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Charles Cox—A Project Gutenberg eBook - </title> - <link rel="icon" href="images/cover.jpg" type="image/x-cover" /> - <style> /* <![CDATA[ */ - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - - h1,h2 { - text-align: center; - clear: both; -} - -p { - margin-top: .51em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .49em; -} - -hr { - width: 33%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - margin-left: 33.5%; - margin-right: 33.5%; - clear: both; -} - -hr.tiny {width: 10%; margin-left: 45%; margin-right: 45%;} -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} -@media print { hr.chap {display: none; visibility: hidden;} } - -a {text-decoration: none;} - -div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} -h2.nobreak {page-break-before: avoid;} - -table { - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; - border-spacing: 0px; -} - -.tdl {text-align: left; vertical-align: top;} -.tdc {text-align: center; border: 2px solid; padding: .75em;} -.tdb {text-align: center; border-left: 2px solid; border-right: 2px solid; border-bottom: 2px solid; padding: .75em;} -.tdt {text-align: left; border-bottom: 2px solid; padding: .75em;} -.tda {text-align: left; border-top: 2px solid; border-bottom: 2px solid; padding: .75em;} - -.pagenum { - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; - font-weight: normal; - font-variant: normal; - text-indent: 0; -} - -.blockquot { - margin-left: 17.5%; - margin-right: 17.5%; -} - -.x-ebookmaker .blockquot { - margin-left: 7.5%; - margin-right: 7.5%; -} - -.antiqua { - font-family: Blackletter, Fraktur, Textur, "Old English Text MT", "Olde English Mt", "Olde English", Gothic, serif, sans-serif;} - -.center {text-align: center;} - -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - -.allsmcap {font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;} - -.ph1 {text-align: center; font-size: large; font-weight: bold;} -.ph2 {text-align: center; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold;} -.ph3 {text-align: center; font-size: x-large; font-weight: bold;} - -div.titlepage {text-align: center; page-break-before: always; page-break-after: always;} -div.titlepage p { font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 2em;} - -.xxlarge {font-size: 200%;} -.large {font-size: 125%;} - -.x-ebookmaker .hide {display: none; visibility: hidden;} - -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; - page-break-inside: avoid; - max-width: 100%; -} - -p.drop-cap2 { - text-indent: -0.25em; -} -p.drop-cap2:first-letter -{ - float: left; - margin: 0em 0.15em 0em 0em; - font-size: 250%; - line-height:0.85em; - text-indent: 0em; -} -.x-ebookmaker p.drop-cap2 { - text-indent: 0em; -} -.x-ebookmaker p.drop-cap2:first-letter -{ - float: none; - margin: 0; - font-size: 100%; -} - -img.drop-cap -{ - float: left; - margin: 0 0.5em 0 0; -} - -p.drop-cap:first-letter -{ - color: transparent; - visibility: hidden; - margin-left: -0.9em; -} - -.x-ebookmaker img.drop-cap -{ - display: none; -} - -.x-ebookmaker p.drop-cap:first-letter -{ - color: inherit; - visibility: visible; - margin-left: 0; -} - -.poetry-container {text-align: center;} -.poetry {display: inline-block; text-align: left;} - -@media print { .poetry {display: block;} } -.x-ebookmaker .poetry {display: block;} - -.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size:smaller; - margin-left: 17.5%; - margin-right: 17.5%; - padding: 1em; - margin-bottom: 1em; - font-family:sans-serif, serif; } - - /* ]]> */ </style> -</head> -<body> -<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of How to write the history of a parish, by J. Charles Cox</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: How to write the history of a parish</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: J. Charles Cox</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: July 25, 2022 [eBook #68613]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: David E. Brown and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO WRITE THE HISTORY OF A PARISH ***</div> - -<div class="figcenter hide"><img src="images/coversmall.jpg" width="450" alt="" /></div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h1>HOW TO WRITE<br /> -THE HISTORY OF A PARISH.</h1> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_title.jpg" alt="" /></div> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="titlepage"> -<p class="center"><span class="large">HOW TO WRITE</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="xxlarge"><span class="smcap">The History of a Parish</span>.</span></p> - -<p class="center">BY<br /> -<span class="large">J. CHARLES COX,</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Author of “Notes on the Churches of Derbyshire,” etc.</span></p> - -<hr class="tiny" /> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<p>“Every man’s concern with the place where he lives, has something<br /> -more in it than the mere amount of rates and taxes that he<br /> -has to pay.”—<i>Toulmin Smith.</i></p> -</div></div> - -<hr class="tiny" /> -<p class="center">LONDON:<br /> -BEMROSE & SONS, 10, PATERNOSTER BUILDINGS;<br /> -AND DERBY.<br /> -1879.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="center">ENTERED AT STATIONERS’ HALL.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="center">TO THE<br /> -<br /> -<span class="large">REV. THOMAS PRESTON NOWELL BAXTER, M.A.,</span><br /> -<br /> -(LATE FELLOW OF ST. CATHARINE’S COLL., CAMBRIDGE.)<br /> -<br /> -RECTOR OF HAWERBY, AND RURAL DEAN,<br /> -<br /> -WHO FIRST SUGGESTED<br /> -<br /> -THE WRITING OF THIS LITTLE HAND-BOOK,<br /> -<br /> -THESE PAGES<br /> -<br /> -ARE RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i006.jpg" alt="" /></div> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">[vii]</span> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i007.jpg" alt="" /></div> - -<h2 class="nobreak">PREFACE.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p><span class="smcap">Some</span> of the Clergy of the Diocese of Lincoln are -responsible for the issue of this booklet. A much-needed -county history of Lincolnshire is now being -projected, upon the basis of separate parochial -histories. A circular put forth in one of the rural -deaneries was good enough to refer in laudatory -terms to the introduction to the first volume of my -<i>Notes on the Churches of Derbyshire</i>. This led to my -being asked to re-publish that introduction; but it -applied so peculiarly to Derbyshire that I felt it -would be of small avail to those outside the county. -Hence I decided to put together some hints that -might prove a help to those who may be desirous of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_viii">[viii]</span> -undertaking parochial history in any part of the -kingdom, whether manorial, ecclesiastical, or both. -In the first part of these pages I am indebted to -Thomas’s “Handbook to the Public Records,” and -more especially to Sims’s invaluable “Manual for -the Topographer and Genealogist;” but I have not -referred to any class of documents with which I am -not in some measure personally conversant.</p> - -<p>Those who have been engaged in any literary -work are well aware how large a portion of time -is often spent in merely learning the titles and -somewhat of the contents of those books that treat -of the different branches of the subject selected. -Various books connected with parochial history, -especially those that have been proved by experience -to be the best hand-books, are therefore mentioned -in these pages to facilitate reference. Space only -has prevented me from considerably adding both -to their number and description, but any further<span class="pagenum" id="Page_ix">[ix]</span> -knowledge that I may have gleaned on topographical -literature is heartily at the disposal of any <i>worker</i> -who may privately apply to me.</p> - -<p>I shall be grateful for any correction of errors, -or for any suggestion as to deficiencies.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i009.jpg" alt="" /></div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_x">[x]</span> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i010.jpg" alt="" /></div> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xi">[xi]</span> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i011.jpg" alt="" /></div> - -<h2 class="nobreak">ABBREVIATIONS.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>P.R.O.—For the Public Record Office. Almost -the whole of our national records, which were until -recently in upwards of half-a-dozen different buildings, -are now under one roof in Fetter Lane, Fleet -Street. All documents mentioned in the following -pages must be understood to be at the Public -Record Office, unless it is otherwise stated. Several -of the earlier folio publications of the Record -Commissioners, to which reference is herein made, -are out of print, but they are to be found in most -of our public libraries.</p> - -<p>B. M.—For the Library of the British Museum.</p> - -<p>B.—For the Bodleian Library, Oxford.</p> - -<p>C.—For the University Library, Cambridge.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xii">[xii]</span> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i012.jpg" alt="" /></div> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[13]</span> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i013.jpg" alt="" /></div> - -<p class="ph2">HOW TO WRITE THE HISTORY<br /> - -OF A PARISH.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="tiny" /> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="antiqua">Etymology.</span></h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Not</span> only should the etymology of the name of the -parish be carefully considered, and its various forms -of spelling be collected, from Domesday Book downwards, -but a list should be made of the whole of the -names of the physical features, such as hills, streams, -and lanes, and especially of the field-names. Field-names—which -will often establish the sites of disused -chapels or manor-houses, of Celtic burials or Roman -roads, as well as help to decide the nationality of the -colonists that predominated in the district—can be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[14]</span> -sometimes gleaned from old private estate maps, or -other exceptional sources, but the “Award” maps -of Inclosure Commissioners from 1710 downwards, -or the Tithe Commutation maps of 1836, are the -chief and most reliable sources. These maps should -be in most parish chests, but they have often -illegally strayed into the private hands of solicitors, -churchwardens, etc. When lost or difficult of access, -the original maps can usually be seen at the offices -of the Copyhold Inclosure and Tithe Commission, -3, St. James’s Square, on payment of 2s. 6d.; but -under certain Acts the originals will be found, or -rather ought to be found and to be accessible, at the -Clerk of the Peace’s office for the county.</p> - -<p>The best hand-books on local etymology are—Taylor’s -“Words and Places,” and Edmund’s -“Names of Places.” Leo on “The Local Nomenclature -of the Anglo-Saxons,” Charnock’s “Local -Etymology and Derivative Dictionary,” and Ferguson’s<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[15]</span> -“River Names,” and “Teutonic Name System” -may also be consulted with advantage.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i015.jpg" alt="" /></div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="antiqua">“Prehistoric” Remains.</span></h2> -</div> - -<p>If there are any so-called “Druidical” (almost -invariably a complete misnomer) or other “prehistoric” -remains of that class, not a word should be -written respecting them until Fergusson’s “Rude -Stone Monuments” has been thoroughly digested. -Though published in 1872, not one of the old-fashioned -antiquaries has made any serious attempt -to refute its conclusions.</p> - -<p>The best work on tumuli, or barrows, is Canon -Greenwell’s “British Barrows.” See also Bateman’s -“Ten Years’ Diggings in Celtic and Saxon Grave -Hills.” The two last essays of Sir John Lubbock’s -“Scientific Lectures” give a popular account of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[16]</span> -that branch of prehistoric archæology which deals -with the palæolithic and neolithic periods, <i>i.e.</i>, with -the races who respectively used the chipped and -ground weapons of stone.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i015.jpg" alt="" /></div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="antiqua">History of the Manor.</span></h2> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</span>, and other Old English -chronicles, should be consulted for possible early -mention of the parish. Most of these have been -cheaply printed in an English dress in Bohn’s Antiquarian -Series. In Kemble’s “Saxons in England” -will be found a good list of the old tribal divisions -into “marks.” Thorpe’s <i>Diplomatarium Anglicum Ævi -Saxonici</i> is an admirable collection of early charters -(with translations); some of the wills contain many -place-names; the volume is indifferently indexed.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">The Domesday Book</span>, compiled in 1085-6, is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[17]</span> -preserved at the Chapter House, Westminster. It -gives particulars of all the different manors throughout -England, excepting those of Northumberland, -Cumberland, Westmoreland, and Durham. It was -printed in two large volumes in 1783, and a third -volume of indexes and introductory matter added in -1811. A most valuable “General Introduction” was -published in 1833, by Sir Henry Ellis. The Ordnance -Survey have recently brought out a fac-simile -edition of the Domesday Book, produced by Photo-zincography, -which can be obtained in separate -counties. The extended text and translation of most -counties can also be procured.</p> - -<p>The Book of Exeter and the Book of Ely are of -the same date, and no doubt copied from the same -returns as Domesday Book itself, but they contain -many more details. The former, preserved at Exeter -Cathedral, comprises the counties of Wilts, Dorset, -Somerset, Devon, and Cornwall; the latter, now in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[18]</span> -the British Museum, relates to Cambridge, Hertford, -Essex, Norfolk, Suffolk, and Huntingdon. The Book -of Winchester (Society of Antiquaries) relates to -that borough; it was made in 1148. The Boldon -Book is a survey of the county palatinate of Durham, -taken in 1183; there are three copies, two at Durham, -and one at the Bodleian. These four minor -Surveys were published by the Record Commissioners -in one volume in 1816.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Knight’s Fees.</span> When England was subdivided -by the Conqueror among his vassals, the feudal -custom of supplying the crown with a certain number -of knights was imposed upon them. The -number of knights that had to be furnished was -specified in the infeoffment. These knights, in their -turn, held lands from the immediate tenants of the -crown, which were owned by homage, fealty, and a -great variety of tenures, as well as by direct payments -in money. Some tenures were merely nominal,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[19]</span> -such as a grain of cummin, or a red rose; others -were of more or less value, such as a pair of white -gloves, a tun of wine, a gold spur, or a silver salver; -and others by such service as holding the lord’s -stirrup, keeping a pack of hounds, etc., etc. See -Blount’s “Ancient Tenures.” The lands of these -knights were termed “Fees,” and composed the -barony of a crown vassal. A knight’s fee was supposed -to be so much land as would suffice to maintain -him, and to enable him to present himself and his -retainers ready equipped for the field in times of -emergency. Hence a “Knight’s Fee,” as applied to -land, represents no definite quantity, but a variable -amount, generally between one and five hundred -acres of cultivable land. The term is also sometimes -used for the rent paid to the lord for the fee.