+and preferred the system under which the Philippines were represented
+in the Cortes and were treated not as a colony but as part of the
+homeland and its people were considered Spaniards.
+
+The great Binan bridge had been built under Lorenzo Alberto's
+supervision, and for services to the Spanish nation during the
+expedition to Cochin-China--probably liberal contributions of money--he
+had been granted the title of Knight of the American Order of Isabel
+the Catholic, but by the time this recognition reached him he had died,
+and the patent was made out to his son.
+
+An episode well known in the village--its chief event, if one might
+judge from the conversation of the inhabitants--was a visit which
+a governor of Hongkong had made there when he was a guest in the
+home of Alberto. Many were the tales told of this distinguished
+Englishman, who was Sir John Bowring, the notable polyglot and
+translator into English of poetry in practically every one of the
+dialects of Europe. His achievements along this line had put him
+second or third among the linguists of the century. He was also
+interested in history, and mentioned in his Binan visit that the
+Hakluyt Society, of which he was a Director, was then preparing to
+publish an exceedingly interesting account of the early Philippines
+that did more justice to its inhabitants than the regular Spanish
+historians. Here Rizal first heard of Morga, the historian, whose
+book he in after years made accessible to his countrymen. A desire
+to know other languages than his own also possessed him and he was
+eager to rival the achievements of Sir John Bowring.
+
+In his book entitled "A Visit to the Philippine Islands," which was
+translated into Spanish by Mr. Jose del Pan, a liberal editor of
+Manila, Sir John Bowring gives the following account of his visit to
+Rizal's uncle:
+
+"We reached Binan before sunset .... First we passed between
+files of youths, then of maidens; and through a triumphal
+arch we reached the handsome dwelling of a rich mestizo, whom
+we found decorated with a Spanish order, which had been granted
+to his father before him. He spoke English, having been educated
+at Calcutta, and his house--a very large one--gave abundant
+evidence that he had not studied in vain the arts of domestic
+civilization. The furniture, the beds, the table, the cookery, were
+all in good taste, and the obvious sincerity of the kind reception
+added to its agreeableness. Great crowds were gathered together
+in the square which fronts the house of Don Jose Alberto."
+
+
+The Philippines had just had a liberal governor, De la Torte, but even
+during this period of apparent liberalness there existed a confidential
+government order directing that all letters from Filipinos suspected
+of progressive ideas were to be opened in the post. This violation
+of the mails furnished the list of those who later suffered in the
+convenient insurrection of '72.
+
+An agrarian trouble, the old disagreement between landlords and
+tenants, had culminated in an active outbreak which the government
+was unable to put down, and so it made terms by which, among other
+things, the leader of the insurrection was established as chief
+of a new civil guard for the purpose of keeping order. Here again
+was another preparation for '72, for at that time the agreement
+was forgotten and the officer suffered punishment, in spite of the
+immunity he had been promised.
+
+Religious troubles, too, were rife. The Jesuits had returned from
+exile shortly before, and were restricted to teaching work in those
+parishes in the missionary district where collections were few and
+danger was great. To make room for those whom they displaced the better
+parishes in the more thickly settled regions were taken from Filipino
+priests and turned over to members of the religious Orders. Naturally
+there was discontent. A confidential communication from the secular
+archbishop, Doctor Martinez, shows that he considered the Filipinos had
+ground for complaint, for he states that if the Filipinos were under a
+non-Catholic government like that of England they would receive fairer
+treatment than they were getting from their Spanish co-religionaries,
+and warns the home government that trouble will inevitably result if
+the discrimination against the natives of the country is continued.
+
+The Jesuit method of education in their newly established "Ateneo
+Municipal" was a change from that in the former schools. It treated the
+Filipino as a Spaniard and made no distinctions between the races in
+the school dormitory. In the older institutions of Manila the Spanish
+students lived in the Spanish way and spoke their own language, but
+Filipinos were required to talk Latin, sleep on floor mats and eat
+with their hands from low tables. These Filipino customs obtained in
+the hamlets, but did not appeal to city lads who had become used to
+Spanish ways in their own homes and objected to departing from them in
+school. The disaffection thus created was among the educated class,
+who were best fitted to be leaders of their people in any dangerous
+insurrection against the government.
+
+However, a change had to take place to meet the Jesuit competition,
+and in the rearrangement Filipino professors were given a larger
+share in the management of the schools. Notable among these was
+Father Burgos. He had earned his doctor's degree in two separate
+courses, was among the best educated in the capital and by far the
+most public-spirited and valiant of the Filipino priests.
+
+He enlisted the interest of many of the older Filipino clergy and
+through their contributions subsidized a paper, E1 Eco Filipino,
+which spoke from the Filipino standpoint and answered the reflections
+which were the stock in trade of the conservative organ, for the
+reactionaries had an abusive journal just as they had had in 1821
+and were to have in the later days.
+
+Such were the conditions when Jose Rizal got ready to leave home for
+school in Manila, a departure which was delayed by the misfortunes of
+his mother. His only, and elder, brother, Paciano, had been a student
+in San Jose College in Manila for some years, and had regularly failed
+in passing his examinations because of his outspokenness against
+the evils of the country. Paciano was a great favorite with Doctor
+Burgos, in whose home he lived and for whom he acted as messenger
+and go-between in the delicate negotiations of the propaganda which
+the doctor was carrying on.
+
+In February of '72 all the dreams of a brighter and freer Philippines
+were crushed out in that enormous injustice which made the mutiny of a
+few soldiers and arsenal employes in Cavite the excuse for deporting,
+imprisoning, and even shooting those whose correspondence, opened
+during the previous year, had shown them to be discontented with the
+backward conditions in the Philippines.
+
+Doctor Burgos, just as he had been nominated to a higher post in the
+Church, was the chief victim. Father Gomez, an old man, noted for
+charity, was another, and the third was Father Zamora. A reference
+in a letter of his to "powder," which was his way of saying money,
+was distorted into a dangerous significance, in spite of the fact
+that the letter was merely an invitation to a gambling game. The
+trial was a farce, the informer was garroted just when he was on
+the point of complaining that he was not receiving the pardon and
+payment which he had been promised for his services in convicting
+the others. The whole affair had an ugly look, and the way it was
+hushed up did not add to the confidence of the people in the justice
+of the proceedings. The Islands were then placed under military law
+and remained so for many years.
+
+Father Burgos's dying advice to Filipinos was for them to be educated
+abroad, preferably outside of Spain, but if they could do no better,
+at least go to the Peninsula. He urged that through education only
+could progress be hoped for. In one of his speeches he had warned the
+Spanish government that continued oppressive measures would drive the
+Filipinos from their allegiance and make them wish to become subjects
+of a freer power, suggesting England, whose possessions surrounded
+the Islands.
+
+Doctor Burgos's idea of England as a hope for the Philippines was
+borne out by the interest which the British newspapers of Hongkong
+took in Philippine affairs. They gave accounts of the troubles and
+picked flaws in the garbled reports which the officials sent abroad.
+
+Some zealous but unthinking reactionary at this time conceived the idea
+of publishing a book somewhat similar to that which had been gotten
+out against the Constitution of Cadiz. "Captain Juan" was its name;
+it was in catechism form, and told of an old municipal captain who
+deserved to be honored because he was so submissively subservient to
+all constituted authority. He tries to distinguish between different
+kinds of liberty, and the especial attention which he devotes to
+America shows how live a topic the great republic was at that time in
+the Islands. This interest is explained by the fact that an American
+company had just then received a grant of the northern part of Borneo,
+later British North Borneo, for a trading company. It was believed that
+the United States had designs on the Archipelago because of treaties
+which had been negotiated with the Sultan of Sulu and certain American
+commercial interests in the Far East, which were then rather important.
+
+Americans, too, had become known in the Philippines through a soldier
+of fortune who had helped out the Chinese government in suppressing
+the rebellion in the neighborhood of Shanghai. "General" F. T. Ward,
+from Massachusetts, organized an army of deserters from European ships,
+but their lack of discipline made them undesirable soldiers, and so
+he disbanded the force. He then gathered a regiment of Manila men,
+as the Filipinos usually found as quartermasters on all ships sailing
+in the East were then called. With the aid of some other Americans
+these troops were disciplined and drilled into such efficiency that the
+men came to have the title among the Chinese of the "Ever-Victorious"
+army, because of the almost unbroken series of successes which they
+had experienced. A partial explanation, possibly, of their fighting
+so well is that they were paid only when they won.
+
+The high praise given the Filipinos at this time was in contrast to the
+disparagement made of their efforts in Indo-China, where in reality
+they had done the fighting rather than their Spanish officers. When
+a Spaniard in the Philippines quoted of the Filipino their customary
+saying, "Poor soldier, worse sacristan," the Filipinos dared make
+no open reply, but they consoled themselves with remembering the
+flattering comments of "General" Ward and the favorable opinion of
+Archbishop Martinez.
+
+References to Filipino military capacity were banned by the censors and
+the archbishop's communication had been confidential, but both became
+known, for despotisms drive its victims to stealth and to methods
+which would not be considered creditable under freer conditions.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+Jagor's Prophecy
+
+RIZAL'S first home in Manila was in a nipa house with Manuel
+Hidalgo, later to be his brother-in-law, in Calle Espeleta, a street
+named for a former Filipino priest who had risen to be bishop and
+governor-general. This spot is now marked with a tablet which gives
+the date of his coming as the latter part of February, 1872.
+
+Rizal's own recollections speak of June as being the date of the
+formal beginning of his studies in Manila. First he went to San Juan
+de Letran and took an examination in the Catechism. Then he went back
+to Kalamba and in July passed into the Ateneo, possibly because of
+the more favorable conditions under which the pupils were admitted,
+receiving credit for work in arithmetic, which in the other school,
+it is said, he would have had to restudy. This perhaps accounts for
+the credit shown in the scholastic year 1871-72. Until his fourth
+year Rizal was an externe, as those residing outside of the school
+dormitory were then called. The Ateneo was very popular and so great
+was the eagerness to enter it that the waiting list was long and two
+or three years' delay was not at all uncommon.
+
+There is a little uncertainty about this period; some writers have
+gone so far as to give recollections of childhood incidents of which
+Rizal was the hero while he lived in the house of Doctor Burgos,
+but the family deny that he was ever in this home, and say that he
+has been confused with his brother Paciano.
+
+The greatest influence upon Rizal during this period was the sense of
+Spanish judicial injustice in the legal persecutions of his mother,
+who, though innocent, for two years was treated as a criminal and
+held in prison.
+
+Much of the story is not necessary for this narrative, but the mother's
+troubles had their beginning in the attempted revenge of a lieutenant
+of the Civil Guard, one of a body of Spaniards who were no credit
+to the mother country and whom Rizal never lost opportunity in his
+writings of painting in their true colors. This official had been in
+the habit of having his horse fed at the Mercado home when he visited
+their town from his station in Binan, but once there was a scarcity
+of fodder and Mr. Mercado insisted that his own stock was entitled
+to care before he could extend hospitality to strangers. This the
+official bitterly resented. His opportunity for revenge soon came, and
+was not overlooked. A disagreement between Jose Alberto, the mother's
+brother in Binan, and his wife, also his cousin, to whom he had been
+married when they were both quite young, led to sensational charges
+which a discreet officer would have investigated and would assuredly
+have then realized to be unfounded. Instead the lieutenant accepted
+the most ridiculous statements, brought charges of attempted murder
+against Alberto and his sister, Mrs. Rizal, and evidently figured
+that he would be able to extort money from the rich man and gratify
+his revenge at the same time.
+
+Now comes a disgruntled judge, who had not received the attention at
+the Mercado home which he thought his dignity demanded. Out of revenge
+he ordered Mrs. Rizal to be conducted at once to the provincial prison,
+not in the usual way by boat, but, to cause her greater annoyance,
+afoot around the lake. It was a long journey from Kalamba to Santa
+Cruz, and the first evening the guard and his prisoner came to
+a village where there was a festival in progress. Mrs. Rizal was
+well known and was welcomed in the home of one of the prominent
+families. The festivities were at their height when the judge, who
+had been on horseback and so had reached the town earlier, heard that
+the prisoner, instead of being in the village calaboose, was a guest
+of honor and apparently not suffering the annoyance to which he had
+intended to subject her. He strode to the house, and, not content to
+knock, broke in the door, splintered his cane on the poor constable's
+head, and then exhausted himself beating the owner of the house.
+
+These proceedings were revealed in a charge of prejudice which
+Mrs. Rizal's lawyers urged against the judge who at the same time
+was the one who decided the case and also the prosecutor. The Supreme
+Court agreed that her contention was correct and directed that she be
+discharged from custody. To this order the judge paid due respect and
+ordered her release, but he said that the accusation of unfairness
+against him was contempt of court, and gave her a longer sentence
+under this charge than the previous one from which she had just been
+absolved. After some delay the Supreme Court heard of this affair and
+decided that the judge was right. But, because Mrs. Rizal had been
+longer in prison awaiting trial than the sentence, they dated back
+her imprisonment, and again ordered her release. Here the record
+gets a little confused because it is concerned with a story that
+her brother had sixteen thousand pesos concealed in his cell, and
+everybody, from the Supreme Court down, seemed interested in trying
+to locate the money.
+
+While the officials were looking for his sack of gold, Alberto
+gave a power of attorney to an overintelligent lawyer who worded
+his authority so that it gave him the right to do everything
+which his principal himself could have done "personally, legally
+and ecclesiastically." From some source outside, but not from the
+brother, the attorney heard that Mrs. Rizal had had money belonging
+to Alberto, for in the extensive sugar-purchasing business which she
+carried on she handled large sums and frequently borrowed as much as
+five thousand pesos from this brother. Anxious to get his hands on
+money, he instituted a charge of theft against her, under his power of
+attorney and acting in the name of his principal. Mrs. Rizal's attorney
+demurred to such a charge being made without the man who had lent the
+money being at all consulted, and held that a power of attorney did
+not warrant such an action. In time the intelligent Supreme Court
+heard this case and decided that it should go to trial; but later,
+when the attorney, acting for his principal, wanted to testify for him
+under the power of attorney, they seem to have reached their limit,
+for they disapproved of that proposal.
+
+Anyone who cares to know just how ridiculous and inconsistent the
+judicial system of the Philippines then was would do well to try to
+unravel the mixed details of the half dozen charges, ranging from
+cruelty through theft to murder, which were made against Mrs. Rizal
+without a shadow of evidence. One case was trumped up as soon as
+another was finished, and possibly the affair would have dragged on
+till the end of the Spanish administration had not her little daughter
+danced before the Governor-General once when he was traveling through
+the country, won his approval, and when he asked what favor he could do
+for her, presented a petition for her mother's release. In this way,
+which recalls the customs of primitive nations, Mrs. Rizal finally
+was enabled to return to her home.
+
+Doctor Rizal tells us that it was then that he first began to lose
+confidence in mankind. A story of a school companion, that when
+Rizal recalled this incident the red came into his eyes, probably
+has about the same foundation as the frequent stories of his weeping
+with emotion upon other people's shoulders when advised of momentous
+changes in his life. Doctor Rizal did not have these Spanish ways,
+and the narrators are merely speaking of what other Spaniards would
+have done, for self-restraint and freedom from exhibitions of emotion
+were among his most prominent characteristics.
+
+Some time during Rizal's early years of school came his first success
+in painting. It was the occasion of a festival in Kalamba; just at
+the last moment an important banner was accidentally damaged and there
+was not time to send to Manila for another. A hasty consultation was
+held among the village authorities, and one councilman suggested that
+Jose Rizal had shown considerable skill with the brush and possibly he
+could paint something that would pass. The gobernadorcillo proceeded to
+the lad's home and explained the need. Rizal promptly went to work,
+under the official's direction, and speedily produced a painting
+which the delighted municipal executive declared was better than the
+expensive banner bought in Manila. The achievement was explained to
+all the participants in the festival and young Jose was the hero of
+the occasion.
+
+During intervals of school work Rizal found time to continue his
+modeling in clay which he procured from the brickyard of a cousin at
+San Pedro Macati.
+
+Rizal's uncle, Jose Alberto, had played a considerable part in his
+political education. He was influential with the Regency in Spain,
+which succeeded Queen Isabel when that sovereign became too malodorous
+to be longer tolerated, and he was the personal friend of the Regent,
+General Prim, whose motto, "More liberal today than yesterday, more
+liberal tomorrow than today," he was fond of quoting. He was present in
+Madrid at the time of General Prim's assassination and often told of
+how this wise patriot, recognizing the unpreparedness of the Spanish
+people for a republic, opposed the efforts for what would, he knew,
+result in as disastrous a failure as had been France's first effort,
+and how he lost his life through his desire to follow the safer
+course of proceeding gradually through the preparatory stage of a
+constitutional monarchy. Alberto was made by him a Knight of the Order
+of Carlos III, and, after Prim's death, was created by King Amadeo a
+Knight Commander, the step higher in the Order of Isabel the Catholic.
+
+Events proved Prim's wisdom, as Alberto was careful to observe, for
+King Amadeo was soon convinced of the unfitness of his people for even
+a constitutional monarchy, told them so, resigned his throne, and bade
+them farewell. Then came a republic marked by excesses such as even
+the worst monarch had not committed; among them the dreadful massacre
+of the members of the filibustering party on the steamer Virginius
+in Cuba, which would have caused war with the United States had not
+the Americans been deluded into the idea that they were dealing with
+a sister republic. America and Switzerland had been the only nations
+which had recognized Spain's new form of government. Prim sought an
+alliance with America, for he claimed that Spain should be linked
+with a country which would buy Spanish goods and to which Spain could
+send her products. France, with whom the Bourbons wished to be allied,
+was a competitor along Spain's own lines.
+
+During the earlier disturbances in Spain a party of Carlists were
+sent to the Philippine Islands; they were welcomed by the reactionary
+Spaniards, for devotion to King Carlos had been their characteristic
+ever since the days when Queen Isabel had taken the throne that in
+their opinion belonged to the heir in the male line. Rizal frequently
+makes mention of this disloyalty to the ruler of Spain on the part
+of those who claimed to be most devoted Spaniards.
+
+Along with the stories of these troubles which Rizal heard during his
+school days in Manila were reports of how these exiles had established
+themselves in foreign cities, Basa in Hongkong, Regidor in London,
+and Tavera in Paris. At their homes in these cities they gave a warm
+welcome to such Filipinos as traveled abroad and they were always ready
+to act as guardians for Filipino students who wished to study in their
+cities, Many availed themselves of these opportunities and it came to
+be an ambition among those in the Islands to get an education which
+they believed was better than that which Spain afforded. There was some
+ground for such a belief, because many of the most prominent successful
+men of Spanish and Philippine birth were men whose education had been
+foreign. A well-known instance in Manila was the architect Roxas,
+father of the present Alcalde of Manila, who learned his profession
+in England and was almost the only notable builder in Manila during
+his lifetime.
+
+Paciano Rizal, Jose's elder brother, had retired from Manila on the
+death of Doctor Burgos and devoted himself to farming; in some ways,
+perhaps, his career suggested the character of Tasio, the philosopher
+of "Noli Me Tangere." He was careful to see that his younger brother
+was familiar with the liberal literature with which he had become
+acquainted through Doctor Burgos.
+
+The first foreign book read by Rizal, in a Spanish translation,
+was Dumas's great novel, "The Count of Monte Cristo," and the story
+of the wrongs suffered by the prisoner of the Chateau d'If recalled
+the injustice done his mother. Then came the book which had greatest
+influence upon the young man's career; this was a Spanish translation
+of Jagor's "Travels in the Philippines," the observations of a German
+naturalist who had visited the Islands some fifteen years before. This
+latter book, among other comments, suggested that it was the fate of
+the North American republic to develop and bring to their highest
+prosperity the lands which Spain had conquered and Christianized
+with sword and cross. Sooner or later, this German writer believed,
+the Philippine Islands could no more escape this American influence
+than had the countries on the mainland, and expressed the hope that
+one day the Philippines would succumb to the same influence; he felt,
+however, that it was desirable first for the Islanders to become better
+able to meet the strong competition of the vigorous young people of the
+New World, for under Spain the Philippines had dreamed away its past.
+
+The exact title of the book is "Travels | in the | Philippines. |
+By F. Jagor. | With numerous illustrations and a Map | London: |
+Chapman and Hall, 193, Piccadilly. | 1875." The title of the Spanish
+translation reads, "Viajes | por | Filipinas | de F. Jagor | Traducidos
+del Aleman | por S. Vidal y Soler | Ingeniero de Montes | Edicion
+illustrada con numerosos grabados | Madrid: Imprenta, Estereopidea
+y Galvanoplastia de Ariban y Ca. | (Sucesores de Rivadencyra) |
+Impresores de Camara de S. M. | Calle del Duque de Osuna, num 3. 1875,"
+The following extract from the book will show how marvelously the
+author anticipated events that have now become history:
+
+"With the altered condition of things, however, all this has
+disappeared. The colony can no longer be kept secluded from the
+world. Every facility afforded for commercial intercourse is a blow
+to the old system, and a great step made in the direction of broad
+and liberal reforms. The more foreign capital and foreign ideas and
+customs are introduced, increasing the prosperity, enlightenment,
+and self-esteem of the population, the more impatiently will the
+existing evils be endured.
+
+England can and does open her possessions unconcernedly to the
+world. The British colonies are united to the mother country by
+the bond of mutual advantage, viz., the produce of raw material by
+means of English capital, and the exchange of the same for English
+manufactures. The wealth of England is so great, the organization of
+her commerce with the world so complete, that nearly all the foreigners
+even in the British possessions are for the most part agents for
+English business houses, which would scarcely be affected, at least
+to any marked extent, by a political dismemberment. It is entirely
+different with Spain, which possesses the colony as an inherited
+property, and without the power of turning it to any useful account.
+
+Government monopolies rigorously maintained, insolent disregard and
+neglect of the half-castes and powerful creoles, and the example
+of the United States, were the chief reasons of the downfall of the
+American possessions. The same causes threaten ruin to the Philippines;
+but of the monopolies I have said enough.
+
+Half-castes and creoles, it is true are not, as they formerly were
+in America, excluded from all orificial appointments; but they feel
+deeply hurt and injured through the crowds of place-hunters which
+the frequent changes of Ministers send to Manilla. The influence,
+also, of the American element is at least visible on the horizon,
+and will be more noticeable when the relations increase between the
+two countries. At present they are very slender. The trade in the
+meantime follows in its old channels to England and to the Atlantic
+ports of the United States. Nevertheless, whoever desires to form an
+opinion upon the future history of the Philippines, must not consider
+simply their relations to Spain, but must have regard to the prodigious
+changes which a few decades produce on either side of our planet.
+
+For the first time in the history of the world the mighty powers
+on both sides of the ocean have commenced to enter upon a direct
+intercourse with one another--Russia, which alone is larger than
+any two other parts of the earth; China, which contains within its
+own boundaries a third of the population of the world; and America,
+with ground under cultivation nearly sufficient to feed treble the
+total population of the earth. Russia's further role in the Pacific
+Ocean is not to be estimated at present.
+
+The trade between the two other great powers will therefore be
+presumably all the heavier, as the rectification of the pressing need
+of human labour on the one side, and of the corresponding overplus
+on the other, will fall to them.
+
+"The world of the ancients was confined to the shores of the
+Mediterranean; and the Atlantic and Indian Oceans sufficed at one
+time for our traffic. When first the shores of the Pacific re-echoed
+with the sounds of active commerce, the trade of the world and
+the history of the world may be really said to have begun. A start
+in that direction has been made; whereas not so very long ago the
+immense ocean was one wide waste of waters, traversed from both points
+only once a year. From 1603 to 1769 scarcely a ship had ever visited
+California, that wonderful country which, twenty-five years ago, with
+the exception of a few places on the coast, was an unknown wilderness,
+but which is now covered with flourishing and prosperous towns and
+cities, divided from sea to sea by a railway, and its capital already
+ranking the third of the seaports of the Union; even at this early
+stage of its existence a central point of the world's commerce, and
+apparently destined, by the proposed junction of the great oceans,
+to play a most important part in the future.
+
+In proportion as the navigation of the west coast of America
+extends the influence of the American element over the South Sea,
+the captivating, magic power which the great republic exercises over
+the Spanish colonies[1] will not fail to make itself felt also in the
+Philippines. The Americans are evidently destined to bring to a full
+development the germs originated by the Spaniards. As conquerors of
+modern times, they pursue their road to victory with the assistance
+of the pioneer's axe and plough, representing an age of peace and
+commercial prosperity in contrast to that bygone and chivalrous age
+whose champions were upheld by the cross and protected by the sword.
+
+A considerable portion of Spanish America already belongs to the
+United States, and has since attained an importance which could not
+possibly have been anticipated either under the Spanish Government
+or during the anarchy which followed. With regard to permanence,
+the Spanish system cannot for a moment be compared with that of
+America. While each of the colonies, in order to favour a privileged
+class by immediate gains, exhausted still more the already enfeebled
+population of the metropolis by the withdrawal of the best of its
+ability, America, on the contrary, has attracted to itself from all
+countries the most energetic element, which, once on its soil and,
+freed from all fetters, restlessly progressing, has extended its power
+and influence still further and further. The Philippines will escape
+the action of the two great neighbouring powers all the less for the
+fact that neither they nor their metropolis find their condition of
+a stable and well-balanced nature.
+
+It seems to be desirable for the natives that the above-mentioned
+views should not speedily become accomplished facts, because their
+education and training hitherto have not been of a nature to prepare
+them successfully to compete with either of the other two energetic,
+creative, and progressive nations. They have, in truth, dreamed away
+their best days."
+
+This prophecy of Jagor's made a deep impression upon Rizal and
+seems to furnish the explanation of his life work. Henceforth it was
+his ambition to arouse his countrymen to prepare themselves for a
+freer state. He dedicated himself to the work which Doctor Jagor had
+indicated as necessary. It seems beyond question that Doctor Rizal,
+as early as 1876, believed that America would sometime come to the
+Philippines, and wished to prepare his countrymen for the changed
+conditions that would then have to be met. Many little incidents
+in his later life confirm this view: his eagerness to buy expensive
+books on the United States, such as his early purchase in Barcelona
+of two different "Lives of the Presidents of the United States"; his
+study of the country in his travel across it from San Francisco to
+New York; the reference in "The Philippines in a Hundred Years"; and
+the studies of the English Revolution and other Anglo-Saxon influences
+which culminated in the foundation of the United States of America.
+
+Besides the interest he took in clay modeling, to which reference
+has already been made, Rizal was expert in carving. When first
+in the Ateneo he had carved an image of the Virgin of such grace
+and beauty that one of the Fathers asked him to try an image of the
+Sacred Heart. Rizal complied, and produced the carving that played so
+important a part in his future life. The Jesuit Father had intended to
+take the image with him to Spain, but in some way it was left behind
+and the schoolboys put it up on the door of their dormitory. There it
+remained for nearly twenty years, constantly reminding the many lads
+who passed in and out of the one who teachers and pupils alike agreed
+was the greatest of all their number, for Rizal during these years was
+the schoolboy hero of the Ateneo, and from the Ateneo came the men who
+were most largely concerned in making the New Philippines. The image
+itself is of batikulin, an easily carved wood, and shows considerable
+skill when one remembers that an ordinary pocketknife was the simple
+instrument used in its manufacture. It was recalled to Rizal's memory
+when he visited the Ateneo upon his first return from Spain and was
+forbidden the house by the Jesuits because of his alleged apostasy,
+and again in the chapel of Fort Santiago, where it played an important
+part in what was called his conversion.
+
+The proficiency he attained in the art of clay modeling is evidenced by
+many of the examples illustrated in this volume. They not only indicate
+an astonishing versatility, but they reveal his very characteristic
+method of working--a characteristic based on his constant desire
+to adapt the best things he found abroad to the conditions of his
+own country. The same characteristic appears also in most of his
+literary work, and in it there is no servile imitation; it is careful
+and studied selection, adaptation and combination. For example, the
+composition of a steel engraving in a French art journal suggested
+his model in clay of a Philippine wild boar; the head of the subject
+in a painting in the Luxembourg Gallery and the rest of a figure in
+an engraving in a newspaper are combined in a statuette he modeled
+in Brussels and sent, in May, 1890, to Valentina Ventura in place
+of a letter; a clipping from a newspaper cut is also adapted for
+his model of "The Vengeance of the Harem"; and as evidence of his
+facility of expressing himself in this medium, his clay modeling of
+a Dapitan woman may be cited. One day while in exile he saw a native
+woman clearing up the street in front of her home preparatory to
+a festival; the movements and the attitudes of the figure were so
+thoroughly typical and so impressed themselves on his mind that he
+worked out this statuette from memory.
+
+In a literary way Rizal's first pretentious effort was a melodrama in
+one act and in verse, entitled "Junta al Pasig" (Beside the Pasig),
+a play in honor of the Virgin, which was given in the Ateneo to the
+great edification of a considerable audience, who were enthusiastic
+in their praise and hearty in their applause, but the young author
+neither saw the play nor paid any attention to the manner of its
+reception, for he was downstairs, intent on his own diversions and
+heedless of what was going on above.
+
+Thursday was the school holiday in those days, and Rizal usually spent
+the time at the Convent of La Concordia, where his youngest sister,
+Soledad, was a boarder. He was a great friend of the little one
+and a welcome visitor in the Convent; he used to draw pictures for
+her edification, sometimes teasing her by making her own portrait,
+to which he gave exaggerated ears to indicate her curiosity. Then he
+wrote short satirical skits, such as the following, which in English
+doggerel quite matches its Spanish original:
+
+
+  "The girls of Concordia College
+  Go dressed in the latest of styles--
+  Bangs high on their foreheads for knowledge--
+  But hungry their grins and their smiles!"
+
+
+Some of these girls made an impression upon Jose, and one of his diary
+entries of this time tells of his rude awakening when a girl, some
+years his elder, who had laughingly accepted his boyish adoration,
+informed him that she was to marry a relative of his, and he speaks
+of the heart-pang with which he watched the carromata that carried
+her from his sight to her wedding.
+
+Jose was a great reader, and the newspapers were giving much attention
+to the World's Fair in Philadelphia which commemorated the first
+centennial of American independence, and published numerous cuts
+illustrating various interesting phases of American life. Possibly
+as a reaction from the former disparagement of things American, the
+sentiment in the Philippines was then very friendly. There was one
+long account of the presentation of a Spanish banner to a Spanish
+commission in Philadelphia, and the newspapers, in speaking of the
+wonderful progress which the United States had made, recalled the
+early Spanish alliance and referred to the fact that, had it not been
+for the discoveries of the Spaniards, their new land would not have
+been known to Europe.
+
+Rizal during his last two years in the Ateneo was a boarder. Throughout
+his entire course he had been the winner of most of the prizes. Upon
+receiving his Bachelor of Arts diploma he entered the University of
+Santo Tomas; in the first year he studied the course in philosophy
+and in the second year began to specialize in medicine.
+
+The Ateneo course of study was a good deal like that of our present
+high school, though not so thorough nor so advanced. Still, the method
+of instruction which has made Jesuit education notable in all parts
+of the world carried on the good work which the mother's training
+had begun. The system required the explanation of the morrow's
+lesson, questioning on the lesson of the day and a review of the
+previous day's work. This, with the attention given to the classics,
+developed and quickened faculties which gave Rizal a remarkable power
+of assimilating knowledge of all kinds for future use.
+
+The story is told that Rizal was undecided as to his career, and wrote
+to the rector of the Ateneo for advice; but the Jesuit was then in
+the interior of Mindanao, and by the time the answer, suggesting that
+he should devote himself to agriculture, was received, he had already
+made his choice. However, Rizal did continue the study of agriculture,
+besides specializing in medicine, carrying on double work as he took
+the course in the Ateneo which led to the degree of land surveyor and
+agricultural expert. This work was completed before he had reached
+the age fixed by law, so that he could not then receive his diploma,
+which was not delivered to him until he had attained the age of
+twenty-one years.
+
+In the "Life" of Rizal published in Barcelona after his death a
+brilliant picture is painted of how Rizal might have followed the
+advice of the rector of the Atenco, and have lived a long, useful
+and honorable life as a farmer and gobernadorcillo of his home town,
+respected by the Spaniards, looked up to by his countrymen and filling
+an humble but safe lot in life. Today one can hardly feel that such
+a career would have been suited to the man or regret that events took
+the course they did.
+
+Poetry was highly esteemed in the Ateneo, and Rizal frequently made
+essays in verse, often carrying his compositions to Kalamba for his
+mother's criticisms and suggestions. The writings of the Spanish poet
+Zorilla were making a deep impression upon him at this time, and while
+his schoolmates seemed to have been more interested in their warlike
+features, Jose appears to have gained from them an understanding of how
+Zorilla sought to restore the Spanish people to their former dignity,
+rousing their pride through recalling the heroic events in their past
+history. Some of the passages in the melodrama, "Junta al Pasig,"
+already described, were evidently influenced by his study of Zorilla;
+the fierce denunciation of Spain which is there put in the mouth of
+Satan expresses, no doubt, the real sentiments of Rizal.
+
+In 1877 a society known as the Liceo Literario-Artistica (Lyceum of
+Art and Literature) offered a prize for the best poem by a native. The
+winner was Rizal with the following verses, "Al Juventud Filipino"
+(To the Philippine Youth). The prize was a silver pen, feather-shaped
+and with a gold ribbon running through it.
+
+
+ To the Philippine Youth
+
+ Theme: "Growth"
+
+ (Translation by Charles Derbyshire)
+
+ Hold high the brow serene,
+ O youth, where now you stand;
+ Let the bright sheen
+ Of your grace be seen,
+ Fair hope of my fatherland!
+
+ Come now, thou genius grand,
+ And bring down inspriation;
+ With thy mighty hand,
+ Swifter than the wind's volation,
+ Raise the eager mind to highter station.
+
+ Come down with pleasing light
+ Of art and science to the fight,
+ O youth, and there untie
+ The chains that heavy lie,
+ Your spirit free to blight.
+
+ See how in flaming zone
+ Amid the shadows thrown,
+ The Spaniard's holy hand
+ A crown's resplendent band
+ Proffers to this Indian land.
+
+ Thou, who now wouldst rise
+ On wings of rich emprise,
+ Seeking from Olympian skies
+ Songs of sweetest strain,
+ Softer than ambrosial rain;
+
+ Thou, whose voice divine
+ Rivals Philomel's refrain,
+ And with varied line
+ Through the night benign
+ Frees mortality from pain;
+
+ Thou, who by sharp strife
+ Wakest thy mind to life;
+ And the memory bright
+ Of thy genius' light
+ Makest immortal in its strength;
+
+ And thou, in accents clear
+ of Phoebus, to Apells dear;
+ Or by the brush's magic art
+ Takest from nature's store a part,
+ To fix it on the simple canvas' length;
+
+ Go forth, and then the sacred fire
+ Of thy genius to the laurel may aspire;
+ To spread around the fame,
+ And in victory acclaim,
+ Through wider spheres the human name.
+
+ Day, O happy day,
+ Fair Filipinas, for thy land!
+ So bless the Power today
+ That places in thy way
+ This favor and this fortune grand.
+
+
+The next competition at the Licco was in honor of the fourth centennial
+of the death of Cervantes; it was open to both Filipinos and Spaniards,
+and there was a dispute as to the winner of the prize. It is hard
+to figure out just what really happened; the newspapers speak of
+Rizal as winning the first prize, but his certificate says second,
+and there seems to have been some sort of compromise by which a
+Spaniard who was second was put at the head. Newspapers, of course,
+were then closely censored, but the liberal La Oceania contains a
+number of veiled allusions to medical poets, suggesting that for the
+good of humanity they should not be permitted to waste their time in
+verse-making. One reference quotes the title of Rizal's first poem in
+saying that it was giving a word of advice "To the Philippine Youth,"
+and there are other indications that for some considerable time the
+outcome of this contest was a very live topic in the city of Manila.
+
+Rizal's poem was an allegory, "The Council of the Gods"--"El consejo de
+los Dioses." It was an exceedingly artistic appreciation of the chief
+figure in Spanish literature. The rector of the Ateneo had assisted
+his former student by securing for him needed books, and though
+Rizal was at that time a student in Santo Tomas, the rivalries were
+such that he was still ranked with the pupils of the Jesuits and his
+success was a corresponding source of elation to the Ateneo pupils and
+alumni. Some people have stated that Father Evaristo Arias, a notably
+brilliant writer of the Dominicans, was a competitor, a version I once
+published, but investigation shows that this was a mistake. However,
+sentiment in the University against Rizal grew, until matters became
+so unpleasant that he felt it time to follow the advice of Father
+Burgos and continue his education outside of the Islands.
+
+Just before this incident Rizal had been the victim of a brutal assault
+in Kalamba; one night when he was passing the barracks of the Civil
+Guard he noted in the darkness a large body, but did not recognize
+who it was, and passed without any attention to it. It turned out
+that the large body was a lieutenant of the Civil Guard, and, without
+warning or word of any kind, he drew his sword and wounded Rizal in the
+back. Rizal complained of this outrage to the authorities and tried
+several times, without success, to see the Governor-General. Finally
+he had to recognize that there was no redress for him. By May of 1882
+Rizal had made up his mind to set sail for Europe, and his brother,
+Paciano, equipped him with seven hundred pesos for the journey, while
+his sister, Saturnina, intrusted to him a valuable diamond ring which
+might prove a resource in time of emergency.
+
+Jose had gone to Kalamba to attend a festival there, when Mr. Hidalgo,
+from Manila, notified him that his boat was ready to sail. The
+telegram, asking his immediate return to the city, was couched in
+the form of advice of the condition of a patient, and the name of
+the steamer, Salvadora, by a play on words, was used in the sense of
+"May save her life." Rizal had previously requested of Mr. Ramirez,
+of the Puerta del Sol store, letters of introduction to an Englishman,
+formerly in the Philippines, who was then living in Paris. He said
+nothing more of his intentions, but on his last night in the city,
+with his younger sister as companion, he drove all through the walled
+city and its suburbs, changing horses twice in the five hours of
+his farewell. The next morning he embarked on the steamer, and there
+yet remains the sketch which he made of his last view of the city,
+showing its waterfront as it appeared from the departing steamer. To
+leave town it was necessary to have a passport; his was in the name
+of Jose Mercado, and had been secured by a distant relative of his
+who lived in the Santa Cruz district.
+
+After five days' journey the little steamer reached the English colony
+of Singapore. There Rizal saw a modern city for the first time. He was
+intensely interested in the improvements. Especially did the assured
+position of the natives, confident in their rights and not fearful of
+the authorities, arouse his admiration. Great was the contrast between
+the fear of their rulers shown by the Filipinos and the confidence
+which the natives of Singapore seemed to have in their government.
+
+At Singapore, Rizal transferred to a French mail Steamer and seems to
+have had an interesting time making himself understood on board. He
+had studied some French in his Ateneo course, writing an ode which
+gained honors, but when he attempted to speak the language he was
+not successful in making Frenchmen understand him. So he resorted to
+a mixed system of his own, sometimes using Latin words and making
+the changes which regularly would have occurred, and when words
+failed, making signs, and in extreme cases drawing pictures of what
+he wanted. This versatility with the pencil, for many of his offhand
+sketches had humorous touches that almost carried them into the cartoon
+class, interested officers and passengers, so that the young student
+had the freedom of the ship and a voyage far from tedious.
+
+The passage of the Suez Canal, a glimpse of Egypt, Aden, where East and
+West meet, and the Italian city of Naples, with its historic castle,
+were the features of the trip which most impressed him.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+The Period of Preparation
+
+Rizal disembarked at Marseilles, saw a little of that famous port, and
+then went by rail to Barcelona, crossing the Pyrenees, the desolate
+ruggedness of which contrasted with the picturesque luxuriance
+of his tropical home, and remained a day at the frontier town of
+Port-Bou. The customary Spanish disregard of tourists compared very
+unfavorably with the courteous attention which he had remarked on his
+arrival at Marseilles, for the custom house officers on the Spanish
+frontier rather reminded him of the class of employes found in Manila.
+
+At Barcelona he met many who had been his schoolmates in the Ateneo
+and others to whom he was known by name. It was the custom of the
+Filipino students there to hold reunions every other Sunday at the
+cafe, for their limited resources did not permit the daily visits
+which were the Spanish custom. In honor of the new arrival a special
+gathering occurred in a favorite cafe in Plaza de Catalonia. The
+characteristics of the Spaniards and the features of Barcelona were
+all described for Rizal's benefit, and he had to answer a host of
+questions about the changes which had occurred in Manila. Most of his
+answers were to the effect that old defects had not yet been remedied
+nor incompetent officials supplanted, and he gave a rather hopeless
+view of the future of their country. Somewhat in this gloomy mood,
+he wrote home for a newly established Tagalog newspaper of Manila,
+his views of "Love of country," an article not so optimistic as most
+of his later writings.
+
+In Barcelona he remained but a short time, long enough, however, to
+see the historic sights around that city, which was established by
+Hannibal, had numbered many noted Romans among its residents, and in
+later days was the scene of the return of Columbus from his voyages in
+the New World, bringing with him samples of Redskins, birds and other
+novel products of the unknown country. Then there were the magnificent
+boulevards, the handsome dwellings, the interest which the citizens
+took in adorning their city and the pride in the results, and above
+all, the disgust at all things Spanish and the loyalty to Catalonia,
+rather than to the "mother-fatherland."
+
+The Catalan was the most progressive type in Spain, but he had no
+love for his compatriots, was ever complaining of their "manana"
+habits and of the evils that were bound to exist in a country where
+Church and State were so inextricably intermingled. Many Catalans were
+avowedly republicans. Signs might be seen on the outside of buildings
+telling of the location of republican clubs, unpopular officials
+were hooted in the streets, the newspapers were intemperate in their
+criticism of the government, and a campaign was carried on openly
+which aimed at changing from a monarchy to a democracy, without any
+apparent molestation from the authorities. All these things impressed
+the lad who had seen in his own country the most respectfully worded
+complaints of unquestionable abuses treated as treason, bringing not
+merely punishment, but opprobrium as well.
+
+He, himself, in order to obtain a better education, had had to leave
+his country stealthily like a fugitive from justice, and his family, to
+save themselves from persecution, were compelled to profess ignorance
+of his plans and movements. His name was entered in Santo Tomas at the
+opening of the new term, with the fees paid, and Paciano had gone to
+Manila pretending to be looking for this brother whom he had assisted
+out of the country.
+
+Early in the fall Rizal removed to Madrid and entered the Central
+University there. His short residence in Barcelona was possibly for
+the purpose of correcting the irregularity in his passport, for in
+that town it would be easier to obtain a cedula, and with this his
+way in the national University would be made smoother. He enrolled in
+two courses, medicine, and literature and philosophy; besides these
+he studied sculpture, drawing and art in San Carlos, and took private
+lessons in languages from Mr. Hughes, a well-known instructor of the
+city. With all these labors it is not strange that he did not mingle
+largely in social life, and lack of funds and want of clothes, which
+have been suggested as reasons for this, seem hardly adequate. Jose had
+left Manila with some seven hundred pesos and a diamond ring. Besides,
+he received funds from his father monthly, which were sent through
+his cousin, Antonio Rivera, of Manila, for fear that the landlords
+might revenge themselves upon their tenant for the slight which his
+son had cast upon their university in deserting it for a Peninsular
+institution. It was no easy task in those days for a lad from the
+provinces to get out of the Islands for study abroad.
+
+Rizal frequently attended the theater, choosing especially the higher
+class dramas, occasionally went to a masked ball, played the lotteries
+in small amounts but regularly, and for the rest devoted most of
+his money to the purchase of books. The greater part of these were
+second-hand, but he bought several standard works in good editions,
+many with bindings de luxe. Among the books first purchased figure
+a Spanish translation of the "Lives of the Presidents of the United
+States," from Washington to Johnson, morocco bound, gilt-edged,
+and illustrated with steel engravings--certainly an expensive book;
+a "History of the English Revolution;" a comparison of the Romans
+and the Teutons, and several other books which indicated interest in
+the freer system of the Anglo-Saxons. Later, another "History of the
+Presidents," to Cleveland, was added to his library.
+
+The following lines, said to be addressed to his mother, were written
+about this time, evidently during an attack of homesickness:
+
+
+  "You Ask Me for Verses"
+
+  (Translated by Charles Derbyshire)
+
+  You bid me now to strike the lyre,
+  That mute and torn so long has lain;
+  And yet I cannot wake the strain,
+  Nor will the Muse one note inspire!
+  Coldly it shakes in accents dire,
+  As if my soul itself to wring,
+  And when its sound seems but to fling
+  A jest at its own low lament;
+  So in sad isolation pent,
+  My soul can neither feel nor sing.
+
+  There was a time--ah, 'tis too true--
+  But that time long ago has past--
+  When upon me the Muse had cast
+  Indulgent smile and friendship's due;
+  But of that age now all too few
+  The thoughts that with me yet will stay;
+  As from the hours of festive play
+  There linger on mysterious notes,
+  And in our minds the memory floats
+  Of minstrelsy and music gay.
+
+  A plant I am, that scarcely grown,
+  Was torn from out its Eastern bed,
+  Where all around perfume is shed,
+  And life but as a dream is known;
+  The land that I can call my own,
+
+  By me forgotten ne'er to be,
+  Where trilling birds their song taught me,
+  And cascades with their ceaseless roar,
+  And all along the spreading shore
+  The murmurs of the sounding sea.
+
+  While yet in childhood's happy day,
+  I learned upon its sun to smile,
+  And in my breast there seemed the while
+  Seething volcanic fires to play.
+  A bard I was, and my wish alway
+  To call upon the fleeting wind,
+  With all the force of verse and mind:
+  "Go forth, and spread around its fame,
+  From zone to zone with glad acclaim,
+  And earth to heaven together bind!"
+
+  But it I left, and now no more--
+  Like a tree that is broken and sere--
+  My natal gods bring the echo clear
+  Of songs that in past times they bore;
+  Wide seas I cross'd to foreign shore,
+  With hope of change and other fate;
+  My folly was made clear too late,
+  For in the place of good I sought
+  The seas reveal'd unto me naught,
+  But made death's specter on me wait.
+
+  All these fond fancies that were mine,
+  All love, all feeling, all emprise,
+  Were left beneath the sunny skies,
+  Which o'er that flowery region shine;
+  So press no more that plea of thine,
+
+  For songs of love from out a heart
+  That coldly lies a thing apart;
+  Since now with tortur'd soul I haste
+  Unresting o'er the desert waste,
+  And lifeless gone is all my art.
+
+
+In Madrid a number of young Filipinos were intense enthusiasts over
+political agitation, and with the recklessness of youth, were careless
+of what they said or how they said it, so long as it brought no danger
+to them. A sort of Philippine social club had been organized by older
+Filipinos and Spaniards interested in the Philippines, with the idea
+of quietly assisting toward improved insular conditions, but it became
+so radical under the influence of this younger majority, that its
+conservative members were compelled to drop out and the club broke
+up. The young men were constantly holding meetings to revive it, but
+never arrived at any effective conclusions. Rizal was present at some
+of these meetings and suggested that a good means of propaganda would
+be a book telling the truth about Philippine conditions and illustrated
+by Filipino artists. At first the project was severely criticised;
+later a few conformed to the plan, and Rizal believed that his scheme
+was in a fair way of accomplishment. At the meeting to discuss the
+details, however, each member of the company wanted to write upon the
+Filipino woman, and therest of the subjects scarcely interested any of
+them. Rizal was disgusted with this trifling and dropped the affair,
+nor did he ever again seem to take any very enthusiastic interest in
+such popular movements. His more mature mind put him out of sympathy
+with the younger men. Their admiration gave him great prestige, but
+his popularity did not arise from comradeship, as he had but very
+few intimates.
+
+Early in his stay in Madrid, Rizal had come across a second-hand
+copy, in two volumes, of a French novel, which he bought to improve
+his knowledge of that language. It was Eugene Sue's "The Wandering
+Jew," that work which transformed the France of the nineteenth
+century. However one may agree or disagree with its teachings and
+concede or dispute its literary merits, it cannot be denied that it
+was the most powerful book in its effects on the century, surpassing
+even Mrs. Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin," which is usually credited
+with having hurried on the American Civil War and brought about
+the termination of African slavery in the United States. The book,
+he writes in his diary, affected him powerfully, not to tears, but
+with a tremendous sympathy for the unfortunates that made him willing
+to risk everything in their behalf. It seemed to him that such a
+presentation of Philippine conditions would certainly arouse Spain,
+but his modesty forbade his saying that he was going to write a book
+like the French masterpiece. Still, from this time his recollections
+of his youth and the stories which he could get from his companions
+were written down and revised, till finally the half had been prepared
+of what was finally the novel "Noli Me Tangere."
+
+Through Spaniards who still remembered Jose's uncle, he joined a
+lodge of Masons called the "Acacia." At this time few Filipinos in
+Spain had joined the institution, and those were mostly men much more
+mature than himself. Thus he met leaders of Spanish national life who
+were men of state affairs and much more sedate, men with broader views
+and more settled opinions than the irresponsible class with whom his
+school companions were accustomed to associate. A distinction must
+be made between the Masonry of this time and the much more popular
+institution in which Filipinos later figured so largely when Professor
+Miguel Morayta became head of the Grand Lodge which for a time was
+a rival of that to which the "Acacia" owed allegiance, and finally
+triumphed over it.
+
+In 1884 Rizal had begun his studies in English; he had been studying
+French during and since his voyage to Spain; Italian was acquired
+apparently at a time when the exposition of Genoa had attracted Spanish
+interest toward Italy, and largely through the reading of Italian
+translations of works which he knew in other languages. German, too,
+he had started to study, but had not advanced far with it. Thus Rizal
+was preparing himself for the travels through Europe which he had
+intended to make from the time when he first left his home, for he
+well knew that it was only by knowing the language of a country that
+it would be possible for him to study the people, see in what way
+they differed from his own, and find out which of their customs and
+what lessons from their history might be of advantage to the Filipinos.
+
+A feature in Rizal's social life was a weekly visit to the home of
+Don Pablo Ortigas y Reyes, a liberal Spaniard who had been Civil
+Governor of Manila in General de La Torre's time. Here Filipino
+students gathered, and were entertained by the charming daughter of
+the home, Consuelo, who was the person to whom were dedicated the
+verses of Rizal usually entitled "a la Senorita C. O. y R."
+
+In Rizal's later days he found a regular relaxation in playing chess,
+in which he was skilled, with the venerable ex-president of the
+short-lived Spanish republic, Pi y Margal. This statesman was accused
+of German tendencies because of his inclination toward Anglo-Saxon
+safeguards for liberty, and was a champion of general education as
+a preparation for a freer Spain.
+
+Rizal usually was present on public occasions in Fillpino circles
+and took a leading part in them, as, for example, when he delivered
+the principal address at the banquet given by the Madrid Filipino
+colony in honor of their artist countrymen, after Luna and Hidalgo
+had won prizes in the Madrid National exposition. He was also at the
+New Year's banquet when the students gathered in the restaurant to
+bid farewell to the old and usher in the new year, and his was the
+chief speech, summarizing the remarks of the others.
+
+In 1885, having completed the second of his two courses, with his
+credentials of licentiate in medicine and also in philosophy and
+literature, Rizal made a trip through the country provinces to
+study the Spanish peasant, for the rural people, he thought, being
+agriculturists, would be most like the farmer folk of his native
+land. Surely the Filipinos did not suffer in the comparison, for the
+Spanish peasants had not greatly changed from the day when they were
+so masterfully described by Cervantes. It seemed to Rizal almost like
+being in Don Quixote's land, so many were the figures who might have
+been the characters in the book.
+
+The fall of '85 found Rizal in Paris, studying art, visiting the
+various museums and associating with the Lunas, the Taveras and
+other Filipino residents of the French capital, for there had been
+a considerable colony in that city ever since the troubles of 1872
+had driven the Tavera family into exile and they had made their home
+in that city. In Paris a fourth of "Noli Me Tangere" was written,
+and Rizal specialized in ophthalmology, devoting his attention to
+those eye troubles that were most prevalent in the Philippines and
+least understood. His mother's growing blindness made him covet the
+skill which might enable him to restore her sight. So successfully
+did he study that he became the favorite pupil of Doctor L. de
+Weckert, the leading authority among the oculists of France, and
+author of a three-volume standard work. Rizal next went to Germany,
+having continued his studies in its language in the French capital,
+and was present at Heidelberg on the five hundredth anniversary of
+the foundation of the University.
+
+Because he had no passport he could only attend lectures, but could
+not regularly matriculate. He lived in one of the student boarding
+houses, with a number of law students, and when he was proposed for
+membership in the Chess Club he was registered in the Club books as
+being a student of law like the men who proposed him. These Chess
+Club gatherings were quite a feature of the town, being held in the
+large saloons with several hundred people present, and the contests
+of skill were eagerly watched by shrewd and competent judges. Rizal
+was a clever player, and left something of a record among the experts.
+
+The following lines were written by Rizal in a letter home while he
+was a student in Germany:
+
+
+  To the Flowers of Heidelberg
+
+  (translation by Charles Derbyshire)
+
+  Go to my native land, go, foreign flowers,
+  Sown by the traveler on his way;
+  And there beneath its azure sky,
+  Where all of my affections lie;
+  There from the weary pilgrim say,
+  What faith is his in that land of ours!
+
+  Go there and tell how when the dawn,
+  Her early light diffusing,
+  Your petals first flung open wide;
+  His steps beside chill Neckar drawn,
+  You see him silent by your side,
+  Upon its Spring perennial musing.
+
+  Saw how when morning's light,
+  All your fragrance stealing,
+  Whispers to you as in mirth
+  Playful songs of love's delight,
+  He, too, murmurs his love's feeling
+  In the tongue he learned at birth.
+
+  That when the sun on Koenigstuhl's height
+  Pours out its golden flood,
+  And with its slowly warming light
+  Gives life vale and grove and wood,
+  He greets that sun, here only upraising,
+  Which in his native land is at its zenith blazing.
+
+  And tell there of that day he stood,
+  Near to a ruin'd castle gray,
+  By Neckar's banks, or shady wood,
+  And pluck'd you from beside the way;
+  Tell, too, the tale to you addressed,
+  And how with tender care,
+  Your bending leaves he press'd
+  'Twixt pages of some volume rare.
+
+  Bear then, O flowers, love's message bear;
+  My love to all the lov'd ones there,
+  Peace to my country--fruitful land--
+  Faith whereon its sons may stand,
+  And virtue for its daughters' care;
+  All those beloved creatures greet,
+  That still around home's altar meet.
+
+  And when you come unto its shore,
+  This kiss I now on you bestow,
+  Fling where the winged breezes blow;
+  That borne on them it may hover o'er
+  All that I love, esteem, and adore.
+
+  But though, O flowers, you come unto that land,
+  And still perchance your colors hold;
+  So far from this heroic strand,
+  Whose soil first bade your life unfold,
+  Still here your fragrance will expand;
+  Your soul that never quits the earth
+  Whose light smiled on you at your birth.
+
+
+From Heidelberg he went to Leipzig, then famous for the new studies
+in psychology which were making the science of the mind almost as
+exact as that of the body, and became interested in the comparison
+of race characteristics as influenced by environment, history and
+language. This probably accounts for the advanced views held by Rizal,
+who was thoroughly abreast of the new psychology. These ideas were
+since popularized in America largely through Professor Hugo Munsterberg
+of Harvard University, who was a fellow-student of Rizal at Heidelberg
+and also had been at Leipzig.
+
+A little later Rizal went to Berlin and there became acquainted with
+a number of men who had studied the Philippines and knew it as none
+whom he had ever met previously. Chief among these was Doctor Jagor,
+the author of the book which ten years before had inspired in him his
+life purpose of preparing his people for the time when America should
+come to the Philippines. Then there was Doctor Rudolf Virchow, head of
+the Anthropological Society and one of the greatest scientists in the
+world. Virchow was of intensely democratic ideals, he was a statesman
+as well as a scientist, and the interest of the young student in the
+history of his country and in everything else which concerned it,
+and his sincere earnestness, so intelligently directed toward helping
+his country, made Rizal at once a prime favorite. Under Virchow's
+sponsorship he became a member of the Berlin Anthropological Society.
+
+Rizal lived in the third floor of a corner lodging house not very
+far from the University; in this room he spent much of his time,
+putting the finishing touches to what he had previously written of
+his novel, and there he wrote the latter half of "Noli Me Tangere"
+The German influence, and absence from the Philippines for so long a
+time, had modified his early radical views, and the book had now become
+less an effort to arouse the Spanish sense of justice than a means of
+education for Filipinos by pointing out their shortcomings. Perhaps a
+Spanish school history which he had read in Madrid deserves a part of
+the credit for this changed point of view, since in that the author,
+treating of Spain's early misfortunes, brings out the fact that
+misgovernment may be due quite as much to the hypocrisy, servility
+and undeserving character of the people as it is to the corruption,
+tyranny and cruelty of the rulers.
+
+The printer of "Noli Me Tangere" lived in a neighboring street, and,
+like most printers in Germany, worked for a very moderate compensation,
+so that the volume of over four hundred pages cost less than a fourth
+of what it would have done in England, or one half of what it would
+cost in economical Spain. Yet even at so modest a price, Rizal was
+delayed in the publication until one fortunate morning he received a
+visit from a countryman, Doctor Maximo Viola, who invited him to take a
+pedestrian trip. Rizal responded that his interests kept him in Berlin
+at that time as he was awaiting funds from home with which to publish
+a book he had just completed, and showed him the manuscript. Doctor
+Viola was much interested and offered to use the money he had put
+aside for the trip to help pay the publisher. So the work went ahead,
+and when the delayed remittance from his family arrived, Rizal repaid
+the obligation. Then the two sallied forth on their trip.
+
+After a considerable tour of the historic spots and scenic places
+in Germany, they arrived at Dresden, where Doctor Rizal was warmly
+greeted by Doctor A. B. Meyer, the Director of the Royal Saxony
+Ethnographical Institute. He was an authority upon Philippine matters,
+for some years before he had visited the Islands to make a study of
+the people. With a countryman resident in the Philippines, Doctor
+Meyer made careful and thorough scientific investigations, and his
+conclusions were more favorable to the Filipinos than the published
+views of many of the unscientific Spanish observers.
+
+In the Museum of Art at Dresden, Rizal saw a painting of "Prometheus
+Bound," which recalled to him a representation of the same idea
+in a French gallery, and from memory he modeled this figure, which
+especially appealed to him as being typical of his country.
+
+In Austrian territory he first visited Doctor Ferdinand Blumentritt,
+whom Rizal had known by reputation for many years and with whom he had
+long corresponded. The two friends stayed at the Hotel Roderkrebs,
+but were guests at the table of the Austrian professor, whose wife
+gave them appetizing demonstrations of the characteristic cookery
+of Hungary. During Rizal's stay he was very much interested in a
+gathering of tourists, arranged to make known the beauties of that
+picturesque region, sometimes called the Austrian Switzerland, and
+he delivered an address upon this occasion. It is noteworthy that
+the present interest in attracting tourists to the Philippines, as
+an economic benefit to the country, was anticipated by Doctor Rizal
+and that he was always looking up methods used in foreign countries
+for building up tourists' travel.
+
+One day, while the visitors were discussing Philippine matters with
+their host, Doctor Rizal made an off hand sketch of Doctor Blumentritt,
+on a scrap of paper which happened to be at hand, so characteristic
+that it serves as an excellent portrait, and it has been preserved
+among the Rizal relics which Doctor Blumentritt had treasured of the
+friend for whom he had so much respect and affection.
+
+With a letter of introduction to a friend of Doctor Blumentritt in
+Vienna, Nordenfels, the greatest of Austrian novelists, Doctor Viola
+and Doctor Rizal went on to the capital, where they were entertained
+by the Concordia Club. So favorable was the impression that Rizal
+made upon Mr. Nordenfels that an answer was written to the note of
+introduction, thanking the professor for having brought to his notice
+a person whom he had found so companionable and whose genius he so
+much admired. Nordenfels had been interested in Spanish subjects,
+and was able to discuss intelligently the peculiar development of
+Castilian civilization and the politics of the Spanish metropolis as
+they affected the overseas possessions.
+
+After having seen Rome and a little more of Italy, they embarked for
+the Philippines, again on the French mail, from Marseilles, coming
+by way of Saigon, where a rice steamer was taken for Manila.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+The Period of Propaganda
+
+The city had not altered much during Rizal's seven years of
+absence. The condition of the Binondo pavement, with the same holes
+in the road which Rizal claimed he remembered as a schoolboy, was
+unchanged, and this recalls the experience of Ybarra in "Noli Me
+Tangere" on his homecoming after a like period of absence.
+
+Doctor Rizal at once went to his home in Kalamba. His first operation
+in the Philippines relieved the blindness of his mother, by the removal
+of a double cataract, and thus the object of his special study in
+Paris was accomplished. This and other like successes gave the young
+oculist a fame which brought patients from all parts of Luzon; and,
+though his charges were moderate, during his seven months' stay
+in the Islands Doctor Rizal accumulated over five thousand pesos,
+besides a number of diamonds which he had bought as a secure way of
+carrying funds, mindful of the help that the ring had been with which
+he had first started from the Philippines.
+
+Shortly after his arrival, Governor-General Terrero summoned Rizal by
+telegraph to Malacanan from Kalamba. The interview proved to be due
+to the interest in the author of "Noli Me Tangere" and a curiosity
+to read the novel, arising from the copious extracts with which the
+Manila censors had submitted an unfavorable opinion when asking for
+the prohibition of the book. The recommendation of the censor was
+disregarded, and General Terrero, fearful that Rizal might be molested
+by some of the many persons who would feel themselves aggrieved by his
+plain picturing of undesirable classes in the Philippines, gave him for
+a bodyguard a young Spanish lieutenant, Jose Taviel de Andrade. The
+young men soon became fast friends, as they had artistic and other
+tastes in common. Once they climbed Mr. Makiling, near Kalamba,
+and placed there, after the European custom, a flag to show that
+they had reached the summit. This act was at first misrepresented by
+the enemies of Rizal as planting a German banner, for they started
+a story that he had taken possession of the Islands in the name of
+the country where he was educated, which was just then in unfriendly
+relations with Spain over the question of the ill treatment of the
+Protestant missionaries in the Caroline Islands. This same story was
+repeated after the American occupation with the variation that Rizal,
+as the supreme chief and originator of the ideas of the Katipunan
+(which in fact he was not--he was even opposed to the society as it
+existed in his time), had placed there a Filipino banner, in token
+that the Islands intended to reassume the independent condition of
+which the Spanish had dispossessed them.
+
+"Noli Me Tangere" circulated first among Doctor Rizal's relatives;
+on one occasion a cousin made a special trip to Kalamba and took
+the author to task for having caricatured her in the character of
+Dona Victorina. Rizal made no denial, but merely suggested that the
+book was a mirror of Philippine life, with types that unquestionably
+existed in the country, and that if anybody recognized one of the
+characters as picturing himself or herself, that person would do well
+to correct the faults which therein appeared ridiculous.
+
+A somewhat liberal administration was now governing the Philippines,
+and efforts were being made to correct the more glaring abuses in
+the social conditions. One of these reforms proposed that the larger
+estates should bear their share of the taxes, which it was believed
+they were then escaping to a great extent. Requests were made of the
+municipal government of Kalamba, among other towns, for a statement
+of the relation that the big Dominican hacienda bore to the town,
+what increase or decrease there might have been in the income of the
+estate, and what taxes the proprietors were paying compared with the
+revenue their place afforded.
+
+Rizal interested the people of the community to gather reliable
+statistics, to go thoroughly into the actual conditions, and to leave
+out the generalities which usually characterized Spanish documents.
+
+He asked the people to cooeperate, pointing out that when they
+did not complain it was their own fault more than that of the
+government if they suffered injustice. Further, he showed the folly
+of exaggerated statements, and insisted upon a definite and moderate
+showing of such abuses as were unquestionably within the power of
+the authorities to relieve. Rizal himself prepared the report, which
+is an excellent presentation of the grievances of the people of his
+town. It brings forward as special points in favor of the community
+their industriousness, their willingness to help themselves, their
+interest in education, and concludes with expressing confidence
+in the fairness of the government, pointing out the fact that they
+were risking the displeasure of their landlords by furnishing the
+information requested. The paper made a big stir, and its essential
+statements, like everything else in Rizal's writings, were never
+successfully challenged.
