diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'old/68613-0.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/68613-0.txt | 2570 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 2570 deletions
diff --git a/old/68613-0.txt b/old/68613-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index af020df..0000000 --- a/old/68613-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2570 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of How to write the history of a parish, -by J. Charles Cox - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: How to write the history of a parish - -Author: J. Charles Cox - -Release Date: July 25, 2022 [eBook #68613] - -Language: English - -Produced by: David E. Brown and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team - at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO WRITE THE HISTORY OF A -PARISH *** - - - - - - HOW TO WRITE - THE HISTORY OF A PARISH. - - - - - HOW TO WRITE - THE HISTORY OF A PARISH. - - BY - J. CHARLES COX, - - AUTHOR OF “NOTES ON THE CHURCHES OF DERBYSHIRE,” ETC. - - “Every man’s concern with the place where he lives, has something - more in it than the mere amount of rates and taxes that he - has to pay.”--_Toulmin Smith._ - - LONDON: - BEMROSE & SONS, 10, PATERNOSTER BUILDINGS; - AND DERBY. - 1879. - - - - -ENTERED AT STATIONERS’ HALL. - - - - - - TO THE - REV. THOMAS PRESTON NOWELL BAXTER, M.A., - (LATE FELLOW OF ST. CATHARINE’S COLL., CAMBRIDGE.) - RECTOR OF HAWERBY, AND RURAL DEAN, - WHO FIRST SUGGESTED - THE WRITING OF THIS LITTLE HAND-BOOK, - THESE PAGES - ARE RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED. - - [Illustration] - - - - -[Illustration] - -PREFACE. - - -Some of the Clergy of the Diocese of Lincoln are responsible for the -issue of this booklet. A much-needed county history of Lincolnshire is -now being projected, upon the basis of separate parochial histories. -A circular put forth in one of the rural deaneries was good enough to -refer in laudatory terms to the introduction to the first volume of -my _Notes on the Churches of Derbyshire_. This led to my being asked -to re-publish that introduction; but it applied so peculiarly to -Derbyshire that I felt it would be of small avail to those outside the -county. Hence I decided to put together some hints that might prove a -help to those who may be desirous of undertaking parochial history in -any part of the kingdom, whether manorial, ecclesiastical, or both. In -the first part of these pages I am indebted to Thomas’s “Handbook to -the Public Records,” and more especially to Sims’s invaluable “Manual -for the Topographer and Genealogist;” but I have not referred to any -class of documents with which I am not in some measure personally -conversant. - -Those who have been engaged in any literary work are well aware how -large a portion of time is often spent in merely learning the titles -and somewhat of the contents of those books that treat of the different -branches of the subject selected. Various books connected with -parochial history, especially those that have been proved by experience -to be the best hand-books, are therefore mentioned in these pages to -facilitate reference. Space only has prevented me from considerably -adding both to their number and description, but any further knowledge -that I may have gleaned on topographical literature is heartily at the -disposal of any _worker_ who may privately apply to me. - -I shall be grateful for any correction of errors, or for any suggestion -as to deficiencies. - -[Illustration] - - - - -[Illustration] - - - - -[Illustration] - -ABBREVIATIONS. - - -P.R.O.--For the Public Record Office. Almost the whole of our national -records, which were until recently in upwards of half-a-dozen different -buildings, are now under one roof in Fetter Lane, Fleet Street. All -documents mentioned in the following pages must be understood to be at -the Public Record Office, unless it is otherwise stated. Several of -the earlier folio publications of the Record Commissioners, to which -reference is herein made, are out of print, but they are to be found in -most of our public libraries. - -B. M.--For the Library of the British Museum. - -B.--For the Bodleian Library, Oxford. - -C.--For the University Library, Cambridge. - -[Illustration] - - - - -[Illustration] - -HOW TO WRITE THE HISTORY OF A PARISH. - - - - -Etymology. - - -Not only should the etymology of the name of the parish be carefully -considered, and its various forms of spelling be collected, from -Domesday Book downwards, but a list should be made of the whole of the -names of the physical features, such as hills, streams, and lanes, and -especially of the field-names. Field-names--which will often establish -the sites of disused chapels or manor-houses, of Celtic burials or -Roman roads, as well as help to decide the nationality of the colonists -that predominated in the district--can be sometimes gleaned from old -private estate maps, or other exceptional sources, but the “Award” -maps of Inclosure Commissioners from 1710 downwards, or the Tithe -Commutation maps of 1836, are the chief and most reliable sources. -These maps should be in most parish chests, but they have often -illegally strayed into the private hands of solicitors, churchwardens, -etc. When lost or difficult of access, the original maps can usually -be seen at the offices of the Copyhold Inclosure and Tithe Commission, -3, St. James’s Square, on payment of 2s. 6d.; but under certain Acts -the originals will be found, or rather ought to be found and to be -accessible, at the Clerk of the Peace’s office for the county. - -The best hand-books on local etymology are--Taylor’s “Words and -Places,” and Edmund’s “Names of Places.” Leo on “The Local Nomenclature -of the Anglo-Saxons,” Charnock’s “Local Etymology and Derivative -Dictionary,” and Ferguson’s “River Names,” and “Teutonic Name System” -may also be consulted with advantage. - - - - -“Prehistoric” Remains. - - -If there are any so-called “Druidical” (almost invariably a complete -misnomer) or other “prehistoric” remains of that class, not a word -should be written respecting them until Fergusson’s “Rude Stone -Monuments” has been thoroughly digested. Though published in 1872, not -one of the old-fashioned antiquaries has made any serious attempt to -refute its conclusions. - -The best work on tumuli, or barrows, is Canon Greenwell’s “British -Barrows.” See also Bateman’s “Ten Years’ Diggings in Celtic and Saxon -Grave Hills.” The two last essays of Sir John Lubbock’s “Scientific -Lectures” give a popular account of that branch of prehistoric -archæology which deals with the palæolithic and neolithic periods, -_i.e._, with the races who respectively used the chipped and ground -weapons of stone. - - - - -History of the Manor. - - -THE ANGLO-SAXON CHRONICLE, and other Old English chronicles, should -be consulted for possible early mention of the parish. Most of these -have been cheaply printed in an English dress in Bohn’s Antiquarian -Series. In Kemble’s “Saxons in England” will be found a good list of -the old tribal divisions into “marks.” Thorpe’s _Diplomatarium Anglicum -Ævi Saxonici_ is an admirable collection of early charters (with -translations); some of the wills contain many place-names; the volume -is indifferently indexed. - -THE DOMESDAY BOOK, compiled in 1085-6, is preserved at the Chapter -House, Westminster. It gives particulars of all the different manors -throughout England, excepting those of Northumberland, Cumberland, -Westmoreland, and Durham. It was printed in two large volumes in 1783, -and a third volume of indexes and introductory matter added in 1811. -A most valuable “General Introduction” was published in 1833, by Sir -Henry Ellis. The Ordnance Survey have recently brought out a fac-simile -edition of the Domesday Book, produced by Photo-zincography, which can -be obtained in separate counties. The extended text and translation of -most counties can also be procured. - -The Book of Exeter and the Book of Ely are of the same date, and -no doubt copied from the same returns as Domesday Book itself, but -they contain many more details. The former, preserved at Exeter -Cathedral, comprises the counties of Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon, -and Cornwall; the latter, now in the British Museum, relates to -Cambridge, Hertford, Essex, Norfolk, Suffolk, and Huntingdon. The Book -of Winchester (Society of Antiquaries) relates to that borough; it was -made in 1148. The Boldon Book is a survey of the county palatinate of -Durham, taken in 1183; there are three copies, two at Durham, and one -at the Bodleian. These four minor Surveys were published by the Record -Commissioners in one volume in 1816. - -KNIGHT’S FEES. When England was subdivided by the Conqueror among his -vassals, the feudal custom of supplying the crown with a certain number -of knights was imposed upon them. The number of knights that had to be -furnished was specified in the infeoffment. These knights, in their -turn, held lands from the immediate tenants of the crown, which were -owned by homage, fealty, and a great variety of tenures, as well as by -direct payments in money. Some tenures were merely nominal, such as -a grain of cummin, or a red rose; others were of more or less value, -such as a pair of white gloves, a tun of wine, a gold spur, or a silver -salver; and others by such service as holding the lord’s stirrup, -keeping a pack of hounds, etc., etc. See Blount’s “Ancient Tenures.” -The lands of these knights were termed “Fees,” and composed the barony -of a crown vassal. A knight’s fee was supposed to be so much land as -would suffice to maintain him, and to enable him to present himself and -his retainers ready equipped for the field in times of emergency. Hence -a “Knight’s Fee,” as applied to land, represents no definite quantity, -but a variable amount, generally between one and five hundred acres of -cultivable land. The term is also sometimes used for the rent paid to -the lord for the fee. - -It is easy, then, to see that it became essential to the Crown, both -for monetary and judicial purposes, as well national as local, to know -from time to time the exact position of their vassals and sub-vassals. -Hence, Inquisitions were held up and down the country before local -sworn juries, and the barons made returns of that which they held, -and which was held under them. These returns are among the earliest -of our national records; and though brief, are invaluable, from their -absolute authenticity, to the genealogist and local historian. The -chief documents of this class are the _Black Book of the Exchequer, -temp._ Henry II., the original of which is in the P. R. O., but three -manuscript copies are in the B. M., C., and B. respectively, and it was -published (but imperfectly, and not from the original) by Hearn, in -two vols., 8vo., last century; the _Scutage_ and the _Marshall Rolls, -temp._, Edw. I. & II., P. R. O.; various lists of Tenants in Capite -in our different public libraries; and, most important, the _Testa de -Neville_. The last-mentioned of these documents consists of two ancient -volumes compiled _temp._ Edw. II., now in the P. R. O. They consist -of Inquisitions, taken _temp._ Henry III. and Edw. I., respecting the -Fees held immediately or otherwise of the King, throughout the whole -of England, excepting the counties of Cambridge, Cheshire, Durham, -Lancashire, and Monmouthshire. These records were officially printed -in one vol., folio, in 1807; there are many errors in the spelling of -place-names, but these can for the most part be readily detected by any -one having local knowledge. Another folio volume, printed in 1802, is -the _Nonarum Inquisitiones_; it is of some value, and may, perhaps, be -fairly included under the head of “Knight’s Fees.” It consists, in the -main, of the finding upon oath by the parishioners, of the value of -the ninth lamb, fleece, and sheep, and in cities and boroughs of the -ninth of goods and chattels, which by an Act 14 Edw. III. were to be -levied as a tax for two years towards the expenditure in the Scotch and -French wars. The rolls abound in the names of jurymen, commissioners, -and landowners. The published volume only contains the returns from -twenty-seven counties, but the Nona Rolls for most of the missing ones, -_e.g._, Derby, Hertford, Northumberland, and Warwick, have since been -found. MS. indexes of these will be found in the small books lettered -“Exchequer Subsidies” in the search room of the P. R. O. - -ROTULI. Under the general head of “Rolls,” some of the most important -of our national documents have to be briefly considered. - -The Great Rolls of the Exchequer, otherwise called the _Pipe Rolls_, -are all but perfect from 2 Henry II. to the present time; and there is -one roll of 31 Henry I., the oldest national document now extant after -the Domesday Book. They relate to the revenues of the Crown, digested -under the heads of the several counties. They are of much interest and -utility in early