</p> - -<p>It is easy, then, to see that it became essential to -the Crown, both for monetary and judicial purposes, -as well national as local, to know from time to time<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[20]</span> -the exact position of their vassals and sub-vassals. -Hence, Inquisitions were held up and down the -country before local sworn juries, and the barons -made returns of that which they held, and which -was held under them. These returns are among the -earliest of our national records; and though brief, -are invaluable, from their absolute authenticity, to -the genealogist and local historian. The chief documents -of this class are the <i>Black Book of the -Exchequer, temp.</i> Henry II., the original of which is -in the P. R. O., but three manuscript copies are in -the B. M., C., and B. respectively, and it was -published (but imperfectly, and not from the original) -by Hearn, in two vols., 8vo., last century; the -<i>Scutage</i> and the <i>Marshall Rolls, temp.</i>, Edw. I. & II., -P. R. O.; various lists of Tenants in Capite in our -different public libraries; and, most important, the -<i>Testa de Neville</i>. The last-mentioned of these documents -consists of two ancient volumes compiled<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[21]</span> -<i>temp.</i> Edw. II., now in the P. R. O. They consist -of Inquisitions, taken <i>temp.</i> Henry III. and Edw. I., -respecting the Fees held immediately or otherwise -of the King, throughout the whole of England, -excepting the counties of Cambridge, Cheshire, -Durham, Lancashire, and Monmouthshire. These -records were officially printed in one vol., folio, in -1807; there are many errors in the spelling of place-names, -but these can for the most part be readily -detected by any one having local knowledge. Another -folio volume, printed in 1802, is the <i>Nonarum -Inquisitiones</i>; it is of some value, and may, perhaps, -be fairly included under the head of “Knight’s Fees.” -It consists, in the main, of the finding upon oath -by the parishioners, of the value of the ninth lamb, -fleece, and sheep, and in cities and boroughs of the -ninth of goods and chattels, which by an Act -14 Edw. III. were to be levied as a tax for two years -towards the expenditure in the Scotch and French<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[22]</span> -wars. The rolls abound in the names of jurymen, -commissioners, and landowners. The published -volume only contains the returns from twenty-seven -counties, but the Nona Rolls for most of the missing -ones, <i>e.g.</i>, Derby, Hertford, Northumberland, and -Warwick, have since been found. MS. indexes of -these will be found in the small books lettered -“Exchequer Subsidies” in the search room of the -P. R. O.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Rotuli.</span> Under the general head of “Rolls,” some -of the most important of our national documents -have to be briefly considered.</p> - -<p>The Great Rolls of the Exchequer, otherwise called -the <i>Pipe Rolls</i>, are all but perfect from 2 Henry II. -to the present time; and there is one roll of -31 Henry I., the oldest national document now -extant after the Domesday Book. They relate to -the revenues of the Crown, digested under the heads -of the several counties. They are of much interest<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[23]</span> -and utility in early pedigrees, and relate to a far -wider range of subjects than Crown lands, as the -Crown revenues come from so great a diversity of -sources. The originals are in the P. R. O., but most -of the rolls are in duplicate at the B. M. Several -volumes of transcripts are in the B. M. and B. The -Rolls for the 31 Henry I.; 3 John; 2, 3, and 4, -Henry II.; and 1 Richard I., have been published -by the Record Commissioners.</p> - -<p>The <i>Patent Rolls</i> commence with 3 John, and are -fairly perfect up to the present time. On them are -entered all grants of lands, offices, honours, pensions, -and particulars of individual or corporate privileges, -etc., etc. These invaluable Rolls are unfortunately -not indexed. A folio calendar of those from John to -23 Edward IV., was printed in 1802, but it is only -a capriciously made selection. Those from the 3rd -to 18th John have since been printed in full, with an -admirable introduction. In the B. M. are many<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[24]</span> -volumes of selections and extracts for particular -periods. Manorial grants of “free warren” in these -rolls will often supply a missing link in the -history of a manor.</p> - -<p>The difference between the documents entered on -the <i>Close Rolls</i>, and the Patent Rolls, is that royal -letters patent were delivered <i>open</i>, with the Great -Seal appended, and were supposed to be of a public -nature and addressed to all the king’s subjects; -whilst the Close Rolls contain entries of such instruments -as were despatched <i>closed</i> or sealed up, and -were of a more private nature. These rolls begin in -1204. From that time to 11 Henry III., they have -been printed in full in two folio volumes. There are -various copies and transcripts of particular parts in -the B.M., B., and C., and in the libraries of Lincoln’s -Inn and Inner Temple. The rolls are of infinite variety -and importance. Among the subjects treated of are—Royal -Prerogatives, Homage, Fealty, Knight’s Service,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[25]</span> -Treasure Trove, Gold and Silver Mining, Bail -and Pardons, Livery of Lands, Assignment of -Dowers, Wardship of Minors, Repairs of Bridges, -etc., etc. They often, therefore, contain unexpected -fragments of local history connected with apparently -insignificant parishes, and are even more fruitful -than the better known Patent Rolls.</p> - -<p>The <i>Charter Rolls</i> contain a good deal of duplicate -matter to that on the Patent Rolls. They chiefly -consist of grants of privileges to religious houses, -cities, and towns, and grants of markets, fairs, and -free warren to individuals. Charters, like Letters -Patent, passed under the Great Seal; but a charter -differed from a patent inasmuch as the former was -witnessed by the council or by such persons as were -present at its execution, and the latter was solely -executed by the king. The Charter Rolls extend -from 1199 to 1483. A complete calendar of these -rolls, well indexed, was published in 1803, and the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[26]</span> -rolls themselves of the reign of John, were also -published by the Record Commissioners in 1837.</p> - -<p>The <i>Fine Rolls</i> contain accounts of fines paid to -the Crown for licenses to alienate lands, for freedom -from knight service, or being knighted, for renewals -of various charters, etc., etc. They begin in the -time of Richard I. The Fine Rolls of John, and -extracts from those of Henry III., have been published -by the Commissioners in three 8vo. volumes. -They are to be distinguished from the important -<i>Pedes Finium</i>, subsequently explained.</p> - -<p>The <i>Originalia</i> are described in the Public Records -Report as “the Estreats transmitted from the Court -of Chancery into this (Exchequer) office, of all grants -of the Crown inrolled on the Patent and other Rolls, -whereon any rent is reserved, any salary payable, or -any service performed.” These rolls commence early -in the reign of Henry III. An abstract, in two -folio volumes, of the Originalia from 20 Henry III.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[27]</span> -to the end of Edward III., was published by the -Commissioners in 1805. Similar abstracts from -1 Richard II., to end of James II., were prepared -for printing, but never published; the MS. of this -work is in the B. M. An index to the Originalia was -published in 1793, by Mr. Edward Jones, in two -folio volumes. Those who have had occasion to use -Mr. Jones’s index know that the judgment “very -useful, but very imperfect,” is true in each particular.</p> - -<p>The <i>Hundred Rolls</i> will often prove to be of the -greatest interest for one period of manorial history. -During the turbulent reign of Henry III., the Crown -revenues had been much diminished by the Tenants -in Capite alienating lands without license, and by -powerful ecclesiastics and laymen usurping the rights -of holding courts, and committing other encroachments. -The people, too, had been greatly oppressed -by exactions and oppressions at the hands of sheriffs -and other officers, and by false claims to free warren<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[28]</span> -and illegal tolls. One of the first acts of Edward I., -on his return from the Holy Land, at his father’s -death, was to remedy these abuses. The circuit of -the itinerant justices was only usually made once in -seven years, therefore the king appointed Special -Commissioners for inquiring into these grievances -throughout the realm. These rolls are the result of -the inquisitions taken in pursuance of this commission. -They afford evidence, upon the oath of a jury -of each hundred and town of—all demesne lands and -manors then or formerly in the hands of the Crown—all -tenants in capite and tenants in ancient demesne—alienations -to the Church—rights of free warren, -fisheries, etc.—oppressions of nobility and clergy—exactions -of excessive toll—unlawful trading—encroachments -on highways, etc., etc. The whole of -these rolls were published by the Record Commissioners -in 1812-18, in two large folio volumes, but -are not now to be purchased. “The genealogist<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[29]</span> -may estimate the assistance these volumes are -capable of affording, when it is mentioned that the -Indices of Names contain references to about 70,000 -persons.” The mis-spelling of place-names is sometimes -a little misleading, but ordinary care will rectify -this, as the returns are arranged in counties. The -rolls, as printed, may be fairly relied on for historical -purposes, without the trouble of collating the -originals.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Placita.</span> The pleadings of our several courts, -with the judgments thereon, have been for many -centuries entered on rolls. The greater part of these -are termed Placita, or pleading Rolls. Their important -bearing on manorial history is obvious. There -is scarcely a manor in the kingdom that had not -occasion, on an average of at least once a century, -to put in an appearance in one or other of the courts -on some matter involving litigation.</p> - -<p>Under our Norman kings, all pleadings were originally<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[30]</span> -heard <i>Aula sive Curia Regis</i>, in the hall or -court of the king’s palace. In aid of the King’s -Court, itinerant justices were first appointed <i>temp.</i> -Henry I., and were finally established 22 Henry II. -Towards the end of the reign of Richard I., the Curia -Regis was subdivided into courts of Exchequer and -Chancery, whilst the king’s court still retained pleas -immediately touching the Crown, and also common -pleas, both civil and criminal. The Magna Charta, -17 John, separated the Common Pleas from the -royal court, after which the Curia Regis continued -to be the superior court of law for criminal matters, -and early in the reign of Edward I. lost its more -ancient title and became known as the Court of -King’s Bench.</p> - -<p>The <i>Rotuli Curia Regis</i> have been printed in full, -from 6 Richard I. to 1 John, by the Record Commissioners, -in two 8vo. volumes. The same rolls, in -addition to those of the King’s Bench, down to the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[31]</span> -end of the reign of Edward II., were, in 1811, -elaborately calendared and indexed by the Commissioners -in a valuable folio volume, under the title—<i>Placitorum -in Domo Capitulari Westmonasteriensi -asservatorum Abbreviatio</i>, but the rolls are now in the -P. R. O. The abstract has been made after a fickle -fashion, some pleadings are given in full, whilst -many others of more importance are condensed into -a couple of lines; and there is nothing in the volume -to tell the student whether they are abbreviated or -not.</p> - -<p>The earliest provincial courts were those of the -Itinerant Justices, or Justices in Eyre (from the -Norman-French word <i>erre</i>, a journey); they held -criminal and common pleas, and also pleas of the -forest. These justices afterwards gave way to Circuit -Judges, and the Justices in Eyre then became only -another name for the <i>Justices of the Forest</i>. If there -is or has been any royal Forest or Chace within the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[32]</span> -parish under consideration, special search should be -made for its records. Most of the early proceedings -relative to forests are entered on the Patent Rolls; -a considerable number of the ancient perambulations -and inquisitions have been printed in various reports -made at different dates. Copies of these reports, -bound in two large volumes, can be consulted at the -P. R. O. Extracts from the rolls, relative to the -forests, for special periods may be found both at the -P. R. O. and the B. M. The forest perambulations for -the reigns of Henry III. and Edward I. have been -completely indexed.</p> - -<p>Those rolls that may properly be termed <i>Records -of Assize</i> commence 6 Richard I., and end with the -reign of Edward IV. In the B. M. are many MS. -volumes of <i>Placita Itinerum</i> pertaining to different -reigns and different counties.</p> - -<p>In 1818 the Record Commissioners published an -important folio volume, entitled <i>Placita de Quo Warranto<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[33]</span> -temporibus Edw. I., II., III.</i>, which forms an -interesting sequel to the Hundred Rolls. The Hundred -Rolls, as already mentioned, gave a great mass -of sworn information as to abuses. Those persons -thus charged were summoned to answer “<i>Quo -Warranto</i>” such and such things were done or left -undone? or by what right such and such manors, -etc., were held? This volume contains a full transcript -of the roll of the pleadings in answer to these -summonses, and the judgments thereon. Its utility -in manorial history cannot be exaggerated, as the -descent of the manor is often traced back in these -pleadings to the time of John or even earlier. The -rolls are arranged under counties, and include the -whole of England, with the exception of the palatinate -of Durham.</p> - -<p>The earliest records of the <i>Court of Chancery</i> are -of the 17th year of Richard II., the previous documents -having been destroyed in the Wat Tyler<span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[34]</span> -rebellion. There are no petitions extant to the -Chancellor of the reign of Henry IV., and but few -of Henry V., but from the beginning of the reign of -Henry VI. they seem to have been kept with much -regularity. Calendars of the Chancery proceedings -of the reign of Elizabeth were published in three -volumes folio, 1827-32. In the introduction to this -work are many examples of the earlier proceedings -of that court from Richard II. downwards. It is -hardly necessary to add that the bills of complaint, -and their answers, filed in this court, often contain -abundant information as to manorial descent. -Numerous MS. volumes of indexes to Chancery -proceedings are at the service of the searcher in the -P. R. O.