+
+Conditions in Manila were at that time disturbed owing to the
+precedence which had been given in a local festival to the Chinese,
+because they paid more money. The Filipinos claimed that, being in
+their home country, they should have had prior consideration and were
+entitled to it by law. The matter culminated in a protest, which was
+doubtless submitted to Doctor Rizal on the eve of his departure from
+the Islands; the protest in a general way met with his approval, but
+the theatrical methods adopted in the presentation of it can hardly
+have been according to his advice.
+
+He sailed for Hongkong in February of 1888, and made a short stay in
+the British colony, becoming acquainted there with Jose Maria Basa, an
+exile of '72, who had constituted himself the especial guardian of the
+Filipino students in that city. The visitor was favorably impressed by
+the methods of education in the British colony and with the spirit of
+patriotism developed thereby. He also looked into the subject of the
+large investments in Hongkong property by the corporation landlords
+of the Philippines, their preparation for the day of trouble which
+they foresaw.
+
+Rizal was interested in the Chinese theater, comparing the plays with
+the somewhat similar productions which existed in the Philippines;
+there, however, they had been given a religious twist, which at
+first glance hid their debt to the Chinese drama. The Doctor notes
+meeting, at nearby Macao, an exile of '72, whose condition and patient,
+uncomplaining bearing of his many troubles aroused Rizal's sympathies
+and commanded his admiration.
+
+With little delay, the journey was continued to Japan, where Doctor
+Rizal was surprised by an invitation to make his home in the Spanish
+consulate. There he was hospitably entertained, and a like courtesy
+was shown him in the Spanish minister's home in Tokio. The latter
+even offered him a position, as a sort of interpreter, probably,
+should he care to remain in the country. This offer, however, was
+declined. Rizal made considerable investigation into the condition
+of the various Japanese classes and acquired such facility in the
+use of the language that with it and his appearance, for he was "very
+Japanese," the natives found it difficult to believe that he was not
+one of themselves. The month or more passed here he considered one of
+the happiest in his travels, and it was with regret that he sailed
+from Yokohama for San Francisco. A Japanese newspaper man, who knew
+no other language than his own, was a companion on the entire journey
+to London, and Rizal acted as his interpreter.
+
+Not only did he enter into the spirit of the language but with
+remarkable versatility he absorbed the spirit of the Japanese artists
+and acquired much dexterity in expressing himself in their style,
+as is shown by one of the illustrations in this book. The popular
+idea that things occidental are reversed in the Orient was amusingly
+caricatured in a sketch he made of a German face; by reversing its
+lines he converted it into an old-time Japanese countenance.
+
+The diary of the voyage from Hongkong to Japan records an incident to
+which he alludes as being similar to that of Aladdin in the Tagalog
+tale of Florante. The Filipino wife of an Englishman, Mrs. Jackson,
+who was a passenger on board, told Rizal a great deal about a
+Filipino named Rachal, who was educated in Europe and had written a
+much-talked-of novel, which she described and of which she spoke in
+such flattering terms that Rizal declared his identity. The confusion
+in names is explained by the fact that Rachal is a name well known
+in the Philippines as that of a popular make of piano.
+
+At San Francisco the boat was held for some time in quarantine because
+of sickness aboard, and Rizal was impressed by the fact that the
+valuable cargo of silk was not delayed but was quickly transferred to
+the shore. His diary is illustrated with a drawing of the Treasury
+flag on the customs launch which acted as go-between for their boat
+and the shore. Finally, the first-class passengers were allowed to
+land, and he went to the Palace Hotel.
+
+With little delay, the overland journey was begun; the scenery through
+the picturesque Rocky Mountains especially impressed him, and finally
+Chicago was reached. The thing that struck him most forcibly in that
+city was the large number of cigar stores with an Indian in front of
+each--and apparently no two Indians alike. The unexpressed idea was
+that in America the remembrance of the first inhabitants of the land
+and their dress was retained and popularized, while in the Philippines
+knowledge of the first inhabitants of the land was to be had only
+from foreign museums.
+
+Niagara Falls is the next impression recorded in the diary, which has
+been preserved and is now in the Newberry Library of Chicago. The
+same strange, awe-inspiring mystery which others have found in the
+big falls affected him, but characteristically he compared this
+world-wonder with the cascades of his native La Laguna, claiming for
+them greater delicacy and a daintier enchantment.
+
+From Albany, the train ran along the banks of the Hudson, and he was
+reminded of the Pasig in his homeland, with its much greater commerce
+and its constant activity.
+
+At New York, Rizal embarked on the City of Rome, then the finest
+steamer in the world, and after a pleasant voyage, in which his spare
+moments were occupied in rereading "Gulliver's Travels" in English,
+Rizal reached England, and said good-by to the friends whom he had
+met during their brief ocean trip together.
+
+Rizal's first letters home to his family speak of being in the free
+air of England and once more amidst European activity. For a short
+time he lived with Doctor Antonio Maria Regidor, an exile of '72,
+who had come to secure what Spanish legal Business he could in the
+British metropolis. Doctor Regidor was formerly an official in the
+Philippines, and later proved his innocence of any complicity in the
+troubles of '72.
+
+Doctor Rizal then boarded with a Mr. Beckett, organist of St. Paul's
+Church, at 37 Charlecote Crescent, in the favorite North West residence
+section. The zooelogical gardens were conveniently near and the British
+Museum was within easy walking distance. The new member was a favorite
+with all the family, which consisted of three daughters besides the
+father and mother.
+
+Rizal's youthful interest in sleight-of-hand tricks was still
+maintained. During his stay in the Philippines he had sometimes amused
+his friends in this way, till one day he was horrified to find that
+the simple country folk, who were also looking on, thought that he
+was working miracles. In London he resumed his favorite diversion, and
+a Christmas gift of Mrs. Beckett to him, "The Life and Adventures of
+Valentine Vox the Ventriloquist," indicated the interest his friends
+took in this amusement. One of his own purchases was "Modern Magic,"
+the frontispiece of which is the sphinx that figures in the story of
+"El Filibusterismo."
+
+It was Rizal's custom to study the deceptions practiced upon the
+peoples of other lands, comparing them with those of which his
+own countrymen had been victims. Thus he could get an idea of the
+relative credulity of different peoples and could also account
+for many practices the origin of which was otherwise less easy to
+understand. His investigations were both in books and by personal
+research. In quest of these experiences he one day chanced to visit
+a professional phrenologist; the bump-reader was a shrewd guesser,
+for he dwelt especially upon Rizal's aptitude for learning languages
+and advised him to take up the study of them.
+
+This interest in languages, shown in his childish ambition to be
+like Sir John Bowring, made Rizal a congenial companion of a still
+more distinguished linguist, Doctor Reinhold Rost, the librarian of
+the India Office. The Raffles Library in Singapore now owns Doctor
+Rost's library, and its collection of grammars in seventy languages
+attests the wide range of the studies of this Sanscrit scholar.
+
+Doctor Rost was born and educated in Germany, though naturalized
+as a British subject, and he was a man of great musical taste. His
+family sometimes formed an orchestra, at other times a glee club, and
+furnished all the necessary parts from its own members. Rizal was a
+frequent visitor, usually spending his Sundays in athletic exercises
+with the boys, for he quickly became proficient in the English sports
+of boxing and cricket. While resting he would converse with the father,
+or chat with the daughters of the home. All the children had literary
+tastes, and one, Daisy, presented him with a copy of a novel which
+she had just translated from the German, entitled "Ulli."
+
+Some idea of Doctor Rizal's own linguistic attainments may be gained
+from the fact that instead of writing letters to his nephews and nieces
+he made for them translations of some of Hans Christian Andersen's
+fairy tales. They consist of some forty manuscript pages, profusely
+illustrated, and the father is referred to in a "dedication,"
+as though it were a real book. The Hebrew Bible quotation is in
+allusion to a jocose remark once made by the father that German was
+like Hebrew to him, the verse being that in which the sons of Jacob,
+not recognizing that their brother was the seller, were bargaining
+for some of Pharaoh's surplus corn, "And he (Joseph) said, How is
+the old man, your father?" Rizal always tried to relieve by a touch
+of humor anything that seemed to him as savoring of affectation,
+the phase of Spanish character that repelled him and the imitation
+of which by his countrymen who knew nothing of the un-Spanish world
+disgusted him with them.
+
+Another example of his versatility in language and of its usefulness
+to him as well, is shown in a trilingual letter written by Rizal in
+Dapitan when the censorship of his correspondence had become annoying
+through ignorant exceptions to perfectly harmless matters. No Spaniard
+available spoke more than one language besides his own and it was
+necessary to send the letter to three different persons to find out
+its contents. The critics took the hint and Rizal received better
+treatment thereafter.
+
+Another one of Rizal's youthful aspirations was attained in London,
+for there he began transcribing the early Spanish history by Morga of
+which Sir John Bowring had told his uncle. A copy of this rare book
+was in the British Museum and he gained admission as a reader there
+through the recommendation of Doctor Rost. Only five hundred persons
+can be accommodated in the big reading room, and as students are
+coming from every continent for special researches, good reason has
+to be shown why these studies cannot be made at some other institution.
+
+Besides the copying of the text of Morga's history, Rizal read
+many other early writings on the Philippines, and the manifest
+unfairness of some of these who thought that they could glorify Spain
+only by disparaging the Filipinos aroused his wrath. Few Spanish
+writers held up the good name of those who were under their flag,
+and Rizal had to resort to foreign authorities to disprove their
+libels. Morga was almost alone among Spanish historians, but his
+assertions found corroboration in the contemporary chronicles of
+other nationalities. Rizal spent his evenings in the home of Doctor
+Regidor, and many a time the bitterness and impatience with which his
+day's work in the Museum had inspired him, would be forgotten as the
+older man counseled patience and urged that such prejudices were to be
+expected of a little educated nation. Then Rizal's brow would clear as
+he quoted his favorite proverb, "To understand all is to forgive all."
+
+Doctor Rost was editor of Truebner's Record, a journal devoted to the
+literature of the East, founded by the famous Oriental Bookseller and
+Publisher of London, Nicholas Truebner, and Doctor Rizal contributed
+to it in May, 1889, some specimens of Tagal folklore, an extract from
+which is appended, as it was then printed:
+
+
+Specimens of Tagal Folklore
+
+By Doctor J. Rizal
+
+
+Proverbial Sayings
+
+Malakas ang bulong sa sigaw, Low words are stronger than loud words.
+
+Ang laki sa layaw karaniwa 'y hubad, A petted child is generally naked
+(i.e. poor).
+
+Hampasng magulang ay nakataba, Parents' punishment makes one fat.
+
+Ibang hari ibang ugail, New king, new fashion.
+
+Nagpuputol ang kapus, ang labis ay nagdurugtong, What is short cuts
+off a piece from itself, what is long adds another on (the poor gets
+poorer, the rich richer).
+
+Ang nagsasabing tapus ay siyang kinakapus, He who finishes his words
+finds himself wanting.
+
+Nangangako habang napapako, Man promises while in need.
+
+Ang naglalakad ng marahan, matinik may mababaw, He who walks slowly,
+though he may put his foot on a thorn, will not be hurt very much
+(Tagals mostly go barefooted).
+
+Ang maniwala sa sabi 'y walang bait na sarili, He who believes in
+tales has no own mind.
+
+Ang may isinuksok sa dingding, ay may titingalain, He who has put
+something between the wall may afterwards look on (the saving man
+may afterwards be cheerful).--The wall of a Tagal house is made of
+palm-leaves and bamboo, so that it can be used as a cupboard.
+
+Walang mahirap gisingin na paris nang nagtutulogtulugan, The most
+difficult to rouse from sleep is the man who pretends to be asleep.
+
+Labis sa salita, kapus sa gawa, Too many words, too little work.
+
+Hipong tulog ay nadadala ng anod, The sleeping shrimp is carried away
+by the current.
+
+Sa bibig nahuhuli ang isda, The fish is caught through the mouth.
+
+
+Puzzles
+
+Isang butil na palay sikip sa buony bahay, One rice-corn fills up
+all the house.--The light. The rice-corn with the husk is yellowish.
+
+Matapang ako so dalawa, duag ako sa isa, I am brave against two,
+coward against one.--The bamboo bridge. When the bridge is made of
+one bamboo only, it is difficult to pass over; but when it is made
+of two or more, it is very easy.
+
+Dala ako niya, dala ko siya, He carries me, I carry him.--The shoes.
+
+Isang balong malalim puna ng patalim, A deep well filled with steel
+blades.--The mouth.
+
+The Filipino colony in Spain had established a fortnightly review,
+published first in Barcelona and later in Madrid, to enlighten
+Spaniards on their distant colony, and Rizal wrote for it from the
+start. Its name, La Solidaridad, perhaps may be translated Equal
+Rights, as it aimed at like laws and the same privileges for the
+Peninsula and the possessions overseas.
+
+From the Philippines came news of a contemptible attempt to reach
+Rizal through his family--one of many similar petty persecutions. His
+sister Lucia's husband had died and the corpse was refused interment
+in consecrated ground, upon the pretext that the dead man, who had been
+exceptionally liberal to the church and was of unimpeachable character,
+had been negligent in his religious duties. Another individual with
+a notorious record of longer absence from confession died about
+the same time, and his funeral took place from the church without
+demur. The ugly feature about the refusal to bury Hervosa was that the
+telegram from the friar parish-priest to the Archbishop at Manila in
+asking instructions, was careful to mention that the deceased was a
+brother-in-law of Rizal. Doctor Rizal wrote a scorching article for
+La Solidaridad under the caption "An Outrage," and took the matter
+up with the Spanish Colonial Minister, then Becerra, a professed
+Liberal. But that weakling statesman, more liberal in words than in
+actions, did nothing.
+
+That the union of Church and State can be as demoralizing to religion
+as it is disastrous to good government seems sufficiently established
+by Philippine incidents like this, in which politics was substituted
+for piety as the test of a good Catholic, making marriage impossible
+and denying decent burial to the families of those who differed
+politically with the ministers of the national religion.
+
+Of all his writings, the article in which Rizal speaks of this
+indignity to the dead comes nearest to exhibiting personal feeling and
+rancor. Yet his main point is to indicate generally what monstrous
+conditions the Philippine mixture of religion and politics made
+possible.
+
+The following are part of a series of nineteen verses published in
+La Solidaridad over Rizal's favorite pen name of Laong Laan:
+
+
+  To my Muse
+
+  (translation by Charles Derbyshire)
+
+  Invoked no longer is the Muse,
+  The lyre is out of date;
+  The poets it no longer use,
+  And youth its inspiration now imbues
+  With other form and state.
+
+  If today our fancies aught
+  Of verse would still require,
+  Helicon's hill remains unsought;
+  And without heed we but inquire,
+  Why the coffee is not brought.
+
+  In the place of thought sincere
+  That our hearts may feel,
+  We must seize a pen of steel,
+  And with verse and line severe
+  Fling abroad a jest and jeer.
+
+  Muse, that in the past inspired me,
+  And with songs of love hast fired me;
+  Go thou now to dull repose,
+  For today in sordid prose
+  I must earn the gold that hired me.
+
+  Now must I ponder deep,
+  Meditate, and struggle on;
+  E'en sometimes I must weep;
+  For he who love would keep
+  Great pain has undergone.
+
+  Fled are the days of ease,
+  The days of Love's delight;
+  When flowers still would please
+  And give to suffering souls surcease
+  From pain and sorrow's blight.
+
+  One by one they have passed on,
+  All I loved and moved among;
+  Dead or married--from me gone,
+  For all I place my heart upon
+  By fate adverse are stung.
+
+  Go thou, too, O Muse, depart,
+  Other regions fairer find;
+  For my land but offers art
+  For the laurel, chains that bind,
+  For a temple, prisons blind.
+
+  But before thou leavest me, speak:
+  Tell me with thy voice sublime,
+  Thou couldst ever from me seek
+  A song of sorrow for the weak,
+  Defiance to the tyrant's crime.
+
+
+Rizal's congenial situation in the British capital was disturbed
+by his discovering a growing interest in the youngest of the three
+girls whom he daily met. He felt that his career did not permit him
+to marry, nor was his youthful affection for his cousin in Manila an
+entirely forgotten sentiment. Besides, though he never lapsed into
+such disregard for his feminine friends as the low Spanish standard
+had made too common among the Filipino students in Madrid, Rizal was
+ever on his guard against himself. So he suggested to Doctor Regidor
+that he considered it would be better for him to leave London. His
+parting gift to the family with whom he had lived so happily was a
+clay medallion bearing in relief the profiles of the three sisters.
+
+Other regretful good-bys were said to a number of young Filipinos
+whom he had gathered around him and formed into a club for the study
+of the history of their country and the discussion of its politics.
+
+Rizal now went to Paris, where he was glad to be again with his friend
+Valentin Ventura, a wealthy Pampangan who had been trained for the
+law. His tastes and ideals were very much those of Rizal, and he had
+sound sense and a freedom from affectation which especially appealed
+to Rizal. There Rizal's reprint of Morga's rare history was made, at
+a greater cost but also in better form than his first novel. Copious
+notes gave references to other authorities and compared present
+with past conditions, and Doctor Blumentritt contributed a forceful
+introduction.
+
+When Rizal returned to London to correct the proofsheets, the old
+original book was in use and the copy could not be checked. This led to
+a number of errors, misspelled and changed words, and even omissions
+of sentences, which were afterwards discovered and carefully listed
+and filed away to be corrected in another edition.
+
+Possibly it has been made clear already that, while Rizal did not
+work for separation from Spain, he was no admirer of the Castilian
+character, nor of the Latin type, for that matter. He remarked on
+Blumentritt's comparison of the Spanish rulers in the Philippines
+with the Czars of Russia, that it is flattering to the Castilians
+but it is more than they merit, to put them in the same class as
+Russia. Apparently he had in mind the somewhat similar comparison in
+Burke's speech on the conciliation of America, in which he said that
+Russia was more advanced and less cruel than Spain and so not to be
+classed with it.
+
+During his stay in Paris, Rizal was a frequent visitor at the home
+of the two Doctors Pardo de Tavera, sons of the exile of '72 who
+had gone to France, the younger now a physician in South America,
+the elder a former Philippine Commissioner. The interest of the
+one in art, and of the other in philology, the ideas of progress
+through education shared by both, and many other common tastes and
+ideals, made the two young men fast friends of Rizal. Mrs. Tavera,
+the mother, was an interesting conversationalist, and Rizal profited
+by her reminiscences of Philippine official life, to the inner circle
+of which her husband's position had given her the entree.
+
+On Sundays Rizal fenced at Juan Luna's house with his distinguished
+artist-countryman, or, while the latter was engaged with Ventura,
+watched their play. It was on one of these afternoons that the Tagalog
+story of "The Monkey and the Tortoise"[2] was hastily sketched as a
+joke to fill the remaining pages of Mrs. Luna's autograph album, in
+which she had been insisting Rizal must write before all its space
+was used up. A comparison of the Tagalog version with a Japanese
+counterpart was published by Rizal in English, in Truebner's Magazine,
+suggesting that the two people may have had a common origin. This
+study received considerable attention from other ethnologists, and
+was among the topics at an ethnological conference.
+
+At times his antagonist was Miss Nellie Baustead, who had great
+skill with the foils. Her father, himself born in the Philippines,
+the son of a wealthy merchant of Singapore, had married a member of
+the Genato family of Manila. At their villa in Biarritz, and again
+in their home in Belgium, Rizal was a guest later, for Mr. Baustead
+had taken a great liking to him.
+
+The teaching instinct that led him to act as mentor to the Filipino
+students in Spain and made him the insparation of a mutual improvement
+club of his young countrymen in London, suggested the foundation of
+a school in Paris. Later a Pampangan youth offered him $40,000 with
+which to found a Filipino college in Hongkong, where many young men
+from the Philippines had obtained an education better than their
+own land could afford but not entirely adapted to their needs. The
+scheme attracted Rizal, and a prospectus for such an institution
+which was later found among his papers not only proves how deeply
+he was interested, but reveals the fact that his ideas of education
+were essentially like those carried out in the present public-school
+course of instruction in the Philippines.
+
+Early in August of 1890 Rizal went to Madrid to seek redress for a
+wrong done his family by the notorious General Weyler, the "Butcher"
+of evil memory in Cuba, then Governor-General of the Philippines. Just
+as the mother's loss of liberty, years before, was caused by revengeful
+feelings on the part of an official because for one day she was obliged
+to omit a customary gift of horse feed, so the father's loss of land
+was caused by a revengeful official, and for quite as trivial a cause.
+
+Mr. Mercado was a great poultry fancier and especially prided himself
+upon his fine stock of turkeys. He had been accustomed to respond to
+the frequent requests of the estate agent for presents of birds. But
+at one time disease had so reduced the number of turkeys that all that
+remained were needed for breeding purposes and Mercado was obliged
+to refuse him. In a rage the agent insisted, and when that proved
+unavailing, threats followed.
+
+But Francisco Mercado was not a man to be moved by threats, and
+when the next rent day came round he was notified that his rent had
+been doubled. This was paid without protest, for the tenants were
+entirely at the mercy of the landlords, no fixed rate appearing
+either in contracts or receipts. Then the rent-raising was kept on
+till Mercado was driven to seek the protection of the courts. Part
+of his case led to exactly the same situation as that of the Binan
+tenantry in his grandfather's time, when the landlords were compelled
+to produce their title-deeds, and these proved that land of others
+had been illegally included in the estate. Other tenants, emboldened
+by Mercado's example also refused to pay the exorbitant rent increases.
+
+The justice of the peace of Kalamba, before whom the case first came,
+was threatened by the provincial governor for taking time to hear the
+testimony, and the case was turned over to the auxiliary justice, who
+promptly decided in the manner desired by the authorities. Mercado at
+once took an appeal, but the venal Weyler moved a force of artillery
+to Kalamba and quartered it upon the town as if rebellion openly
+existed there. Then the court representatives evicted the people
+from their homes and directed them to remove all their buildings
+from the estate lands within twenty-four hours. In answer to the
+plea that they had appealed to the Supreme Court the tenants were
+told their houses could be brought back again if they won their
+appeal. Of course this was impossible and some 150,000 pesos' worth
+of property was consequently destroyed by the court agents, who were
+worthy estate employees. Twenty or more families were made homeless
+and the other tenants were forbidden to shelter them under pain of
+their own eviction. This is the proceeding in which Retana suggests
+that the governor-general and the landlords were legally within their
+rights. If so, Spanish law was a disgrace to the nation. Fortunately
+the Rizal-Mercado family had another piece of property at Los Banos,
+and there they made their home.
+
+Weyler's motives in this matter do not have to be surmised, for
+among the (formerly) secret records of the government there exists
+a letter which he wrote when he first denied the petition of the
+Kalamba residents. It is marked "confidential" and is addressed to the
+landlords, expressing the pleasure which this action gave him. Then
+the official adds that it cannot have escaped their notice that the
+times demand diplomacy in handling the situation but that, should
+occasion arise, he will act with energy. Just as Weyler had favored
+the landlords at first so he kept on and when he had a chance to do
+something for them he did it.
+
+Finally, when Weyler left the Islands an investigation was ordered into
+his administration, owing to rumors of extensive and systematic frauds
+on the government, but nothing more came of the case than that Retana,
+later Rizal's biographer, wrote a book in the General's defense,
+"extensively documented," and also abusively anti-Filipino. It has been
+urged (not by Retana, however) that the Weyler regime was unusually
+efficient, because he would allow no one but himself to make profits
+out of the public, and therefore, while his gains were greater than
+those of his predecessors, the Islands really received more attention
+from him.
+
+During the Kalamba discussion in Spain, Retana, until 1899 always
+scurrilously anti-Filipino, made the mistake of his life, for he
+charged Rizal's family with not paying their rent, which was not
+true. While Rizal believed that duelling was murder, to judge from a
+pair of pictures preserved in his album, he evidently considered that
+homicide of one like Retana was justifiable. After the Spanish custom,
+his seconds immediately called upon the author of the libel. Retana
+notes in his "Vida del Dr. Rizal" that the incident closed in a way
+honorable to both Rizal and himself--he, Retana, published an explicit
+retraction and abject apology in the Madrid papers. Another time,
+in Madrid, Rizal risked a duel when he challenged Antonio Luna,
+later the General, because of a slighting allusion to a lady at a
+public banquet. He had a nicer sense of honor in such matters than
+prevailed in Madrid, and Luna promptly saw the matter from Rizal's
+point of view and withdrew the offensive remark. This second incident
+complements the first, for it shows that Rizal was as willing to risk a
+duel with his superior in arms as with one not so skilled as he. Rizal
+was an exceptional pistol shot and a fair swordsman, while Retana was
+inferior with either sword or pistol, but Luna, who would have had the
+choice of weapons, was immeasurably Rizal's superior with the sword.
+
+Owing to a schism a rival arose against the old Masonry and finally
+the original organization succumbed to the offshoot. Doctor Miguel
+Morayta, Professor of History in the Central University at Madrid, was
+the head of the new institution and it had grown to be very popular
+among students. Doctor Morayta was friendly to the Filipinos and a
+lodge of the same name as their paper was organized among them. For
+their outside work they had a society named the Hispano-Filipino
+Association, of which Morayta was president, with convenient clubrooms
+and a membership practically the same as the Lodge La Solidaridad.
+
+Just before Christmas of 1890, this Hispano-Filipino Association
+gave a largely attended banquet at which there were many prominent
+speakers. Rizal stayed away, not because of growing pessimism,
+as Retana suggests, but because one of the speakers was the same
+Becerra who had feared to act when the outrage against the body of
+Rizal's brother-in-law had been reported to him. Now out of office,
+the ex-minister was again bold in words, but Rizal for one was not
+again to be deceived by them.
+
+The propaganda carried on by his countrymen in the Peninsula did not
+seem to Rizal effective, and he found his suggestions were not well
+received by those at its head. The story of Rizal's separation from
+La Solidaridad, however, is really not material, but the following
+quotation from a letter written to Carlos Oliver, speaking of the
+opposition of the Madrid committee of Filipinos to himself, is
+interesting as showing Rizal's attitude of mind:
+
+"I regret exceedingly that they war against me, attempting to discredit
+me in the Philippines, but I shall be content provided only that my
+successor keeps on with the work. I ask only of those who say that
+I created discord among the Filipinos: Was there any effective union
+before I entered political life? Was there any chief whose authority
+I wanted to oppose? It is a pity that in our slavery we should have
+rivalries over leadership."
+
+And in Rizal's letter from Hongkong, May 24, 1892, to Zulueta,
+commenting on an article by Leyte in La Solidaridad, he says:
+
+"Again I repeat, I do not understand the reason of the attack, since
+now I have dedicated myself to preparing for our countrymen a safe
+refuge in case of persecution and to writing some books, championing
+our cause, which shortly will appear. Besides, the article is impolitic
+in the extreme and prejudicial to the Philippines. Why say that the
+first thing we need is to have money? A wiser man would be silent
+and not wash soiled linen in public."
+
+Early in '91 Rizal went to Paris, visiting Mr. Baustead's villa in
+Biarritz en route, and he was again a guest of his hospitable friend
+when, after the winter season was over, the family returned to their
+home in Brussels.
+
+During most of the year Rizal's residence was in Ghent, where he had
+gathered around him a number of Filipinos. Doctor Blumentritt suggested
+that he should devote himself to the study of Malay-Polynesian
+languages, and as it appeared that thus he could earn a living in
+Holland he thought to make his permanent home there. But his parents
+were old and reluctant to leave their native land to pass their last
+years in a strange country, and that plan failed.
+
+He now occupied himself in finishing the sequel to "Noli Me Tangere,"
+the novel "E1 Filibusterismo," which he had begun in October of 1887
+while on his visit to the Philippines. The bolder painting of the
+evil effects of the Spanish culture upon the Filipinos may well have
+been inspired by his unfortunate experiences with his countrymen in
+Madrid who had not seen anything of Europe outside of Spain. On the
+other hand, the confidence of the author in those of his countrymen
+who had not been contaminated by the so-called Spanish civilization,
+is even more noticeable than in "Noli Me Tangere."
+
+Rizal had now done all that he could for his country; he had shown
+them by Morga what they were when Spain found them; through "Noli Me
+Tangere" he had painted their condition after three hundred years of
+Spanish influence; and in "El Filibusterismo" he had pictured what
+their future must be if better counsels did not prevail in the colony.
+
+These works were for the instruction of his countrymen, the fulfilment
+of the task he set for himself when he first read Doctor Jagor's
+criticism fifteen years before; time only was now needed for them to
+accomplish their work and for education to bring forth its fruits.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+Despujol's Duplicity
+
+As soon as he had set in motion what influence he possessed in Europe
+for the relief of his relatives, Rizal hurried to Hongkong and from
+there wrote to his parents asking their permission to join them. Some
+time before, his brother-in-law, Manuel Hidalgo, had been deported
+upon the recommendation of the governor of La Laguna, "to prove to
+the Filipinos that they were mistaken in thinking that the new Civil
+Code gave them any rights" in cases where the governor-general agreed
+with his subordinate's reason for asking for the deportation as well
+as in its desirability. The offense was having buried a child, who
+had died of cholera, without church ceremonies. The law prescribed
+and public health demanded it. But the law was a dead letter and the
+public health was never considered when these cut into church revenues,
+as Hidalgo ought to have known.
+
+Upon Rizal's arrival in Hongkong, in the fall of 1891, he received
+notice that his brother Paciano had been returned from exile in
+Mindoro, but that three of his sisters had been summoned, with the
+probability of deportation.
+
+A trap to get Rizal into the hands of the government by playing
+upon his affection for his mother was planned at this time, but it
+failed. Mrs. Rizal and one of her daughters were arrested in Manila
+for "falsification of cedula" because they no longer used the name
+Realonda, which the mother had dropped fifteen years before. Then,
+though there were frequently boats running to Kalamba, the two women
+were ordered to be taken there for trial on foot. As when Mrs. Rizal
+had been a prisoner before, the humane guards disobeyed their orders
+and the elderly lady was carried in a hammock. The family understood
+the plans of their persecutors, and Rizal was told by his parents
+not to come to Manila. Then the persecution of the mother and the
+sister dropped.
+
+In Hongkong, Rizal was already acquainted with most of the Filipino
+colony, including Jose M. Basa, a '72 exile of great energy, for whom
+he had the greatest respect. The old man was an unceasing enemy of all
+the religious orders and was constantly getting out "proclamations,"
+as the handbills common in the old-time controversies were called. One
+of these, against the Jesuits, figures in the case against Rizal
+and bears some minor corrections in his handwriting. Nevertheless,
+his participation in it was probably no more than this proofreading
+for his friend, whose motives he could appreciate, but whose plan of
+action was not in harmony with his own ideas.
+
+Letters of introduction from London friends secured for Rizal the
+acquaintance of Mr. H. L. Dalrymple, a justice of the peace--which is
+a position more coveted and honored in English lands than here--and
+a member of the public library committee, as well as of the board
+of medical examiners. He was a merchant, too, and agent for the
+British North Borneo Company, which had recently secured a charter
+as a semi-independent colony for the extensive cession which had
+originally been made to the American Trading Company and later
+transferred to them.
+
+Rizal spent much of his time in the library, reading especially the
+files of the older newspapers, which contained frequent mention of
+the Philippines. As an oldtime missionary had left his books to the
+library, the collection was rich in writings of the fathers of the
+early Church, as well as in philology and travel. He spent much time
+also in long conversations with Editor Frazier-Smith of the Hongkong
+Telegraph, the most enterprising of the daily newspapers. He was
+the master of St. John's Masonic lodge (Scotch constitution), which
+Rizal had visited upon his first arrival, intensely democratic and
+a close student of world politics. The two became fast friends and
+Rizal contributed to the Telegraph several articles on Philippine
+matters. These were printed in Spanish, ostensibly for the benefit of
+the Filipino colony in Hongkong, but large numbers of the paper were
+mailed to the Philippines and thus at first escaped the vigilance
+of the censors. Finally the scheme was discovered and the Telegraph
+placed on the prohibited list, but, like most Spanish actions, this
+was just too late to prevent the circulation of what Rizal had wished
+to say to his countrymen.
+
+With the first of the year 1892 the free portion of Rizal's family came
+to Hongkong. He had been licensed to practice medicine in the colony,
+and opened an office, specializing as an oculist with notable success.
+
+Another congenial companion was a man of his own profession, Doctor
+L. P. Marquez, a Portuguese who had received his medical education in
+Dublin and was a naturalized British subject. He was a leading member
+of the Portuguese club, Lusitania, which was of radically republican
+proclivities and possessed an excellent library of books on modern
+political conditions. An inspection of the colonial prison with him
+inspired Rizal's article, "A Visit to Victoria Gaol," through which
+runs a pathetic contrast of the English system of imprisonment for
+reformation with the Spanish vindictive methods of punishment. A
+souvenir of one of their many conferences was a dainty modeling in
+clay made by Rizal with that astonishing quickness that resulted from
+his Uncle Gabriel's training during his early childhood.
+
+In the spring, Rizal took a voyage to British North Borneo and with
+Mr. Pryor, the agent, looked over vacant lands which had been offered
+him by the Company for a Filipino colony. The officials were anxious
+to grow abaca, cacao, sugar cane and coconuts, all products of the
+Philippines, the soil of which resembled theirs. So they welcomed the
+prospect of the immigration of laborers skilled in such cultivation,
+the Kalambans and other persecuted people of the Luzon lake region,
+whom Doctor Rizal hoped to transplant there to a freer home.
+
+A different kind of governor-general had succeeded Weyler in the
+Philippines; the new man was Despujol, a friend of the Jesuits
+and a man who at once gave the Filipinos hope of better days,
+for his promises were quickly backed up by the beginnings of their
+performance. Rizal witnessed this novel experience for his country
+with gratification, though he had seen too many disappointments to
+confide in the continuance of reform, and he remembered that the like
+liberal term of De la Torre had ended in the Cavite reaction.
+
+He wrote early to the new chief executive, applauding Despujol's policy
+and offering such cooeperation as he might be able to give toward
+making it a complete success. No reply had been received, but after
+Rizal's return from his Borneo trip the Spanish consul in Hongkong
+assured him that he would not be molested should he go to Manila.
+
+Rizal therefore made up his mind to visit his home once more. He
+still cherished the plan of transferring those of his relatives
+and friends who were homeless through the land troubles, or
+discontented with their future in the Philippines, to the district
+offered to him by the British North Borneo Company. There, under the
+protection of the British flag, but in their accustomed climate, with
+familiar surroundings amid their own people, a New Kalamba would be
+established. Filipinos would there have a chance to prove to the world
+what they were capable of, and their free condition would inevitably
+react on the neighboring Philippines and help to bring about better
+government there.
+
+Rizal had no intention of renouncing his Philippine allegiance, for
+he always regretted the naturalization of his countrymen abroad,
+considering it a loss to the country which needed numbers to play
+the influential part he hoped it would play in awakening Asia. All
+his arguments were for British justice and "Equality before the Law,"
+for he considered that political power was only a means of securing
+and assuring fair treatment for all, and in itself of no interest.
+
+With such ideas he sailed for home, bearing the Spanish consul's
+passport. He left two letters in Hongkong with his friend Doctor
+Marquez marked, "To be opened after my death," and their contents
+indicate that he was not unmindful of how little regard Spain had
+had in his country for her plighted honor.
+
+One was to his beloved parents, brother and sisters, and friends:
+
+"The affection that I have ever professed for you suggests this
+step, and time alone can tell whether or not it is sensible. Their
+outcome decides things by results, but whether that be favorable or
+unfavorable, it may always be said that duty urged me, so if I die
+in doing it, it will not matter.
+
+"I realize how much suffering I have caused you, still I do not
+regret what I have done. Rather, if I had to begin over again, still
+I should do just the same, for it has been only duty. Gladly do I go
+to expose myself to peril, not as any expiation of misdeeds (for in
+this matter I believe myself guiltless of any), but to complete my
+work and myself offer the example of which I have always preached.
+
+"A man ought to die for duty and his principles. I hold fast to
+every idea which I have advanced as to the condition and future of
+our country, and shall willingly die for it, and even more willingly
+to procure for you justice and peace.
+
+"With pleasure, then, I risk life to save so many innocent persons--so
+many nieces and nephews, so many children of friends, and children,
+too, of others who are not even friends--who are suffering on my
+account. What am I? A single man, practically without family, and
+sufficiently undeceived as to life. I have had many disappointments
+and the future before me is gloomy, and will be gloomy if light does
+not illuminate it, the dawn of a better day for my native land. On the
+other hand, there are many individuals, filled with hope and ambition,
+who perhaps all might be happy were I dead, and then I hope my enemies
+would be satisfied and stop persecuting so many entirely innocent
+people. To a certain extent their hatred is justifiable as to myself,
+and my parents and relatives.
+
+"Should fate go against me, you will all understand that I shall die
+happy in the thought that my death will end all your troubles. Return
+to our country and may you be happy in it.
+
+"Till the last moment of my life I shall be thinking of you and
+wishing you all good fortune and happiness."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The other letter was directed "To the Filipinos," and said:
+
+"The step which I am taking, or rather am about to take, is undoubtedly
+risky, and it is unnecessary to say that I have considered it some
+time. I understand that almost every one is opposed to it; but I know
+also that hardly anybody else comprehends what is in my heart. I cannot
+live on seeing so many suffer unjust persecutions on my account; I
+cannot bear longer the sight of my sisters and their numerous families
+treated like criminals. I prefer death and cheerfully shall relinquish
+life to free so many innocent persons from such unjust persecution.
+
+"I appreciate that at present the future of our country gravitates
+in some degree around me, that at my death many will feel triumphant,
+and, in consequence, many are wishing for my fall. But what of it? I
+hold duties of conscience above all else, I have obligations to the
+families who suffer, to my aged parents whose sighs strike me to the
+heart; I know that I alone, only with my death, can make them happy,
+returning them to their native land and to a peaceful life at home. I
+am all my parents have, but our country has many, many more sons who
+can take my place and even do my work better.
+
+"Besides I wish to show those who deny us patriotism that we know
+how to die for duty and principles. What matters death, if one dies
+for what one loves, for native land and beings held dear?
+
+"If I thought that I were the only resource for the policy of progress
+in the Philippines and were I convinced that my countrymen were
+going to make use of my services, perhaps I should hesitate about
+taking this step; but there are still others who can take my place,
+who, too, can take my place with advantage. Furthermore, there are
+perchance those who hold me unneeded and my services are not utilized,
+resulting that I am reduced to inactivity.
+
+"Always have I loved our unhappy land, and I am sure that I shall
+continue loving it till my latest moment, in case men prove unjust
+to me. My career, my life, my happiness, all have I sacrificed for
+love of it. Whatever my fate, I shall die blessing it and longing
+for the dawn of its redemption."
+
+And then followed the note; "Make these letters public after my death."
+
+Suspicion of the Spanish authorities was justified. The consul's
+cablegram notifying Governor-General Despujol. that Rizal had fallen
+into their trap, sent the day of issuing the "safe-conduct" or special
+passport, bears the same date as the secret case filed against him
+in Manila, "for anti religious and anti patriotic agitation." On
+that same day the deceitful Despujol was confidentially inquiring
+of his executive secretary whether it was true that Rizal had been
+naturalized as a German subject, and, if so, what effect would that
+have on the governor-general's right to take executive action; that
+is, could he deport one who had the protection of a strong nation with
+the same disregard for the forms of justice that he could a Filipino?
+
+This inquiry is joined to an order to the local authorities in the
+provinces near Manila instructing them to watch the comings and goings
+of their prominent people during the following weeks. The scheme
+resembled that which was concocted prior to '72, but Governor-General
+de la Torte was honest in his reforms. Despujol may, or may not,
+have been honest in other matters, but as concerns Rizal there is
+no lack of proof of his perfidy. The confidential file relating to
+this part of the case was forgotten in destroying and removing secret
+papers when Manila passed into a democratic conqueror's hands, and
+now whoever wishes may read, in the Bureau of Archives, documents
+which the Conde de Caspe, to use a noble title for an ignoble man,
+considered safely hidden. As with Weyler's contidential letter to the
+friar landlords, these discoveries convict their writers of bad faith,
+with no possibility of mistake.
+
+This point in the reformed Spanish writer's biography of Rizal is
+made occasion for another of his treacherous attacks upon the good
+name of his pretended hero. Just as in the land troubles Retana held
+that legally Governor-General Weyler was justified in disregarding
+an appeal pending in the courts, so in this connection he declares:
+"(Despujol) unquestionably had been deceived by Rizal when, from
+Hongkong, he offered to Despujol not to meddle in politics." That
+Rizal meddled in politics rests solely upon Despujol's word, and
+it will be seen later how little that is worth; but, politics or no
+politics, Rizal's fate was settled before he ever came to Manila.
+
+Rizal was accompanied to Manila by his sister Lucia, widow of that
+brother-in-law who had been denied Christian burial because of his
+relationship to Rizal. In the Basa home, among other waste papers,
+and for that use, she had gathered up five copies of a recent
+"proclamation," entitled "Pobres Frailes" (Poor Friars), a small
+sheet possibly two inches wide and five long. These, crumpled up,
+were tucked into the case of the pillow which Mrs. Hervosa used on
+board. Later, rolled up in her blankets and bed mat, or petate, they
+went to the custom house along with the other baggage, and of course
+were discovered in the rigorous examination which the officers always
+made. How strict Philippine customs searches were, Henry Norman, an
+English writer of travels, explains by remarking that Manila was the
+only port where he had ever had his pockets picked officially. His
+visit was made at about the time of which we are writing, and the
+object, he says, was to keep out anti friar publications.
+
+Rizal and his sister landed without difficulty, and he at once went to
+the Oriente Hotel, then the best in town, for Rizal always traveled
+and lived as became a member of a well-to-do family. Next he waited
+on the Governor-General, with whom he had a very brief interview,
+for it happened to be on one of the numerous religious festivals,
+during which he obtained favorable consideration for his deported
+sisters. Several more interviews occurred in which the hopes first
+given were realized, so that those of the family then awaiting exile
+were pardoned and those already deported were to be returned at an
+early date.
+
+One night Rizal was the guest of honor at a dinner given by the masters
+and wardens of the Masonic lodges of Manila, and he was surprised and
+delighted at the progress the institution had made in the Islands. Then
+he had another task not so agreeable, for, while awaiting a delayed
+appointment with the Governor-General, he with two others ran up on
+the new railway to Tarlac. Ostensibly this was to see the country,
+but it was not for a pleasure trip. They were investigating the sales
+of Rizal's books and trying to find out what had become of the money
+received from them, for while the author's desire had been to place
+them at so low a price as to be within the reach of even the poor, it
+was reported that the sales had been few and at high prices, so that
+copies were only read by the wealthy whose desire to obtain the rare
+and much-discussed novels led them to pay exorbitant figures for them.
+
+Rizal's party, consisting of the Secretary of one of the lodges of
+Manila, and another Mason, a prominent school-teacher, were under
+constant surveillance and a minute record of their every act is
+preserved in the "reserved" files, now, of course, so only in name,
+as they are no longer secret. Immediately after they left a house it
+would be thoroughly searched and the occupants strictly questioned. In
+spite of the precautions of the officials, Rizal soon learned of this,
+and those whom they visited were warned of what to expect. In one home
+so many forbidden papers were on hand that Rizal delayed his journey
+till the family completed their task of carrying them upstairs and
+hiding them in the roof.
+
+At another place he came across an instance of superstition such as
+that which had caused him to cease his sleight-of-hand exhibitions
+on his former return to the Islands. Their host was a man of little
+education but great hospitality, and the party were most pleasantly
+entertained. During the conversation he spoke of Rizal, but did not
+seem to know that his hero had come back to the Philippines. His
+remarks drifted into the wildest superstition, and, after asserting
+that Rizal bore a charmed life, he startled his audience by saying
+that if the author of "Noli Me Tangere" cared to do so, he could be
+with them at that very instant. At first the three thought themselves
+discovered by their host, but when Rizal made himself known, the
+old man proved that he had had no suspicion of his guest's identity,
+for he promptly became busy preparing his home for the search which
+he realized would shortly follow. On another occasion their host
+was a stranger whom Rizal treated for a temporary illness, leaving
+a prescription to be filled at the drug store. The name signed to
+the paper was a revelation, but the first result was activity in
+cleaning house.
+
+No fact is more significant of the utter rottenness of the Spanish
+rule than the unanimity of the people in their discontent. Only a
+few persons at first were in open opposition, but books, pamphlets
+and circulars were eagerly sought, read and preserved, with the
+knowledge generally, of the whole family, despite the danger of
+possessing them. At times, as in the case of Rizal's novels, an entire
+neighborhood was in the secret; the book was buried in a garden and
+dug up to be read from at a gathering of the older men, for which a
+dance gave pretext. Informers were so rare that the possibility of
+treachery among themselves was hardly reckoned in the risk.
+
+The authorities were constantly searching dwellings, often entire
+neighborhoods, and with a thoroughness which entirely disregarded
+the possibility of damaging an innocent person's property. These
+"domiciliary registrations" were, of course, supposed to be unexpected,
+but in the later Spanish days the intended victims usually had
+warning from some employee in the office where it was planned, or
+from some domestic of the official in charge; very often, however, the
+warning was so short as to give only time for a hasty destruction of
+incriminating documents and did not permit of their being transferred
+to other hiding places. Thus large losses were incurred, and to these
+must be added damages from dampness when a hole in the ground, the
+inside of a post, or cementing up in the wall furnished the means of
+concealment. Fires, too, were frequent, and such events attracted so
+much attention that it was scarcely safe to attempt to save anything
+of an incriminating nature.
+
+Six years of war conditions did their part toward destroying what
+little had escaped, and from these explanations the reader may
+understand how it comes that the tangled story of Spain's last half
+century here presents an historical problem more puzzling than that
+of much more remote times in more favored lands.
+
+It seems almost providential that the published statement of
+the Governor-General can be checked not only by an account which
+Rizal secretly sent to friends, but also by the candid memoranda
+contained in the untruthful executive's own secret folios. While
+some unessential details of Rizal's career are in doubt, not a point
+vital to establishing his good name lacks proof that his character
+was exemplary and that he is worthy of the hero-worship which has
+come to him.
+
+After Rizal's return to Manila from his railway trip he had the
+promised interview with the Governor-General. At their previous
+meetings the discussions had been quite informal. Rizal, in
+complimenting the General upon his inauguration of reforms, mentioned
+that the Philippine system of having no restraint whatever upon
+the chief executive had at least the advantage that a well-disposed
+governor-general would find no red-tape hindrances to his plans for
+the public benefit. But Despujol professed to believe that the best
+of men make mistakes and that a wise government would establish
+safeguards against this human fallibility.
+
+The final, and fatal, interview began with the Governor-General asking
+Rizal if he still persisted in his plan for a Filipino colony in
+British North Borneo; Despujol had before remarked that with so much
+Philippine land lying idle for want of cultivation it did not seem to
+him patriotic to take labor needed at home away for the development
+of a foreign land. Rizal's former reply had dealt with the difficulty
+the government was in respecting the land troubles, since the tenants
+who had taken the old renters' places now also must be considered,
+and he pointed out that there was, besides, a bitterness between the
+parties which could not easily be forgotten by either side. So this
+time he merely remarked that he had found no reason for changing his
+original views.
+
+Hereupon the General took from his desk the five little sheets of
+the "Poor Friars" handbill, which he said had been found in the roll
+of bedding sent with Rizal's baggage to the custom house, and asked
+whose they could be. Rizal answered that of course the General knew
+that the bedding belonged to his sister Lucia, but she was no fool
+and would not have secreted in a place where they were certain to be
+found five little papers which, hidden within her camisa or placed
+in her stocking, would have been absolutely sure to come in unnoticed.
+
+Rizal, neither then nor later, knew the real truth, which was that
+these papers were gathered up at random and without any knowledge of
+their contents. If it was a crime to have lived in a house where such
+seditious printed matter was common, then Rizal, who had openly visited
+Basa's home, was guilty before ever the handbills were found. But no
+reasonable person would believe another rational being could be so
+careless of consequences as to bring in openly such dangerous material.
+
+The very title was in sarcastic allusion to the inconsistency of a
+religious order being an immensely wealthy organization, while its
+individual members were vowed to poverty. News, published everywhere
+except in the Philippines, of losses sustained in outside commercial
+enterprises running into the millions, was made the text for showing
+how money, professedly raised in the Philippines for charities,
+was not so used and was invested abroad in fear of that day of
+reckoning when tyranny would be overthrown in anarchy and property
+would be insecure. The belief of the pious Filipinos, fostered
+by their religious exploiters, that the Pope would suffer great
+hardship if their share of "Peter's pence" was not prompt and full,
+was contrasted with another newspaper story of a rich dowry given
+to a favorite niece by a former Pope, but that in no way taught the
+truth that the Head of the Church was not put to bodily discomfort
+whenever a poor Filipino failed to come forward with his penny.
+
+Despujol managed to work himself into something like a passion over
+this alleged disrespect to the Pope, and ordered Rizal to be taken
+as a prisoner to Fort Santiago by the nephew who acted as his aide.
+
+Like most facts, this version runs a middle course between the extreme
+stories which have been current. Like circulars may have been printed
+at the "Asilo de Malabon," as has been asserted; these certainly came
+from Hongkong and were not introduced by any archbishop's nephew on
+duty at the custom house, as another tale suggests. On the other hand,
+the circular was the merest pretext, and Despujol did not act in good
+faith, as many claim that he did.
+
+It may be of interest to reprint the handbill from a facsimile of an
+original copy:
+
+
+Pobres Frailes!
+
+Acaba de suspender sus pages un Banco, acaba de quebrarse el New
+Oriental.
+
+Grandes pedidas en la India, en la isla Mauricio al sur de Africa,
+ciclones y tempestades acabaron con su podeiro, tragnadose mas de
+36,000,000 de pesos. Estos treinta y seis millones representaban las
+esperanzas, las economias, el bienestar y el porvenir de numerosos
+individuos y familias.
+
+Entre los que mas han sufrido podemos contar a la Rvda. Corporacion
+de los P. P. Dominicos, que pierden en esta quiebra muchos cientos
+de miles. No se sabe la cuenta exacta porque tanto dinero se les
+envia de aqui y tantos depositos hacen, que se necesitarlan muchos
+contadores para calcular el immense caudal de que disponen.
+
+Pero, no se aflijan los amigos ni triunfen los enemigos de los santos
+monjes que profesan vote de pobreza.
+
+A unos y otros les diremos que pueden estar tranquilos. La Corporacion
+tiene aun muchos millones depositados en los Bancos de Hongkong, y
+aunque todos quebrasen, y aunque se derrumbasen sus miles de casas de
+alquiler, siempre quedarian sus curates y haciendas, les quedarian los
+filipinos dispuestos siempre a ayunar para darles una limosna. ?Que son
+cuatrocientos o quinientos mil? Que se tomen la molestia de recorrer
+los pueblos y pedir limosna y se resarciran de esa perdida. Hace un
+ano que, por la mala administracion de los cardenales, el Papa perdio
+14,000,000 del dinero de San Pedro; el Papa, para cubrir el deficit,
+acude a nosotros y nosotros recogemos de nuestros tampipis el ultimo
+real, porque sabemos que el Papa tiene muchas atenciones; hace cosa
+de cinco anos caso a una sobrina suya dotandola de un palacio y
+300,000 francos ademas. Haced un esfuerzo pues, generosos filipinos,
+y socorred a los dominicos igualmente!
+
+Ademas, esos centanares de miles perdidos no son de ellos, segun dicen:
+?como los iban a tener si tienen voto de pobreza? Hay que creerlos
+pues cuando, para cubrirse, dicen que son de los huerfanos y de las
+viudas. Muy seguramente pertencerian algunos a las viudas y a los
+huerfanos de Kalamba, y quien sabe si a los desterrados maridos! y
+los manejan los virtuosos frailes solo a titulo de depositarios para
+devolverlos despues religiosamente con todos sus intereses cuando
+llegue el dia de rendir cuentas! Quien sabe? Quien mejor que ellos
+podia encargarse de recoger los pocos haberes mientras las casas
+ardian, huian las viudas y los huerfanos sin encontrar hospitalidad,
+pues se habia prohibido darles albergue, mientras los hombres estaban
+presos o perseguidos? ?Quien mejor que los dominicos para tener tanto
+valor, tanta audacia y tanta humanidad?
+
+Pero, ahora el diablo se ha llevado el dinero de los huerfanos y de
+las viudas, y es de temer que se lleve tambien el resto, pues cuando el
+diablo la empieza la ha de acabar. Tendria ese dinero mala procedencia?
+
+Si asl sucediese, nosotros los recomendariamos a los dominicos que
+dijesen con Job: Desnudo sali del vientre de mi madre (Espana),
+y desnudo volvere alla; lo dio el diablo, el diablo se lo llevo;
+bendito sea el nombre del Senor!
+
+Fr. Jacinto.
+
+Manila: Imprenta de los Amigos del Pais.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+The Deportation to Dapitan
+
+As soon as Rizal was lodged in his prison, a room in Fort Santiago, the
+Governor-General began the composition of one of the most extraordinary
+official documents ever issued in this land where the strangest
+governmental acts have abounded. It is apology, argument, and attack
+all in one and was published in the Official Gazette, where it occupied
+most of an entire issue. The effect of the righteous anger it displays
+suffers somewhat when one knows how all was planned from the day Rizal
+was decoyed from Hongkong under the faithless safe-conduct. Another
+enlightening feature is the copy of a later letter, preserved in that
+invaluable secret file, wherein Despujol writes Rizal's custodian, as
+jailer, to allow the exile in no circumstances to see this number of
+the Gazette or to know its contents, and suggests several evasions to
+assist the subordinate's power of invention. It is certainly a strange
+indignation which fears that its object shall learn the reason for
+wrath, nor is it a creditable spectacle when one beholds the chief
+of a government giving private lessons in lying.
+
+A copy of the Gazette was sent to the Spanish Consul in Hongkong, also
+a cablegram directing him to give it publicity that "Spain's good name
+might not suffer" in that colony. By his blunder, not knowing that
+the Lusitania Club was really a Portuguese Masonic lodge and full of
+Rizal's friends, a copy was sent there and a strong reply was called
+forth. The friendly editor of the Hongkong Telegraph devoted columns to
+the outrage by which a man whose acquaintance in the scientific world
+reflected honor upon his nation, was decoyed to what was intended
+to be his death, exiled to "an unhealthful, savage spot," through
+"a plot of which the very Borgias would have been ashamed."
+
+The British Consul in Manila, too, mentioned unofficially to
+Governor-General Despujol that it seemed a strange way of showing
+Spain's often professed friendship for Great Britain thus to disregard
+the annoyance to the British colony of North Borneo caused by making
+impossible an entirely unexceptionable plan. Likewise, in much the
+same respectfully remonstrant tone which the Great Powers are wont
+to use in recalling to semi-savage states their obligations to
+civilization, he pointed out how Spain's prestige as an advanced
+nation would suffer when the educated world, in which Rizal was
+Spain's best-known representative, learned that the man whom they
+honored had been trapped out of his security under the British flag
+and sent into exile without the slightest form of trial.
+
+Almost the last act of Rizal while at liberty was the establishment
+of the "Liga Filipina," a league or association seeking to unite all
+Filipinos of good character for concerted action toward the economic
+advancement of their country, for a higher standard of manhood, and
+to assure opportunities for education and development to talented
+Filipino youth. Resistance to oppression by lawful means was also
+urged, for Rizal believed that no one could fairly complain of bad
+government until he had exhausted and found unavailing all the legal
+resources provided for his protection. This was another expression
+of his constant teaching that slaves, those who toadied to power,
+and men without self-respect made possible and fostered tyranny,
+abuses and disregard of the rights of others.
+
+The character test was also a step forward, for the profession of
+patriotism has often been made to cloak moral shortcomings in the
+Philippines as well as elsewhere. Rizal urged that those who would
+offer themselves on the altar of their fatherland must conform to
+the standard of old, and, like the sacrificial lamb, be spotless
+and without blemish. Therefore, no one who had justifiably been
+prosecuted for any infamous crime was eligible to membership in the
+new organization.
+
+The plan, suggested by a Spanish Masonic society called C. Kadosch
+y Cia., originated with Jose Maria Basa, at whose instance Rizal
+drafted the constitution and regulations. Possibly all the members
+were Freemasons of the educated and better-to-do class, and most
+of them adhered to the doctrine that peaceably obtained reforms and
+progress by education are surest and best.
+
+Rizal's arrest discouraged those of this higher faith, for the
+peaceable policy seemed hopeless, while the radical element, freed from
+Rizal's restraining influence and deeming the time for action come,
+formed a new and revolutionary society which preached force of arms
+as the only argument left to them, and sought its membership among
+the less-enlightened and poorer class.
+
+Their inspiration was Andres Bonifacio, a shipping clerk for a foreign
+firm, who had read and re-read accounts of the French Revolution
+till he had come to believe that blood alone could wipe out the
+wrongs of a country. His organization, The Sons of the Country,
+more commonly called the Katipunan, was, however, far from being as
+bloodthirsty as most Spanish accounts, and those of many credulous
+writers who have got their ideas from them, have asserted. To enlist
+others in their defense, those who knew that they were the cause of
+dissatisfaction spread the report that a race war was in progress
+and that the Katipuneros were planning the massacre of all of the
+white race. It was a sufficiently absurd statement, but it was made
+even more ridiculous by its "proof," for this was the discovery of an
+apron with a severed head, a hand holding it by the hair and another
+grasping the dagger which had done the bloody work. This emblem,
+handed down from ancient days as an object lesson of faithfulness
+even to death, has been known in many lands besides the Philippines,
+but only here has it ever been considered anything but an ancient
+symbol. As reasonably might the paintings of martyrdoms in the
+convents be taken as evidence of evil intentions upon the part of
+their occupants, but prejudice looks for pretexts rather than reasons,
+and this served as well as any other for the excesses of which the
+government in its frenzy of fear was later guilty.
+
+In talking of the Katipunan one must distinguish the first society,
+limited in its membership, from the organization of the days of the
+Aguinaldo "republic," so called, when throughout the Tagalog provinces,
+and in the chief towns of other provinces as well, adherence to the
+revolutionary government entailed membership in the revolutionary
+society. And neither of these two Katipunans bore any relation, except
+in name and emblems, to the robber bands whose valor was displayed
+after the war had ceased and whose patriotism consisted in wronging
+and robbing their own defenseless countrymen and countrywomen, while
+carefully avoiding encounters with any able to defend themselves.
+
+Rizal's arrest had put an end to all hope of progress under
+Governor-General Despujol. It had left the political field in
+possession of those countrymen who had not been in sympathy with
+his campaign of education. It had caused the succession of the
+revolutionary Katipunan to the economic Liga Filipina, with talk
+of independence supplanting Rizal's ambition for the return of
+the Philippines to their former status under the Constitution of
+Cadiz. But the victim of the arrest was at peace as he had not been
+in years. The sacrifice for country and for family had been made,
+but it was not to cost him life, and he was human enough to wish to
+live. A visitor's room in the Fort and books from the military library
+made his detention comfortable, for he did not worry about the Spanish
+sentries without his door who were placed there under orders to shoot
+anyone who might attempt to signal to him from the plaza.
+
+One night the Governor-General's nephew-aide came again to the Fort
+and Rizal embarked on the steamer which was to take him to his place
+of exile, but closely as he was guarded he risked dropping a note
+which a Filipino found and took, as it directed, to Mrs. Rizal's
+cousin, Vicenta Leyba, who lived in Calle Jose, Trozo. Thus the
+family were advised of his departure; this incident shows Rizal's
+perfect confidence in his countrymen and the extent to which it was
+justified; he could risk a chance finder to take so dangerous a letter
+to its address.
+
+On the steamer he occupied an officer's cabin and also found a Filipino
+quartermaster, of whom he requested a life preserver for his stateroom;
+evidently he was not entirely confident that there were no hostile
+designs against him. Accidents had rid the Philippines of troublesome
+persons before his time, and he was determined that if he sacrificed
+his life for his country, it should be openly. He realized that the
+tree of Liberty is often watered with the blood of secret as well as
+open martyrs.
+
+The same boat carried some soldier prisoners, one of whom was to be
+executed in Mindanao, and their case was not particularly creditable
+to Spanish ideas of justice. A Spanish officer had dishonorably
+interfered with the domestic relations of a sergeant, also Spanish,
+and the aggrieved party had inflicted punishment upon his superior,
+with the help of some other soldiers. For allowing himself to be
+punished, not for his own disgraceful act, the officer was dismissed
+from the service, but the sergeant was to go to the scene of his
+alleged "crime," there to suffer death, while his companions who had
+assisted him in protecting their homes were to be witnesses of this
+"justice" and then to be imprisoned.
+
+After an uneventful trip the steamer reached Dapitan, in the northeast
+of the large island of Mindanao, on a dark and rainy evening. The
+officer in charge of the expedition took Doctor Rizal ashore with
+some papers relating to him and delivered all to the commandant,
+Ricardo Carnicero. The receipt taken was briefed "One countryman and
+two packages." At the same time learned men in Europe were beginning
+to hear of this outrage worthy of the Dark Ages and were remarking
+that Spain had stopped the work of the man who was practically her
+only representative in modern science, for the Castilian language
+has not been the medium through which any considerable additions have
+been made to the world's store of scientific knowledge.
+
+Rizal was to reside either with the commandant or with the Jesuit
+parish priest, if the latter would take him into the convento. But
+while the exile had learned with pleasure that he was to meet priests
+who were refined and learned, as well as associated with his happier
+school days, he did not know that these priests were planning to
+restore him to his childhood faith and had mapped out a plan of action
+which should first make him feel his loneliness. So he was denied
+residence with the priest unless he would declare himself genuinely
+in sympathy with Spain.
+
+On his previous brief visit to the Islands he had been repelled from
+the Ateneo with the statement that till he ceased to be anti-Catholic
+and anti-Spanish he would not be welcome. Padre Faura, the famous
+meteorologist, was his former instructor and Rizal was his favorite
+pupil; he had tearfully predicted that the young man would come to
+the scaffold at last unless he mended his ways. But Rizal, confident
+in the clearness of his own conscience, went out cheerfully, and when
+the porter tried to bring back the memory of his childhood piety by
+reminding him of the image of the Sacred Heart which he had carved
+years before, Rizal answered, "Other times, other customs, Brother. I
+do not believe that way any more."
+
+So Rizal, a good Catholic, was compelled to board with the commandant
+instead of with the priest because he was unwilling to make
+hypocritical professions of admiration for Spain. The commandant and
+Rizal soon became good friends, but in order to retain his position
+Carnicero had to write to the Governor-General in a different strain.
+
+The correspondence tells the facts in the main, but of course
+they are colored throughout to conform to Despujol's character. The
+commandant is always represented as deceiving his prisoner and gaining
+his confidence only to betray him, but Rizal seems never to have
+experienced anything but straightforward dealing.
+
+Rizal's earliest letter from Dapitan speaks almost enthusiastically
+of the place, describing the climate as exceptional for the tropics,
+his situation as agreeable, and saying that he could be quite content
+if his family and his books were there.
+
+Shortly after occurred the anniversary of Carnicero's arrival in the
+town, and Rizal celebrated the event with a Spanish poem reciting
+the improvements made since his coming, written in the style of the
+Malay loa, and as though it were by the children of Dapitan.
+
+Next Rizal acquired a piece of property at Talisay, a little bay close
+to Dapitan, and at once became interested in his farm. Soon he built
+a house and moved into it, gathering a number of boy assistants about
+him, and before long he had a school. A hospital also was put up for
+his patients and these in time became a source of revenue, as people
+from a distance came to the oculist for treatment and paid liberally.
+
+One five-hundred-peso fee from a rich Englishman was devoted by Rizal
+to lighting the town, and the community benefited in this way by his
+charity in addition to the free treatment given its poor.
+
+The little settlement at Talisay kept growing and those who lived
+there were constantly improving it. When Father Obach, the Jesuit
+priest, fell through the bamboo stairway in the principal house, Rizal
+and his boys burned shells, made mortar, and soon built a fine stone
+stairway. They also did another piece of masonry work in the shape of
+a dam for storing water that was piped to the houses and poultry yard;
+the overflow from the dam was made to fill a swimming tank.
+
+The school, including the house servants, numbered about twenty and
+was taught without books by Rizal, who conducted his recitations
+from a hammock. Considerable importance was given to mathematics,
+and in languages English was taught as well as Spanish, the entire
+waking period being devoted to the language allotted for the day,
+and whoever so far forgot as to utter a word in any other tongue was
+punished by having to wear a rattan handcuff. The use and meaning of
+this modern police device had to be explained to the boys, for Spain
+still tied her prisoners with rope.