pedigrees, and relate to a far wider range of subjects -than Crown lands, as the Crown revenues come from so great a diversity -of sources. The originals are in the P. R. O., but most of the rolls -are in duplicate at the B. M. Several volumes of transcripts are in the -B. M. and B. The Rolls for the 31 Henry I.; 3 John; 2, 3, and 4, Henry -II.; and 1 Richard I., have been published by the Record Commissioners. - -The _Patent Rolls_ commence with 3 John, and are fairly perfect -up to the present time. On them are entered all grants of lands, -offices, honours, pensions, and particulars of individual or corporate -privileges, etc., etc. These invaluable Rolls are unfortunately not -indexed. A folio calendar of those from John to 23 Edward IV., was -printed in 1802, but it is only a capriciously made selection. Those -from the 3rd to 18th John have since been printed in full, with an -admirable introduction. In the B. M. are many volumes of selections -and extracts for particular periods. Manorial grants of “free warren” -in these rolls will often supply a missing link in the history of a -manor. - -The difference between the documents entered on the _Close Rolls_, -and the Patent Rolls, is that royal letters patent were delivered -_open_, with the Great Seal appended, and were supposed to be of a -public nature and addressed to all the king’s subjects; whilst the -Close Rolls contain entries of such instruments as were despatched -_closed_ or sealed up, and were of a more private nature. These -rolls begin in 1204. From that time to 11 Henry III., they have been -printed in full in two folio volumes. There are various copies and -transcripts of particular parts in the B.M., B., and C., and in the -libraries of Lincoln’s Inn and Inner Temple. The rolls are of infinite -variety and importance. Among the subjects treated of are--Royal -Prerogatives, Homage, Fealty, Knight’s Service, Treasure Trove, Gold -and Silver Mining, Bail and Pardons, Livery of Lands, Assignment of -Dowers, Wardship of Minors, Repairs of Bridges, etc., etc. They often, -therefore, contain unexpected fragments of local history connected with -apparently insignificant parishes, and are even more fruitful than the -better known Patent Rolls. - -The _Charter Rolls_ contain a good deal of duplicate matter to that -on the Patent Rolls. They chiefly consist of grants of privileges to -religious houses, cities, and towns, and grants of markets, fairs, and -free warren to individuals. Charters, like Letters Patent, passed under -the Great Seal; but a charter differed from a patent inasmuch as the -former was witnessed by the council or by such persons as were present -at its execution, and the latter was solely executed by the king. The -Charter Rolls extend from 1199 to 1483. A complete calendar of these -rolls, well indexed, was published in 1803, and the rolls themselves -of the reign of John, were also published by the Record Commissioners -in 1837. - -The _Fine Rolls_ contain accounts of fines paid to the Crown for -licenses to alienate lands, for freedom from knight service, or being -knighted, for renewals of various charters, etc., etc. They begin -in the time of Richard I. The Fine Rolls of John, and extracts from -those of Henry III., have been published by the Commissioners in three -8vo. volumes. They are to be distinguished from the important _Pedes -Finium_, subsequently explained. - -The _Originalia_ are described in the Public Records Report as “the -Estreats transmitted from the Court of Chancery into this (Exchequer) -office, of all grants of the Crown inrolled on the Patent and other -Rolls, whereon any rent is reserved, any salary payable, or any service -performed.” These rolls commence early in the reign of Henry III. -An abstract, in two folio volumes, of the Originalia from 20 Henry -III. to the end of Edward III., was published by the Commissioners -in 1805. Similar abstracts from 1 Richard II., to end of James II., -were prepared for printing, but never published; the MS. of this work -is in the B. M. An index to the Originalia was published in 1793, by -Mr. Edward Jones, in two folio volumes. Those who have had occasion to -use Mr. Jones’s index know that the judgment “very useful, but very -imperfect,” is true in each particular. - -The _Hundred Rolls_ will often prove to be of the greatest interest for -one period of manorial history. During the turbulent reign of Henry -III., the Crown revenues had been much diminished by the Tenants in -Capite alienating lands without license, and by powerful ecclesiastics -and laymen usurping the rights of holding courts, and committing other -encroachments. The people, too, had been greatly oppressed by exactions -and oppressions at the hands of sheriffs and other officers, and by -false claims to free warren and illegal tolls. One of the first acts -of Edward I., on his return from the Holy Land, at his father’s death, -was to remedy these abuses. The circuit of the itinerant justices was -only usually made once in seven years, therefore the king appointed -Special Commissioners for inquiring into these grievances throughout -the realm. These rolls are the result of the inquisitions taken in -pursuance of this commission. They afford evidence, upon the oath of a -jury of each hundred and town of--all demesne lands and manors then or -formerly in the hands of the Crown--all tenants in capite and tenants -in ancient demesne--alienations to the Church--rights of free warren, -fisheries, etc.--oppressions of nobility and clergy--exactions of -excessive toll--unlawful trading--encroachments on highways, etc., etc. -The whole of these rolls were published by the Record Commissioners in -1812-18, in two large folio volumes, but are not now to be purchased. -“The genealogist may estimate the assistance these volumes are capable -of affording, when it is mentioned that the Indices of Names contain -references to about 70,000 persons.” The mis-spelling of place-names -is sometimes a little misleading, but ordinary care will rectify this, -as the returns are arranged in counties. The rolls, as printed, may -be fairly relied on for historical purposes, without the trouble of -collating the originals. - -PLACITA. The pleadings of our several courts, with the judgments -thereon, have been for many centuries entered on rolls. The greater -part of these are termed Placita, or pleading Rolls. Their important -bearing on manorial history is obvious. There is scarcely a manor in -the kingdom that had not occasion, on an average of at least once a -century, to put in an appearance in one or other of the courts on some -matter involving litigation. - -Under our Norman kings, all pleadings were originally heard _Aula sive -Curia Regis_, in the hall or court of the king’s palace. In aid of the -King’s Court, itinerant justices were first appointed _temp._ Henry I., -and were finally established 22 Henry II. Towards the end of the reign -of Richard I., the Curia Regis was subdivided into courts of Exchequer -and Chancery, whilst the king’s court still retained pleas immediately -touching the Crown, and also common pleas, both civil and criminal. The -Magna Charta, 17 John, separated the Common Pleas from the royal court, -after which the Curia Regis continued to be the superior court of law -for criminal matters, and early in the reign of Edward I. lost its more -ancient title and became known as the Court of King’s Bench. - -The _Rotuli Curia Regis_ have been printed in full, from 6 Richard I. -to 1 John, by the Record Commissioners, in two 8vo. volumes. The same -rolls, in addition to those of the King’s Bench, down to the end of -the reign of Edward II., were, in 1811, elaborately calendared and -indexed by the Commissioners in a valuable folio volume, under the -title--_Placitorum in Domo Capitulari Westmonasteriensi asservatorum -Abbreviatio_, but the rolls are now in the P. R. O. The abstract has -been made after a fickle fashion, some pleadings are given in full, -whilst many others of more importance are condensed into a couple of -lines; and there is nothing in the volume to tell the student whether -they are abbreviated or not. - -The earliest provincial courts were those of the Itinerant Justices, or -Justices in Eyre (from the Norman-French word _erre_, a journey); they -held criminal and common pleas, and also pleas of the forest. These -justices afterwards gave way to Circuit Judges, and the Justices in -Eyre then became only another name for the _Justices of the Forest_. -If there is or has been any royal Forest or Chace within the parish -under consideration, special search should be made for its records. -Most of the early proceedings relative to forests are entered on the -Patent Rolls; a considerable number of the ancient perambulations and -inquisitions have been printed in various reports made at different -dates. Copies of these reports, bound in two large volumes, can be -consulted at the P. R. O. Extracts from the rolls, relative to the -forests, for special periods may be found both at the P. R. O. and the -B. M. The forest perambulations for the reigns of Henry III. and Edward -I. have been completely indexed. - -Those rolls that may properly be termed _Records of Assize_ commence 6 -Richard I., and end with the reign of Edward IV. In the B. M. are many -MS. volumes of _Placita Itinerum_ pertaining to different reigns and -different counties. - -In 1818 the Record Commissioners published an important folio volume, -entitled _Placita de Quo Warranto temporibus Edw. I., II., III._, -which forms an interesting sequel to the Hundred Rolls. The Hundred -Rolls, as already mentioned, gave a great mass of sworn information as -to abuses. Those persons thus charged were summoned to answer “_Quo -Warranto_” such and such things were done or left undone? or by what -right such and such manors, etc., were held? This volume contains -a full transcript of the roll of the pleadings in answer to these -summonses, and the judgments thereon. Its utility in manorial history -cannot be exaggerated, as the descent of the manor is often traced back -in these pleadings to the time of John or even earlier. The rolls are -arranged under counties, and include the whole of England, with the -exception of the palatinate of Durham. - -The earliest records of the _Court of Chancery_ are of the 17th year -of Richard II., the previous documents having been destroyed in the -Wat Tyler rebellion. There are no petitions extant to the Chancellor -of the reign of Henry IV., and but few of Henry V., but from the -beginning of the reign of Henry VI. they seem to have been kept with -much regularity. Calendars of the Chancery proceedings of the reign -of Elizabeth were published in three volumes folio, 1827-32. In the -introduction to this work are many examples of the earlier proceedings -of that court from Richard II. downwards. It is hardly necessary to add -that the bills of complaint, and their answers, filed in this court, -often contain abundant information as to manorial descent. Numerous MS. -volumes of indexes to Chancery proceedings are at the service of the -searcher in the P. R. O. - -The volumes known as the _Year Books_ contain reports in Norman-French -of cases argued and decided in the Courts of Common Law. They form the -basis of the “_lex non scripta_” of English jurisprudence, and are -worthy of attention on account of the historical information and the -notices of public and private persons which they contain. The frequent -disputes about heirship cause them often to be of value in manorial -history. These Reports begin in 1220, and an account of the different -books, their dates, etc., may be found in Worrall’s “_Bibliotheca Legum -Angliæ_,” 1788. Serjeant Maynard published an edition of early Year -Books, in eleven volumes, in 1679. Several of those of the reign of -Edward I. have been edited by the Record Commissioners. Lincoln’s Inn -Library, and the University Library, Cambridge, have a great number of -MS. Year Books. A work of much research, by Mr. Bigelow, has just been -published, entitled “_Placita Anglo-Normannica_,” it is a history of -the litigation and legal procedure of the temporal courts during the -period from the Norman Conquest to the middle of the reign of Richard -I. If there has been any early dispute about the manor or manorial -rights, this volume should certainly be consulted. - -INQUISITIONES. _Inquisitiones post mortem_, are not unfrequently termed -“Escheats,” from the writs being directed to the county official called -the Escheator; but the term is incorrect, and should never be used, for -there is a class of documents correctly called _Escheat Rolls_, which -differ altogether from these inquisitions, and refer to the escheator’s -accounts of lands and property escheated to the crown from various -causes, and the profits and value of the same at different periods. -The _Inquisitio post mortem_, on the contrary, was an inquiry held on -oath by a jury of the district, summoned by virtue of a writ directed -to the county Escheator, on the death