</p> - -<p>The volumes known as the <i>Year Books</i> contain -reports in Norman-French of cases argued and -decided in the Courts of Common Law. They form -the basis of the “<i>lex non scripta</i>” of English jurisprudence,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[35]</span> -and are worthy of attention on account of -the historical information and the notices of public -and private persons which they contain. The frequent -disputes about heirship cause them often to be -of value in manorial history. These Reports begin -in 1220, and an account of the different books, their -dates, etc., may be found in Worrall’s “<i>Bibliotheca -Legum Angliæ</i>,” 1788. Serjeant Maynard published -an edition of early Year Books, in eleven volumes, -in 1679. Several of those of the reign of Edward I. -have been edited by the Record Commissioners. -Lincoln’s Inn Library, and the University Library, -Cambridge, have a great number of MS. Year Books. -A work of much research, by Mr. Bigelow, has just -been published, entitled “<i>Placita Anglo-Normannica</i>,” -it is a history of the litigation and legal procedure -of the temporal courts during the period from the -Norman Conquest to the middle of the reign of -Richard I. If there has been any early dispute<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[36]</span> -about the manor or manorial rights, this volume -should certainly be consulted.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Inquisitiones.</span> <i>Inquisitiones post mortem</i>, are not -unfrequently termed “Escheats,” from the writs -being directed to the county official called the -Escheator; but the term is incorrect, and should -never be used, for there is a class of documents -correctly called <i>Escheat Rolls</i>, which differ altogether -from these inquisitions, and refer to the escheator’s -accounts of lands and property escheated to the -crown from various causes, and the profits and -value of the same at different periods. The <i>Inquisitio -post mortem</i>, on the contrary, was an inquiry -held on oath by a jury of the district, summoned -by virtue of a writ directed to the county Escheator, -on the death of every tenant in capite. The jury -had to inquire (1) of what lands the person died -seized, (2) by what rents or services the same were -held, and (3) who was his next heir and of what<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[37]</span> -age; they had also to ascertain whether the tenant -was attainted of treason, or an alien, in which case -the lands reverted to the crown. The return of the -jury, together with the writ authorising the inquiry, -were returned to the King’s Chancery, whence a -transcript was sent to the Exchequer, so that the -proper officers might be able to levy the duties and -services thereupon due; for on the death of each -tenant in capite, a tax termed a “relief” was due to -the crown, and the heir could not take possession -until the relief was paid and homage done. Moreover, -if the heir was a minor, the crown administered -the estates until he could make proof of his -legal age and perform homage. The Exchequer -transcripts of these Inquisitions, together in most -cases with the writ, are still extant from the time -of Henry III. down to the end of the reign of -Charles I., that is, until the feudal land system was -finally overthrown. Calendars, or short abstracts of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[38]</span> -these Inquisitions, carefully indexed, have been -printed in four folio volumes by the Record Commissioners, -1806-1828, up to the end of the reign -of Richard III. These calendars, which are invaluable -for reference, must be used with caution, and -should never be quoted as proving the death of any -person by a particular date, for unfortunately not a -few inquisitions that are not <i>post mortem</i>, but <i>ad -quod damnum</i>, are included amongst them. There -are also many errors in nomenclature, and in assigning -manors to special counties; it is therefore wisest -to make the rule of never quoting these inquisitions, -unless the original has been seen, or a full transcript -obtained. The inquisitions subsequent to the -time of Richard III. have not been calendared. Private -enterprise has more than once announced that -such a work would be taken in hand, and subscribers -names obtained, but up to the present time (1879) -there seems no immediate prospect of publication.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[39]</span>The Record Commissioners have also published -a Calendar to the Inquisitions of this class, pertaining -to the Duchy of Lancaster, from the time of -Edward I. to Charles I.</p> - -<p>Extracts and abstracts from these Inquisitions, -covering particular periods, or for particular counties, -are numerous in our public libraries; for lists -of such MSS., see Sims’ <i>Manual</i>, pp. 125-8.</p> - -<p>Another form of inquisition was the <i>Inquisitio -ad quod damnum</i>, which was a judicial inquiry, held -by virtue of a writ directed to the Escheator of the -county, when any license of alienation of lands, or -grant of a market, fair, or other privilege was -solicited. A local jury was sworn to inquire whether -if the claim was granted it would interfere with any -vested right, or be to the detriment of the crown or -some of its subjects—hence the name <i>ad quod damnum</i>. -These inquisitions, especially with relation to -alienating lands to religious houses, are often very<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[40]</span> -valuable to the local historian, for the jury in such -cases had to state the amount, value, and nature of -the remainder of the lands of the intended donor. -A calendar of these records from 1 Edward II. to -38 Henry VI., was officially published in 1803, and -is bound up with the previously mentioned calendar -of the Charter Rolls. It should be remembered, -as already stated, that many inquisitions <i>ad quod -damnum</i>, particularly the earlier ones, are wrongly -catalogued and arranged among the <i>post mortem</i> -inquests.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Pedes Finium.</span> The <i>Pedes Finium</i>, or “Feet of -Fines,” must be clearly distinguished from the previously -mentioned Fine Rolls, which are quite a -different class of record. The Fine here signified is -no mulct of money, but is so called because it -is the <i>final</i> agreement between persons concerning -any lands or rents or other matters whereof there -is any suit between them. The fine, or solemn<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[41]</span> -contract recorded before a competent judge, is -described as having five parts—(1) the original writ -taken out against the cognisor, (2) the license of -the crown giving the parties liberty to accord, (3) -the concord itself, (4) the note of the fine, which is -an abstract of the original concord, and (5) the <i>foot -of the fine</i>, which always began thus—“Hæc est <i>finalis</i> -concordia facta in curia Dom. Regis apud Westm” -etc. This foot of the fine, which was the official -summary of the concord, was cut off in an indented -line (hence the word <i>indenture</i>), so as to tally with -the part delivered to the suitor and prove its authenticity, -and retained by the court. There is no class -of documents that has been so continuously preserved -in uninterrupted succession as these Feet of Fines. -No manorial history can be considered satisfactory -until these records have been carefully consulted, -for they contain the proceedings which have been -adopted to convey estates, as well as to free them<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[42]</span> -from their entailment to issue, or from the dower of -wives. The earliest of these documents, viz., from -7 Richard I. to 16 John, have been officially published -in two 8vo. volumes, under the title—“<i>Fines, -sive Pedes Finium; sive Finales Concordiæ, in Curia -Domini Regis</i>.”</p> - -<p>Having thus run through the chief classes of -documents bearing, with more or less directness, -on manorial history, it may be added that further -information should be sought in Mr. Thomas’ -“Handbook to the Public Records.” It may also -be well to mention, that those who require accurate -transcripts of any of the records in Fetter Lane, -need not apply for officially certified copies; for -reliable transcribers can readily be met with who -will do the work for less than half the sum required -for certified copies. If the amateur searcher does -not know any transcribers, the courteous gentlemen<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[43]</span> -in charge of the Search Room will probably make -no difficulty about giving their address.</p> - -<p>Those who may be desirous of gaining some knowledge -of the character or handwriting of ancient -records, which can only be efficiently learnt by practice, -are recommended to consult Wright’s “Court-Hand -Restored.” It not only gives numerous alphabets -and plates, illustrative of the different styles in -vogue at different periods, but has valuable lists of -abbreviations, of ancient place-names, and of debased -Latin words that are only to be found in legal or -monastic documents. Each of the earlier reigns -appears to have had a set or uniform character of -its own; but in the reign of Elizabeth and subsequently, -this clerical mode seems to have been to a -great extent abandoned, and each scribe to have -written after his own fancy. It is hence very noticeable -that, as was remarked by a late keeper of the -Records, “the English records of the 16th and 17th<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[44]</span> -centuries are in general more difficult to be read -than the Latin records of preceding ages.”</p> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i015.jpg" alt="" /></div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="antiqua">Civil or Domestic Architecture.</span></h2> -</div> - -<p>Any British, Roman, Danish, or Anglo-Saxon -remains that there may be in the parish, had, perhaps, -better be described before the manorial history -is given. Every earthwork, mound, or ancient roadway -should be carefully noted. It is not possible to -refer to any one, or even three or four, satisfactory -books on such subjects. Fosbrooke’s “Encyclopædia -of Antiquities” is out of date, but we know of no -better compendious work of reference. The two -volumes of Wright’s “Essays on Archæological Subjects,” -will be found of much general use. Worsae’s -“Primeval Antiquities of Denmark,” translated and -applied to the illustration of similar remains in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[45]</span> -England, by W. J. Thoms, may be read with advantage, -but with the recollection that the hard and fast -“ages” of Danish antiquaries are, with greater -knowledge, becoming exploded.</p> - -<p>But all description of civil or domestic architecture, -of the Norman or subsequent periods, should -be deferred until after the history of the manor has -been written, because that history will very likely -throw light on any such architectural remains.</p> - -<p>If there is a castle, or its relics, within the parish, -the probability is considerable that it has already -been well described by a county historian, or in one -or other of the numerous journals of our Archæological -societies. But it is equally probable that its -history has not been thoroughly written, and special -search should be made with that object at the -P. R. O., beginning with the indexes to the printed -calendars already enumerated. There is no one -efficient volume treating of our mediæval castles that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[46]</span> -corresponds with Viollet-le-Duc’s “Military Architecture -of the Middle Ages,” but a translation of this -French work has been published by Parker, and it -would be well to read either that or the original.</p> - -<p>Every effort should be made to identify the old -manor-house, or its site (often marked by a grass -grown moat), and this should of course be done with -each manor, where, as is usually the case, the parish -has contained more than one. Oral tradition, in -this as in other particulars, will often be found a -useful handmaid. Should the exterior of the reputed -manor-house be altogether unpromising, that -should not check further investigation. Several instances -are known to us in which modern brick casing -or sash windows are but a screen to some of the oldest -domestic architecture extant, which may be found -in the back premises or outbuildings, or contain fine -old chimney-pieces, carved oak panelling, or ceilings -of elaborate pargetting. Nor should attention be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[47]</span> -only directed to manor-houses. All old domestic -work is worth chronicling, so rapidly is it disappearing -both in town and country; and the annalist of a -parish should not be above transcribing all the -initials and dates so frequently seen on lintel stones. -As a rule, every house or cottage, not obviously -modern, that has stone buttresses, a moulded wall-plate -or string-course, or bevelled stone mullions to -the windows, is worthy of careful examination. -Many interesting details, such as the site of chantry-houses, -may be thus brought to light, and the history -in stone, and the history on parchment, be found to -tally in unexpected ways.</p> - -<p>Domestic architecture should always be described -by the century, and not by the “periods” into which -ecclesiastical architecture is usually divided. The -only book worth purchasing on the subject, is the -somewhat costly but admirable four volume edition -of Parker’s “Mediæval Domestic Architecture.” For<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[48]</span> -the general “History of Architecture,” both civil and -religious, of all ages and countries, nothing can -surpass Fergusson’s last edition in four volumes, -published by Murray in 1874.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i015.jpg" alt="" /></div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="antiqua">Personal History.</span></h2> -</div> - -<p>The pedigrees and brief particulars of the Nobility -can be readily found. The most useful standard -works are Dugdale’s “Baronage,” Collins’ “Peerage -and Baronetage,” Banks’ “Dormant and Extinct -Baronage,” and the “Baronagium Genealogicum,” -or pedigrees of English Peers, in five folio volumes, -by Joseph Edmondson. Burke’s “Landed Gentry” -gives much information with respect to the principal -families of commoners, but the earlier genealogical -statements that he prints are often purely mythical. -Several indexes to the many thousands of printed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[49]</span> -pedigrees that are scattered up and down in topographical -and other works have been published, of a -more or less faulty and incomplete description, but a -work of this class, now (1879) in the press, entitled -“The Genealogist’s Guide,” by Mr. George W. -Marshall, promises to be all that can be desired.</p> - -<p>But a large portion of family history and pedigree, -which will often be essential to the elucidation of the -monumental history of a parish, to completing the -links in lists of the lords of the manor, or furnishing -particulars with regard to smaller landholders, yet -remains in MS. The most accurate of such MSS. -are at the College of Arms, and are not ordinarily -accessible except on payment of fees; but there is a -fine collection of heraldic visitations at the B. M., the -chief of which are among the Harleian MSS.