+
+Nature study consisted in helping the Doctor gather specimens
+of flowers, shells, insects and reptiles which were prepared and
+shipped to German museums. Rizal was paid for these specimens by
+scientific books and material. The director of the Royal Zooelogical
+and Anthropological Museum in Dresden, Saxony, Doctor Karl von Heller,
+was a great friend and admirer of Doctor Rizal. Doctor Heller's father
+was tutor to the late King Alfonso XII and had many friends at the
+Court of Spain. Evidently Doctor Heller and other of his European
+friends did not consider Rizal a Spanish insurrectionary, but treated
+him rather as a reformer seeking progress by peaceful means.
+
+Doctor Rizal remunerated his pupils' work with gifts of clothing,
+books and other useful remembrances. Sometimes the rewards were
+cartidges, and those who had accumulated enough were permitted to
+accompany him in his hunting expeditions. The dignity of labor was
+practically inculcated by requiring everyone to make himself useful,
+and this was really the first school of the type, combining the use
+of English, nature study and industrial instruction.
+
+On one occasion in the year 1894 some of his schoolboys secretly
+went into the town in a banca; a puppy which tried to follow them
+was eaten by a crocodile. Rizal tired to impress the evil effects of
+disobedience upon the youngsters by pointing out to them the sorrow
+which the mother-dog felt at the loss of her young one, and emphasized
+the lesson by modeling a statuette called "The Mother's Revenge,"
+wherein she is represented, in revenge, as devouring the cayman. It
+is said to be a good likeness of the animal which was Doctor Rizal's
+favorite companion in his many pedestrian excursions around Dapitan.
+
+Father Francisco Sanchez, Rizal's instructor in rhetoric in the Ateneo,
+made a long visit to Dapitan and brought with him some surveyor's
+instruments, which his former pupil was delighted to assist him in
+using. Together they ran the levels for a water system for the the
+town, which was later, with the aid of the lay Jesuit, Brother Tildot,
+carried to completion. This same water system is now being restored
+and enlarged with artesian wells by the present insular, provincial
+and municipal governments jointly, as part of the memorial to Rizal
+in this place of his exile.
+
+A visit to a not distant mountain and some digging in a spot supposed
+by the people of the region to be haunted brought to light curious
+relics of the first Christian converts among the early Moros.
+
+The state of his mind at about this period of his career is indicated
+by the verses written in his home in Talisay, entitled "My Retreat,"
+of which the following translation has been made by Mr. Charles
+Derbyshire. The scene that inspired this poem has been converted by
+the government into a public park to the memory of Rizal.
+
+
+  My Retreat
+
+  By the spreading beach where the sands are soft and fine,
+  At the foot of the mount in its mantle of green,
+  I have built my hut in the pleasant grove's confine;
+  From the forest seeking peace and a calmness divine,
+  Rest for the weary brain and silence to my sorrow keen.
+
+  Its roof the frail palm-leaf and its floor the cane,
+  Its beams and posts of the unhewn wood;
+  Little there is of value in this hut so plain,
+  And better by far in the lap of the mount to have lain,
+  By the song and the murmur of the high sea's flood.
+
+  A purling brook from the woodland glade
+  Drops down o'er the stones and around it sweeps,
+  Whence a fresh stream is drawn by the rough cane's aid;
+  That in the still night its murmur has made,
+  And in the day's heat a crystal fountain leaps.
+
+  When the sky is serene how gently it flows,
+  And its zither unseen ceaselessly plays;
+  But when the rains fall a torrent it goes
+  Boiling and foaming through the rocky close,
+  Roaring uncheck'd to the sea's wide ways.
+
+  The howl of the dog and the song of the bird,
+  And only the kalao's hoarse call resound;
+  Nor is the voice of vain man to be heard,
+  My mind to harass or my steps to begird;
+  The woodlands alone and the sea wrap me round.
+
+  The sea, ah, the sea! for me it is all,
+  As it massively sweeps from the worlds apart;
+  Its smile in the morn to my soul is a call,
+  And when in the even my fath seems to pall,
+  It breathes with its sadness an echo to my heart.
+
+  By night an arcanum; when translucent it glows,
+  All spangled over with its millions of lights,
+  And the bright sky above resplendent shows;
+  While the waves with their sighs tell of their woes--
+  Tales that are lost as they roll to the heights.
+
+  They tell of the world when the first dawn broke,
+  And the sunlight over their surface played;
+  When thousands of beings from nothingness woke,
+  To people the depths and the heights to cloak,
+  Wherever its life-giving kiss was laid.
+
+  But when in the night the wild winds awake,
+  And the waves in their fury begin to leap,
+  Through the air rush the cries that my mind shake;
+  Voices that pray, songs and moans that partake
+  Of laments from the souls sunk down in the deep.
+
+  Then from their heights the mountains groan,
+  And the trees shiver tremulous from great unto least;
+  The groves rustle plaintive and the herds utter moan,
+  For they say that the ghosts of the folk that are gone
+  Are calling them down to their death's merry feast.
+
+  In terror and confusion whispers the night,
+  While blue and green flames flit over the deep;
+  But calm reigns again with the morning's light,
+  And soon the bold fisherman comes into sight,
+  As his bark rushes on and the waves sink to sleep.
+
+  So onward glide the days in my lonely abode;
+  Driven forth from the world where once I was known,
+  I muse o'er the fate upon me bestow'd;
+  A fragment forgotten that the moss will corrode,
+  To hide from mankind the world in me shown.
+
+  I live in the thought of the lov'd ones left,
+  And oft their names to my mind are borne;
+  Some have forsaken me and some by death are reft;
+  But now 'tis all one, as through the past I drift,
+  That past which from me can never be torn.
+
+  For it is the friend that is with me always,
+  That ever in sorrow keeps the faith in my soul;
+  While through the still night it watches and prays,
+  As here in my exile in my lone hut it stays,
+  To strengthen my faith when doubts o'er me roll.
+
+  That faith I keep and I hope to see shine
+  The day when the Idea prevails over might;
+  When after the fray and death's slow decline,
+  Some other voice sounds, far happier than mine,
+  To raise the glad song of the triumph of right.
+
+  I see the sky glow, refulgent and clear,
+  As when it forced on me my first dear illusion;
+  I feel the same wind kiss my forehead sere,
+  And the fire is the same that is burning here
+  To stir up youth's blood in boiling confusion.
+
+  I breathe here the winds that perchance have pass'd
+  O'er the fields and the rivers of my own natal shore;
+  And mayhap they will bring on the returning blast
+  The sighs that lov'd being upon them has cast--
+  Messages sweet from the love I first bore.
+
+  To see the same moon, all silver'd as of yore,
+  I feel the sad thoughts within me arise;
+  The fond recollections of the troth we swore,
+  Of the field and the bower and the wide seashore,
+  The blushes of joy, with the silence and sighs.
+
+  A butterfly seeking the flowers and the light,
+  Of other lands dreaming, of vaster extent;
+  Scarce a youth, from home and love I took flight,
+  To wander unheeding, free from doubt or affright--
+  So in foreign lands were my brightest days spent.
+
+  And when like a languishing bird I was fain
+  To the home of my fathers and my love to return,
+  Of a sudden the fierce tempest roar'd amain;
+  So I saw my wings shatter'd and no home remain,
+  My trust sold to others and wrecks round me burn.
+
+  Hurl'd out into exile from the land I adore,
+  My future all dark and no refuge to seek;
+  My roseate dreams hover round me once more,
+  Sole treasures of all that life to me bore;
+  The faiths of youth that with sincerity speak.
+
+  But not as of old, full of life and of grace,
+  Do you hold out hopes of undying reward;
+  Sadder I find you; on your lov'd face,
+  Though still sincere, the pale lines trace
+  The marks of the faith it is yours to guard.
+
+  You offer now, dreams, my gloom to appease,
+  And the years of my youth again to disclose;
+  So I thank you, O storm, and heaven-born breeze,
+  That you knew of the hour my wild flight to ease,
+  To cast me back down to the soil whence I rose.
+
+  By the spreading beach where the sands are soft and fine,
+  At the foot of the mount in its mantle of green;
+  I have found a home in the pleasant grove's confine,
+  In the shady woods, that peace and calmness divine,
+  Rest for the weary brain and silence to my sorrow keen.
+
+
+The Church benefited by the presence of the exile, for he drew the
+design for an elaborate curtain to adorn the sanctuary at Easter
+time, and an artist Sister of Charity of the school there did the
+oil painting under his direction. In this line he must have been
+proficient, for once in Spain, where he traveled out of his way to
+Saragossa to visit one of his former teachers of the Ateneo, who
+he had heard was there, Rizal offered his assistance in making some
+altar paintings, and the Jesuit says that his skill and taste were
+much appreciated.
+
+The home of the Sisters had a private chapel, for which the teachers
+were preparing an image of the Virgin. For the sake of economy the
+head only was procured from abroad, the vestments concealing all
+the rest of the figure except the feet, which rested upon a globe
+encircled by a snake in whose mouth is an apple. The beauty of the
+countenance, a real work of art, appealed to Rizal, and he modeled
+the more prominent right foot, the apple and the serpent's head, while
+the artist Sister assisted by doing the minor work. Both curtain and
+image, twenty years after their making, are still in use.
+
+On Sundays, Father Sanchez and Rizal conducted a school for the people
+after mass. As part of this education it was intended to make raised
+maps in the plaza of the chief city of the eight principal islands of
+the Philippines, but on account of Father Sanchez's being called away,
+only one. Mindanao, was completed; it has been restored with a concrete
+sidewalk and balustrade about it, while the plaza is a national park.
+
+Among Rizal's patients was a blind American named Taufer, fairly well
+to do, who had been engineer of the pumping plant of the Hongkong Fire
+Department. He was a man of bravery, for he held a diploma for helping
+to rescue five Spaniards from a shipwreck in Hongkong harbor. And he
+was not less kind-hearted, for he and his wife, a Portuguese, had
+adopted and brought up as their own the infant daughter of a poor
+Irish woman who had died in Hongkong, leaving a considerable family
+to her husband, a corporal in the British Army on service there.
+
+The little girl had been educated in the Italian convent after the
+first Mrs. Taufer died, and upon Mr. Taufer's remarriage, to another
+Portuguese, the adopted daughter and Mr. Taufer's own child were
+equally sharers of his home.
+
+This girl had known Rizal, "the Spanish doctor," as he was called
+there, in Hongkong, and persuaded her adopted father that possibly
+the Dapitan exile might restore his lost eyesight. So with the two
+girls and his wife, Mr. Taufer set out for Mindanao. At Manila his
+own daughter fell in love with a Filipino engineer, a Mr. Sunico,
+now owner of a foundry in Manila, and, marrying, remained there. But
+the party reached Dapitan with its original number, for they were
+joined by a good-looking mestiza from the South who was unofficially
+connected with one of the canons of the Manila cathedral.
+
+Josefina Bracken, the Irish girl, was lively, capable and of congenial
+temperament, and as there no longer existed any reason against his
+marriage, for Rizal considered his political days over, they agreed
+to become husband and wife.
+
+The priest was asked to perform the ceremony, but said the Bishop
+of Cebu must give his consent, and offered to write him. Rizal at
+first feared that some political retraction would be asked, but
+when assured that only his religious beliefs would be investigated,
+promptly submitted a statement which Father Obach says covered about
+the same ground as the earliest published of the retractions said to
+have been made on the eve of Rizal's death.
+
+This document, inclosed with the priest's letter, was ready for the
+mail when Rizal came hurrying in to reclaim it. The marriage was off,
+for Mr. Taufer had taken his family and gone to Manila.
+
+The explanation of this sudden departure was that, after the blind
+man had been told of the impossibility of anything being done for his
+eyes, he was informed of the proposed marriage. The trip had already
+cost him one daughter, he had found that his blindness was incurable,
+and now his only remaining daughter, who had for seventeen years
+been like his own child, was planning to leave him. He would have to
+return to Hongkong hopeless and accompanied only by a wife he had
+never seen, one who really was merely a servant. In his despair he
+said he had nothing to live for, and, seizing his razor, would have
+ended his life had not Rizal seized him just in time and held him,
+with the firm grasp his athletic training had given him, till the
+commandant came and calmed the excited blind man.
+
+It resulted in Josefina returning to Manila with him, but after a
+while Mr Taufer listened to reason and she went back to Dapitan,
+after a short stay in Manila with Rizal's family, to whom she had
+carried his letter of introduction, taking considerable housekeeping
+furniture with her.
+
+Further consideration changed Rizal's opinion as to marriage, possibly
+because the second time the priest may not have been so liberal in his
+requirements. The mother, too, seems to have suggested that as Spanish
+law had established civil marriage in the Philippines, and as the local
+government had not provided any way for people to avail themselves of
+the right, because the governor-general had pigeon-holed the royal
+decree, it would be less sinful for the two to consider themselves
+civilly married than for Rizal to do violence to his conscience
+by making any sort of political retraction. Any marriage so bought
+would be just as little a sacrament as an absolutely civil marriage,
+and the latter was free from hypocrisy.
+
+So as man and wife Rizal and Josefina lived together in Talisay. Father
+Obach sought to prejudice public feeling in the town against the
+exile for the "scandal," though other scandals happenings with less
+reason were going on unrebuked. The pages of "Dapitan", which some
+have considered to be the first chapter of an unfinished novel, may
+reasonably be considered no more than Rizal's rejoinder to Father
+Obach, written in sarcastic vein and primarily for Carnicero's
+amusement, unless some date of writing earlier than this should
+hereafter be found for them.
+
+Josefina was bright, vivacious, and a welcome addition to the little
+colony at Talisay, but at times Rizal had misgivings as to how it came
+that this foreigner should be permitted by a suspicious and absolute
+government to join him, when Filipinos, over whom the authorities
+could have exercised complete control, were kept away. Josefina's
+frequent visits to the convento once brought this suspicion to an open
+declaration of his misgivings by Rizal, but two days of weeping upon
+her part caused him to avoid the subiect thereafter. Could the exile
+have seen the confidential correspondence in the secret archives
+the plan would have been plain to him, for there it is suggested
+that his impressionable character could best be reached through the
+sufferings of his family, and that only his mother and sisters should
+be allowed to visit him. Steps in this plot were the gradual pardoning
+and returning of the members of his family to their homes.
+
+Josefina must remain a mystery to us as she was to Rizal. While she
+was in a delicate condition Rizal played a prank on her, harmless
+in itself, which startled her so that she sprang forward and struck
+against an iron stand. Though it was pure accident and Rizal was
+scarcely at fault, he blamed himself for it, and his later devotion
+seems largely to have been trying to make amends.
+
+The "burial of the son of Rizal," sometimes referred to as occurring at
+Dapitan, has for its foundation the consequences of this accident. A
+sketch hastily penciled in one of his medical books depicts an
+unusual condition apparent in the infant which, had it regularly
+made its appearance in the world some months later, would have been
+cherished by both parents; this loss was a great and common grief
+which banished thereafter all distrust upon his part and all occasion
+for it upon hers.
+
+Rizal's mother and several of his sisters, the latter changing from
+time to time, had been present during this critical period. Another
+operation had been performed upon Mrs. Rizal's eyes, but she was
+restive and disregarded the ordinary precautions, and the son was
+in despair. A letter to his brother-in-law, Manuel Hidalgo, who was
+inclined toward medical studies, says, "I now realize the reason why
+physicians are directed not to practice in their own families."
+
+A story of his mother and Rizal, necessary to understand his
+peculiar attitude toward her, may serve as the transition from
+the hero's sad (later) married experience to the real romance of
+his life. Mrs. Rizal's talents commanded her son's admiration, as
+her care for him demanded his gratitude, but, despite the common
+opinion, he never had that sense of companionship with her that he
+enjoyed with his father. Mrs. Rizal was a strict disciplinarian and
+a woman of unexceptionable character, but she arrogated to herself
+an infallibility which at times was trying to those about her, and
+she foretold bitter fates for those who dared dispute her.
+
+Just before Jose went abroad to study, while engaged to his cousin,
+Leonora Rivera, Mrs. Rivera and her daughter visited their relatives in
+Kalamba. Naturally the young man wished the guests to have the best of
+everything; one day when they visited a bathing place near by he used
+the family's newest carriage. Though this had not been forbidden,
+his mother spoke rather sharply about it; Jose ventured to remind
+her that guests were present and that it would be better to discuss
+the matter in private. Angry because one of her children ventured to
+dispute her, she replied: "You are an undutiful son. You will never
+accomplish anything which you undertake. All your plans will result
+in failure." These words could not be forgotten, as succeeding events
+seemed to make their prophecy come true, and there is pathos in one of
+Rizal's letters in which he reminds his mother that she had foretold
+his fate.
+
+His thoughts of an early marriage were overruled because his unmarried
+sisters did not desire to have a sister-in-law in their home who
+would add to the household cares but was not trained to bear her
+share of them, and even Paciano, who was in his favor, thought that
+his younger brother would mar his career by marrying early.
+
+So, with fervent promises and high hopes, Rizal had sailed away to make
+the fortune which should allow him to marry his cousin Leonora. She
+was constantly in his thoughts and his long letters were mailed with
+regular frequency during all his first years in Europe; but only a
+few of the earliest ever reached her, and as few replies came into
+his hands, though she was equally faithful as a correspondent.
+
+Leonora's mother had been told that it was for the good of her
+daughter's soul and in the interest of her happiness that she should
+not become the wife of a man like Rizal, who was obnoxious to the
+Church and in disfavor with the government. So, by advice, Mrs. Rivera
+gradually withheld more and more of the correspondence upon both sides,
+until finally it ceased. And she constantly suggested to the unhappy
+girl that her youthful lover had forgotten her amid the distractions
+and gayeties of Europe.
+
+Then the same influence which had advised breaking off the
+correspondence found a person whom the mother and others joined in
+urging upon her as a husband, till at last, in the belief that she
+owed obedience to her mother, she reluctantly consented. Strangely
+like the proposed husband of the Maria Clara of "Noli Me Tangere,"
+in which book Rizal had prophetically pictured her, this husband was
+"one whose children should rule "--an English engineer whose position
+had been found for him to make the match more desirable. Their marriage
+took place, and when Rizal returned to the Philippines she learned
+how she had been deceived. Then she asked for the letters that had
+been withheld, and when told that as a wife she might not keep love
+letters from any but her husband, she pleaded that they be burned
+and the ashes given her. This was done, and the silver box with the
+blackened bits of paper upon her dresser seemed to be a consolation
+during the few months of life which she knew would remain to her.
+
+Another great disappointment to Rizal was the action of Despujol
+when he first arrived in Dapitan, for he still believed in the
+Governor-General's good faith and thought in that fertile but sparsely
+settled region he might plant his "New Kalamba" without the objection
+that had been urged against the British North Borneo project. All
+seemed to be going on favorably for the assembling of his relatives and
+neighbors in what then would be no longer exile, when most insultingly,
+the Governor-General refused the permission which Rizal had had reason
+to rely upon his granting. The exile was reminded of his deportation
+and taunted with trying to make himself a king. Though he did not know
+it, this was part of the plan which was to break his spirit, so that
+when he was touched with the sufferings of his family he would yield
+to the influences of his youth and make complete political retraction;
+thus would be removed the most reasonable, and therefore the most
+formidable, opponent of the unnatural conditions Philippines and of
+the selfish interests which were profiting by them. But the plotters
+failed in their plan; they had mistaken their man.
+
+During all this time Rizal had repeated chances to escape, and persons
+high in authority seem to have urged flight upon him. Running away,
+however, seemed to him a confession of guilt; the opportunities
+of doing so always unsettled him, for each time the battle of
+self-sacrifice had to be fought over again; but he remained firm
+in his purpose. To meet death bravely is one thing; to seek it is
+another and harder thing; but to refuse life and choose death over
+and over again during many years is the rarest kind of heroism.
+
+Rizal used to make long trips, sometimes cruising for a week in his
+explorations of the Mindanao coast, and some of his friends proposed
+to charter a steamer in Singapore and, passing near Dapitan, pick him
+up on one of these trips. Another Philippine steamer going to Borneo
+suggested taking him on board as a rescue at sea and then landing him
+at their destination, where he would be free from Spanish power. Either
+of these schemes would have been feasible, but he refused both.
+
+Plans, which materialized, to benefit the fishing industry by improved
+nets imported from his Laguna home, and to find a market for the abaka
+of Dapitan, were joined with the introduction of American machinery,
+for which Rizal acted as agent, among planters of neighboring
+islands. It was a busy, useful life, and in the economic advancement
+of his country the exile believed he was as patriotic as when he was
+working politically.
+
+Rizal personally had been fortunate, for in company with the commandant
+and a Spaniard, originally deported for political reasons from the
+Peninsula, he had gained one of the richer prizes in the government
+lottery. These funds came most opportunely, for the land troubles
+and succeeding litigation had almost stripped the family of all its
+possessions. The account of the first news in Dapitan of the good
+fortune of the three is interestingly told in an official report to the
+Governor-General from the commandant. The official saw the infrequent
+mail steamer arriving with flying bunting and at once imagined some
+high authority was aboard; he hastened to the beach with a band of
+music to assist in the welcome, but was agreeably disappointed with
+the news of the luck which had befallen his prisoner and himself.
+
+Not all of Dapitan life was profitable and prosperous. Yet in spite
+of this Rizal stayed in the town. This was pure self-sacrifice,
+for he refused to make any effort for his own release by invoking
+influences which could have brought pressure to bear upon the
+Spanish home government. He feared to act lest obstacles might be
+put in the way of the reforms that were apparently making headway
+through Despujol's initiative, and was content to wait rather than
+to jeopardize the prospects of others.
+
+A plan for his transfer to the North, in the Ilokano country, had been
+deferred and had met with obstacles which Rizal believed were placed in
+its way through some of his own countrymen in the Peninsula who feared
+his influence upon the revenue with which politics was furnishing them.
+
+Another proposal was to appoint Rizal district health officer for
+Dapitan, but this was merely a covert government bribe. While the
+exile expressed his willingness to accept the position, he did not
+make the "unequivocally Spanish" professions that were needed to
+secure this appointment.
+
+Yet the government could have been satisfied of Rizal's innocence of
+any treasonable designs against Spain's sovereignty in the Islands
+had it known how the exile had declined an opportunity to head the
+movement which had been initiated on the eve of his deportation. His
+name had been used to gather the members together and his portrait
+hung in each Katipunan lodge hall, but all this was without Rizal's
+consent or even his knowledge.
+
+The members, who had been paying faithfully for four years, felt that
+it was time that something besides collecting money was done. Their
+restiveness and suspicions led Andres Bonifacio, its head, to resort
+to Rizal, feeling that a word from the exile, who had religiously
+held aloof from all politics since his deportation, would give the
+Katipunan leaders more time to mature their plans. So he sent a
+messenger to Dapitan, Pio Valenzuela, a doctor, who to conceal his
+mission took with him a blind man. Thus the doctor and his patient
+appeared as on a professional visit to the exiled oculist. But though
+the interview was successfully secured in this way, its results were
+far from satisfactory.
+
+Far from feeling grateful for the consideration for the possible
+consequences to him which Valenzuela pretended had prompted the
+visit, Rizal indignantly insisted that the country came first. He
+cited the Spanish republics of South America, with their alternating
+revolutions and despotisms, as a warning against embarking on a change
+of government for which the people were not prepared. Education, he
+declared, was first necessary, and in his opinion general enlightenment
+was the only road to progress. Valenzuela cut short his trip, glad
+to escape without anyone realizing that Rizal and he had quarreled.
+
+Bonifacio called Rizal a coward when he heard his emissary's report,
+and enjoined Valenzuela to say nothing of his trip. But the truth
+leaked out, and there was a falling away in Katipunan membership.
+
+Doctor Rizal's own statement respecting the rebellion and Valenzuela's
+visit may fitly be quoted here:
+
+"I had no notice at all of what was being planned until the first or
+second of July, in 1896, when Pio Valenzuela came to see me, saying
+that an uprising was being arranged. I told him that it was absurd,
+etc., etc., and he answered me that they could bear no more. I advised
+him that they should have patience, etc., etc. He added then that
+he had been sent because they had compassion on my life and that
+probably it would compromise me. I replied that they should have
+patience and that if anything happened to me I would then prove my
+innocence. 'Besides,' said I, 'don't consider me, but our country,
+which is the one that will suffer.' I went on to show how absurd was
+the movement.--This, later, Pio Valenzuela testified.--He did not
+tell me that my name was being used, neither did he suggest that I
+was its chief, or anything of that sort.
+
+"Those who testify that I am the chief (which I do not know, nor do I
+know of having ever treated with them), what proofs do they present of
+my having accepted this chiefship or that I was in relations with them
+or with their society? Either they have made use of my name for their
+own purposes or they have been deceived by others who have. Where is
+the chief who dictates no order and makes no arrangement, who is not
+consulted in anything about so important an enterprise until the last
+moment, and then when he decides against it is disobeyed? Since the
+seventh of July of 1892 I have entirely ceased political activity. It
+seems some have wished to avail themselves of my name for their
+own ends."
+
+This was Rizal's second temptation to engage in politics, the first
+having been a trap laid by his enemies. A man had come to see Rizal
+in his earlier days in Dapitan, claiming to be a relative and seeking
+letters to prominent Filipinos. The deceit was too plain and Rizal
+denounced the envoy to the commandant, whose investigations speedily
+disclosed the source of the plot. Further prosecution, of course,
+ceased at once.
+
+The visit of some image vendors from Laguna who never before had
+visited that region, and who seemed more intent on escaping notice
+than interested in business, appeared suspicious, but upon report of
+the Jesuits the matter was investigated and nothing really suspicious
+was found.
+
+Rizal's charm of manner and attraction for every one he met is best
+shown by his relations with the successive commandants at Dapitan,
+all of whom, except Carnicero, were naturally predisposed against him,
+but every one became his friend and champion. One even asked relief on
+the ground of this growing favorable impression upon his part toward
+his prisoner.
+
+At times there were rumors of Rizal's speedy pardon, and he would
+think of going regularly into scientific work, collecting for those
+European museums which had made him proposals that assured ample
+livelihood and congenial work.
+
+Then Doctor Blumentritt wrote to him of the ravages of disease among
+the Spanish soldiers in Cuba and the scarcity of surgeons to attend
+them. Here was a labor "eminently humanitarian," to quote Rizal's words
+of his own profession, and it made so strong an appeal to him that,
+through the new governor-general, for Despujol had been replaced by
+Blanco, he volunteered his services. The minister of war of that time,
+General Azcarraga, was Philippine born. Blanco considered the time
+favorable for granting Rizal's petition and thus lifting the decree of
+deportation without the embarrassment of having the popular prisoner
+remain in the Islands.
+
+The thought of resuming his travels evidently inspired the following
+poem, which was written at about this time. The translation is by
+Arthur P. Ferguson:
+
+
+  The Song of the Traveler
+
+  Like to a leaf that is fallen and withered,
+  Tossed by the tempest from pole unto pole;
+  Thus roams the pilgrim abroad without purpose,
+  Roams without love, without country or soul.
+
+  Following anxiously treacherous fortune,
+  Fortune which e'en as he grasps at it flees;
+  Vain though the hopes that his yearning is seeking,
+  Yet does the pilgrim embark on the seas!
+
+  Ever impelled by invisible power,
+  Destined to roam from the East to the West;
+  Oft he remembers the faces of loved ones,
+  Dreams of the day when he, too, was at rest.
+
+  Chance may assign him a tomb on the desert,
+  Grant him a final asylum of peace;
+  Soon by the world and his country forgotten,
+  God rest his soul when his wanderings cease!
+
+  Often the sorrowful pilgrim is envied,
+  Circling the globe like a sea-gull above;
+  Little, ah, little they know what a void
+  Saddens his soul by the absence of love.
+
+  Home may the pilgrim return in the future,
+  Back to his loved ones his footsteps he bends;
+  Naught will he find but the snow and the ruins,
+  Ashes of love and the tomb of his friends.
+
+  Pilgrim, begone! Nor return more hereafter.
+  Stranger thou art in the land of thy birth;
+  Others may sing of their love while rejoicing,
+  Thou once again must roam o'er the earth.
+
+  Pilgrim, begone! Nor return more hereafter,
+  Dry are the tears that a while for thee ran;
+  Pilgrim, begone! And forget thy affliction,
+  Loud laughs the world at the sorrows of man.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+"Consummatum Est"
+
+NOTICE of the granting of his request came to Rizal just when
+repeated disappointments had caused him to prepare for staying
+in Dapitan. Immediately he disposed of his salable possessions,
+including a Japanese tea set and large mirror now among the Rizal
+relics preserved by the government, and a piece of outlying land,
+the deed for which is also among the Rizalana in the Philippines
+library. Some half-finished busts were thrown into the pool behind
+the dam. Despite the short notice all was ready for the trip in time,
+and, attended by some of his schoolboys as well as by Josefina and
+Rizal's niece, the daughter of his youngest sister, Soledad, whom
+Josefina wished to adopt, the party set out for Manila.
+
+The journey was not an uneventful one; at Dumaguete Rizal was the
+guest of a Spanish judge at dinner; in Cebu he operated successfully
+upon the eyes of a foreign merchant; and in Iloilo the local newspaper
+made much of his presence.
+
+The steamer from Dapitan reached Manila a little too late for the mail
+boat for Spain, and Rizal obtained permission to await the next sailing
+on board the cruiser Castilla, in the bay. Here he was treated like a
+guest and more than once the Spanish captain invited members of Rizal's
+family to be his guests at dinner--Josefina with little Maria Luisa,
+the niece and the schoolboys, for whom positions had been obtained,
+in Manila.
+
+The alleged uprising of the Katipunan occurred during this time. A
+Tondo curate, with an eye to promotion, professed to have discovered
+a gigantic conspiracy. Incited by him, the lower class of Spaniards
+in Manila made demonstrations against Blanco and tried to force
+that ordinarily sensible and humane executive into bloodthirsty
+measures, which should terrorize the Filipinos. Blanco had known of
+the Katipunan but realized that so long as interested parties were
+using it as a source of revenue, its activities would not go much
+beyond speechmaking. The rabble was not so far-seeing, and from high
+authorities came advice that the country was in a fever and could
+only be saved by blood-letting.
+
+Wholesale arrests filled every possible place for prisoners in
+Manila. The guilt of one suspect consisted in having visited the
+American consul to secure the address of a New York medical journal,
+and other charges were just as frivolous. There was a reign of terror
+in Luzon and, to save themselves, members of the Katipunan resorted to
+that open warfare which, had Blanco's prudent counsels been regarded,
+would probably have been avoided.
+
+While the excitement was at its height, with a number of executions
+failing to satisfy the blood-hunger, Rizal sailed for Spain,
+bearing letters of recommendation from Blanco. These vouched for his
+exemplary conduct during his exile and stated that he had in no way
+been implicated in the conspiracies then disturbing the Islands.
+
+The Spanish mail boat upon which Rizal finally sailed had among its
+passengers a sick Jesuit, to whose care Rizal devoted himself, and
+though most of the passengers were openly hostile to one whom they
+supposed responsible for the existing outbreak, his professional
+skill led several to avail themselves of his services. These were
+given with a deference to the ship's doctor which made that official
+an admirer and champion of his colleague.
+
+Three only of the passengers, however, were really friendly--one
+Juan Utor y Fernandez, a prominent Mason and republican, another
+ex-official in the Philippines who shared Utor's liberal views,
+and a young man whose father was republican.
+
+But if Rizal's chief adversaries were content that he should go where
+he would not molest them or longer jeopardize their interests, the
+rabble that had been excited by the hired newspaper advocates was
+not so easily calmed. Every one who felt that his picture had been
+painted among the lower Spanish types portrayed in "Noli Me Tangere"
+was loud for revenge. The clamor grew so great that it seemed possible
+to take advantage of it to displace General Blanco, who was not a
+convenient tool for the interests.
+
+So his promotion was bought, it is said, to get one Polavieja,
+a willing tool, in his place. As soon as this scheme was arranged,
+a cablegram ordering Rizal's arrest was sent; it overtook the steamer
+at Suez. Thus as a prisoner he completed his journey.
+
+But this had not been entirely unforeseen, for when the steamer reached
+Singapore, Rizal's companion on board, the Filipino millionaire Pedro
+P. Roxas, had deserted the ship, urging the ex-exile to follow his
+example. Rizal demurred, and said such flight would be considered
+confession of guilt, but he was not fully satisfied in his mind that
+he was safe. At each port of call his uncertainty as to what course
+to pursue manifested itself, for though he considered his duty to his
+country already done, and his life now his own, he would do nothing
+that suggested an uneasy conscience despite his lack of confidence
+in Spanish justice.
+
+At first, not knowing the course of events in Manila, he very naturally
+blamed Governor-General Blanco for bad faith, and spoke rather harshly
+of him in a letter to Doctor Blumentritt, an opinion which he changed
+later when the truth was revealed to him in Manila.
+
+Upon the arrival of the steamer in Barcelona the prisoner was
+transferred to Montjuich Castle, a political prison associated with
+many cruelties, there to await the sailing that very day of the
+Philippine mail boat. The Captain-General was the same Despujol
+who had decoyed Rizal into the power of the Spaniards four years
+before. An interesting interview of some hours' duration took place
+between the governor and the prisoner, in which the clear conscience
+of the latter seems to have stirred some sense of shame in the man
+who had so dishonorably deceived him.
+
+He never heard of the effort of London friends to deliver him at
+Singapore by means of habeas-corpus proceedings. Mr. Regidor furnished
+the legal inspiration and Mr. Baustead the funds for getting an opinion
+as to Rizal's status as a prisoner when in British waters, from Sir
+Edward Clarke, ex-solicitor-general of Great Britain. Captain Camus, a
+Filipino living in Singapore, was cabled to, money was made available
+in the Chartered Bank of Singapore, as Mr. Baustead's father's
+firm was in business in that city, and a lawyer, now Sir Hugh Fort,
+K.C., of London, was retained. Secretly, in order that the attempt,
+if unsuccessful, might not jeopardize the prisoner, a petition was
+presented to the Supreme Court of the Straits Settlements reciting the
+facts that Doctor Jose Rizal, according to the Philippine practice of
+punishing Freemasons without trial, was being deprived of his liberty
+without warrant of law upon a ship then within the jurisdiction of
+the court.
+
+According to Spanish law Rizal was being illegally held on the Spanish
+mail steamer Colon, for the Constitution of Spain forbade detention
+except on a judge's order, but like most Spanish laws the Constitution
+was not much respected by Spanish officials. Rizal had never had a
+hearing before any judge, nor had any charge yet been placed against
+him. The writ of habeas corpus was justified, provided the Colon were
+a merchant ship that would be subject to British law when in British
+port, but the mail steamer that carried Rizal also had on board Spanish
+soldiers and flew the royal flag as if it were a national transport. No
+one was willing to deny that this condition made the ship floating
+Spanish territory, and the judge declined to issue the writ.
+
+Rizal reached Manila on November 3 and was at once transferred to
+Fort Santiago, at first being held in a dungeon "incomunicado" and
+later occupying a small cell on the ground floor. Its furnishings
+had to be supplied by himself and they consisted of a small rattan
+table, a high-backed chair, a steamer chair of the same material,
+and a cot of the kind used by Spanish officers--canvas top and
+collapsible frame which closed up lengthwise. His meals were sent in
+by his family, being carried by one of his former pupils at Dapitan,
+and such cooking or heating as was necessary was done on an alcohol
+lamp which had been presented to him in Paris by Mrs. Tavera.
+
+An unsuccessful effort had been made earlier to get evidence against
+Rizal by torturing his brother Paciano. For hours the elder brother had
+been seated at a table in the headquarters of the political police,
+a thumbscrew on one hand and pen in the other, while before him
+was a confession which would implicate Jose Rizal in the Katipunan
+uprising. The paper remained unsigned, though Paciano was hung up by
+the elbows till he was insensible, and then cut down that the fall
+might revive him. Three days of this maltreatment made him so ill
+that there was no possibility of his signing anything, and he was
+carted home.
+
+It would not be strictly accurate to say that at the close of the
+nineteenth century the Spaniards of Manila were using the same tortures
+that had made their name abhorrent in Europe three centuries earlier,
+for there was some progress; electricity was employed at times as
+an improved method of causing anguish, and the thumbscrews were much
+more neatly finished than those used by the Dons of the Dark Ages.
+
+Rizal did not approve of the rebellion and desired to issue a manifesto
+to those of his countrymen who had been deceived into believing that
+he was their leader. But the proclamation was not politic, for it
+contained none of those fulsomely flattering phrases which passed
+for patriotism in the feverish days of 1896. The address was not
+allowed to be made public but it was passed on to the prosecutor to
+form another count in the indictment of Jose Rizal for not esteeming
+Spanish civilization.
+
+The following address to some Filipinos shows more clearly and
+unmistakably than any words of mine exactly what was the state of
+Rizal's mind in this matter.
+
+
+COUNTRYMEN:
+
+On my return from Spain I learned that my name had been in use,
+among some who were in arms, as a war-cry. The news came as a painful
+surprise, but, believing it already closed, I kept silent over an
+incident which I considered irremediable. Now I notice indications of
+the disturbances continuing and if any still, in good or bad faith, are
+availing themselves of my name, to stop this abuse and undeceive the
+unwary I hasten to address you these lines that the truth may be known.
+
+From the very beginning, when I first had notice of what was being
+planned, I opposed it, fought it, and demonstrated its absolute
+impossibility. This is the fact, and witnesses to my words are now
+living. I was convinced that the scheme was utterly absurd, and,
+what was worse, would bring great suffering.
+
+I did even more. When later, against my advice, the movement
+materialized, of my own accord I offered not alone my good offices,
+but my very life, and even my name, to be used in whatever way
+might seem best, toward stifling the rebellion; for, convinced of
+the ills which it would bring, I considered myself fortunate if, at
+any sacrifice, I could prevent such useless misfortunes. This equally
+is of record. My countrymen, I have given proofs that I am one most
+anxious for liberties for our country, and I am still desirous of
+them. But I place as a prior condition the education of the people,
+that by means of instruction and industry our country may have an
+individuality of its own and make itself worthy of these liberties. I
+have recommended in my writings the study of the civic virtues,
+without which there is no redemption. I have written likewise (and I
+repeat my words) that reforms, to be beneficial, must come from above,
+that those which come from below are irregularly gained and uncertain.
+
+Holding these ideas, I cannot do less than condemn, and I do condemn
+this uprising--as absurd, savage, and plotted behind my back--which
+dishonors us Filipinos and discredits those who could plead our
+cause. I abhor its criminal methods and disclaim all part in it,
+pitying from the bottom of my heart the unwary who have been deceived.
+
+Return, then, to your homes, and may God pardon those who have worked
+in bad faith!
+
+Jose Rizal.
+
+Fort Santiago, December 15, 1896.
+
+
+Finally a court-martial was convened for Rizal's trial, in the
+Cuartel de Espana. No trained counsel was allowed to defend him,
+but a list of young army officers was presented from which he might
+select a nominal defender. Among the names was one which was familiar,
+Luis Taviel de Andrade, and he proved to be the brother of Rizal's
+companion during his visit to the Philippines in 1887-88. The young
+man did his best and risked unpopularity in order to be loyal to
+his client. His defense reads pitiably weak in these days but it was
+risky then to say even so much.
+
+The judge advocate in a ridiculously bombastic effusion gave an
+alleged sketch of Rizal's life which showed ignorance of almost every
+material event, and then formulated the first precise charge against
+the prisoner, which was that he had founded an illegal society,
+alleging that the Liga Filipina had for its sole object to commit
+the crime of rebellion.
+
+The second charge was that Rizal was responsible for the existing
+rebellion, having caused it, bringing it on by his unceasing labors. An
+aggravating circumstance was found in the prisoner's being a native
+of the Philippines.
+
+The penalty of death was asked of the court, and in the event of pardon
+being granted by the crown, the prisoner should at least remain under
+surveillance for the rest of his life and pay as damages 20,000 pesos.
+
+The arguments are so absurd, the bias of the court so palpable, that
+it is not worth while to discuss them. The parallel proceedings in
+the military trial and execution of Francisco Ferret in Barcelona in
+1909 caused worldwide indignation, and the illegality of almost every
+step, according to Spanish law, was shown in numerous articles in
+the European and American press. Rizal's case was even more brazenly
+unfair, but Manila was too remote and the news too carefully censored
+for the facts to become known.
+
+The prisoner's arms were tied, corded from elbow to elbow behind
+his back, and thus he sat through the weary trial while the public
+jeered him and clamored for his condemnation as the bloodthirsty
+crowds jeered and clamored in the French Reign of terror.
+
+Then came the verdict and the prisoner was invited to acknowledge
+the regularity of the proceedings in the farcical trial by signing
+the record. To this Rizal demurred, but after a vain protest, affixed
+his signature.
+
+He was at once transferred to the Fort chapel, there to pass the last
+twenty-four hours of his life in preparing for death. The military
+chaplain offered his services, which were courteously declined, but
+when the Jesuits came, those instructors of his youth were eagerly
+welcomed.
+
+Rizal's trial had awakened great interest and accounts of everything
+about the prisoner were cabled by eager correspondents to the Madrid
+newspapers. One of the newspaper men who visited Rizal in his cell
+mentions the courtesy of his reception, and relates how the prisoner
+played the host and insisted on showing his visitor those attentions
+which Spanish politeness considers due to a guest, saying that these
+must be permitted, for he was in his own home. The interviewer found
+the prisoner perfectly calm and natural, serious of course, but not
+at all overwhelmed by the near prospect of death, and in discussing
+his career Rizal displayed that dispassionate attitude toward his
+own doings that was characteristic of him. Almost as though speaking
+of a stranger he mentioned that if Archbishop Nozaleda's sane view
+had been taken and "Noli Me Tangere" not preached against, he would
+not have been in prison, and perhaps the rebellion would never have
+occurred. It is easy for us to recognize that the author referred to
+the misconception of his novel, which had arisen from the publication
+of the censor's extracts, which consisted of whatever could be
+construed into coming under one of the three headings of attacks on
+religion, attacks on government, and reflections on Spanish character,
+without the slightest regard to the context.
+
+But the interviewer, quite honestly, reported Rizal to be regretting
+his novel instead of regretting its miscomprehension, and he seems
+to have been equally in error in the way he mistook Rizal's meaning
+about the republicans in Spain having led him astray.
+
+Rizal's exact words are not given in the newspaper account, but it is
+not likely that a man would make admissions in a newspaper interview,
+which if made formally, would have saved his life. Rizal's memory
+has one safeguard against the misrepresentations which the absence
+of any witnesses favorable to him make possible regarding his last
+moments: a political retraction would have prevented his execution,
+and since the execution did take place, it is reasonable to believe
+that Rizal died holding the views for which he had expressed himself
+willing to suffer martyrdom.
+
+Yet this view does not reflect upon the good faith of the reporter. It
+is probable that the prisoner was calling attention to the illogical
+result that, though he had disregarded the advice of the radical
+Spaniards who urged him to violent measures, his peaceable agitation
+had been misunderstood and brought him to the same situation as though
+he had actually headed a rebellion by arms. His slighting opinion
+of his great novel was the view he had always held, for like all
+men who do really great things, he was the reverse of a braggart,
+and in his remark that he had attempted to do great things without
+the capacity for gaining success, one recognizes his remembrance of
+his mother's angry prophecy foretelling failure in all he undertook.
+
+His family waited long outside the Governor-General's place to ask
+a pardon, but in vain; General Polavieja had to pay the price of his
+appointment and refused to see them.
+
+The mother and sisters, however, were permitted to say farewell to
+Rizal in the chapel, under the eyes of the death-watch. The prisoner
+had been given the unusual privilege of not being tied, but he was
+not allowed to approach near his relatives, really for fear that
+he might pass some writing to them--the pretext was made that Rizal
+might thus obtain the means for committing suicide.
+
+To his sister Trinidad Rizal spoke of having nothing to give her
+by way of remembrance except the alcohol cooking lamp which he had
+been using, a gift, as he mentioned, from Mrs. Tavera. Then he added
+quickly, in English, so that the listening guard would not understand,
+"There is something inside."
+
+The other events of Rizal's last twenty-four hours, for he went in to
+the chapel at seven in the morning of the day preceding his execution,
+are perplexing. What purported to be a detailed account was promptly
+published in Barcelona, on Jesuit authority, but one must not forget
+that Spaniards are not of the phlegmatic disposition which makes for
+accuracy in minute matters and even when writing history they are
+dramatically ificlined. So while the truthfulness, that is the intent
+to be fair, may not be questioned, it would not be strange if those who
+wrote of what happened in the chapel in Fort Santiago during Rizal's
+last hours did not escape entirely from the influence of the national
+characteristics. In the main their narrative is to be accepted,
+but the possibility of unconscious coloring should not be disregarded.
+
+In substance it is alleged that Rizal greeted his old instructors
+and other past acquaintances in a friendly way. He asked for copies
+of the Gospels and the writings of Thomas-a-Kempis, desired to be
+formally married to Josefina, and asked to be allowed to confess. The
+Jesuits responded that first it would be necessary to investigate
+how far his beliefs conformed to the Roman Catholic teachings. Their
+catechizing convinced them that he was not orthodox and a religious
+debate ensued in which Rizal, after advancing all known arguments,
+was completely vanquished. His marriage was made contingent upon his
+signing a retraction of his published heresies.
+
+The Archbishop had prepared a form which the Jesuits believed
+Rizal would be little likely to sign, and they secured permission
+to substitute a shorter one of their own which included only the
+absolute essentials for reconciliation with the Church, and avoided all
+political references. They say that Rizal objected only to a disavowal
+of Freemasonry, stating that in England, where he held his membership,
+the Masonic institution was not hostile to the Church. After some
+argument, he waived this point and wrote out, at a Jesuit's dictation,
+the needed retraction, adding some words to strengthen it in parts,
+indicating his Catholic education and that the act was of his own
+free will and accord.
+
+The prisoner, the priests, and all the Spanish officials present knelt
+at the altar, at Rizal's suggestion, while he read his retraction
+aloud. Afterwards he put on a blue scapular, kissed the image of
+the Sacred Heart he had carved years before, heard mass as when
+a student in the Ateneo, took communion, and read his a-Kempis or
+prayed in the intervals. He took breakfast with the Spanish officers,
+who now regarded him very differently. At six Josefina entered and
+was married to him by Father Balanguer.
+
+Now in this narrative there are some apparent discrepancies. Mention is
+made of Rizal having in an access of devotion signed in a devotionary
+all the acts of faith, and it is said that this book was given to one
+of his sisters. His chapel gifts to his family have been examined,
+but though there is a book of devotion, "The Anchor of Faith," it
+contains no other signature than the presentation on a flyleaf. As
+to the religious controversy: while in Dapitan Rizal carried on with
+Father Pio Pi, the Jesuit superior, a lengthy discussion involving the
+interchange of many letters, but he succeeded in fairly maintaining
+his views, and these views would hardly have caused him to be called
+Protestant in the Roman Catholic churches of America. Then the
+theatrical reading aloud of his retraction before the altar does not
+conform to Rizal's known character. As to the anti-Masonic arguments,
+these appear to be from a work by Monsignor Dupanloup and therefore
+were not new to Rizal; furthermore, the book was in his own library.
+
+Again, it seems strange that Rizal should have asserted that his
+Masonic membership was in London when in visiting St. John's Lodge,
+Scotch Constitution, in Hongkong in November of 1891, since which
+date he had not been in London, he registered as from "Temple du
+honneur de les amis francais," an old-established Paris lodge.
+
+Also the sister Lucia, who was said to have been a witness of the
+marriage, is not positive that it occurred, having only seen the
+priest at the altar in his vestments. The record of the marriage
+has been stated to be in the Manila Cathedral, but it is not there,
+and as the Jesuit in officiating would have been representing the
+military chaplain, the entry should have been in the Fort register,
+now in Madrid. Rizal's burial, too, does not indicate that he died
+in the faith, yet it with the marriage has been used as an argument
+for proving that the retraction must have been made.
+
+The retraction itself appears in two versions, with slight
+differences. No one outside the Spanish faction has ever seen
+the original, though the family nearly got into trouble by their
+persistence in trying to get sight of it after its first publication.
+
+The foregoing might suggest some disbelief, but in fact they are only
+proofs of the remarks already made about the Spanish carelessness in
+details and liking for the dramatic.
+
+The writer believes Rizal made a retraction, was married canonically,
+and was given what was intended to be Christian burial.
+
+The grounds for this belief rest upon the fact that he seems never
+to have been estranged in faith from the Roman Catholic Church,
+but he objected only to certain political and mercenary abuses. The
+first retraction is written in his style and it certainly contains
+nothing he could not have signed in Dapitan. In fact, Father Obach
+says that when he wanted to marry Josefina on her first arrival there,
+Rizal prepared a practically similar statement. Possibly the report of
+that priest aided in outlining the draft which the Jesuits substituted
+for the Archbishop's form. There is no mention of evasions or mental
+reservations and Rizal's renunciation of Masonry might have been
+qualified by the quibble that it was "the Masonry which was an enemy
+of the Church" that he was renouncing. Then since his association
+(not affiliation) had been with Masons not hostile to religion,
+he was not abandoning these.
+
+The possibility of this line of thought having suggested itself to
+him appears in his evasions on the witness-stand at his trial. Though
+he answered with absolute frankhess whatever concerned himself and in
+everyday life was almost quixotically truthful, when cross-examined
+about others who would be jeopardized by admitting his acquaintance
+with them, he used the subterfuge of the symbolic names of his Masonic
+acquaintances. Thus he would say, "I know no one by that name," since
+care was always taken to employ the symbolic names in introductions
+and conversations.
+
+Rizal's own symbolic name was "Dimas Alang"--Tagalog for "Noli
+Me Tangere"--and his nom de plume in some of his controversial
+publications. The use of that name by one of his companions on the
+railroad trip to Tarlac entirely mystified a station master, as appears
+in the secret report of the espionage of that trip, which just preceded
+his deportation to Dapitan. Another possible explanation is that, since
+Freemasonry professes not to disturb the duties which its members owe
+to God, their country or their families, he may have considered himself
+as a good Mason under obligation to do whatever was demanded by these
+superior interests, all three of which were at this time involved.
+
+The argument that it was his pride that restrained him suggested to
+Rizal the possibility of his being unconsciously under an influence
+which during his whole life he had been combating, and he may have
+considered that his duty toward God required the sacrifice of this
+pride.
+
+For his country his sacrifice would have been blemished were any
+religious stigma to attach to it. He himself had always been careful
+of his own good name, and as we have said elsewhere, he told his
+companions that in their country's cause whatever they offered on the
+altars of patriotism must be as spotless as the sacrificial lambs of
+Levitical law.
+
+Furthermore, his work for a tranquil future for his family would be
+unfulfilled were he to die outside the Church. Josefina's anomalous
+status, justifiable when all the facts were known, would be sure
+to bring criticism upon her unless corrected by the better defined
+position of a wife by a church marriage. Then the aged parents and
+the numerous children of his sisters would by his act be saved the
+scandal that in a country so mediaevally pious as the Philippines
+would come from having their relative die "an unrepentant heretic."
+
+Rizal had received from the Jesuits, while in prison, several religious
+books and pictures, which he used as remembrances for members of his
+family, writing brief dedications upon them. Then he said good-by to
+Josefina, asking in a low voice some question to which she answered
+in English, "Yes, yes," and aloud inquiring how she would be able to
+gain a living, since all his property had been seized by the Spanish
+government to satisfy the 20,000 pesetas costs which was included in
+the sentence of death against him. Her reply was that she could earn
+money giving lessons in English.
+
+The journey from the Fort to the place of execution, then Bagumbayan
+Field, now called the Luneta, was on foot. His arms were tied tightly
+behind his back, and he was surrounded by a heavy guard. The Jesuits
+accompanied him and some of his Dapitan schoolboys were in the crowd,
+while one friendly voice, that of a Scotch merchant still resident
+in Manila, called out in English, "Good-by, Rizal."
+
+The route was along the Malecon Drive where as a college student he
+had walked with his fiancee, Leonora. Above the city walls showed the
+twin towers of the Ateneo, and when he asked about them, for they were
+not there in his boyhood days, he spoke of the happy years that he
+had spent in the old school. The beauty of the morning, too, appealed
+to him, and may have recalled an experience of his '87 visit when he
+said to a friend whom he met on the beach during an early morning walk:
+"Do you know that I have a sort of foreboding that some such sunshiny
+morning as this I shall be out here facing a firing squad?"
+
+Troops held back the crowds and left a large square for the tragedy,
+while artillery behind them was ready for suppressing any attempt at
+rescuing the prisoner. None came, however, for though Rizal's brother
+Paciano had joined the insurrectionary forces in Cavite when the death
+sentence showed there was no more hope for Jose, he had discouraged
+the demonstration that had been planned as soon as he learned how
+scantily the insurgents were armed, hardly a score of serviceable
+firearms being in the possession of their entire "army."
+
+The firing squad was of Filipino soldiers, while behind them, better
+armed, were Spaniards in case these tried to evade the fratricidal
+part assigned them. Rizal's composure aroused the curiosity of a
+Spanish military surgeon standing by and he asked, "Colleague, may
+I feel your pulse?" Without other reply the prisoner twisted one of
+his hands as far from his body as the cords which bound him allowed,
+so that the other doctor could place his fingers on the wrist. The
+beats were steady and showed neither excitement nor fear, was the
+report made ater.
+
+His request to be allowed to face his executioners was denied as being
+out of the power of the commanding officer to grant, though Rizal
+declared that he did not deserve such a death, for he was no traitor
+to Spain. It was promised, however, that his head should be respected,
+and as unblindfolded and erect Rizal turned his back to receive their
+bullets, he twisted a hand to indicate under the shoulder where the
+soldiers should aim so as to reach his heart. Then as the volley came,
+with a last supreme effort of will power, he turned and fell face
+upwards, thus receiving the subsequent "shots of grace" which ended his
+life, so that in form as well as fact he did not die a traitor's death.
+
+The Spanish national air was played, that march of Cadiz which should
+have recalled a violated constitution, for by the laws of Spain itself
+Rizal was illegally executed.
+
+Vivas, laughter and applause were heard, for it had been the social
+event of the day, with breakfasting parties on the walls and on
+the carriages, full of interested onlookers of both sexes, lined up
+conveniently near for the sightseeing.
+
+The troops defiled past the dead body, as though reviewed by it,
+for the most commanding figure of all was that which lay lifeless,
+but the center of all eyes. An officer, realizing the decency due to
+death, drew his handkerchief from the dead man's pocket and spread
+the silk over the calm face. A crimson stain soon marked the whiteness
+emblematic of the pure life that had just ended, and with the glorious
+blue overhead, the tricolor of Liberty, which had just claimed another
+martyr, was revealed in its richest beauty.
+
+Sir Hugh Clifford (now Governor of Ceylon), in Blackwood's Magazine,
+"The Story of Jose Rizal, the Filipino; A Fragment of Recent Asiatic
+History," comments as follows on the disgraceful doing of that day:
+
+"It was," he writes, "early morning, December 30, 1896, and the bright
+sunshine of the tropics streamed down upon the open space, casting
+hard fantastic shadows, and drenching with its splendor two crowds
+of sightseers. The one was composed of Filipinos, cowed, melancholy,
+sullen, gazing through hopeless eyes at the final scene in the life of
+their great countryman--the man who had dared to champion their cause,
+and to tell the world the story of their miseries; the other was blithe
+of air, gay with the uniforms of officers and the bright dresses of
+Spanish ladies, the men jesting and laughing, the women shamelessly
+applauding with waving handkerchiefs and clapping palms, all alike
+triumphing openly in the death of the hated 'Indian,' the 'brother
+of the water-buffalo,' whose insolence had wounded their pride.
+
+* * * Turning away, sick at heart, from the contemplation of this
+bitter tragedy, it is with a thrill of almost vindictive satisfaction
+that one remembers that less than eighteen months later the Luneta
+echoed once more to the sound of a mightier fusillade--the roar of
+the great guns with which the battle of Manila Bay was fought and won.
+
+* * *And if in the moment of his last supreme agony the power to probe
+the future had been vouchsafed to Jose Rizal, would he not have died
+happy in the knowledge that the land he loved so dearly was very soon
+to be transferred into such safekeeping?"
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+The After-Life in Memory
+
+An hour or so after the shooting a dead-wagon from San Juan de Dios
+Hospital took Rizal's body to Paco Cemetery. The civil governor of
+Manila was in charge and there also were present the members of a
+Church society whose duty it was to attend executions.
+
+Rizal had been wearing a black suit which he had obtained for his
+European trip, and a derby hat, not only appropriate for a funeral
+occasion because of their somber color, but also more desirable
+than white both for the full day's wear, since they had to be put
+on before the twenty-four hours in the chapel, and for the lying on
+the ground which would follow the execution of the sentence. A plain
+box inclosed the remains thus dressed, for even the hat was picked
+up and encoffined.
+
+No visitors were admitted to the cemetery while the interment was
+going on, and for several weeks after guards watched over the grave,
+lest Filipinos might come by night to steal away the body and apportion
+the clothing among themselves as relics of a martyr. Even the exact
+spot of the interment was intended to be unknown, but friends of the
+family were among the attendants at the burial and dropped into the
+grave a marble slab which had been furnished them, bearing the initials
+of the full baptismal name, Jose Protasio Rizal, in reversed order.
+
+The entry of the burial, like that of three of his followers of the
+Liga Filipina who were among the dozen executed a fortnight later,
+was on the back flyleaf of the cemetery register, with three or four
+words of explanation later erased and now unknown. On the previous
+page was the entry of a suicide's death, and following it is that of
+the British Consul who died on the eve of Manila's surrender and whose
+body, by the Archbishop's permission, was stored in a Paco niche till
+it could be removed to the Protestant (foreigners') cemetery at San
+Pedro Macati.
+
+The day of Rizal's execution, the day of his birth and the day of
+his first leaving his native land was a Wednesday. All that night,
+and the next day, the celebration continued the volunteers, who
+were particularly responsible, like their fellows in Cuba, for the
+atrocities which disgraced Spain's rule in the Philippines, being
+especially in evidence. It was their clamor that had made the bringing
+back of Rizal possible, their demands for his death had been most
+prominent in his so-called trial, and now they were praising themselves
+for their "patriotism." The landlords had objected to having their land
+titles questioned and their taxes raised. The other friar orders, as
+well as these, were opposed to a campaign which sought their transfer
+from profitable parishes to self-sacrificing missionary labors. But
+probably none of them as organizations desired Rizal's death.
+
+Rizal's old teachers wished for the restoration of their former
+pupil to the faith of his childhood, from which they believed he had
+departed. Through Despujol they seem to have worked for an opportunity
+for influencing him, yet his death was certainly not in their plans.
+
+Some Filipinos, to save themselves, tried to complicate Rizal with the
+Katipunan uprising by palpable falsehoods. But not every man is heroic
+and these can hardly be blamed, for if all the alleged confessions
+were not secured by actual torture, they were made through fear of
+it, since in 1896 there was in Manila the legal practice of causing
+bodily suffering by mediaeval methods supplemented by torments devised
+by modern science.
+
+Among the Spaniards in Manila then, reenforced by those whom
+the uprising had frightened out of the provinces, were a few who
+realized that they belonged among the classes caricatured in Rizal's
+novels--some incompetent, others dishonest, cruel ones, the illiterate,
+wretched specimens that had married outside their race to get money
+and find wives who would not know them for what they were, or drunken
+husbands of viragoes. They came to the Philippines because they were
+below the standard of their homeland. These talked the loudest and
+thus dominated the undisciplined volunteers. With nothing divine about
+them, since they had not forgotten, they did not forgive. So when the
+Tondo "discoverer" of the Katipunan fancied he saw opportunity for
+promotion in fanning their flame of wrath, they claimed their victims,
+and neither the panic-stricken populace nor the weak-kneed government
+could withstand them.
+
+Once more it must be repeated that Spain has no monopoly of bad
+characters, nor suffers in the comparison of her honorable citizenship
+with that of other nationalities, but her system in the Philippines
+permitted abuses which good governments seek to avoid or, in the
+rare occasions when this is impossible, aim to punish. Here was the
+Spanish shortcoming, for these were the defects which made possible
+so strange a story as this biography unfolds. "Jose Rizal," said a
+recent Spanish writer, "was the living indictment of Spain's wretched
+colonial system."
+
+Rizal's family were scattered among the homes of friends brave enough
+to risk the popular resentment against everyone in any way identified
+with the victim of their prejudice.
+
+As New Year's eve approached, the bands ceased playing and the marchers
+stopped parading. Their enthusiasm had worn itself out in the two
+continuous days of celebration, and there was a lessening of the
+hospitality with which these "heroes" who had "saved the fatherland"
+at first had been entertained. Their great day of the year became of
+more interest than further remembrance of the bloody occurrence on
+Bagumbayan Field. To those who mourned a son and a brother the change
+must have come as a welcome relief, for even sorrow has its degrees,
+and the exultation over the death embittered their grief.
+
+To the remote and humble home where Rizal's widow and the sister
+to whom he had promised a parting gift were sheltered, the Dapitan
+schoolboy who had attended his imprisoned teacher brought an alcohol
+cooking-lamp. It was midnight before they dared seek the "something"
+which Rizal had said was inside. The alcohol was emptied from the tank
+and, with a convenient hairpin, a tightly folded and doubled piece of
+paper was dislodged from where it had been wedged in, out of sight,
+so that its rattling might not betray it.
+
+It was a single sheet of notepaper bearing verses in Rizal's well-known
+handwriting and familiar style. Hastily the young boy copied them,
+making some minor mistakes owing to his agitation and unfamiliarity
+with the language, and the copy, without explanation, was mailed to
+Mr. Basa in Hongkong. Then the original was taken by the two women with
+their few possessions and they fled to join the insurgents in Cavite.
+
+The following translation of these verses was made by Charles
+Derbyshire:
+
+
+  My Last Farewell
+
+  Farewell, dear Fatherland, clime of the sun caress'd,
+  Pearl of the Orient seas, our Eden lost!
+  Gladly now I go to give thee this faded life's best,
+  And were it brighter, fresher, or more blest,
+  Still would I give it thee, nor count the cost.
+
+  On the field of battle, 'mid the frenzy of fight,
+  Others have given their lives, without doubt or heed;
+  The place matters not--cypress or laurel or lily white,
+  Scaffold of open plain, combat or martyrdom's plight,
+  'Tis ever the same, to serve our home and country's need.
+
+  I die just when I see the dawn break,
+  Through the gloom of night, to herald the day;
+  And if color is lacking my blood thou shalt take,
+  Pour'd out at need for thy dear sake,
+  To dye with its crimson the waking ray.
+
+  My dreams, when life first opened to me,
+  My dreams, when the hopes of youth beat high,
+  Were to see thy lov'd face, O gem of the Orient sea,
+  From gloom and grief, from care and sorrow free;
+  No blush on thy brow, no tear in thine eye
+
+  Dream of my life, my living and burning desire,
+  All hail! cries the soul that is now to take flight;
+  All hail! And sweet it is for thee to expire;
+  To die for thy sake, that thou mayst aspire;
+  And sleep in thy bosom eternity's long night.
+
+  If over my grave some day thou seest grow,
+  In the grassy sod, a humble flower,
+  Draw it to thy lips and kiss my soul so,
+  While I may feel on my brow in the cold tomb below
+  The touch of thy tenderness, thy breath's warm power.
+
+  Let the moon beam over me soft and serene,
+  Let the dawn shed over me its radiant flashes,
+  Let the wind with sad lament over me keen;
+  And if on my cross a bird should be seen,
+  Let it trill there its hymn of peace to my ashes.
+
+  Let the sun draw the vapors up to the sky,
+  And heavenward in purity bear my tardy protest;
+  Let some kind soul o'er my untimely fate sigh,
+  And in the still evening a prayer be lifted on high
+  From thee, O my country, that in God I may rest.
+
+  Pray for all those that hapless have died,
+  For all who have suffered the unmeasur'd pain;
+  For our mothers that bitterly their woes have cried,
+  For widows and orphans, for captives by torture tried;
+  And then for thyself that redemption thou mayst gain.
+
+  And when the dark night wraps the graveyard around,
+  With only the dead in their vigil to see;
+  Break not my repose or the mystery profound,
+  And perchance thou mayst hear a sad hymn resound;
+  'Tis I, O my country, raising a song unto thee.