of every tenant in capite. The -jury had to inquire (1) of what lands the person died seized, (2) -by what rents or services the same were held, and (3) who was his -next heir and of what age; they had also to ascertain whether the -tenant was attainted of treason, or an alien, in which case the lands -reverted to the crown. The return of the jury, together with the writ -authorising the inquiry, were returned to the King’s Chancery, whence -a transcript was sent to the Exchequer, so that the proper officers -might be able to levy the duties and services thereupon due; for on -the death of each tenant in capite, a tax termed a “relief” was due -to the crown, and the heir could not take possession until the relief -was paid and homage done. Moreover, if the heir was a minor, the crown -administered the estates until he could make proof of his legal age -and perform homage. The Exchequer transcripts of these Inquisitions, -together in most cases with the writ, are still extant from the time -of Henry III. down to the end of the reign of Charles I., that is, -until the feudal land system was finally overthrown. Calendars, or -short abstracts of these Inquisitions, carefully indexed, have been -printed in four folio volumes by the Record Commissioners, 1806-1828, -up to the end of the reign of Richard III. These calendars, which are -invaluable for reference, must be used with caution, and should never -be quoted as proving the death of any person by a particular date, for -unfortunately not a few inquisitions that are not _post mortem_, but -_ad quod damnum_, are included amongst them. There are also many errors -in nomenclature, and in assigning manors to special counties; it is -therefore wisest to make the rule of never quoting these inquisitions, -unless the original has been seen, or a full transcript obtained. The -inquisitions subsequent to the time of Richard III. have not been -calendared. Private enterprise has more than once announced that such -a work would be taken in hand, and subscribers names obtained, but -up to the present time (1879) there seems no immediate prospect of -publication. - -The Record Commissioners have also published a Calendar to the -Inquisitions of this class, pertaining to the Duchy of Lancaster, from -the time of Edward I. to Charles I. - -Extracts and abstracts from these Inquisitions, covering particular -periods, or for particular counties, are numerous in our public -libraries; for lists of such MSS., see Sims’ _Manual_, pp. 125-8. - -Another form of inquisition was the _Inquisitio ad quod damnum_, -which was a judicial inquiry, held by virtue of a writ directed -to the Escheator of the county, when any license of alienation of -lands, or grant of a market, fair, or other privilege was solicited. -A local jury was sworn to inquire whether if the claim was granted -it would interfere with any vested right, or be to the detriment of -the crown or some of its subjects--hence the name _ad quod damnum_. -These inquisitions, especially with relation to alienating lands to -religious houses, are often very valuable to the local historian, for -the jury in such cases had to state the amount, value, and nature of -the remainder of the lands of the intended donor. A calendar of these -records from 1 Edward II. to 38 Henry VI., was officially published -in 1803, and is bound up with the previously mentioned calendar of -the Charter Rolls. It should be remembered, as already stated, that -many inquisitions _ad quod damnum_, particularly the earlier ones, are -wrongly catalogued and arranged among the _post mortem_ inquests. - -PEDES FINIUM. The _Pedes Finium_, or “Feet of Fines,” must be clearly -distinguished from the previously mentioned Fine Rolls, which are quite -a different class of record. The Fine here signified is no mulct of -money, but is so called because it is the _final_ agreement between -persons concerning any lands or rents or other matters whereof there -is any suit between them. The fine, or solemn contract recorded -before a competent judge, is described as having five parts--(1) the -original writ taken out against the cognisor, (2) the license of the -crown giving the parties liberty to accord, (3) the concord itself, (4) -the note of the fine, which is an abstract of the original concord, -and (5) the _foot of the fine_, which always began thus--“Hæc est -_finalis_ concordia facta in curia Dom. Regis apud Westm” etc. This -foot of the fine, which was the official summary of the concord, was -cut off in an indented line (hence the word _indenture_), so as to -tally with the part delivered to the suitor and prove its authenticity, -and retained by the court. There is no class of documents that has -been so continuously preserved in uninterrupted succession as these -Feet of Fines. No manorial history can be considered satisfactory -until these records have been carefully consulted, for they contain -the proceedings which have been adopted to convey estates, as well as -to free them from their entailment to issue, or from the dower of -wives. The earliest of these documents, viz., from 7 Richard I. to 16 -John, have been officially published in two 8vo. volumes, under the -title--“_Fines, sive Pedes Finium; sive Finales Concordiæ, in Curia -Domini Regis_.” - -Having thus run through the chief classes of documents bearing, with -more or less directness, on manorial history, it may be added that -further information should be sought in Mr. Thomas’ “Handbook to the -Public Records.” It may also be well to mention, that those who require -accurate transcripts of any of the records in Fetter Lane, need not -apply for officially certified copies; for reliable transcribers can -readily be met with who will do the work for less than half the sum -required for certified copies. If the amateur searcher does not know -any transcribers, the courteous gentlemen in charge of the Search Room -will probably make no difficulty about giving their address. - -Those who may be desirous of gaining some knowledge of the character or -handwriting of ancient records, which can only be efficiently learnt by -practice, are recommended to consult Wright’s “Court-Hand Restored.” -It not only gives numerous alphabets and plates, illustrative of the -different styles in vogue at different periods, but has valuable lists -of abbreviations, of ancient place-names, and of debased Latin words -that are only to be found in legal or monastic documents. Each of the -earlier reigns appears to have had a set or uniform character of its -own; but in the reign of Elizabeth and subsequently, this clerical mode -seems to have been to a great extent abandoned, and each scribe to have -written after his own fancy. It is hence very noticeable that, as was -remarked by a late keeper of the Records, “the English records of the -16th and 17th centuries are in general more difficult to be read than -the Latin records of preceding ages.” - - - - -Civil or Domestic Architecture. - - -Any British, Roman, Danish, or Anglo-Saxon remains that there may be -in the parish, had, perhaps, better be described before the manorial -history is given. Every earthwork, mound, or ancient roadway should be -carefully noted. It is not possible to refer to any one, or even three -or four, satisfactory books on such subjects. Fosbrooke’s “Encyclopædia -of Antiquities” is out of date, but we know of no better compendious -work of reference. The two volumes of Wright’s “Essays on Archæological -Subjects,” will be found of much general use. Worsae’s “Primeval -Antiquities of Denmark,” translated and applied to the illustration -of similar remains in England, by W. J. Thoms, may be read with -advantage, but with the recollection that the hard and fast “ages” of -Danish antiquaries are, with greater knowledge, becoming exploded. - -But all description of civil or domestic architecture, of the Norman -or subsequent periods, should be deferred until after the history of -the manor has been written, because that history will very likely throw -light on any such architectural remains. - -If there is a castle, or its relics, within the parish, the probability -is considerable that it has already been well described by a county -historian, or in one or other of the numerous journals of our -Archæological societies. But it is equally probable that its history -has not been thoroughly written, and special search should be made with -that object at the P. R. O., beginning with the indexes to the printed -calendars already enumerated. There is no one efficient volume treating -of our mediæval castles that corresponds with Viollet-le-Duc’s -“Military Architecture of the Middle Ages,” but a translation of this -French work has been published by Parker, and it would be well to read -either that or the original. - -Every effort should be made to identify the old manor-house, or its -site (often marked by a grass grown moat), and this should of course -be done with each manor, where, as is usually the case, the parish -has contained more than one. Oral tradition, in this as in other -particulars, will often be found a useful handmaid. Should the exterior -of the reputed manor-house be altogether unpromising, that should not -check further investigation. Several instances are known to us in -which modern brick casing or sash windows are but a screen to some of -the oldest domestic architecture extant, which may be found in the -back premises or outbuildings, or contain fine old chimney-pieces, -carved oak panelling, or ceilings of elaborate pargetting. Nor should -attention be only directed to manor-houses. All old domestic work -is worth chronicling, so rapidly is it disappearing both in town and -country; and the annalist of a parish should not be above transcribing -all the initials and dates so frequently seen on lintel stones. -As a rule, every house or cottage, not obviously modern, that has -stone buttresses, a moulded wall-plate or string-course, or bevelled -stone mullions to the windows, is worthy of careful examination. -Many interesting details, such as the site of chantry-houses, may be -thus brought to light, and the history in stone, and the history on -parchment, be found to tally in unexpected ways. - -Domestic architecture should always be described by the century, and -not by the “periods” into which ecclesiastical architecture is usually -divided. The only book worth purchasing on the subject, is the somewhat -costly but admirable four volume edition of Parker’s “Mediæval Domestic -Architecture.” For the general “History of Architecture,” both -civil and religious, of all ages and countries, nothing can surpass -Fergusson’s last edition in four volumes, published by Murray in 1874. - - - - -Personal History. - - -The pedigrees and brief particulars of the Nobility can be readily -found. The most useful standard works are Dugdale’s “Baronage,” -Collins’ “Peerage and Baronetage,” Banks’ “Dormant and Extinct -Baronage,” and the “Baronagium Genealogicum,” or pedigrees of English -Peers, in five folio volumes, by Joseph Edmondson. Burke’s “Landed -Gentry” gives much information with respect to the principal families -of commoners, but the earlier genealogical statements that he prints -are often purely mythical. Several indexes to the many thousands of -printed pedigrees that are scattered up and down in topographical -and other works have been published, of a more or less faulty and -incomplete description, but a work of this class, now (1879) in the -press, entitled “The Genealogist’s Guide,” by Mr. George W. Marshall, -promises to be all that can be desired. - -But a large portion of family history and pedigree, which will often be -essential to the elucidation of the monumental history of a parish, to -completing the links in lists of the lords of the manor, or furnishing -particulars with regard to smaller landholders, yet remains in MS. The -most accurate of such MSS. are at the College of Arms, and are not -ordinarily accessible except on payment of fees; but there is a fine -collection of heraldic visitations at the B. M., the chief of which are -among the Harleian MSS. - -HERALDS’ VISITATIONS are said to have commenced in the reign of Henry -IV., but it was not until 20 Henry VIII. that a commission proceeding -from royal authority was issued. From then until the latter half -of the seventeenth century, visitations were made every twenty-five -or thirty years. The register books, kept by the heralds and their -assistants, contain the pedigrees and arms of the gentry of the -respective counties, and are often also illustrated by copies and -excerpts from charters and private documents. Many of these books are -lost, and the rest scattered throughout public and private libraries. -The archives of the College of Arms have the most important collection, -and next comes the B. M. There are a large number at the B., fifty-four -volumes in the library of Caius College, Cambridge, and forty in -that of the Queen’s College, Oxford. The earliest heralds’ registers -for the counties of