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Heralds’ Visitations</span> are said to have commenced -in the reign of Henry IV., but it was not until -20 Henry VIII. that a commission proceeding from<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[50]</span> -royal authority was issued. From then until the -latter half of the seventeenth century, visitations -were made every twenty-five or thirty years. The -register books, kept by the heralds and their assistants, -contain the pedigrees and arms of the gentry -of the respective counties, and are often also illustrated -by copies and excerpts from charters and -private documents. Many of these books are lost, -and the rest scattered throughout public and private -libraries. The archives of the College of Arms have -the most important collection, and next comes the -B. M. There are a large number at the B., fifty-four -volumes in the library of Caius College, Cambridge, -and forty in that of the Queen’s College, Oxford. -The earliest heralds’ registers for the counties of -Cornwall, Dorset, Gloucester, Hampshire, Kent, -Notts, Oxford, Surrey, Sussex, Wilts, Worcester, -and Yorks, are of the year 1530; for Berks, Devon, -and Somerset, 1531; for Cheshire and Lancashire,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[51]</span> -1533; for Essex and Herts, 1552; for Suffolk, -1561; for Lincoln, 1562; for Leicester, Norfolk, -Stafford, and Warwick, 1563; for Hunts, and Northampton, -1564; for Beds, and Bucks, 1566; for -Derby, Hereford, and Salop, 1569; for Middlesex, -1572; for Cambridge, Durham, and Northumberland, -1575; for Cumberland and Westmoreland, -1615; and for Rutland, 1618. The last visitation -of several counties was taken in 1634, but the majority -were visited in 1662-4; and the last of all -was that of the county of Southampton, made by Sir -Henry St. George, in 1686. The general genealogist -and antiquary cannot but long for the issue of -another royal commission, whereby the heralds might -be empowered, as of old, to destroy all false and self-assumed -arms, whether on carriages, plate, or -monuments.</p> - -<p>Sims’ “Index to the Pedigrees and Arms” contained -in the Heralds’ Visitations in the B. M., is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[52]</span> -an accurate and useful book of reference. The -“Manual for the Topographer and Genealogist,” by -the same gentleman, is quite indispensable. Careful -lists of family histories, of all the principal topographical -works, and of all MSS. of worth in public -libraries, are therein classified under the different -counties.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Wills</span> are too obvious a source of information to -need a word of comment. At Somerset House is -the most important and largest collection, viz., those -of the province of Canterbury. The original wills in -this office begin in 1404, and the transcripts in 1383. -They are complete only from December, 1660. In -the office at York, for that province, the wills begin -in 1590, and the transcripts in 1389. Owing to the -probate privileges enjoyed by the various ecclesiastical -courts, there were not only registries for wills -in every diocese, but numerous peculiar and exempt -jurisdictions in each diocese. The dates at which<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[53]</span> -wills begin in the different minor registries are so -very varied, and their condition and facilities, or even -possibilities, of search so multifarious, that it is -impossible to give any useful abstract. The Report -on Public Records for 1837, and Sir Harris Nicolas’ -“Notitia Historica,” should be consulted. The -power of probate was taken away from the ecclesiastical -courts by the Act of 1857.</p> - -<p>The little-known <span class="smcap">Recusant Rolls</span> of the time of -Elizabeth, give information as to the humblest as -well as the wealthiest parishioner who refused to -attend the services of the Established Church. -These, and many other similar class of documents, -relative to the fining and other grievous penalties -attached to profession of the Roman Catholic faith, -extending up to a recent date, are to be found at -the P. R. O.</p> - -<p>Records of <span class="smcap">Attainders</span>, <span class="smcap">Forfeitures</span>, <span class="smcap">Sequestrations</span>, -and <span class="smcap">Pardons</span>, some from the time of Edward<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[54]</span> -II., will also be found at the same office, and may be -consulted with advantage by those tracing personal -history, if there is any cause to suspect their complicity -in any of the multitude of baronial feuds, -rebellions, or religious persecutions that led to the -existence of so large a class of offenders. Sims’ -“Manual” should be consulted for exhaustive lists of -this class of documents, as well as for numerous lists -of <span class="smcap">Gentry</span> and <span class="smcap">Freeholders</span> of different dates, pertaining -to their respective counties.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Muster Rolls</span>, which give the names, rank, dwelling, -and often other particulars, of those able to -bear arms in each county, may be of interest to the -local historian. The earliest of these returns, now -at the P. R. O., are of the reign of Henry III.; there -are great deficiencies up to the time of Henry VIII., -but from that reign to the time of Charles II, they -are very voluminous. Lists of <span class="smcap">Sheriffs</span>, <span class="smcap">Members -of Parliament</span>, and <span class="smcap">Mayors of Boroughs</span>, have<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[55]</span> -been printed for almost every county from an early -date, and can readily be found at public libraries. -The names of lords of the manor, or other individuals -connected with the special parish treated of, should -always be collated with such lists, in order to see if -they held any of these important offices.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">County Records.</span> The various documents that -are or ought to be in charge of the Clerk of the -Peace, relative to all the multifarious business transacted -at Quarter Sessions, contain much that is of -value relative to personal or local history. But it -would only be tantalising to enumerate the different -class of records that should be in the custody of the -county officials, for in the great majority of cases -they are in so much confusion as to be practically -useless for any literary purpose. Among the exceptions -may be mentioned Leicestershire and Derbyshire, -in the latter of which counties they have been -recently admirably arranged; and also, to a certain<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[56]</span> -extent, Devonshire, the salient points of whose -records have lately been published—see “Quarter -Sessions from Queen Elizabeth to Queen Anne,” by -A. H. Hamilton, a volume that aptly illustrates local -government, and which is useful as showing the -class of information that may be gleaned from such -documents. They do not, as a rule, extend further -back than the time of Elizabeth.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Borough Records.</span> These are in many instances -of great antiquity; some charters going back to the -time of John. But their condition and value are -much varied, and there is no trustworthy general -report. It is hoped that a “Borough Records -Society” will soon be formed for the publication of -our Municipal Archives.</p> - -<p>In the six Reports already issued by the Historical -Manuscripts Commission the Archives of the following -English boroughs have been reported on:—Abingdon, -Axbridge, Berwick-on-Tweed, Bridgewater,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[57]</span> -Bridport, Cambridge, Coventry, Dartmouth, Faversham, -Folkestone, Fordwich, High Wycombe, Hythe, -Kingston-on-Thames, Launceston, Lydd, Morpeth, -New Romney, Norwich, Nottingham, Rye, St. Albans, -Sandwich, Tenterden, Totnes, Wallingford, Wells, -Weymouth, Winchester, and York.</p> - -<p>The Report of the Municipal Corporation Commissioners, -1835, gives certain information, more or less -meagre, of all boroughs. See also Merewether and -Stephen’s “History of the Boroughs and Municipal -Corporations of the United Kingdom.”</p> - -<p>Under the head of <span class="smcap">Worthies</span> it may be worth -while to consider whether the parish has ever had -amongst its residents, or on its baptismal registers, -the names of men of marked celebrity in any walk of -life. Nuttall’s edition of Fuller’s “Worthies of England,” -published in 1840, in three vols. 8vo., Wood’s -“Athenæ,” and any good Biographical Dictionaries -(<i>e.g.</i> Chalmers’), should be consulted.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i067.jpg" alt="" /></div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[58]</span> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="antiqua">Parochial Records.</span></h2> -</div> - -<p>Foremost under this head come <span class="smcap">Parish Registers</span>. -Burn’s “History of Parish Registers in England” is -the standard work on this subject. The first mandate -for keeping registers of baptisms, marriages, -and burials, in each parish was issued in 1538, but -it is quite the exception to find registers of this early -date. This mandate was repeated in more rigorous -terms on the accession of Elizabeth, 1558, but not -being regularly observed, it was ordained in 1597 -that parchment register books should be purchased -at the expense of each parish, and that all the names -from the older books (mostly of paper) should be -therein transcribed from 1558; hence it happens -that so many parish registers begin with that year. -It was at the same time ordered that copies of the -registers should be annually forwarded to the episcopal -registrar, to be preserved in the episcopal<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[59]</span> -archives. This injunction, however, was so imperfectly -carried out, and the duplicates when forwarded -were so carelessly kept, that the diocesan copies of -registers are mere fragments of what they should be, -and are in several cases still in such confusion as to -be practically inaccessible. The earliest transcripts -at Lincoln begin in 1587, and at Gloucester in 1571, -but there are few dioceses that have any earlier than -1660.</p> - -<p>Many parishes have lost their early registers, and -they are usually deficient or wanting during the -Commonwealth. Official inquiries were made of all -the clergy in 1831, as to the exact date, condition, -and number of the parish registers in their custody, -and abstracts of their replies were published in a -Blue Book in 1833. But it is not generally known -that the returns themselves, often containing more -information than was printed, are at the British -Museum (Add. MSS. 9,335, etc.). The dates there<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[60]</span> -given are not, however, to be implicitly relied upon, -as unfortunately some registers have been lost or -stolen since that date, whilst others of an earlier -date have happily, in some cases, been restored or -discovered in the like period.</p> - -<p>Registers should be carefully looked through, not -only for the purpose of extracting the names of -prominent or interesting families, but also for the -purpose of gleaning the innumerable little scraps of -local information that were not unfrequently interpolated -in the earlier pages, such as notes pertaining -to excommunication, licenses for eating flesh in Lent, -penance, remarkable or eccentric characters, storms, -and weather observations, inventories of church -goods, visitations of the plague or sweating sickness, -national events, etc., etc.</p> - -<p>Many of the clergy and others find a difficulty in -reading the earlier registers. Reference has already -been made to Wright’s “Court-Hand Restored,” but<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[61]</span> -the greatest help in deciphering them will be the -recollection that most of the letters of the ordinary -hand of Elizabeth and the Stuarts, which differ from -those now in use, are the same as those of the present -German written characters, <i>e.g.</i>, the letters “h” -and “r.” A few days’ steady practice in transcribing -old writing, beginning with the letters and -words that can easily be read, ought to be sufficient -to master the stiffest hands in parochial records.</p> - -<p>In case there are any old Meeting Houses, or congregations -of Independents, Presbyterians, Quakers, -or other nonconformists in the parish, it will be well, -with regard to these registers, to consult a Blue -Book issued in 1841, called “Lists of Non-parochial -Registers and Records in the custody of the Registrar-General,” -wherein a county classification is -observed; also a “Report on Non-parochial Registers,” -issued in 1857, wherein are enumerated those -registers of the sects that were still in private custody.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[62]</span><span class="smcap">Churchwardens’ Accounts</span>, giving particulars of -rates, receipts, and payments for church purposes, -are often highly interesting, and should be carefully -preserved. Sometimes they are found entered in -bound volumes, but more often tied up in bundles or -tumbled in confusion in the parish chest. Still more -often they are altogether missing. They can occasionally -be recovered from the private dwellings of -present or past churchwardens. The earliest with -which we are acquainted, are those of All Saints’, -Derby, which begin in 1465, but they rarely are -found prior to the Restoration.</p> - -<p>The <span class="smcap">Constables Accounts</span>, and the <span class="smcap">Accounts of -the Overseers of the Poor</span>, will also sometimes be -met with, beginning from a comparatively remote -date, and will amply repay close attention. They -throw a similar light on the secular history of a -parish to that thrown on the religious history by the -Churchwardens’ Accounts. The thorough overhauling<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[63]</span> -of the parish chest, or other receptacles of parish -papers, and the classification of their contents is -strongly recommended, even where it seems to be -most unpromising of results. There is no reason -why even such apparently trivial things as the -indentures of parish apprentices (which have the -seals and signatures of Justices of the Peace), should -not be preserved, neatly arranged, and docketted. -Every scrap of paper of past generations, showing -the inner working of parochial life, possesses some -interest of its own; and future generations will -thank us for their preservation. Moreover, a careful -arrangement of parish papers often meets with more -immediate reward. We have ourselves found missing -portions of 16th century registers, highly interesting -deeds as early as the 14th century, royal -proclamations and special forms of prayer, <i>temp.</i> -Elizabeth and James I., in parochial litter put aside -as valueless.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[64]</span>Of what can be gleaned from these parish annals -when tolerably perfect, we may be permitted to quote -that which we have elsewhere written respecting the -records of Youlgreave, a Derbyshire village, that -have recently been classified with some care:—</p> - -<p>“The future historian of this parish will find a -vast stock of material ready to hand; and if such a -work was ever accomplished it would once more be -seen how the history of even a remote village is but -the history of the nation in little; how national -victories were announced on the church bells, and -national disasters by the proclamation of a form of -prayer; how local self-government became gradually -developed in the office of justice, constable, and overseer -of the poor; how the press-gang worked its cruel -way to man the ships and fill the regiments of the -Georges; how the good folk of Youlgreave sent forth -a spy to watch the movements of Charles Edward in -1745; and how they prepared to defend themselves<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[65]</span> -by giving their constable a new bill-head, and repairing -his old one; how unmerciful was the treatment -of lunatics: and how free was the consumption of -ale, on the smallest possible provocation, at the -parish’s expense; these, and a thousand other -minutiæ, all of them possessing some point of interest, -can be gleaned from these annals of a parish, -to say nothing of the perfect genealogy of nearly -every family, together with an account of their -varying circumstances, that might be constructed by -their aid.”