+
+  When even my grave is remembered no more,
+  Unmark'd by never a cross nor a stone;
+  Let the plow sweep through it, the spade turn it o'er,
+  That my ashes may carpet thy earthly floor,
+  Before into nothingness at last they are blown.
+
+  Then will oblivion bring to me no care,
+  As over thy vales and plains I sweep;
+  Throbbing and cleansed in thy space and air,
+  With color and light, with song and lament I fare,
+  Ever repeating the faith that I keep.
+
+  My Fatherland ador'd, that sadness to my sorrow lends,
+  Beloved Filipinas, hear now my last good-by!
+  I give thee all: parents and kindred and friends;
+  For I go where no slave before the oppressor bends,
+  Where faith can never kill, and God reigns e'er on high!
+
+  Farewell to you all, from my soul torn away,
+  Friends of my childhood in the home dispossessed!
+  Give thanks that I rest from the wearisome day!
+  Farewell to thee, too, sweet friend that lightened my way;
+  Beloved creatures all, farewell! In death there is rest!
+
+
+
+For some time such belongings of Rizal as had been intrusted to
+Josefina had been in the care of the American Consul in Manila
+for as the adopted daughter of the American Taufer she had claimed
+his protection. Stories are told of her as a second Joan of Arc,
+but it is not likely that one of the few rifles which the insurgents
+had would be turned over to a woman. After a short experience in the
+field, much of it spent in nursing her sister-in-law through a fever,
+Mrs. Rizal returned to Manila. Then came a brief interview with the
+Governor-General. He had learned that his "administrative powers"
+to exile without trial did not extend to foreigners, but by advice
+of her consul she soon sailed for Hongkong.
+
+Mrs. Rizal at first lived in the Basa home and received
+considerable attention from the Filipino colony. There was too
+great a difference between the freedom accorded Englishwomen and the
+restraints surrounding Spanish ladies however, to avoid difficulties
+and misunderstandings, for very long. She returned to her adopted
+father's house and after his death married Vicente Abad, a Cebuan,
+son of a Spaniard who had been prominent in the Tabacalera Company
+and had become an agent of theirs in Hongkong after he had completed
+his studies there.
+
+Two weeks after Rizal's execution a dozen other members of his
+"Liga Filipina" were executed on the Luneta. One was a millionaire,
+Francisco Roxas, who had lost his mind, and believing that he was in
+church, calmly spread his handkerchief on the ground and knelt upon
+it as had been his custom in childhood. An old man, Moises Salvador,
+had been crippled by torture so that he could not stand and had to
+be laid upon the grass to be shot. The others met their death standing.
+
+That bravery and cruelty do not usually go together was amply
+demonstrated in Polavieja's case and by the volunteers. The latter
+once showed their patriotism, after a banquet, by going to the water's
+edge on the Luneta and firing volleys at the insurgents across the
+bay, miles away. The General was relieved of his command after he had
+fortified a camp with siege guns against the bolo-armed insurgents,
+who, however, by captures from the Spaniards were gradually becoming
+better equipped. But he did not escape condemnation from his own
+countrymen, and when he visited Giron, years after he had returned to
+the Peninsula, circulars were distributed among the crowd, bearing
+Rizal's last verses, his portrait, and the charge that to Polavieja
+was due the loss of the Philippines to Spain.
+
+The Katipunan insurgents in time were bought off by General Primo de
+Rivera, once more returned to the Islands for further plunder. The
+money question does not concern Rizal's life, but his prediction of
+suffering to the country came true, for while the leaders with the
+first payment and hostages for their own safety sailed away to live
+securely in Hongkong, the poorer people who remained suffered the
+vengeance of a government which seems never to have kept a promise to
+its people. Whether reforms were pledged is disputed, but if any were,
+they never were put into effect. No more money was paid, and the first
+instalment, preserved by the prudent leaders, equipped them when,
+owing to Dewey's victory, they were enabled to return to their country.
+
+On the first anniversary of Rizal's execution some Spaniards desecrated
+the grave, while on one of the niches, rented for the purpose, many
+feet away, the family hung wreaths with Tagalog dedications but
+no name.
+
+August 13, 1898, the Spanish flag came down from Fort Santiago in
+evidence of the surrender of the city. At the first opportunity
+Paco Cemetery was visited and Rizal's body raised for a more decent
+interment. Vainly his shoes were searched for a last message which
+he had said might be concealed there, for the dampness had made any
+paper unrecognizable. Then a simple cross was erected, resting on a
+marble block carved, as had been the smaller one which secretly had
+first marked the spot, with the reversed initials "R. P. J."
+
+The first issue of a Filipino newspaper under the new government was
+entirely dedicated to Rizal. The second anniversary of his execution
+was observed with general unanimity, his countrymen demonstrating that
+those who were seeing the dawn of the new day were not forgetful of
+the greatest of those who had fallen in the night, to paraphrase his
+own words.
+
+His widow returned and did live by giving lessons in English, at first
+privately in Cebu, where one of her pupils was the present and first
+Speaker of the Philippine Assembly, and afterwards as a government
+employee in the public schools and in the "Liceo" of Manila.
+
+With the establishment of civil government a new province was formed
+near Manila, including the land across the lake to which, as a lad
+in Kalamba, Rizal had often wonderingly looked, and the name of Rizal
+Province was given it.
+
+Later when public holidays were provided for by the new laws, the
+anniversary of Rizal's execution was in the list, and it has become the
+great day of the year, with the entire community uniting, for Spaniards
+no longer consider him to have been a traitor to Spain and the American
+authorities have founded a government in conformity with his teachings.
+
+On one of these occasions, December 30, 1905, William Jennings Bryan,
+"The Great American Commoner," gave the Rizal Day address, in the
+course of which he said:
+
+"If you will permit me to draw one lesson from the life of Rizal,
+I will say that he presents an example of a great man consecrated
+to his country's welfare. He, though dead, is a living rebuke to the
+scholar who selfishly enjoys the privilege of an ample education and
+does not impart the benefits of it to his fellows. His example is worth
+much to the people of these Islands, to the child who reads of him,
+to the young and old."
+
+The fiftieth anniversary of Rizal's birth was observed throughout the
+Archipelago with exercises in every community by public schools now
+organized along the lines he wished, to make self-dependent, capable
+men and women, strong in body as in mind, knowing and claiming their
+own rights, and recognizing and respecting those of others.
+
+His father died early in the year that the flags changed, but the
+mother lived to see honor done her son and to prove herself as worthy,
+for when the Philippine Legislature wanted to set aside a considerable
+sum for her use, she declined it with the true and rightfully
+proud assertion, that her family had never been patriotic for
+money. Her funeral, in 1911, was an occasion of public mourning, the
+Governor-General, Legislature and chief men of the Islands attending,
+and all public business being suspended by proclamation for the day.
+
+A capitol for the representatives of the free people of the
+Philippines, and worthy of the pioneer democratic government in the
+Orient, is soon to be erected on the Luneta, facing the big Rizal
+monument which will mark the place of execution of the man who gave
+his life to prepare his countrymen for the changed conditions.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NOTES
+
+[1] -- I take the liberty, here, of citing an instance of this. In
+1861, when I found myself on the West Coast of Mexico, a dozen
+backwoods families determined upon settling in Sonora (forming an
+oasis in the desert); a plan which was frustrated by the invasion
+at that time of the European powers. Many native farmers awaited
+the arrival of these immigrants in order to take them under their
+protection. The value of land in consequence of the announcement of
+the project rose very considerably.
+
+[2] -- See Appendix.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Lineage, Life and Labors of Jose Rizal,
+Philippine Patriot, by Austin Craig
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Lineage, Life and Labors of Jose Rizal,
+Philippine Patriot, by Austin Craig
+
+Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the
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+*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!*****
+
+
+Title: Lineage, Life and Labors of Jose Rizal, Philippine Patriot
+
+Author: Austin Craig
+
+Release Date: November, 2004 [EBook #6867]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on February 2, 2003]
+
+Edition: 10
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOSE RIZAL ***
+
+
+
+
+Text prepared by Jeroen Hellingman,
+with help of the distributed proofreading website.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+LINEAGE LIFE AND LABORS
+of
+JOSÉ RIZAL
+PHILIPPINE PATRIOT
+
+A Study of the Growth of Free Ideas in the Trans-Pacific American
+Territory
+
+BY
+
+AUSTIN CRAIG
+ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ORIENTAL HISTORY
+UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
+
+AUTHOR OF "THE STUDY OF JOSÉ RIZAL,"
+"EL LINEAJE DEL DOCTOR RIZAL," ETC.
+
+INTRODUCTION BY
+JAMES ALEXANDER ROBERTSON, L.H.D.
+
+
+MANILA
+PHILIPPINE EDUCATION COMPANY
+1913
+
+
+
+
+
+DEDICATION
+
+To the Philippine Youth
+
+The subject of Doctor Rizal's first prize-winning poem was The
+Philippine Youth, and its theme was "Growth." The study of the growth
+of free ideas, as illustrated in this book of his lineage, life and
+labors, may therefore fittingly be dedicated to the "fair hope of
+the fatherland."
+
+Except in the case of some few men of great genius, those who are
+accustomed to absolutism cannot comprehend democracy. Therefore our
+nation is relying on its young men and young women; on the rising,
+instructed generation, for the secure establishment of popular
+self-government in the Philippines. This was Rizal's own idea, for
+he said, through the old philosopher in "Noli me Tangere," that he
+was not writing for his own generation but for a coming, instructed
+generation that would understand his hidden meaning.
+
+Your public school education gives you the democratic view-point,
+which the genius of Rizal gave him; in the fifty-five volumes of
+the Blair-Robertson translation of Philippine historical material
+there is available today more about your country's past than the
+entire contents of the British Museum afforded him; and you have the
+guidance in the new paths that Rizal struck out, of the life of a
+hero who, farsightedly or providentially, as you may later decide,
+was the forerunner of the present régime.
+
+But you will do as he would have done, neither accept anything because
+it is written, nor reject it because it does not fall in with your
+prejudices--study out the truth for yourselves.
+
+
+
+Introduction
+
+In writing a biography, the author, if he be discriminating, selects,
+with great care, the salient features of the life story of the one whom
+he deems worthy of being portrayed as a person possessed of preëminent
+qualities that make for a character and greatness. Indeed to write
+biography at all, one should have that nice sense of proportion that
+makes him instinctively seize upon only those points that do advance
+his theme. Boswell has given the world an example of biography that
+is often wearisome in the extreme, although he wrote about a man
+who occupied in his time a commanding position. Because Johnson was
+Johnson the world accepts Boswell, and loves to talk of the minuteness
+of Boswell's portrayal, yet how many read him, or if they do read him,
+have the patience to read him to the end?
+
+In writing the life of the greatest of the Filipinos, Mr. Craig has
+displayed judgment. Saturated as he is with endless details of Rizal's
+life, he has had the good taste to select those incidents or those
+phases of Rizal's life that exhibit his greatness of soul and that
+show the factors that were the most potent in shaping his character
+and in controlling his purposes and actions.
+
+A biography written with this chastening of wealth cannot fail to
+be instructive and worthy of study. If one were to point out but
+a single benefit that can accrue from a study of biography written
+as Mr. Craig has done that of Rizal, he would mention, I believe,
+that to the character of the student, for one cannot study seriously
+about men of character without being affected by that study. As
+leading to an understanding of the character of Rizal, Mr. Craig has
+described his ancestry with considerable fulness and has shown how the
+selective principle has worked through successive generations. But
+he has also realized the value of the outside influences and shows
+how the accidents of birth and nation affected by environment plus
+mental vigor and will produced José Rizal. With a strikingly meager
+setting of detail, Rizal has been portrayed from every side and the
+reader must leave the biography with a knowledge of the elements
+that entered into and made his life. As a study for the youth of the
+Philippines, I believe this life of Rizal will be productive of good
+results. Stimulation and purpose are presented (yet not didactically)
+throughout its pages. One object of the author, I should say, has been
+to show how both Philippine history and world history helped shape
+Rizal's character. Accordingly, he has mentioned many historical
+matters both of Philippine and world-wide interest. One cannot read
+the book without a desire to know more of these matters. Thus the
+book is not only a biography, it is a history as well. It must give
+a larger outlook to the youth of the Philippines. The only drawback
+that one might find in it, and it seems paradoxical to say it, is
+the lack of more detail, for one leaves it wishing that he knew more
+of the actual intimate happenings, and this, I take it, is the best
+effect a biography can have on the reader outside of the instructive
+and moral value of the biography.
+
+JAMES A. ROBERTSON.
+
+MANILA, P. I.
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+
+Dedication. To the Philippine Youth
+Introduction
+I. America's Forerunner
+II. Rizal's Chinese Ancestry
+III. Liberalizing Hereditary Influences
+IV. Rizal's Early Childhood
+V. Jagor's Prophecy
+VI. The Period of Preparation
+VII. The Period of Propaganda
+VIII. Despujol's Duplicity
+IX. The Deportation to Dapitan
+X. Consummatum Est
+XI. The After Life In Memory
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+Portrait of Rizal Frontispiece
+Painted in oils by Felix Resurrection Hidalgo (in color).
+
+Philippine Money and Postage Stamps
+
+Portrait of Rizal
+Painted in oils by Juan Luna in Paris. Facsimile (in color).
+
+Columbus at Barcelona
+From a print in Rizal's scrapbook.
+
+Portrait Group
+Rizal at thirteen. Rizal at eighteen. Rizal in London. The portrait
+on the postage stamp.
+
+The Baptismal Record of Domingo Lam-co
+Facsimile.
+
+Portrait Group
+1. In Luna's home. 2. In 1890. 3. The portrait on the paper
+money. 4. In 1891. 5. In 1892.
+
+Pacific Ocean Spheres of Influence
+Made by Rizal during President Harrison's administration.
+
+Father of Rizal
+Portrait.
+
+Mother of Rizal
+Portrait.
+
+Rizal's Family-Tree
+Made by Rizal when in Dapitan.
+
+Birthplace of José Rizal
+From a photograph.
+
+Sketches by Rizal
+A group made during his travels.
+
+Bust of Rizal's Father
+Carved in wood by Rizal.
+
+The Church and Convento at Kalamba
+From a photograph.
+
+Father Leoncio Lopez
+From a photograph.
+
+The Lake District of Central Luzon
+Sketch made by Rizal.
+
+Rizal's Uncle, José Alberto
+From a photograph.
+
+Sir John Bowring, K.C.B.
+From an old print.
+
+José Del Pan of Manila
+From a photograph.
+
+Governor De La Torre
+From an old print.
+
+Archbishop Martinez
+From an old print.
+
+The Very Rev. James Burgos, D.D.
+From a photograph.
+
+Gen. F. T. Ward
+From a photograph.
+
+Monument to the "Ever-Victorious" Army, Shanghai
+From a photograph.
+
+Mrs. Rizal and Her Two Daughters
+From a photograph.
+
+Bilibid Prison
+From an old print.
+
+Model of a Head of a Dapitan Girl
+From a photograph.
+
+Memorial to José Alberto in the Church at Biñan
+From a photograph.
+
+Books from Rizal's Library
+From a photograph.
+
+Rizal's Carving of the Sacred Heart
+From a photograph.
+
+Bust of Father Guerrico, S. J.
+From a photograph.
+
+Two Views of a Composite Statuette by Rizal
+From photographs.
+
+Model in Clay of a Dapitan Woman
+From a photograph.
+
+Sketch of Himself in the Training Class
+Photograph from the original.
+
+Oil Painting of Rizal's Sister, Saturnina
+Photograph from the painting.
+
+Rizal's Parting View of Manila
+Pencil sketch by himself.
+
+Sketches: 1. Singapore Lighthouse. 2. Along the Suez Canal.
+3. Castle of St. Elmo
+From Rizal's sketch book.
+
+Studies of Passengers on the French Mail Steamer
+From Rizal's sketch book.
+
+Aden, May 28, 1882
+From Rizal's sketch book.
+
+Don Pablo Ortigas y Reyes
+From a photograph.
+
+First Lines of a Poem by Rizal to Miss Reyes
+Facsimile.
+
+Rizal in Juan Luna's Studio in Paris
+From a photograph.
+
+The Ruined Castle at Heidelberg
+From a photograph.
+
+Dr. Rudolf Virchow
+From a photograph.
+
+The House where Rizal Completed "Noli Me Tangere"
+From a photograph.
+
+Manuscript of "Noli Me Tangere"
+Facsimile.
+
+Portrait of Dr. F. Blumentritt
+Pencil sketch by Rizal.
+
+The Victory of Death over Life and of Science over Death
+Statuettes by Rizal from photographs.
+
+José T. De Andrade, Rizal's Bodyguard
+From an old print.
+
+José Maria Basa of Hongkong
+From a photograph.
+
+Imitations of Japanese Art
+From Rizal's sketch book.
+
+Dr. Antonio Maria Regidor
+From a photograph.
+
+A "Wheel of Fortune" Answer Book
+Facsimile.
+
+Dr. Reinhold Rost
+From a photograph.
+
+A Page from Andersen's Fairy Tales Translated by Rizal
+Facsimile.
+
+Dedication of Rizal's Translation of Andersen's Fairy Tales
+Facsimile.
+
+A Trilingual Letter by Rizal
+Facsimile.
+
+Morga's History in the British Museum
+From a photograph of the original.
+
+Application, Recommendation and Admission to the British Museum
+From photographs of the originals.
+
+"La Solidaridad"
+From photograph of the original.
+
+Staff of "La Solidaridad"
+From a photograph.
+
+Rizal Fencing with Luna in Paris
+From a photograph.
+
+General Weyler Known as "Butcher" Weyler
+From a photograph.
+
+Rizal's Parents during the Land Troubles
+From photographs.
+
+The Writ of Eviction against Rizal's Father
+Facsimile of the original.
+
+Room in which "El Filibusterismo" was Begun
+Pencil sketch by Rizal.
+
+First Page of the Manuscript of "El Filibusterismo"
+Facsimile from the original.
+
+Cover of the Manuscript of "El Filibusterismo"
+Facsimile of the original.
+
+Rizal's Professional Card when in Hongkong
+Facsimile of the original.
+
+Statuette Modeled by Rizal
+From a photograph.
+
+Don Eulogio Despujol
+From an old print.
+
+Proposed Settlement in Borneo
+Facsimile of original sketch.
+
+Rizal's Passport or "Safe Conduct"
+Photograph of the original.
+
+Part of Despujol's Private Inquiry
+Facsimile of the original.
+
+Case Secretly Filed against Rizal
+Facsimile of the original.
+
+Luis De La Torre, Secretary to Despujol
+From an old print.
+
+Regulations of La Liga Filipina
+Facsimile in Rizal's handwriting.
+
+The Calle Ilaya Monument to Rizal and La Liga Filipina
+From a photograph.
+
+Three New Species Discovered by Rizal and Named After Him
+From an engraving.
+
+Specimens Collected by Rizal and Father Sanchez
+From photographs.
+
+Statuette by Rizal, The Mother's Revenge
+From a photograph.
+
+Father Sanchez, S. J.
+From a photograph.
+
+Drawings of Fishes Caught at Dapitan
+Twelve facsimiles of Rizal's originals.
+
+Plan of the Water Works for Dapitan
+Facsimile of Rizal's sketch.
+
+Jewelry of Earliest Moro Converts
+From a photograph.
+
+Hill and Excavations where the Jewelry was Found
+Facsimile of a sketch by Rizal.
+
+List of Ethnographical Material
+Facsimile.
+
+The Blind Mr. Taufer
+From a photograph.
+
+Rizal's Father-in-Law
+From a photograph.
+
+Carved Portrait of Josefina Bracken
+From a photograph.
+
+Josefina Bracken's Baptismal Certificate
+Facsimile of the original.
+
+Josefina Bracken, Afterwards Mrs. José Rizal
+From a photograph.
+
+Leonora Rivera
+Pencil sketch by Rizal.
+
+Leonora Rivera at the Age of Fifteen
+From a photograph.
+
+Letter to His Nephew by Rizal
+Facsimile.
+
+Ethnographical Material Collected by Rizal
+From a print.
+
+Cell in which Rizal was Imprisoned
+From a photograph.
+
+Cuartel De España
+From a photograph.
+
+Luis T. De Andrade
+From an old print.
+
+Interior of Cell
+From a photograph.
+
+Rizal's Wedding Gift to His Wife
+Facsimile of original.
+
+Rizal's Symbolic Name in Masonry
+Facsimile of original.
+
+The Wife of José Rizal
+From a photograph.
+
+Execution of Rizal
+From a photograph.
+
+Burial Record of Rizal
+Facsimile from the Paco register.
+
+Grave of Rizal in Paco Cemetery, Manila
+From a photograph.
+
+The Alcohol Lamp in which the "Farewell" Poem was Hidden
+From a photograph.
+
+The Opening Lines of Rizal's Last Verses
+Facsimile of original.
+
+Rizal's Farewell to His Mother
+Facsimile.
+
+Monument at the Corner of Rizal Avenue
+From a photograph.
+
+Float in a Rizal Day Parade
+From a photograph.
+
+W. J. Bryan as a Rizal Day Orator
+From a photograph.
+
+Governor-General Forbes and Delegate Mariano Ponce
+From a photograph.
+
+The Last Portrait of José Rizal's Mother
+From a photograph.
+
+Accepted Model for the Rizal Monument
+From a photograph.
+
+The Rizal Monument in Front of the New Capital
+From a sketch.
+
+The Story of the Monkey and the Tortoise
+Six facsimiles from Rizal's originals.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+America's Forerunner
+
+THE lineage of a hero who made the history of his country during its
+most critical period, and whose labors constitute its hope for the
+future, must be more than a simple list of an ascending line. The blood
+which flowed in his veins must be traced generation by generation,
+the better to understand the man, but at the same time the causes
+leading to the conditions of his times must be noted, step by step,
+in order to give a better understanding of the environment in which
+he lived and labored.
+
+The study of the growth of free ideas is now in the days of our
+democracy the most important feature of Philippine history; hitherto
+this history has consisted of little more than lists of governors,
+their term of office, and of the recital of such incidents as were
+considered to redound to the glory of Spain, or could be so twisted
+and misrepresented as to make them appear to do so. It rarely occurred
+to former historians that the lamp of experience might prove a light
+for the feet of future generations, and the mistakes of the past
+were usually ignored or passed over, thus leaving the way open for
+repeating the old errors. But profit, not pride, should be the object
+of the study of the past, and our historians of today very largely
+concern themselves with mistakes in policy and defects of system;
+fortunately for them such critical investigation under our changed
+conditions does not involve the discomfort and danger that attended
+it in the days of Doctor Rizal.
+
+In the opinion of the martyred Doctor, criticism of the right
+sort--even the very best things may be abused till they become
+intolerable evils--serves much the same useful warning purpose
+for governments that the symptoms of sickness do for persons. Thus
+government and individual alike, when advised in time of something
+wrong with the system, can seek out and correct the cause before
+serious consequences ensue. But the nation that represses honest
+criticism with severity, like the individual who deadens his symptoms
+with dangerous drugs, is likely to be lulled into a false security
+that may prove fatal. Patriot toward Spain and the Philippines alike,
+Rizal tried to impress this view upon the government of his day,
+with fatal results to himself, and the disastrous effects of not
+heeding him have since justified his position.
+
+The very defenses of Old Manila illustrate how the Philippines have
+suffered from lack of such devoted, honest and courageous critics as
+José Rizal. The city wall was built some years later than the first
+Spanish occupation to keep out Chinese pirates after Li Ma-hong
+destroyed the city. The Spaniards sheltered themselves in the old
+Tagalog fort till reënforcements could come from the country. No one
+had ever dared to quote the proverb about locking the door after the
+horse was stolen. The need for the moat, so recently filled in, was
+not seen until after the bitter experience of the easy occupation of
+Manila by the English, but if public opinion had been allowed free
+expression this experience might have been avoided. And the free
+space about the walls was cleared of buildings only after these same
+buildings had helped to make the same occupation of the city easier,
+yet there were many in Manila who foresaw the danger but feared to
+foretell it.
+
+Had the people of Spain been free to criticise the Spaniards' way of
+waiting to do things until it is too late, that nation, at one time the
+largest and richest empire in the world, would probably have been saved
+from its loss of territory and its present impoverished condition. And
+had the early Filipinos, to whom splendid professions and sweeping
+promises were made, dared to complain of the Peninsular policy of
+procrastination--the "mañana" habit, as it has been called--Spain
+might have been spared Doctor Rizal's terrible but true indictment
+that she retarded Philippine progress, kept the Islands miserably
+ruled for 333 years and in the last days of the nineteenth century was
+still permitting mediaeval malpractices. Rizal did not believe that
+his country was able to stand alone as a separate government. He
+therefore desired to preserve the Spanish sovereignty in the
+Philippines, but he desired also to bring about reforms and conditions
+conducive to advancement. To this end he carefully pointed out those
+colonial shortcomings that caused friction, kept up discontent, and
+prevented safe progress, and that would have been perfectly easy to
+correct. Directly as well as indirectly, the changes he proposed were
+calculated to benefit the homeland quite as much as the Philippines,
+but his well-meaning efforts brought him hatred and an undeserved
+death, thus proving once more how thankless is the task of telling
+unpleasant truths, no matter how necessary it may be to do so. Because
+Rizal spoke out boldly, while realizing what would probably be his
+fate, history holds him a hero and calls his death a martyrdom. He
+was not one of those popularity-seeking, self-styled patriots who are
+ever mouthing "My country, right or wrong;" his devotion was deeper
+and more disinterested. When he found his country wrong he willingly
+sacrificed himself to set her right. Such unselfish spirits are rare;
+in life they are often misunderstood, but when time does them justice,
+they come into a fame which endures.
+
+Doctor Rizal knew that the real Spain had generous though sluggish
+intentions, and noble though erratic impulses, but it awoke too late;
+too late for Doctor Rizal and too late to save the Philippines for
+Spain; tardy reforms after his death were useless and the loss of
+her overseas possessions was the result. Doctor Rizal lost when he
+staked his life on his trust in the innate sense of honor of Spain,
+for that sense of honor became temporarily blinded by a sudden but
+fatal gust of passion; and it took the shock of the separation to
+rouse the dormant Spanish chivalry.
+
+Still in the main Rizal's judgment was correct, and he was the victim
+of mistimed, rather than of misplaced, confidence, for as soon as
+the knowledge of the real Rizal became known to the Spanish people,
+belated justice began to be done his memory, and then, repentant and
+remorseful, as is characteristically Castilian, there was little delay
+and no half-heartedness. Another name may now be grouped with Columbus
+and Cervantes among those to whom Spain has given imprisonment in
+life and monuments after death--chains for the man and chaplets for
+his memory. In 1896, during the few days before he could be returned
+to Manila, Doctor Rizal occupied a dungeon in Montjuich Castle in
+Barcelona; while on his way to assist the Spanish soldiers in Cuba
+who were stricken with yellow fever, he was shipped and sent back to
+a prejudged trial and an unjust execution. Fifteen years later the
+Catalan city authorities commemorated the semi-centennial of this
+prisoner's birth by changing, in his honor, the name of a street in
+the shadow of the infamous prison of Montjuich Castle to "Calle del
+Doctor Rizal."
+
+More instances of this nature are not cited since they are not
+essential to the proper understanding of Rizal's story, but let it be
+made clear once for all that whatever harshness may be found in the
+following pages is directed solely to those who betrayed the trust
+of the mother country and selfishly abused the ample and unrestrained
+powers with which Spain invested them.
+
+And what may seem the exaltation of the Anglo-Saxons at the expense of
+the Latins in these pages is intended only to point out the superiority
+of their ordered system of government, with its checks and balances,
+its individual rights and individual duties, under which men are
+"free to live by no man's leave, underneath the Law." No human being
+can be safely trusted with unlimited power, and no man, no matter
+what his nationality, could have withstood the temptations offered by
+the chaotic conditions in the Philippines in past times any better
+than did the Spaniards. There is nothing written in this book that
+should convey the opinion that in similar circumstances men of any
+nationality would not have acted as the Spaniards did. The easiest
+recognized characteristic of absolutism, and all the abuses and
+corruption it brings in its train, is fear of criticism, and Spain
+drew her own indictment in the Philippines when she executed Rizal.
+
+When any nation sets out to enroll all its scholarly critics among
+the martyrs in the cause of Liberty, it makes an open confession of
+guilt to all the world. For a quarter of a century Spain had been
+ruling in the Philippines by terrorizing its subjects there, and
+Rizal's execution, with utter disregard of the most elementary rules
+of judicial procedure, was the culmination that drove the Filipinos
+to desperation and arrested the attention of the whole civilized
+world. It was evident that Rizal's fate might have been that of any
+of his countrymen, and the thinking world saw that events had taken
+such a course in the Philippines that it had become justifiable for
+the Filipinos to attempt to dissolve the political bands which had
+connected them with Spain for over three centuries.
+
+Such action by the Filipinos would not have been warranted by a
+solitary instance of unjust execution under stress of political
+excitement that did not indicate the existence of a settled
+policy. Such instances are rather to be classed among the mistakes
+to which governments as well as individuals are liable. Yet even such
+a mistake may be avoided by certain precautions which experience has
+suggested, and the nation that disregards these precautions is justly
+open to criticism.
+
+Our present Philippine government guarantees to its citizens as
+fundamental rights, that no person shall be held to answer for a
+capital crime unless on an indictment, nor may he be compelled in any
+criminal case to be a witness gainst himself, nor be deprived of life,
+liberty or property without due process of law. The accused must have
+a speedy, public and impartial trial, be informed of the nature and
+cause of the accusation, be confronted with the witnesses against him,
+have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and have
+the assistance of counsel for his defense. Not one of these safeguards
+protected Doctor Rizal except that he had an "open trial," if that name
+may be given to a courtroom filled with his enemies openly clamoring
+for his death without rebuke from the court. Even the presumption of
+innocence till guilt was established was denied him. These precautions
+have been considered necessary for every criminal trial, but the
+framers of the American Constitution, fearful lest popular prejudice
+some day might cause injustice to those advocating unpopular ideals,
+prohibited the irremediable penalty of death upon a charge of treason
+except where the testimony of two reliable witnesses established some
+overt act, inference not being admissible as evidence.
+
+Such protection was not given the subjects of Spain, but still, with
+all the laxity of the Spanish law, and even if all the charges had been
+true, which they were far from being, no case was made out against
+Doctor Rizal at his trial. According to the laws then in effect, he
+was unfairly convicted and he should be considered innocent; for this
+reason his life will be studied to see what kind of hero he was, and
+no attempt need be made to plead good character and honest intentions
+in extenuation of illegal acts. Rizal was ever the advocate of law,
+and it will be found, too, that he was always consistently law-abiding.
+
+Though they are in the Orient, the Filipinos are not of it. Rizal once
+said, upon hearing of plans for a Philippine exhibit at a European
+World's Fair, that the people of Europe would have a chance to see
+themselves as they were in the Middle Ages. With allowances for the
+changes due to climate and for the character of the country, this
+statement can hardly be called exaggerated. The Filipinos in the
+last half of the nineteenth century were not Orientals but mediaeval
+Europeans--to the credit of the early Castilians but to the discredit
+of the later Spaniards.
+
+The Filipinos of the remoter Christian barrios, whom Rizal had in mind
+particularly, were in customs, beliefs and advancement substantially
+what the descendants of Legaspi's followers might have been had these
+been shipwrecked on the sparsely inhabited islands of the Archipelago
+and had their settlement remained shut off from the rest of the world.
+
+Except where foreign influence had accidentally crept in at the
+ports, it could truthfully be said that scarcely perceptible advance
+had been made in three hundred years. Succeeding Spaniards by their
+misrule not only added little to the glorious achievement of their
+ancestors, but seemed to have prevented the natural progress which
+the land would have made.
+
+In one form or another, this contention was the basis of Rizal's
+campaign. By careful search, it is true, isolated instances of
+improvement could be found, but the showing at its very best was
+so pitifully poor that the system stood discredited. And it was the
+system to which Rizal was opposed.
+
+The Spaniards who engaged in public argument with Rizal were
+continually discovering, too late to avoid tumbling into them, logical
+pitfalls which had been carefully prepared to trap them. Rizal argued
+much as he played chess, and was ever ready to sacrifice a pawn to
+be enabled to say "check." Many an unwary opponent realized after
+he had published what he had considered a clever answer that the
+same reasoning which scored a point against Rizal incontrovertibly
+established the Kalamban's major premise.
+
+Superficial antagonists, to the detriment of their own reputations,
+have made much of what they chose to consider Rizal's historical
+errors. But history is not merely chronology, and his representation
+of its trend, disregarding details, was a masterly tracing of current
+evils to their remote causes. He may have erred in some of his minor
+statements; this will happen to anyone who writes much, but attempts to
+discredit Rizal on the score of historical inaccuracy really reflect
+upon the captious critics, just as a draftsman would expose himself
+to ridicule were he to complain of some famous historical painting
+that it had not been drawn to exact scale. Rizal's writings were
+intended to bring out in relief the evils of the Spanish system of
+the government of the Filipino people, just as a map of the world
+may put the inhabited portions of the earth in greater prominence
+than those portions that are not inhabited. Neither is exact in its
+representation, but each serves its purpose the better because it
+magnifies the important and minimizes the unimportant.
+
+In his disunited and abased countrymen, Rizal's writings aroused, as he
+intended they should, the spirit of nationality, of a Fatherland which
+was not Spain, and put their feet on the road to progress. What matters
+it, then, if his historical references are not always exhaustive, and
+if to make himself intelligible in the Philippines he had to write in
+a style possibly not always sanctioned by the Spanish Academy? Spain
+herself had denied to the Filipinos a system of education that
+might have made a creditable Castilian the common language of the
+Archipelago. A display of erudition alone does not make an historian,
+nor is purity, propriety and precision in choosing words all there
+is to literature.
+
+Rizal charged Spain unceasingly with unprogressiveness in the
+Philippines, just as he labored and planned unwearyingly to bring
+the Filipinos abreast of modern European civilization. But in his
+appeals to the Spanish conscience and in his endeavors to educate his
+countrymen he showed himself as practical as he was in his arguments,
+ever ready to concede nonessentials in name and means if by doing so
+progress could be made.
+
+Because of his unceasing efforts for a wiser, better governed and
+more prosperous Philippines, and because of his frank admission that
+he hoped thus in time there might come a freer Philippines, Rizal was
+called traitor to Spain and ingrate. Now honest, open criticism is
+not treason, and the sincerest gratitude to those who first brought
+Christian civilization to the Philippines should not shut the eyes to
+the wrongs which Filipinos suffered from their successors. But until
+the latest moment of Spanish rule, the apologists of Spain seemed to
+think that they ought to be able to turn away the wrath evoked by the
+cruelty and incompetence that ran riot during centuries, by dwelling
+upon the benefits of the early days of the Spanish dominion.
+
+Wearisome was the eternal harping on gratitude which at one time was
+the only safe tone for pulpit, press and public speech; it irritating
+because it ignored questions of current policy, and it was discouraging
+to the Filipinos who were reminded by it of the hopeless future for
+their country to which time had brought no progress. But with all the
+faults and unworthiness of the later rulers, and the inane attempts
+of their parasites to distract attention from these failings, there
+remains undimmed the luster of Spain's early fame. The Christianizing
+which accompanied her flag upon the mainland and islands of the
+New World is its imperishable glory, and the transformation of the
+Filipino people from Orientals into mediæval Europeans through the
+colonizing genius of the early Castilians, remains a marvel unmatched
+in colonial history and merits the lasting gratitude of the Filipino.
+
+Doctor Rizal satirized the degenerate descendants and scored the
+unworthy successors, but his writings may be searched in vain for
+wholesale charges against the Spanish nation such as Spanish scribblers
+were forever directing against all Filipinos, past, present and future,
+with an alleged fault of a single one as a pretext. It will be found
+that he invariably recognized that the faithful first administrators
+and the devoted pioneer missionaries had a valid claim upon the
+continuing gratitude of the people of Tupa's and Lakandola's land.
+
+Rizal's insight discerned, and experience has demonstrated, that
+Legaspi, Urdaneta and those who were like them, laid broad and firm
+foundations for a modern social and political organization which
+could be safely and speedily established by reforms from above. The
+early Christianizing civilizers deserve no part of the blame for
+the fact that Philippine ports were not earlier opened to progress,
+but much credit is due them that there is succeeding here an orderly
+democracy such as now would be impossible in any neighboring country.
+
+The Philippine patriot would be the first to recognize the justice
+of the selection of portraits which appear with that of Rizal upon
+the present Philippine postage stamps, where they serve as daily
+reminders of how free government came here.
+
+The constancy and courage of a Portuguese sailor put these Islands into
+touch with the New World with which their future progress was to be
+identified. The tact and honesty of a civil official from Mexico made
+possible the almost bloodless conquest which brought the Filipinos
+under the then helpful rule of Spain. The bequest of a far-sighted
+early philanthropist was the beginning of the water system of Manila,
+which was a recognition of the importance of efforts toward improving
+the public health and remains a reminder of how, even in the darkest
+days of miseries and misgovernment, there have not been wanting
+Spaniards whose ideal of Spanish patriotism was to devote heart,
+brain and wealth to the welfare of the Filipinos. These were the
+heroes of the period of preparation.
+
+The life of the one whose story is told in these pages was devoted
+and finally sacrificed to dignify their common country in the eyes
+of his countrymen, and to unite them in a common patriotism; he
+inculcated that self-respect which, by leading to self-restraint and
+self-control, makes self-government possible; and sought to inspire
+in all a love of ordered freedom, so that, whether under the flag
+of Spain or any other, or by themselves, neither tyrants (caciques)
+nor slaves (those led by caciques) would be possible among them.
+
+And the change itself came through an American President who
+believed, and practiced the belief, that nations owed obligations
+to other nations just as men had duties toward their fellow-men. He
+established here Liberty through Law, and provided for progress in
+general education, which should be a safeguard to good government as
+well, for an enlightened people cannot be an oppressed people. Then
+he went to war against the Philippines rather than deceive them,
+because the Filipinos, who repeatedly had been tricked by Spain with
+unfulfilled promises, insisted on pledges which he had not the power to
+give. They knew nothing of what was meant by the rule of the people,
+and could not conceive of a government whose head was the servant
+and not the master. Nor did they realize that even the voters might
+not promise for the future, since republicanism requires that the
+government of any period shall rule only during the period that it
+is in the majority. In that war military glory and quick conquest
+were sacrificed to consideration for the misled enemy, and every
+effort was made to minimize the evils of warfare and to gain the
+confidence of the people. Retaliation for violations of the usages of
+civilized warfare, of which Filipinos at first were guilty through
+their Spanish training, could not be entirely prevented, but this
+retaliation contrasted strikingly with the Filipinos' unhappy past
+experiences with Spanish soldiers. The few who had been educated out
+of Spain and therefore understood the American position were daily
+reënforced by those persons who became convinced from what they saw,
+until a majority of the Philippine people sought peace. Then the
+President of the United States outlined a policy, and the history
+and constitution of his government was an assurance that this policy
+would be followed; the American government then began to do what it
+had not been able to promise.
+
+The forerunner and the founder of the present regime in these Islands,
+by a strange coincidence, were as alike in being cruelly misunderstood
+in their lifetimes by those whom they sought to benefit as they were
+in the tragedy of their deaths, and both were unjustly judged by many,
+probably well-meaning, countrymen.
+
+Magellan, Legaspi, Carriedo, Rizal and McKinley, heroes of the free
+Philippines, belonged to different times and were of different types,
+but their work combined to make possible the growing democracy of
+to-day. The diversity of nationalities among these heroes is an added
+advantage, for it recalls that mingling of blood which has developed
+the Filipinos into a strong people.
+
+England, the United States and the Philippines are each composed
+of widely diverse elements. They have each been developed by
+adversity. They have each honored their severest critics while yet
+those critics lived. Their common literature, which tells the story
+of human liberty in its own tongue, is the richest, most practical
+and most accessible of all literature, and the popular education upon
+which rests the freedom of all three is in the same democratic tongue,
+which is the most widely known of civilized languages and the only
+unsycophantic speech, for it stands alone in not distinguishing by
+its use of pronouns in the second person the social grade of the
+individual addressed.
+
+The future may well realize Rizal's dream that his country should
+be to Asia what England has been to Europe and the United States
+is in America, a hope the more likely to be fulfilled since the
+events of 1898 restored only associations of the earlier and happier
+days of the history of the Philippines. The very name now used is
+nearer the spelling of the original Philipinas than the Filipinas
+of nineteenth century Spanish usage. The first form was used until
+nearly a century ago, when it was corrupted along with so many things
+of greater importance.
+
+The Philippines at first were called "The Islands of the West," as
+they are considered to be occidental and not oriental. They were made
+known to Europe as a sequel to the discoveries of Columbus. Conquered
+and colonized from Mexico, most of their pious and charitable
+endowments, churches, hospitals, asylums and colleges, were endowed
+by philanthropic Mexicans. Almost as long as Mexico remained Spanish
+the commerce of the Philippines was confined to Mexico, and the
+Philippines were a part of the postal system of Mexico and dependent
+upon the government of Mexico exactly as long as Mexico remained
+Spanish. They even kept the new world day, one day behind Europe,
+for a third of a century longer. The Mexican dollars continued to be
+their chief coins till supplanted, recently, by the present peso,
+and the highbuttoned white coat, the "americana," by that name was
+in general use long years ago. The name America is frequently to be
+found in the old baptismal registers, for a century or more ago many
+a Filipino child was so christened, and in the '70's Rizal's carving
+instructor, because so many of the best-made articles he used were
+of American manufacture, gave the name "Americano" to a godchild. As
+Americans, Filipinos were joined with the Mexicans when King Ferdinand
+VII thanked his subjects in both countries for their loyalty during
+the Napoleonic wars. Filipino students abroad found, too, books about
+the Philippines listed in libraries and in booksellers' catalogues
+as a branch of "Americana."
+
+Nor was their acquaintance confined to Spanish Americans. The name
+"English" was early known. Perhaps no other was more familiar in
+the beginning, for it was constantly execrated by the Spaniards,
+and in consequence secretly cherished by those who suffered wrongs
+at their hands.
+
+Magellan had lost his life in his attempted circumnavigation of the
+globe and Elcano completed the disastrous voyage in a shattered ship,
+minus most of its crew. But Drake, an Englishman, undertook the same
+voyage, passed the Straits in less time than Magellan, and was the
+first commander in his own ship to put a belt around the earth. These
+facts were known in the Philippines, and from them the Filipinos drew
+comparisons unfavorable to the boastful Spaniards.
+
+When the rich Philippine galleon Santa Ana was captured off the
+California coast by Thomas Candish, "three boys born in Manila"
+were taken on board the English ships. Afterwards Candish sailed into
+the straits south of "Luçon" and made friends with the people of the
+country. There the Filipinos promised "both themselves, and all the
+islands thereabouts, to aid him whensoever he should come again to
+overcome the Spaniards."
+
+Dampier, another English sea captain, passed through the Archipelago
+but little later, and one of his men, John Fitzgerald by name, remained
+in the Islands, marrying here. He pretended to be a physician, and
+practiced as a doctor in Manila. There was no doubt room for him,
+because when Spain expelled the Moors she reduced medicine in her
+country to a very low state, for the Moors had been her most skilled
+physicians. Many of these Moors who were Christians, though not
+orthodox according to the Spanish standard, settled in London, and
+the English thus profited by the persecution, just as she profited
+when the cutlery industry was in like manner transplanted from Toledo
+to Sheffield.
+
+The great Armada against England in Queen Elizabeth's time was an
+attempt to stop once for all the depredations of her subjects on
+Spain's commerce in the Orient. As the early Spanish historian, Morga,
+wrote of it: "Then only the English nation disturbed the Spanish
+dominion in that Orient. Consequently King Philip desired not only
+to forbid it with arms near at hand, but also to furnish an example,
+by their punishment, to all the northern nations, so that they should
+not undertake the invasions that we see. A beginning was made in this
+work in the year one thousand five hundred and eighty-eight."
+
+This ingeniously worded statement omits to tell how ignominiously
+the pretentious expedition ended, but the fact of failure remained
+and did not help the prestige of Spain, especially among her subjects
+in the Far East. After all the boastings of what was going to happen,
+and all the claims of what had been accomplished, the enemies of Spain
+not only were unchecked but appeared to be bolder than ever. Some of
+the more thoughtful Filipinos then began to lose confidence in Spanish
+claims. They were only a few, but their numbers were to increase as
+the years went by. The Spanish Armada was one of the earliest of those
+influences which, reënforced by later events, culminated in the life
+work of José Rizal and the loss of the Philippines by Spain.
+
+At that time the commerce of Manila was restricted to the galleon
+trade with Mexico, and the prosperity of the Filipino merchants--in
+large measure the prosperity of the entire Archipelago--depended
+upon the yearly ventures the hazard of which was not so much the
+ordinary uncertainty of the sea as the risk of capture by English
+freebooters. Everybody in the Philippines had heard of these daring
+English mariners, who were emboldened by an almost unbroken series of
+successes which had correspondingly discouraged the Spaniards. They
+carried on unceasing war despite occasional proclamation of peace
+between England and Spain, for the Spanish treasure ships were
+tempting prizes, and though at times policy made their government
+desire friendly relations with Spain, the English people regarded
+all Spaniards as their natural enemies and all Spanish property as
+their legitimate spoil.
+
+The Filipinos realized earlier than the Spaniards did that torturing to
+death shipwrecked English sailors was bad policy. The result was always
+to make other English sailors fight more desperately to avoid a similar
+fate. Revenge made them more and more aggressive, and treaties made
+with Spain were disregarded because, as they said, Spain's inhumanity
+had forfeited her right to be considered a civilized country.
+
+It was less publicly discussed, but equally well known, that the
+English freebooters, besides committing countless depredations
+on commerce, were always ready to lend their assistance to any
+discontented Spanish subjects whom they could encourage into open
+rebellion.
+
+The English word Filibuster was changed into "Filibusteros" by the
+Spanish, and in later years it came to be applied especially to those
+charged with stirring up discontent and rebellion. For three centuries,
+in its early application to the losses of commerce, and in its later
+use as denoting political agitation, possibly no other word in the
+Philippines, outside of the ordinary expressions of daily life, was
+so widely known, and certainly none had such sinister signification.
+
+In contrast to this lawless association is a similarity of laws. The
+followers of Cortez, it will be remembered, were welcomed in Mexico
+as the long-expected "Fair Gods" because of their blond complexions
+derived from a Gothic ancestry. Far back in history their forbears
+had been neighbors of the Anglo-Saxons in the forests of Germany,
+so that the customs of Anglo-Saxon England and of the Gothic
+kingdom of Castile had much in common. The "Laws of the Indies,"
+the disregard of which was the ground of most Filipino complaints
+up to the very last days of the rule of Spain, was a compilation
+of such of these Anglo-Saxon-Castilian laws and customs as it was
+thought could be extended to the Americas, originally called the New
+Kingdom of Castile, which included the Philippine Archipelago. Thus
+the New England township and the Mexican, and consequently the early
+Philippine pueblo, as units of local government are nearly related.
+
+These American associations, English influences, and Anglo-Saxon ideals
+also culminated in the life work of José Rizal, the heir of all the
+past ages in Philippine history. But other causes operating in his
+own day--the stories of his elders, the incidents of his childhood,
+the books he read, the men he met, the travels he made--as later
+pages will show--contributed further to make him the man he was.
+
+It was fortunate for the Philippines that after the war of
+misunderstanding with the United States there existed a character that
+commanded the admiration of both sides. Rizal's writings revealed to
+the Americans aspirations that appealed to them and conditions that
+called forth their sympathy, while the Filipinos felt confidence,
+for that reason, in the otherwise incomprehensible new government
+which honored their hero.
+
+Rizal was already, and had been for years, without rival as the idol
+of his countrymen when there came, after deliberation and delay, his
+official recognition in the Philippines. Necessarily there had to be
+careful study of his life and scrutiny of his writings before the head
+of our nation could indorse as the corner stone of the new government
+which succeeded Spain's misrule, the very ideas which Spain had
+considered a sufficient warrant for shooting their author as a traitor.
+
+Finally the President of the United States in a public address at
+Fargo, North Dakota, on April 7, 1903--five years after American
+scholars had begun to study Philippine affairs as they had never
+been studied before--declared: "In the Philippine Islands the
+American government has tried, and is trying, to carry out exactly
+what the greatest genius and most revered patriot ever known in the
+Philippines, José Rizal, steadfastly advocated," a formal, emphatic
+and clear-cut expression of national policy upon a question then of
+paramount interest.
+
+In the light of the facts of Philippine history already set forth
+there is no cause for wonder at this sweeping indorsement, even
+though the views so indorsed were those of a man who lived in
+conditions widely different from those about to be introduced by
+the new government. Rizal had not allowed bias to influence him in
+studying the past history of the Philippines, he had been equally
+honest with himself in judging the conditions of his own time, and
+he knew and applied with the same fairness the teaching which holds
+true in history as in every other branch of science that like causes
+under like conditions must produce like results, He had been careful in
+his reasoning, and it stood the test, first of President Roosevelt's
+advisers, or otherwise that Fargo speech would never have been made,
+and then of all the President's critics, or there would have been
+heard more of the statement quoted above which passed unchallenged,
+but not, one may be sure, uninvestigated.
+
+The American system is in reality not foreign to the Philippines,
+but it is the highest development, perfected by experience, of the
+original plan under which the Philippines had prospered and progressed
+until its benefits were wrongfully withheld from them. Filipino
+leaders had been vainly asking Spain for the restoration of their
+rights and the return to the system of the Laws of the Indies. At the
+time when America came to the Islands there was among them no Rizal,
+with a knowledge of history that would enable him to recognize that
+they were getting what they had been wanting, who could rise superior
+to the unimportant detail of under what name or how the good came as
+long as it arrived, and whose prestige would have led his countrymen to
+accept his decision. Some leaders had one qualification, some another,
+a few combined two, but none had the three, for a country is seldom
+favored with more than one surpassingly great man at one time.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+Rizal's Chinese Ancestry
+
+Clustered around the walls of Manila in the latter half of the
+seventeenth century were little villages the names of which, in some
+instances slightly changed, are the names of present districts. A
+fashionable drive then was through the settlement of Filipinos in
+Bagumbayan--the "new town" to which Lakandola's subjects had migrated
+when Legaspi dispossessed them of their own "Maynila." With the
+building of the moat this village disappeared, but the name remained,
+and it is often used to denote the older Luneta, as well as the drive
+leading to it.
+
+Within the walls lived the Spanish rulers and the few other persons
+that the fear and jealousy of the Spaniard allowed to come in. Some
+were Filipinos who ministered to the needs of the Spaniards, but the
+greater number were Sangleyes, or Chinese, "the mechanics in all trades
+and excellent workmen," as an old Spanish chronicle says, continuing:
+"It is true that the city could not be maintained or preserved without
+the Sangleyes."
+
+The Chinese conditions of these early days are worth recalling, for
+influences strikingly similar to those which affected the life of José
+Rizal in his native land were then at work. There were troubled times
+in the ancient "Middle Kingdom," the earlier name of the corruption
+of the Malay Tchina (China) by which we know it. The conquering
+Manchus had placed their emperor on the throne so long occupied by
+the native dynasty whose adherents had boastingly called themselves
+"The Sons of Light." The former liberal and progressive government,
+under which the people prospered, had grown corrupt and helpless,
+and the country had yielded to the invaders and passed under the
+terrible tyranny of the Tartars.
+
+Yet there were true patriots among the Chinese who were neither
+discouraged by these conditions nor blind to the real cause of their
+misfortunes. They realized that the easy conquest of their country
+and the utter disregard by their people of the bad government which
+had preceded it, showed that something was wrong with themselves.
+
+Too wise to exhaust their land by carrying on a hopeless war,
+they sought rather to get a better government by deserving it,
+and worked for the general enlightenment, believing that it would
+offer the most effective opposition to oppression, for they knew well
+that an intelligent people could not be kept enslaved. Furthermore,
+they understood that, even if they were freed from foreign rule, the
+change would be merely to another tyranny unless the darkness of the
+whole people were dispelled. The few educated men among them would
+inevitably tyrannize over the ignorant many sooner or later, and it
+would be less easy to escape from the evils of such misrule, for the
+opposition to it would be divided, while the strength of union would
+oppose any foreign despotism. These true patriots were more concerned
+about the welfare of their country than ambitious for themselves,
+and they worked to prepare their countrymen for self-government by
+teaching self-control and respect for the rights of others.
+
+No public effort toward popular education can be made under a bad
+government. Those opposed to Manchu rule knew of a secret society
+that had long existed in spite of the laws against it, and they used
+it as their model in organizing a new society to carry out their
+purposes. Some of them were members of this Ke-Ming-Tong or Chinese
+Freemasonry as it is called, and it was difficult for outsiders to
+find out the differences between it and the new Heaven-Earth-Man
+Brotherhood. The three parts to their name led the new brotherhood
+later to be called the Triad Society, and they used a triangle for
+their seal.
+
+The initiates of the Triad were pledged to one another in a blood
+compact to "depose the Tsing [Tartar] and restore the Ming [native
+Chinese] dynasty." But really the society wanted only gradual reform
+and was against any violent changes. It was at first evolutionary, but
+later a section became dissatisfied and started another society. The
+original brotherhood, however, kept on trying to educate its
+members. It wanted them to realize that the dignity of manhood is
+above that of rank or riches, and seeking to break down the barriers
+of different languages and local prejudice, hoped to create an united
+China efficient in its home government and respected in its foreign
+relations.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+It was the policy of Spain to rule by keeping the different elements
+among her subjects embittered against one another. Consequently the
+entire Chinese population of the Philippines had several times been
+almost wiped out by the Spaniards assisted by the Filipinos and
+resident Japanese. Although overcrowding was mainly the cause of
+the Chinese immigration, the considerations already described seem
+to have influenced the better class of emigrants who incorporated
+themselves with the Filipinos from 1642 on through the eighteenth
+century. Apparently these emigrants left their Chinese homes to avoid
+the shaven crown and long braided queue that the Manchu conquerors
+were imposing as a sign of submission--a practice recalled by
+the recent wholesale cutting off of queues which marked the fall
+of this same Manchu dynasty upon the establishment of the present
+republic. The patriot Chinese in Manila retained the ancient style,
+which somewhat resembled the way Koreans arrange their hair. Those who
+became Christians cut the hair short and wore European hats, otherwise
+using the clothing--blue cotton for the poor, silk for the richer--and
+felt-soled shoes, still considered characteristically Chinese.
+
+The reasons for the brutal treatment of the unhappy exiles and the
+causes of the frequent accusation against them that they were intending
+rebellion may be found in the fear that had been inspired by the
+Chinese pirates, and the apprehension that the Chinese traders and
+workmen would take away from the Filipinos their means of gaining a
+livelihood. At times unjust suspicions drove some of the less patient
+to take up arms in self-defense. Then many entirely innocent persons
+would be massacred, while those who had not bought protection from
+some powerful Spaniard would have their property pillaged by mobs that
+protested excessive devotion to Spain and found their patriotism so
+profitable that they were always eager to stir up trouble.
+
+One of the last native Chinese emperors, not wishing that any of
+his subjects should live outside his dominions, informed the Spanish
+authorities that he considered the emigrants evil persons unworthy
+of his interest. His Manchu successors had still more reason to be
+careless of the fate of the Manila Chinese. They were consequently ill
+treated with impunity, while the Japanese were "treated very cordially,
+as they are a race that demand good treatment, and it is advisable
+to do so for the friendly relations between the Islands and Japan,"
+to quote the ancient history once more.
+
+Pagan or Christian, a Chinaman's life in Manila then was not an
+enviable one, though the Christians were slightly more secure. The
+Chinese quarter was at first inside the city, but before long it became
+a considerable district of several streets along Arroceros near the
+present Botanical Garden. Thus the Chinese were under the guns of the
+Bastion San Gabriel, which also commanded two other Chinese settlements
+across the river in Tondo--Minondoc, or Binondo, and Baybay. They had
+their own headmen, their own magistrates and their own prison, and no
+outsiders were permitted among them. The Dominican Friars, who also
+had a number of missionary stations in China, maintained a church and
+a hospital for these Manila Chinese and established a settlement where
+those who became Christians might live with their families. Writers
+of that day suggest that sometimes conversions were prompted by the
+desire to get married--which until 1898 could not be done outside the
+Church--or to help the convert's business or to secure the protection
+of an influential Spanish godfather, rather than by any changed belief.
+
+Certainly two of these reasons did not influence the conversion of
+Doctor Rizal's paternal ancestor, Lam-co (that is, "Lam, Esq."),
+for this Chinese had a Chinese godfather and was not married till
+many years later.
+
+He was a native of the Chinchew district, where the Jesuits first, and
+later the Dominicans, had had missions, and he perhaps knew something
+of Christianity before leaving China. One of his church records
+indicates his home more definitely, for it specifies Siongque, near
+the great city, an agricultural community, and in China cultivation
+of the soil is considered the most honorable employment. Curiously
+enough, without conversion, the people of that region even to-day
+consider themselves akin to the Christians. They believe in one god
+and have characteristics distinguishing them from the Pagan Chinese,
+possibly derived from some remote Mohammedan ancestors.
+
+Lam-co's prestige among his own people, as shown by his leadership of
+those who later settled with him in Biñan, as well as the fact that
+even after his residence in the country he was called to Manila to
+act as godfather, suggests that he was above the ordinary standing,
+and certainly not of the coolie class. This is bogne out by his
+marrying the daughter of an educated Chinese, an alliance that was
+not likely to have been made unless he was a person of some education,
+and education is the Chinese test of social degree.
+
+He was baptized in the Parian church of San Gabriel on a Sunday in June
+of 1697. Lam-co's age was given in the record as thirty-five years,
+and the names of his parents were given as Siang-co and Zun-nio. The
+second syllables of these names are titles of a little more respect
+than the ordinary "Mr." and "Mrs.," something like the Spanish Don
+and Doña, but possibly the Dominican priest who kept the register
+was not so careful in his use of Chinese words as a Chinese would
+have been. Following the custom of the other converts on the same
+occasion, Lam-co took the name Domingo, the Spanish for Sunday, in
+honor of the day. The record of this baptism is still to be seen in
+the records of the Parian church of San Gabriel, which are preserved
+with the Binondo records, in Manila.
+
+Chinchew, the capital of the district from which he came, was a
+literary center and a town famed in Chinese history for its loyalty;
+it was probably the great port Zeitung which so strongly impressed
+the Venetian traveler Marco Polo, the first European to see China.
+
+The city was said by later writers to be large and beautiful and to
+contain half a million inhabitants, "candid, open and friendly people,
+especially friendly and polite to foreigners." It was situated forty
+miles from the sea, in the province of Fokien, the rocky coast of which
+has been described as resembling Scotland, and its sturdy inhabitants
+seem to have borne some resemblance to the Scotch in their love of
+liberty. The district now is better known by its present port of Amoy.
+
+Altogether, in wealth, culture and comfort, Lam-co's home city far
+surpassed the Manila of that day, which was, however, patterned after
+it. The walls of Manila, its paved streets, stone bridges, and large
+houses with spacious courts are admitted by Spanish writers to be due
+to the industry and skill of Chinese workmen. They were but slightly
+changed from their Chinese models, differing mainly in ornamentation,
+so that to a Chinese the city by the Pasig, to which he gave the name
+of "the city of horses," did not seem strange, but reminded him rather
+of his own country.
+
+Famine in his native district, or the plague which followed it,
+may have been the cause of Lam-co's leaving home, but it was more
+probably political troubles which transferred to the Philippines
+that intelligent and industrious stock whose descendants have proved
+such loyal and creditable sons of their adopted country. Chinese had
+come to the Islands centuries before the Spaniards arrived and they
+are still coming, but no other period has brought such a remarkable
+contribution to the strong race which the mixture of many peoples
+has built up in the Philippines. Few are the Filipinos notable in
+recent history who cannot trace descent from a Chinese baptized in
+San Gabriel church during the century following 1642; until recently
+many have felt ashamed of these really creditable ancestors.
+
+Soon after Lam-co came to Manila he made the acquaintance of two
+well-known Dominicans and thus made friendships that changed his career
+and materially affected the fortunes of his descendants. These powerful
+friends were the learned Friar Francisco Marquez, author of a Chinese
+grammar, and Friar Juan Caballero, a former missionary in China,
+who, because of his own work and because his brother held high office
+there, was influential in the business affairs of the Order. Through
+them Lam-co settled in Biñan, on the Dominican estate named after
+"St. Isidore the Laborer." There, near where the Pasig river flows
+out of the Laguna de Bay, Lam-co's descendants were to be tenants
+until another government, not yet born, and a system unknown in his
+day, should end a long series of inevitable and vexatious disputes by
+buying the estate and selling it again, on terms practicable for them,
+to those who worked the land.
+
+The Filipinos were at law over boundaries and were claiming the
+property that had been early and cheaply acquired by the Order as
+endowment for its university and other charities. The Friars of
+the Parian quarter thought to take those of their parishioners in
+whom they had most confidence out of harm's way, and by the same act
+secure more satisfactory tenants, for prejudice was then threatening
+another indiscriminate massacre. So they settled many industrious
+Chinese converts upon these farms, and flattered themselves that
+their tenant troubles were ended, for these foreigners could have no
+possible claim to the land. The Chinese were equally pleased to have
+safer homes and an occupation which in China placed them in a social
+position superior to that of a tradesman.
+
+Domingo Lam-co was influential in building up Tubigan barrio, one
+of the richest parts of the great estate. In name and appearance
+it recalled the fertile plains that surrounded his native Chinchew,
+"the city of springs." His neighbors were mainly Chinchew men, and
+what is of more importance to this narrative, the wife whom he married
+just before removing to the farm was of a good Chinchew family. She
+was Inez de la Rosa and but half Domingo's age; they were married
+in the Parian church by the same priest who over thirty years before
+had baptized her husband.
+
+Her father was Agustin Chinco, also of Chinchew, a rice merchant,
+who had been baptized five years earlier than Lam-co. His baptismal
+record suggests that he was an educated man, as already indicated,
+for the name of his town proved a puzzle till a present-day Dominican
+missionary from Amoy explained that it appeared to be the combined
+names for Chinchew in both the common and literary Chinese, in each
+case with the syllable denoting the town left off. Apparently when
+questioned from what town he came, Chinco was careful not to repeat
+the word town, but gave its name only in the literary language,
+and when that was not understood, he would repeat it in the local
+dialect. The priest, not understanding the significance of either in
+that form, wrote down the two together as a single word. Knowledge
+of the literary Chinese, or Mandarin, as it is generally called,
+marked the educated man, and, as we have already pointed out,
+education in China meant social position. To such minute deductions
+is it necessary to resort when records are scarce, and to be of value
+the explanation must be in harmony with the conditions of the period;
+subsequent research has verified the foregoing conclusions.
+
+Agustin Chinco had also a Chinese godfather and his parents were
+Chin-co and Zun-nio. He was married to Jacinta Rafaela, a Chinese
+mestiza of the Parian, as soon after his baptism as the banns could
+be published. She apparently was the daughter of a Christian Chinese
+and a Chinese mestiza; there were too many of the name Jacinta in that
+day to identify which of the several Jacintas she was and so enable us
+to determine the names of her parents. The Rafaela part of her name
+was probably added after she was grown up, in honor of the patron of
+the Parian settlement, San Rafael, just as Domingo, at his marriage,
+added Antonio in honor of the Chinese. How difficult guides names
+then were may be seen from this list of the six children of Agustin
+Chinco and Jacinta Rafaela: Magdalena Vergara, Josepha, Cristoval de
+la Trinidad, Juan Batista, Francisco Hong-Sun and Inez de la Rosa.
+
+The father-in-law and the son-in-law, Agustin and Domingo, seem to
+have been old friends, and apparently of the same class. Lam-co must
+have seen his future wife, the youngest in Chinco's numerous family,
+grow up from babyhood, and probably was attracted by the idea that
+she would make a good housekeeper like her thrifty mother, rather
+than by any romantic feelings, for sentiment entered very little into
+matrimony in those days when the parents made the matches. Possibly,
+however, their married life was just as happy, for divorces then were
+not even thought of, and as this couple prospered they apparently
+worked well together in a financial way.