Cornwall, Dorset, Gloucester, Hampshire, Kent, -Notts, Oxford, Surrey, Sussex, Wilts, Worcester, and Yorks, are of -the year 1530; for Berks, Devon, and Somerset, 1531; for Cheshire and -Lancashire, 1533; for Essex and Herts, 1552; for Suffolk, 1561; for -Lincoln, 1562; for Leicester, Norfolk, Stafford, and Warwick, 1563; for -Hunts, and Northampton, 1564; for Beds, and Bucks, 1566; for Derby, -Hereford, and Salop, 1569; for Middlesex, 1572; for Cambridge, Durham, -and Northumberland, 1575; for Cumberland and Westmoreland, 1615; and -for Rutland, 1618. The last visitation of several counties was taken -in 1634, but the majority were visited in 1662-4; and the last of all -was that of the county of Southampton, made by Sir Henry St. George, -in 1686. The general genealogist and antiquary cannot but long for -the issue of another royal commission, whereby the heralds might be -empowered, as of old, to destroy all false and self-assumed arms, -whether on carriages, plate, or monuments. - -Sims’ “Index to the Pedigrees and Arms” contained in the Heralds’ -Visitations in the B. M., is an accurate and useful book of reference. -The “Manual for the Topographer and Genealogist,” by the same -gentleman, is quite indispensable. Careful lists of family histories, -of all the principal topographical works, and of all MSS. of worth in -public libraries, are therein classified under the different counties. - -WILLS are too obvious a source of information to need a word of -comment. At Somerset House is the most important and largest -collection, viz., those of the province of Canterbury. The original -wills in this office begin in 1404, and the transcripts in 1383. They -are complete only from December, 1660. In the office at York, for that -province, the wills begin in 1590, and the transcripts in 1389. Owing -to the probate privileges enjoyed by the various ecclesiastical courts, -there were not only registries for wills in every diocese, but numerous -peculiar and exempt jurisdictions in each diocese. The dates at which -wills begin in the different minor registries are so very varied, and -their condition and facilities, or even possibilities, of search so -multifarious, that it is impossible to give any useful abstract. The -Report on Public Records for 1837, and Sir Harris Nicolas’ “Notitia -Historica,” should be consulted. The power of probate was taken away -from the ecclesiastical courts by the Act of 1857. - -The little-known RECUSANT ROLLS of the time of Elizabeth, give -information as to the humblest as well as the wealthiest parishioner -who refused to attend the services of the Established Church. These, -and many other similar class of documents, relative to the fining and -other grievous penalties attached to profession of the Roman Catholic -faith, extending up to a recent date, are to be found at the P. R. O. - -Records of ATTAINDERS, FORFEITURES, SEQUESTRATIONS, and PARDONS, some -from the time of Edward II., will also be found at the same office, -and may be consulted with advantage by those tracing personal history, -if there is any cause to suspect their complicity in any of the -multitude of baronial feuds, rebellions, or religious persecutions that -led to the existence of so large a class of offenders. Sims’ “Manual” -should be consulted for exhaustive lists of this class of documents, -as well as for numerous lists of GENTRY and FREEHOLDERS of different -dates, pertaining to their respective counties. - -MUSTER ROLLS, which give the names, rank, dwelling, and often other -particulars, of those able to bear arms in each county, may be of -interest to the local historian. The earliest of these returns, now -at the P. R. O., are of the reign of Henry III.; there are great -deficiencies up to the time of Henry VIII., but from that reign to -the time of Charles II, they are very voluminous. Lists of SHERIFFS, -MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT, and MAYORS OF BOROUGHS, have been printed for -almost every county from an early date, and can readily be found at -public libraries. The names of lords of the manor, or other individuals -connected with the special parish treated of, should always be collated -with such lists, in order to see if they held any of these important -offices. - -COUNTY RECORDS. The various documents that are or ought to be in charge -of the Clerk of the Peace, relative to all the multifarious business -transacted at Quarter Sessions, contain much that is of value relative -to personal or local history. But it would only be tantalising to -enumerate the different class of records that should be in the custody -of the county officials, for in the great majority of cases they are -in so much confusion as to be practically useless for any literary -purpose. Among the exceptions may be mentioned Leicestershire and -Derbyshire, in the latter of which counties they have been recently -admirably arranged; and also, to a certain extent, Devonshire, the -salient points of whose records have lately been published--see -“Quarter Sessions from Queen Elizabeth to Queen Anne,” by A. H. -Hamilton, a volume that aptly illustrates local government, and which -is useful as showing the class of information that may be gleaned from -such documents. They do not, as a rule, extend further back than the -time of Elizabeth. - -BOROUGH RECORDS. These are in many instances of great antiquity; some -charters going back to the time of John. But their condition and value -are much varied, and there is no trustworthy general report. It is -hoped that a “Borough Records Society” will soon be formed for the -publication of our Municipal Archives. - -In the six Reports already issued by the Historical Manuscripts -Commission the Archives of the following English boroughs have been -reported on:--Abingdon, Axbridge, Berwick-on-Tweed, Bridgewater, -Bridport, Cambridge, Coventry, Dartmouth, Faversham, Folkestone, -Fordwich, High Wycombe, Hythe, Kingston-on-Thames, Launceston, Lydd, -Morpeth, New Romney, Norwich, Nottingham, Rye, St. Albans, Sandwich, -Tenterden, Totnes, Wallingford, Wells, Weymouth, Winchester, and York. - -The Report of the Municipal Corporation Commissioners, 1835, gives -certain information, more or less meagre, of all boroughs. See also -Merewether and Stephen’s “History of the Boroughs and Municipal -Corporations of the United Kingdom.” - -Under the head of WORTHIES it may be worth while to consider whether -the parish has ever had amongst its residents, or on its baptismal -registers, the names of men of marked celebrity in any walk of life. -Nuttall’s edition of Fuller’s “Worthies of England,” published in -1840, in three vols. 8vo., Wood’s “Athenæ,” and any good Biographical -Dictionaries (_e.g._ Chalmers’), should be consulted. - - - - -Parochial Records. - - -Foremost under this head come PARISH REGISTERS. Burn’s “History of -Parish Registers in England” is the standard work on this subject. -The first mandate for keeping registers of baptisms, marriages, -and burials, in each parish was issued in 1538, but it is quite -the exception to find registers of this early date. This mandate -was repeated in more rigorous terms on the accession of Elizabeth, -1558, but not being regularly observed, it was ordained in 1597 that -parchment register books should be purchased at the expense of each -parish, and that all the names from the older books (mostly of paper) -should be therein transcribed from 1558; hence it happens that so many -parish registers begin with that year. It was at the same time ordered -that copies of the registers should be annually forwarded to the -episcopal registrar, to be preserved in the episcopal archives. This -injunction, however, was so imperfectly carried out, and the duplicates -when forwarded were so carelessly kept, that the diocesan copies of -registers are mere fragments of what they should be, and are in several -cases still in such confusion as to be practically inaccessible. The -earliest transcripts at Lincoln begin in 1587, and at Gloucester in -1571, but there are few dioceses that have any earlier than 1660. - -Many parishes have lost their early registers, and they are usually -deficient or wanting during the Commonwealth. Official inquiries were -made of all the clergy in 1831, as to the exact date, condition, and -number of the parish registers in their custody, and abstracts of their -replies were published in a Blue Book in 1833. But it is not generally -known that the returns themselves, often containing more information -than was printed, are at the British Museum (Add. MSS. 9,335, etc.). -The dates there given are not, however, to be implicitly relied upon, -as unfortunately some registers have been lost or stolen since that -date, whilst others of an earlier date have happily, in some cases, -been restored or discovered in the like period. - -Registers should be carefully looked through, not only for the purpose -of extracting the names of prominent or interesting families, but also -for the purpose of gleaning the innumerable little scraps of local -information that were not unfrequently interpolated in the earlier -pages, such as notes pertaining to excommunication, licenses for eating -flesh in Lent, penance, remarkable or eccentric characters, storms, and -weather observations, inventories of church goods, visitations of the -plague or sweating sickness, national events, etc., etc. - -Many of the clergy and others find a difficulty in reading the earlier -registers. Reference has already been made to Wright’s “Court-Hand -Restored,” but the greatest help in deciphering them will be the -recollection that most of the letters of the ordinary hand of Elizabeth -and the Stuarts, which differ from those now in use, are the same as -those of the present German written characters, _e.g._, the letters -“h” and “r.” A few days’ steady practice in transcribing old writing, -beginning with the letters and words that can easily be read, ought to -be sufficient to master the stiffest hands in parochial records. - -In case there are any old Meeting Houses, or congregations of -Independents, Presbyterians, Quakers, or other nonconformists in the -parish, it will be well, with regard to these registers, to consult -a Blue Book issued in 1841, called “Lists of Non-parochial Registers -and Records in the custody of the Registrar-General,” wherein a county -classification is observed; also a “Report on Non-parochial Registers,” -issued in 1857, wherein are enumerated those registers of the sects -that were still in private custody. - -CHURCHWARDENS’ ACCOUNTS, giving particulars of rates, receipts, and -payments for church purposes, are often highly interesting, and should -be carefully preserved. Sometimes they are found entered in bound -volumes, but more often tied up in bundles or tumbled in confusion in -the parish chest. Still more often they are altogether missing. They -can occasionally be recovered from the private dwellings of present -or past churchwardens. The earliest with which we are acquainted, are -those of All Saints’, Derby, which begin in 1465, but they rarely are -found prior to the Restoration. - -The CONSTABLES ACCOUNTS, and the ACCOUNTS OF THE OVERSEERS OF THE POOR, -will also sometimes be met with, beginning from a comparatively remote -date, and will amply repay close attention. They throw a similar light -on the secular history of a parish to that thrown on the religious -history by the Churchwardens’ Accounts. The thorough overhauling -of the parish chest, or other receptacles of parish papers, and the -classification of their contents is strongly recommended, even where it -seems to be most unpromising of results. There is no reason why even -such apparently trivial things as the indentures of parish apprentices -(which have the seals and signatures of Justices of the Peace), should -not be preserved, neatly arranged, and docketted. Every scrap of paper -of past generations, showing the inner working of parochial life, -possesses some interest of its own; and future generations will thank -us for their preservation. Moreover, a careful arrangement of parish -papers often meets with more immediate reward. We have ourselves found -missing portions of 16th century registers, highly interesting deeds -as early as the 14th century, royal proclamations and special forms of -prayer, _temp._ Elizabeth and James I., in parochial litter put aside -as valueless. - -Of what can be gleaned from these parish annals when tolerably perfect, -we may be permitted to quote that which we have elsewhere written -respecting the records of Youlgreave, a Derbyshire village, that have -recently been classified with some care:-- - -“The future historian of this parish will find a vast stock of material -ready to hand; and if such a work was ever accomplished it would once -more be seen how the history of even a remote village is but the -history of the nation in little; how national victories were announced -on the church bells, and national disasters by the proclamation of a -form of prayer; how local self-government became gradually