</p> - -<p>The fullest and best information respecting the -parish as a unit of the national life, with much that -pertains to the history of its various officers from -the earliest times, will be found in Toulmin Smith’s -“The Parish; its powers and obligations.” The -second and best edition was published in 1857 by -H. Sweet, Chancery Lane.</p> - -<p>The history of the village and village officers have<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[66]</span> -not hitherto received the attention they deserve, for -all our municipalities have developed out of village -communities, and their various officials are but those -of the petty rural parish adapted to the needs of an -urban population. It will be well on this point to -refer to the useful “Index of Municipal Offices,” -with an historical introduction, recently published -by G. Laurence Gomme.</p> - -<p>Lists of parochial <span class="smcap">Charities</span> are sometimes found -in the parish chest, and more frequently on bequest -boards in the church; but the local annotator should -not consider that he has got a perfect or correct list -until the elaborate reports of the Charity Commissioners, -compiled some fifty years ago, have been -consulted. In 1843, a most useful Blue Book was -published for each county, being an analytical digest -of the voluminous reports arranged under parishes. -Topographical booksellers can generally procure -copies of these, by which a great saving of time will<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[67]</span> -be effected. There are later Reports with regard to -Endowed Schools.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i067.jpg" alt="" /></div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="antiqua">History of the Church.</span></h2> -</div> - -<p>The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, or pre-Norman charters, -occasionally give definite information of a -church in a particular parish or district, but as a rule -the earliest mention of the parish church will be -found in the previously described <span class="smcap">Domesday Book</span>. -But the Commissioners, not being specially instructed -to make returns of churches, acted on their own -judgment, and in some counties omitted them partially, -and in others altogether.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Taxatio Ecclesiastica P. Nicholai IV.</span>—Pope -Nicholas IV. (to whose predecessors in the See of -Rome the first-fruits and tenths of all ecclesiastical -benefices had for a long time been paid) granted the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[68]</span> -tenths, in 1288, to Edward I. for six years, towards -defraying the expenses of a Crusade; and that they -might be collected to their full value, the King caused -a valuation roll to be drawn up, which was completed -in 1291, under the direction of John, Bishop -of Winchester, and Oliver, Bishop of Lincoln. There -are two copies of this Roll at the P. R. O., both of -which appear to have been written in the reign of -Henry IV., and there is a third, which is by far the -oldest, among the Cottonian MSS. of the B. M. -These three copies were collated and printed in a -folio volume by the Record Commission in 1802. -There are one or two other old copies of this Roll in -private libraries; one in the Chapter Library, Lichfield; -and another, in excellent condition, in the -muniment room of Lincoln Cathedral.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Valor Ecclesiasticus.</span> The taxation of 1291 held -good, and all the taxes from the benefices, as well to -our Kings as to the Popes, were regulated by it until<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">[69]</span> -27 Henry VIII., when a new survey was completed. -Henceforth the first-fruits and tenths ceased to be -forwarded to Rome, and were transferred to the -Crown. In 1703 the receipts were appropriated, -under the title of Queen Anne’s Bounty, to the augmentation -of the smaller livings. The original -returns of the King’s Valor are at the P. R. O. They -were officially published in six folio volumes between -the years 1811 and 1834. In the latter year an -“Introduction” of no little value, was also published -in an 8vo. volume, written by the Rev. Joseph -Hunter.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Certificates of Colleges and Chantries.</span> About -ten years after the completion of his ecclesiastical -survey, Henry VIII. decided on appropriating the -revenues belonging to Collegiate Churches and -Chantries. As a preliminary measure to their sale, -he appointed a commission, in the 37th year of his -reign, to re-value this property, and to take an inventory<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">[70]</span> -of the chattels. The whole subject of the -suppression of the Chantries, as conceived by -Henry VIII. and finally carried out by Edward VI., -is ably and exhaustively treated in the introduction -to the volumes of the Cheetham Society, which treat -of the Lancashire Chantries. The reports, or -“Certificates,” furnished by Henry’s Commission -with respect to the different chantries, are preserved -at the P. R. O., and are entered on rolls arranged in -eight parallel columns, in answer to a like number -of queries. There are also abridged rolls on paper -of some counties. Further information about chantries -may be sometimes gleaned from certain MS. -volumes at the P. R. O., entitled “<i>Particulars for -the Sale of Colleges and Chantries</i>.” In the B. M. -(Add. MSS. 8,102) is a valuable roll of Fees, Corrodies, -and Pensions, paid to members of the suppressed -chantries and religious houses, out of the Exchequer, -2 and 3 Philip and Mary. The pensions for the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[71]</span> -different counties are on separate skins, so that it is -easy of reference.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Inventories of Church Goods.</span> There are various -Inventories of Church Goods in the P. R. O., taken -by Commission at the beginning of the reign of -Edward VI., some on detached slips of parchment, -others in paper books. The inventories are not -absolutely perfect for all parishes in any one county; -in several counties the churches of one or more -Hundreds are missing; for others, such as Somerset, -Sussex, and the North Riding of Yorkshire, there -are none extant. Nor are there any for Lincolnshire; -but there is a MS. return of Church Furniture -and Ornaments of 150 churches of that -county, taken in 1566, in the Episcopal Registry at -Lincoln. This was published in 1866, by Edward -Peacock, F.S.A. There are also some special Inventories -connected with other dioceses, which space -forbids us to mention.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[72]</span><span class="smcap">Guilds and Fraternities.</span> Guilds and Fraternities -of a more or less religious character, and usually -directly connected with a special altar at the parish -church, will naturally come under the history of the -Church, provided any can be detected in connection -with the particular parish. It used to be supposed -that these guilds were only found in cities or -boroughs, but later researches show that they also -occasionally existed in quite small villages. The -Parliament of 1381 directed writs to be sent to the -sheriffs of each county, calling upon them to see -that the Master and Wardens of all Guilds and -Brotherhoods made returns to the King’s Council -in Chancery of all details pertaining to the foundation, -statutes, and property of their guilds. A -large number of the original returns (549) still -remain in the P. R. O., where they are known as -“Miscellaneous Rolls, Tower Records, Bundles -cccviii. ix. x.” For some counties there are none<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">[73]</span> -extant, and for others only those from a single -Hundred. More than one hundred of these returns -have recently been printed or analysed, by Toulmin -Smith, in a volume of the Early English Text -Society, entitled “English Gilds.”</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Heraldic Church Notes.</span> In the different heraldic -visitation books, especially those <i>temp.</i> Elizabeth, -which have been previously described, there often -occur interesting church notes, which not only detail -heraldic glass in the windows and arms on the -monuments, but also occasionally give inscriptions -that have long since disappeared. These can only -be found by a careful inspection of the heralds’ -register books of the county in which the parish is -situated.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Commonwealth Survey.</span> In pursuance of various -ordinances of the Parliament, a complete survey of -the possessions of Bishops, Deans, and Chapters, and -of all benefices, was made in 1650, by specially<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[74]</span> -appointed Commissioners. These interesting returns, -filling twenty-one large folio volumes, are in -the library of Lambeth Palace, and numbered in -the catalogue of MSS. from 902 to 922. These -surveys have hitherto been singularly overlooked -by county historians and ecclesiologists, though occasional -extracts have been published from a much-abbreviated -and inaccurate summary, based on these -documents, which forms No. 459 of the Lansdowne -MSS. in the B. M.</p> - -<p>The Record Books of the Commonwealth Commissioners -for augmenting Rectories and Vicarages -(MSS. 966-1,021); the original Presentations to -various benefices from 1652 to 1659 (MSS. 944-7); -and Counterparts of leases of Church Lands, made -by authority of Parliament from 1652 to 1658 -(MSS. 948-50), are also in Lambeth Library.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Briefs.</span> Royal Letters Patent, authorising collections -for charitable purposes within churches, were<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">[75]</span> -termed “Briefs.” Lists of them, from the time of -Elizabeth downwards, are often to be found on the -fly-leaves of old register books, or in churchwardens’ -accounts. The repair or rebuilding of churches in -post-Reformation days, until nearly the beginning of -the Catholic Revival, was almost invariably effected -by this method. About the middle of last century, -owing to the growing frequency of Briefs, it was -ordered that they should only be granted on the -formal application of Quarter Sessions. Much information -as to the condition of the fabrics and other -particulars relative to churches can be gathered from -the petitions to Quarter Sessions, in those counties -where the documents are accessible. The Briefs -themselves were issued from the Court of Chancery, -so we suppose they would be attainable at the -P. R. O. At the B. M. is a large collection of original -Briefs, from 1754 down to their abolition in 1828.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[76]</span> -They were presented to the Museum in 1829, by Mr. -J. Stevenson Salt.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Advowson.</span> The history of the advowson, if the -living remained a rectory, was almost invariably -intermixed with that of the manor or the moieties of -the manor. Consequently it will be found, that, in -the case of rectories, various particulars as to the -owners of the advowson, and its value, at different -periods, can be gleaned from the Inquisitions, and from -the Patent and Close Rolls to which references have -already been made; or, in the case of litigation, from -the Plea Rolls and Year Books. If the living became -at any time a Vicarage, care should be taken to look -through the particulars given by Dugdale and Tanner, -of the religious house to which the big tithes were -appropriated, and more especially to carefully search -the chartularies of that establishment, if any are -extant. There is an excellent list of the various -monastic Chartularies, <i>i.e.</i>, ancient parchment books,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[77]</span> -containing transcripts or abstracts of the charters of -the different houses, in the first two volumes of -Nichols’ “Collectanea Topographica et Genealogica,” -and a shorter one in Sims’ “Manual.”</p> - -<p>The Ordination of a Vicarage, <i>i.e.</i>, the official appropriation -of certain parts of the endowment for -the sustentation of a vicar, required episcopal confirmation; -and these ordinations will usually be found -in the Episcopal Registers, if they are extant for the -date when the rectory was formally appropriated. -These ordinations often contain information of great -interest, and have hitherto been very rarely searched -for, and still more rarely printed.</p> - -<p>The terms used in these documents for different -sorts of tithes, for the various produce of the soil, -etc., etc., will be sought for in vain in any ordinary -Latin Dictionary; for their explanation it will be -necessary to consult a Glossary of mediæval or monastic -terms. The most handy and accurate is the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[78]</span> -abridged edition of the Glossaries of Du Cange, Du -Fresne, etc., in six vols. 8vo., published at Halle, -between 1722-1784. Some such work will also be -found indispensable in consulting the monastic -Chartularies and many of the Records and Rolls. -The majority of the terms will be found in the last -two editions of Cowel’s “Interpreter,” 1708, and -1737, which can much more readily be met with -than the larger glossaries; but there is great need -for a one volume compendious glossary, and it is -hoped that such a work may shortly be published.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Lists of Incumbents.</span> Lists of rectors and vicars, -giving the date of their institution, and the names of -their respective patrons, are indispensable to a complete -parochial history. They are, for the most part, -to be obtained from the diocesan registers. This -work, in several dioceses, will be found to involve no -small labour, for Bishop’s registrars were not always -particular to separate institutions from other Episcopal<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">[79]</span> -acts, and occasionally placed them in precise -chronological order for the whole diocese, without -any regard to archdeaconries and other minor divisions. -But the trouble will be amply repaid by the -numerous quaint and interesting little details that -the searcher will be almost sure to discover. Many -of our episcopal registers, or act books, are of supreme -interest, and yet they are perhaps less known than -any class of original documents. The dates at which -these registers begin average about the year 1300. -We give, for the first time in any manual, their -respective initial years:—Canterbury, 1279; London, -1306; Winchester, 1282; Ely 1336; Lincoln, -1217; Lichfield, 1296; Wells, 1309; Salisbury, -1296; Exeter, 1257; Norwich, 1299; Worcester, -1268; Hereford, 1275; Chichester, 1397; Rochester, -1319; York, 1214; and Carlisle, 1292. The old -registers of Durham are mostly lost, that of Bishop -Kellaw, 1311-18, being the oldest. None of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[80]</span> -Welsh Cathedrals have any registers older than the -16th century.</p> - -<p>Gaps are not unusual in the episcopal registers for -some time subsequent to the Reformation, when the -books were often kept in a slovenly fashion. These -deficiencies can be generally supplied from the lists -of institutions in the Augmentation Books at the -P. R. O.</p> - -<p>It is scarcely necessary to say that no list of incumbents -should be considered complete, until it has been -carefully collated with the parish registers.