+
+The next recorded event in the life of Domingo Lam-co and his wife
+occurred in 1741 when, after years of apparently happy existence in
+Biñan, came a great grief in the loss of their baby daughter, Josepha
+Didnio, probably named for her aunt. She had lived only five days,
+but payments to the priest for a funeral such as was not given to
+many grown persons who died that year in Biñan show how keenly the
+parents felt the loss of their little girl. They had at the time but
+one other child, a boy of ten, Francisco Mercado, whose Christian
+name was given partly because he had an uncle of the same name,
+and partly as a tribute of gratitude to the friendly Friar scholar
+in Manila. His new surname suggests that the family possessed the
+commendable trait of taking pride in its ancestry.
+
+Among the Chinese the significance of a name counts for much and it
+is always safe to seek a reason for the choice of a name. The Lam-co
+family were not given to the practice of taking the names of their
+god-parents. Mercado recalls both an honest Spanish encomendero
+of the region, also named Francisco, and a worthy mestizo Friar,
+now remembered for his botanical studies, but it is not likely that
+these influenced Domingo Lam-co in choosing this name for his son. He
+gave his boy a name which in the careless Castilian of the country was
+but a Spanish translation of the Chinese name by which his ancestors
+had been called. Sangley, Mercado and Merchant mean much the same;
+Francisco therefore set out in life with a surname that would free
+him from the prejudice that followed those with Chinese names,
+and yet would remind him of his Chinese ancestry. This was wisdom,
+for seldom are men who are ashamed of their ancestry any credit to it.
+
+The family history has to be gleaned from partially preserved parochial
+registers of births, marriages and deaths, incomplete court records,
+the scanty papers of the estates, a few land transfers, and some stray
+writings that accidentally have been preserved with the latter. The
+next event in Domingo's life which is revealed by them is a visit
+to Manila where in the old Parian church he acted as sponsor,
+or godfather, at the baptism of a countryman, and a new convert,
+Siong-co, whose granddaughter was, we shall see, to marry a grandson
+of Lam-co's, the couple becoming Rizal's grandparents.
+
+Francisco was a grown man when his mother died and was buried with
+the elaborate ceremonies which her husband's wealth permitted. There
+was a coffin, a niche in which to put it, chanting of the service and
+special prayers. All these involved extra cost, and the items noted in
+the margin of her funeral record make a total which in those days was
+a considerable sum. Domingo outlived Mrs. Lam-co by but a few years,
+and he also had, for the time, an expensive funeral.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+Liberalizing Hereditary Influences
+
+The hope of the Biñan landlords that by changing from Filipino to
+Chinese tenantry they could avoid further litigation seems to have
+been disappointed. A family tradition of Francisco Mercado tells of
+a tedious and costly lawsuit with the Order. Its details and merits
+are no longer remembered, and they are not important.
+
+History has recorded enough agrarian trouble, in all ages and in all
+countries, to prove the economic mistake of large holdings of land by
+those who do not cultivate it. Human nature is alike the world over,
+it does not change with the centuries, and just as the Filipinos
+had done, the Chinese at last obiected to paying increased rent for
+improvements which they made themselves.
+
+A Spanish iudge required the landlords to produce their deeds, and,
+after measuring the land, he decided that they were then taking rent
+for considerably more than they had originally bought or had been
+given. But the tenants lost on the appeal, and, as they thought it
+was because they were weak and their opponents powerful, a grievance
+grew up which was still remembered in Rizal's day and was well known
+and understood by him.
+
+Another cause of discontent, which was a liberalizing influence,
+was making itself felt in the Philippines about the time of Domingo's
+death. A number of Spaniards had been claiming for their own countrymen
+such safeguards of personal liberty as were enjoyed by Englishmen,
+for no other government in Europe then paid any attention to the rights
+of the individual. Learned men had devoted much study to the laws and
+rights of nations, but these Spanish Liberals insisted that it was the
+guarantees given to the citizens, and not the political independence
+of the State, that made a country really free. Unfortunately, just
+as their proposals began to gain followers, Spain became involved in
+war with England, because the Spanish King, then as now a Bourbon
+and so related to a number of other reactionary rulers, had united
+in the family compact by which the royal relatives were to stamp out
+liberal ideas in their own dominions, and as allies to crush England,
+the source of the dissatisfaction which threatened their thrones.
+
+Many progressive Spaniards had become Freemasons, when that ancient
+society, after its revival in England, had been reintroduced into
+Spain. Now they found themselves suspected of sympathy with England
+and therefore of treason to Spain. While this could not be proved,
+it led to enforcing a papal bull against them, by which Pope Clement
+XII placed their institution under the ban of excommunication.
+
+At first it was intended to execute all the Spanish Freemasons, but
+the Queen's favorite violinist secretly sympathized with them. He used
+his influence with Her Majesty so well that through her intercession
+the King commuted the sentences from death to banishment as minor
+officials in the possessions overseas.
+
+Thus Cuba, Mexico, South and Central America, and the Philippines were
+provided with the ablest Spanish advocates of modern ideas. In no other
+way could liberalism have been spread so widely or more effectively.
+
+Besides these officeholders there had been from the earliest days
+noblemen, temporarily out of favor at Court, in banishment in the
+colonies. Cavite had some of these exiles, who were called "caja
+abierta," or carte blanche, because their generous allowances, which
+could be drawn whenever there were government funds, seemed without
+limit to the Filipinos. The Spanish residents of the Philippines were
+naturally glad to entertain, supply money to, and otherwise serve
+these men of noble birth, who might at any time be restored to favor
+and again be influential, and this gave them additional prestige in the
+eyes of the Filipinos. One of these exiles, whose descendants yet live
+in these Islands, passed from prisoner in Cavite to viceroy in Mexico.
+
+Francisco Mercado lived near enough to hear of the "cajas abiertas"
+(exiles) and their ways, if he did not actually meet some of them
+and personally experience the charm of their courtesy. They were as
+different from the ruder class of Spaniards who then were coming to
+the Islands as the few banished officials were unlike the general run
+of officeholders. The contrast naturally suggested that the majority of
+the Spaniards in the Philippines, both in official and in private life,
+were not creditable representatives of their country. This charge,
+insisted on with greater vehemence as subsequent events furnished
+further reasons for doing so, embittered the controversies of the
+last century of Spanish rule. The very persons who realized that the
+accusation was true of themselves, were those who most resented it,
+and the opinion of them which they knew the Filipinos held but dared
+not voice, rankled in their breasts. They welcomed every disparagement
+of the Philippines and its people, and thus made profitable a
+senseless and abusive campaign which was carried on by unscrupulous,
+irresponsible writers of such defective education that vilification
+was their sole argument. Their charges were easily disproved, but they
+had enough cunning to invent new charges continually, and prejudice
+gave ready credence to them.
+
+Finally an unreasoning fury broke out and in blind passion innocent
+persons were struck down; the taste for blood once aroused,
+irresponsible writers like that Retana who has now become Rizal's
+biographer, whetted the savage appetite for fresh victims. The
+last fifty years of Spanish rule in the Philippines was a small
+saturnalia of revenge with hardly a lucid interval for the governing
+power to reflect or an opportunity for the reasonable element to
+intervene. Somewhat similarly the Bourbons in France had hoped to
+postpone the day of reckoning for their mistakes by misdeeds done
+in fear to terrorize those who sought reforms. The aristocracy of
+France paid back tenfold each drop of innocent blood that was shed,
+but while the unreasoning world recalls the French Revolution with
+horror, the student of history thinks more of the evils which made
+it a natural result. Mirabeau in vain sought to restrain his aroused
+countrymen, just as he had vainly pleaded with the aristocrats to end
+their excesses. Rizal, who held Mirabeau for his hero among the men of
+the French Revolution, knew the historical lesson and sought to sound
+a warning, but he was unheeded by the Spaniards and misunderstood by
+many of his countrymen.
+
+At about the time of the arrival of the Spanish political exiles
+we find in Manila a proof of the normal mildness of Spain in
+the Philippines. The Inquisition, of dread name elsewhere, in the
+Philippines affected only Europeans, had before it two English-speaking
+persons, an Irish doctor and a county merchant accused of being
+Freemasons. The kind-hearted Friar inquisitor dismissed the culprits
+with warnings, and excepting some Spanish political matters in which
+it took part, this was the nearest that the institution ever came to
+exercising its functions here.
+
+The sufferings of the Indians in the Spanish-American gold mines, too,
+had no Philippine counterpart, for at the instance of the friars the
+Church early forbade the enslaving of the people. Neither friars nor
+government have any records in the Philippines which warrant belief
+that they were responsible for the severe punishments of the period
+from '72 to '98. Both were connected with opposition to reforms
+which appeared likely to jeopardize their property or to threaten
+their prerogatives, and in this they were only human, but here their
+selfish interests and activities seem to cease.
+
+For religious reasons the friar orders combatted modern ideas which
+they feared might include atheistical teachings such as had made
+trouble in France, and the Government was against the introduction of
+latter-day thought of democratic tendency, but in both instances the
+opposition may well have been believed to be for the best interest
+of the Philippine people. However mistaken, their action can only be
+deplored not censured. The black side of this matter was the rousing
+of popular passion, and it was done by sheets subsidized to argue;
+their editors, however, resorted to abuse in order to conceal the fact
+that they had not the ability to perform the services for which they
+were hired. While some individual members of both the religious orders
+and of the Government were influenced by these inflaming attacks,
+the interests concerned, as organizations, seem to have had a policy
+of self-defense, and not of revenge.
+
+The theory here advanced must wait for the judgment of the reader
+till the later events have been submitted. However, Rizal himself
+may be called in to prove that the record and policy is what has been
+asserted, for otherwise he would hardly have disregarded, as he did,
+the writings of Motley and Prescott, historians whom he could have
+quoted with great advantage to support the attacks he would surely
+have not failed to make had they seemed to him warranted, for he
+never was wanting in knowledge, resourcefulness or courage where his
+country was concerned.
+
+No definite information is available as to what part Francisco
+Mercado took during the disturbed two years when the English held
+Manila and Judge Anda carried on a guerilla warfare. The Dominicans
+were active in enlisting their tenants to fight against the invaders,
+and probably he did his share toward the Spanish defense either with
+contributions or personal service. The attitude of the region in
+which he lived strengthens this surmise, for only after long-continued
+wrongs and repeatedly broken promises of redress did Filipino loyalty
+fail. This was a century too early for the country around Manila,
+which had been better protected and less abused than the provinces
+to the north where the Ilokanos revolted.
+
+Biñan, however, was within the sphere of English influence, for
+Anda's campaign was not quite so formidable as the inscription on his
+monument in Manila represents it to be, and he was far indeed from
+being the great conqueror that the tablet on the Santa Cruz Church
+describes him. Because of its nearness to Manila and Cavite and
+its rich gardens, British soldiers and sailors often visited Biñan,
+but as the inhabitants never found occasion to abandon their homes,
+they evidently suffered no serious inconvenience.
+
+Commerce, a powerful factor, destroying the hermit character of
+the Islands, gained by the short experience of freer trade under
+England's rule, since the Filipinos obtained a taste for articles
+before unused, which led them to be discontented and insistent, till
+the Manila market finally came to be better supplied. The contrast
+of the British judicial system with the Spanish tribunals was also a
+revelation, for the foulest blot upon the colonial administration of
+Spain was her iniquitous courts of justice, and this was especially
+true of the Philippines.
+
+Anda's triumphal entry into the capital was celebrated with a wholesale
+hanging of Chinese, which must have made Francisco Mercado glad that
+he was now so identified with the country as to escape the prejudice
+against his race.
+
+A few years later came the expulsion of the Jesuit fathers and the
+confiscation of their property. It certainly weakened the government;
+personal acquaintance counted largely with the Filipinos; whole
+parishes knew Spain and the Church only through their parish priest,
+and the parish priest was usually a Jesuit whose courtesy equalled that
+of the most aristocratic officeholder or of any exiled "caja abierta."
+
+Francisco Mercado did not live in a Jesuit parish but in the
+neighboring hacienda of St. John the Baptist at Kalamba, where there
+was a great dam and an extensive irrigation system which caused the
+land to rival in fertility the rich soil of Biñan. Everybody in his
+neighborhood knew that the estate had been purchased with money left
+in Mexico by pious Spaniards who wanted to see Christianity spread in
+the Philippines, and it seemed to them sacrilege that the government
+should take such property for its own secular uses.
+
+The priests in Biñan were Filipinos and were usually leaders among
+the secular clergy, for the parish was desirable beyond most in the
+archdiocese because of its nearness to Manila, its excellent climate,
+its well-to-do parishioners and the great variety of its useful and
+ornamental plants and trees. Many of the fruits and vegetables of
+Biñan were little known elsewhere, for they were of American origin,
+brought by Dominicans on the voyages from Spain by way of Mexico. They
+were introduced first into the great gardens at the hacienda house,
+which was a comfortable and spacious building adjoining the church,
+and the favorite resting place for members of the Order in Manila.
+
+The attendance of the friars on Sundays and fête days gave to the
+religious services on these occasions a dignity usually belonging to
+city churches. Sometimes, too, some of the missionaries from China
+and other Dominican notables would be seen in Biñan. So the people
+not only had more of the luxuries and the pomp of life than most
+Filipinos, but they had a broader outlook upon it. Their opinion
+of Spain was formed from acquaintance with many Spaniards and from
+comparing them with people of other lands who often came to Manila and
+investigated the region close to it, especially the show spots such
+as Biñan. Then they were on the road to the fashionable baths at Los
+Baños, where the higher officials often resorted. Such opportunities
+gave a sort of education, and Biñan people were in this way more
+cultured than the dwellers in remote places, whose only knowledge of
+their sovereign state was derived from a single Spaniard, the friar
+curate of their parish.
+
+Monastic training consists in withdrawing from the world and living
+isolated under strict rule, and this would scarcely seem to be
+the best preparation for such responsibility as was placed upon the
+Friars. Troubles were bound to come, and the people of Biñan, knowing
+the ways of the world, would soon be likely to complain and demand the
+changes which would avoid them; the residents of less worldly wise
+communities would wait and suffer till too late, and then in blind
+wrath would wreak bloody vengeance upon guilty and innocent alike.
+
+Kalamba, a near neighbor of Biñan, had other reasons for being known
+besides its confiscation by the government. It was the scene of an
+early and especially cruel massacre of Chinese, and about Francisco's
+time considerable talk had been occasioned because an archbishop had
+established an uniform scale of charges for the various rites of the
+Church. While these charges were often complained of, it was the poorer
+people (some of whom were in receipt of charity) who suffered. The
+rich were seeking more expensive ceremonies in order to outshine the
+other well-to-do people of their neighborhood. The real grievance was,
+however, not the cost, but the fact that political discriminations
+were made so that those who were out of favor with the government
+were likewise deprived of church privileges. The reform of Archbishop
+Santo y Rufino has importance only because it gave the people of the
+provinces what Manila had long possessed--a knowledge of the rivalry
+between the secular and the regular clergy.
+
+The people had learned in Governor Bustamente's time that Church and
+State did not always agree, and now they saw dissensions within the
+Church. The Spanish Conquest and the possession of the Philippines
+had been made easy by the doctrine of the indivisibility of Church
+and State, by the teaching that the two were one and inseparable,
+but events were continually demonstrating the falsity of this early
+teaching. Hence the foundation of the sovereignty of Spain was
+slowly weakening, and nowhere more surely than in the region near
+Manila which numbered José Rizal's keen-witted and observing great
+grandfather among its leading men.
+
+Francisco Mercado was a bachelor during the times of these exciting
+events and therefore more free to visit Manila and Cavite, and he was
+possibly the more likely to be interested in political matters. He
+married on May 26, 1771, rather later in life than was customary in
+Biñan, though he was by no means as old as his father, Domingo, was
+when he married. His bride, Bernarda Monicha, was a Chinese mestiza
+of the neighboring hacienda of San Pedro Tunasan, who had been early
+orphaned and from childhood had lived in Biñan. As the coadjutor priest
+of the parish bore the same name, one uncommon in the Biñan records
+of that period, it is possible that he was a relative. The frequent
+occurrence of the name of Monicha among the last names of girls of
+that vicinity later on must be ascribed to Bernarda's popularity
+as godmother.
+
+Mr. and Mrs. Francisco Mercado had two children, both boys, Juan and
+Clemente. During their youth the people of the Philippines were greatly
+interested in the struggles going on between England, the old enemy
+of Spain, and the rebellious English-American colonies. So bitter was
+the Spanish hatred of the nation which had humiliated her repeatedly
+on both land and sea, that the authorities forgot their customary
+caution and encouraged the circulation of any story that told in favor
+of the American colonies. Little did they realize the impression that
+the statement of grievances--so trivial compared with the injustices
+that were being inflicted upon the Spanish colonials--was making upon
+their subjects overseas, who until then had been carefully guarded from
+all modern ideas of government. American successes were hailed with
+enthusiasm in the most remote towns, and from this time may be dated
+a perceptible increase in Philippine discontent. Till then outbreaks
+and uprisings had been more for revenge than with any well-considered
+aim, but henceforth complaints became definite, demands were made
+that to an increasing number of people appeared to be reasonable,
+and those demands were denied or ignored, or promises were made in
+answer to them which were never fulfilled.
+
+Francisco Mercado was well to do, if we may judge from the number of
+carabaos he presented for registration, for his was among the largest
+herds in the book of brands that has chanced to be preserved with the
+Biñan church records. In 1783 he was alcalde, or chief officer of the
+town, and he lived till 1801. His name appears so often as godfather
+in the registers of baptisms and weddings that he must have been a
+good-natured, liberal and popular man.
+
+Mrs. Francisco Mercado survived her husband by a number of years,
+and helped to nurse through his baby ailments a grandson also named
+Francisco, the father of Doctor Rizal.
+
+Francisco Mercado's eldest son, Juan, built a fine house in the center
+of Biñan, where its pretentious stone foundations yet stand to attest
+how the home deserved the pride which the family took in it.
+
+At twenty-two Juan married a girl of Tubigan, who was two years his
+elder, Cirila Alejandra, daughter of Domingo Lam-co's Chinese godson,
+Siong-co. Cirila's father's silken garments were preserved by the
+family until within the memory of persons now living, and it is likely
+that José Rizal, Siong-co's great-grandson, while in school at Biñan,
+saw these tangible proofs of the social standing in China of this
+one of his ancestors.
+
+Juan Mercado was three times the chief officer of Biñan--in 1808, 1813
+and 1823. His sympathies are evident from the fact that he gave the
+second name, Fernando, to the son born when the French were trying
+to get the Filipinos to declare for King Joseph, whom his brother
+Napoleon had named sovereign of Spain. During the little while that the
+Philippines profited by the first constitution of Spain, Mercado was
+one of the two alcaldes. King Ferdinand VII then was relying on English
+aid, and to please his allies as well as to secure the loyalty of his
+subjects, Ferdinand pretended to be a very liberal monarch, swearing
+to uphold the constitution which the representatives of the people
+had framed at Cadiz in 1812. Under this constitution the Filipinos
+were to be represented in the Spanish Cortes, and the grandfather of
+Rizal was one of the electors to choose the Representative.
+
+During the next twenty-five years the history of the connection of the
+Philippines with Spain is mainly a record of the breaking and renewing
+of the King's oaths to the constitution, and of the Philippines
+electing delegates who would find the Cortes dissolved by the time
+they could get to Madrid, until in the final constitution that did
+last Philippine representation was left out altogether. Had things
+been different the sad story of this book might never have been told,
+for though the misgovernment of the Philippines was originally owing
+to the disregard for the Laws of the Indies and to giving unrestrained
+power to officials, the effects of these mistakes were not apparent
+until well into the nineteenth century.
+
+Another influence which educated the Filipino people was at work during
+this period. They had heard the American Revolution extolled and its
+course approved, because the Spaniards disliked England. Then came
+the French Revolution, which appalled the civilized world. A people,
+ignorant and oppressed, washed out in blood the wrongs which they had
+suffered, but their liberty degenerated into license, their ideals
+proved impracticable, and the anarchy of their radical republic was
+succeeded by the military despotism of Napoleon.
+
+A book written in Tagalog by a friar pointed out the differences
+between true liberty and false. It was the story of an old municipal
+captain who had traveled and returned to enlighten his friends at
+home. The story was well told, and the catechism form in which, by
+his friends' questions and the answers to them, the author's opinions
+were presented, was familiar to Filipinos, so that there were many
+intelligent readers, but its results were quite different from what
+its pious and patriotic author had intended they should be.
+
+The book told of the broadening influences of travel and of education;
+it suggested that liberty was possible only for the intelligent, but
+that schools, newspapers, libraries and the means of travel which the
+American colonists were enjoying were not provided for the Filipinos.
+
+They were further told that the Spanish colonies in America were
+repeating the unhappy experiences of the French republic, while
+the "English North Americans," whose ships during the American
+Revolution had found the Pacific a safe refuge from England,
+had developed considerable commerce with the Philippines. A kindly
+feeling toward the Americans had been aroused by the praise given to
+Filipino mechanics who had been trained by an American naval officer
+to repair his ship when the Spaniards at the government dockyards
+proved incapable of doing the work. Even the first American Consul,
+whose monument yet remains in the Plaza Cervantes, Manila, though,
+because of his faith, he could not be buried in the consecrated ground
+of the Catholic cemeteries, received what would appear to be a higher
+honor, a grave in the principal business plaza of the city.
+
+The inferences were irresistible: the way of the French Revolution
+was repugnant alike to God and government, that of the American
+was approved by both. Filipinos of reflective turn of mind began to
+study America; some even had gone there; for, from a little Filipino
+settlement, St. Malo near New Orleans, sailors enlisted to fight
+in the second war of the United States against England; one of them
+was wounded and his name was long borne on the pension roll of the
+United States.
+
+The danger of the dense ignorance in which their rulers kept the
+Filipinos showed itself in 1819, when a French ship from India having
+introduced Asiatic cholera into the Islands, the lowest classes of
+Manila ascribed it to the collections of insects and reptiles which
+a French naturalist, who was a passenger upon the ship, had brought
+ashore. However the story started, the collection and the dwelling
+of the naturalist fared badly, and afterwards the mob, excited by
+its success, made war upon all foreigners. At length the excitement
+subsided, but too much damage to foreign lives and property had been
+done to be ignored, and the matter had an ugly look, especially as
+no Spaniard had suffered by this outbreak. The Insular government
+roused itself to punish some of the minor misdoers and made many
+explanations and apologies, but the aggrieved nations insisted, and
+obtained as compensation a greater security for foreigners and the
+removal of many of the restraints upon commerce and travel. Thus the
+riot proved a substantial step in Philippine progress.
+
+Following closely the excitement over the massacre of the foreigners
+in Manila came the news that Spain had sold Florida to the United
+States. The circumstances of the sale were hardly creditable to the
+vendor, for it was under compulsion. Her lax government had permitted
+its territory to become the refuge of criminals and lawless savages
+who terrorized the border until in self-defense American soldiers under
+General Jackson had to do the work that Spain could not do. Then with
+order restored and the country held by American troops, an offer to
+purchase was made to Spain who found the liberal purchase money a
+very welcome addition to her bankrupt treasury.
+
+Immediately after this the Monroe Doctrine attracted widespread
+attention in the Philippines. Its story is part of Spanish history. A
+group of reactionary sovereigns of Europe, including King Ferdinand,
+had united to crush out progressive ideas in their kingdoms and
+to remove the dangerous examples of liberal states from their
+neighborhoods. One of the effects of this unholy alliance was to
+nullify all the reforms which Spain had introduced to secure English
+assistance in her time of need, and the people of England were greatly
+incensed. Great Britain had borne the brunt of the war against Napoleon
+because her liberties were jeopardized, but naturally her people could
+not be expected to undertake further warfare merely for the sake of
+people of another land, however they might sympathize with them.
+
+George Canning, the English statesman to whom belonged much of the
+credit for the Constitution of Cadiz, thought out a way to punish
+the Spanish king for his perfidy. King Ferdinand was planning, with
+the Island of Cuba as a base, to begin a campaign that should return
+his rebellious American colonies to their allegiance, for they had
+taken advantage of disturbances in the Peninsula to declare their
+independence. England proposed to the United States that they, the two
+Anglo-Saxon nations whose ideas of liberty had unsettled Europe and
+whom the alliance would have attacked had it dared, should unite in
+a protectorate over the New World. England was to guard the sea and
+the United States were to furnish the soldiers for any land fighting
+which might come on their side of the Atlantic.
+
+World politics had led the enemies of England to help her revolting
+colonies, Napoleon's jealousy of Britain had endowed the new nation
+with the vast Louisiana Territory, and European complications saved the
+United States from the natural consequences of their disastrous war of
+1812, which taught them that union was as necessary to preserve their
+independence as it had been to win it. Canning's project in principle
+appealed to the North Americans, but the study of it soon showed that
+Great Britain was selfish in her suggestion. After a generation of
+fighting, England found herself drained of soldiers and therefore she
+diplomatically invited the coöperation of her former colonies; but,
+regardless of any formal arrangement, her navy could be relied on to
+prevent those who had played her false from transporting large armies
+across the ocean into the neighborhood of her otherwise defenseless
+colonies. That was self-preservation.
+
+President Monroe's advisers were willing that their country should run
+some risk on its own account, but they had the traditional American
+aversion to entangling alliances. So the Cabinet counseled that the
+young nation alone should make itself the protector of the South
+American republics, and drafted the declaration warning the world
+that aggression against any of the New World democracies would be
+resented as unfriendliness to the United States.
+
+It was the firm attitude of President Monroe that compelled Spain to
+forego the attempt to reconquer her former colonies, and therefore
+Mexico and Central and South America owe their existence as republics
+quite as much to the elder commonwealth as does Cuba.
+
+The American attitude revealed in the Monroe Doctrine was especially
+obnoxious to the Spaniards in the Philippines but their intemperate
+denunciations of the policy of America for the Americans served only
+to spread a knowledge of that doctrine among the people of that little
+territory which remained to them to misgovern. Secretly there began
+to be, among the stouter-hearted Filipinos, some who cherished a
+corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, the Philippines for the Filipinos.
+
+Thoughts of separation from Spain by means of rebellion, by sale
+and by the assistance of other nations, had been thus put into the
+heads of the people. These were all changes coming from outside,
+but it next to be demonstrated that Spain herself did not hold her
+noncontiguous territories as sacred as she did her home dominions.
+
+The sale of Florida suggested that Cuba, Porto Rico and the Philippines
+were also available assets, and an offer to sell them was made to
+the King of France; but this sovereign overreached himself, for,
+thinking to drive a better bargain, he claimed that the low prices
+were too high. Thereupon the Spanish Ambassador, who was not in accord
+with his unpatriotic instructions, at once withdrew the offer and
+the negotiations terminated. But the Spanish people learned of the
+proposed sale and their indignation was great. The news spread to the
+Spaniards in the Philippines. Through their comments the Filipinos
+realized that the much-talked-of sacred integrity of the Spanish
+dominions was a meaningless phrase, and that the Philippines would
+not always be Spanish if Spain could get her price.
+
+Gobernadorcillo Mercado, "Captain Juan," as he was called, made a
+creditable figure in his office, and there used to be in Biñan a
+painting of him with his official sword, cocked hat and embroidered
+blouse. The municipal executive in his time did not always wear the
+ridiculous combination of European and old Tagalog costumes, namely, a
+high hat and a short jacket over the floating tails of a pleated shirt,
+which later undignified the position. He has a notable record for his
+generosity, the absence of oppression and for the official honesty
+which distinguished his public service from that of many who held
+his same office. He did, however, change the tribute lists so that
+his family were no longer "Chinese mestizos," but were enrolled as
+"Indians," the wholesale Spanish term for the natives of all Spain's
+possessions overseas. This, in a way, was compensation (it lowered
+his family's tribute) for his having to pay the taxes of all who
+died in Biñan or moved away during his term of office. The municipal
+captain then was held accountable whether the people could pay or not,
+no deductions ever being made from the lists. Most gobernadorcillos
+found ways to reimburse themselves, but not Mercado. His family,
+however, were of the fourth generation in the Philippines and he
+evidently thought that they were entitled to be called Filipinos.
+
+A leader in church work also, and several times "Hermano mayor" of
+its charitable society, the Captain's name appears on a number of
+lists that have come down from that time as a liberal contributor
+to various public subscriptions. His wife was equally benevolent,
+as the records show.
+
+Mr. and Mrs. Mercado did not neglect their family, which was rather
+numerous. Their children were Gavino, Potenciana (who never married),
+Leoncio, Fausto, Barcelisa (who became the wife of Hermenegildo
+Austria), Gabriel, Julian, Gregorio Fernando, Casimiro, Petrona
+(who married Gregorio Neri), Tomasa (later Mrs. F. de Guzman), and
+Cornelia, the belle of the family, who later lived in Batangas.
+
+Young Francisco was only eight years old when his father died, but
+his mother and sister Potenciana looked well after him. First he
+attended a Biñan Latin school, and later he seems to have studied
+Latin and philosophy in the College of San José in Manila.
+
+A sister, Petrona, for some years had been a dressgoods merchant in
+nearby Kalamba, on an estate that had recently come under the same
+ownership as Biñan. There she later married, and shortly after was
+widowed. Possibly upon their mother's death, Potenciana and Francisco
+removed to Kalamba; though Petrona died not long after, her brother
+and sister continued to make their home there.
+
+Francisco, in spite of his youth, became a tenant of the estate as did
+some others of his family, for their Biñan holdings were not large
+enough to give farms to all Captain Juan's many sons. The landlords
+early recognized the agricultural skill of the Mercados by further
+allotments, as they could bring more land under cultivation. Sometimes
+Francisco was able to buy the holdings of others who proved less
+successful in their management and became discouraged.
+
+The pioneer farming, clearing the miasmatic forests especially, was
+dangerous work, and there were few families that did not buy their
+land with the lives of some of its members. In 1847 the Mercados
+had funerals, of brothers and nephews of Francisco, and, chief
+among them, of that elder sister who had devoted her life to him,
+Potenciana. She had always prompted and inspired the young man, and
+Francisco's success in life was largely due to her wise counsels and
+her devoted encouragement of his industry and ambition. Her thrifty
+management of the home, too, was sadly missed.
+
+A year after his sister Potenciana's death, Francisco Mercado married
+Teodora Alonzo, a native of Manila, who for several years had been
+residing with her mother at Kalamba. The history of the family of
+Mrs. Mercado is unfortunately not so easily traced as is that of her
+husband, and what is known is of less simplicity and perhaps of more
+interest since the mother's influence is greater than the father's,
+and she was the mother of José Rizal.
+
+Her father, Lorenzo Alberto Alonzo (born 1790, died 1854), is said
+to have been "very Chinese" in appearance. He had a brother who was
+a priest, and a sister, Isabel, who was quite wealthy; he himself
+was also well to do. Their mother, Maria Florentina (born 1771, died
+1817), was, on her mother's side, of the famous Florentina family of
+Chinese mestizos originating in Baliwag, Bulacan, and her father was
+Captain Mariano Alejandro of Biñan.
+
+Lorenzo Alberto was municipal captain of Biñan in 1824, as had been his
+father, Captain Cipriano Alonzo (died 18O5), in 1797. The grandfather,
+Captain Gregorio Alonzo (died 1794), was a native of Quiotan barrio,
+and twice, in 1763 and again in 1768, at the head of the mestizos'
+organization of the Santa Cruz district in Manila.
+
+Captain Lorenzo was educated for a surveyor, and his engineering books,
+some in English and others in French, were preserved in Biñan till,
+upon the death of his son, the family belongings were scattered. He
+was wealthy, and had invested a considerable sum of money with the
+American Manila shipping firms of Peele, Hubbell & Co., and Russell,
+Sturgis & Co.
+
+The family story is that he became acquainted with Brigida de Quintos,
+Mrs. Rizal's mother, while he was a student in Manila, and that she,
+being unusually well educated for a girl of those days, helped him
+with his mathematics. Their acquaintance apparently arose through
+relationship, both being connected with the Reyes family. They had five
+children: Narcisa (who married Santiago Muger), Teodora (Mrs. Francisco
+Rizal Mercado), Gregorio, Manuel and José. All were born in Manila,
+but lived in Kalamba, and they used the name Alonzo till that general
+change of names in 1850 when, with their mother, they adopted the
+name Realonda. This latter name has been said to be an allusion to
+royal blood in the family, but other indications suggest that it
+might have been a careless mistake made in writing by Rosa Realonda,
+whose name sometimes appears written as Redonda. There is a family
+Redondo (Redonda in its feminine form) Alonzo of Ilokano origin, the
+same stock as their traditions give for Mrs. Rizal's father, some
+of whose members were to be found in the neighborhood of Biñan and
+Pasay. One member of this family was akin in spirit to José Rizal,
+for he was fined twenty-five thousand pesos by the Supreme Court of
+the Philippine Islands for "contempt of religion." It appears that he
+put some original comparisons into a petition which sought to obtain
+justice from an inferior tribunal where, by the omission of the word
+"not" in copying, the clerk had reversed the court's decision but
+the judge refused to change the record.
+
+Brigida de Quintos's death record, in Kalamba (1856), speaks of her
+as the daughter of Manuel de Quintos and Regina Ochoa.
+
+The most obscure part of Rizal's family tree is the Ochoa branch, the
+family of the maternal grandmother, for all the archives,--church,
+land and court,--disappeared during the late disturbed conditions
+of which Cavite was the center. So one can only repeat what has been
+told by elderly people who have been found reliable in other accounts
+where the clews they gave could be compared with existing records.
+
+The first of the family is said to have been Policarpio Ochoa, an
+employé of the Spanish customs house. Estanislao Manuel Ochoa was his
+son, with the blood of old Castile mingling with Chinese and Tagalog
+in his veins. He was part owner of the Hacienda of San Francisco de
+Malabon. One story says that somewhere in this family was a Mariquita
+Ochoa, of such beauty that she was known in Cavite, where was her home,
+as the Sampaguita (jasmine) of the Parian, or Chinese, quarter.
+
+There was a Spanish nobleman also in Cavite in her time who had
+been deported for political reasons--probably for holding liberal
+opinions and for being thought to be favorable to English ideas. It
+is said that this particular "caja abierta" was a Marquis de Canete,
+and if so there is ground for the claim that he was of royal blood;
+at least some of his far-off ancestors had been related to a former
+ruling family of Spain.
+
+Mariquita's mother knew the exile, since, according to the custom
+in Filipino families, she looked after the business interests of her
+husband. Curious to see the belle of whom he had heard so much, the
+Marquis made an excuse of doing business with the mother, and went to
+her home on an occasion when he knew that the mother was away. No one
+else was there to answer his knock and Mariquita, busied in making
+candy, could not in her confusion find a coconut shell to dip water
+for washing her hands from the large jar, and not to keep the visitor
+waiting, she answered the door as she was. Not only did her appearance
+realize the expectations of the Marquis, but the girl seemed equally
+attractive for her self-possessed manners and lively mind. The nobleman
+was charmed. On his way home he met a cart loaded with coconut dippers
+and he bought the entire lot and sent it as his first present.
+
+After this the exile invented numerous excuses to call, till
+Mariquita's mother finally agreed to his union with her daughter. His
+political disability made him out of favor with the State church,
+the only place in which people could be married then, but Mariquita
+became what in English would be called a common-law wife. One of their
+children, José, had a tobacco factory and a slipper factory in Meisic,
+Manila, and was the especial protector of his younger sister, Regina,
+who became the wife of attorney Manuel de Quintos. A sister of Regina
+was Diega de Castro, who with another sister, Luseria, sold "chorizos"
+(sausages) or "tiratira" (taffy candy), the first at a store and
+the second in their own home, but both in Cavite, according to the
+variations of one narrative.
+
+A different account varies the time and omits the noble ancestor by
+saying that Regina was married unusually young to Manuel de Quintos to
+escape the attentions of the Marquis. Another authority claims that
+Regina was wedded to the lawyer in second marriage, being the widow
+of Facundo de Layva, the captain of the ship Hernando Magallanes,
+whose pilot, by the way, was Andrew Stewart, an Englishman.
+
+It is certain that Regina Ochoa was of Spanish, Chinese and Tagalog
+ancestry, and it is recorded that she was the wife of Manuel de
+Quintos. Here we stop depending on memories, for in the restored
+burial register of Kalamba church in the entry of the funeral of
+Brigida de Quintos she is called "the daughter of Manuel de Quintos
+and Regina Ochoa."
+
+Manuel de Quintos was an attorney of Manila, graduated from Santo Tomás
+University, whose family were Chinese mestizos of Pangasinan. The
+lawyer's father, of the same name, had been municipal captain of
+Lingayan, and an uncle was leader of the Chinese mestizos in a
+protest they had made against the arbitrariness of their provincial
+governor. This petition for redress of grievances is preserved in
+the Supreme Court archives with "Joaquin de Quintos" well and boldly
+written at the head of the complainants' names, evidence of a culture
+and a courage that were equally uncommon in those days. Complaints
+under Spanish rule, no matter how well founded, meant trouble for the
+complainants; we must not forget that it was a vastly different thing
+from signing petitions or adhering to resolutions nowadays. Then the
+signers risked certainly great annoyance, sometimes imprisonment,
+and not infrequently death.
+
+The home of Quintos had been in San Pedro Macati at the time of Captain
+Novales's uprising, the so-called "American revolt" in protest against
+the Peninsulars sent out to supersede the Mexican officers who had
+remained loyal to Spain when the colony of their birth separated
+itself from the mother country. As little San Pedro Macati is charged
+with having originated the conspiracy, it is unlikely that it was
+concealed from the liberal lawyer, for attorneys were scarcer and
+held in higher esteem in those days.
+
+The conservative element then, as later, did not often let drop
+any opportunity of purging the community of those who thought for
+themselves, by condemning them for crime unheard and undefended,
+whether they had been guilty of it or not.
+
+All the branches of Mrs. Rizal's family were much richer than the
+relatives of her husband; there were numerous lawyers and priests
+among them--the old-time proof of social standing--and they were
+influential in the country.
+
+There are several names of these related families that belong among
+the descendants of Lakandola, as traced by Mr. Luther Parker in
+his study of the Pampangan migration, and color is thereby given,
+so far as Rizal is concerned, to a proud boast that an old Pampangan
+lady of this descent makes for her family. She, who is exceedingly
+well posted upon her ancestry, ends the tracing of her lineage from
+Lakandola's time by asserting that the blood of that chief flowed
+in the veins of every Filipino who had the courage to stand forward
+as the champion of his people from the earliest days to the close of
+the Spanish régime. Lakandola, of course, belonged to the Mohammedan
+Sumatrans who emigrated to the Philippines only a few generations
+before Magellan's discovery.
+
+To recall relatives of Mrs. Rizal who were in the professions may
+help to an understanding of the prominence of the family. Felix
+Florentino, an uncle, was the first clerk of the Nueva Segovia
+(Vigan) court. A cousin-german, José Florentino, was a Philippine
+deputy in the Spanish Cortes, and a lawyer of note, as was also
+his brother, Manuel. Another relative, less near, was Clerk Reyes,
+of the Court of First Instance in Manila. The priest of Rosario,
+Vicar of Batangas Province, Father Leyva, was a half-blood relation,
+and another priestly relative was Mrs. Rizal's paternal uncle,
+Father Alonzo. These were in the earlier days when professional
+men were scarcer. Father Almeida, of Santa Cruz Church, Manila,
+and Father Agustin Mendoz, his predecessor in the same church, and
+one of the sufferers in the Cavite trouble of '72--a deporté--were
+most distantly connected with the Rizal family. Another relative,
+of the Reyes connection, was in the Internal Revenue Service and had
+charge of Kalamba during the latter part of the eighteenth century.
+
+Mrs. Rizal was baptized in Santa Cruz Church, Manila, November 18,
+1827, as Teodora Morales Alonzo, her godmother being a relative by
+marriage, Doña Maria Cristina. She was given an exceptionally good
+fundamental education by her gifted mother, and completed her training
+in Santa Rosa College, Manila, which was in the charge of Filipino
+sisters. Especially did the religious influence of her schooling
+manifest itself in her after life. Unfortunately there are no records
+in the institution, because it is said all the members of the Order
+who could read and write were needed for instruction and there was
+no one competent who had time for clerical work.
+
+Brigida de Quintos had removed to the property in Kalamba which Lorenzo
+Alberto had transferred to her, and there as early as 1844 she is
+first mentioned as Brigida de Quintos, then as Brigida de Alonzo,
+and later as Brigida Realonda.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+Rizal's Early Childhood
+
+JOSÉ PROTASIO RIZAL MERCADO Y ALONZO REALONDA, the seventh child of
+Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado y Alejandro and his wife, Teodora
+Morales Alonzo Realonda y Quintos, was born in Kalamba, June 19, 1861.
+
+He was a typical Filipino, for few persons in this land of mixed
+blood could boast a greater mixture than his. Practically all
+the ethnic elements, perhaps even the Negrito in the far past,
+combined in his blood. All his ancestors, except the doubtful
+strain of the Negrito, had been immigrants to the Philippines, early
+Malays, and later Sumatrans, Chinese of prehistoric times and the
+refugees from the Tartar dominion, and Spaniards of old Castile and
+Valencia--representatives of all the various peoples who have blended
+to make the strength of the Philippine race.
+
+Shortly before José's birth his family had built a pretentious new home
+in the center of Kalamba on a lot which Francisco Mercado had inherited
+from his brother. The house was destroyed before its usefulness had
+ceased, by the vindictiveness of those who hated the man-child that
+was born there. And later on the gratitude of a free people held the
+same spot sacred because there began that life consecrated to the
+Philippines and finally given for it, after preparing the way for the
+union of the various disunited Chinese mestizos, Spanish mestizos,
+and half a hundred dialectically distinguished "Indians" into the
+united people of the Philippines.
+
+José was christened in the nearby church when three days old, and as
+two out-of-town bands happened to be in Kalamba for a local festival,
+music was a feature of the event. His godfather was Father Pedro
+Casañas, a Filipino priest of a Kalamba family, and the priest who
+christened him was also a Filipino, Father Rufino Collantes. Following
+is a translation of the record of Rizal's birth and baptism: "I, the
+undersigned parish priest of the town of Calamba, certify that from
+the investigation made with proper authority, for replacing the parish
+books which were burned September 28, 1862, to be found in Docket No. 1
+of Baptisms, page 49, it appears by the sworn testimony of competent
+witnesses that JOSÉ RIZAL MERCADO is the legitimate son, and of lawful
+wedlock, of Don Francisco Rizal Mercado and Doña Teodora Realonda,
+having been baptized in this parish on the 22d day of June in the year
+1861, by the parish preiset, Rev. Rufino Collantes, Rev. Pedro Casañas
+being his god-father."--Witness my signature. (Signed) LEONCIO LOPEZ.
+
+José Rizal's earliest training recalls the education of William
+and Alexander von Humboldt, those two nineteenth century Germans
+whose achievements for the prosperity of their fatherland and the
+advancement of humanity have caused them to be spoken of as the most
+remarkable pair of brothers that ever lived. He was not physically
+a strong child, but the direction of his first studies was by an
+unusually gifted mother, who succeeded, almost without the aid of
+books, in laying a foundation upon which the man placed an amount
+of well-mastered knowledge along many different lines that is truly
+marvelous, and this was done in so short a time that its brevity
+constitutes another wonder.
+
+At three he learned his letters, having insisted upon being
+taught to read and being allowed to share the lessons of an elder
+sister. Immediately thereafter he was discovered with her story book,
+spelling out its words by the aid of the syllabary or "caton" which
+he had propped up before him and was using as one does a dictionary
+in a foreign language.
+
+The little boy spent also much of his time in the church, which was
+conveniently near, but when the mother suggested that this might be
+an indication of religious inclination, his prompt response was that
+he liked to watch the people.
+
+To how good purpose the small eyes and ears were used, the true-to-life
+types of the characters in "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo"
+testify.
+
+Three uncles, brothers of the mother, concerned themselves with
+the intellectual, artistic and physical training of this promising
+nephew. The youngest, José, a teacher, looked after the regular
+lessons. The giant Manuel developed the physique of the youngster,
+until he had a supple body of silk and steel and was no longer a
+sickly lad, though he did not entirely lose his somewhat delicate
+looks. The more scholarly Gregorio saw that the child earned his candy
+money--trying to instill the idea into his mind that it was not the
+world's way that anything worth having should come without effort; he
+taught him also the value of rapidity in work, to think for himself,
+and to observe carefully and to picture what he saw.
+
+Sometimes José would draw a bird flying without lifting pencil from the
+paper till the picture was finished. At other times it would be a horse
+running or a dog in chase, but it always must be something of which
+he had thought himself and the idea must not be overworked; there was
+no payment for what had been done often before. Thus he came to think
+for himself, ideas were suggested to him indirectly, so he was never
+a servile copyist, and he acquired the habit of speedy accomplishment.
+
+Clay at first, then wax, was his favorite play material. From these he
+modeled birds and butterflies that came ever nearer to the originals
+in nature as the wise praise of the uncles called his attention to
+possibilities of improvement and encouraged him to further effort. This
+was the beginning of his nature study.
+
+José had a pony and used to take long rides through all the surrounding
+country, so rich in picturesque scenery. Besides these horseback
+expeditions were excursions afoot; on the latter his companion was
+his big black dog, Usman. His father pretended to be fearful of some
+accident if dog and pony went together, so the boy had to choose
+between these favorites, and alternated walking and riding, just as
+Mr. Mercado had planned he should. The long pedestrian excursions
+of his European life, though spoken of as German and English habits,
+were merely continuations of this childhood custom. There were other
+playmates besides the dog and the horse, especially doves that lived
+in several houses about the Mercado home, and the lad was friend
+and defender of all the animals, birds, and even insects in the
+neighborhood. Had his childish sympathies been respected the family
+would have been strictly vegetarian in their diet.
+
+At times José was permitted to spend the night in one of the curious
+little straw huts which La Laguna farmers put up during the harvest
+season, and the myths and legends of the region which he then heard
+interested him and were later made good use of in his writings.
+
+Sleight-of-hand tricks were a favorite amusement, and he developed
+a dexterity which mystified the simple folk of the country. This
+diversion, and his proficiency in it, gave rise to that mysterious awe
+with which he was regarded by the common people of his home region;
+they ascribed to him supernatural powers, and refused to believe that
+he was really dead even after the tragedy of Bagumbayan.
+
+Entertainment of the neighbors with magic-lantern exhibitions was
+another frequent amusement, an ordinary lamp throwing its light on
+a common sheet serving as a screen. José's supple fingers twisted
+themselves into fantastic shapes, the enlarged shadows of which on
+the curtain bore resemblance to animals, and paper accessories were
+worked in to vary and enlarge the repertoire of action figures. The
+youthful showman was quite successful in catering to the public taste,
+and the knowledge he then gained proved valuable later in enabling
+him to approach his countrymen with books that held their attention
+and gave him the opportunity to tell them of shortcomings which it
+was necessary that they should correct.
+
+Almost from babyhood he had a grown-up way about him, a sort of dignity
+that seemed to make him realize and respect the rights of others and
+unconsciously disposed his elders to reason with him, rather than scold
+him for his slight offenses. This habit grew, as reprimands were needed
+but once, and his grave promises of better behavior were faithfully
+kept when the explanation of why his conduct was wrong was once made
+clear to him. So the child came to be not an unwelcome companion even
+for adults, for he respected their moods and was never troublesome. A
+big influence in the formation of the child's character was his
+association with the parish priest of Kalamba, Father Leoncio Lopez.
+
+The Kalamba church and convento, which were located across the way
+from the Rizal home, were constructed after the great earthquake of
+1863, which demolished so many edifices throughout the central part
+of the Philippines.
+
+The curate of Kalamba had a strong personality and was notable
+among the Filipino secular clergy of that day when responsibility
+had developed many creditable figures. An English writer of long
+residence in the Philippines, John Foreman, in his book on the
+Philippine Islands, describes how his first meeting with this priest
+impressed him, and tells us that subsequent acquaintance confirmed
+the early favorable opinion of one whom he considered remarkable for
+broad intelligence and sanity of view. Father Leoncío never deceived
+himself and his judgment was sound and clear, even when against
+the opinions and persons of whom he would have preferred to think
+differently. Probably José, through the priest's fondness for children
+and because he was well behaved and the son of friendly neighbors,
+was at first tolerated about the convento, the Philippine name for
+the priest's residence, but soon he became a welcome visitor for his
+own sake.
+
+He never disturbed the priest's meditations when the old clergyman
+was studying out some difficult question, but was a keen observer,
+apparently none the less curious for his respectful reserve. Father
+Leoncío may have forgotten the age of his listener, or possibly was
+only thinking aloud, but he spoke of those matters which interested
+all thinking Filipinos and found a sympathetic, eager audience in
+the little boy, who at least gave close heed if he had at first no
+valuable comments to offer.
+
+In time the child came to ask questions, and they were so sensible
+that careful explanation was given, and questions were not dismissed
+with the statement that these things were for grown-ups, a statement
+which so often repels the childish zeal for knowledge. Not many
+mature people in those days held so serious converse as the priest
+and his child friend, for fear of being overheard and reported,
+a danger which even then existed in the Philippines.
+
+That the old Filipino priest of Rizal's novels owed something to the
+author's recollections of Father Leoncío is suggested by a chapter in
+"Noli Me Tangere." Ibarra, viewing Manila by moonlight on the first
+night after his return from Europe, recalls old memories and makes
+mention of the neighborhood of the Botanical Garden, just beyond
+which the friend and mentor of his youth had died. Father Leoncio
+Lopez died in Calle Concepción in that vicinity, which would seem to
+identify him in connection with that scene in the book, rather than
+numerous others whose names have been sometimes suggested.
+
+Two writings of Rizal recall thoughts of his youthful days. Orie tells
+how he used to wander down along the lake shore and, looking across
+the waters, wonder about the people on the other side. Did they,
+too, he questioned, suffer injustice as the people of his home town
+did? Was the whip there used as freely, carelessly and unmercifully by
+the authorities? Had men and women also to be servile and hypocrites
+to live in peace over there? But among these thoughts, never once
+did it occur to him that at no distant day the conditions would be
+changed and, under a government that safeguarded the personal rights
+of the humblest of its citizens, the region that evoked his childhood
+wondering was to become part of a province bearing his own name in
+honor of his labors toward banishing servility and hypocrisy from
+the character of his countrymen.
+
+The lake district of Central Luzon is one of the most historic regions
+in the Islands, the May-i probably of the twelfth century Chinese
+geographer. Here was the scene of the earliest Spanish missionary
+activity. On the south shore is Kalamba, birthplace of Doctor Rizal,
+with Biñan, the residence of his father's ancestors, to the northwest,
+and on the north shore the land to which reference is made above. Today
+this same region at the north bears the name of Rizal Province in
+his honor.
+
+The other recollection of Rizal's youth is of his first reading
+lesson. He did not know Spanish and made bad work of the story of the
+"Foolish Butterfly," which his mother had selected, stumbling over the
+words and grouping them without regard to the sense. Finally Mrs. Rizal
+took the book from her son and read it herself, translating the tale
+into the familiar Tagalog used in their home. The moral is supposed
+to be obedience, and the young butterfly was burned and died because
+it disregarded the parental warning not to venture too close to the
+alluring flame. The reading lesson was in the evening and by the
+light of a coconut-oil lamp, and some moths were very appropriately
+fluttering about its cheerful blaze. The little boy watched them as
+his mother read and he missed the moral, for as the insects singed
+their wings and fluttered to their death in the flame he forgot
+their disobedience and found no warning in it for him. Rather he
+envied their fate and considered that the light was so fine a thing
+that it was worth dying for. Thus early did the notion that there
+are things worth more than life enter his head, though he could not
+foresee that he was to be himself a martyr and that the day of his
+death would before long be commemorated in his country to recall to
+his countrymen lessons as important to their national existence as
+his mother's precept was for his childish welfare.
+
+When he was four the mystery of life's ending had been brought home to
+him by the death of a favorite little sister, and he shed the first
+tears of real sorrow, for until then he had only wept as children do
+when disappointed in getting their own way. It was the first of many
+griefs, but he quickly realized that life is a constant struggle and
+he learned to meet disappointments and sorrows with the tears in the
+heart and a smile on the lips, as he once advised a nephew to do.
+
+At seven José made his first real journey; the family went to Antipolo
+with the host of pilgrims who in May visit the mountain shrine of Our
+Lady of Peace and Safe Travel. In the early Spanish days in Mexico
+she was the special patroness of voyages to America, especially while
+the galleon trade lasted; the statue was brought to Antipolo in 1672.
+
+A print of the Virgin, a souvenir of this pilgrimage, was, according
+to the custom of those times, pasted inside José's wooden chest when
+he left home for school; later on it was preserved in an album and
+went with him in all his travels. Afterwards it faced Bougereau's
+splendid conception of the Christ-mother, as one who had herself
+thus suffered, consoling another mother grieving over the loss of a
+son. Many years afterwards Doctor Rizal was charged with having fallen
+away from religion, but he seems really rather to have experienced a
+deepening of the religious spirit which made the essentials of charity
+and kindness more important in his eyes than forms and ceremonies.
+
+Yet Rizal practiced those forms prescribed for the individual even
+when debarred from church privileges. The lad doubtless got his
+idea of distinguishing between the sign and the substance from a
+well-worn book of explanations of the church ritual and symbolism
+"intended for the use of parish priests." It was found in his library,
+with Mrs. Rizal's name on the flyleaf. Much did he owe his mother,
+and his grateful recognition appears in his appreciative portrayal
+of maternal affection in his novels.
+
+His parents were both religious, but in a different way. The father's
+religion was manifested in his charities; he used to keep on hand
+a fund, of which his wife had no account, for contributions to the
+necessitous and loans to the irresponsible. Mrs. Rizal attended to
+the business affairs and was more careful in her handling of money,
+though quite as charitably disposed. Her early training in Santa
+Rosa had taught her the habit of frequent prayer and she began early
+in the morning and continued till late in the evening, with frequent
+attendance in the church. Mr. Rizal did not forget his church duties,
+but was far from being so assiduous in his practice of them, and the
+discussions in the home frequently turned on the comparative value of
+words and deeds, discussions that were often given a humorous twist
+by the husband when he contrasted his wife's liberality in prayers
+with her more careful dispensing of money aid.
+
+Not many homes in Kalamba were so well posted on events of the outside
+world, and the children constantly heard discussions of questions
+which other households either ignored or treated rather reservedly, for
+espionage was rampant even then in the Islands. Mrs. Rizal's literary
+training had given her an acquaintance with the better Spanish writers
+which benefited her children; she told them the classic tales in style
+adapted to their childish comprehension, so that when they grew older
+they found that many noted authors were old acquaintances. The Bible,
+too, played a large part in the home. Mrs. Rizal's copy was a Spanish
+translation of the Latin Vulgate, the version authorized by her Church
+but not common in the Islands then. Rizal's frequent references to
+Biblical personages and incidents are not paralleled in the writings
+of any contemporary Filipino author.
+
+The frequent visitors to their home, the church, civil and military
+authorities, who found the spacious Rizal mansion a convenient resting
+place on their way to the health resort at Los Baños, brought something
+of the city, and a something not found by many residents even there, to
+the people of this village household. Oftentimes the house was filled,
+and the family would not turn away a guest of less rank for the sake of
+one of higher distinction, though that unsocial practice was frequently
+followed by persons who forgot their self-respect in toadying to rank.
+
+Little José did not know Spanish very well, so far as conversational
+usage was concerned, but his mother tried to impress on him the beauty
+of the Spanish poets and encouraged him in essays at rhyming which
+finally grew into quite respectable poetical compositions. One of
+these was a drama in Tagalog which so pleased a municipal captain of
+the neighboring village of Paete, who happened to hear it while on
+a visit to Kalamba, that the youthful author was paid two pesos for
+the production. This was as much money as a field laborer in those
+days would have earned in half a month; although the family did not
+need the coin, the incident impressed them with the desirability of
+cultivating the boy's talent.
+
+José was nine years old when he was sent to study in Biñan. His master
+there, Justiniano Aquino Cruz, was of the old school and Rizal has left
+a record of some of his maxims, such as "Spare the rod and spoil the
+child," "The letter enters with blood," and other similar indications
+of his heroic treatment of the unfortunates under his care. However,
+if he was a strict disciplinarian, Master Justiniano was also a
+conscientious instructor, and the boy had been only a few months
+under his care when the pupil was told that he knew as much as his
+master, and had better go to Manila to school. Truthful José repeated
+this conversation without the modification which modesty might have
+suggested, and his father responded rather vigorously to the idea
+and it was intimated that in the father's childhood pupils were not
+accustomed to say that they knew as much as their teachers. However,
+Master Justiniano corroborated the child's statement, so that
+preparations for José's going to Manila began to be made. This was
+in the Christmas vacation of 1871.
+
+Biñan had been a valuable experience for young Rizal. There he had
+met a host of relatives and from them heard much of the past of his
+father's family. His maternal grandfather's great house was there, now
+inhabited by his mother's half-brother, a most interesting personage.
+
+This uncle, José Alberto, had been educated in British India, spending
+eleven years in a Calcutta missionary school. This was the result of
+an acquaintance which his father had made with an English naval officer
+who visited the Philippines about 1820, the author of "An Englishman's
+Visit to the Philippines." Lorenzo Alberto, the grandfather, himself
+spoke English and had English associations. He had also liberal ideas
+and preferred the system under which the Philippines were represented
+in the Cortes and were treated not as a colony but as part of the
+homeland and its people were considered Spaniards.
+
+The great Biñan bridge had been built under Lorenzo Alberto's
+supervision, and for services to the Spanish nation during the
+expedition to Cochin-China--probably liberal contributions of money--he
+had been granted the title of Knight of the American Order of Isabel
+the Catholic, but by the time this recognition reached him he had died,
+and the patent was made out to his son.
+
+An episode well known in the village--its chief event, if one might
+judge from the conversation of the inhabitants--was a visit which
+a governor of Hongkong had made there when he was a guest in the
+home of Alberto. Many were the tales told of this distinguished
+Englishman, who was Sir John Bowring, the notable polyglot and
+translator into English of poetry in practically every one of the
+dialects of Europe. His achievements along this line had put him
+second or third among the linguists of the century. He was also
+interested in history, and mentioned in his Biñan visit that the
+Hakluyt Society, of which he was a Director, was then preparing to
+publish an exceedingly interesting account of the early Philippines
+that did more justice to its inhabitants than the regular Spanish
+historians. Here Rizal first heard of Morga, the historian, whose
+book he in after years made accessible to his countrymen. A desire
+to know other languages than his own also possessed him and he was
+eager to rival the achievements of Sir John Bowring.
+
+In his book entitled "A Visit to the Philippine Islands," which was
+translated into Spanish by Mr. José del Pan, a liberal editor of
+Manila, Sir John Bowring gives the following account of his visit to
+Rizal's uncle:
+
+"We reached Biñan before sunset .... First we passed between
+files of youths, then of maidens; and through a triumphal
+arch we reached the handsome dwelling of a rich mestizo, whom
+we found decorated with a Spanish order, which had been granted
+to his father before him. He spoke English, having been educated
+at Calcutta, and his house--a very large one--gave abundant
+evidence that he had not studied in vain the arts of domestic
+civilization. The furniture, the beds, the table, the cookery, were
+all in good taste, and the obvious sincerity of the kind reception
+added to its agreeableness. Great crowds were gathered together
+in the square which fronts the house of Don José Alberto."
+
+
+The Philippines had just had a liberal governor, De la Torte, but even
+during this period of apparent liberalness there existed a confidential
+government order directing that all letters from Filipinos suspected
+of progressive ideas were to be opened in the post. This violation
+of the mails furnished the list of those who later suffered in the
+convenient insurrection of '72.
+
+An agrarian trouble, the old disagreement between landlords and
+tenants, had culminated in an active outbreak which the government
+was unable to put down, and so it made terms by which, among other
+things, the leader of the insurrection was established as chief
+of a new civil guard for the purpose of keeping order. Here again
+was another preparation for '72, for at that time the agreement
+was forgotten and the officer suffered punishment, in spite of the
+immunity he had been promised.
+
+Religious troubles, too, were rife. The Jesuits had returned from
+exile shortly before, and were restricted to teaching work in those
+parishes in the missionary district where collections were few and
+danger was great. To make room for those whom they displaced the better
+parishes in the more thickly settled regions were taken from Filipino
+priests and turned over to members of the religious Orders. Naturally
+there was discontent. A confidential communication from the secular
+archbishop, Doctor Martinez, shows that he considered the Filipinos had
+ground for complaint, for he states that if the Filipinos were under a
+non-Catholic government like that of England they would receive fairer
+treatment than they were getting from their Spanish co-religionaries,
+and warns the home government that trouble will inevitably result if
+the discrimination against the natives of the country is continued.
+
+The Jesuit method of education in their newly established "Ateneo
+Municipal" was a change from that in the former schools. It treated the
+Filipino as a Spaniard and made no distinctions between the races in
+the school dormitory. In the older institutions of Manila the Spanish
+students lived in the Spanish way and spoke their own language, but
+Filipinos were required to talk Latin, sleep on floor mats and eat
+with their hands from low tables. These Filipino customs obtained in
+the hamlets, but did not appeal to city lads who had become used to
+Spanish ways in their own homes and objected to departing from them in
+school. The disaffection thus created was among the educated class,
+who were best fitted to be leaders of their people in any dangerous
+insurrection against the government.
+
+However, a change had to take place to meet the Jesuit competition,
+and in the rearrangement Filipino professors were given a larger
+share in the management of the schools. Notable among these was
+Father Burgos. He had earned his doctor's degree in two separate
+courses, was among the best educated in the capital and by far the
+most public-spirited and valiant of the Filipino priests.
+
+He enlisted the interest of many of the older Filipino clergy and
+through their contributions subsidized a paper, E1 Eco Filipino,
+which spoke from the Filipino standpoint and answered the reflections
+which were the stock in trade of the conservative organ, for the
+reactionaries had an abusive journal just as they had had in 1821
+and were to have in the later days.
+
+Such were the conditions when José Rizal got ready to leave home for
+school in Manila, a departure which was delayed by the misfortunes of
+his mother. His only, and elder, brother, Paciano, had been a student
+in San José College in Manila for some years, and had regularly failed
+in passing his examinations because of his outspokenness against
+the evils of the country. Paciano was a great favorite with Doctor
+Burgos, in whose home he lived and for whom he acted as messenger
+and go-between in the delicate negotiations of the propaganda which
+the doctor was carrying on.
+
+In February of '72 all the dreams of a brighter and freer Philippines
+were crushed out in that enormous injustice which made the mutiny of a
+few soldiers and arsenal employés in Cavite the excuse for deporting,
+imprisoning, and even shooting those whose correspondence, opened
+during the previous year, had shown them to be discontented with the
+backward conditions in the Philippines.
+
+Doctor Burgos, just as he had been nominated to a higher post in the
+Church, was the chief victim. Father Gomez, an old man, noted for
+charity, was another, and the third was Father Zamora. A reference
+in a letter of his to "powder," which was his way of saying money,
+was distorted into a dangerous significance, in spite of the fact
+that the letter was merely an invitation to a gambling game. The
+trial was a farce, the informer was garroted just when he was on
+the point of complaining that he was not receiving the pardon and
+payment which he had been promised for his services in convicting
+the others. The whole affair had an ugly look, and the way it was
+hushed up did not add to the confidence of the people in the justice
+of the proceedings. The Islands were then placed under military law
+and remained so for many years.
+
+Father Burgos's dying advice to Filipinos was for them to be educated
+abroad, preferably outside of Spain, but if they could do no better,
+at least go to the Peninsula. He urged that through education only
+could progress be hoped for. In one of his speeches he had warned the
+Spanish government that continued oppressive measures would drive the
+Filipinos from their allegiance and make them wish to become subjects
+of a freer power, suggesting England, whose possessions surrounded
+the Islands.
+
+Doctor Burgos's idea of England as a hope for the Philippines was
+borne out by the interest which the British newspapers of Hongkong
+took in Philippine affairs. They gave accounts of the troubles and
+picked flaws in the garbled reports which the officials sent abroad.
+
+Some zealous but unthinking reactionary at this time conceived the idea
+of publishing a book somewhat similar to that which had been gotten
+out against the Constitution of Cadiz. "Captain Juan" was its name;
+it was in catechism form, and told of an old municipal captain who
+deserved to be honored because he was so submissively subservient to
+all constituted authority. He tries to distinguish between different
+kinds of liberty, and the especial attention which he devotes to
+America shows how live a topic the great republic was at that time in
+the Islands. This interest is explained by the fact that an American
+company had just then received a grant of the northern part of Borneo,
+later British North Borneo, for a trading company. It was believed that
+the United States had designs on the Archipelago because of treaties
+which had been negotiated with the Sultan of Sulu and certain American
+commercial interests in the Far East, which were then rather important.
+
+Americans, too, had become known in the Philippines through a soldier
+of fortune who had helped out the Chinese government in suppressing
+the rebellion in the neighborhood of Shanghai. "General" F. T. Ward,
+from Massachusetts, organized an army of deserters from European ships,
+but their lack of discipline made them undesirable soldiers, and so
+he disbanded the force. He then gathered a regiment of Manila men,
+as the Filipinos usually found as quartermasters on all ships sailing
+in the East were then called. With the aid of some other Americans
+these troops were disciplined and drilled into such efficiency that the
+men came to have the title among the Chinese of the "Ever-Victorious"
+army, because of the almost unbroken series of successes which they
+had experienced. A partial explanation, possibly, of their fighting
+so well is that they were paid only when they won.
+
+The high praise given the Filipinos at this time was in contrast to the
+disparagement made of their efforts in Indo-China, where in reality
+they had done the fighting rather than their Spanish officers. When
+a Spaniard in the Philippines quoted of the Filipino their customary
+saying, "Poor soldier, worse sacristan," the Filipinos dared make
+no open reply, but they consoled themselves with remembering the
+flattering comments of "General" Ward and the favorable opinion of
+Archbishop Martinez.
+
+References to Filipino military capacity were banned by the censors and
+the archbishop's communication had been confidential, but both became
+known, for despotisms drive its victims to stealth and to methods
+which would not be considered creditable under freer conditions.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+Jagor's Prophecy
+
+RIZAL'S first home in Manila was in a nipa house with Manuel
+Hidalgo, later to be his brother-in-law, in Calle Espeleta, a street
+named for a former Filipino priest who had risen to be bishop and
+governor-general. This spot is now marked with a tablet which gives
+the date of his coming as the latter part of February, 1872.
+
+Rizal's own recollections speak of June as being the date of the
+formal beginning of his studies in Manila. First he went to San Juan
+de Letran and took an examination in the Catechism. Then he went back
+to Kalamba and in July passed into the Ateneo, possibly because of
+the more favorable conditions under which the pupils were admitted,
+receiving credit for work in arithmetic, which in the other school,
+it is said, he would have had to restudy. This perhaps accounts for
+the credit shown in the scholastic year 1871-72. Until his fourth
+year Rizal was an externe, as those residing outside of the school
+dormitory were then called. The Ateneo was very popular and so great
+was the eagerness to enter it that the waiting list was long and two
+or three years' delay was not at all uncommon.
+
+There is a little uncertainty about this period; some writers have
+gone so far as to give recollections of childhood incidents of which
+Rizal was the hero while he lived in the house of Doctor Burgos,
+but the family deny that he was ever in this home, and say that he
+has been confused with his brother Paciano.
+
+The greatest influence upon Rizal during this period was the sense of
+Spanish judicial injustice in the legal persecutions of his mother,
+who, though innocent, for two years was treated as a criminal and
+held in prison.
+
+Much of the story is not necessary for this narrative, but the mother's
+troubles had their beginning in the attempted revenge of a lieutenant
+of the Civil Guard, one of a body of Spaniards who were no credit
+to the mother country and whom Rizal never lost opportunity in his
+writings of painting in their true colors. This official had been in
+the habit of having his horse fed at the Mercado home when he visited
+their town from his station in Biñan, but once there was a scarcity
+of fodder and Mr. Mercado insisted that his own stock was entitled
+to care before he could extend hospitality to strangers. This the
+official bitterly resented. His opportunity for revenge soon came, and
+was not overlooked. A disagreement between José Alberto, the mother's
+brother in Biñan, and his wife, also his cousin, to whom he had been
+married when they were both quite young, led to sensational charges
+which a discreet officer would have investigated and would assuredly
+have then realized to be unfounded. Instead the lieutenant accepted
+the most ridiculous statements, brought charges of attempted murder
+against Alberto and his sister, Mrs. Rizal, and evidently figured
+that he would be able to extort money from the rich man and gratify
+his revenge at the same time.
+
+Now comes a disgruntled judge, who had not received the attention at
+the Mercado home which he thought his dignity demanded. Out of revenge
+he ordered Mrs. Rizal to be conducted at once to the provincial prison,
+not in the usual way by boat, but, to cause her greater annoyance,
+afoot around the lake. It was a long journey from Kalamba to Santa
+Cruz, and the first evening the guard and his prisoner came to
+a village where there was a festival in progress. Mrs. Rizal was
+well known and was welcomed in the home of one of the prominent
+families. The festivities were at their height when the judge, who
+had been on horseback and so had reached the town earlier, heard that
+the prisoner, instead of being in the village calaboose, was a guest
+of honor and apparently not suffering the annoyance to which he had
+intended to subject her. He strode to the house, and, not content to
+knock, broke in the door, splintered his cane on the poor constable's
+head, and then exhausted himself beating the owner of the house.
+
+These proceedings were revealed in a charge of prejudice which
+Mrs. Rizal's lawyers urged against the judge who at the same time
+was the one who decided the case and also the prosecutor. The Supreme
+Court agreed that her contention was correct and directed that she be
+discharged from custody. To this order the judge paid due respect and
+ordered her release, but he said that the accusation of unfairness
+against him was contempt of court, and gave her a longer sentence
+under this charge than the previous one from which she had just been
+absolved. After some delay the Supreme Court heard of this affair and
+decided that the judge was right. But, because Mrs. Rizal had been
+longer in prison awaiting trial than the sentence, they dated back
+her imprisonment, and again ordered her release. Here the record
+gets a little confused because it is concerned with a story that
+her brother had sixteen thousand pesos concealed in his cell, and
+everybody, from the Supreme Court down, seemed interested in trying
+to locate the money.
+
+While the officials were looking for his sack of gold, Alberto
+gave a power of attorney to an overintelligent lawyer who worded
+his authority so that it gave him the right to do everything
+which his principal himself could have done "personally, legally
+and ecclesiastically." From some source outside, but not from the
+brother, the attorney heard that Mrs. Rizal had had money belonging
+to Alberto, for in the extensive sugar-purchasing business which she
+carried on she handled large sums and frequently borrowed as much as
+five thousand pesos from this brother. Anxious to get his hands on
+money, he instituted a charge of theft against her, under his power of
+attorney and acting in the name of his principal. Mrs. Rizal's attorney
+demurred to such a charge being made without the man who had lent the
+money being at all consulted, and held that a power of attorney did
+not warrant such an action. In time the intelligent Supreme Court
+heard this case and decided that it should go to trial; but later,
+when the attorney, acting for his principal, wanted to testify for him
+under the power of attorney, they seem to have reached their limit,
+for they disapproved of that proposal.
+
+Anyone who cares to know just how ridiculous and inconsistent the
+judicial system of the Philippines then was would do well to try to
+unravel the mixed details of the half dozen charges, ranging from
+cruelty through theft to murder, which were made against Mrs. Rizal
+without a shadow of evidence. One case was trumped up as soon as
+another was finished, and possibly the affair would have dragged on
+till the end of the Spanish administration had not her little daughter
+danced before the Governor-General once when he was traveling through
+the country, won his approval, and when he asked what favor he could do
+for her, presented a petition for her mother's release. In this way,
+which recalls the customs of primitive nations, Mrs. Rizal finally
+was enabled to return to her home.
+
+Doctor Rizal tells us that it was then that he first began to lose
+confidence in mankind. A story of a school companion, that when
+Rizal recalled this incident the red came into his eyes, probably
+has about the same foundation as the frequent stories of his weeping
+with emotion upon other people's shoulders when advised of momentous
+changes in his life. Doctor Rizal did not have these Spanish ways,
+and the narrators are merely speaking of what other Spaniards would
+have done, for self-restraint and freedom from exhibitions of emotion
+were among his most prominent characteristics.
+
+Some time during Rizal's early years of school came his first success
+in painting. It was the occasion of a festival in Kalamba; just at
+the last moment an important banner was accidentally damaged and there
+was not time to send to Manila for another. A hasty consultation was
+held among the village authorities, and one councilman suggested that
+José Rizal had shown considerable skill with the brush and possibly he
+could paint something that would pass. The gobernadorcillo proceeded to
+the lad's home and explained the need. Rizal promptly went to work,
+under the official's direction, and speedily produced a painting
+which the delighted municipal executive declared was better than the
+expensive banner bought in Manila. The achievement was explained to
+all the participants in the festival and young José was the hero of
+the occasion.
+
+During intervals of school work Rizal found time to continue his
+modeling in clay which he procured from the brickyard of a cousin at
+San Pedro Macati.
+
+Rizal's uncle, José Alberto, had played a considerable part in his
+political education. He was influential with the Regency in Spain,
+which succeeded Queen Isabel when that sovereign became too malodorous
+to be longer tolerated, and he was the personal friend of the Regent,
+General Prim, whose motto, "More liberal today than yesterday, more
+liberal tomorrow than today," he was fond of quoting. He was present in
+Madrid at the time of General Prim's assassination and often told of
+how this wise patriot, recognizing the unpreparedness of the Spanish
+people for a republic, opposed the efforts for what would, he knew,
+result in as disastrous a failure as had been France's first effort,
+and how he lost his life through his desire to follow the safer
+course of proceeding gradually through the preparatory stage of a
+constitutional monarchy. Alberto was made by him a Knight of the Order
+of Carlos III, and, after Prim's death, was created by King Amadeo a
+Knight Commander, the step higher in the Order of Isabel the Catholic.
+
+Events proved Prim's wisdom, as Alberto was careful to observe, for
+King Amadeo was soon convinced of the unfitness of his people for even
+a constitutional monarchy, told them so, resigned his throne, and bade
+them farewell. Then came a republic marked by excesses such as even
+the worst monarch had not committed; among them the dreadful massacre
+of the members of the filibustering party on the steamer Virginius
+in Cuba, which would have caused war with the United States had not
+the Americans been deluded into the idea that they were dealing with
+a sister republic. America and Switzerland had been the only nations
+which had recognized Spain's new form of government. Prim sought an
+alliance with America, for he claimed that Spain should be linked
+with a country which would buy Spanish goods and to which Spain could
+send her products. France, with whom the Bourbons wished to be allied,
+was a competitor along Spain's own lines.
+
+During the earlier disturbances in Spain a party of Carlists were
+sent to the Philippine Islands; they were welcomed by the reactionary
+Spaniards, for devotion to King Carlos had been their characteristic
+ever since the days when Queen Isabel had taken the throne that in
+their opinion belonged to the heir in the male line. Rizal frequently
+makes mention of this disloyalty to the ruler of Spain on the part
+of those who claimed to be most devoted Spaniards.
+
+Along with the stories of these troubles which Rizal heard during his
+school days in Manila were reports of how these exiles had established
+themselves in foreign cities, Basa in Hongkong, Regidor in London,
+and Tavera in Paris. At their homes in these cities they gave a warm
+welcome to such Filipinos as traveled abroad and they were always ready
+to act as guardians for Filipino students who wished to study in their
+cities, Many availed themselves of these opportunities and it came to
+be an ambition among those in the Islands to get an education which
+they believed was better than that which Spain afforded. There was some
+ground for such a belief, because many of the most prominent successful
+men of Spanish and Philippine birth were men whose education had been
+foreign. A well-known instance in Manila was the architect Roxas,
+father of the present Alcalde of Manila, who learned his profession
+in England and was almost the only notable builder in Manila during
+his lifetime.
+
+Paciano Rizal, José's elder brother, had retired from Manila on the
+death of Doctor Burgos and devoted himself to farming; in some ways,
+perhaps, his career suggested the character of Tasio, the philosopher
+of "Noli Me Tangere." He was careful to see that his younger brother
+was familiar with the liberal literature with which he had become
+acquainted through Doctor Burgos.
+
+The first foreign book read by Rizal, in a Spanish translation,
+was Dumas's great novel, "The Count of Monte Cristo," and the story
+of the wrongs suffered by the prisoner of the Château d'If recalled
+the injustice done his mother. Then came the book which had greatest
+influence upon the young man's career; this was a Spanish translation
+of Jagor's "Travels in the Philippines," the observations of a German
+naturalist who had visited the Islands some fifteen years before. This
+latter book, among other comments, suggested that it was the fate of
+the North American republic to develop and bring to their highest
+prosperity the lands which Spain had conquered and Christianized
+with sword and cross. Sooner or later, this German writer believed,
+the Philippine Islands could no more escape this American influence
+than had the countries on the mainland, and expressed the hope that
+one day the Philippines would succumb to the same influence; he felt,
+however, that it was desirable first for the Islanders to become better
+able to meet the strong competition of the vigorous young people of the
+New World, for under Spain the Philippines had dreamed away its past.
+
+The exact title of the book is "Travels | in the | Philippines. |
+By F. Jagor. | With numerous illustrations and a Map | London: |
+Chapman and Hall, 193, Piccadilly. | 1875." The title of the Spanish
+translation reads, "Viajes | por | Filipinas | de F. Jagor | Traducidos
+del Alemán | por S. Vidal y Soler | Ingeniero de Montes | Edición
+illustrada con numerosos grabados | Madrid: Imprenta, Estereopidea
+y Galvanoplastia de Ariban y Ca. | (Sucesores de Rivadencyra) |
+Impresores de Camara de S. M. | Calle del Duque de Osuna, núm 3. 1875,"
+The following extract from the book will show how marvelously the
+author anticipated events that have now become history:
+
+"With the altered condition of things, however, all this has
+disappeared. The colony can no longer be kept secluded from the
+world. Every facility afforded for commercial intercourse is a blow
+to the old system, and a great step made in the direction of broad
+and liberal reforms. The more foreign capital and foreign ideas and
+customs are introduced, increasing the prosperity, enlightenment,
+and self-esteem of the population, the more impatiently will the
+existing evils be endured.
+
+England can and does open her possessions unconcernedly to the
+world. The British colonies are united to the mother country by
+the bond of mutual advantage, viz., the produce of raw material by
+means of English capital, and the exchange of the same for English
+manufactures. The wealth of England is so great, the organization of
+her commerce with the world so complete, that nearly all the foreigners
+even in the British possessions are for the most part agents for
+English business houses, which would scarcely be affected, at least
+to any marked extent, by a political dismemberment. It is entirely
+different with Spain, which possesses the colony as an inherited
+property, and without the power of turning it to any useful account.
+
+Government monopolies rigorously maintained, insolent disregard and
+neglect of the half-castes and powerful creoles, and the example
+of the United States, were the chief reasons of the downfall of the
+American possessions. The same causes threaten ruin to the Philippines;
+but of the monopolies I have said enough.
+
+Half-castes and creoles, it is true are not, as they formerly were
+in America, excluded from all orificial appointments; but they feel
+deeply hurt and injured through the crowds of place-hunters which
+the frequent changes of Ministers send to Manilla. The influence,
+also, of the American element is at least visible on the horizon,
+and will be more noticeable when the relations increase between the
+two countries. At present they are very slender. The trade in the
+meantime follows in its old channels to England and to the Atlantic
+ports of the United States. Nevertheless, whoever desires to form an
+opinion upon the future history of the Philippines, must not consider
+simply their relations to Spain, but must have regard to the prodigious
+changes which a few decades produce on either side of our planet.
+
+For the first time in the history of the world the mighty powers
+on both sides of the ocean have commenced to enter upon a direct
+intercourse with one another--Russia, which alone is larger than
+any two other parts of the earth; China, which contains within its
+own boundaries a third of the population of the world; and America,
+with ground under cultivation nearly sufficient to feed treble the
+total population of the earth. Russia's further rôle in the Pacific
+Ocean is not to be estimated at present.
+
+The trade between the two other great powers will therefore be
+presumably all the heavier, as the rectification of the pressing need
+of human labour on the one side, and of the corresponding overplus
+on the other, will fall to them.
+
+"The world of the ancients was confined to the shores of the
+Mediterranean; and the Atlantic and Indian Oceans sufficed at one
+time for our traffic. When first the shores of the Pacific re-echoed
+with the sounds of active commerce, the trade of the world and
+the history of the world may be really said to have begun. A start
+in that direction has been made; whereas not so very long ago the
+immense ocean was one wide waste of waters, traversed from both points
+only once a year. From 1603 to 1769 scarcely a ship had ever visited
+California, that wonderful country which, twenty-five years ago, with
+the exception of a few places on the coast, was an unknown wilderness,
+but which is now covered with flourishing and prosperous towns and
+cities, divided from sea to sea by a railway, and its capital already
+ranking the third of the seaports of the Union; even at this early
+stage of its existence a central point of the world's commerce, and
+apparently destined, by the proposed junction of the great oceans,
+to play a most important part in the future.
+
+In proportion as the navigation of the west coast of America
+extends the influence of the American element over the South Sea,
+the captivating, magic power which the great republic exercises over
+the Spanish colonies[1] will not fail to make itself felt also in the
+Philippines. The Americans are evidently destined to bring to a full
+development the germs originated by the Spaniards. As conquerors of
+modern times, they pursue their road to victory with the assistance
+of the pioneer's axe and plough, representing an age of peace and
+commercial prosperity in contrast to that bygone and chivalrous age
+whose champions were upheld by the cross and protected by the sword.
+
+A considerable portion of Spanish America already belongs to the
+United States, and has since attained an importance which could not
+possibly have been anticipated either under the Spanish Government
+or during the anarchy which followed. With regard to permanence,
+the Spanish system cannot for a moment be compared with that of
+America. While each of the colonies, in order to favour a privileged
+class by immediate gains, exhausted still more the already enfeebled
+population of the metropolis by the withdrawal of the best of its
+ability, America, on the contrary, has attracted to itself from all
+countries the most energetic element, which, once on its soil and,
+freed from all fetters, restlessly progressing, has extended its power
+and influence still further and further. The Philippines will escape
+the action of the two great neighbouring powers all the less for the
+fact that neither they nor their metropolis find their condition of
+a stable and well-balanced nature.
+
+It seems to be desirable for the natives that the above-mentioned
+views should not speedily become accomplished facts, because their
+education and training hitherto have not been of a nature to prepare
+them successfully to compete with either of the other two energetic,
+creative, and progressive nations. They have, in truth, dreamed away
+their best days."
+
+This prophecy of Jagor's made a deep impression upon Rizal and
+seems to furnish the explanation of his life work. Henceforth it was
+his ambition to arouse his countrymen to prepare themselves for a
+freer state. He dedicated himself to the work which Doctor Jagor had
+indicated as necessary. It seems beyond question that Doctor Rizal,
+as early as 1876, believed that America would sometime come to the
+Philippines, and wished to prepare his countrymen for the changed
+conditions that would then have to be met. Many little incidents
+in his later life confirm this view: his eagerness to buy expensive
+books on the United States, such as his early purchase in Barcelona
+of two different "Lives of the Presidents of the United States"; his
+study of the country in his travel across it from San Francisco to
+New York; the reference in "The Philippines in a Hundred Years"; and
+the studies of the English Revolution and other Anglo-Saxon influences
+which culminated in the foundation of the United States of America.
+
+Besides the interest he took in clay modeling, to which reference
+has already been made, Rizal was expert in carving. When first
+in the Ateneo he had carved an image of the Virgin of such grace
+and beauty that one of the Fathers asked him to try an image of the
+Sacred Heart. Rizal complied, and produced the carving that played so
+important a part in his future life. The Jesuit Father had intended to
+take the image with him to Spain, but in some way it was left behind
+and the schoolboys put it up on the door of their dormitory. There it
+remained for nearly twenty years, constantly reminding the many lads
+who passed in and out of the one who teachers and pupils alike agreed
+was the greatest of all their number, for Rizal during these years was
+the schoolboy hero of the Ateneo, and from the Ateneo came the men who
+were most largely concerned in making the New Philippines. The image
+itself is of batikulin, an easily carved wood, and shows considerable
+skill when one remembers that an ordinary pocketknife was the simple
+instrument used in its manufacture. It was recalled to Rizal's memory
+when he visited the Ateneo upon his first return from Spain and was
+forbidden the house by the Jesuits because of his alleged apostasy,
+and again in the chapel of Fort Santiago, where it played an important
+part in what was called his conversion.
+
+The proficiency he attained in the art of clay modeling is evidenced by
+many of the examples illustrated in this volume. They not only indicate
+an astonishing versatility, but they reveal his very characteristic
+method of working--a characteristic based on his constant desire
+to adapt the best things he found abroad to the conditions of his
+own country. The same characteristic appears also in most of his
+literary work, and in it there is no servile imitation; it is careful
+and studied selection, adaptation and combination. For example, the
+composition of a steel engraving in a French art journal suggested
+his model in clay of a Philippine wild boar; the head of the subject
+in a painting in the Luxembourg Gallery and the rest of a figure in
+an engraving in a newspaper are combined in a statuette he modeled
+in Brussels and sent, in May, 1890, to Valentina Ventura in place
+of a letter; a clipping from a newspaper cut is also adapted for
+his model of "The Vengeance of the Harem"; and as evidence of his
+facility of expressing himself in this medium, his clay modeling of
+a Dapitan woman may be cited. One day while in exile he saw a native
+woman clearing up the street in front of her home preparatory to
+a festival; the movements and the attitudes of the figure were so
+thoroughly typical and so impressed themselves on his mind that he
+worked out this statuette from memory.
+
+In a literary way Rizal's first pretentious effort was a melodrama in
+one act and in verse, entitled "Junta al Pasig" (Beside the Pasig),
+a play in honor of the Virgin, which was given in the Ateneo to the
+great edification of a considerable audience, who were enthusiastic
+in their praise and hearty in their applause, but the young author
+neither saw the play nor paid any attention to the manner of its
+reception, for he was downstairs, intent on his own diversions and
+heedless of what was going on above.
+
+Thursday was the school holiday in those days, and Rizal usually spent
+the time at the Convent of La Concordia, where his youngest sister,
+Soledad, was a boarder. He was a great friend of the little one
+and a welcome visitor in the Convent; he used to draw pictures for
+her edification, sometimes teasing her by making her own portrait,
+to which he gave exaggerated ears to indicate her curiosity. Then he
+wrote short satirical skits, such as the following, which in English
+doggerel quite matches its Spanish original:
+
+
+  "The girls of Concordia College
+  Go dressed in the latest of styles--
+  Bangs high on their foreheads for knowledge--
+  But hungry their grins and their smiles!"
+
+
+Some of these girls made an impression upon José, and one of his diary
+entries of this time tells of his rude awakening when a girl, some
+years his elder, who had laughingly accepted his boyish adoration,
+informed him that she was to marry a relative of his, and he speaks
+of the heart-pang with which he watched the carromata that carried
+her from his sight to her wedding.
+
+José was a great reader, and the newspapers were giving much attention
+to the World's Fair in Philadelphia which commemorated the first
+centennial of American independence, and published numerous cuts
+illustrating various interesting phases of American life. Possibly
+as a reaction from the former disparagement of things American, the
+sentiment in the Philippines was then very friendly. There was one
+long account of the presentation of a Spanish banner to a Spanish
+commission in Philadelphia, and the newspapers, in speaking of the
+wonderful progress which the United States had made, recalled the
+early Spanish alliance and referred to the fact that, had it not been
+for the discoveries of the Spaniards, their new land would not have
+been known to Europe.
+
+Rizal during his last two years in the Ateneo was a boarder. Throughout
+his entire course he had been the winner of most of the prizes. Upon
+receiving his Bachelor of Arts diploma he entered the University of
+Santo Tomás; in the first year he studied the course in philosophy
+and in the second year began to specialize in medicine.
+
+The Ateneo course of study was a good deal like that of our present
+high school, though not so thorough nor so advanced. Still, the method
+of instruction which has made Jesuit education notable in all parts
+of the world carried on the good work which the mother's training
+had begun. The system required the explanation of the morrow's
+lesson, questioning on the lesson of the day and a review of the
+previous day's work. This, with the attention given to the classics,
+developed and quickened faculties which gave Rizal a remarkable power
+of assimilating knowledge of all kinds for future use.
+
+The story is told that Rizal was undecided as to his career, and wrote
+to the rector of the Ateneo for advice; but the Jesuit was then in
+the interior of Mindanao, and by the time the answer, suggesting that
+he should devote himself to agriculture, was received, he had already
+made his choice. However, Rizal did continue the study of agriculture,
+besides specializing in medicine, carrying on double work as he took
+the course in the Ateneo which led to the degree of land surveyor and
+agricultural expert. This work was completed before he had reached
+the age fixed by law, so that he could not then receive his diploma,
+which was not delivered to him until he had attained the age of
+twenty-one years.
+
+In the "Life" of Rizal published in Barcelona after his death a
+brilliant picture is painted of how Rizal might have followed the
+advice of the rector of the Atenco, and have lived a long, useful
+and honorable life as a farmer and gobernadorcillo of his home town,
+respected by the Spaniards, looked up to by his countrymen and filling
+an humble but safe lot in life. Today one can hardly feel that such
+a career would have been suited to the man or regret that events took
+the course they did.
+
+Poetry was highly esteemed in the Ateneo, and Rizal frequently made
+essays in verse, often carrying his compositions to Kalamba for his
+mother's criticisms and suggestions. The writings of the Spanish poet
+Zorilla were making a deep impression upon him at this time, and while
+his schoolmates seemed to have been more interested in their warlike
+features, José appears to have gained from them an understanding of how
+Zorilla sought to restore the Spanish people to their former dignity,
+rousing their pride through recalling the heroic events in their past
+history. Some of the passages in the melodrama, "Junta al Pasig,"
+already described, were evidently influenced by his study of Zorilla;
+the fierce denunciation of Spain which is there put in the mouth of
+Satan expresses, no doubt, the real sentiments of Rizal.
+
+In 1877 a society known as the Liceo Literario-Artistica (Lyceum of
+Art and Literature) offered a prize for the best poem by a native. The
+winner was Rizal with the following verses, "Al Juventud Filipino"
+(To the Philippine Youth). The prize was a silver pen, feather-shaped
+and with a gold ribbon running through it.
+
+
+ To the Philippine Youth
+
+ Theme: "Growth"
+
+ (Translation by Charles Derbyshire)
+
+ Hold high the brow serene,
+ O youth, where now you stand;
+ Let the bright sheen
+ Of your grace be seen,
+ Fair hope of my fatherland!
+
+ Come now, thou genius grand,
+ And bring down inspriation;
+ With thy mighty hand,
+ Swifter than the wind's volation,
+ Raise the eager mind to highter station.
+
+ Come down with pleasing light
+ Of art and science to the fight,
+ O youth, and there untie
+ The chains that heavy lie,
+ Your spirit free to blight.
+
+ See how in flaming zone
+ Amid the shadows thrown,
+ The Spaniard's holy hand
+ A crown's resplendent band
+ Proffers to this Indian land.
+
+ Thou, who now wouldst rise
+ On wings of rich emprise,
+ Seeking from Olympian skies
+ Songs of sweetest strain,
+ Softer than ambrosial rain;
+
+ Thou, whose voice divine
+ Rivals Philomel's refrain,
+ And with varied line
+ Through the night benign
+ Frees mortality from pain;
+
+ Thou, who by sharp strife
+ Wakest thy mind to life;
+ And the memory bright
+ Of thy genius' light
+ Makest immortal in its strength;
+
+ And thou, in accents clear
+ of Phoebus, to Apells dear;
+ Or by the brush's magic art
+ Takest from nature's store a part,
+ To fix it on the simple canvas' length;
+
+ Go forth, and then the sacred fire
+ Of thy genius to the laurel may aspire;
+ To spread around the fame,
+ And in victory acclaim,
+ Through wider spheres the human name.
+
+ Day, O happy day,
+ Fair Filipinas, for thy land!
+ So bless the Power today
+ That places in thy way
+ This favor and this fortune grand.
+
+
+The next competition at the Licco was in honor of the fourth centennial
+of the death of Cervantes; it was open to both Filipinos and Spaniards,
+and there was a dispute as to the winner of the prize. It is hard
+to figure out just what really happened; the newspapers speak of
+Rizal as winning the first prize, but his certificate says second,
+and there seems to have been some sort of compromise by which a
+Spaniard who was second was put at the head. Newspapers, of course,
+were then closely censored, but the liberal La Oceania contains a
+number of veiled allusions to medical poets, suggesting that for the
+good of humanity they should not be permitted to waste their time in
+verse-making. One reference quotes the title of Rizal's first poem in
+saying that it was giving a word of advice "To the Philippine Youth,"
+and there are other indications that for some considerable time the
+outcome of this contest was a very live topic in the city of Manila.
+
+Rizal's poem was an allegory, "The Council of the Gods"--"El consejo de
+los Dioses." It was an exceedingly artistic appreciation of the chief
+figure in Spanish literature. The rector of the Ateneo had assisted
+his former student by securing for him needed books, and though
+Rizal was at that time a student in Santo Tomás, the rivalries were
+such that he was still ranked with the pupils of the Jesuits and his
+success was a corresponding source of elation to the Ateneo pupils and
+alumni. Some people have stated that Father Evaristo Arias, a notably
+brilliant writer of the Dominicans, was a competitor, a version I once
+published, but investigation shows that this was a mistake. However,
+sentiment in the University against Rizal grew, until matters became
+so unpleasant that he felt it time to follow the advice of Father
+Burgos and continue his education outside of the Islands.
+
+Just before this incident Rizal had been the victim of a brutal assault
+in Kalamba; one night when he was passing the barracks of the Civil
+Guard he noted in the darkness a large body, but did not recognize
+who it was, and passed without any attention to it. It turned out
+that the large body was a lieutenant of the Civil Guard, and, without
+warning or word of any kind, he drew his sword and wounded Rizal in the
+back. Rizal complained of this outrage to the authorities and tried
+several times, without success, to see the Governor-General. Finally
+he had to recognize that there was no redress for him. By May of 1882
+Rizal had made up his mind to set sail for Europe, and his brother,
+Paciano, equipped him with seven hundred pesos for the journey, while
+his sister, Saturnina, intrusted to him a valuable diamond ring which
+might prove a resource in time of emergency.
+
+José had gone to Kalamba to attend a festival there, when Mr. Hidalgo,
+from Manila, notified him that his boat was ready to sail. The
+telegram, asking his immediate return to the city, was couched in
+the form of advice of the condition of a patient, and the name of
+the steamer, Salvadora, by a play on words, was used in the sense of
+"May save her life." Rizal had previously requested of Mr. Ramirez,
+of the Puerta del Sol store, letters of introduction to an Englishman,
+formerly in the Philippines, who was then living in Paris. He said
+nothing more of his intentions, but on his last night in the city,
+with his younger sister as companion, he drove all through the walled
+city and its suburbs, changing horses twice in the five hours of
+his farewell. The next morning he embarked on the steamer, and there
+yet remains the sketch which he made of his last view of the city,
+showing its waterfront as it appeared from the departing steamer. To
+leave town it was necessary to have a passport; his was in the name
+of José Mercado, and had been secured by a distant relative of his
+who lived in the Santa Cruz district.
+
+After five days' journey the little steamer reached the English colony
+of Singapore. There Rizal saw a modern city for the first time. He was
+intensely interested in the improvements. Especially did the assured
+position of the natives, confident in their rights and not fearful of
+the authorities, arouse his admiration. Great was the contrast between
+the fear of their rulers shown by the Filipinos and the confidence
+which the natives of Singapore seemed to have in their government.
+
+At Singapore, Rizal transferred to a French mail Steamer and seems to
+have had an interesting time making himself understood on board. He
+had studied some French in his Ateneo course, writing an ode which
+gained honors, but when he attempted to speak the language he was
+not successful in making Frenchmen understand him. So he resorted to
+a mixed system of his own, sometimes using Latin words and making
+the changes which regularly would have occurred, and when words
+failed, making signs, and in extreme cases drawing pictures of what
+he wanted. This versatility with the pencil, for many of his offhand
+sketches had humorous touches that almost carried them into the cartoon
+class, interested officers and passengers, so that the young student
+had the freedom of the ship and a voyage far from tedious.
+
+The passage of the Suez Canal, a glimpse of Egypt, Aden, where East and
+West meet, and the Italian city of Naples, with its historic castle,
+were the features of the trip which most impressed him.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+The Period of Preparation
+
+Rizal disembarked at Marseilles, saw a little of that famous port, and
+then went by rail to Barcelona, crossing the Pyrenees, the desolate
+ruggedness of which contrasted with the picturesque luxuriance
+of his tropical home, and remained a day at the frontier town of
+Port-Bou. The customary Spanish disregard of tourists compared very
+unfavorably with the courteous attention which he had remarked on his
+arrival at Marseilles, for the custom house officers on the Spanish
+frontier rather reminded him of the class of employes found in Manila.
+
+At Barcelona he met many who had been his schoolmates in the Ateneo
+and others to whom he was known by name. It was the custom of the
+Filipino students there to hold reunions every other Sunday at the
+café, for their limited resources did not permit the daily visits
+which were the Spanish custom. In honor of the new arrival a special
+gathering occurred in a favorite café in Plaza de Catalonia. The
+characteristics of the Spaniards and the features of Barcelona were
+all described for Rizal's benefit, and he had to answer a host of
+questions about the changes which had occurred in Manila. Most of his
+answers were to the effect that old defects had not yet been remedied
+nor incompetent officials supplanted, and he gave a rather hopeless
+view of the future of their country. Somewhat in this gloomy mood,
+he wrote home for a newly established Tagalog newspaper of Manila,
+his views of "Love of country," an article not so optimistic as most
+of his later writings.
+
+In Barcelona he remained but a short time, long enough, however, to
+see the historic sights around that city, which was established by
+Hannibal, had numbered many noted Romans among its residents, and in
+later days was the scene of the return of Columbus from his voyages in
+the New World, bringing with him samples of Redskins, birds and other
+novel products of the unknown country. Then there were the magnificent
+boulevards, the handsome dwellings, the interest which the citizens
+took in adorning their city and the pride in the results, and above
+all, the disgust at all things Spanish and the loyalty to Catalonia,
+rather than to the "mother-fatherland."
+
+The Catalan was the most progressive type in Spain, but he had no
+love for his compatriots, was ever complaining of their "mañana"
+habits and of the evils that were bound to exist in a country where
+Church and State were so inextricably intermingled. Many Catalans were
+avowedly republicans. Signs might be seen on the outside of buildings
+telling of the location of republican clubs, unpopular officials
+were hooted in the streets, the newspapers were intemperate in their
+criticism of the government, and a campaign was carried on openly
+which aimed at changing from a monarchy to a democracy, without any
+apparent molestation from the authorities. All these things impressed
+the lad who had seen in his own country the most respectfully worded
+complaints of unquestionable abuses treated as treason, bringing not
+merely punishment, but opprobrium as well.
+
+He, himself, in order to obtain a better education, had had to leave
+his country stealthily like a fugitive from justice, and his family, to
+save themselves from persecution, were compelled to profess ignorance
+of his plans and movements. His name was entered in Santo Tomás at the
+opening of the new term, with the fees paid, and Paciano had gone to
+Manila pretending to be looking for this brother whom he had assisted
+out of the country.
+
+Early in the fall Rizal removed to Madrid and entered the Central
+University there. His short residence in Barcelona was possibly for
+the purpose of correcting the irregularity in his passport, for in
+that town it would be easier to obtain a cedula, and with this his
+way in the national University would be made smoother. He enrolled in
+two courses, medicine, and literature and philosophy; besides these
+he studied sculpture, drawing and art in San Carlos, and took private
+lessons in languages from Mr. Hughes, a well-known instructor of the
+city. With all these labors it is not strange that he did not mingle
+largely in social life, and lack of funds and want of clothes, which
+have been suggested as reasons for this, seem hardly adequate. José had
+left Manila with some seven hundred pesos and a diamond ring. Besides,
+he received funds from his father monthly, which were sent through
+his cousin, Antonio Rivera, of Manila, for fear that the landlords
+might revenge themselves upon their tenant for the slight which his
+son had cast upon their university in deserting it for a Peninsular
+institution. It was no easy task in those days for a lad from the
+provinces to get out of the Islands for study abroad.
+
+Rizal frequently attended the theater, choosing especially the higher
+class dramas, occasionally went to a masked ball, played the lotteries
+in small amounts but regularly, and for the rest devoted most of
+his money to the purchase of books. The greater part of these were
+second-hand, but he bought several standard works in good editions,
+many with bindings de luxe. Among the books first purchased figure
+a Spanish translation of the "Lives of the Presidents of the United
+States," from Washington to Johnson, morocco bound, gilt-edged,
+and illustrated with steel engravings--certainly an expensive book;
+a "History of the English Revolution;" a comparison of the Romans
+and the Teutons, and several other books which indicated interest in
+the freer system of the Anglo-Saxons. Later, another "History of the
+Presidents," to Cleveland, was added to his library.
+
+The following lines, said to be addressed to his mother, were written
+about this time, evidently during an attack of homesickness:
+
+
+  "You Ask Me for Verses"
+
+  (Translated by Charles Derbyshire)
+
+  You bid me now to strike the lyre,
+  That mute and torn so long has lain;
+  And yet I cannot wake the strain,
+  Nor will the Muse one note inspire!
+  Coldly it shakes in accents dire,
+  As if my soul itself to wring,
+  And when its sound seems but to fling
+  A jest at its own low lament;
+  So in sad isolation pent,
+  My soul can neither feel nor sing.
+
+  There was a time--ah, 'tis too true--
+  But that time long ago has past--
+  When upon me the Muse had cast
+  Indulgent smile and friendship's due;
+  But of that age now all too few
+  The thoughts that with me yet will stay;
+  As from the hours of festive play
+  There linger on mysterious notes,
+  And in our minds the memory floats
+  Of minstrelsy and music gay.
+
+  A plant I am, that scarcely grown,
+  Was torn from out its Eastern bed,
+  Where all around perfume is shed,
+  And life but as a dream is known;
+  The land that I can call my own,
+
+  By me forgotten ne'er to be,
+  Where trilling birds their song taught me,
+  And cascades with their ceaseless roar,
+  And all along the spreading shore
+  The murmurs of the sounding sea.
+
+  While yet in childhood's happy day,
+  I learned upon its sun to smile,
+  And in my breast there seemed the while
+  Seething volcanic fires to play.
+  A bard I was, and my wish alway
+  To call upon the fleeting wind,
+  With all the force of verse and mind:
+  "Go forth, and spread around its fame,
+  From zone to zone with glad acclaim,
+  And earth to heaven together bind!"
+
+  But it I left, and now no more--
+  Like a tree that is broken and sere--
+  My natal gods bring the echo clear
+  Of songs that in past times they bore;
+  Wide seas I cross'd to foreign shore,
+  With hope of change and other fate;
+  My folly was made clear too late,
+  For in the place of good I sought
+  The seas reveal'd unto me naught,
+  But made death's specter on me wait.
+
+  All these fond fancies that were mine,
+  All love, all feeling, all emprise,
+  Were left beneath the sunny skies,
+  Which o'er that flowery region shine;
+  So press no more that plea of thine,
+
+  For songs of love from out a heart
+  That coldly lies a thing apart;
+  Since now with tortur'd soul I haste
+  Unresting o'er the desert waste,
+  And lifeless gone is all my art.
+
+
+In Madrid a number of young Filipinos were intense enthusiasts over
+political agitation, and with the recklessness of youth, were careless
+of what they said or how they said it, so long as it brought no danger
+to them. A sort of Philippine social club had been organized by older
+Filipinos and Spaniards interested in the Philippines, with the idea
+of quietly assisting toward improved insular conditions, but it became
+so radical under the influence of this younger majority, that its
+conservative members were compelled to drop out and the club broke
+up. The young men were constantly holding meetings to revive it, but
+never arrived at any effective conclusions. Rizal was present at some
+of these meetings and suggested that a good means of propaganda would
+be a book telling the truth about Philippine conditions and illustrated
+by Filipino artists. At first the project was severely criticised;
+later a few conformed to the plan, and Rizal believed that his scheme
+was in a fair way of accomplishment. At the meeting to discuss the
+details, however, each member of the company wanted to write upon the
+Filipino woman, and therest of the subjects scarcely interested any of
+them. Rizal was disgusted with this trifling and dropped the affair,
+nor did he ever again seem to take any very enthusiastic interest in
+such popular movements. His more mature mind put him out of sympathy
+with the younger men. Their admiration gave him great prestige, but
+his popularity did not arise from comradeship, as he had but very
+few intimates.
+
+Early in his stay in Madrid, Rizal had come across a second-hand
+copy, in two volumes, of a French novel, which he bought to improve
+his knowledge of that language. It was Eugene Sue's "The Wandering
+Jew," that work which transformed the France of the nineteenth
+century. However one may agree or disagree with its teachings and
+concede or dispute its literary merits, it cannot be denied that it
+was the most powerful book in its effects on the century, surpassing
+even Mrs. Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin," which is usually credited
+with having hurried on the American Civil War and brought about
+the termination of African slavery in the United States. The book,
+he writes in his diary, affected him powerfully, not to tears, but
+with a tremendous sympathy for the unfortunates that made him willing
+to risk everything in their behalf. It seemed to him that such a
+presentation of Philippine conditions would certainly arouse Spain,
+but his modesty forbade his saying that he was going to write a book
+like the French masterpiece. Still, from this time his recollections
+of his youth and the stories which he could get from his companions
+were written down and revised, till finally the half had been prepared
+of what was finally the novel "Noli Me Tangere."
+
+Through Spaniards who still remembered José's uncle, he joined a
+lodge of Masons called the "Acacia." At this time few Filipinos in
+Spain had joined the institution, and those were mostly men much more
+mature than himself. Thus he met leaders of Spanish national life who
+were men of state affairs and much more sedate, men with broader views
+and more settled opinions than the irresponsible class with whom his
+school companions were accustomed to associate. A distinction must
+be made between the Masonry of this time and the much more popular
+institution in which Filipinos later figured so largely when Professor
+Miguel Morayta became head of the Grand Lodge which for a time was
+a rival of that to which the "Acacia" owed allegiance, and finally
+triumphed over it.
+
+In 1884 Rizal had begun his studies in English; he had been studying
+French during and since his voyage to Spain; Italian was acquired
+apparently at a time when the exposition of Genoa had attracted Spanish
+interest toward Italy, and largely through the reading of Italian
+translations of works which he knew in other languages. German, too,
+he had started to study, but had not advanced far with it. Thus Rizal
+was preparing himself for the travels through Europe which he had
+intended to make from the time when he first left his home, for he
+well knew that it was only by knowing the language of a country that
+it would be possible for him to study the people, see in what way
+they differed from his own, and find out which of their customs and
+what lessons from their history might be of advantage to the Filipinos.
+
+A feature in Rizal's social life was a weekly visit to the home of
+Don Pablo Ortigas y Reyes, a liberal Spaniard who had been Civil
+Governor of Manila in General de La Torre's time. Here Filipino
+students gathered, and were entertained by the charming daughter of
+the home, Consuelo, who was the person to whom were dedicated the
+verses of Rizal usually entitled "á la Senorita C. O. y R."
+
+In Rizal's later days he found a regular relaxation in playing chess,
+in which he was skilled, with the venerable ex-president of the
+short-lived Spanish republic, Pi y Margal. This statesman was accused
+of German tendencies because of his inclination toward Anglo-Saxon
+safeguards for liberty, and was a champion of general education as
+a preparation for a freer Spain.
+
+Rizal usually was present on public occasions in Fillpino circles
+and took a leading part in them, as, for example, when he delivered
+the principal address at the banquet given by the Madrid Filipino
+colony in honor of their artist countrymen, after Luna and Hidalgo
+had won prizes in the Madrid National exposition. He was also at the
+New Year's banquet when the students gathered in the restaurant to
+bid farewell to the old and usher in the new year, and his was the
+chief speech, summarizing the remarks of the others.
+
+In 1885, having completed the second of his two courses, with his
+credentials of licentiate in medicine and also in philosophy and
+literature, Rizal made a trip through the country provinces to
+study the Spanish peasant, for the rural people, he thought, being
+agriculturists, would be most like the farmer folk of his native
+land. Surely the Filipinos did not suffer in the comparison, for the
+Spanish peasants had not greatly changed from the day when they were
+so masterfully described by Cervantes. It seemed to Rizal almost like
+being in Don Quixote's land, so many were the figures who might have
+been the characters in the book.
+
+The fall of '85 found Rizal in Paris, studying art, visiting the
+various museums and associating with the Lunas, the Taveras and
+other Filipino residents of the French capital, for there had been
+a considerable colony in that city ever since the troubles of 1872
+had driven the Tavera family into exile and they had made their home
+in that city. In Paris a fourth of "Noli Me Tangere" was written,
+and Rizal specialized in ophthalmology, devoting his attention to
+those eye troubles that were most prevalent in the Philippines and
+least understood. His mother's growing blindness made him covet the
+skill which might enable him to restore her sight. So successfully
+did he study that he became the favorite pupil of Doctor L. de
+Weckert, the leading authority among the oculists of France, and
+author of a three-volume standard work. Rizal next went to Germany,
+having continued his studies in its language in the French capital,
+and was present at Heidelberg on the five hundredth anniversary of
+the foundation of the University.
+
+Because he had no passport he could only attend lectures, but could
+not regularly matriculate. He lived in one of the student boarding
+houses, with a number of law students, and when he was proposed for
+membership in the Chess Club he was registered in the Club books as
+being a student of law like the men who proposed him. These Chess
+Club gatherings were quite a feature of the town, being held in the
+large saloons with several hundred people present, and the contests
+of skill were eagerly watched by shrewd and competent judges. Rizal
+was a clever player, and left something of a record among the experts.
+
+The following lines were written by Rizal in a letter home while he
+was a student in Germany:
+
+
+  To the Flowers of Heidelberg
+
+  (translation by Charles Derbyshire)
+
+  Go to my native land, go, foreign flowers,
+  Sown by the traveler on his way;
+  And there beneath its azure sky,
+  Where all of my affections lie;
+  There from the weary pilgrim say,
+  What faith is his in that land of ours!
+
+  Go there and tell how when the dawn,
+  Her early light diffusing,
+  Your petals first flung open wide;
+  His steps beside chill Neckar drawn,
+  You see him silent by your side,
+  Upon its Spring perennial musing.
+
+  Saw how when morning's light,
+  All your fragrance stealing,
+  Whispers to you as in mirth
+  Playful songs of love's delight,
+  He, too, murmurs his love's feeling
+  In the tongue he learned at birth.
+
+  That when the sun on Koenigstuhl's height
+  Pours out its golden flood,
+  And with its slowly warming light
+  Gives life vale and grove and wood,
+  He greets that sun, here only upraising,
+  Which in his native land is at its zenith blazing.
+
+  And tell there of that day he stood,
+  Near to a ruin'd castle gray,
+  By Neckar's banks, or shady wood,
+  And pluck'd you from beside the way;
+  Tell, too, the tale to you addressed,
+  And how with tender care,
+  Your bending leaves he press'd
+  'Twixt pages of some volume rare.
+
+  Bear then, O flowers, love's message bear;
+  My love to all the lov'd ones there,
+  Peace to my country--fruitful land--
+  Faith whereon its sons may stand,
+  And virtue for its daughters' care;
+  All those belovéd creatures greet,
+  That still around home's altar meet.
+
+  And when you come unto its shore,
+  This kiss I now on you bestow,
+  Fling where the winged breezes blow;
+  That borne on them it may hover o'er
+  All that I love, esteem, and adore.
+
+  But though, O flowers, you come unto that land,
+  And still perchance your colors hold;
+  So far from this heroic strand,
+  Whose soil first bade your life unfold,
+  Still here your fragrance will expand;
+  Your soul that never quits the earth
+  Whose light smiled on you at your birth.
+
+
+From Heidelberg he went to Leipzig, then famous for the new studies
+in psychology which were making the science of the mind almost as
+exact as that of the body, and became interested in the comparison
+of race characteristics as influenced by environment, history and
+language. This probably accounts for the advanced views held by Rizal,
+who was thoroughly abreast of the new psychology. These ideas were
+since popularized in America largely through Professor Hugo Munsterberg
+of Harvard University, who was a fellow-student of Rizal at Heidelberg
+and also had been at Leipzig.
+
+A little later Rizal went to Berlin and there became acquainted with
+a number of men who had studied the Philippines and knew it as none
+whom he had ever met previously. Chief among these was Doctor Jagor,
+the author of the book which ten years before had inspired in him his
+life purpose of preparing his people for the time when America should
+come to the Philippines. Then there was Doctor Rudolf Virchow, head of
+the Anthropological Society and one of the greatest scientists in the
+world. Virchow was of intensely democratic ideals, he was a statesman
+as well as a scientist, and the interest of the young student in the
+history of his country and in everything else which concerned it,
+and his sincere earnestness, so intelligently directed toward helping
+his country, made Rizal at once a prime favorite. Under Virchow's
+sponsorship he became a member of the Berlin Anthropological Society.
+
+Rizal lived in the third floor of a corner lodging house not very
+far from the University; in this room he spent much of his time,
+putting the finishing touches to what he had previously written of
+his novel, and there he wrote the latter half of "Noli Me Tangere"
+The German influence, and absence from the Philippines for so long a
+time, had modified his early radical views, and the book had now become
+less an effort to arouse the Spanish sense of justice than a means of
+education for Filipinos by pointing out their shortcomings. Perhaps a
+Spanish school history which he had read in Madrid deserves a part of
+the credit for this changed point of view, since in that the author,
+treating of Spain's early misfortunes, brings out the fact that
+misgovernment may be due quite as much to the hypocrisy, servility
+and undeserving character of the people as it is to the corruption,
+tyranny and cruelty of the rulers.
+
+The printer of "Noli Me Tangere" lived in a neighboring street, and,
+like most printers in Germany, worked for a very moderate compensation,
+so that the volume of over four hundred pages cost less than a fourth
+of what it would have done in England, or one half of what it would
+cost in economical Spain. Yet even at so modest a price, Rizal was
+delayed in the publication until one fortunate morning he received a
+visit from a countryman, Doctor Maximo Viola, who invited him to take a
+pedestrian trip. Rizal responded that his interests kept him in Berlin
+at that time as he was awaiting funds from home with which to publish
+a book he had just completed, and showed him the manuscript. Doctor
+Viola was much interested and offered to use the money he had put
+aside for the trip to help pay the publisher. So the work went ahead,
+and when the delayed remittance from his family arrived, Rizal repaid
+the obligation. Then the two sallied forth on their trip.
+
+After a considerable tour of the historic spots and scenic places
+in Germany, they arrived at Dresden, where Doctor Rizal was warmly
+greeted by Doctor A. B. Meyer, the Director of the Royal Saxony
+Ethnographical Institute. He was an authority upon Philippine matters,
+for some years before he had visited the Islands to make a study of
+the people. With a countryman resident in the Philippines, Doctor
+Meyer made careful and thorough scientific investigations, and his
+conclusions were more favorable to the Filipinos than the published
+views of many of the unscientific Spanish observers.
+
+In the Museum of Art at Dresden, Rizal saw a painting of "Prometheus
+Bound," which recalled to him a representation of the same idea
+in a French gallery, and from memory he modeled this figure, which
+especially appealed to him as being typical of his country.
+
+In Austrian territory he first visited Doctor Ferdinand Blumentritt,
+whom Rizal had known by reputation for many years and with whom he had
+long corresponded. The two friends stayed at the Hotel Roderkrebs,
+but were guests at the table of the Austrian professor, whose wife
+gave them appetizing demonstrations of the characteristic cookery
+of Hungary. During Rizal's stay he was very much interested in a
+gathering of tourists, arranged to make known the beauties of that
+picturesque region, sometimes called the Austrian Switzerland, and
+he delivered an address upon this occasion. It is noteworthy that
+the present interest in attracting tourists to the Philippines, as
+an economic benefit to the country, was anticipated by Doctor Rizal
+and that he was always looking up methods used in foreign countries
+for building up tourists' travel.
+
+One day, while the visitors were discussing Philippine matters with
+their host, Doctor Rizal made an off hand sketch of Doctor Blumentritt,
+on a scrap of paper which happened to be at hand, so characteristic
+that it serves as an excellent portrait, and it has been preserved
+among the Rizal relics which Doctor Blumentritt had treasured of the
+friend for whom he had so much respect and affection.
+
+With a letter of introduction to a friend of Doctor Blumentritt in
+Vienna, Nordenfels, the greatest of Austrian novelists, Doctor Viola
+and Doctor Rizal went on to the capital, where they were entertained
+by the Concordia Club. So favorable was the impression that Rizal
+made upon Mr. Nordenfels that an answer was written to the note of
+introduction, thanking the professor for having brought to his notice
+a person whom he had found so companionable and whose genius he so
+much admired. Nordenfels had been interested in Spanish subjects,
+and was able to discuss intelligently the peculiar development of
+Castilian civilization and the politics of the Spanish metropolis as
+they affected the overseas possessions.
+
+After having seen Rome and a little more of Italy, they embarked for
+the Philippines, again on the French mail, from Marseilles, coming
+by way of Saigon, where a rice steamer was taken for Manila.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+The Period of Propaganda
+
+The city had not altered much during Rizal's seven years of
+absence. The condition of the Binondo pavement, with the same holes
+in the road which Rizal claimed he remembered as a schoolboy, was
+unchanged, and this recalls the experience of Ybarra in "Noli Me
+Tangere" on his homecoming after a like period of absence.
+
+Doctor Rizal at once went to his home in Kalamba. His first operation
+in the Philippines relieved the blindness of his mother, by the removal
+of a double cataract, and thus the object of his special study in
+Paris was accomplished. This and other like successes gave the young
+oculist a fame which brought patients from all parts of Luzon; and,
+though his charges were moderate, during his seven months' stay
+in the Islands Doctor Rizal accumulated over five thousand pesos,
+besides a number of diamonds which he had bought as a secure way of
+carrying funds, mindful of the help that the ring had been with which
+he had first started from the Philippines.
+
+Shortly after his arrival, Governor-General Terrero summoned Rizal by
+telegraph to Malacañan from Kalamba. The interview proved to be due
+to the interest in the author of "Noli Me Tangere" and a curiosity
+to read the novel, arising from the copious extracts with which the
+Manila censors had submitted an unfavorable opinion when asking for
+the prohibition of the book. The recommendation of the censor was
+disregarded, and General Terrero, fearful that Rizal might be molested
+by some of the many persons who would feel themselves aggrieved by his
+plain picturing of undesirable classes in the Philippines, gave him for
+a bodyguard a young Spanish lieutenant, José Taviel de Andrade. The
+young men soon became fast friends, as they had artistic and other
+tastes in common. Once they climbed Mr. Makiling, near Kalamba,
+and placed there, after the European custom, a flag to show that
+they had reached the summit. This act was at first misrepresented by
+the enemies of Rizal as planting a German banner, for they started
+a story that he had taken possession of the Islands in the name of
+the country where he was educated, which was just then in unfriendly
+relations with Spain over the question of the ill treatment of the
+Protestant missionaries in the Caroline Islands. This same story was
+repeated after the American occupation with the variation that Rizal,
+as the supreme chief and originator of the ideas of the Katipunan
+(which in fact he was not--he was even opposed to the society as it
+existed in his time), had placed there a Filipino banner, in token
+that the Islands intended to reassume the independent condition of
+which the Spanish had dispossessed them.
+
+"Noli Me Tangere" circulated first among Doctor Rizal's relatives;
+on one occasion a cousin made a special trip to Kalamba and took
+the author to task for having caricatured her in the character of
+Doña Victorina. Rizal made no denial, but merely suggested that the
+book was a mirror of Philippine life, with types that unquestionably
+existed in the country, and that if anybody recognized one of the
+characters as picturing himself or herself, that person would do well
+to correct the faults which therein appeared ridiculous.
+
+A somewhat liberal administration was now governing the Philippines,
+and efforts were being made to correct the more glaring abuses in
+the social conditions. One of these reforms proposed that the larger
+estates should bear their share of the taxes, which it was believed
+they were then escaping to a great extent. Requests were made of the
+municipal government of Kalamba, among other towns, for a statement
+of the relation that the big Dominican hacienda bore to the town,
+what increase or decrease there might have been in the income of the
+estate, and what taxes the proprietors were paying compared with the
+revenue their place afforded.
+
+Rizal interested the people of the community to gather reliable
+statistics, to go thoroughly into the actual conditions, and to leave
+out the generalities which usually characterized Spanish documents.
+
+He asked the people to coöperate, pointing out that when they
+did not complain it was their own fault more than that of the
+government if they suffered injustice. Further, he showed the folly
+of exaggerated statements, and insisted upon a definite and moderate
+showing of such abuses as were unquestionably within the power of
+the authorities to relieve. Rizal himself prepared the report, which
+is an excellent presentation of the grievances of the people of his
+town. It brings forward as special points in favor of the community
+their industriousness, their willingness to help themselves, their
+interest in education, and concludes with expressing confidence
+in the fairness of the government, pointing out the fact that they
+were risking the displeasure of their landlords by furnishing the
+information requested. The paper made a big stir, and its essential
+statements, like everything else in Rizal's writings, were never
+successfully challenged.
+
+Conditions in Manila were at that time disturbed owing to the
+precedence which had been given in a local festival to the Chinese,
+because they paid more money. The Filipinos claimed that, being in
+their home country, they should have had prior consideration and were
+entitled to it by law. The matter culminated in a protest, which was
+doubtless submitted to Doctor Rizal on the eve of his departure from
+the Islands; the protest in a general way met with his approval, but
+the theatrical methods adopted in the presentation of it can hardly
+have been according to his advice.
+
+He sailed for Hongkong in February of 1888, and made a short stay in
+the British colony, becoming acquainted there with Jose Maria Basa, an
+exile of '72, who had constituted himself the especial guardian of the
+Filipino students in that city. The visitor was favorably impressed by
+the methods of education in the British colony and with the spirit of
+patriotism developed thereby. He also looked into the subject of the
+large investments in Hongkong property by the corporation landlords
+of the Philippines, their preparation for the day of trouble which
+they foresaw.
+
+Rizal was interested in the Chinese theater, comparing the plays with
+the somewhat similar productions which existed in the Philippines;
+there, however, they had been given a religious twist, which at
+first glance hid their debt to the Chinese drama. The Doctor notes
+meeting, at nearby Macao, an exile of '72, whose condition and patient,
+uncomplaining bearing of his many troubles aroused Rizal's sympathies
+and commanded his admiration.
+
+With little delay, the journey was continued to Japan, where Doctor
+Rizal was surprised by an invitation to make his home in the Spanish
+consulate. There he was hospitably entertained, and a like courtesy
+was shown him in the Spanish minister's home in Tokio. The latter
+even offered him a position, as a sort of interpreter, probably,
+should he care to remain in the country. This offer, however, was
+declined. Rizal made considerable investigation into the condition
+of the various Japanese classes and acquired such facility in the
+use of the language that with it and his appearance, for he was "very
+Japanese," the natives found it difficult to believe that he was not
+one of themselves. The month or more passed here he considered one of
+the happiest in his travels, and it was with regret that he sailed
+from Yokohama for San Francisco. A Japanese newspaper man, who knew
+no other language than his own, was a companion on the entire journey
+to London, and Rizal acted as his interpreter.
+
+Not only did he enter into the spirit of the language but with
+remarkable versatility he absorbed the spirit of the Japanese artists
+and acquired much dexterity in expressing himself in their style,
+as is shown by one of the illustrations in this book. The popular
+idea that things occidental are reversed in the Orient was amusingly
+caricatured in a sketch he made of a German face; by reversing its
+lines he converted it into an old-time Japanese countenance.
+
+The diary of the voyage from Hongkong to Japan records an incident to
+which he alludes as being similar to that of Aladdin in the Tagalog
+tale of Florante. The Filipino wife of an Englishman, Mrs. Jackson,
+who was a passenger on board, told Rizal a great deal about a
+Filipino named Rachal, who was educated in Europe and had written a
+much-talked-of novel, which she described and of which she spoke in
+such flattering terms that Rizal declared his identity. The confusion
+in names is explained by the fact that Rachal is a name well known
+in the Philippines as that of a popular make of piano.
+
+At San Francisco the boat was held for some time in quarantine because
+of sickness aboard, and Rizal was impressed by the fact that the
+valuable cargo of silk was not delayed but was quickly transferred to
+the shore. His diary is illustrated with a drawing of the Treasury
+flag on the customs launch which acted as go-between for their boat
+and the shore. Finally, the first-class passengers were allowed to
+land, and he went to the Palace Hotel.
+
+With little delay, the overland journey was begun; the scenery through
+the picturesque Rocky Mountains especially impressed him, and finally
+Chicago was reached. The thing that struck him most forcibly in that
+city was the large number of cigar stores with an Indian in front of
+each--and apparently no two Indians alike. The unexpressed idea was
+that in America the remembrance of the first inhabitants of the land
+and their dress was retained and popularized, while in the Philippines
+knowledge of the first inhabitants of the land was to be had only
+from foreign museums.
+
+Niagara Falls is the next impression recorded in the diary, which has
+been preserved and is now in the Newberry Library of Chicago. The
+same strange, awe-inspiring mystery which others have found in the
+big falls affected him, but characteristically he compared this
+world-wonder with the cascades of his native La Laguna, claiming for
+them greater delicacy and a daintier enchantment.
+
+From Albany, the train ran along the banks of the Hudson, and he was
+reminded of the Pasig in his homeland, with its much greater commerce
+and its constant activity.
+
+At New York, Rizal embarked on the City of Rome, then the finest
+steamer in the world, and after a pleasant voyage, in which his spare
+moments were occupied in rereading "Gulliver's Travels" in English,
+Rizal reached England, and said good-by to the friends whom he had
+met during their brief ocean trip together.
+
+Rizal's first letters home to his family speak of being in the free
+air of England and once more amidst European activity. For a short
+time he lived with Doctor Antonio Maria Regidor, an exile of '72,
+who had come to secure what Spanish legal Business he could in the
+British metropolis. Doctor Regidor was formerly an official in the
+Philippines, and later proved his innocence of any complicity in the
+troubles of '72.
+
+Doctor Rizal then boarded with a Mr. Beckett, organist of St. Paul's
+Church, at 37 Charlecote Crescent, in the favorite North West residence
+section. The zoölogical gardens were conveniently near and the British
+Museum was within easy walking distance. The new member was a favorite
+with all the family, which consisted of three daughters besides the
+father and mother.
+
+Rizal's youthful interest in sleight-of-hand tricks was still
+maintained. During his stay in the Philippines he had sometimes amused
+his friends in this way, till one day he was horrified to find that
+the simple country folk, who were also looking on, thought that he
+was working miracles. In London he resumed his favorite diversion, and
+a Christmas gift of Mrs. Beckett to him, "The Life and Adventures of
+Valentine Vox the Ventriloquist," indicated the interest his friends
+took in this amusement. One of his own purchases was "Modern Magic,"
+the frontispiece of which is the sphinx that figures in the story of
+"El Filibusterismo."
+
+It was Rizal's custom to study the deceptions practiced upon the
+peoples of other lands, comparing them with those of which his
+own countrymen had been victims. Thus he could get an idea of the
+relative credulity of different peoples and could also account
+for many practices the origin of which was otherwise less easy to
+understand. His investigations were both in books and by personal
+research. In quest of these experiences he one day chanced to visit
+a professional phrenologist; the bump-reader was a shrewd guesser,
+for he dwelt especially upon Rizal's aptitude for learning languages
+and advised him to take up the study of them.
+
+This interest in languages, shown in his childish ambition to be
+like Sir John Bowring, made Rizal a congenial companion of a still
+more distinguished linguist, Doctor Reinhold Rost, the librarian of
+the India Office. The Raffles Library in Singapore now owns Doctor
+Rost's library, and its collection of grammars in seventy languages
+attests the wide range of the studies of this Sanscrit scholar.
+
+Doctor Rost was born and educated in Germany, though naturalized
+as a British subject, and he was a man of great musical taste. His
+family sometimes formed an orchestra, at other times a glee club, and
+furnished all the necessary parts from its own members. Rizal was a
+frequent visitor, usually spending his Sundays in athletic exercises
+with the boys, for he quickly became proficient in the English sports
+of boxing and cricket. While resting he would converse with the father,
+or chat with the daughters of the home. All the children had literary
+tastes, and one, Daisy, presented him with a copy of a novel which
+she had just translated from the German, entitled "Ulli."
+
+Some idea of Doctor Rizal's own linguistic attainments may be gained
+from the fact that instead of writing letters to his nephews and nieces
+he made for them translations of some of Hans Christian Andersen's
+fairy tales. They consist of some forty manuscript pages, profusely
+illustrated, and the father is referred to in a "dedication,"
+as though it were a real book. The Hebrew Bible quotation is in
+allusion to a jocose remark once made by the father that German was
+like Hebrew to him, the verse being that in which the sons of Jacob,
+not recognizing that their brother was the seller, were bargaining
+for some of Pharaoh's surplus corn, "And he (Joseph) said, How is
+the old man, your father?" Rizal always tried to relieve by a touch
+of humor anything that seemed to him as savoring of affectation,
+the phase of Spanish character that repelled him and the imitation
+of which by his countrymen who knew nothing of the un-Spanish world
+disgusted him with them.
+
+Another example of his versatility in language and of its usefulness
+to him as well, is shown in a trilingual letter written by Rizal in
+Dapitan when the censorship of his correspondence had become annoying
+through ignorant exceptions to perfectly harmless matters. No Spaniard
+available spoke more than one language besides his own and it was
+necessary to send the letter to three different persons to find out
+its contents. The critics took the hint and Rizal received better
+treatment thereafter.
+
+Another one of Rizal's youthful aspirations was attained in London,
+for there he began transcribing the early Spanish history by Morga of
+which Sir John Bowring had told his uncle. A copy of this rare book
+was in the British Museum and he gained admission as a reader there
+through the recommendation of Doctor Rost. Only five hundred persons
+can be accommodated in the big reading room, and as students are
+coming from every continent for special researches, good reason has
+to be shown why these studies cannot be made at some other institution.
+
+Besides the copying of the text of Morga's history, Rizal read
+many other early writings on the Philippines, and the manifest
+unfairness of some of these who thought that they could glorify Spain
+only by disparaging the Filipinos aroused his wrath. Few Spanish
+writers held up the good name of those who were under their flag,
+and Rizal had to resort to foreign authorities to disprove their
+libels. Morga was almost alone among Spanish historians, but his
+assertions found corroboration in the contemporary chronicles of
+other nationalities. Rizal spent his evenings in the home of Doctor
+Regidor, and many a time the bitterness and impatience with which his
+day's work in the Museum had inspired him, would be forgotten as the
+older man counseled patience and urged that such prejudices were to be
+expected of a little educated nation. Then Rizal's brow would clear as
+he quoted his favorite proverb, "To understand all is to forgive all."
+
+Doctor Rost was editor of Trübner's Record, a journal devoted to the
+literature of the East, founded by the famous Oriental Bookseller and
+Publisher of London, Nicholas Trübner, and Doctor Rizal contributed
+to it in May, 1889, some specimens of Tagal folklore, an extract from
+which is appended, as it was then printed:
+
+
+Specimens of Tagal Folklore
+
+By Doctor J. Rizal
+
+
+Proverbial Sayings
+
+Malakas ang bulong sa sigaw, Low words are stronger than loud words.
+
+Ang lakí sa layaw karaniwa 'y hubad, A petted child is generally naked
+(i.e. poor).
+
+Hampasng magulang ay nakatabã, Parents' punishment makes one fat.
+
+Ibang hari ibang ugail, New king, new fashion.
+
+Nagpupútol ang kapus, ang labis ay nagdurugtong, What is short cuts
+off a piece from itself, what is long adds another on (the poor gets
+poorer, the rich richer).
+
+Ang nagsasabing tapus ay siyang kinakapus, He who finishes his words
+finds himself wanting.
+
+Nangangakõ habang napapakõ, Man promises while in need.
+
+Ang naglalakad ng maráhan, matinik may mababaw, He who walks slowly,
+though he may put his foot on a thorn, will not be hurt very much
+(Tagals mostly go barefooted).
+
+Ang maniwalã sa sabi 'y walang bait na sarili, He who believes in
+tales has no own mind.
+
+Ang may isinuksok sa dingding, ay may titingalain, He who has put
+something between the wall may afterwards look on (the saving man
+may afterwards be cheerful).--The wall of a Tagal house is made of
+palm-leaves and bamboo, so that it can be used as a cupboard.
+
+Walang mahirap gisingin na paris nang nagtutulogtulugan, The most
+difficult to rouse from sleep is the man who pretends to be asleep.
+
+Labis sa salitã, kapus sa gawã, Too many words, too little work.
+
+Hipong tulog ay nadadalá ng ánod, The sleeping shrimp is carried away
+by the current.
+
+Sa bibig nahuhuli ang isda, The fish is caught through the mouth.
+
+
+Puzzles
+
+Isang butil na palay sikip sa buony bahay, One rice-corn fills up
+all the house.--The light. The rice-corn with the husk is yellowish.
+
+Matapang akó so dalawá, duag akó sa isá, I am brave against two,
+coward against one.--The bamboo bridge. When the bridge is made of
+one bamboo only, it is difficult to pass over; but when it is made
+of two or more, it is very easy.
+
+Dalá akó niya, dalá ko siya, He carries me, I carry him.--The shoes.
+
+Isang balong malalim puna ng patalím, A deep well filled with steel
+blades.--The mouth.
+
+The Filipino colony in Spain had established a fortnightly review,
+published first in Barcelona and later in Madrid, to enlighten
+Spaniards on their distant colony, and Rizal wrote for it from the
+start. Its name, La Solidaridad, perhaps may be translated Equal
+Rights, as it aimed at like laws and the same privileges for the
+Peninsula and the possessions overseas.
+
+From the Philippines came news of a contemptible attempt to reach
+Rizal through his family--one of many similar petty persecutions. His
+sister Lucia's husband had died and the corpse was refused interment
+in consecrated ground, upon the pretext that the dead man, who had been
+exceptionally liberal to the church and was of unimpeachable character,
+had been negligent in his religious duties. Another individual with
+a notorious record of longer absence from confession died about
+the same time, and his funeral took place from the church without
+demur. The ugly feature about the refusal to bury Hervosa was that the
+telegram from the friar parish-priest to the Archbishop at Manila in
+asking instructions, was careful to mention that the deceased was a
+brother-in-law of Rizal. Doctor Rizal wrote a scorching article for
+La Solidaridad under the caption "An Outrage," and took the matter
+up with the Spanish Colonial Minister, then Becerra, a professed
+Liberal. But that weakling statesman, more liberal in words than in
+actions, did nothing.
+
+That the union of Church and State can be as demoralizing to religion
+as it is disastrous to good government seems sufficiently established
+by Philippine incidents like this, in which politics was substituted
+for piety as the test of a good Catholic, making marriage impossible
+and denying decent burial to the families of those who differed
+politically with the ministers of the national religion.
+
+Of all his writings, the article in which Rizal speaks of this
+indignity to the dead comes nearest to exhibiting personal feeling and
+rancor. Yet his main point is to indicate generally what monstrous
+conditions the Philippine mixture of religion and politics made
+possible.
+
+The following are part of a series of nineteen verses published in
+La Solidaridad over Rizal's favorite pen name of Laong Laan:
+
+
+  To my Muse
+
+  (translation by Charles Derbyshire)
+
+  Invoked no longer is the Muse,
+  The lyre is out of date;
+  The poets it no longer use,
+  And youth its inspiration now imbues
+  With other form and state.
+
+  If today our fancies aught
+  Of verse would still require,
+  Helicon's hill remains unsought;
+  And without heed we but inquire,
+  Why the coffee is not brought.
+
+  In the place of thought sincere
+  That our hearts may feel,
+  We must seize a pen of steel,
+  And with verse and line severe
+  Fling abroad a jest and jeer.
+
+  Muse, that in the past inspired me,
+  And with songs of love hast fired me;
+  Go thou now to dull repose,
+  For today in sordid prose
+  I must earn the gold that hired me.
+
+  Now must I ponder deep,
+  Meditate, and struggle on;
+  E'en sometimes I must weep;
+  For he who love would keep
+  Great pain has undergone.
+
+  Fled are the days of ease,
+  The days of Love's delight;
+  When flowers still would please
+  And give to suffering souls surcease
+  From pain and sorrow's blight.
+
+  One by one they have passed on,
+  All I loved and moved among;
+  Dead or married--from me gone,
+  For all I place my heart upon
+  By fate adverse are stung.
+
+  Go thou, too, O Muse, depart,
+  Other regions fairer find;
+  For my land but offers art
+  For the laurel, chains that bind,
+  For a temple, prisons blind.
+
+  But before thou leavest me, speak:
+  Tell me with thy voice sublime,
+  Thou couldst ever from me seek
+  A song of sorrow for the weak,
+  Defiance to the tyrant's crime.
+
+
+Rizal's congenial situation in the British capital was disturbed
+by his discovering a growing interest in the youngest of the three
+girls whom he daily met. He felt that his career did not permit him
+to marry, nor was his youthful affection for his cousin in Manila an
+entirely forgotten sentiment. Besides, though he never lapsed into
+such disregard for his feminine friends as the low Spanish standard
+had made too common among the Filipino students in Madrid, Rizal was
+ever on his guard against himself. So he suggested to Doctor Regidor
+that he considered it would be better for him to leave London. His
+parting gift to the family with whom he had lived so happily was a
+clay medallion bearing in relief the profiles of the three sisters.
+
+Other regretful good-bys were said to a number of young Filipinos
+whom he had gathered around him and formed into a club for the study
+of the history of their country and the discussion of its politics.
+
+Rizal now went to Paris, where he was glad to be again with his friend
+Valentin Ventura, a wealthy Pampangan who had been trained for the
+law. His tastes and ideals were very much those of Rizal, and he had
+sound sense and a freedom from affectation which especially appealed
+to Rizal. There Rizal's reprint of Morga's rare history was made, at
+a greater cost but also in better form than his first novel. Copious
+notes gave references to other authorities and compared present
+with past conditions, and Doctor Blumentritt contributed a forceful
+introduction.
+
+When Rizal returned to London to correct the proofsheets, the old
+original book was in use and the copy could not be checked. This led to
+a number of errors, misspelled and changed words, and even omissions
+of sentences, which were afterwards discovered and carefully listed
+and filed away to be corrected in another edition.
+
+Possibly it has been made clear already that, while Rizal did not
+work for separation from Spain, he was no admirer of the Castilian
+character, nor of the Latin type, for that matter. He remarked on
+Blumentritt's comparison of the Spanish rulers in the Philippines
+with the Czars of Russia, that it is flattering to the Castilians
+but it is more than they merit, to put them in the same class as
+Russia. Apparently he had in mind the somewhat similar comparison in
+Burke's speech on the conciliation of America, in which he said that
+Russia was more advanced and less cruel than Spain and so not to be
+classed with it.
+
+During his stay in Paris, Rizal was a frequent visitor at the home
+of the two Doctors Pardo de Tavera, sons of the exile of '72 who
+had gone to France, the younger now a physician in South America,
+the elder a former Philippine Commissioner. The interest of the
+one in art, and of the other in philology, the ideas of progress
+through education shared by both, and many other common tastes and
+ideals, made the two young men fast friends of Rizal. Mrs. Tavera,
+the mother, was an interesting conversationalist, and Rizal profited
+by her reminiscences of Philippine official life, to the inner circle
+of which her husband's position had given her the entrée.
+
+On Sundays Rizal fenced at Juan Luna's house with his distinguished
+artist-countryman, or, while the latter was engaged with Ventura,
+watched their play. It was on one of these afternoons that the Tagalog
+story of "The Monkey and the Tortoise"[2] was hastily sketched as a
+joke to fill the remaining pages of Mrs. Luna's autograph album, in
+which she had been insisting Rizal must write before all its space
+was used up. A comparison of the Tagalog version with a Japanese
+counterpart was published by Rizal in English, in Trübner's Magazine,
+suggesting that the two people may have had a common origin. This
+study received considerable attention from other ethnologists, and
+was among the topics at an ethnological conference.
+
+At times his antagonist was Miss Nellie Baustead, who had great
+skill with the foils. Her father, himself born in the Philippines,
+the son of a wealthy merchant of Singapore, had married a member of
+the Genato family of Manila. At their villa in Biarritz, and again
+in their home in Belgium, Rizal was a guest later, for Mr. Baustead
+had taken a great liking to him.
+
+The teaching instinct that led him to act as mentor to the Filipino
+students in Spain and made him the insparation of a mutual improvement
+club of his young countrymen in London, suggested the foundation of
+a school in Paris. Later a Pampangan youth offered him $40,000 with
+which to found a Filipino college in Hongkong, where many young men
+from the Philippines had obtained an education better than their
+own land could afford but not entirely adapted to their needs. The
+scheme attracted Rizal, and a prospectus for such an institution
+which was later found among his papers not only proves how deeply
+he was interested, but reveals the fact that his ideas of education
+were essentially like those carried out in the present public-school
+course of instruction in the Philippines.
+
+Early in August of 1890 Rizal went to Madrid to seek redress for a
+wrong done his family by the notorious General Weyler, the "Butcher"
+of evil memory in Cuba, then Governor-General of the Philippines. Just
+as the mother's loss of liberty, years before, was caused by revengeful
+feelings on the part of an official because for one day she was obliged
+to omit a customary gift of horse feed, so the father's loss of land
+was caused by a revengeful official, and for quite as trivial a cause.
+
+Mr. Mercado was a great poultry fancier and especially prided himself
+upon his fine stock of turkeys. He had been accustomed to respond to
+the frequent requests of the estate agent for presents of birds. But
+at one time disease had so reduced the number of turkeys that all that
+remained were needed for breeding purposes and Mercado was obliged
+to refuse him. In a rage the agent insisted, and when that proved
+unavailing, threats followed.
+
+But Francisco Mercado was not a man to be moved by threats, and
+when the next rent day came round he was notified that his rent had
+been doubled. This was paid without protest, for the tenants were
+entirely at the mercy of the landlords, no fixed rate appearing
+either in contracts or receipts. Then the rent-raising was kept on
+till Mercado was driven to seek the protection of the courts. Part
+of his case led to exactly the same situation as that of the Biñan
+tenantry in his grandfather's time, when the landlords were compelled
+to produce their title-deeds, and these proved that land of others
+had been illegally included in the estate. Other tenants, emboldened
+by Mercado's example also refused to pay the exorbitant rent increases.
+
+The justice of the peace of Kalamba, before whom the case first came,
+was threatened by the provincial governor for taking time to hear the
+testimony, and the case was turned over to the auxiliary justice, who
+promptly decided in the manner desired by the authorities. Mercado at
+once took an appeal, but the venal Weyler moved a force of artillery
+to Kalamba and quartered it upon the town as if rebellion openly
+existed there. Then the court representatives evicted the people
+from their homes and directed them to remove all their buildings
+from the estate lands within twenty-four hours. In answer to the
+plea that they had appealed to the Supreme Court the tenants were
+told their houses could be brought back again if they won their
+appeal. Of course this was impossible and some 150,000 pesos' worth
+of property was consequently destroyed by the court agents, who were
+worthy estate employees. Twenty or more families were made homeless
+and the other tenants were forbidden to shelter them under pain of
+their own eviction. This is the proceeding in which Retana suggests
+that the governor-general and the landlords were legally within their
+rights. If so, Spanish law was a disgrace to the nation. Fortunately
+the Rizal-Mercado family had another piece of property at Los Baños,
+and there they made their home.
+
+Weyler's motives in this matter do not have to be surmised, for
+among the (formerly) secret records of the government there exists
+a letter which he wrote when he first denied the petition of the
+Kalamba residents. It is marked "confidential" and is addressed to the
+landlords, expressing the pleasure which this action gave him. Then
+the official adds that it cannot have escaped their notice that the
+times demand diplomacy in handling the situation but that, should
+occasion arise, he will act with energy. Just as Weyler had favored
+the landlords at first so he kept on and when he had a chance to do
+something for them he did it.
+
+Finally, when Weyler left the Islands an investigation was ordered into
+his administration, owing to rumors of extensive and systematic frauds
+on the government, but nothing more came of the case than that Retana,
+later Rizal's biographer, wrote a book in the General's defense,
+"extensively documented," and also abusively anti-Filipino. It has been
+urged (not by Retana, however) that the Weyler régime was unusually
+efficient, because he would allow no one but himself to make profits
+out of the public, and therefore, while his gains were greater than
+those of his predecessors, the Islands really received more attention
+from him.
+
+During the Kalamba discussion in Spain, Retana, until 1899 always
+scurrilously anti-Filipino, made the mistake of his life, for he
+charged Rizal's family with not paying their rent, which was not
+true. While Rizal believed that duelling was murder, to judge from a
+pair of pictures preserved in his album, he evidently considered that
+homicide of one like Retana was justifiable. After the Spanish custom,
+his seconds immediately called upon the author of the libel. Retana
+notes in his "Vida del Dr. Rizal" that the incident closed in a way
+honorable to both Rizal and himself--he, Retana, published an explicit
+retraction and abject apology in the Madrid papers. Another time,
+in Madrid, Rizal risked a duel when he challenged Antonio Luna,
+later the General, because of a slighting allusion to a lady at a
+public banquet. He had a nicer sense of honor in such matters than
+prevailed in Madrid, and Luna promptly saw the matter from Rizal's
+point of view and withdrew the offensive remark. This second incident
+complements the first, for it shows that Rizal was as willing to risk a
+duel with his superior in arms as with one not so skilled as he. Rizal
+was an exceptional pistol shot and a fair swordsman, while Retana was
+inferior with either sword or pistol, but Luna, who would have had the
+choice of weapons, was immeasurably Rizal's superior with the sword.
+
+Owing to a schism a rival arose against the old Masonry and finally
+the original organization succumbed to the offshoot. Doctor Miguel
+Morayta, Professor of History in the Central University at Madrid, was
+the head of the new institution and it had grown to be very popular
+among students. Doctor Morayta was friendly to the Filipinos and a
+lodge of the same name as their paper was organized among them. For
+their outside work they had a society named the Hispano-Filipino
+Association, of which Morayta was president, with convenient clubrooms
+and a membership practically the same as the Lodge La Solidaridad.
+
+Just before Christmas of 1890, this Hispano-Filipino Association
+gave a largely attended banquet at which there were many prominent
+speakers. Rizal stayed away, not because of growing pessimism,
+as Retana suggests, but because one of the speakers was the same
+Becerra who had feared to act when the outrage against the body of
+Rizal's brother-in-law had been reported to him. Now out of office,
+the ex-minister was again bold in words, but Rizal for one was not
+again to be deceived by them.
+
+The propaganda carried on by his countrymen in the Peninsula did not
+seem to Rizal effective, and he found his suggestions were not well
+received by those at its head. The story of Rizal's separation from
+La Solidaridad, however, is really not material, but the following
+quotation from a letter written to Carlos Oliver, speaking of the
+opposition of the Madrid committee of Filipinos to himself, is
+interesting as showing Rizal's attitude of mind:
+
+"I regret exceedingly that they war against me, attempting to discredit
+me in the Philippines, but I shall be content provided only that my
+successor keeps on with the work. I ask only of those who say that
+I created discord among the Filipinos: Was there any effective union
+before I entered political life? Was there any chief whose authority
+I wanted to oppose? It is a pity that in our slavery we should have
+rivalries over leadership."
+
+And in Rizal's letter from Hongkong, May 24, 1892, to Zulueta,
+commenting on an article by Leyte in La Solidaridad, he says:
+
+"Again I repeat, I do not understand the reason of the attack, since
+now I have dedicated myself to preparing for our countrymen a safe
+refuge in case of persecution and to writing some books, championing
+our cause, which shortly will appear. Besides, the article is impolitic
+in the extreme and prejudicial to the Philippines. Why say that the
+first thing we need is to have money? A wiser man would be silent
+and not wash soiled linen in public."
+
+Early in '91 Rizal went to Paris, visiting Mr. Baustead's villa in
+Biarritz en route, and he was again a guest of his hospitable friend
+when, after the winter season was over, the family returned to their
+home in Brussels.
+
+During most of the year Rizal's residence was in Ghent, where he had
+gathered around him a number of Filipinos. Doctor Blumentritt suggested
+that he should devote himself to the study of Malay-Polynesian
+languages, and as it appeared that thus he could earn a living in
+Holland he thought to make his permanent home there. But his parents
+were old and reluctant to leave their native land to pass their last
+years in a strange country, and that plan failed.
+
+He now occupied himself in finishing the sequel to "Noli Me Tangere,"
+the novel "E1 Filibusterismo," which he had begun in October of 1887
+while on his visit to the Philippines. The bolder painting of the
+evil effects of the Spanish culture upon the Filipinos may well have
+been inspired by his unfortunate experiences with his countrymen in
+Madrid who had not seen anything of Europe outside of Spain. On the
+other hand, the confidence of the author in those of his countrymen
+who had not been contaminated by the so-called Spanish civilization,
+is even more noticeable than in "Noli Me Tangere."
+
+Rizal had now done all that he could for his country; he had shown
+them by Morga what they were when Spain found them; through "Noli Me
+Tangere" he had painted their condition after three hundred years of
+Spanish influence; and in "El Filibusterismo" he had pictured what
+their future must be if better counsels did not prevail in the colony.
+
+These works were for the instruction of his countrymen, the fulfilment
+of the task he set for himself when he first read Doctor Jagor's
+criticism fifteen years before; time only was now needed for them to
+accomplish their work and for education to bring forth its fruits.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+Despujol's Duplicity
+
+As soon as he had set in motion what influence he possessed in Europe
+for the relief of his relatives, Rizal hurried to Hongkong and from
+there wrote to his parents asking their permission to join them. Some
+time before, his brother-in-law, Manuel Hidalgo, had been deported
+upon the recommendation of the governor of La Laguna, "to prove to
+the Filipinos that they were mistaken in thinking that the new Civil
+Code gave them any rights" in cases where the governor-general agreed
+with his subordinate's reason for asking for the deportation as well
+as in its desirability. The offense was having buried a child, who
+had died of cholera, without church ceremonies. The law prescribed
+and public health demanded it. But the law was a dead letter and the
+public health was never considered when these cut into church revenues,
+as Hidalgo ought to have known.
+
+Upon Rizal's arrival in Hongkong, in the fall of 1891, he received
+notice that his brother Paciano had been returned from exile in
+Mindoro, but that three of his sisters had been summoned, with the
+probability of deportation.
+
+A trap to get Rizal into the hands of the government by playing
+upon his affection for his mother was planned at this time, but it
+failed. Mrs. Rizal and one of her daughters were arrested in Manila
+for "falsification of cedula" because they no longer used the name
+Realonda, which the mother had dropped fifteen years before. Then,
+though there were frequently boats running to Kalamba, the two women
+were ordered to be taken there for trial on foot. As when Mrs. Rizal
+had been a prisoner before, the humane guards disobeyed their orders
+and the elderly lady was carried in a hammock. The family understood
+the plans of their persecutors, and Rizal was told by his parents
+not to come to Manila. Then the persecution of the mother and the
+sister dropped.
+
+In Hongkong, Rizal was already acquainted with most of the Filipino
+colony, including Jose M. Basa, a '72 exile of great energy, for whom
+he had the greatest respect. The old man was an unceasing enemy of all
+the religious orders and was constantly getting out "proclamations,"
+as the handbills common in the old-time controversies were called. One
+of these, against the Jesuits, figures in the case against Rizal
+and bears some minor corrections in his handwriting. Nevertheless,
+his participation in it was probably no more than this proofreading
+for his friend, whose motives he could appreciate, but whose plan of
+action was not in harmony with his own ideas.
+
+Letters of introduction from London friends secured for Rizal the
+acquaintance of Mr. H. L. Dalrymple, a justice of the peace--which is
+a position more coveted and honored in English lands than here--and
+a member of the public library committee, as well as of the board
+of medical examiners. He was a merchant, too, and agent for the
+British North Borneo Company, which had recently secured a charter
+as a semi-independent colony for the extensive cession which had
+originally been made to the American Trading Company and later
+transferred to them.
+
+Rizal spent much of his time in the library, reading especially the
+files of the older newspapers, which contained frequent mention of
+the Philippines. As an oldtime missionary had left his books to the
+library, the collection was rich in writings of the fathers of the
+early Church, as well as in philology and travel. He spent much time
+also in long conversations with Editor Frazier-Smith of the Hongkong
+Telegraph, the most enterprising of the daily newspapers. He was
+the master of St. John's Masonic lodge (Scotch constitution), which
+Rizal had visited upon his first arrival, intensely democratic and
+a close student of world politics. The two became fast friends and
+Rizal contributed to the Telegraph several articles on Philippine
+matters. These were printed in Spanish, ostensibly for the benefit of
+the Filipino colony in Hongkong, but large numbers of the paper were
+mailed to the Philippines and thus at first escaped the vigilance
+of the censors. Finally the scheme was discovered and the Telegraph
+placed on the prohibited list, but, like most Spanish actions, this
+was just too late to prevent the circulation of what Rizal had wished
+to say to his countrymen.
+
+With the first of the year 1892 the free portion of Rizal's family came
+to Hongkong. He had been licensed to practice medicine in the colony,
+and opened an office, specializing as an oculist with notable success.
+
+Another congenial companion was a man of his own profession, Doctor
+L. P. Marquez, a Portuguese who had received his medical education in
+Dublin and was a naturalized British subject. He was a leading member
+of the Portuguese club, Lusitania, which was of radically republican
+proclivities and possessed an excellent library of books on modern
+political conditions. An inspection of the colonial prison with him
+inspired Rizal's article, "A Visit to Victoria Gaol," through which
+runs a pathetic contrast of the English system of imprisonment for
+reformation with the Spanish vindictive methods of punishment. A
+souvenir of one of their many conferences was a dainty modeling in
+clay made by Rizal with that astonishing quickness that resulted from
+his Uncle Gabriel's training during his early childhood.
+
+In the spring, Rizal took a voyage to British North Borneo and with
+Mr. Pryor, the agent, looked over vacant lands which had been offered
+him by the Company for a Filipino colony. The officials were anxious
+to grow abaca, cacao, sugar cane and coconuts, all products of the
+Philippines, the soil of which resembled theirs. So they welcomed the
+prospect of the immigration of laborers skilled in such cultivation,
+the Kalambans and other persecuted people of the Luzon lake region,
+whom Doctor Rizal hoped to transplant there to a freer home.
+
+A different kind of governor-general had succeeded Weyler in the
+Philippines; the new man was Despujol, a friend of the Jesuits
+and a man who at once gave the Filipinos hope of better days,
+for his promises were quickly backed up by the beginnings of their
+performance. Rizal witnessed this novel experience for his country
+with gratification, though he had seen too many disappointments to
+confide in the continuance of reform, and he remembered that the like
+liberal term of De la Torre had ended in the Cavite reaction.
+
+He wrote early to the new chief executive, applauding Despujol's policy
+and offering such coöperation as he might be able to give toward
+making it a complete success. No reply had been received, but after
+Rizal's return from his Borneo trip the Spanish consul in Hongkong
+assured him that he would not be molested should he go to Manila.
+
+Rizal therefore made up his mind to visit his home once more. He
+still cherished the plan of transferring those of his relatives
+and friends who were homeless through the land troubles, or
+discontented with their future in the Philippines, to the district
+offered to him by the British North Borneo Company. There, under the
+protection of the British flag, but in their accustomed climate, with
+familiar surroundings amid their own people, a New Kalamba would be
+established. Filipinos would there have a chance to prove to the world
+what they were capable of, and their free condition would inevitably
+react on the neighboring Philippines and help to bring about better
+government there.
+
+Rizal had no intention of renouncing his Philippine allegiance, for
+he always regretted the naturalization of his countrymen abroad,
+considering it a loss to the country which needed numbers to play
+the influential part he hoped it would play in awakening Asia. All
+his arguments were for British justice and "Equality before the Law,"
+for he considered that political power was only a means of securing
+and assuring fair treatment for all, and in itself of no interest.
+
+With such ideas he sailed for home, bearing the Spanish consul's
+passport. He left two letters in Hongkong with his friend Doctor
+Marquez marked, "To be opened after my death," and their contents
+indicate that he was not unmindful of how little regard Spain had
+had in his country for her plighted honor.
+
+One was to his beloved parents, brother and sisters, and friends:
+
+"The affection that I have ever professed for you suggests this
+step, and time alone can tell whether or not it is sensible. Their
+outcome decides things by results, but whether that be favorable or
+unfavorable, it may always be said that duty urged me, so if I die
+in doing it, it will not matter.
+
+"I realize how much suffering I have caused you, still I do not
+regret what I have done. Rather, if I had to begin over again, still
+I should do just the same, for it has been only duty. Gladly do I go
+to expose myself to peril, not as any expiation of misdeeds (for in
+this matter I believe myself guiltless of any), but to complete my
+work and myself offer the example of which I have always preached.
+
+"A man ought to die for duty and his principles. I hold fast to
+every idea which I have advanced as to the condition and future of
+our country, and shall willingly die for it, and even more willingly
+to procure for you justice and peace.
+
+"With pleasure, then, I risk life to save so many innocent persons--so
+many nieces and nephews, so many children of friends, and children,
+too, of others who are not even friends--who are suffering on my
+account. What am I? A single man, practically without family, and
+sufficiently undeceived as to life. I have had many disappointments
+and the future before me is gloomy, and will be gloomy if light does
+not illuminate it, the dawn of a better day for my native land. On the
+other hand, there are many individuals, filled with hope and ambition,
+who perhaps all might be happy were I dead, and then I hope my enemies
+would be satisfied and stop persecuting so many entirely innocent
+people. To a certain extent their hatred is justifiable as to myself,
+and my parents and relatives.
+
+"Should fate go against me, you will all understand that I shall die
+happy in the thought that my death will end all your troubles. Return
+to our country and may you be happy in it.
+
+"Till the last moment of my life I shall be thinking of you and
+wishing you all good fortune and happiness."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The other letter was directed "To the Filipinos," and said:
+
+"The step which I am taking, or rather am about to take, is undoubtedly
+risky, and it is unnecessary to say that I have considered it some
+time. I understand that almost every one is opposed to it; but I know
+also that hardly anybody else comprehends what is in my heart. I cannot
+live on seeing so many suffer unjust persecutions on my account; I
+cannot bear longer the sight of my sisters and their numerous families
+treated like criminals. I prefer death and cheerfully shall relinquish
+life to free so many innocent persons from such unjust persecution.
+
+"I appreciate that at present the future of our country gravitates
+in some degree around me, that at my death many will feel triumphant,
+and, in consequence, many are wishing for my fall. But what of it? I
+hold duties of conscience above all else, I have obligations to the
+families who suffer, to my aged parents whose sighs strike me to the
+heart; I know that I alone, only with my death, can make them happy,
+returning them to their native land and to a peaceful life at home. I
+am all my parents have, but our country has many, many more sons who
+can take my place and even do my work better.
+
+"Besides I wish to show those who deny us patriotism that we know
+how to die for duty and principles. What matters death, if one dies
+for what one loves, for native land and beings held dear?
+
+"If I thought that I were the only resource for the policy of progress
+in the Philippines and were I convinced that my countrymen were
+going to make use of my services, perhaps I should hesitate about
+taking this step; but there are still others who can take my place,
+who, too, can take my place with advantage. Furthermore, there are
+perchance those who hold me unneeded and my services are not utilized,
+resulting that I am reduced to inactivity.
+
+"Always have I loved our unhappy land, and I am sure that I shall
+continue loving it till my latest moment, in case men prove unjust
+to me. My career, my life, my happiness, all have I sacrificed for
+love of it. Whatever my fate, I shall die blessing it and longing
+for the dawn of its redemption."
+
+And then followed the note; "Make these letters public after my death."
+
+Suspicion of the Spanish authorities was justified. The consul's
+cablegram notifying Governor-General Despujol. that Rizal had fallen
+into their trap, sent the day of issuing the "safe-conduct" or special
+passport, bears the same date as the secret case filed against him
+in Manila, "for anti religious and anti patriotic agitation." On
+that same day the deceitful Despujol was confidentially inquiring
+of his executive secretary whether it was true that Rizal had been
+naturalized as a German subject, and, if so, what effect would that
+have on the governor-general's right to take executive action; that
+is, could he deport one who had the protection of a strong nation with
+the same disregard for the forms of justice that he could a Filipino?
+
+This inquiry is joined to an order to the local authorities in the
+provinces near Manila instructing them to watch the comings and goings
+of their prominent people during the following weeks. The scheme
+resembled that which was concocted prior to '72, but Governor-General
+de la Torte was honest in his reforms. Despujol may, or may not,
+have been honest in other matters, but as concerns Rizal there is
+no lack of proof of his perfidy. The confidential file relating to
+this part of the case was forgotten in destroying and removing secret
+papers when Manila passed into a democratic conqueror's hands, and
+now whoever wishes may read, in the Bureau of Archives, documents
+which the Conde de Caspe, to use a noble title for an ignoble man,
+considered safely hidden. As with Weyler's contidential letter to the
+friar landlords, these discoveries convict their writers of bad faith,
+with no possibility of mistake.
+
+This point in the reformed Spanish writer's biography of Rizal is
+made occasion for another of his treacherous attacks upon the good
+name of his pretended hero. Just as in the land troubles Retana held
+that legally Governor-General Weyler was justified in disregarding
+an appeal pending in the courts, so in this connection he declares:
+"(Despujol) unquestionably had been deceived by Rizal when, from
+Hongkong, he offered to Despujol not to meddle in politics." That
+Rizal meddled in politics rests solely upon Despujol's word, and
+it will be seen later how little that is worth; but, politics or no
+politics, Rizal's fate was settled before he ever came to Manila.
+
+Rizal was accompanied to Manila by his sister Lucia, widow of that
+brother-in-law who had been denied Christian burial because of his
+relationship to Rizal. In the Basa home, among other waste papers,
+and for that use, she had gathered up five copies of a recent
+"proclamation," entitled "Pobres Frailes" (Poor Friars), a small
+sheet possibly two inches wide and five long. These, crumpled up,
+were tucked into the case of the pillow which Mrs. Hervosa used on
+board. Later, rolled up in her blankets and bed mat, or petate, they
+went to the custom house along with the other baggage, and of course
+were discovered in the rigorous examination which the officers always
+made. How strict Philippine customs searches were, Henry Norman, an
+English writer of travels, explains by remarking that Manila was the
+only port where he had ever had his pockets picked officially. His
+visit was made at about the time of which we are writing, and the
+object, he says, was to keep out anti friar publications.
+
+Rizal and his sister landed without difficulty, and he at once went to
+the Oriente Hotel, then the best in town, for Rizal always traveled
+and lived as became a member of a well-to-do family. Next he waited
+on the Governor-General, with whom he had a very brief interview,
+for it happened to be on one of the numerous religious festivals,
+during which he obtained favorable consideration for his deported
+sisters. Several more interviews occurred in which the hopes first
+given were realized, so that those of the family then awaiting exile
+were pardoned and those already deported were to be returned at an
+early date.
+
+One night Rizal was the guest of honor at a dinner given by the masters
+and wardens of the Masonic lodges of Manila, and he was surprised and
+delighted at the progress the institution had made in the Islands. Then
+he had another task not so agreeable, for, while awaiting a delayed
+appointment with the Governor-General, he with two others ran up on
+the new railway to Tarlac. Ostensibly this was to see the country,
+but it was not for a pleasure trip. They were investigating the sales
+of Rizal's books and trying to find out what had become of the money
+received from them, for while the author's desire had been to place
+them at so low a price as to be within the reach of even the poor, it
+was reported that the sales had been few and at high prices, so that
+copies were only read by the wealthy whose desire to obtain the rare
+and much-discussed novels led them to pay exorbitant figures for them.
+
+Rizal's party, consisting of the Secretary of one of the lodges of
+Manila, and another Mason, a prominent school-teacher, were under
+constant surveillance and a minute record of their every act is
+preserved in the "reserved" files, now, of course, so only in name,
+as they are no longer secret. Immediately after they left a house it
+would be thoroughly searched and the occupants strictly questioned. In
+spite of the precautions of the officials, Rizal soon learned of this,
+and those whom they visited were warned of what to expect. In one home
+so many forbidden papers were on hand that Rizal delayed his journey
+till the family completed their task of carrying them upstairs and
+hiding them in the roof.
+
+At another place he came across an instance of superstition such as
+that which had caused him to cease his sleight-of-hand exhibitions
+on his former return to the Islands. Their host was a man of little
+education but great hospitality, and the party were most pleasantly
+entertained. During the conversation he spoke of Rizal, but did not
+seem to know that his hero had come back to the Philippines. His
+remarks drifted into the wildest superstition, and, after asserting
+that Rizal bore a charmed life, he startled his audience by saying
+that if the author of "Noli Me Tangere" cared to do so, he could be
+with them at that very instant. At first the three thought themselves
+discovered by their host, but when Rizal made himself known, the
+old man proved that he had had no suspicion of his guest's identity,
+for he promptly became busy preparing his home for the search which
+he realized would shortly follow. On another occasion their host
+was a stranger whom Rizal treated for a temporary illness, leaving
+a prescription to be filled at the drug store. The name signed to
+the paper was a revelation, but the first result was activity in
+cleaning house.
+
+No fact is more significant of the utter rottenness of the Spanish
+rule than the unanimity of the people in their discontent. Only a
+few persons at first were in open opposition, but books, pamphlets
+and circulars were eagerly sought, read and preserved, with the
+knowledge generally, of the whole family, despite the danger of
+possessing them. At times, as in the case of Rizal's novels, an entire
+neighborhood was in the secret; the book was buried in a garden and
+dug up to be read from at a gathering of the older men, for which a
+dance gave pretext. Informers were so rare that the possibility of
+treachery among themselves was hardly reckoned in the risk.
+
+The authorities were constantly searching dwellings, often entire
+neighborhoods, and with a thoroughness which entirely disregarded
+the possibility of damaging an innocent person's property. These
+"domiciliary registrations" were, of course, supposed to be unexpected,
+but in the later Spanish days the intended victims usually had
+warning from some employee in the office where it was planned, or
+from some domestic of the official in charge; very often, however, the
+warning was so short as to give only time for a hasty destruction of
+incriminating documents and did not permit of their being transferred
+to other hiding places. Thus large losses were incurred, and to these
+must be added damages from dampness when a hole in the ground, the
+inside of a post, or cementing up in the wall furnished the means of
+concealment. Fires, too, were frequent, and such events attracted so
+much attention that it was scarcely safe to attempt to save anything
+of an incriminating nature.
+
+Six years of war conditions did their part toward destroying what
+little had escaped, and from these explanations the reader may
+understand how it comes that the tangled story of Spain's last half
+century here presents an historical problem more puzzling than that
+of much more remote times in more favored lands.
+
+It seems almost providential that the published statement of
+the Governor-General can be checked not only by an account which
+Rizal secretly sent to friends, but also by the candid memoranda
+contained in the untruthful executive's own secret folios. While
+some unessential details of Rizal's career are in doubt, not a point
+vital to establishing his good name lacks proof that his character
+was exemplary and that he is worthy of the hero-worship which has
+come to him.
+
+After Rizal's return to Manila from his railway trip he had the
+promised interview with the Governor-General. At their previous
+meetings the discussions had been quite informal. Rizal, in
+complimenting the General upon his inauguration of reforms, mentioned
+that the Philippine system of having no restraint whatever upon
+the chief executive had at least the advantage that a well-disposed
+governor-general would find no red-tape hindrances to his plans for
+the public benefit. But Despujol professed to believe that the best
+of men make mistakes and that a wise government would establish
+safeguards against this human fallibility.
+
+The final, and fatal, interview began with the Governor-General asking
+Rizal if he still persisted in his plan for a Filipino colony in
+British North Borneo; Despujol had before remarked that with so much
+Philippine land lying idle for want of cultivation it did not seem to
+him patriotic to take labor needed at home away for the development
+of a foreign land. Rizal's former reply had dealt with the difficulty
+the government was in respecting the land troubles, since the tenants
+who had taken the old renters' places now also must be considered,
+and he pointed out that there was, besides, a bitterness between the
+parties which could not easily be forgotten by either side. So this
+time he merely remarked that he had found no reason for changing his
+original views.
+
+Hereupon the General took from his desk the five little sheets of
+the "Poor Friars" handbill, which he said had been found in the roll
+of bedding sent with Rizal's baggage to the custom house, and asked
+whose they could be. Rizal answered that of course the General knew
+that the bedding belonged to his sister Lucia, but she was no fool
+and would not have secreted in a place where they were certain to be
+found five little papers which, hidden within her camisa or placed
+in her stocking, would have been absolutely sure to come in unnoticed.
+
+Rizal, neither then nor later, knew the real truth, which was that
+these papers were gathered up at random and without any knowledge of
+their contents. If it was a crime to have lived in a house where such
+seditious printed matter was common, then Rizal, who had openly visited
+Basa's home, was guilty before ever the handbills were found. But no
+reasonable person would believe another rational being could be so
+careless of consequences as to bring in openly such dangerous material.
+
+The very title was in sarcastic allusion to the inconsistency of a
+religious order being an immensely wealthy organization, while its
+individual members were vowed to poverty. News, published everywhere
+except in the Philippines, of losses sustained in outside commercial
+enterprises running into the millions, was made the text for showing
+how money, professedly raised in the Philippines for charities,
+was not so used and was invested abroad in fear of that day of
+reckoning when tyranny would be overthrown in anarchy and property
+would be insecure. The belief of the pious Filipinos, fostered
+by their religious exploiters, that the Pope would suffer great
+hardship if their share of "Peter's pence" was not prompt and full,
+was contrasted with another newspaper story of a rich dowry given
+to a favorite niece by a former Pope, but that in no way taught the
+truth that the Head of the Church was not put to bodily discomfort
+whenever a poor Filipino failed to come forward with his penny.
+
+Despujol managed to work himself into something like a passion over
+this alleged disrespect to the Pope, and ordered Rizal to be taken
+as a prisoner to Fort Santiago by the nephew who acted as his aide.
+
+Like most facts, this version runs a middle course between the extreme
+stories which have been current. Like circulars may have been printed
+at the "Asilo de Malabon," as has been asserted; these certainly came
+from Hongkong and were not introduced by any archbishop's nephew on
+duty at the custom house, as another tale suggests. On the other hand,
+the circular was the merest pretext, and Despujol did not act in good
+faith, as many claim that he did.
+
+It may be of interest to reprint the handbill from a facsimile of an
+original copy:
+
+
+Pobres Frailes!
+
+Acaba de suspender sus pages un Banco, acaba de quebrarse el New
+Oriental.
+
+Grandes pédidas en la India, en la isla Mauricio al sur de Africa,
+ciclónes y tempestades acabaron con su podeíro, tragnádose más de
+36,000,000 de pesos. Estos treinta y seis millones representaban las
+esperanzas, las economías, el bienestar y el porvenir de numerosos
+individuos y familias.
+
+Entre los que más han sufrido podemos contar á la Rvda. Corporacion
+de los P. P. Dominicos, que pierden en esta quiebra muchos cientos
+de miles. No se sabe la cuenta exacta porque tanto dinero se les
+envía de aquí y tantos depósitos hacen, que se neçesitarlan muchos
+contadores para calcular el immense caudal de que disponen.
+
+Pero, no se aflijan los amigos ni triunfen los enemigos de los santos
+monjes que profesan vote de pobreza.
+
+A unos y otros les diremos que pueden estar tranquilos. La Corporacion
+tiene aun muchos millones depositados en los Bancos de Hongkong, y
+aunque todos quebrasen, y aunque se derrumbasen sus miles de casas de
+alquiler, siempre quedarian sus curates y haciendas, les quedarían los
+filipinos dispuestos siempre á ayunar para darles una limosna. ¿Qué son
+cuatrocientos ó quinientos mil? Que se tomen la molestia de recorrer
+los pueblos y pedir limosna y se resarcirán de esa pérdida. Hace un
+año que, por la mala administracion de los cardenales, el Papa perdió
+14,000,000 del dinero de San Pedro; el Papa, para cubrir el déficit,
+acude á nosotros y nosotros recogemos de nuestros tampipis el último
+real, porque sabemos que el Papa tiene muchas atenciones; hace cosa
+de cinco años casó á una sobrina suya dotándola de un palacio y
+300,000 francos ademas. Haced un esfuerzo pues, generosos filipinos,
+y socorred á los dominicos igualmente!
+
+Además, esos centanares de miles perdidos no son de ellos, segun dicen:
+¿cómo los iban à tener si tienen voto de pobreza? Hay que creerlos
+pues cuando, para cubrirse, dicen que son de los huérfanos y de las
+viudas. Muy seguramente pertencerían algunos á las viudas y á los
+huérfanos de Kalamba, y quién sabe si á los desterrados maridos! y
+los manejan los virtuosos frailes sólo á título de depositarios para
+devolverlos despues religiosamente con todos sus intereses cuando
+llegue el día de rendir cuentas! Quién sabe? Quién mejor que ellos
+podía encargarse de recoger los pocos haberes mientras las casas
+ardían, huían las viudas y los huérfanos sin encontrar hospitalidad,
+pues se habia prohibido darles albergue, mientras los hombres estaban
+presos ó perseguidos? ¿Quién mejor que los dominicos para tener tanto
+valor, tanta audacia y tanta humanidad?
+
+Pero, ahora el diablo se ha llevado el dinero de los huérfanos y de
+las viudas, y es de temer que se lleve tambien el resto, pues cuando el
+diablo la empieza la ha de acabar. Tendría ese dinero mala procedencia?
+
+Si asl sucediese, nosotros los recomendaríamos á los dominicos que
+dijesen con Job: Desnudo salí del vientre de mi madre (España),
+y desnudo volveré allá; lo dió el diablo, el diablo se lo llevó;
+bendito sea el nombre del Señor!
+
+Fr. Jacinto.
+
+Manila: Imprenta de los Amigos del Pais.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+The Deportation to Dapitan
+
+As soon as Rizal was lodged in his prison, a room in Fort Santiago, the
+Governor-General began the composition of one of the most extraordinary
+official documents ever issued in this land where the strangest
+governmental acts have abounded. It is apology, argument, and attack
+all in one and was published in the Official Gazette, where it occupied
+most of an entire issue. The effect of the righteous anger it displays
+suffers somewhat when one knows how all was planned from the day Rizal
+was decoyed from Hongkong under the faithless safe-conduct. Another
+enlightening feature is the copy of a later letter, preserved in that
+invaluable secret file, wherein Despujol writes Rizal's custodian, as
+jailer, to allow the exile in no circumstances to see this number of
+the Gazette or to know its contents, and suggests several evasions to
+assist the subordinate's power of invention. It is certainly a strange
+indignation which fears that its object shall learn the reason for
+wrath, nor is it a creditable spectacle when one beholds the chief
+of a government giving private lessons in lying.
+
+A copy of the Gazette was sent to the Spanish Consul in Hongkong, also
+a cablegram directing him to give it publicity that "Spain's good name
+might not suffer" in that colony. By his blunder, not knowing that
+the Lusitania Club was really a Portuguese Masonic lodge and full of
+Rizal's friends, a copy was sent there and a strong reply was called
+forth. The friendly editor of the Hongkong Telegraph devoted columns to
+the outrage by which a man whose acquaintance in the scientific world
+reflected honor upon his nation, was decoyed to what was intended
+to be his death, exiled to "an unhealthful, savage spot," through
+"a plot of which the very Borgias would have been ashamed."
+
+The British Consul in Manila, too, mentioned unofficially to
+Governor-General Despujol that it seemed a strange way of showing
+Spain's often professed friendship for Great Britain thus to disregard
+the annoyance to the British colony of North Borneo caused by making
+impossible an entirely unexceptionable plan. Likewise, in much the
+same respectfully remonstrant tone which the Great Powers are wont
+to use in recalling to semi-savage states their obligations to
+civilization, he pointed out how Spain's prestige as an advanced
+nation would suffer when the educated world, in which Rizal was
+Spain's best-known representative, learned that the man whom they
+honored had been trapped out of his security under the British flag
+and sent into exile without the slightest form of trial.
+
+Almost the last act of Rizal while at liberty was the establishment
+of the "Liga Filipina," a league or association seeking to unite all
+Filipinos of good character for concerted action toward the economic
+advancement of their country, for a higher standard of manhood, and
+to assure opportunities for education and development to talented
+Filipino youth. Resistance to oppression by lawful means was also
+urged, for Rizal believed that no one could fairly complain of bad
+government until he had exhausted and found unavailing all the legal
+resources provided for his protection. This was another expression
+of his constant teaching that slaves, those who toadied to power,
+and men without self-respect made possible and fostered tyranny,
+abuses and disregard of the rights of others.
+
+The character test was also a step forward, for the profession of
+patriotism has often been made to cloak moral shortcomings in the
+Philippines as well as elsewhere. Rizal urged that those who would
+offer themselves on the altar of their fatherland must conform to
+the standard of old, and, like the sacrificial lamb, be spotless
+and without blemish. Therefore, no one who had justifiably been
+prosecuted for any infamous crime was eligible to membership in the
+new organization.
+
+The plan, suggested by a Spanish Masonic society called C. Kadosch
+y Cia., originated with José Maria Basa, at whose instance Rizal
+drafted the constitution and regulations. Possibly all the members
+were Freemasons of the educated and better-to-do class, and most
+of them adhered to the doctrine that peaceably obtained reforms and
+progress by education are surest and best.
+
+Rizal's arrest discouraged those of this higher faith, for the
+peaceable policy seemed hopeless, while the radical element, freed from
+Rizal's restraining influence and deeming the time for action come,
+formed a new and revolutionary society which preached force of arms
+as the only argument left to them, and sought its membership among
+the less-enlightened and poorer class.
+
+Their inspiration was Andrés Bonifacio, a shipping clerk for a foreign
+firm, who had read and re-read accounts of the French Revolution
+till he had come to believe that blood alone could wipe out the
+wrongs of a country. His organization, The Sons of the Country,
+more commonly called the Katipunan, was, however, far from being as
+bloodthirsty as most Spanish accounts, and those of many credulous
+writers who have got their ideas from them, have asserted. To enlist
+others in their defense, those who knew that they were the cause of
+dissatisfaction spread the report that a race war was in progress
+and that the Katipuneros were planning the massacre of all of the
+white race. It was a sufficiently absurd statement, but it was made
+even more ridiculous by its "proof," for this was the discovery of an
+apron with a severed head, a hand holding it by the hair and another
+grasping the dagger which had done the bloody work. This emblem,
+handed down from ancient days as an object lesson of faithfulness
+even to death, has been known in many lands besides the Philippines,
+but only here has it ever been considered anything but an ancient
+symbol. As reasonably might the paintings of martyrdoms in the
+convents be taken as evidence of evil intentions upon the part of
+their occupants, but prejudice looks for pretexts rather than reasons,
+and this served as well as any other for the excesses of which the
+government in its frenzy of fear was later guilty.
+
+In talking of the Katipunan one must distinguish the first society,
+limited in its membership, from the organization of the days of the
+Aguinaldo "republic," so called, when throughout the Tagalog provinces,
+and in the chief towns of other provinces as well, adherence to the
+revolutionary government entailed membership in the revolutionary
+society. And neither of these two Katipunans bore any relation, except
+in name and emblems, to the robber bands whose valor was displayed
+after the war had ceased and whose patriotism consisted in wronging
+and robbing their own defenseless countrymen and countrywomen, while
+carefully avoiding encounters with any able to defend themselves.
+
+Rizal's arrest had put an end to all hope of progress under
+Governor-General Despujol. It had left the political field in
+possession of those countrymen who had not been in sympathy with
+his campaign of education. It had caused the succession of the
+revolutionary Katipunan to the economic Liga Filipina, with talk
+of independence supplanting Rizal's ambition for the return of
+the Philippines to their former status under the Constitution of
+Cadiz. But the victim of the arrest was at peace as he had not been
+in years. The sacrifice for country and for family had been made,
+but it was not to cost him life, and he was human enough to wish to
+live. A visitor's room in the Fort and books from the military library
+made his detention comfortable, for he did not worry about the Spanish
+sentries without his door who were placed there under orders to shoot
+anyone who might attempt to signal to him from the plaza.
+
+One night the Governor-General's nephew-aide came again to the Fort
+and Rizal embarked on the steamer which was to take him to his place
+of exile, but closely as he was guarded he risked dropping a note
+which a Filipino found and took, as it directed, to Mrs. Rizal's
+cousin, Vicenta Leyba, who lived in Calle José, Trozo. Thus the
+family were advised of his departure; this incident shows Rizal's
+perfect confidence in his countrymen and the extent to which it was
+justified; he could risk a chance finder to take so dangerous a letter
+to its address.
+
+On the steamer he occupied an officer's cabin and also found a Filipino
+quartermaster, of whom he requested a life preserver for his stateroom;
+evidently he was not entirely confident that there were no hostile
+designs against him. Accidents had rid the Philippines of troublesome
+persons before his time, and he was determined that if he sacrificed
+his life for his country, it should be openly. He realized that the
+tree of Liberty is often watered with the blood of secret as well as
+open martyrs.
+
+The same boat carried some soldier prisoners, one of whom was to be
+executed in Mindanao, and their case was not particularly creditable
+to Spanish ideas of justice. A Spanish officer had dishonorably
+interfered with the domestic relations of a sergeant, also Spanish,
+and the aggrieved party had inflicted punishment upon his superior,
+with the help of some other soldiers. For allowing himself to be
+punished, not for his own disgraceful act, the officer was dismissed
+from the service, but the sergeant was to go to the scene of his
+alleged "crime," there to suffer death, while his companions who had
+assisted him in protecting their homes were to be witnesses of this
+"justice" and then to be imprisoned.
+
+After an uneventful trip the steamer reached Dapitan, in the northeast
+of the large island of Mindanao, on a dark and rainy evening. The
+officer in charge of the expedition took Doctor Rizal ashore with
+some papers relating to him and delivered all to the commandant,
+Ricardo Carnicero. The receipt taken was briefed "One countryman and
+two packages." At the same time learned men in Europe were beginning
+to hear of this outrage worthy of the Dark Ages and were remarking
+that Spain had stopped the work of the man who was practically her
+only representative in modern science, for the Castilian language
+has not been the medium through which any considerable additions have
+been made to the world's store of scientific knowledge.
+
+Rizal was to reside either with the commandant or with the Jesuit
+parish priest, if the latter would take him into the convento. But
+while the exile had learned with pleasure that he was to meet priests
+who were refined and learned, as well as associated with his happier
+school days, he did not know that these priests were planning to
+restore him to his childhood faith and had mapped out a plan of action
+which should first make him feel his loneliness. So he was denied
+residence with the priest unless he would declare himself genuinely
+in sympathy with Spain.
+
+On his previous brief visit to the Islands he had been repelled from
+the Ateneo with the statement that till he ceased to be anti-Catholic
+and anti-Spanish he would not be welcome. Padre Faura, the famous
+meteorologist, was his former instructor and Rizal was his favorite
+pupil; he had tearfully predicted that the young man would come to
+the scaffold at last unless he mended his ways. But Rizal, confident
+in the clearness of his own conscience, went out cheerfully, and when
+the porter tried to bring back the memory of his childhood piety by
+reminding him of the image of the Sacred Heart which he had carved
+years before, Rizal answered, "Other times, other customs, Brother. I
+do not believe that way any more."
+
+So Rizal, a good Catholic, was compelled to board with the commandant
+instead of with the priest because he was unwilling to make
+hypocritical professions of admiration for Spain. The commandant and
+Rizal soon became good friends, but in order to retain his position
+Carnicero had to write to the Governor-General in a different strain.
+
+The correspondence tells the facts in the main, but of course
+they are colored throughout to conform to Despujol's character. The
+commandant is always represented as deceiving his prisoner and gaining
+his confidence only to betray him, but Rizal seems never to have
+experienced anything but straightforward dealing.
+
+Rizal's earliest letter from Dapitan speaks almost enthusiastically
+of the place, describing the climate as exceptional for the tropics,
+his situation as agreeable, and saying that he could be quite content
+if his family and his books were there.
+
+Shortly after occurred the anniversary of Carnicero's arrival in the
+town, and Rizal celebrated the event with a Spanish poem reciting
+the improvements made since his coming, written in the style of the
+Malay loa, and as though it were by the children of Dapitan.
+
+Next Rizal acquired a piece of property at Talisay, a little bay close
+to Dapitan, and at once became interested in his farm. Soon he built
+a house and moved into it, gathering a number of boy assistants about
+him, and before long he had a school. A hospital also was put up for
+his patients and these in time became a source of revenue, as people
+from a distance came to the oculist for treatment and paid liberally.
+
+One five-hundred-peso fee from a rich Englishman was devoted by Rizal
+to lighting the town, and the community benefited in this way by his
+charity in addition to the free treatment given its poor.
+
+The little settlement at Talisay kept growing and those who lived
+there were constantly improving it. When Father Obach, the Jesuit
+priest, fell through the bamboo stairway in the principal house, Rizal
+and his boys burned shells, made mortar, and soon built a fine stone
+stairway. They also did another piece of masonry work in the shape of
+a dam for storing water that was piped to the houses and poultry yard;
+the overflow from the dam was made to fill a swimming tank.
+
+The school, including the house servants, numbered about twenty and
+was taught without books by Rizal, who conducted his recitations
+from a hammock. Considerable importance was given to mathematics,
+and in languages English was taught as well as Spanish, the entire
+waking period being devoted to the language allotted for the day,
+and whoever so far forgot as to utter a word in any other tongue was
+punished by having to wear a rattan handcuff. The use and meaning of
+this modern police device had to be explained to the boys, for Spain
+still tied her prisoners with rope.
+
+Nature study consisted in helping the Doctor gather specimens
+of flowers, shells, insects and reptiles which were prepared and
+shipped to German museums. Rizal was paid for these specimens by
+scientific books and material. The director of the Royal Zoölogical
+and Anthropological Museum in Dresden, Saxony, Doctor Karl von Heller,
+was a great friend and admirer of Doctor Rizal. Doctor Heller's father
+was tutor to the late King Alfonso XII and had many friends at the
+Court of Spain. Evidently Doctor Heller and other of his European
+friends did not consider Rizal a Spanish insurrectionary, but treated
+him rather as a reformer seeking progress by peaceful means.
+
+Doctor Rizal remunerated his pupils' work with gifts of clothing,
+books and other useful remembrances. Sometimes the rewards were
+cartidges, and those who had accumulated enough were permitted to
+accompany him in his hunting expeditions. The dignity of labor was
+practically inculcated by requiring everyone to make himself useful,
+and this was really the first school of the type, combining the use
+of English, nature study and industrial instruction.
+
+On one occasion in the year 1894 some of his schoolboys secretly
+went into the town in a banca; a puppy which tried to follow them
+was eaten by a crocodile. Rizal tired to impress the evil effects of
+disobedience upon the youngsters by pointing out to them the sorrow
+which the mother-dog felt at the loss of her young one, and emphasized
+the lesson by modeling a statuette called "The Mother's Revenge,"
+wherein she is represented, in revenge, as devouring the cayman. It
+is said to be a good likeness of the animal which was Doctor Rizal's
+favorite companion in his many pedestrian excursions around Dapitan.
+
+Father Francisco Sanchez, Rizal's instructor in rhetoric in the Ateneo,
+made a long visit to Dapitan and brought with him some surveyor's
+instruments, which his former pupil was delighted to assist him in
+using. Together they ran the levels for a water system for the the
+town, which was later, with the aid of the lay Jesuit, Brother Tildot,
+carried to completion. This same water system is now being restored
+and enlarged with artesian wells by the present insular, provincial
+and municipal governments jointly, as part of the memorial to Rizal
+in this place of his exile.
+
+A visit to a not distant mountain and some digging in a spot supposed
+by the people of the region to be haunted brought to light curious
+relics of the first Christian converts among the early Moros.
+
+The state of his mind at about this period of his career is indicated
+by the verses written in his home in Talisay, entitled "My Retreat,"
+of which the following translation has been made by Mr. Charles
+Derbyshire. The scene that inspired this poem has been converted by
+the government into a public park to the memory of Rizal.
+
+
+  My Retreat
+
+  By the spreading beach where the sands are soft and fine,
+  At the foot of the mount in its mantle of green,
+  I have built my hut in the pleasant grove's confine;
+  From the forest seeking peace and a calmness divine,
+  Rest for the weary brain and silence to my sorrow keen.
+
+  Its roof the frail palm-leaf and its floor the cane,
+  Its beams and posts of the unhewn wood;
+  Little there is of value in this hut so plain,
+  And better by far in the lap of the mount to have lain,
+  By the song and the murmur of the high sea's flood.
+
+  A purling brook from the woodland glade
+  Drops down o'er the stones and around it sweeps,
+  Whence a fresh stream is drawn by the rough cane's aid;
+  That in the still night its murmur has made,
+  And in the day's heat a crystal fountain leaps.
+
+  When the sky is serene how gently it flows,
+  And its zither unseen ceaselessly plays;
+  But when the rains fall a torrent it goes
+  Boiling and foaming through the rocky close,
+  Roaring uncheck'd to the sea's wide ways.
+
+  The howl of the dog and the song of the bird,
+  And only the kalao's hoarse call resound;
+  Nor is the voice of vain man to be heard,
+  My mind to harass or my steps to begird;
+  The woodlands alone and the sea wrap me round.
+
+  The sea, ah, the sea! for me it is all,
+  As it massively sweeps from the worlds apart;
+  Its smile in the morn to my soul is a call,
+  And when in the even my fath seems to pall,
+  It breathes with its sadness an echo to my heart.
+
+  By night an arcanum; when translucent it glows,
+  All spangled over with its millions of lights,
+  And the bright sky above resplendent shows;
+  While the waves with their sighs tell of their woes--
+  Tales that are lost as they roll to the heights.
+
+  They tell of the world when the first dawn broke,
+  And the sunlight over their surface played;
+  When thousands of beings from nothingness woke,
+  To people the depths and the heights to cloak,
+  Wherever its life-giving kiss was laid.
+
+  But when in the night the wild winds awake,
+  And the waves in their fury begin to leap,
+  Through the air rush the cries that my mind shake;
+  Voices that pray, songs and moans that partake
+  Of laments from the souls sunk down in the deep.
+
+  Then from their heights the mountains groan,
+  And the trees shiver tremulous from great unto least;
+  The groves rustle plaintive and the herds utter moan,
+  For they say that the ghosts of the folk that are gone
+  Are calling them down to their death's merry feast.
+
+  In terror and confusion whispers the night,
+  While blue and green flames flit over the deep;
+  But calm reigns again with the morning's light,
+  And soon the bold fisherman comes into sight,
+  As his bark rushes on and the waves sink to sleep.
+
+  So onward glide the days in my lonely abode;
+  Driven forth from the world where once I was known,
+  I muse o'er the fate upon me bestow'd;
+  A fragment forgotten that the moss will corrode,
+  To hide from mankind the world in me shown.
+
+  I live in the thought of the lov'd ones left,
+  And oft their names to my mind are borne;
+  Some have forsaken me and some by death are reft;
+  But now 'tis all one, as through the past I drift,
+  That past which from me can never be torn.
+
+  For it is the friend that is with me always,
+  That ever in sorrow keeps the faith in my soul;
+  While through the still night it watches and prays,
+  As here in my exile in my lone hut it stays,
+  To strengthen my faith when doubts o'er me roll.
+
+  That faith I keep and I hope to see shine
+  The day when the Idea prevails over might;
+  When after the fray and death's slow decline,
+  Some other voice sounds, far happier than mine,
+  To raise the glad song of the triumph of right.
+
+  I see the sky glow, refulgent and clear,
+  As when it forced on me my first dear illusion;
+  I feel the same wind kiss my forehead sere,
+  And the fire is the same that is burning here
+  To stir up youth's blood in boiling confusion.
+
+  I breathe here the winds that perchance have pass'd
+  O'er the fields and the rivers of my own natal shore;
+  And mayhap they will bring on the returning blast
+  The sighs that lov'd being upon them has cast--
+  Messages sweet from the love I first bore.
+
+  To see the same moon, all silver'd as of yore,
+  I feel the sad thoughts within me arise;
+  The fond recollections of the troth we swore,
+  Of the field and the bower and the wide seashore,
+  The blushes of joy, with the silence and sighs.
+
+  A butterfly seeking the flowers and the light,
+  Of other lands dreaming, of vaster extent;
+  Scarce a youth, from home and love I took flight,
+  To wander unheeding, free from doubt or affright--
+  So in foreign lands were my brightest days spent.
+
+  And when like a languishing bird I was fain
+  To the home of my fathers and my love to return,
+  Of a sudden the fierce tempest roar'd amain;
+  So I saw my wings shatter'd and no home remain,
+  My trust sold to others and wrecks round me burn.
+
+  Hurl'd out into exile from the land I adore,
+  My future all dark and no refuge to seek;
+  My roseate dreams hover round me once more,
+  Sole treasures of all that life to me bore;
+  The faiths of youth that with sincerity speak.
+
+  But not as of old, full of life and of grace,
+  Do you hold out hopes of undying reward;
+  Sadder I find you; on your lov'd face,
+  Though still sincere, the pale lines trace
+  The marks of the faith it is yours to guard.
+
+  You offer now, dreams, my gloom to appease,
+  And the years of my youth again to disclose;
+  So I thank you, O storm, and heaven-born breeze,
+  That you knew of the hour my wild flight to ease,
+  To cast me back down to the soil whence I rose.
+
+  By the spreading beach where the sands are soft and fine,
+  At the foot of the mount in its mantle of green;
+  I have found a home in the pleasant grove's confine,
+  In the shady woods, that peace and calmness divine,
+  Rest for the weary brain and silence to my sorrow keen.
+
+
+The Church benefited by the presence of the exile, for he drew the
+design for an elaborate curtain to adorn the sanctuary at Easter
+time, and an artist Sister of Charity of the school there did the
+oil painting under his direction. In this line he must have been
+proficient, for once in Spain, where he traveled out of his way to
+Saragossa to visit one of his former teachers of the Ateneo, who
+he had heard was there, Rizal offered his assistance in making some
+altar paintings, and the Jesuit says that his skill and taste were
+much appreciated.
+
+The home of the Sisters had a private chapel, for which the teachers
+were preparing an image of the Virgin. For the sake of economy the
+head only was procured from abroad, the vestments concealing all
+the rest of the figure except the feet, which rested upon a globe
+encircled by a snake in whose mouth is an apple. The beauty of the
+countenance, a real work of art, appealed to Rizal, and he modeled
+the more prominent right foot, the apple and the serpent's head, while
+the artist Sister assisted by doing the minor work. Both curtain and
+image, twenty years after their making, are still in use.
+
+On Sundays, Father Sanchez and Rizal conducted a school for the people
+after mass. As part of this education it was intended to make raised
+maps in the plaza of the chief city of the eight principal islands of
+the Philippines, but on account of Father Sanchez's being called away,
+only one. Mindanao, was completed; it has been restored with a concrete
+sidewalk and balustrade about it, while the plaza is a national park.
+
+Among Rizal's patients was a blind American named Taufer, fairly well
+to do, who had been engineer of the pumping plant of the Hongkong Fire
+Department. He was a man of bravery, for he held a diploma for helping
+to rescue five Spaniards from a shipwreck in Hongkong harbor. And he
+was not less kind-hearted, for he and his wife, a Portuguese, had
+adopted and brought up as their own the infant daughter of a poor
+Irish woman who had died in Hongkong, leaving a considerable family
+to her husband, a corporal in the British Army on service there.
+
+The little girl had been educated in the Italian convent after the
+first Mrs. Taufer died, and upon Mr. Taufer's remarriage, to another
+Portuguese, the adopted daughter and Mr. Taufer's own child were
+equally sharers of his home.
+
+This girl had known Rizal, "the Spanish doctor," as he was called
+there, in Hongkong, and persuaded her adopted father that possibly
+the Dapitan exile might restore his lost eyesight. So with the two
+girls and his wife, Mr. Taufer set out for Mindanao. At Manila his
+own daughter fell in love with a Filipino engineer, a Mr. Sunico,
+now owner of a foundry in Manila, and, marrying, remained there. But
+the party reached Dapitan with its original number, for they were
+joined by a good-looking mestiza from the South who was unofficially
+connected with one of the canons of the Manila cathedral.
+
+Josefina Bracken, the Irish girl, was lively, capable and of congenial
+temperament, and as there no longer existed any reason against his
+marriage, for Rizal considered his political days over, they agreed
+to become husband and wife.
+
+The priest was asked to perform the ceremony, but said the Bishop
+of Cebu must give his consent, and offered to write him. Rizal at
+first feared that some political retraction would be asked, but
+when assured that only his religious beliefs would be investigated,
+promptly submitted a statement which Father Obach says covered about
+the same ground as the earliest published of the retractions said to
+have been made on the eve of Rizal's death.
+
+This document, inclosed with the priest's letter, was ready for the
+mail when Rizal came hurrying in to reclaim it. The marriage was off,
+for Mr. Taufer had taken his family and gone to Manila.
+
+The explanation of this sudden departure was that, after the blind
+man had been told of the impossibility of anything being done for his
+eyes, he was informed of the proposed marriage. The trip had already
+cost him one daughter, he had found that his blindness was incurable,
+and now his only remaining daughter, who had for seventeen years
+been like his own child, was planning to leave him. He would have to
+return to Hongkong hopeless and accompanied only by a wife he had
+never seen, one who really was merely a servant. In his despair he
+said he had nothing to live for, and, seizing his razor, would have
+ended his life had not Rizal seized him just in time and held him,
+with the firm grasp his athletic training had given him, till the
+commandant came and calmed the excited blind man.
+
+It resulted in Josefina returning to Manila with him, but after a
+while Mr Taufer listened to reason and she went back to Dapitan,
+after a short stay in Manila with Rizal's family, to whom she had
+carried his letter of introduction, taking considerable housekeeping
+furniture with her.
+
+Further consideration changed Rizal's opinion as to marriage, possibly
+because the second time the priest may not have been so liberal in his
+requirements. The mother, too, seems to have suggested that as Spanish
+law had established civil marriage in the Philippines, and as the local
+government had not provided any way for people to avail themselves of
+the right, because the governor-general had pigeon-holed the royal
+decree, it would be less sinful for the two to consider themselves
+civilly married than for Rizal to do violence to his conscience
+by making any sort of political retraction. Any marriage so bought
+would be just as little a sacrament as an absolutely civil marriage,
+and the latter was free from hypocrisy.
+
+So as man and wife Rizal and Josefina lived together in Talisay. Father
+Obach sought to prejudice public feeling in the town against the
+exile for the "scandal," though other scandals happenings with less
+reason were going on unrebuked. The pages of "Dapitan", which some
+have considered to be the first chapter of an unfinished novel, may
+reasonably be considered no more than Rizal's rejoinder to Father
+Obach, written in sarcastic vein and primarily for Carnicero's
+amusement, unless some date of writing earlier than this should
+hereafter be found for them.
+
+Josefina was bright, vivacious, and a welcome addition to the little
+colony at Talisay, but at times Rizal had misgivings as to how it came
+that this foreigner should be permitted by a suspicious and absolute
+government to join him, when Filipinos, over whom the authorities
+could have exercised complete control, were kept away. Josefina's
+frequent visits to the convento once brought this suspicion to an open
+declaration of his misgivings by Rizal, but two days of weeping upon
+her part caused him to avoid the subiect thereafter. Could the exile
+have seen the confidential correspondence in the secret archives
+the plan would have been plain to him, for there it is suggested
+that his impressionable character could best be reached through the
+sufferings of his family, and that only his mother and sisters should
+be allowed to visit him. Steps in this plot were the gradual pardoning
+and returning of the members of his family to their homes.
+
+Josefina must remain a mystery to us as she was to Rizal. While she
+was in a delicate condition Rizal played a prank on her, harmless
+in itself, which startled her so that she sprang forward and struck
+against an iron stand. Though it was pure accident and Rizal was
+scarcely at fault, he blamed himself for it, and his later devotion
+seems largely to have been trying to make amends.
+
+The "burial of the son of Rizal," sometimes referred to as occurring at
+Dapitan, has for its foundation the consequences of this accident. A
+sketch hastily penciled in one of his medical books depicts an
+unusual condition apparent in the infant which, had it regularly
+made its appearance in the world some months later, would have been
+cherished by both parents; this loss was a great and common grief
+which banished thereafter all distrust upon his part and all occasion
+for it upon hers.
+
+Rizal's mother and several of his sisters, the latter changing from
+time to time, had been present during this critical period. Another
+operation had been performed upon Mrs. Rizal's eyes, but she was
+restive and disregarded the ordinary precautions, and the son was
+in despair. A letter to his brother-in-law, Manuel Hidalgo, who was
+inclined toward medical studies, says, "I now realize the reason why
+physicians are directed not to practice in their own families."
+
+A story of his mother and Rizal, necessary to understand his
+peculiar attitude toward her, may serve as the transition from
+the hero's sad (later) married experience to the real romance of
+his life. Mrs. Rizal's talents commanded her son's admiration, as
+her care for him demanded his gratitude, but, despite the common
+opinion, he never had that sense of companionship with her that he
+enjoyed with his father. Mrs. Rizal was a strict disciplinarian and
+a woman of unexceptionable character, but she arrogated to herself
+an infallibility which at times was trying to those about her, and
+she foretold bitter fates for those who dared dispute her.
+
+Just before José went abroad to study, while engaged to his cousin,
+Leonora Rivera, Mrs. Rivera and her daughter visited their relatives in
+Kalamba. Naturally the young man wished the guests to have the best of
+everything; one day when they visited a bathing place near by he used
+the family's newest carriage. Though this had not been forbidden,
+his mother spoke rather sharply about it; José ventured to remind
+her that guests were present and that it would be better to discuss
+the matter in private. Angry because one of her children ventured to
+dispute her, she replied: "You are an undutiful son. You will never
+accomplish anything which you undertake. All your plans will result
+in failure." These words could not be forgotten, as succeeding events
+seemed to make their prophecy come true, and there is pathos in one of
+Rizal's letters in which he reminds his mother that she had foretold
+his fate.
+
+His thoughts of an early marriage were overruled because his unmarried
+sisters did not desire to have a sister-in-law in their home who
+would add to the household cares but was not trained to bear her
+share of them, and even Paciano, who was in his favor, thought that
+his younger brother would mar his career by marrying early.
+
+So, with fervent promises and high hopes, Rizal had sailed away to make
+the fortune which should allow him to marry his cousin Leonora. She
+was constantly in his thoughts and his long letters were mailed with
+regular frequency during all his first years in Europe; but only a
+few of the earliest ever reached her, and as few replies came into
+his hands, though she was equally faithful as a correspondent.
+
+Leonora's mother had been told that it was for the good of her
+daughter's soul and in the interest of her happiness that she should
+not become the wife of a man like Rizal, who was obnoxious to the
+Church and in disfavor with the government. So, by advice, Mrs. Rivera
+gradually withheld more and more of the correspondence upon both sides,
+until finally it ceased. And she constantly suggested to the unhappy
+girl that her youthful lover had forgotten her amid the distractions
+and gayeties of Europe.
+
+Then the same influence which had advised breaking off the
+correspondence found a person whom the mother and others joined in
+urging upon her as a husband, till at last, in the belief that she
+owed obedience to her mother, she reluctantly consented. Strangely
+like the proposed husband of the Maria Clara of "Noli Me Tangere,"
+in which book Rizal had prophetically pictured her, this husband was
+"one whose children should rule "--an English engineer whose position
+had been found for him to make the match more desirable. Their marriage
+took place, and when Rizal returned to the Philippines she learned
+how she had been deceived. Then she asked for the letters that had
+been withheld, and when told that as a wife she might not keep love
+letters from any but her husband, she pleaded that they be burned
+and the ashes given her. This was done, and the silver box with the
+blackened bits of paper upon her dresser seemed to be a consolation
+during the few months of life which she knew would remain to her.
+
+Another great disappointment to Rizal was the action of Despujol
+when he first arrived in Dapitan, for he still believed in the
+Governor-General's good faith and thought in that fertile but sparsely
+settled region he might plant his "New Kalamba" without the objection
+that had been urged against the British North Borneo project. All
+seemed to be going on favorably for the assembling of his relatives and
+neighbors in what then would be no longer exile, when most insultingly,
+the Governor-General refused the permission which Rizal had had reason
+to rely upon his granting. The exile was reminded of his deportation
+and taunted with trying to make himself a king. Though he did not know
+it, this was part of the plan which was to break his spirit, so that
+when he was touched with the sufferings of his family he would yield
+to the influences of his youth and make complete political retraction;
+thus would be removed the most reasonable, and therefore the most
+formidable, opponent of the unnatural conditions Philippines and of
+the selfish interests which were profiting by them. But the plotters
+failed in their plan; they had mistaken their man.
+
+During all this time Rizal had repeated chances to escape, and persons
+high in authority seem to have urged flight upon him. Running away,
+however, seemed to him a confession of guilt; the opportunities
+of doing so always unsettled him, for each time the battle of
+self-sacrifice had to be fought over again; but he remained firm
+in his purpose. To meet death bravely is one thing; to seek it is
+another and harder thing; but to refuse life and choose death over
+and over again during many years is the rarest kind of heroism.
+
+Rizal used to make long trips, sometimes cruising for a week in his
+explorations of the Mindanao coast, and some of his friends proposed
+to charter a steamer in Singapore and, passing near Dapitan, pick him
+up on one of these trips. Another Philippine steamer going to Borneo
+suggested taking him on board as a rescue at sea and then landing him
+at their destination, where he would be free from Spanish power. Either
+of these schemes would have been feasible, but he refused both.
+
+Plans, which materialized, to benefit the fishing industry by improved
+nets imported from his Laguna home, and to find a market for the abaka
+of Dapitan, were joined with the introduction of American machinery,
+for which Rizal acted as agent, among planters of neighboring
+islands. It was a busy, useful life, and in the economic advancement
+of his country the exile believed he was as patriotic as when he was
+working politically.
+
+Rizal personally had been fortunate, for in company with the commandant
+and a Spaniard, originally deported for political reasons from the
+Peninsula, he had gained one of the richer prizes in the government
+lottery. These funds came most opportunely, for the land troubles
+and succeeding litigation had almost stripped the family of all its
+possessions. The account of the first news in Dapitan of the good
+fortune of the three is interestingly told in an official report to the
+Governor-General from the commandant. The official saw the infrequent
+mail steamer arriving with flying bunting and at once imagined some
+high authority was aboard; he hastened to the beach with a band of
+music to assist in the welcome, but was agreeably disappointed with
+the news of the luck which had befallen his prisoner and himself.
+
+Not all of Dapitan life was profitable and prosperous. Yet in spite
+of this Rizal stayed in the town. This was pure self-sacrifice,
+for he refused to make any effort for his own release by invoking
+influences which could have brought pressure to bear upon the
+Spanish home government. He feared to act lest obstacles might be
+put in the way of the reforms that were apparently making headway
+through Despujol's initiative, and was content to wait rather than
+to jeopardize the prospects of others.
+
+A plan for his transfer to the North, in the Ilokano country, had been
+deferred and had met with obstacles which Rizal believed were placed in
+its way through some of his own countrymen in the Peninsula who feared
+his influence upon the revenue with which politics was furnishing them.
+
+Another proposal was to appoint Rizal district health officer for
+Dapitan, but this was merely a covert government bribe. While the
+exile expressed his willingness to accept the position, he did not
+make the "unequivocally Spanish" professions that were needed to
+secure this appointment.
+
+Yet the government could have been satisfied of Rizal's innocence of
+any treasonable designs against Spain's sovereignty in the Islands
+had it known how the exile had declined an opportunity to head the
+movement which had been initiated on the eve of his deportation. His
+name had been used to gather the members together and his portrait
+hung in each Katipunan lodge hall, but all this was without Rizal's
+consent or even his knowledge.
+
+The members, who had been paying faithfully for four years, felt that
+it was time that something besides collecting money was done. Their
+restiveness and suspicions led Andrés Bonifacio, its head, to resort
+to Rizal, feeling that a word from the exile, who had religiously
+held aloof from all politics since his deportation, would give the
+Katipunan leaders more time to mature their plans. So he sent a
+messenger to Dapitan, Pio Valenzuela, a doctor, who to conceal his
+mission took with him a blind man. Thus the doctor and his patient
+appeared as on a professional visit to the exiled oculist. But though
+the interview was successfully secured in this way, its results were
+far from satisfactory.
+
+Far from feeling grateful for the consideration for the possible
+consequences to him which Valenzuela pretended had prompted the
+visit, Rizal indignantly insisted that the country came first. He
+cited the Spanish republics of South America, with their alternating
+revolutions and despotisms, as a warning against embarking on a change
+of government for which the people were not prepared. Education, he
+declared, was first necessary, and in his opinion general enlightenment
+was the only road to progress. Valenzuela cut short his trip, glad
+to escape without anyone realizing that Rizal and he had quarreled.
+
+Bonifacio called Rizal a coward when he heard his emissary's report,
+and enjoined Valenzuela to say nothing of his trip. But the truth
+leaked out, and there was a falling away in Katipunan membership.
+
+Doctor Rizal's own statement respecting the rebellion and Valenzuela's
+visit may fitly be quoted here:
+
+"I had no notice at all of what was being planned until the first or
+second of July, in 1896, when Pio Valenzuela came to see me, saying
+that an uprising was being arranged. I told him that it was absurd,
+etc., etc., and he answered me that they could bear no more. I advised
+him that they should have patience, etc., etc. He added then that
+he had been sent because they had compassion on my life and that
+probably it would compromise me. I replied that they should have
+patience and that if anything happened to me I would then prove my
+innocence. 'Besides,' said I, 'don't consider me, but our country,
+which is the one that will suffer.' I went on to show how absurd was
+the movement.--This, later, Pio Valenzuela testified.--He did not
+tell me that my name was being used, neither did he suggest that I
+was its chief, or anything of that sort.
+
+"Those who testify that I am the chief (which I do not know, nor do I
+know of having ever treated with them), what proofs do they present of
+my having accepted this chiefship or that I was in relations with them
+or with their society? Either they have made use of my name for their
+own purposes or they have been deceived by others who have. Where is
+the chief who dictates no order and makes no arrangement, who is not
+consulted in anything about so important an enterprise until the last
+moment, and then when he decides against it is disobeyed? Since the
+seventh of July of 1892 I have entirely ceased political activity. It
+seems some have wished to avail themselves of my name for their
+own ends."
+
+This was Rizal's second temptation to engage in politics, the first
+having been a trap laid by his enemies. A man had come to see Rizal
+in his earlier days in Dapitan, claiming to be a relative and seeking
+letters to prominent Filipinos. The deceit was too plain and Rizal
+denounced the envoy to the commandant, whose investigations speedily
+disclosed the source of the plot. Further prosecution, of course,
+ceased at once.
+
+The visit of some image vendors from Laguna who never before had
+visited that region, and who seemed more intent on escaping notice
+than interested in business, appeared suspicious, but upon report of
+the Jesuits the matter was investigated and nothing really suspicious
+was found.
+
+Rizal's charm of manner and attraction for every one he met is best
+shown by his relations with the successive commandants at Dapitan,
+all of whom, except Carnicero, were naturally predisposed against him,
+but every one became his friend and champion. One even asked relief on
+the ground of this growing favorable impression upon his part toward
+his prisoner.
+
+At times there were rumors of Rizal's speedy pardon, and he would
+think of going regularly into scientific work, collecting for those
+European museums which had made him proposals that assured ample
+livelihood and congenial work.
+
+Then Doctor Blumentritt wrote to him of the ravages of disease among
+the Spanish soldiers in Cuba and the scarcity of surgeons to attend
+them. Here was a labor "eminently humanitarian," to quote Rizal's words
+of his own profession, and it made so strong an appeal to him that,
+through the new governor-general, for Despujol had been replaced by
+Blanco, he volunteered his services. The minister of war of that time,
+General Azcarraga, was Philippine born. Blanco considered the time
+favorable for granting Rizal's petition and thus lifting the decree of
+deportation without the embarrassment of having the popular prisoner
+remain in the Islands.
+
+The thought of resuming his travels evidently inspired the following
+poem, which was written at about this time. The translation is by
+Arthur P. Ferguson:
+
+
+  The Song of the Traveler
+
+  Like to a leaf that is fallen and withered,
+  Tossed by the tempest from pole unto pole;
+  Thus roams the pilgrim abroad without purpose,
+  Roams without love, without country or soul.
+
+  Following anxiously treacherous fortune,
+  Fortune which e'en as he grasps at it flees;
+  Vain though the hopes that his yearning is seeking,
+  Yet does the pilgrim embark on the seas!
+
+  Ever impelled by invisible power,
+  Destined to roam from the East to the West;
+  Oft he remembers the faces of loved ones,
+  Dreams of the day when he, too, was at rest.
+
+  Chance may assign him a tomb on the desert,
+  Grant him a final asylum of peace;
+  Soon by the world and his country forgotten,
+  God rest his soul when his wanderings cease!
+
+  Often the sorrowful pilgrim is envied,
+  Circling the globe like a sea-gull above;
+  Little, ah, little they know what a void
+  Saddens his soul by the absence of love.
+
+  Home may the pilgrim return in the future,
+  Back to his loved ones his footsteps he bends;
+  Naught will he find but the snow and the ruins,
+  Ashes of love and the tomb of his friends.
+
+  Pilgrim, begone! Nor return more hereafter.
+  Stranger thou art in the land of thy birth;
+  Others may sing of their love while rejoicing,
+  Thou once again must roam o'er the earth.
+
+  Pilgrim, begone! Nor return more hereafter,
+  Dry are the tears that a while for thee ran;
+  Pilgrim, begone! And forget thy affliction,
+  Loud laughs the world at the sorrows of man.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+"Consummatum Est"
+
+NOTICE of the granting of his request came to Rizal just when
+repeated disappointments had caused him to prepare for staying
+in Dapitan. Immediately he disposed of his salable possessions,
+including a Japanese tea set and large mirror now among the Rizal
+relics preserved by the government, and a piece of outlying land,
+the deed for which is also among the Rizalana in the Philippines
+library. Some half-finished busts were thrown into the pool behind
+the dam. Despite the short notice all was ready for the trip in time,
+and, attended by some of his schoolboys as well as by Josefina and
+Rizal's niece, the daughter of his youngest sister, Soledad, whom
+Josefina wished to adopt, the party set out for Manila.
+
+The journey was not an uneventful one; at Dumaguete Rizal was the
+guest of a Spanish judge at dinner; in Cebu he operated successfully
+upon the eyes of a foreign merchant; and in Iloilo the local newspaper
+made much of his presence.
+
+The steamer from Dapitan reached Manila a little too late for the mail
+boat for Spain, and Rizal obtained permission to await the next sailing
+on board the cruiser Castilla, in the bay. Here he was treated like a
+guest and more than once the Spanish captain invited members of Rizal's
+family to be his guests at dinner--Josefina with little Maria Luisa,
+the niece and the schoolboys, for whom positions had been obtained,
+in Manila.
+
+The alleged uprising of the Katipunan occurred during this time. A
+Tondo curate, with an eye to promotion, professed to have discovered
+a gigantic conspiracy. Incited by him, the lower class of Spaniards
+in Manila made demonstrations against Blanco and tried to force
+that ordinarily sensible and humane executive into bloodthirsty
+measures, which should terrorize the Filipinos. Blanco had known of
+the Katipunan but realized that so long as interested parties were
+using it as a source of revenue, its activities would not go much
+beyond speechmaking. The rabble was not so far-seeing, and from high
+authorities came advice that the country was in a fever and could
+only be saved by blood-letting.
+
+Wholesale arrests filled every possible place for prisoners in
+Manila. The guilt of one suspect consisted in having visited the
+American consul to secure the address of a New York medical journal,
+and other charges were just as frivolous. There was a reign of terror
+in Luzon and, to save themselves, members of the Katipunan resorted to
+that open warfare which, had Blanco's prudent counsels been regarded,
+would probably have been avoided.
+
+While the excitement was at its height, with a number of executions
+failing to satisfy the blood-hunger, Rizal sailed for Spain,
+bearing letters of recommendation from Blanco. These vouched for his
+exemplary conduct during his exile and stated that he had in no way
+been implicated in the conspiracies then disturbing the Islands.
+
+The Spanish mail boat upon which Rizal finally sailed had among its
+passengers a sick Jesuit, to whose care Rizal devoted himself, and
+though most of the passengers were openly hostile to one whom they
+supposed responsible for the existing outbreak, his professional
+skill led several to avail themselves of his services. These were
+given with a deference to the ship's doctor which made that official
+an admirer and champion of his colleague.
+
+Three only of the passengers, however, were really friendly--one
+Juan Utor y Fernandez, a prominent Mason and republican, another
+ex-official in the Philippines who shared Utor's liberal views,
+and a young man whose father was republican.
+
+But if Rizal's chief adversaries were content that he should go where
+he would not molest them or longer jeopardize their interests, the
+rabble that had been excited by the hired newspaper advocates was
+not so easily calmed. Every one who felt that his picture had been
+painted among the lower Spanish types portrayed in "Noli Me Tangere"
+was loud for revenge. The clamor grew so great that it seemed possible
+to take advantage of it to displace General Blanco, who was not a
+convenient tool for the interests.
+
+So his promotion was bought, it is said, to get one Polavieja,
+a willing tool, in his place. As soon as this scheme was arranged,
+a cablegram ordering Rizal's arrest was sent; it overtook the steamer
+at Suez. Thus as a prisoner he completed his journey.
+
+But this had not been entirely unforeseen, for when the steamer reached
+Singapore, Rizal's companion on board, the Filipino millionaire Pedro
+P. Roxas, had deserted the ship, urging the ex-exile to follow his
+example. Rizal demurred, and said such flight would be considered
+confession of guilt, but he was not fully satisfied in his mind that
+he was safe. At each port of call his uncertainty as to what course
+to pursue manifested itself, for though he considered his duty to his
+country already done, and his life now his own, he would do nothing
+that suggested an uneasy conscience despite his lack of confidence
+in Spanish justice.
+
+At first, not knowing the course of events in Manila, he very naturally
+blamed Governor-General Blanco for bad faith, and spoke rather harshly
+of him in a letter to Doctor Blumentritt, an opinion which he changed
+later when the truth was revealed to him in Manila.
+
+Upon the arrival of the steamer in Barcelona the prisoner was
+transferred to Montjuich Castle, a political prison associated with
+many cruelties, there to await the sailing that very day of the
+Philippine mail boat. The Captain-General was the same Despujol
+who had decoyed Rizal into the power of the Spaniards four years
+before. An interesting interview of some hours' duration took place
+between the governor and the prisoner, in which the clear conscience
+of the latter seems to have stirred some sense of shame in the man
+who had so dishonorably deceived him.
+
+He never heard of the effort of London friends to deliver him at
+Singapore by means of habeas-corpus proceedings. Mr. Regidor furnished
+the legal inspiration and Mr. Baustead the funds for getting an opinion
+as to Rizal's status as a prisoner when in British waters, from Sir
+Edward Clarke, ex-solicitor-general of Great Britain. Captain Camus, a
+Filipino living in Singapore, was cabled to, money was made available
+in the Chartered Bank of Singapore, as Mr. Baustead's father's
+firm was in business in that city, and a lawyer, now Sir Hugh Fort,
+K.C., of London, was retained. Secretly, in order that the attempt,
+if unsuccessful, might not jeopardize the prisoner, a petition was
+presented to the Supreme Court of the Straits Settlements reciting the
+facts that Doctor José Rizal, according to the Philippine practice of
+punishing Freemasons without trial, was being deprived of his liberty
+without warrant of law upon a ship then within the jurisdiction of
+the court.
+
+According to Spanish law Rizal was being illegally held on the Spanish
+mail steamer Colon, for the Constitution of Spain forbade detention
+except on a judge's order, but like most Spanish laws the Constitution
+was not much respected by Spanish officials. Rizal had never had a
+hearing before any judge, nor had any charge yet been placed against
+him. The writ of habeas corpus was justified, provided the Colon were
+a merchant ship that would be subject to British law when in British
+port, but the mail steamer that carried Rizal also had on board Spanish
+soldiers and flew the royal flag as if it were a national transport. No
+one was willing to deny that this condition made the ship floating
+Spanish territory, and the judge declined to issue the writ.
+
+Rizal reached Manila on November 3 and was at once transferred to
+Fort Santiago, at first being held in a dungeon "incomunicado" and
+later occupying a small cell on the ground floor. Its furnishings
+had to be supplied by himself and they consisted of a small rattan
+table, a high-backed chair, a steamer chair of the same material,
+and a cot of the kind used by Spanish officers--canvas top and
+collapsible frame which closed up lengthwise. His meals were sent in
+by his family, being carried by one of his former pupils at Dapitan,
+and such cooking or heating as was necessary was done on an alcohol
+lamp which had been presented to him in Paris by Mrs. Tavera.
+
+An unsuccessful effort had been made earlier to get evidence against
+Rizal by torturing his brother Paciano. For hours the elder brother had
+been seated at a table in the headquarters of the political police,
+a thumbscrew on one hand and pen in the other, while before him
+was a confession which would implicate José Rizal in the Katipunan
+uprising. The paper remained unsigned, though Paciano was hung up by
+the elbows till he was insensible, and then cut down that the fall
+might revive him. Three days of this maltreatment made him so ill
+that there was no possibility of his signing anything, and he was
+carted home.
+
+It would not be strictly accurate to say that at the close of the
+nineteenth century the Spaniards of Manila were using the same tortures
+that had made their name abhorrent in Europe three centuries earlier,
+for there was some progress; electricity was employed at times as
+an improved method of causing anguish, and the thumbscrews were much
+more neatly finished than those used by the Dons of the Dark Ages.
+
+Rizal did not approve of the rebellion and desired to issue a manifesto
+to those of his countrymen who had been deceived into believing that
+he was their leader. But the proclamation was not politic, for it
+contained none of those fulsomely flattering phrases which passed
+for patriotism in the feverish days of 1896. The address was not
+allowed to be made public but it was passed on to the prosecutor to
+form another count in the indictment of José Rizal for not esteeming
+Spanish civilization.
+
+The following address to some Filipinos shows more clearly and
+unmistakably than any words of mine exactly what was the state of
+Rizal's mind in this matter.
+
+
+COUNTRYMEN:
+
+On my return from Spain I learned that my name had been in use,
+among some who were in arms, as a war-cry. The news came as a painful
+surprise, but, believing it already closed, I kept silent over an
+incident which I considered irremediable. Now I notice indications of
+the disturbances continuing and if any still, in good or bad faith, are
+availing themselves of my name, to stop this abuse and undeceive the
+unwary I hasten to address you these lines that the truth may be known.
+
+From the very beginning, when I first had notice of what was being
+planned, I opposed it, fought it, and demonstrated its absolute
+impossibility. This is the fact, and witnesses to my words are now
+living. I was convinced that the scheme was utterly absurd, and,
+what was worse, would bring great suffering.
+
+I did even more. When later, against my advice, the movement
+materialized, of my own accord I offered not alone my good offices,
+but my very life, and even my name, to be used in whatever way
+might seem best, toward stifling the rebellion; for, convinced of
+the ills which it would bring, I considered myself fortunate if, at
+any sacrifice, I could prevent such useless misfortunes. This equally
+is of record. My countrymen, I have given proofs that I am one most
+anxious for liberties for our country, and I am still desirous of
+them. But I place as a prior condition the education of the people,
+that by means of instruction and industry our country may have an
+individuality of its own and make itself worthy of these liberties. I
+have recommended in my writings the study of the civic virtues,
+without which there is no redemption. I have written likewise (and I
+repeat my words) that reforms, to be beneficial, must come from above,
+that those which come from below are irregularly gained and uncertain.
+
+Holding these ideas, I cannot do less than condemn, and I do condemn
+this uprising--as absurd, savage, and plotted behind my back--which
+dishonors us Filipinos and discredits those who could plead our
+cause. I abhor its criminal methods and disclaim all part in it,
+pitying from the bottom of my heart the unwary who have been deceived.
+
+Return, then, to your homes, and may God pardon those who have worked
+in bad faith!
+
+José Rizal.
+
+Fort Santiago, December 15, 1896.
+
+
+Finally a court-martial was convened for Rizal's trial, in the
+Cuartel de España. No trained counsel was allowed to defend him,
+but a list of young army officers was presented from which he might
+select a nominal defender. Among the names was one which was familiar,
+Luis Taviel de Andrade, and he proved to be the brother of Rizal's
+companion during his visit to the Philippines in 1887-88. The young
+man did his best and risked unpopularity in order to be loyal to
+his client. His defense reads pitiably weak in these days but it was
+risky then to say even so much.
+
+The judge advocate in a ridiculously bombastic effusion gave an
+alleged sketch of Rizal's life which showed ignorance of almost every
+material event, and then formulated the first precise charge against
+the prisoner, which was that he had founded an illegal society,
+alleging that the Liga Filipina had for its sole object to commit
+the crime of rebellion.
+
+The second charge was that Rizal was responsible for the existing
+rebellion, having caused it, bringing it on by his unceasing labors. An
+aggravating circumstance was found in the prisoner's being a native
+of the Philippines.
+
+The penalty of death was asked of the court, and in the event of pardon
+being granted by the crown, the prisoner should at least remain under
+surveillance for the rest of his life and pay as damages 20,000 pesos.
+
+The arguments are so absurd, the bias of the court so palpable, that
+it is not worth while to discuss them. The parallel proceedings in
+the military trial and execution of Francisco Ferret in Barcelona in
+1909 caused worldwide indignation, and the illegality of almost every
+step, according to Spanish law, was shown in numerous articles in
+the European and American press. Rizal's case was even more brazenly
+unfair, but Manila was too remote and the news too carefully censored
+for the facts to become known.
+
+The prisoner's arms were tied, corded from elbow to elbow behind
+his back, and thus he sat through the weary trial while the public
+jeered him and clamored for his condemnation as the bloodthirsty
+crowds jeered and clamored in the French Reign of terror.
+
+Then came the verdict and the prisoner was invited to acknowledge
+the regularity of the proceedings in the farcical trial by signing
+the record. To this Rizal demurred, but after a vain protest, affixed
+his signature.
+
+He was at once transferred to the Fort chapel, there to pass the last
+twenty-four hours of his life in preparing for death. The military
+chaplain offered his services, which were courteously declined, but
+when the Jesuits came, those instructors of his youth were eagerly
+welcomed.
+
+Rizal's trial had awakened great interest and accounts of everything
+about the prisoner were cabled by eager correspondents to the Madrid
+newspapers. One of the newspaper men who visited Rizal in his cell
+mentions the courtesy of his reception, and relates how the prisoner
+played the host and insisted on showing his visitor those attentions
+which Spanish politeness considers due to a guest, saying that these
+must be permitted, for he was in his own home. The interviewer found
+the prisoner perfectly calm and natural, serious of course, but not
+at all overwhelmed by the near prospect of death, and in discussing
+his career Rizal displayed that dispassionate attitude toward his
+own doings that was characteristic of him. Almost as though speaking
+of a stranger he mentioned that if Archbishop Nozaleda's sane view
+had been taken and "Noli Me Tangere" not preached against, he would
+not have been in prison, and perhaps the rebellion would never have
+occurred. It is easy for us to recognize that the author referred to
+the misconception of his novel, which had arisen from the publication
+of the censor's extracts, which consisted of whatever could be
+construed into coming under one of the three headings of attacks on
+religion, attacks on government, and reflections on Spanish character,
+without the slightest regard to the context.
+
+But the interviewer, quite honestly, reported Rizal to be regretting
+his novel instead of regretting its miscomprehension, and he seems
+to have been equally in error in the way he mistook Rizal's meaning
+about the republicans in Spain having led him astray.
+
+Rizal's exact words are not given in the newspaper account, but it is
+not likely that a man would make admissions in a newspaper interview,
+which if made formally, would have saved his life. Rizal's memory
+has one safeguard against the misrepresentations which the absence
+of any witnesses favorable to him make possible regarding his last
+moments: a political retraction would have prevented his execution,
+and since the execution did take place, it is reasonable to believe
+that Rizal died holding the views for which he had expressed himself
+willing to suffer martyrdom.
+
+Yet this view does not reflect upon the good faith of the reporter. It
+is probable that the prisoner was calling attention to the illogical
+result that, though he had disregarded the advice of the radical
+Spaniards who urged him to violent measures, his peaceable agitation
+had been misunderstood and brought him to the same situation as though
+he had actually headed a rebellion by arms. His slighting opinion
+of his great novel was the view he had always held, for like all
+men who do really great things, he was the reverse of a braggart,
+and in his remark that he had attempted to do great things without
+the capacity for gaining success, one recognizes his remembrance of
+his mother's angry prophecy foretelling failure in all he undertook.
+
+His family waited long outside the Governor-General's place to ask
+a pardon, but in vain; General Polavieja had to pay the price of his
+appointment and refused to see them.
+
+The mother and sisters, however, were permitted to say farewell to
+Rizal in the chapel, under the eyes of the death-watch. The prisoner
+had been given the unusual privilege of not being tied, but he was
+not allowed to approach near his relatives, really for fear that
+he might pass some writing to them--the pretext was made that Rizal
+might thus obtain the means for committing suicide.
+
+To his sister Trinidad Rizal spoke of having nothing to give her
+by way of remembrance except the alcohol cooking lamp which he had
+been using, a gift, as he mentioned, from Mrs. Tavera. Then he added
+quickly, in English, so that the listening guard would not understand,
+"There is something inside."
+
+The other events of Rizal's last twenty-four hours, for he went in to
+the chapel at seven in the morning of the day preceding his execution,
+are perplexing. What purported to be a detailed account was promptly
+published in Barcelona, on Jesuit authority, but one must not forget
+that Spaniards are not of the phlegmatic disposition which makes for
+accuracy in minute matters and even when writing history they are
+dramatically ificlined. So while the truthfulness, that is the intent
+to be fair, may not be questioned, it would not be strange if those who
+wrote of what happened in the chapel in Fort Santiago during Rizal's
+last hours did not escape entirely from the influence of the national
+characteristics. In the main their narrative is to be accepted,
+but the possibility of unconscious coloring should not be disregarded.
+
+In substance it is alleged that Rizal greeted his old instructors
+and other past acquaintances in a friendly way. He asked for copies
+of the Gospels and the writings of Thomas-à-Kempis, desired to be
+formally married to Josefina, and asked to be allowed to confess. The
+Jesuits responded that first it would be necessary to investigate
+how far his beliefs conformed to the Roman Catholic teachings. Their
+catechizing convinced them that he was not orthodox and a religious
+debate ensued in which Rizal, after advancing all known arguments,
+was completely vanquished. His marriage was made contingent upon his
+signing a retraction of his published heresies.
+
+The Archbishop had prepared a form which the Jesuits believed
+Rizal would be little likely to sign, and they secured permission
+to substitute a shorter one of their own which included only the
+absolute essentials for reconciliation with the Church, and avoided all
+political references. They say that Rizal objected only to a disavowal
+of Freemasonry, stating that in England, where he held his membership,
+the Masonic institution was not hostile to the Church. After some
+argument, he waived this point and wrote out, at a Jesuit's dictation,
+the needed retraction, adding some words to strengthen it in parts,
+indicating his Catholic education and that the act was of his own
+free will and accord.
+
+The prisoner, the priests, and all the Spanish officials present knelt
+at the altar, at Rizal's suggestion, while he read his retraction
+aloud. Afterwards he put on a blue scapular, kissed the image of
+the Sacred Heart he had carved years before, heard mass as when
+a student in the Ateneo, took communion, and read his à-Kempis or
+prayed in the intervals. He took breakfast with the Spanish officers,
+who now regarded him very differently. At six Josefina entered and
+was married to him by Father Balanguer.
+
+Now in this narrative there are some apparent discrepancies. Mention is
+made of Rizal having in an access of devotion signed in a devotionary
+all the acts of faith, and it is said that this book was given to one
+of his sisters. His chapel gifts to his family have been examined,
+but though there is a book of devotion, "The Anchor of Faith," it
+contains no other signature than the presentation on a flyleaf. As
+to the religious controversy: while in Dapitan Rizal carried on with
+Father Pio Pi, the Jesuit superior, a lengthy discussion involving the
+interchange of many letters, but he succeeded in fairly maintaining
+his views, and these views would hardly have caused him to be called
+Protestant in the Roman Catholic churches of America. Then the
+theatrical reading aloud of his retraction before the altar does not
+conform to Rizal's known character. As to the anti-Masonic arguments,
+these appear to be from a work by Monsignor Dupanloup and therefore
+were not new to Rizal; furthermore, the book was in his own library.
+
+Again, it seems strange that Rizal should have asserted that his
+Masonic membership was in London when in visiting St. John's Lodge,
+Scotch Constitution, in Hongkong in November of 1891, since which
+date he had not been in London, he registered as from "Temple du
+honneur de les amis français," an old-established Paris lodge.
+
+Also the sister Lucia, who was said to have been a witness of the
+marriage, is not positive that it occurred, having only seen the
+priest at the altar in his vestments. The record of the marriage
+has been stated to be in the Manila Cathedral, but it is not there,
+and as the Jesuit in officiating would have been representing the
+military chaplain, the entry should have been in the Fort register,
+now in Madrid. Rizal's burial, too, does not indicate that he died
+in the faith, yet it with the marriage has been used as an argument
+for proving that the retraction must have been made.
+
+The retraction itself appears in two versions, with slight
+differences. No one outside the Spanish faction has ever seen
+the original, though the family nearly got into trouble by their
+persistence in trying to get sight of it after its first publication.
+
+The foregoing might suggest some disbelief, but in fact they are only
+proofs of the remarks already made about the Spanish carelessness in
+details and liking for the dramatic.
+
+The writer believes Rizal made a retraction, was married canonically,
+and was given what was intended to be Christian burial.
+
+The grounds for this belief rest upon the fact that he seems never
+to have been estranged in faith from the Roman Catholic Church,
+but he objected only to certain political and mercenary abuses. The
+first retraction is written in his style and it certainly contains
+nothing he could not have signed in Dapitan. In fact, Father Obach
+says that when he wanted to marry Josefina on her first arrival there,
+Rizal prepared a practically similar statement. Possibly the report of
+that priest aided in outlining the draft which the Jesuits substituted
+for the Archbishop's form. There is no mention of evasions or mental
+reservations and Rizal's renunciation of Masonry might have been
+qualified by the quibble that it was "the Masonry which was an enemy
+of the Church" that he was renouncing. Then since his association
+(not affiliation) had been with Masons not hostile to religion,
+he was not abandoning these.
+
+The possibility of this line of thought having suggested itself to
+him appears in his evasions on the witness-stand at his trial. Though
+he answered with absolute frankhess whatever concerned himself and in
+everyday life was almost quixotically truthful, when cross-examined
+about others who would be jeopardized by admitting his acquaintance
+with them, he used the subterfuge of the symbolic names of his Masonic
+acquaintances. Thus he would say, "I know no one by that name," since
+care was always taken to employ the symbolic names in introductions
+and conversations.
+
+Rizal's own symbolic name was "Dimas Alang"--Tagalog for "Noli
+Me Tangere"--and his nom de plume in some of his controversial
+publications. The use of that name by one of his companions on the
+railroad trip to Tarlac entirely mystified a station master, as appears
+in the secret report of the espionage of that trip, which just preceded
+his deportation to Dapitan. Another possible explanation is that, since
+Freemasonry professes not to disturb the duties which its members owe
+to God, their country or their families, he may have considered himself
+as a good Mason under obligation to do whatever was demanded by these
+superior interests, all three of which were at this time involved.
+
+The argument that it was his pride that restrained him suggested to
+Rizal the possibility of his being unconsciously under an influence
+which during his whole life he had been combating, and he may have
+considered that his duty toward God required the sacrifice of this
+pride.
+
+For his country his sacrifice would have been blemished were any
+religious stigma to attach to it. He himself had always been careful
+of his own good name, and as we have said elsewhere, he told his
+companions that in their country's cause whatever they offered on the
+altars of patriotism must be as spotless as the sacrificial lambs of
+Levitical law.
+
+Furthermore, his work for a tranquil future for his family would be
+unfulfilled were he to die outside the Church. Josefina's anomalous
+status, justifiable when all the facts were known, would be sure
+to bring criticism upon her unless corrected by the better defined
+position of a wife by a church marriage. Then the aged parents and
+the numerous children of his sisters would by his act be saved the
+scandal that in a country so mediævally pious as the Philippines
+would come from having their relative die "an unrepentant heretic."
+
+Rizal had received from the Jesuits, while in prison, several religious
+books and pictures, which he used as remembrances for members of his
+family, writing brief dedications upon them. Then he said good-by to
+Josefina, asking in a low voice some question to which she answered
+in English, "Yes, yes," and aloud inquiring how she would be able to
+gain a living, since all his property had been seized by the Spanish
+government to satisfy the 20,000 pesetas costs which was included in
+the sentence of death against him. Her reply was that she could earn
+money giving lessons in English.
+
+The journey from the Fort to the place of execution, then Bagumbayan
+Field, now called the Luneta, was on foot. His arms were tied tightly
+behind his back, and he was surrounded by a heavy guard. The Jesuits
+accompanied him and some of his Dapitan schoolboys were in the crowd,
+while one friendly voice, that of a Scotch merchant still resident
+in Manila, called out in English, "Good-by, Rizal."
+
+The route was along the Malecon Drive where as a college student he
+had walked with his fiancée, Leonora. Above the city walls showed the
+twin towers of the Ateneo, and when he asked about them, for they were
+not there in his boyhood days, he spoke of the happy years that he
+had spent in the old school. The beauty of the morning, too, appealed
+to him, and may have recalled an experience of his '87 visit when he
+said to a friend whom he met on the beach during an early morning walk:
+"Do you know that I have a sort of foreboding that some such sunshiny
+morning as this I shall be out here facing a firing squad?"
+
+Troops held back the crowds and left a large square for the tragedy,
+while artillery behind them was ready for suppressing any attempt at
+rescuing the prisoner. None came, however, for though Rizal's brother
+Paciano had joined the insurrectionary forces in Cavite when the death
+sentence showed there was no more hope for José, he had discouraged
+the demonstration that had been planned as soon as he learned how
+scantily the insurgents were armed, hardly a score of serviceable
+firearms being in the possession of their entire "army."
+
+The firing squad was of Filipino soldiers, while behind them, better
+armed, were Spaniards in case these tried to evade the fratricidal
+part assigned them. Rizal's composure aroused the curiosity of a
+Spanish military surgeon standing by and he asked, "Colleague, may
+I feel your pulse?" Without other reply the prisoner twisted one of
+his hands as far from his body as the cords which bound him allowed,
+so that the other doctor could place his fingers on the wrist. The
+beats were steady and showed neither excitement nor fear, was the
+report made ater.
+
+His request to be allowed to face his executioners was denied as being
+out of the power of the commanding officer to grant, though Rizal
+declared that he did not deserve such a death, for he was no traitor
+to Spain. It was promised, however, that his head should be respected,
+and as unblindfolded and erect Rizal turned his back to receive their
+bullets, he twisted a hand to indicate under the shoulder where the
+soldiers should aim so as to reach his heart. Then as the volley came,
+with a last supreme effort of will power, he turned and fell face
+upwards, thus receiving the subsequent "shots of grace" which ended his
+life, so that in form as well as fact he did not die a traitor's death.
+
+The Spanish national air was played, that march of Cadiz which should
+have recalled a violated constitution, for by the laws of Spain itself
+Rizal was illegally executed.
+
+Vivas, laughter and applause were heard, for it had been the social
+event of the day, with breakfasting parties on the walls and on
+the carriages, full of interested onlookers of both sexes, lined up
+conveniently near for the sightseeing.
+
+The troops defiled past the dead body, as though reviewed by it,
+for the most commanding figure of all was that which lay lifeless,
+but the center of all eyes. An officer, realizing the decency due to
+death, drew his handkerchief from the dead man's pocket and spread
+the silk over the calm face. A crimson stain soon marked the whiteness
+emblematic of the pure life that had just ended, and with the glorious
+blue overhead, the tricolor of Liberty, which had just claimed another
+martyr, was revealed in its richest beauty.
+
+Sir Hugh Clifford (now Governor of Ceylon), in Blackwood's Magazine,
+"The Story of José Rizal, the Filipino; A Fragment of Recent Asiatic
+History," comments as follows on the disgraceful doing of that day:
+
+"It was," he writes, "early morning, December 30, 1896, and the bright
+sunshine of the tropics streamed down upon the open space, casting
+hard fantastic shadows, and drenching with its splendor two crowds
+of sightseers. The one was composed of Filipinos, cowed, melancholy,
+sullen, gazing through hopeless eyes at the final scene in the life of
+their great countryman--the man who had dared to champion their cause,
+and to tell the world the story of their miseries; the other was blithe
+of air, gay with the uniforms of officers and the bright dresses of
+Spanish ladies, the men jesting and laughing, the women shamelessly
+applauding with waving handkerchiefs and clapping palms, all alike
+triumphing openly in the death of the hated 'Indian,' the 'brother
+of the water-buffalo,' whose insolence had wounded their pride.
+
+* * * Turning away, sick at heart, from the contemplation of this
+bitter tragedy, it is with a thrill of almost vindictive satisfaction
+that one remembers that less than eighteen months later the Luneta
+echoed once more to the sound of a mightier fusillade--the roar of
+the great guns with which the battle of Manila Bay was fought and won.
+
+* * *And if in the moment of his last supreme agony the power to probe
+the future had been vouchsafed to José Rizal, would he not have died
+happy in the knowledge that the land he loved so dearly was very soon
+to be transferred into such safekeeping?"
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+The After-Life in Memory
+
+An hour or so after the shooting a dead-wagon from San Juan de Diós
+Hospital took Rizal's body to Paco Cemetery. The civil governor of
+Manila was in charge and there also were present the members of a
+Church society whose duty it was to attend executions.
+
+Rizal had been wearing a black suit which he had obtained for his
+European trip, and a derby hat, not only appropriate for a funeral
+occasion because of their somber color, but also more desirable
+than white both for the full day's wear, since they had to be put
+on before the twenty-four hours in the chapel, and for the lying on
+the ground which would follow the execution of the sentence. A plain
+box inclosed the remains thus dressed, for even the hat was picked
+up and encoffined.
+
+No visitors were admitted to the cemetery while the interment was
+going on, and for several weeks after guards watched over the grave,
+lest Filipinos might come by night to steal away the body and apportion
+the clothing among themselves as relics of a martyr. Even the exact
+spot of the interment was intended to be unknown, but friends of the
+family were among the attendants at the burial and dropped into the
+grave a marble slab which had been furnished them, bearing the initials
+of the full baptismal name, José Protasio Rizal, in reversed order.
+
+The entry of the burial, like that of three of his followers of the
+Liga Filipina who were among the dozen executed a fortnight later,
+was on the back flyleaf of the cemetery register, with three or four
+words of explanation later erased and now unknown. On the previous
+page was the entry of a suicide's death, and following it is that of
+the British Consul who died on the eve of Manila's surrender and whose
+body, by the Archbishop's permission, was stored in a Paco niche till
+it could be removed to the Protestant (foreigners') cemetery at San
+Pedro Macati.
+
+The day of Rizal's execution, the day of his birth and the day of
+his first leaving his native land was a Wednesday. All that night,
+and the next day, the celebration continued the volunteers, who
+were particularly responsible, like their fellows in Cuba, for the
+atrocities which disgraced Spain's rule in the Philippines, being
+especially in evidence. It was their clamor that had made the bringing
+back of Rizal possible, their demands for his death had been most
+prominent in his so-called trial, and now they were praising themselves
+for their "patriotism." The landlords had objected to having their land
+titles questioned and their taxes raised. The other friar orders, as
+well as these, were opposed to a campaign which sought their transfer
+from profitable parishes to self-sacrificing missionary labors. But
+probably none of them as organizations desired Rizal's death.
+
+Rizal's old teachers wished for the restoration of their former
+pupil to the faith of his childhood, from which they believed he had
+departed. Through Despujol they seem to have worked for an opportunity
+for influencing him, yet his death was certainly not in their plans.
+
+Some Filipinos, to save themselves, tried to complicate Rizal with the
+Katipunan uprising by palpable falsehoods. But not every man is heroic
+and these can hardly be blamed, for if all the alleged confessions
+were not secured by actual torture, they were made through fear of
+it, since in 1896 there was in Manila the legal practice of causing
+bodily suffering by mediæval methods supplemented by torments devised
+by modern science.
+
+Among the Spaniards in Manila then, reënforced by those whom
+the uprising had frightened out of the provinces, were a few who
+realized that they belonged among the classes caricatured in Rizal's
+novels--some incompetent, others dishonest, cruel ones, the illiterate,
+wretched specimens that had married outside their race to get money
+and find wives who would not know them for what they were, or drunken
+husbands of viragoes. They came to the Philippines because they were
+below the standard of their homeland. These talked the loudest and
+thus dominated the undisciplined volunteers. With nothing divine about
+them, since they had not forgotten, they did not forgive. So when the
+Tondo "discoverer" of the Katipunan fancied he saw opportunity for
+promotion in fanning their flame of wrath, they claimed their victims,
+and neither the panic-stricken populace nor the weak-kneed government
+could withstand them.
+
+Once more it must be repeated that Spain has no monopoly of bad
+characters, nor suffers in the comparison of her honorable citizenship
+with that of other nationalities, but her system in the Philippines
+permitted abuses which good governments seek to avoid or, in the
+rare occasions when this is impossible, aim to punish. Here was the
+Spanish shortcoming, for these were the defects which made possible
+so strange a story as this biography unfolds. "José Rizal," said a
+recent Spanish writer, "was the living indictment of Spain's wretched
+colonial system."
+
+Rizal's family were scattered among the homes of friends brave enough
+to risk the popular resentment against everyone in any way identified
+with the victim of their prejudice.
+
+As New Year's eve approached, the bands ceased playing and the marchers
+stopped parading. Their enthusiasm had worn itself out in the two
+continuous days of celebration, and there was a lessening of the
+hospitality with which these "heroes" who had "saved the fatherland"
+at first had been entertained. Their great day of the year became of
+more interest than further remembrance of the bloody occurrence on
+Bagumbayan Field. To those who mourned a son and a brother the change
+must have come as a welcome relief, for even sorrow has its degrees,
+and the exultation over the death embittered their grief.
+
+To the remote and humble home where Rizal's widow and the sister
+to whom he had promised a parting gift were sheltered, the Dapitan
+schoolboy who had attended his imprisoned teacher brought an alcohol
+cooking-lamp. It was midnight before they dared seek the "something"
+which Rizal had said was inside. The alcohol was emptied from the tank
+and, with a convenient hairpin, a tightly folded and doubled piece of
+paper was dislodged from where it had been wedged in, out of sight,
+so that its rattling might not betray it.
+
+It was a single sheet of notepaper bearing verses in Rizal's well-known
+handwriting and familiar style. Hastily the young boy copied them,
+making some minor mistakes owing to his agitation and unfamiliarity
+with the language, and the copy, without explanation, was mailed to
+Mr. Basa in Hongkong. Then the original was taken by the two women with
+their few possessions and they fled to join the insurgents in Cavite.
+
+The following translation of these verses was made by Charles
+Derbyshire:
+
+
+  My Last Farewell
+
+  Farewell, dear Fatherland, clime of the sun caress'd,
+  Pearl of the Orient seas, our Eden lost!
+  Gladly now I go to give thee this faded life's best,
+  And were it brighter, fresher, or more blest,
+  Still would I give it thee, nor count the cost.
+
+  On the field of battle, 'mid the frenzy of fight,
+  Others have given their lives, without doubt or heed;
+  The place matters not--cypress or laurel or lily white,
+  Scaffold of open plain, combat or martyrdom's plight,
+  'Tis ever the same, to serve our home and country's need.
+
+  I die just when I see the dawn break,
+  Through the gloom of night, to herald the day;
+  And if color is lacking my blood thou shalt take,
+  Pour'd out at need for thy dear sake,
+  To dye with its crimson the waking ray.
+
+  My dreams, when life first opened to me,
+  My dreams, when the hopes of youth beat high,
+  Were to see thy lov'd face, O gem of the Orient sea,
+  From gloom and grief, from care and sorrow free;
+  No blush on thy brow, no tear in thine eye
+
+  Dream of my life, my living and burning desire,
+  All hail! cries the soul that is now to take flight;
+  All hail! And sweet it is for thee to expire;
+  To die for thy sake, that thou mayst aspire;
+  And sleep in thy bosom eternity's long night.
+
+  If over my grave some day thou seest grow,
+  In the grassy sod, a humble flower,
+  Draw it to thy lips and kiss my soul so,
+  While I may feel on my brow in the cold tomb below
+  The touch of thy tenderness, thy breath's warm power.
+
+  Let the moon beam over me soft and serene,
+  Let the dawn shed over me its radiant flashes,
+  Let the wind with sad lament over me keen;
+  And if on my cross a bird should be seen,
+  Let it trill there its hymn of peace to my ashes.
+
+  Let the sun draw the vapors up to the sky,
+  And heavenward in purity bear my tardy protest;
+  Let some kind soul o'er my untimely fate sigh,
+  And in the still evening a prayer be lifted on high
+  From thee, O my country, that in God I may rest.
+
+  Pray for all those that hapless have died,
+  For all who have suffered the unmeasur'd pain;
+  For our mothers that bitterly their woes have cried,
+  For widows and orphans, for captives by torture tried;
+  And then for thyself that redemption thou mayst gain.
+
+  And when the dark night wraps the graveyard around,
+  With only the dead in their vigil to see;
+  Break not my repose or the mystery profound,
+  And perchance thou mayst hear a sad hymn resound;
+  'Tis I, O my country, raising a song unto thee.
+
+  When even my grave is remembered no more,
+  Unmark'd by never a cross nor a stone;
+  Let the plow sweep through it, the spade turn it o'er,
+  That my ashes may carpet thy earthly floor,
+  Before into nothingness at last they are blown.
+
+  Then will oblivion bring to me no care,
+  As over thy vales and plains I sweep;
+  Throbbing and cleansed in thy space and air,
+  With color and light, with song and lament I fare,
+  Ever repeating the faith that I keep.
+
+  My Fatherland ador'd, that sadness to my sorrow lends,
+  Beloved Filipinas, hear now my last good-by!
+  I give thee all: parents and kindred and friends;
+  For I go where no slave before the oppressor bends,
+  Where faith can never kill, and God reigns e'er on high!
+
+  Farewell to you all, from my soul torn away,
+  Friends of my childhood in the home dispossessed!
+  Give thanks that I rest from the wearisome day!
+  Farewell to thee, too, sweet friend that lightened my way;
+  Beloved creatures all, farewell! In death there is rest!
+
+
+
+For some time such belongings of Rizal as had been intrusted to
+Josefina had been in the care of the American Consul in Manila
+for as the adopted daughter of the American Taufer she had claimed
+his protection. Stories are told of her as a second Joan of Arc,
+but it is not likely that one of the few rifles which the insurgents
+had would be turned over to a woman. After a short experience in the
+field, much of it spent in nursing her sister-in-law through a fever,
+Mrs. Rizal returned to Manila. Then came a brief interview with the
+Governor-General. He had learned that his "administrative powers"
+to exile without trial did not extend to foreigners, but by advice
+of her consul she soon sailed for Hongkong.
+
+Mrs. Rizal at first lived in the Basa home and received
+considerable attention from the Filipino colony. There was too
+great a difference between the freedom accorded Englishwomen and the
+restraints surrounding Spanish ladies however, to avoid difficulties
+and misunderstandings, for very long. She returned to her adopted
+father's house and after his death married Vicente Abad, a Cebuan,
+son of a Spaniard who had been prominent in the Tabacalera Company
+and had become an agent of theirs in Hongkong after he had completed
+his studies there.
+
+Two weeks after Rizal's execution a dozen other members of his
+"Liga Filipina" were executed on the Luneta. One was a millionaire,
+Francisco Roxas, who had lost his mind, and believing that he was in
+church, calmly spread his handkerchief on the ground and knelt upon
+it as had been his custom in childhood. An old man, Moises Salvador,
+had been crippled by torture so that he could not stand and had to
+be laid upon the grass to be shot. The others met their death standing.
+
+That bravery and cruelty do not usually go together was amply
+demonstrated in Polavieja's case and by the volunteers. The latter
+once showed their patriotism, after a banquet, by going to the water's
+edge on the Luneta and firing volleys at the insurgents across the
+bay, miles away. The General was relieved of his command after he had
+fortified a camp with siege guns against the bolo-armed insurgents,
+who, however, by captures from the Spaniards were gradually becoming
+better equipped. But he did not escape condemnation from his own
+countrymen, and when he visited Giron, years after he had returned to
+the Peninsula, circulars were distributed among the crowd, bearing
+Rizal's last verses, his portrait, and the charge that to Polavieja
+was due the loss of the Philippines to Spain.
+
+The Katipunan insurgents in time were bought off by General Primo de
+Rivera, once more returned to the Islands for further plunder. The
+money question does not concern Rizal's life, but his prediction of
+suffering to the country came true, for while the leaders with the
+first payment and hostages for their own safety sailed away to live
+securely in Hongkong, the poorer people who remained suffered the
+vengeance of a government which seems never to have kept a promise to
+its people. Whether reforms were pledged is disputed, but if any were,
+they never were put into effect. No more money was paid, and the first
+instalment, preserved by the prudent leaders, equipped them when,
+owing to Dewey's victory, they were enabled to return to their country.
+
+On the first anniversary of Rizal's execution some Spaniards desecrated
+the grave, while on one of the niches, rented for the purpose, many
+feet away, the family hung wreaths with Tagalog dedications but
+no name.
+
+August 13, 1898, the Spanish flag came down from Fort Santiago in
+evidence of the surrender of the city. At the first opportunity
+Paco Cemetery was visited and Rizal's body raised for a more decent
+interment. Vainly his shoes were searched for a last message which
+he had said might be concealed there, for the dampness had made any
+paper unrecognizable. Then a simple cross was erected, resting on a
+marble block carved, as had been the smaller one which secretly had
+first marked the spot, with the reversed initials "R. P. J."
+
+The first issue of a Filipino newspaper under the new government was
+entirely dedicated to Rizal. The second anniversary of his execution
+was observed with general unanimity, his countrymen demonstrating that
+those who were seeing the dawn of the new day were not forgetful of
+the greatest of those who had fallen in the night, to paraphrase his
+own words.
+
+His widow returned and did live by giving lessons in English, at first
+privately in Cebu, where one of her pupils was the present and first
+Speaker of the Philippine Assembly, and afterwards as a government
+employee in the public schools and in the "Liceo" of Manila.
+
+With the establishment of civil government a new province was formed
+near Manila, including the land across the lake to which, as a lad
+in Kalamba, Rizal had often wonderingly looked, and the name of Rizal
+Province was given it.
+
+Later when public holidays were provided for by the new laws, the
+anniversary of Rizal's execution was in the list, and it has become the
+great day of the year, with the entire community uniting, for Spaniards
+no longer consider him to have been a traitor to Spain and the American
+authorities have founded a government in conformity with his teachings.
+
+On one of these occasions, December 30, 1905, William Jennings Bryan,
+"The Great American Commoner," gave the Rizal Day address, in the
+course of which he said:
+
+"If you will permit me to draw one lesson from the life of Rizal,
+I will say that he presents an example of a great man consecrated
+to his country's welfare. He, though dead, is a living rebuke to the
+scholar who selfishly enjoys the privilege of an ample education and
+does not impart the benefits of it to his fellows. His example is worth
+much to the people of these Islands, to the child who reads of him,
+to the young and old."
+
+The fiftieth anniversary of Rizal's birth was observed throughout the
+Archipelago with exercises in every community by public schools now
+organized along the lines he wished, to make self-dependent, capable
+men and women, strong in body as in mind, knowing and claiming their
+own rights, and recognizing and respecting those of others.
+
+His father died early in the year that the flags changed, but the
+mother lived to see honor done her son and to prove herself as worthy,
+for when the Philippine Legislature wanted to set aside a considerable
+sum for her use, she declined it with the true and rightfully
+proud assertion, that her family had never been patriotic for
+money. Her funeral, in 1911, was an occasion of public mourning, the
+Governor-General, Legislature and chief men of the Islands attending,
+and all public business being suspended by proclamation for the day.
+
+A capitol for the representatives of the free people of the
+Philippines, and worthy of the pioneer democratic government in the
+Orient, is soon to be erected on the Luneta, facing the big Rizal
+monument which will mark the place of execution of the man who gave
+his life to prepare his countrymen for the changed conditions.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NOTES
+
+[1] -- I take the liberty, here, of citing an instance of this. In
+1861, when I found myself on the West Coast of Mexico, a dozen
+backwoods families determined upon settling in Sonora (forming an
+oasis in the desert); a plan which was frustrated by the invasion
+at that time of the European powers. Many native farmers awaited
+the arrival of these immigrants in order to take them under their
+protection. The value of land in consequence of the announcement of
+the project rose very considerably.
+
+[2] -- See Appendix.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Lineage, Life and Labors of Jose Rizal,
+Philippine Patriot, by Austin Craig
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOSE RIZAL ***
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