developed -in the office of justice, constable, and overseer of the poor; how the -press-gang worked its cruel way to man the ships and fill the regiments -of the Georges; how the good folk of Youlgreave sent forth a spy to -watch the movements of Charles Edward in 1745; and how they prepared -to defend themselves by giving their constable a new bill-head, and -repairing his old one; how unmerciful was the treatment of lunatics: -and how free was the consumption of ale, on the smallest possible -provocation, at the parish’s expense; these, and a thousand other -minutiæ, all of them possessing some point of interest, can be gleaned -from these annals of a parish, to say nothing of the perfect genealogy -of nearly every family, together with an account of their varying -circumstances, that might be constructed by their aid.” - -The fullest and best information respecting the parish as a unit of the -national life, with much that pertains to the history of its various -officers from the earliest times, will be found in Toulmin Smith’s “The -Parish; its powers and obligations.” The second and best edition was -published in 1857 by H. Sweet, Chancery Lane. - -The history of the village and village officers have not hitherto -received the attention they deserve, for all our municipalities have -developed out of village communities, and their various officials are -but those of the petty rural parish adapted to the needs of an urban -population. It will be well on this point to refer to the useful “Index -of Municipal Offices,” with an historical introduction, recently -published by G. Laurence Gomme. - -Lists of parochial CHARITIES are sometimes found in the parish chest, -and more frequently on bequest boards in the church; but the local -annotator should not consider that he has got a perfect or correct list -until the elaborate reports of the Charity Commissioners, compiled -some fifty years ago, have been consulted. In 1843, a most useful Blue -Book was published for each county, being an analytical digest of the -voluminous reports arranged under parishes. Topographical booksellers -can generally procure copies of these, by which a great saving of time -will be effected. There are later Reports with regard to Endowed -Schools. - - - - -History of the Church. - - -The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, or pre-Norman charters, occasionally give -definite information of a church in a particular parish or district, -but as a rule the earliest mention of the parish church will be found -in the previously described DOMESDAY BOOK. But the Commissioners, not -being specially instructed to make returns of churches, acted on their -own judgment, and in some counties omitted them partially, and in -others altogether. - -TAXATIO ECCLESIASTICA P. NICHOLAI IV.--Pope Nicholas IV. (to whose -predecessors in the See of Rome the first-fruits and tenths of all -ecclesiastical benefices had for a long time been paid) granted the -tenths, in 1288, to Edward I. for six years, towards defraying the -expenses of a Crusade; and that they might be collected to their full -value, the King caused a valuation roll to be drawn up, which was -completed in 1291, under the direction of John, Bishop of Winchester, -and Oliver, Bishop of Lincoln. There are two copies of this Roll at -the P. R. O., both of which appear to have been written in the reign -of Henry IV., and there is a third, which is by far the oldest, among -the Cottonian MSS. of the B. M. These three copies were collated and -printed in a folio volume by the Record Commission in 1802. There are -one or two other old copies of this Roll in private libraries; one in -the Chapter Library, Lichfield; and another, in excellent condition, in -the muniment room of Lincoln Cathedral. - -VALOR ECCLESIASTICUS. The taxation of 1291 held good, and all the -taxes from the benefices, as well to our Kings as to the Popes, -were regulated by it until 27 Henry VIII., when a new survey was -completed. Henceforth the first-fruits and tenths ceased to be -forwarded to Rome, and were transferred to the Crown. In 1703 the -receipts were appropriated, under the title of Queen Anne’s Bounty, -to the augmentation of the smaller livings. The original returns of -the King’s Valor are at the P. R. O. They were officially published in -six folio volumes between the years 1811 and 1834. In the latter year -an “Introduction” of no little value, was also published in an 8vo. -volume, written by the Rev. Joseph Hunter. - -CERTIFICATES OF COLLEGES AND CHANTRIES. About ten years after the -completion of his ecclesiastical survey, Henry VIII. decided on -appropriating the revenues belonging to Collegiate Churches and -Chantries. As a preliminary measure to their sale, he appointed a -commission, in the 37th year of his reign, to re-value this property, -and to take an inventory of the chattels. The whole subject of the -suppression of the Chantries, as conceived by Henry VIII. and finally -carried out by Edward VI., is ably and exhaustively treated in the -introduction to the volumes of the Cheetham Society, which treat of -the Lancashire Chantries. The reports, or “Certificates,” furnished -by Henry’s Commission with respect to the different chantries, are -preserved at the P. R. O., and are entered on rolls arranged in eight -parallel columns, in answer to a like number of queries. There are also -abridged rolls on paper of some counties. Further information about -chantries may be sometimes gleaned from certain MS. volumes at the P. -R. O., entitled “_Particulars for the Sale of Colleges and Chantries_.” -In the B. M. (Add. MSS. 8,102) is a valuable roll of Fees, Corrodies, -and Pensions, paid to members of the suppressed chantries and religious -houses, out of the Exchequer, 2 and 3 Philip and Mary. The pensions for -the different counties are on separate skins, so that it is easy of -reference. - -INVENTORIES OF CHURCH GOODS. There are various Inventories of Church -Goods in the P. R. O., taken by Commission at the beginning of the -reign of Edward VI., some on detached slips of parchment, others -in paper books. The inventories are not absolutely perfect for all -parishes in any one county; in several counties the churches of one or -more Hundreds are missing; for others, such as Somerset, Sussex, and -the North Riding of Yorkshire, there are none extant. Nor are there -any for Lincolnshire; but there is a MS. return of Church Furniture -and Ornaments of 150 churches of that county, taken in 1566, in the -Episcopal Registry at Lincoln. This was published in 1866, by Edward -Peacock, F.S.A. There are also some special Inventories connected with -other dioceses, which space forbids us to mention. - -GUILDS AND FRATERNITIES. Guilds and Fraternities of a more or less -religious character, and usually directly connected with a special -altar at the parish church, will naturally come under the history -of the Church, provided any can be detected in connection with the -particular parish. It used to be supposed that these guilds were only -found in cities or boroughs, but later researches show that they also -occasionally existed in quite small villages. The Parliament of 1381 -directed writs to be sent to the sheriffs of each county, calling upon -them to see that the Master and Wardens of all Guilds and Brotherhoods -made returns to the King’s Council in Chancery of all details -pertaining to the foundation, statutes, and property of their guilds. -A large number of the original returns (549) still remain in the P. -R. O., where they are known as “Miscellaneous Rolls, Tower Records, -Bundles cccviii. ix. x.” For some counties there are none extant, and -for others only those from a single Hundred. More than one hundred of -these returns have recently been printed or analysed, by Toulmin Smith, -in a volume of the Early English Text Society, entitled “English Gilds.” - -HERALDIC CHURCH NOTES. In the different heraldic visitation books, -especially those _temp._ Elizabeth, which have been previously -described, there often occur interesting church notes, which not only -detail heraldic glass in the windows and arms on the monuments, but -also occasionally give inscriptions that have long since disappeared. -These can only be found by a careful inspection of the heralds’ -register books of the county in which the parish is situated. - -COMMONWEALTH SURVEY. In pursuance of various ordinances of the -Parliament, a complete survey of the possessions of Bishops, Deans, -and Chapters, and of all benefices, was made in 1650, by specially -appointed Commissioners. These interesting returns, filling twenty-one -large folio volumes, are in the library of Lambeth Palace, and numbered -in the catalogue of MSS. from 902 to 922. These surveys have hitherto -been singularly overlooked by county historians and ecclesiologists, -though occasional extracts have been published from a much-abbreviated -and inaccurate summary, based on these documents, which forms No. 459 -of the Lansdowne MSS. in the B. M. - -The Record Books of the Commonwealth Commissioners for augmenting -Rectories and Vicarages (MSS. 966-1,021); the original Presentations to -various benefices from 1652 to 1659 (MSS. 944-7); and Counterparts of -leases of Church Lands, made by authority of Parliament from 1652 to -1658 (MSS. 948-50), are also in Lambeth Library. - -BRIEFS. Royal Letters Patent, authorising collections for charitable -purposes within churches, were termed “Briefs.” Lists of them, -from the time of Elizabeth downwards, are often to be found on the -fly-leaves of old register books, or in churchwardens’ accounts. The -repair or rebuilding of churches in post-Reformation days, until nearly -the beginning of the Catholic Revival, was almost invariably effected -by this method. About the middle of last century, owing to the growing -frequency of Briefs, it was ordered that they should only be granted on -the formal application of Quarter Sessions. Much information as to the -condition of the fabrics and other particulars relative to churches can -be gathered from the petitions to Quarter Sessions, in those counties -where the documents are accessible. The Briefs themselves were issued -from the Court of Chancery, so we suppose they would be attainable at -the P. R. O. At the B. M. is a large collection of original Briefs, -from 1754 down to their abolition in 1828. They were presented to the -Museum in 1829, by Mr. J. Stevenson Salt. - -ADVOWSON. The history of the advowson, if the living remained a -rectory, was almost invariably intermixed with that of the manor or the -moieties of the manor. Consequently it will be found, that, in the case -of rectories, various particulars as to the owners of the advowson, and -its value, at different periods, can be gleaned from the Inquisitions, -and from the Patent and Close Rolls to which references have already -been made; or, in the case of litigation, from the Plea Rolls and Year -Books. If the living became at any time a Vicarage, care should be -taken to look through the particulars given by Dugdale and Tanner, of -the religious house to which the big tithes were appropriated, and more -especially to carefully search the chartularies of that establishment, -if any are extant. There is an excellent list of the various monastic -Chartularies, _i.e._, ancient parchment books, containing transcripts -or abstracts of the charters of the different houses, in the first two -volumes of Nichols’ “Collectanea Topographica et Genealogica,” and a -shorter one in Sims’ “Manual.” - -The Ordination of a Vicarage, _i.e._, the official appropriation -of certain parts of the endowment for the sustentation of a vicar, -required episcopal confirmation; and these ordinations will usually be -found in the Episcopal Registers, if they are extant for the date when -the rectory was formally appropriated. These ordinations often contain -information of great interest, and have hitherto been very rarely -searched for, and still more rarely printed. - -The terms used in these documents for different sorts of tithes, for -the various produce of the soil, etc., etc., will be sought for in -vain in any ordinary Latin Dictionary; for their explanation it will -be necessary to consult a Glossary of mediæval or monastic terms. The -most handy and accurate is the abridged edition of the Glossaries -of Du Cange, Du Fresne, etc., in six vols. 8vo., published at Halle, -between 1722-1784. Some such work will also be found indispensable in -consulting the monastic Chartularies and many of the Records and Rolls. -The majority of the terms will be found in the last two editions of -Cowel’s “Interpreter,” 1708, and 1737, which can much more readily be -met with than the larger glossaries; but there is great need for a -one volume compendious glossary, and it is hoped that such a work may -shortly be published. - -LISTS OF INCUMBENTS. Lists of rectors and vicars, giving the date of -their institution, and the names of their respective patrons, are -indispensable to a complete parochial history. They