</p> - -<p>Catalogues of all the English Bishops are to be -found in Canon Stubbs’s “<i>Registrum Sacrum Anglicanum</i>;” -and similar lists of Deans, Prebendaries, -and minor dignitaries, in Hardy’s edition of Le Neve’s -“<i>Fasti Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ</i>.” Both of these works -may probably be useful when drawing up the list of -parish priests.</p> - -<p>Lists of priests appointed to the more important<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[81]</span> -chantries can usually also be extracted from the -diocesan registers, for, except in peculiar circumstances, -they required episcopal institution.</p> - -<p>Any facts of interest or importance that can be -ascertained respecting the successive incumbents -should be chronicled. For the time of the Commonwealth, -Walker’s “Sufferings of the Clergy” on the -one hand, and Calamy’s “Ejected Ministers” on the -other, should be consulted. They both make mention -of a very great number of the clergy.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dedication.</span> The dedication of the church should -never be taken for granted from county gazetteers -or directories. Dedications to All Saints, and to the -Blessed Virgin, should be viewed with some suspicion -until firmly established, for in the time of Henry VIII. -the dedication festivals, or “wakes,” were often -transferred to All Saints’ Day, or Lady Day, in order -to avoid a multiplicity of holidays, and hence by -degrees the real dedication became forgotten. Ecton’s<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[82]</span> -“<i>Thesaurus Rerum Ecclesiasticarum</i>” (1742), and -Bacon’s “<i>Liber Regis</i>” (1786), should be consulted -for dedications. Occasionally the patron saints of -the different churches are mentioned in the institutions -in the episcopal registers, and more often in -monastic chartularies; but the surest of all references, -in the case of a doubtful dedication, is to look -up the pre-Reformation wills of the lords of the -manor or other chief people of the parish. These -wills almost invariably contain an early clause to -this effect:—“I leave my body to be buried within -the church of St. ——.” The time of the wakes or -village feast is a good guide to the dedication, but -one which, from the reason stated above, as well as -from other causes, must not be implicitly relied -upon.</p> - -<p>Another point worth remembering with regard to -dedications, is that re-consecration was not of unfrequent -occurrence. Murder and some other crimes<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[83]</span> -within the church, as well as special violations of -the altar, rendered re-consecration imperative; and -it was also often resorted to when the fabric was -altogether or considerably rebuilt, or even when a -new chancel was added. At the time of these re-consecrations, -it occasionally happened that the name -of the patron saint was changed, not from mere -caprice or love of novelty, but because relics of that -particular saint were obtained for inclosure in the -chief or high altar. This should be borne in mind -when a discrepancy is found in the name of the -patron saint of the same church at different epochs.</p> - -<p>The chapter of Parker’s “Calendar of the Anglican -Church,” entitled “A few remarks on the dedication -of English Churches,” is worth reading. This book -is also valuable for the brief account of the saints -most frequently met with in England, both in dedications -and otherwise. The first half of the book -has been re-published once or twice, under the title<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[84]</span> -of “Calendar of the Prayer Book,” but it leaves out -the chapters here mentioned, and is comparatively -valueless as compared with the edition of 1851. -Harington “On the Consecration of Churches,” -published by Rivington in 1844, should also be read.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i015.jpg" alt="" /></div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="antiqua">Description of the Church.</span></h2> -</div> - -<p>Having finished the history of the Church, it will -be best to follow it up by a description of the fabric -of the Church, and of all its details.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Styles of Architecture.</span> In deciding as to the -different “periods” under which to classify the -various styles into which almost every parish church -is more or less divided, it is perhaps wisest to confine -oneself to the simple and generally accepted divisions -of English architecture, originally adopted by Mr. -Rickman, viz. (1) the Saxon, from 800 to 1066; (2)<span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[85]</span> -the Norman, from 1066 to 1145; (3) the Early -English, from 1145 to 1272; (4) the Decorated, from -1272 to 1377; and (5) the Perpendicular, from 1377 -to 1509. Some competent writers always speak of -three periods of Transition, covering the reigns of -Henry II., Edward I., and Richard II.; whilst -others, and this may be well adopted, speak of only -one regular “Transition,” meaning by that term the -period between the Early English and Decorated, or -the reign of Edward I. (1272-1307).</p> - -<p>These divisions are generally accepted as sufficing -for popular purposes; but of the more detailed and -technical divisions of later writers, there are none so -correct in nomenclature, and so accurate in separation -of style, as the seven periods of Mr. Edmund -Sharpe. The first and second of his periods are the -same as given above, but the third is styled the -Transitional, from 1145 to 1190; the fourth, the -Lancet, from 1190 to 1245; the fifth, the Geometrical,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[86]</span> -from 1245 to 1315; the sixth, the Curvilinear, from -1315 to 1360; and the seventh, the Rectilinear, from -1360 to 1550. See Sharpe’s “Seven Periods of English -Architecture,” with its excellent series of plates.</p> - -<p>There are numerous architectural manuals, but -Parker’s “Glossary of Gothic Architecture” has not -been surpassed, and is very comprehensive. The -best edition is the fourth, with the two additional -volumes of plates.</p> - -<p>Before classifying the different parts of the building -according to the various periods, a most careful -inspection should be made of both inner and outer -walls, when fragments of mouldings, pertaining -possibly to an earlier church than any now standing, -may not unfrequently be detected.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Monuments.</span> Inscriptions on monuments now -missing, or partly obliterated, may sometimes be -recovered from the Church Notes of Heraldic Visitations, -or other MS. note books of ecclesiologists of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">[87]</span> -past generations, in which some counties are peculiarly -fortunate. For a list of MSS. of this description, -that may be found in our public libraries, -arranged under counties, see Sims’ “Manual.” It -may also be useful to refer to two printed works—Le -Neve’s “<i>Monumenta Anglicana</i>,” 5 vols. 8vo. -(1717-1719), and Weever’s “Ancient Funerall -Monuments,” the latest edition of which, with additions, -is a 4to. vol. of 1767. The former gives -inscriptions on monuments of eminent persons who -deceased between 1600 and 1718, the latter treats -generally of all monuments in the dioceses of Canterbury, -Rochester, London, and Norwich. Bloxam, -on “Monumental Architecture” (1834), is a useful -handbook on the general subject of monuments.</p> - -<p>Cutts’ “Manual of Sepulchral Slabs and Crosses” -is the only book dealing with the interesting subject of -early <span class="allsmcap">INCISED SLABS</span>. It is well done, but much more -has come to light on the subject since it was written<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">[88]</span> -(1849), and a new manual is much wanted. In some -counties, where stone abounds, remains of this -description are found in most churches. If any part -of the church is being rebuilt, the debris should be -most carefully looked over; and a minute inspection -of the existing masonry will often detect more or less -perfect specimens of incised crosses that have been -utilised in the masonry by the church restorers of -past generations. The lintels of the windows (especially -of the clerestory and of the tower), the inner -side of the parapets or battlements, the stone seats -of the porch, and of course the whole of the flooring, -should be critically scanned for these relics. See -also Boutell’s “Christian Monuments.”</p> - -<p>Haines’ “Manual of Monumental <span class="smcap">Brasses</span>” (2 vols. -8vo., 1861) is the best book on that class of memorials. -The second volume consists of a fairly -exhaustive list of brasses throughout the kingdom.</p> - -<p>There is no good handbook dealing exclusively with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">[89]</span> -<span class="allsmcap">STONE EFFIGIES</span>, a great desideratum; the big illustrated -folios of Gough’s “Sepulchral Monuments,” -and Stothard’s “Monumental Effigies,” may be consulted -with advantage. For the details of <span class="allsmcap">ARMOUR</span>, -Hewitt’s “Ancient Armour and Weapons in Europe” -(3 vols) is the most exhaustive work; for the details -of <span class="allsmcap">COSTUME</span> there are several expensive works, but -the best handbook is Fairholt’s “Costume in England,” -to which is appended an illustrated glossary -of terms.</p> - -<p>In connection with stained or painted <span class="smcap">Glass</span>, -Winston’s “Hints on Glass Painting” (2nd edition, -1867) should be read, wherein the different styles of -successive periods are critically distinguished and -illustrated.</p> - -<p>For the important item of <span class="smcap">Heraldry</span>, both in glass -and on monuments, the best of the numerous -manuals (and there are several very trashy) is -Cussan’s “Handbook of Heraldry.” Burke’s “General<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[90]</span> -Armoury,” of which a new and extended edition -was published in 1878, is a dictionary of arms classified -under families. Papworth’s “Dictionary of -British Armorials” is arranged on the opposite principle, -viz., the blazonry or description of the arms is -given first, and the name of the family or families to -which it pertains follows. It is an expensive work, -but indispensable in the identification of arms. It -will also be found to be far more accurate than -Burke, and gives references to the various rolls and -other MSS. from which the arms are cited.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Fonts</span> are almost a speciality in themselves. -Simpson’s “Series of Ancient Baptismal Fonts,” -1825, has a large number of beautifully finished -plates of the more remarkable examples. Paley’s -“Baptismal Font,” 1844, has illustrations and -critical descriptions of a great number, arranged -alphabetically. See also the “Archæologia,” vols. -x. and xi.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[91]</span><span class="smcap">Bells</span> have now a literature of their own. Ellacombe’s -“Bells of the Church,” and Fowler’s “Bells -and Bell-ringing” are admirable works. The inscriptions, -etc., on the church bells of the majority of -English counties have already been published, and -most of the remainder are now in progress. North’s -“Bells of Leicestershire,” and “Bells of Northamptonshire,” -are the best books of their class, but the -“Bells of Derbyshire,” now in course of publication -in the “Reliquary,” and chiefly contributed by St. -John Hope, are being yet more thoroughly treated, -both in description and illustration.</p> - -<p>Church <span class="smcap">Plate</span> should always be inspected, and the -date, character, inscription, or arms on each piece -carefully recorded. Chaffers’ “Hall Marks on Plate” -gives the fullest description of the different marks, -and how the precise date can be thereby ascertained. -The fifth edition, published in 1875, is a considerable -improvement on its predecessors.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[92]</span><span class="smcap">Inventories of Church Goods</span> often need explanation, -or remains of various ancient church furniture -may make some description necessary. There is no -one book that can be thoroughly recommended on -this subject; but, perhaps, the most satisfactory in -some respects is Walcott’s “Sacred Archæology,” a -popular dictionary of ecclesiastical art and institutions. -Jules Corblet’s “Manuel Elémentaire -d’Archéologie Nationale” may be consulted with -advantage; it is a better done work than anything -of the size and scope in English, and is well illustrated. -For the various details of Church worship -and ceremonies, reference should be made to Rock’s -“Church of our Fathers,” and to Chambers’ valuable -work, “Divine Worship in England in the Thirteenth -and Fourteenth Centuries, contrasted with and -adapted to that in the Nineteenth.”</p> - -<p>Before beginning the description of the Church, it -will be well, in the first place, in order to ensure<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">[93]</span> -clearness and accuracy, that some general <span class="allsmcap">PLAN OF -PROCEDURE</span> should be adopted. We give the following -skeleton of a suggested outline, that has been proved -to be useful and orderly, but it can, of course, be -altered or expanded or re-arranged in any direction.</p> - -<p>1. Enumeration of component parts of structure, -remarks as to its general or special characteristics.</p> - -<p>2 Ground plan, <i>i.e.</i>, dimensions of area of chancel, -nave, etc., different levels, and number of chancel -and altar steps.</p> - -<p>3. Description of parts of the permanent structure -that are (<i>a</i>) Saxon, (<i>b</i>) Norman, (<i>c</i>) Early English, -(<i>d</i>) Transition, (<i>e</i>) Decorated, (<i>f</i>) Perpendicular, -(<i>g</i>) Debased, (<i>h</i>) Churchwarden, and (<i>i</i>) Restored. -Some definite order should be observed under each -head, otherwise it is likely that some details may -escape, <i>e.g.</i> doorways, windows, piers, arches, etc., -of chancel, nave, aisles, porches, transepts, tower, -and chapels.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">[94]</span>4. External details—parapets, gurgoyles, niches, -stoup, arms, inscriptions, “low side windows.”</p> - -<p>5. Internal details—[Stone] altar or altar stone, -piscina, almery, hagioscope, Easter or sepulchral -recess, niches, brackets, roof-corbels, and sedilia of -(<i>a</i>) chancel, (<i>b</i>) south aisle, (<i>c</i>) north aisle, and (<i>d</i>) -chapels or transepts; also groined roofs, doorway or -steps to roodloft, and stone screens—[Wood] altar -table, altar rails, reading desk, lectern, pulpit, pews, -benches, poppy-heads, panelling, roofs, doors, galleries, -rood or chancel screen, other screens or parcloses, -parish or vestment chests, alms boxes—[Iron -or other metal]—any old details.</p> - -<p>6. Font—(<i>a</i>) position, (<i>b</i>) description, (<i>c</i>) measurements, -(<i>d</i>) cover.</p> - -<p>7. Monuments—beginning with early incised -stones, and carefully following them down in chronological -order, an order which should not be broken -except for the purpose of keeping a family group<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">[95]</span> -together. Arms should be correctly blazoned, and -inscriptions faithfully copied.</p> - -<p>8. Stained glass, according to age.</p> - -<p>9. Encaustic tiles—pavement generally.</p> - -<p>10. Fresco paintings, black-letter texts, patterns -on roof or elsewhere, royal arms, charity bequest -boards.</p> - -<p>11. Bells—(<i>a</i>) number, (<i>b</i>) inscription and marks, -(<i>c</i>) frame, (<i>d</i>) remarkable peals, or bell-ringers -rhymes, (<i>e</i>) legends; also sanctus bell, or bell cote -on nave gable.</p> - -<p>12. Parish registers and other documents; church -books, or library.</p> - -<p>13. Church plate.</p> - -<p>14. Church yard, (<i>a</i>) cross, (<i>b</i>) remarkable monuments -or epitaphs, (<i>c</i>) yew tree, (<i>d</i>) lychgate, (<i>e</i>) -sundial.</p> - -<p>15. More recent fittings or ornaments, such as -altar appurtenances, organ, etc.; the previous headings<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">[96]</span> -being supposed to be confined to older details -possessing some historic value. But if the date, or -probable date, is given of each particular, it might -perhaps be as well to describe everything (if a complete -account up to date is desired) under its proper -head; thus a modern altar cross and candlesticks -might be mentioned under the 5th head.</p> - -<p>A few words on church “<span class="smcap">Restoration</span>” may be -here introduced; for it cannot surely be inappropriate -to include a sentence or two in these pages -(whose object it is to further the preservation of local -records), that may possibly have some small influence -in preventing the needless destruction of any -part of those noble buildings round which the history -of each English parish so closely clusters. From -the standpoint of a local annalist nothing has been -more painful in the “restorations” of the past forty -years than the wanton way in which monuments,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">[97]</span> -and more especially flat tombstones, of all ages, have -been often treated.</p> - -<p>It is necessary to enter a warm protest against the -notion that any honour can be paid to God, or respect -to the memory of those that He created in His own -image, by burying inscribed gravestones beneath -many inches of concrete in order to stick therein the -glossy tiles of recent manufacture. The effacing or -removal (wherever it can be avoided) of the memorials -of the dead should in all cases be strongly -resisted, no matter what be the eminence of the -architect that recommends it. There are not many -unrestored churches left in the country, but there -are some of much value and interest for whose fate -we tremble. When a “restoration” (the term is a -necessity for the lack of a better) is contemplated, let -it be recollected that all work—beyond the removal -of galleries, and modern fittings, the opening out of -flat plaster ceilings, above which good timber roofs<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">[98]</span> -often lie concealed, the scraping off the accumulated -layers of whitewash and paint, the letting in of light -through blocked-up windows, the allowing of feet to -pass through doorways closed in recent days by the -mason or bricklayer, and the making strong of really -perishing parts—all work beyond this is in great -danger of destroying the traces of the historic continuity -of our Church, and of doing a damage that -can never be repaired. And in preserving this historic -continuity, let it not be thought that any service -is being rendered to history or religion by sweeping -clean out of the church all fittings of a post-Reformation -date. The sturdy Elizabethan benches, the -well-carved Jacobean pulpit, or the altar rails of -beaten iron of last century, should all be preserved -as memorials of their respective periods; in short, -everything that our forefathers gave to God’s service -that was costly and good, should be by us preserved, -provided that it does not mar the devout ritual<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">[99]</span> -ordered by the Common Prayer, or in other respects -interfere with the Church’s due proclaiming of her -Divine mission to the nineteenth century. The -reaction against over-restoration is now happily -setting in, but a word of caution is also necessary -lest that cry should be adopted as the cloak of a lazy -indifferentism, or be used as an excuse for regarding -the parish church as a local museum illustrative of -byegone times, to be carefully dusted and nothing -more. Where much new work, or any considerable -extent of refitting, seem absolutely necessary, it is -best to hasten slowly, and to do a little well rather -than to aim at a speedy general effect. Thus, if one -of our old grey churches requires fresh seating, how -much better to fill a single aisle or one bay of the -nave with sound and effectively carved oak, and only -repair the remainder, rather than to accomplish the -whole in sticky pine. The best material and the -best art should surely be used in God’s service, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">[100]</span> -not reserved to feed our pride or minister to our -comfort in private dwellings. It has often been -noticed how far better the work of redeeming the -interior of our churches from that state of dirt and -neglect that had degraded some at least below the -level of the very barns upon the glebe, has been -carried out where money has come in slowly, and at -intervals, rather than where some munificent patron -has readily found the funds to enter upon a big -contract.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i015.jpg" alt="" /></div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="antiqua">Religious Houses.</span></h2> -</div> - -<p>If the parish includes within its boundaries the -remains or the site of any abbey, priory, hospital, -monastic cell, or other religious building otherwise -than the parish church, the history and description -of such places must of course be separately undertaken.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">[101]</span> -And let not the local historian consider it is -needless for him to explore into a subject that has -probably been treated of with greater or less detail -in the original edition of Dugdale’s “<i>Monasticon</i>,” -or with more precision in the expanded English -edition. The English abbeys or priories, whose -history can be said to have been exhaustively written, -could certainly be counted on the fingers of both -hands.</p> - -<p>Should any one desire to thoroughly search into -the history of a religious house, it will be best in the -first place to ascertain whether there is any chartulary -or chartularies extant (to printed lists of which -we have previously referred) for Dugdale and subsequent -writers have often only quoted some two or -three out of a hundred charters, or ignored them -altogether. Secondly, the numerous references to -national records, all now to be found at the P. R. O., -which are given in Tanner’s “Notitia,” or in the big<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">[102]</span> -Dugdale, should be referred to seriatim. Thirdly, -the indexes and calendars to the various Rolls, etc., -at the P. R. O., which have been mentioned under -the manorial history, should be looked through for -those more or less frequent references that are -almost certain to have been omitted by Tanner. -Fourthly, the Augmentation Books, and other likely -documents of the time of the Suppression of the -Monasteries, should be overhauled. Fifthly, special -MSS. dealing with the order to which the house -pertains, should be sought after; <i>e.g.</i>, if of the -Premonstratensian order, a store of unpublished -matter is almost certain to be found in the Peck -MSS. of the B. M., and in the Visitation Book of the -B., numbered Ashmole MSS. 1519. Sixthly, search -should also be made through the indexes of the -various Blue Book Reports of the Historical Manuscript -Commission, and inquiries set on foot as to -local private libraries. Seventhly, and though last,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">[103]</span> -this suggestion will often be found to be of great -value, questions should be asked through the pages -of that invaluable medium between literary men—<i>Notes -and Queries</i>.</p> - -<p>It may also be found of use to study the precise -statutes and regulations of the particular order. -They will be found in full in the bulky folios -of Holstein’s “<i>Codex Regularum Monasticarum et -Canonicarum</i>,” 1759. Dugdale only gives an -abstract of the majority of them.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i067.jpg" alt="" /></div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="antiqua">General Topics.</span></h2> -</div> - -<p>Under this head we may classify the more general -and modern subjects that should not be left out of -any complete parochial history, but which it is -sufficient just to indicate without further comment, -only premising that the annalist should keep constantly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">[104]</span> -before him that it is the history of a parish, -and not of a county or country, on which he is -engaged, and that the more sparing he is of general -disquisitions the more likely he is to please his readers.</p> - -<p>The value of a thorough study of the field-names, -of which we spoke in the first section of this manual, -will now also become apparent. Some names will -tell of a change of physical features, of swamps and -islands, where all is now dry and far removed from -water, or of forests and underwood, where the blade -of corn is now the highest vegetation; whilst others -will point to the previous existence of the vast common -fields, and their peculiar cultivation (concerning -which Maine’s “Village Communities” should be -read). Some will indicate the foolish ways in which -special crops were attempted to be forced by law -upon the people, for it is few parishes that have -not a “Flax Piece” as a witness to the futile legislation -of 24 Henry VIII.; whilst others tell of trades<span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">[105]</span> -now extinct, or metals long since worked out. Some -speak of those early days when the wolf or the bear -roamed the woods and fields, the beaver dammed up -the streams, or the eagle swooped down upon its -prey; whilst others tell of the weapons whereby -these fauna were rendered extinct, for scarcely a -township can be found where some field is not termed -“the Butts,” names that certainly date back as far -as Edward IV., when it was enacted that every -Englishman should have a bow of his own height, -and that butts for the practice of archery should be -erected near every village, where the inhabitants -were obliged to shoot up and down on every feast day -under penalty of being mulcted a halfpenny.</p> - -<p>It will, of course, be a matter of taste whether the -topics here enumerated should precede or follow the -manorial and ecclesiastical history.</p> - -<p>I. Situation—extent—hill and river—caverns and -springs—scenic character—climate and temperature.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">[106]</span>II. Geology—mineral workings—quarries.</p> - -<p>III. Special vegetable productions, past and -present.</p> - -<p>IV. Special Fauna—mammalia—birds—fish—reptiles—insects.</p> - -<p>V. Agriculture, past and present. Inclosures of -different dates—Inclosure Acts; for the mostly sad -effects of these most selfish Acts, which profited the -rich at the expense of the poor, for lists of inclosures -from time of Queen Anne, and for other valuable -information on this topic, see “General Report on -Enclosures,” drawn up by the Board of Agriculture -in 1808. The Board of Agriculture, in the first -quarter of this century, drew up most valuable Surveys -of Agriculture for the different counties, many -of which are replete with varied and interesting -information. On the economic and antiquarian side -of this question, read Professor Rogers’s “History -of Agriculture and Prices in England.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">[107]</span>VI. Trades and manufactures, past and present.</p> - -<p>VII. Fairs and markets.</p> - -<p>VIII. Roads, canals, railways, and bridges—past -and present. Care should be taken in tracing out -disused roads, bridle paths, or pack-horse tracks.</p> - -<p>IX. Folk-lore. Under this head will come customs -and ceremonies relating to childbearing, -churching, christening, courtship, betrothal, marriage, -death, and burial—public-house signs and -their meaning—customs and superstitious pertaining -to wells and streams—used and disused sports and -games—obsolete punishments, such as ducking-stool -or stocks—omens—witchcraft—ghosts—charms—divinations—and -other quaint or original customs. -Several books have lately been published on this -subject, but they are mostly instances of book-making, -and none come up to or surpass Ellis’s -edition of “Brand’s Popular Antiquities.” A most -useful publication society has been recently started,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">[108]</span> -termed “The Folk Lore Society,” which has already -begun collecting and publishing. The Hon. Sec. is -G. Lawrence Gomme, Esq., Castelnau, Barnes.</p> - -<p>X. Dialect. On this subject see the invaluable -publications of the “English Dialect Society,” now -(1879) in the seventh year of its existence. The -hon. secretary is J. H. Nodal, Esq., The Grange, -Heaton Moor, Stockport. One of their publications, -price 6s. to non-subscribers, is “A List of Books -relating to some of the counties of England.” Halliwell’s -“Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words” -will be found very useful.</p> - -<p>XI. Poor Law and general Rating, history and -statistics.</p> - -<p>XII. Population, inhabited houses, and other -census details at different periods.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i108.jpg" alt="" /></div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">[109]</span> - -<h2 class="nobreak">INDEX.</h2> -</div> - -<p> -Advowson, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Armour, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Attainders, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Bacon’s “Liber Regis,” <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Banks’ “Dormant and Extinct Baronage,” <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bateman’s “Ten Years Diggings,” <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bells, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bigelow’s “Placita Anglo-Normannica,” <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Black Book of the Exchequer, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Blount’s “Ancient Tenures,” <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bloxam’s “Monumental Architecture,” <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bohn’s “Antiquarian Series,” <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Boldon Book, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Book of Ely, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Book of Exeter, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Book of Winchester, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Borough Records, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Boutell’s “Christian Monuments,” <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Brand’s “Popular Antiquities,” <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Brasses, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Briefs, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Burke’s “Armoury,” <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Burke’s “Landed Gentry,” <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Burn’s “Parish Registers,” <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Calamy’s “Ejected Ministers,” <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Chaffers’ “Hall Marks,” <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Chalmers’ “Biographical Dictionary,” <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Chambers’ “Divine Worship,” <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Chantries, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Charities, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Charnock’s “Local Etymology,” <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Charter Rolls, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Church Details, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>-<a href="#Page_96">6</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Church, Description of, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Church, History of, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Churchwardens’ Accounts, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Close Rolls, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Collins’ “Peerage and Baronetage,” <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Commonwealth Survey, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Constables’ Accounts, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Corblet’s “Manuel Elémentaire,” <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Costume, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.<br /> -<br /> -County Records, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Court of Chancery, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Cowel’s “Interpreter,” <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Cussan’s “Heraldry,” <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">[110]</span><br /> -<br /> -Cutts’ “Incised Slabs,” <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Dialect, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Dedication of Church, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Domesday Book, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Domestic Architecture, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Dugdale’s “Baronage,” <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Dugdale’s “Monasticon,” <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Ecton’s “Thesaurus,” <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Edmondson’s “Baronagium Genealogicum,” <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Edmund’s “Names of Places,” <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Ellacombe’s “Bells of the Church,” <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Ellis’ “Introduction to Domesday Book,” <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.<br /> -<br /> -English Dialect Society, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Episcopal Registers, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Etymology, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Fairholt’s “Costume,” <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Feet of Fines, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Ferguson’s “River Names,” <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Ferguson’s “Teutonic Name System,” <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Fergusson’s “Rude Stone Monuments,” <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Fergusson’s “History of Architecture,” <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Feudal Tenure, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Field Names, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Fine Rolls, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Folk Lore, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Folk Lore Society, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Fonts, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Forfeitures, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Fosbrooke’s “Encyclopædia of Antiquities,” <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Fowler’s “Bells and Bell-ringing,” <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Fuller’s “Worthies,” <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -General Topics, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>-<a href="#Page_108">8</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Glass, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Gomme’s “Index of Municipal Offices,” <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Gough’s “Sepulchral Monuments,” <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Greenwell’s “British Barrows,” <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Guilds and Fraternities, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Haines’ “Brasses,” <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Halliwell’s “Archaic Dictionary,” <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Hamilton’s “Quarter Sessions,” <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Heralds’ Visitations, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Heraldic Church Notes, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Heraldry, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Hewitt’s “Ancient Armour,” <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Historical MSS. Commission, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.<br /> -<br /> -History of the Church, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Holstein’s “Codex,” <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Hundred Rolls, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Incised Slabs, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Inclosure Acts, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Inclosure Commissioners, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Incumbents, Lists of, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Inquisitiones ad quod damnum, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Inquisitiones post mortem, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">[111]</span><br /> -<br /> -Inventories of Church Goods, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Itinerant Justices, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Justices in Eyre, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Justices of the Forest, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Kemble’s “Saxons in England,” <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Knight’s Fees, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Le Neve’s “Fasti,” <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Le Neve’s “Monumenta Anglicana,” <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Leo’s “Local Nomenclature,” <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Local Etymology, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Lubbock’s “Scientific Lectures,” <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Maine’s “Village Communities,” <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Manorial History, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Maps, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Marshall’s “Genealogist’s Guide,” <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Marshall Rolls, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Mayors of Boroughs, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Members of Parliament, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Merewether’s “History of Boroughs,” <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Monuments, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Muster Rolls, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Nichols’ “Collectanea,” <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Nicolas’ “Notitia Historica,” <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Nonarum Inquisitiones, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Nonconformist Registers, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.<br /> -<br /> -“Notes and Queries,” <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.<br /> -<br /> -North’s “Bells of Leicestershire and Northamptonshire,” <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Originalia, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Overseers of the Poor, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Paley’s “Fonts,” <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Papworth’s “Armorials,” <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pardons, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Parish Registers, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Parker’s “Calendar,” <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Parker’s “Domestic Architecture,” <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Parker’s “Glossary of Architecture,” <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Parochial Records, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Patent Rolls, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pedes Finium, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Personal History, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pipe Rolls, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Placita, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Placita Itinerum, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Plate, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Prehistoric Remains, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Quo Warranto Rolls, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Re-consecration, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Records of Assize, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Recusant Rolls, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Re-dedication, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Religious Houses, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.<br /> -<br /> -“Reliquary,” <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Report on Enclosures, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Report on Municipal Corporations, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Report on Public Records, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">[112]</span><br /> -<br /> -Restoration, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Rock’s “Church of our Fathers,” <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Roger’s “History of Agriculture,” <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Rotuli Curiæ Regis, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Scutage Rolls, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Sequestrations, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Sharpe’s “Seven Periods,” <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Sheriffs, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Simpson’s “Fonts,” <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Sims’ “Index to Pedigrees,” <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Sims’ “Manual,” <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Stone Effigies, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Stothard’s “Monumental Effigies,” <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Stubb’s “Registrum Sacrum,” <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Styles of Architecture, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Tanner’s “Notitia,” <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Taylor’s “Words and Places,” <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Taxation of Pope Nicholas, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Testa de Neville, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Thomas’ “Handbook,” <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Thorpe’s “Diplomatarium Anglicum,” <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Tithe Commutation Maps, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Toulmin Smith’s “English Guilds,” <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Toulmin Smith’s “Parish,” <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Valor Ecclesiasticus, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Village Officers, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Viollet-le-Duc’s “Military Architecture,” <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Walcott’s “Sacred Archæology,” <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Walker’s “Sufferings of the Clergy,” <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Weever’s “Funerall Monuments,” <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Wills, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Winston’s “Glass Painting,” <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Wood’s “Athenæ,” <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Worrall’s “Bibliotheca Legum Angliæ,” <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Worsae’s “Primeval Antiquities,” <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Wright’s “Archæological Essays,” <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Wright’s “Court-Hand Restored,” <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Year Books, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Youlgreave Parish Records, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i112.jpg" alt="" /></div> - -<p class="center">BEMROSE AND SONS, PRINTERS. LONDON AND DERBY.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph3">BY THE SAME AUTHOR.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="tiny" /> - -<p class="ph2"><small>NOTES ON</small><br /> - -<span class="antiqua">The Churches of Derbyshire.</span></p> - -<hr class="tiny" /> -<p class="center"><i>Four Volumes, handsomely bound in Cloth, profusely<br /> -Illustrated, red edges, Royal 8vo.</i></p> - -<hr class="tiny" /> -<table> - -<tr><td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Vol. I.</span></td><td> <span class="smcap">Hundred of Scarsdale.</span> <i>Price 15s.</i></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Vol. II.</span></td><td> <span class="smcap">Hundreds of High Peak and Wirksworth.</span><br /> -    <i>Price 21s.</i></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Vol. III.</span></td><td> <span class="smcap">Hundreds of Appletree, and Repton<br /> -    and Gresley.</span> <i>Price 21s.</i></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Vol. IV.</span></td><td> <span class="smcap">Hundred of Litchurch and Morleston</span>;<br /> -    <span class="smcap">Borough of Derby</span>; General Appendix;<br /> -    and General Index to the 4 vols.<br /> -    <i>Price 25s.</i></td></tr> -</table> - -<p class="center"><i>Or £3 15s. 0d. for the whole Series.</i></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p>“<span class="smcap">A magnificent work.</span>”—<i>Times.</i></p> - -<p>“An excellent work of the most comprehensive and minute -kind.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p>“A rare example of thoroughly conscientious work, and a -perfect treasury of ecclesiological information.”—<i>Academy.</i></p> -</div> - -<hr class="tiny" /> - -<p class="center"> -LONDON:<br /> -BEMROSE & SONS, 10, PATERNOSTER BUILDINGS;<br /> -AND IRONGATE, DERBY.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph3">TO AUTHORS, CLERGYMEN, &c.</p> -</div> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<div> - <img class="drop-cap" src="images/i114a.jpg" alt="B" /> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap">BEMROSE & SONS desire to call attention -to the special facilities which they can -offer for the production of County or -Parish Histories, and high-class Bookwork generally.</p> - -<p>Estimates and specimens on application.</p> - -<table> - -<tr><td class="tdc"><b>LETTERPRESS<br /> -PRINTING.</b><br /> - -<img src="images/i114b.jpg" alt="" /></td> - -<td class="tda">An extensive office, with a varied -stock of old style and other types, -affords a selection of such type as -harmonises with the character and -size of the work to be executed.<br /> -<br /> -The staff of employés is large and -experienced, while the best and latest -mechanical and other appliances combine -to ensure excellence and dispatch -in the issue of all printing.<br /> -<br /> -Sermons, Reports, Bills, Circulars, -and other Parochial Printing, at the -shortest notice.</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdb"><b>ILLUSTRATIONS<br /> -AND<br /> -ILLUMINATIONS.</b><br /> - -<img src="images/i114b.jpg" alt="" /></td> - -<td class="tdt">Special Artists are employed for -the numerous branches of Art in -connection with Typography, hence -Illustrations, either on Wood or Steel, -to any design, and in accord with -any style or period. 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