are, for the -most part, to be obtained from the diocesan registers. This work, -in several dioceses, will be found to involve no small labour, for -Bishop’s registrars were not always particular to separate institutions -from other Episcopal acts, and occasionally placed them in precise -chronological order for the whole diocese, without any regard to -archdeaconries and other minor divisions. But the trouble will be -amply repaid by the numerous quaint and interesting little details -that the searcher will be almost sure to discover. Many of our -episcopal registers, or act books, are of supreme interest, and yet -they are perhaps less known than any class of original documents. The -dates at which these registers begin average about the year 1300. -We give, for the first time in any manual, their respective initial -years:--Canterbury, 1279; London, 1306; Winchester, 1282; Ely 1336; -Lincoln, 1217; Lichfield, 1296; Wells, 1309; Salisbury, 1296; Exeter, -1257; Norwich, 1299; Worcester, 1268; Hereford, 1275; Chichester, 1397; -Rochester, 1319; York, 1214; and Carlisle, 1292. The old registers -of Durham are mostly lost, that of Bishop Kellaw, 1311-18, being the -oldest. None of the Welsh Cathedrals have any registers older than the -16th century. - -Gaps are not unusual in the episcopal registers for some time -subsequent to the Reformation, when the books were often kept in a -slovenly fashion. These deficiencies can be generally supplied from the -lists of institutions in the Augmentation Books at the P. R. O. - -It is scarcely necessary to say that no list of incumbents should be -considered complete, until it has been carefully collated with the -parish registers. - -Catalogues of all the English Bishops are to be found in Canon -Stubbs’s “_Registrum Sacrum Anglicanum_;” and similar lists of Deans, -Prebendaries, and minor dignitaries, in Hardy’s edition of Le Neve’s -“_Fasti Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ_.” Both of these works may probably be -useful when drawing up the list of parish priests. - -Lists of priests appointed to the more important chantries can usually -also be extracted from the diocesan registers, for, except in peculiar -circumstances, they required episcopal institution. - -Any facts of interest or importance that can be ascertained respecting -the successive incumbents should be chronicled. For the time of the -Commonwealth, Walker’s “Sufferings of the Clergy” on the one hand, and -Calamy’s “Ejected Ministers” on the other, should be consulted. They -both make mention of a very great number of the clergy. - -DEDICATION. The dedication of the church should never be taken for -granted from county gazetteers or directories. Dedications to All -Saints, and to the Blessed Virgin, should be viewed with some suspicion -until firmly established, for in the time of Henry VIII. the dedication -festivals, or “wakes,” were often transferred to All Saints’ Day, or -Lady Day, in order to avoid a multiplicity of holidays, and hence by -degrees the real dedication became forgotten. Ecton’s “_Thesaurus -Rerum Ecclesiasticarum_” (1742), and Bacon’s “_Liber Regis_” (1786), -should be consulted for dedications. Occasionally the patron saints -of the different churches are mentioned in the institutions in the -episcopal registers, and more often in monastic chartularies; but the -surest of all references, in the case of a doubtful dedication, is to -look up the pre-Reformation wills of the lords of the manor or other -chief people of the parish. These wills almost invariably contain an -early clause to this effect:--“I leave my body to be buried within the -church of St. ----.” The time of the wakes or village feast is a good -guide to the dedication, but one which, from the reason stated above, -as well as from other causes, must not be implicitly relied upon. - -Another point worth remembering with regard to dedications, is that -re-consecration was not of unfrequent occurrence. Murder and some other -crimes within the church, as well as special violations of the altar, -rendered re-consecration imperative; and it was also often resorted to -when the fabric was altogether or considerably rebuilt, or even when -a new chancel was added. At the time of these re-consecrations, it -occasionally happened that the name of the patron saint was changed, -not from mere caprice or love of novelty, but because relics of that -particular saint were obtained for inclosure in the chief or high -altar. This should be borne in mind when a discrepancy is found in the -name of the patron saint of the same church at different epochs. - -The chapter of Parker’s “Calendar of the Anglican Church,” entitled “A -few remarks on the dedication of English Churches,” is worth reading. -This book is also valuable for the brief account of the saints most -frequently met with in England, both in dedications and otherwise. The -first half of the book has been re-published once or twice, under the -title of “Calendar of the Prayer Book,” but it leaves out the chapters -here mentioned, and is comparatively valueless as compared with the -edition of 1851. Harington “On the Consecration of Churches,” published -by Rivington in 1844, should also be read. - - - - -Description of the Church. - - -Having finished the history of the Church, it will be best to follow it -up by a description of the fabric of the Church, and of all its details. - -STYLES OF ARCHITECTURE. In deciding as to the different “periods” -under which to classify the various styles into which almost every -parish church is more or less divided, it is perhaps wisest to confine -oneself to the simple and generally accepted divisions of English -architecture, originally adopted by Mr. Rickman, viz. (1) the Saxon, -from 800 to 1066; (2) the Norman, from 1066 to 1145; (3) the Early -English, from 1145 to 1272; (4) the Decorated, from 1272 to 1377; and -(5) the Perpendicular, from 1377 to 1509. Some competent writers always -speak of three periods of Transition, covering the reigns of Henry -II., Edward I., and Richard II.; whilst others, and this may be well -adopted, speak of only one regular “Transition,” meaning by that term -the period between the Early English and Decorated, or the reign of -Edward I. (1272-1307). - -These divisions are generally accepted as sufficing for popular -purposes; but of the more detailed and technical divisions of later -writers, there are none so correct in nomenclature, and so accurate in -separation of style, as the seven periods of Mr. Edmund Sharpe. The -first and second of his periods are the same as given above, but the -third is styled the Transitional, from 1145 to 1190; the fourth, the -Lancet, from 1190 to 1245; the fifth, the Geometrical, from 1245 to -1315; the sixth, the Curvilinear, from 1315 to 1360; and the seventh, -the Rectilinear, from 1360 to 1550. See Sharpe’s “Seven Periods of -English Architecture,” with its excellent series of plates. - -There are numerous architectural manuals, but Parker’s “Glossary of -Gothic Architecture” has not been surpassed, and is very comprehensive. -The best edition is the fourth, with the two additional volumes of -plates. - -Before classifying the different parts of the building according to the -various periods, a most careful inspection should be made of both inner -and outer walls, when fragments of mouldings, pertaining possibly to an -earlier church than any now standing, may not unfrequently be detected. - -MONUMENTS. Inscriptions on monuments now missing, or partly -obliterated, may sometimes be recovered from the Church Notes of -Heraldic Visitations, or other MS. note books of ecclesiologists of -past generations, in which some counties are peculiarly fortunate. -For a list of MSS. of this description, that may be found in our -public libraries, arranged under counties, see Sims’ “Manual.” It may -also be useful to refer to two printed works--Le Neve’s “_Monumenta -Anglicana_,” 5 vols. 8vo. (1717-1719), and Weever’s “Ancient Funerall -Monuments,” the latest edition of which, with additions, is a 4to. -vol. of 1767. The former gives inscriptions on monuments of eminent -persons who deceased between 1600 and 1718, the latter treats generally -of all monuments in the dioceses of Canterbury, Rochester, London, -and Norwich. Bloxam, on “Monumental Architecture” (1834), is a useful -handbook on the general subject of monuments. - -Cutts’ “Manual of Sepulchral Slabs and Crosses” is the only book -dealing with the interesting subject of early INCISED SLABS. It is -well done, but much more has come to light on the subject since it was -written (1849), and a new manual is much wanted. In some counties, -where stone abounds, remains of this description are found in most -churches. If any part of the church is being rebuilt, the debris -should be most carefully looked over; and a minute inspection of the -existing masonry will often detect more or less perfect specimens of -incised crosses that have been utilised in the masonry by the church -restorers of past generations. The lintels of the windows (especially -of the clerestory and of the tower), the inner side of the parapets or -battlements, the stone seats of the porch, and of course the whole of -the flooring, should be critically scanned for these relics. See also -Boutell’s “Christian Monuments.” - -Haines’ “Manual of Monumental BRASSES” (2 vols. 8vo., 1861) is the best -book on that class of memorials. The second volume consists of a fairly -exhaustive list of brasses throughout the kingdom. - -There is no good handbook dealing exclusively with STONE EFFIGIES, a -great desideratum; the big illustrated folios of Gough’s “Sepulchral -Monuments,” and Stothard’s “Monumental Effigies,” may be consulted -with advantage. For the details of ARMOUR, Hewitt’s “Ancient Armour -and Weapons in Europe” (3 vols) is the most exhaustive work; for the -details of COSTUME there are several expensive works, but the best -handbook is Fairholt’s “Costume in England,” to which is appended an -illustrated glossary of terms. - -In connection with stained or painted GLASS, Winston’s “Hints on -Glass Painting” (2nd edition, 1867) should be read, wherein the -different styles of successive periods are critically distinguished and -illustrated. - -For the important item of HERALDRY, both in glass and on monuments, -the best of the numerous manuals (and there are several very trashy) -is Cussan’s “Handbook of Heraldry.” Burke’s “General Armoury,” of -which a new and extended edition was published in 1878, is a dictionary -of arms classified under families. Papworth’s “Dictionary of British -Armorials” is arranged on the opposite principle, viz., the blazonry -or description of the arms is given first, and the name of the family -or families to which it pertains follows. It is an expensive work, but -indispensable in the identification of arms. It will also be found to -be far more accurate than Burke, and gives references to the various -rolls and other MSS. from which the arms are cited. - -FONTS are almost a speciality in themselves. Simpson’s “Series of -Ancient Baptismal Fonts,” 1825, has a large number of beautifully -finished plates of the more remarkable examples. Paley’s “Baptismal -Font,” 1844, has illustrations and critical descriptions of a great -number, arranged alphabetically. See also the “Archæologia,” vols. x. -and xi. - -BELLS have now a literature of their own. Ellacombe’s “Bells of the -Church,” and Fowler’s “Bells and Bell-ringing” are admirable works. -The inscriptions, etc., on the church bells of the majority of English -counties have already been published, and most of the remainder are -now in progress. North’s “Bells of Leicestershire,” and “Bells of -Northamptonshire,” are the best books of their class, but the “Bells -of Derbyshire,” now in course of publication in the “Reliquary,” and -chiefly contributed by St. John Hope, are being yet more thoroughly -treated, both in description and illustration. - -Church PLATE should always be inspected, and the date, character, -inscription, or arms on each piece carefully recorded. Chaffers’ “Hall -Marks on Plate” gives the fullest description of the different marks, -and how the precise date can be thereby ascertained. The fifth edition, -published in 1875, is a considerable improvement on its predecessors. - -INVENTORIES OF CHURCH GOODS often need explanation, or remains of -various ancient church furniture may make some description necessary. -There is no one book that can be thoroughly recommended on this -subject; but, perhaps, the most satisfactory in some respects is -Walcott’s “Sacred Archæology,” a popular dictionary of ecclesiastical -art and institutions. Jules Corblet’s “Manuel Elémentaire d’Archéologie -Nationale” may be consulted with advantage; it is a better done -work than anything of the size and scope in English, and is well -illustrated. For the various details of Church worship and ceremonies, -reference should be made to Rock’s “Church of our Fathers,” and to -Chambers’ valuable work, “Divine Worship in England in the Thirteenth -and Fourteenth Centuries, contrasted with and adapted to that in the -Nineteenth.” - -Before beginning the description of the Church, it will be well, in -the first place, in order to ensure clearness and accuracy, that some -general PLAN OF PROCEDURE should be adopted. We give the following -skeleton of a suggested outline, that has been proved to be useful and -orderly, but it can, of course, be altered or expanded or re-arranged -in any direction. - -1. Enumeration of component parts of structure, remarks as to its -general or special characteristics. - -2 Ground plan, _i.e._, dimensions of area of chancel, nave, etc., -different levels, and number of chancel and altar steps. - -3. Description of parts of the permanent structure that are (_a_) -Saxon, (_b_) Norman, (_c_) Early English, (_d_) Transition, (_e_) -Decorated, (_f_) Perpendicular, (_g_) Debased, (_h_) Churchwarden, and -(_i_) Restored. Some definite order should be observed under each head, -otherwise it is likely that some details may escape, _e.g._ doorways, -windows, piers, arches, etc., of chancel, nave, aisles, porches, -transepts, tower, and chapels. - -4. External details--parapets, gurgoyles, niches, stoup, arms, -inscriptions, “low side windows.” - -5. Internal details--[Stone] altar or altar stone, piscina, -almery, hagioscope, Easter or sepulchral recess, niches, brackets, -roof-corbels, and sedilia of (_a_) chancel, (_b_) south aisle, (_c_) -north aisle, and (_d_) chapels or transepts; also groined roofs, -doorway or steps to roodloft, and stone screens--[Wood] altar table, -altar rails, reading desk, lectern, pulpit, pews, benches, poppy-heads, -panelling, roofs, doors, galleries, rood or chancel screen, other -screens or parcloses, parish or vestment chests, alms boxes--[Iron or -other metal]--any old details. - -6. Font--(_a_) position, (_b_) description, (_c_) measurements, (_d_) -cover. - -7. Monuments--beginning with early incised stones, and carefully -following them down in chronological order, an order which should not -be broken except for the purpose of keeping a family group together. -Arms should be correctly blazoned, and inscriptions faithfully copied. - -8. Stained glass, according to age. - -9. Encaustic tiles--pavement generally. - -10. Fresco paintings, black-letter texts, patterns on roof or -elsewhere, royal arms, charity bequest boards. - -11. Bells--(_a_) number, (_b_) inscription and marks, (_c_) frame, -(_d_) remarkable peals, or bell-ringers rhymes, (_e_) legends; also -sanctus bell, or bell cote on nave gable. - -12. Parish registers and other documents; church books, or library. - -13. Church plate. - -14. Church yard, (_a_) cross, (_b_) remarkable monuments or epitaphs, -(_c_) yew tree, (_d_) lychgate, (_e_) sundial. - -15. More recent fittings or ornaments, such as altar appurtenances, -organ, etc.; the previous headings being supposed to be confined to -older details possessing some historic value. But if the date, or -probable date, is given of each particular, it might perhaps be as well -to describe everything (if a complete account up to date is desired) -under its proper head; thus a modern altar cross and candlesticks might -be mentioned under the 5th head. - -A few words on church “RESTORATION” may be here introduced; for -it cannot surely be inappropriate to include a sentence or two in -these pages (whose object it is to further the preservation of local -records), that may possibly have some small influence in preventing -the needless destruction of any part of those noble buildings round -which the history of each English parish so closely clusters. From the -standpoint of a local annalist nothing has been more painful in the -“restorations” of the past forty years than the wanton way in which -monuments, and more especially flat tombstones, of all ages, have been -often treated. - -It is necessary to enter a warm protest against the notion that any -honour can be paid to God, or respect to the memory of those that He -created in His own image, by burying inscribed gravestones beneath many -inches of concrete in order to stick therein the glossy tiles of recent -manufacture. The effacing or removal (wherever it can be avoided) of -the memorials of the dead should in all cases be strongly resisted, -no matter what be the eminence of the architect that recommends it. -There are not many unrestored churches left in the country, but there -are some of much value and interest for whose fate we tremble. When a -“restoration” (the term is a necessity for the lack of a better) is -contemplated, let it be recollected that all work--beyond the removal -of galleries, and modern fittings, the opening out of flat plaster -ceilings, above which good timber roofs often lie concealed, the -scraping off the accumulated layers of whitewash and paint, the letting -in of light through blocked-up windows, the allowing of feet to pass -through doorways closed in recent days by the mason or bricklayer, and -the making strong of really perishing parts--all work beyond this is -in great danger of destroying the traces of the historic continuity -of our Church, and of doing a damage that can never be repaired. And -in preserving this historic continuity, let it not be thought that -any service is being rendered to history or religion by sweeping -clean out of the church all fittings of a post-Reformation date. The -sturdy Elizabethan benches, the well-carved Jacobean pulpit, or the -altar rails of beaten iron of last century, should all be preserved -as memorials of their respective periods; in short, everything that -our forefathers gave to God’s service that was costly and good, should -be by us preserved, provided that it does not mar the devout ritual -ordered by the Common Prayer, or in other respects interfere with -the Church’s due proclaiming of her Divine mission to the nineteenth -century. The reaction against over-restoration is now happily setting -in, but a word of caution is also necessary lest that cry should be -adopted as the cloak of a lazy indifferentism, or be used as an excuse -for regarding the parish church as a local museum illustrative of -byegone times, to be carefully dusted and nothing more. Where much -new work, or any considerable extent of refitting, seem absolutely -necessary, it is best to hasten slowly, and to do a little well rather -than to aim at a speedy general effect. Thus, if one of our old grey -churches requires fresh seating, how much better to fill a single aisle -or one bay of the nave with sound and effectively carved oak, and only -repair the remainder, rather than to accomplish the whole in sticky -pine. The best material and the best art should surely be used in God’s -service, and not reserved to feed our pride or minister to our comfort -in private dwellings. It has often been noticed how far better the work -of redeeming the interior of our churches from that state of dirt and -neglect that had degraded some at least below the level of the very -barns upon the glebe, has been carried out where money has come in -slowly, and at intervals, rather than where some munificent patron has -readily found the funds to enter upon a big contract. - - - - -Religious Houses. - - -If the parish includes within its boundaries the remains or the site of -any abbey, priory, hospital, monastic cell, or other religious building -otherwise than the parish church, the history and description of such -places must of course be separately undertaken. And let not the local -historian consider it is needless for him to explore into a subject -that has probably been treated of with greater or less detail in the -original edition of Dugdale’s “_Monasticon_,” or with more precision -in the expanded English edition. The English abbeys or priories, whose -history can be said to have been exhaustively written, could certainly -be counted on the fingers of both hands. - -Should any one desire to thoroughly search into the history of a -religious house, it will be best in the first place to ascertain -whether there is any chartulary or chartularies extant (to printed -lists of which we have previously referred) for Dugdale and subsequent -writers have often only quoted some two or three out of a hundred -charters, or ignored them altogether. Secondly, the numerous references -to national records, all now to be found at the P. R. O., which are -given in Tanner’s “Notitia,” or in the big Dugdale, should be referred -to seriatim. Thirdly, the indexes and calendars to the various Rolls, -etc., at the P. R. O., which have been mentioned under the manorial -history, should be looked through for those more or less frequent -references that are almost certain to have been omitted by Tanner. -Fourthly, the Augmentation Books, and other likely documents of the -time of the Suppression of the Monasteries, should be overhauled. -Fifthly, special MSS. dealing with the order to which the house -pertains, should be sought after; _e.g._, if of the Premonstratensian -order, a store of unpublished matter is almost certain to be found -in the Peck MSS. of the B. M., and in the Visitation Book of the -B., numbered Ashmole MSS. 1519. Sixthly, search should also be made -through the indexes of the various Blue Book Reports of the Historical -Manuscript Commission, and inquiries set on foot as to local private -libraries. Seventhly, and though last, this suggestion will often be -found to be of great value, questions should be asked through the pages -of that invaluable medium between literary men--_Notes and Queries_. - -It may also be found of use to study the precise statutes and -regulations of the particular order. They will be found in full in -the bulky folios of Holstein’s “_Codex Regularum Monasticarum et -Canonicarum_,” 1759. Dugdale only gives an abstract of the majority of -them. - - - - -General Topics. - - -Under this head we may classify the more general and modern subjects -that should not be left out of any complete parochial history, but -which it is sufficient just to indicate without further comment, only -premising that the annalist should keep constantly before him that it -is the history of a parish, and not of a county or country, on which he -is engaged, and that the more sparing he is of general disquisitions -the more likely he is to please his readers. - -The value of a thorough study of the field-names, of which we spoke -in the first section of this manual, will now also become apparent. -Some names will tell of a change of physical features, of swamps and -islands, where all is now dry and far removed from water, or of forests -and underwood, where the blade of corn is now the highest vegetation; -whilst others will point to the previous existence of the vast common -fields, and their peculiar cultivation (concerning which Maine’s -“Village Communities” should be read). Some will indicate the foolish -ways in which special crops were attempted to be forced by law upon -the people, for it is few parishes that have not a “Flax Piece” as a -witness to the futile legislation of 24 Henry VIII.; whilst others tell -of trades now extinct, or metals long since worked out. Some speak of -those early days when the wolf or the bear roamed the woods and fields, -the beaver dammed up the streams, or the eagle swooped down upon its -prey; whilst others tell of the weapons whereby these fauna were -rendered extinct, for scarcely a township can be found where some field -is not termed “the Butts,” names that certainly date back as far as -Edward IV., when it was enacted that every Englishman should have a bow -of his own height, and that butts for the practice of archery should -be erected near every village, where the inhabitants were obliged to -shoot up and down on every feast day under penalty of being mulcted a -halfpenny. - -It will, of course, be a matter of taste whether the topics here -enumerated should precede or follow the manorial and ecclesiastical -history. - -I. Situation--extent--hill and river--caverns and springs--scenic -character--climate and temperature. - -II. Geology--mineral workings--quarries. - -III. Special vegetable productions, past and present. - -IV. Special Fauna--mammalia--birds--fish--reptiles--insects. - -V. Agriculture, past and present. Inclosures of different -dates--Inclosure Acts; for the mostly sad effects of these most selfish -Acts, which profited the rich at the expense of the poor, for lists of -inclosures from time of Queen Anne, and for other valuable information -on this topic, see “General Report on Enclosures,” drawn up by the -Board of Agriculture in 1808. The Board of Agriculture, in the first -quarter of this century, drew up most valuable Surveys of Agriculture -for the different counties, many of which are replete with varied and -interesting information. On the economic and antiquarian side of this -question, read Professor Rogers’s “History of Agriculture and Prices in -England.” - -VI. Trades and manufactures, past and present. - -VII. Fairs and markets. - -VIII. Roads, canals, railways, and bridges--past and present. Care -should be taken in tracing out disused roads, bridle paths, or -pack-horse tracks. - -IX. Folk-lore. Under this head will come customs and ceremonies -relating to childbearing, churching, christening, courtship, -betrothal, marriage, death, and burial--public-house -signs and their meaning--customs and superstitious -pertaining to wells and streams--used and disused sports -and games--obsolete punishments, such as ducking-stool or -stocks--omens--witchcraft--ghosts--charms--divinations--and other -quaint or original customs. Several books have lately been published on -this subject, but they are mostly instances of book-making, and none -come up to or surpass Ellis’s edition of “Brand’s Popular Antiquities.” -A most useful publication society has been recently started, termed -“The Folk Lore Society,” which has already begun collecting and -publishing. The Hon. Sec. is G. Lawrence Gomme, Esq., Castelnau, Barnes. - -X. Dialect. On this subject see the invaluable publications of the -“English Dialect Society,” now (1879) in the seventh year of its -existence. The hon. secretary is J. H. Nodal, Esq., The Grange, -Heaton Moor, Stockport. One of their publications, price 6s. to -non-subscribers, is “A List of Books relating to some of the counties -of England.” Halliwell’s “Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words” -will be found very useful. - -XI. Poor Law and general Rating, history and statistics. - -XII. Population, inhabited houses, and other census details at -different periods. - -[Illustration] - - - - -INDEX. - - - Advowson, 76. - - Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 16. - - Armour, 89. - - Attainders, 53. - - - Bacon’s “Liber Regis,” 82. - - Banks’ “Dormant and Extinct Baronage,” 48. - - Bateman’s “Ten Years Diggings,” 15. - - Bells, 91. - - Bigelow’s “Placita Anglo-Normannica,” 35. - - Black Book of the Exchequer, 20. - - Blount’s “Ancient Tenures,” 19. - - Bloxam’s “Monumental Architecture,” 87. - - Bohn’s “Antiquarian Series,” 16. - - Boldon Book, 18. - - Book of Ely, 17. - - Book of Exeter, 17. - - Book of Winchester, 18. - - Borough Records, 56. - - Boutell’s “Christian Monuments,” 88. - - Brand’s “Popular Antiquities,” 107. - - Brasses, 88. - - Briefs, 74. - - Burke’s “Armoury,” 89. - - Burke’s “Landed Gentry,” 48. - - Burn’s “Parish Registers,” 58. - - - Calamy’s “Ejected Ministers,” 81. - - Chaffers’ “Hall Marks,” 91. - - Chalmers’ “Biographical Dictionary,” 57. - - Chambers’ “Divine Worship,” 92. - - Chantries, 69. - - Charities, 66. - - Charnock’s “Local Etymology,” 14. - - Charter Rolls, 25. - - Church Details, 93-6. - - Church, Description of, 84. - - Church, History of, 67. - - Churchwardens’ Accounts, 62. - - Close Rolls, 24. - - Collins’ “Peerage and Baronetage,” 48. - - Commonwealth Survey, 73. - - Constables’ Accounts, 62. - - Corblet’s “Manuel Elémentaire,” 92. - - Costume, 89. - - County Records, 55. - - Court of Chancery, 33. - - Cowel’s “Interpreter,” 78. - - Cussan’s “Heraldry,” 89. - - Cutts’ “Incised Slabs,” 87. - - - Dialect, 108. - - Dedication of Church, 81. - - Domesday Book, 16, 67. - - Domestic Architecture, 44. - - Dugdale’s “Baronage,” 48. - - Dugdale’s “Monasticon,” 101. - - - Ecton’s “Thesaurus,” 82. - - Edmondson’s “Baronagium Genealogicum,” 48. - - Edmund’s “Names of Places,” 14. - - Ellacombe’s “Bells of the Church,” 91. - - Ellis’ “Introduction to Domesday Book,” 17. - - English Dialect Society, 108. - - Episcopal Registers, 79. - - Etymology, 13. - - - Fairholt’s “Costume,” 89. - - Feet of Fines, 40. - - Ferguson’s “River Names,” 15. - - Ferguson’s “Teutonic Name System,” 15. - - Fergusson’s “Rude Stone Monuments,” 15. - - Fergusson’s “History of Architecture,” 48. - - Feudal Tenure, 18. - - Field Names, 13, 104. - - Fine Rolls, 26. - - Folk Lore, 107. - - Folk Lore Society, 108. - - Fonts, 90. - - Forfeitures, 53. - - Fosbrooke’s “Encyclopædia of Antiquities,” 44. - - Fowler’s “Bells and Bell-ringing,” 91. - - Fuller’s “Worthies,” 57. - - - General Topics, 103-8. - - Glass, 89. - - Gomme’s “Index of Municipal Offices,” 66. - - Gough’s “Sepulchral Monuments,” 89. - - Greenwell’s “British Barrows,” 15. - - Guilds and Fraternities, 72. - - - Haines’ “Brasses,” 88. - - Halliwell’s “Archaic Dictionary,” 108. - - Hamilton’s “Quarter Sessions,” 56. - - Heralds’ Visitations, 49. - - Heraldic Church Notes, 73. - - Heraldry, 89. - - Hewitt’s “Ancient Armour,” 89. - - Historical MSS. Commission, 56. - - History of the Church, 67. - - Holstein’s “Codex,” 103. - - Hundred Rolls, 27. - - - Incised Slabs, 87. - - Inclosure Acts, 106. - - Inclosure Commissioners, 14, 106. - - Incumbents, Lists of, 78. - - Inquisitiones ad quod damnum, 39. - - Inquisitiones post mortem, 36. - - Inventories of Church Goods, 71, 92. - - Itinerant Justices, 31. - - - Justices in Eyre, 31. - - Justices of the Forest, 31. - - - Kemble’s “Saxons in England,” 16. - - Knight’s Fees, 18. - - - Le Neve’s “Fasti,” 80. - - Le Neve’s “Monumenta Anglicana,” 88. - - Leo’s “Local Nomenclature,” 14. - - Local Etymology, 13. - - Lubbock’s “Scientific Lectures,” 15. - - - Maine’s “Village Communities,” 104. - - Manorial History, 16. - - Maps, 14. - - Marshall’s “Genealogist’s Guide,” 49. - - Marshall Rolls, 20. - - Mayors of Boroughs, 54. - - Members of Parliament, 54. - - Merewether’s “History of Boroughs,” 57. - - Monuments, 86. - - Muster Rolls, 54. - - - Nichols’ “Collectanea,” 77. - - Nicolas’ “Notitia Historica,” 53. - - Nonarum Inquisitiones, 21. - - Nonconformist Registers, 61. - - “Notes and Queries,” 103. - - North’s “Bells of Leicestershire and Northamptonshire,” 91. - - - Originalia, 26. - - Overseers of the Poor, 62. - - - Paley’s “Fonts,” 90. - - Papworth’s “Armorials,” 89. - - Pardons, 53. - - Parish Registers, 58. - - Parker’s “Calendar,” 84. - - Parker’s “Domestic Architecture,” 47. - - Parker’s “Glossary of Architecture,” 86. - - Parochial Records, 58. - - Patent Rolls, 23. - - Pedes Finium, 40. - - Personal History, 48. - - Pipe Rolls, 22. - - Placita, 29. - - Placita Itinerum, 32. - - Plate, 91. - - Prehistoric Remains, 15. - - - Quo Warranto Rolls, 32. - - - Re-consecration, 82. - - Records of Assize, 32. - - Recusant Rolls, 53. - - Re-dedication, 83. - - Religious Houses, 100. - - “Reliquary,” 91. - - Report on Enclosures, 106. - - Report on Municipal Corporations, 57. - - Report on Public Records, 53. - - Restoration, 96. - - Rock’s “Church of our Fathers,” 92. - - Roger’s “History of Agriculture,” 106. - - Rotuli Curiæ Regis, 30. - - - Scutage Rolls, 20. - - Sequestrations, 53. - - Sharpe’s “Seven Periods,” 86. - - Sheriffs, 54. - - Simpson’s “Fonts,” 90. - - Sims’ “Index to Pedigrees,” 52. - - Sims’ “Manual,” 39, 52, 54, 77, 87. - - Stone Effigies, 89. - - Stothard’s “Monumental Effigies,” 89. - - Stubb’s “Registrum Sacrum,” 86. - - Styles of Architecture, 84. - - - Tanner’s “Notitia,” 101. - - Taylor’s “Words and Places,” 14. - - Taxation of Pope Nicholas, 67. - - Testa de Neville, 20. - - Thomas’ “Handbook,” 42. - - Thorpe’s “Diplomatarium Anglicum,” 16. - - Tithe Commutation Maps, 14. - - Toulmin Smith’s “English Guilds,” 73. - - Toulmin Smith’s “Parish,” 65. - - - Valor Ecclesiasticus, 68. - - Village Officers, 66. - - Viollet-le-Duc’s “Military Architecture,” 46. - - - Walcott’s “Sacred Archæology,” 92. - - Walker’s “Sufferings of the Clergy,” 81. - - Weever’s “Funerall Monuments,” 87. - - Wills, 52. - - Winston’s “Glass Painting,” 89. - - Wood’s “Athenæ,” 57. - - Worrall’s “Bibliotheca Legum Angliæ,” 35. - - Worsae’s “Primeval Antiquities,” 44. - - Wright’s “Archæological Essays,” 44. - - Wright’s “Court-Hand Restored,” 43, 60. - - - Year Books, 34. - - Youlgreave Parish Records, 64. - -[Illustration] - - -BEMROSE AND SONS, PRINTERS. LONDON AND DERBY. - - - - -BY THE SAME AUTHOR. - - -NOTES ON - -The Churches of Derbyshire. - - -_Four Volumes, handsomely bound in Cloth, profusely Illustrated, red -edges, Royal 8vo._ - - VOL. I. HUNDRED OF SCARSDALE. _Price 15s._ - - VOL. II. HUNDREDS OF HIGH PEAK AND WIRKSWORTH. - _Price 21s._ - - VOL. III. HUNDREDS OF APPLETREE, AND REPTON - AND GRESLEY. _Price 21s._ - - VOL. IV. HUNDRED OF LITCHURCH AND MORLESTON; - BOROUGH OF DERBY; General Appendix; - and General Index to the 4 vols. - _Price 25s._ - - _Or £3 15s. 0d. for the whole Series._ - - -“A MAGNIFICENT WORK.”--_Times._ - -“An excellent work of the most comprehensive and minute -kind.”--_Athenæum._ - -“A rare example of thoroughly conscientious work, and a perfect -treasury of ecclesiological information.”--_Academy._ - - LONDON: - BEMROSE & SONS, 10, PATERNOSTER BUILDINGS; - AND IRONGATE, DERBY. - - - - -TO AUTHORS, CLERGYMEN, &c. - - -Bemrose & Sons desire to call attention to the special facilities which -they can offer for the production of County or Parish Histories, and -high-class Bookwork generally. - -Estimates and specimens on application. - - -[Illustration: LETTERPRESS PRINTING.] - -An extensive office, with a varied stock of old style and other types, -affords a selection of such type as harmonises with the character and -size of the work to be executed. - -The staff of employés is large and experienced, while the best and -latest mechanical and other appliances combine to ensure excellence and -dispatch in the issue of all printing. - -Sermons, Reports, Bills, Circulars, and other Parochial Printing, at -the shortest notice. - -[Illustration: ILLUSTRATIONS AND ILLUMINATIONS.] - -Special Artists are employed for the numerous branches of Art in -connection with Typography, hence Illustrations, either on Wood -or Steel, to any design, and in accord with any style or period. -Archæological Illustrations by several new processes. Artists are sent -out to make Sketches and Drawings when required. - -Illuminated Addresses on vellum for Presentation in the highest style -of the art. Heraldic Work of all kinds. Pedigrees and Coats of Arms -copied with accuracy. - -[Illustration: BINDING.] - -In every style--plain and strong for Parish Libraries, neat and uniform -for Private Libraries, and superbly extra finished for Presentation and -the Drawing Room Table. - - - - -BEMROSE & SONS’ - -PROCESS OF FAC-SIMILE PRINTING. - - -The process, briefly described, is as follows. The Instantaneous or -Fac-Simile Printing Ink is made in sticks, to be rubbed like Indian -Ink, as well as in a liquid state in Bottles, price One Shilling each. -The ink should be used on ordinary paper, of a good quality, and for -very elaborate Drawings, Whatman’s drawing paper is recommended. The -paper must be kept free from finger touches and grease; and while the -drawing is in progress, it is well to have a piece of loose paper under -the hand, which serves to keep the paper clean and to try the pen on -after each supply or dip of ink. The lead pencil may be used and left -on the paper, as the strokes will not interfere with the printing; and -the _Ink_ Drawing must on no account be smeared or rubbed with India -Rubber, &c. - -For Circulars, Fac-Similes of old MSS., and Commercial purposes, the -ordinary pen will do; but for Drawings, a fine steel pen or crow-quill -should be used. - -Drawing or writing executed with the ink should be sent flat, or round -a roller, to Messrs. Bemrose & Sons, who will then print from it any -required number of copies in exact fac-simile. - - - - -TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES: - - - Italicized text is surrounded by underscores: _italics_. - - Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. - - Inconsistencies in hyphenation have been standardized. - - Archaic or variant spelling has been retained. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO WRITE THE HISTORY OF A -PARISH *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following -the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use -of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for -copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very -easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation -of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project -Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may -do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected -by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark -license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country other than the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where - you are located before using this eBook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm website -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that: - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of -the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set -forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, -Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up -to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's website -and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without -widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our website which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This website includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |