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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Indian Games, by Andrew McFarland Davis
+
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+Title: Indian Games
+
+Author: Andrew McFarland Davis
+
+Release Date: November, 2004 [EBook #6857]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on February 2, 2003]
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+Edition: 10
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+Language: English
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+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INDIAN GAMES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Tom Allen, Juliet Sutherland, Charles Franks
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team.
+This file was produced from images generously made available
+by the Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions.
+
+
+
+
+INDIAN GAMES
+
+AN HISTORICAL RESEARCH
+
+BY ANDREW McFARLAND DAVIS
+
+
+
+
+"There are," says Father Brebeuf in his account of what was worthy of
+note among the Hurons in 1636, [Footnote: Relations des Jesuites,
+Quebec, 1858, p. 113.] "three kinds of games particularly in vogue with
+this people; cross, platter, and straw. The first two are, they say,
+supreme for the health. Does not that excite our pity? Lo, a poor sick
+person, whose body is hot with fever, whose soul foresees the end of
+his days, and a miserable sorcerer orders for him as the only cooling
+remedy, a game of cross. Sometimes it is the invalid himself who may
+perhaps have dreamed that he will die unless the country engages in a
+game of cross for his health. Then, if he has ever so little credit,
+you will see those who can best play at cross arrayed, village against
+village, in a beautiful field, and to increase the excitement, they
+will wager with each other their beaver skins and their necklaces of
+porcelain beads."
+
+"Sometimes also one of their medicine men will say that the whole
+country is ill and that a game of cross is needed for its cure. It is
+not necessary to say more. The news incontinently spreads everywhere.
+The chiefs in each village give orders that all the youths shall do
+their duty in this respect, otherwise some great calamity will overtake
+the country."
+
+
+
+
+LACROSSE.
+
+
+In 1667, Nicolas Perrot, then acting as agent of the French government,
+was received near Saut Sainte Marie with stately courtesy and formal
+ceremony by the Miamis, to whom he was deputed. A few days after his
+arrival, the chief of that nation gave him, as an entertainment, a game
+of lacrosse. [Footnote: Histoire de l'Amerique Septentrionale par M. de
+Bacqueville de la Potherie, Paris, 1722, Vol. II, 124, _et seq._]
+"More than two thousand persons assembled in a great plain each with
+his cross. A wooden ball about the size of a tennis ball was tossed in
+the air. From that moment there was a constant movement of all these
+crosses which made a noise like that of arms which one hears during a
+battle. Half the savages tried to send the ball to the northwest the
+length of the field, the others wished to make it go to the southeast.
+The contest which lasted for a half hour was doubtful."
+
+In 1763, an army of confederate nations, inspired by the subtle
+influence of Pontiac's master mind, formed the purpose of seizing
+the scattered forts held by the English along the northwestern
+frontier. On the fourth day of June of that year, the garrison at Fort
+Michilimackinac, unconscious of their impending fate, thoughtlessly
+lolled at the foot of the palisade and whiled away the day in watching
+the swaying fortunes of a game of ball which was being played by some
+Indians in front of the stockade. Alexander Henry, who was on the spot
+at the time, says that the game played by these Indians was "Baggatiway,
+called by the Canadians _le jeu de la Crosse._" [Footnote: Travels and
+Adventures in Canada, etc, by Alexander Henry, New York, 1809, p. 78,
+Travels through the Interior parts of North America, by Jonathan Carver,
+London, 1778, p. 19. The Book of the Indians, by Samuel G. Drake,
+Boston, 1811, Book V, Ch. III, p. 52.]
+
+Parkman [Footnote: The Conspiracy of Pontiac, by Francis Parkman,
+Boston, 1870, Vol. 1, p. 339.] concludes a vivid description of the
+surprise and massacre of the garrison at Michilimackinac, based upon
+authentic facts, as follows: "Bushing and striking, tripping their
+adversaries, or hurling them to the ground, they pursued the animating
+contest amid the laughter and applause of the spectators. Suddenly,
+from the midst of the multitude, the ball soared into the air and,
+descending in a wide curve, fell near the pickets of the fort. This was
+no chance stroke. It was part of a preconcerted scheme to insure the
+surprise and destruction of the garrison. As if in pursuit of the ball,
+the players turned and came rushing, a maddened and tumultuous throng,
+towards the gate. In a moment they had reached it. The amazed English
+had no time to think or act. The shrill cries of the ball-players were
+changed to the ferocious war-whoop. The warriors snatched from the
+squaws the hatchets which the latter, with this design, had concealed
+beneath their blankets. Some of the Indians assailed the spectators
+without, while others rushed into the fort, and all was carnage and
+confusion."
+
+Thus we see that the favorite game of ball of the North American
+Indians, known to-day, as it was in 1636, by the name of "lacrosse,"
+was potent among them as a remedial exercise or superstitious rite to
+cure diseases and avert disaster; that it formed part of stately
+ceremonials which were intended to entertain and amuse distinguished
+guests; and that it was made use of as a stratagem of war, by means of
+which to lull the suspicions of the enemy and to gain access to their
+forts.
+
+The descriptions of lacrosse which have been transmitted to us, would
+often prove unintelligible to one who had never seen the game played.
+The writers of the accounts which have come down to us from the early
+part of the seventeenth century were men whose lives were spent among
+the scenes which they described and they had but little time, and few
+opportunities for careful writing. The individual records though
+somewhat confused enable us easily to identify the game, and a
+comparison of the different accounts shows how thoroughly the main
+features of the game have been preserved.
+
+Lacrosse is played to-day as follows: The number of players on the
+opposing sides should be equal. Regular stations are assigned in the
+rules for playing the game, for twelve on each side. Goals, each
+consisting of two upright posts or staffs, generally about six feet
+apart and of equal height, are planted at each end of the field. The
+length of the field and its bounds are determined by the character of
+the ground and the skill of the players. The effort of each side is to
+prevent the ball from passing through the goal assigned to its
+protection, and equally to try to drive it through the opposite goal.
+Under no circumstances can the ball be touched during the game, while
+within the bounds, by the hands of the players. Each player has a
+racket, the length of which, though optional, is ordinarily from four
+to five feet. One end of this racket or bat is curved like a shepherd's
+crook, and from the curved end a thong is carried across to a point on
+the handle about midway its length. In the space thus enclosed between
+the thong and the handle, which at its broadest part should not exceed
+a foot in width, a flat network is interposed. This forms the bat. It
+is with this that the player picks up and throws the ball used in the
+game, which should be about eight or nine inches in circumference. The
+ball is placed in the centre of the field by the umpire, and when the
+game is called, the opposing players strive to get possession of it
+with their rackets. The play consists in running with it and throwing
+it, with the design of driving it between the adversary's goal posts;
+and in defensive action, the purpose of which is to prevent the
+opponents from accomplishing similar designs on their part. As the wind
+or the sunlight may favor one side or the other on any field, provision
+is generally made for a change of goals during the match. The stations
+of the players and the minor rules of the game are unimportant in this
+connection.
+
+The oldest attempt at a detailed description of the game is given by
+Nicolas Perrot who from 1662 to 1699 spent the greater part of his time
+as _coureur de bois_, trader, or government agent, among the Indians of
+the far West. It is of him that Abbe Ferland says, "Courageous man,
+honest writer and good observer, Perrot lived for a long time among the
+Indians of the West who were very much attached to him." His accounts of
+the manners and customs of the North American Indians have been
+liberally used by subsequent writers and as the part treating of games
+is not only very full but also covers a very early period of history, it
+is doubly interesting for purposes of comparison with games of a later
+day. He [Footnote: Memoire sur les Moeurs, Coustumes et Relligion des
+Sauvages de l'Amerique Septentrionale, par Nicolas Perrot, Leipzig et
+Paris, 1864, p. 43, _et seq._] says, "The savages have many kinds of
+games in which they delight. Their natural fondness for them is so great
+that they will neglect food and drink, not only to join in a game but
+even to look at one. There is among them a certain game of cross which
+is very similar to our tennis. Their custom in playing it is to match
+tribe against tribe, and if the numbers are not equal they render them
+so by withdrawing some of the men from the stronger side. You see them
+all armed with a cross, that is to say a stick which has a large portion
+at the bottom, laced like a racket. The ball with which they play is of
+wood and of nearly the shape of a turkey's egg. The goals of the game
+are fixed in an open field. These goals face to the east and to the
+west, to the north and to the south." Then follows a somewhat confused
+description of the method and the rules of the contest from which we can
+infer that after a side had won two goals they changed sides of the
+field with their opponents, and that two out of three, or three out of
+five goals decided the game.
+
+Reading Perrot's description in connection with that given by de la
+Potherie of the game played before Perrot by the Miamis, helps us to
+remove the confusion of the account. Abbe Ferlande [Footnote: Cours
+d'Histoire du Canada, par J.B. Ferland, Quebec, 1861, Vol. I, p. 134.]
+describes the game. He was a diligent student of all sources of
+authority upon these subjects and was probably familiar with the modern
+game. His account of the Indian game follows that of Perrot so closely
+as to show that it was his model. It is, however, clear and distinct in
+its details, free from the confusion which attends Perrot's account and
+might almost serve for a description of the game as played by the
+Indians to-day. Perrot was a frontier-man and failed when he undertook
+to describe anything that required careful and exact use of language.
+We can only interpret him intelligently by combining his descriptions
+with those of other writers and applying our own knowledge of the game
+as we see it to-day. He is, however, more intelligible when he gets on
+more general ground, and after having disposed of the technicalities of
+the game, he proceeds: "Men, women, boys and girls are received on the
+sides which they make up, and they wager between themselves more or
+less according to their means."
+
+"These games ordinarily begin after the melting of the ice and they
+last even to seed time. In the afternoon one sees all the players
+bedecked [Transcriber's Note: Lengthy footnote (1) relocated to chapter
+end.] and painted. Each party has its leader who addresses them,
+announcing to his players the hour fixed for opening the game. The
+players assemble in a crowd in the middle of the field and one of the
+leaders of the two sides, having the ball in his hands casts it into
+the air. Each one then tries to throw it towards the side where he
+ought to send it. If it falls to the earth, the player tries to draw it
+to him with his cross. If it is sent outside the crowd, then the most
+active players, by closely pursuing it, distinguish themselves. You
+hear the noise which they make striking against each other and warding
+off blows, in their strife to send the ball in the desired direction.
+When one of them holds the ball between his feet, it is for him, in his
+unwillingness to let it go, to avoid the blows which his adversaries
+incessantly shower down upon his feet. Should he happen to be wounded
+at this juncture, he alone is responsible for it. It has happened that
+some have had their legs broken, others their arms and some have been
+killed. It is not uncommon to see among them those who are crippled for
+life and who could only be at such a game by an act of sheer obstinacy.
+When accidents of this kind happen, the unfortunate withdraws quietly
+from the game if he can do so. If his injury will not permit him, his
+relations carry him to the cabin and the game continues until it is
+finished as if nothing bad happened."
+
+"When the sides are equal the players will occupy an entire afternoon
+without either side gaining any advantage; at other times one of the
+two will gain the two games that they need to win. In this game you
+would say to see them run that they looked like two parties who wanted
+to fight. This exercise contributes much to render the savages alert
+and prepared to avoid blows from the tomahawk of an enemy, when they
+find themselves in a combat. Without being told in advance that it was
+a game, one might truly believe that they fought in open country.
+Whatever accident the game may cause, they attribute it to the chance
+of the game and have no ill will towards each other. The suffering is
+for the wounded, who bear it contentedly as if nothing had happened,
+thus making it appear that they have a great deal of courage and are
+men."
+
+"The side that wins takes whatever has been put up on the game and
+whatever there is of profit, and that without any dispute on the part
+of the others when it is a question of paying, no matter what the kind
+of game. Nevertheless, if some person who is not in the game, or who
+has not bet anything, should throw the ball to the advantage of one
+side or the other, one of those whom the throw would not help would
+attack him, demanding if this is his affair and why he has mixed
+himself with it. They often come to quarrel about this and if some of
+the chiefs did not reconcile them, there would be blood shed and
+perhaps some killed."
+
+Originally, the game was open to any number of competitors. According
+to the Relation of 1636, "Village was pitted against village." "Tribe
+was matched against tribe," says Perrot. The number engaged in the game
+described by La Potherie [Footnote: Vol. II, p. 126.] was estimated by
+him at two thousand. LaHontan [Footnote: Memoires de L'Amerique
+Septentrionale, ou la Suite des Voyages de Mr. Le Baron de LaHontan,
+Amsterdam, 1705, Vol. II, p. 113.] says that "the savages commonly
+played it in large companies of three or four hundred at a time," while
+Charlevoix [Footnote: Histoire de la Nouvelle France. Journal d'un
+Voyage. etc, par le P. de Charlevoix, Paris, 1744, Vol. III, p. 319.]
+says the number of players was variable and adds "for instance if they
+are eighty," thus showing about the number he would expect to find in a
+game. When Morgan [Footnote: League of the Iroquois, by Lewis H.
+Morgan, Rochester, 1851, p. 294.] speaks of six or eight on a side, he
+must allude to a later period, probably after the game was modified by
+the whites who had adopted it among their amusements. [Transcriber's
+Note: Lengthy footnote (2) relocated to chapter end.]
+
+Our earliest accounts of the game as played by the Indians in the south
+are about one hundred years later than the corresponding records in the
+north. Adair [Footnote: The History of the American Indians,
+particularly those Nations adjoining to the Mississippi, etc, by James
+Adam, London, 1775, p. 399.] says the gamesters are equal in number and
+speaks of "the crowd of players" preventing the one who "catches the
+ball from throwing it off with a long direction." Bossu [Footnote:
+Travels through that Part of North America formerly called Louisiana,
+by Mr. Bossu, Captain in the French Marines. Translated from the French
+by John Hemhold Forster, London, 1771, Vol. I, p. 304.] says, "they are
+forty on each side," while Bartram [Footnote: Travels through North and
+South Carolina, etc., by William Bartram, Philadelphia, 1701, p. 508.]
+says, "the inhabitants of one town play against another in consequence
+of a challenge." From this it would seem that among those Indians, as
+at the North, the number of players was governed only by the
+circumstances under which the game was played.
+
+The ball, originally of wood, [Footnote: La Potherie, Vol. II, p. 126;
+Perrot, p. 44.] was replaced by one made of deer skin. Adair gives the
+following description of its manufacture: "The ball is made of a piece
+of scraped deerskin, moistened, and stuffed hard with deer's hair, and
+strongly sewed with deer's sinews." [Footnote: p. 400.]
+
+According to Morgan the racket has undergone a similar change, from a
+curved wooden head to the curved stick with open network, but we have
+seen in the earliest description at our command, that in the days of
+Perrot the cross was "laced like a racket." [Footnote: League of the
+Iroquois. p. 298; Perrot p. 44.]
+
+The game was played not only by the Indians of our Coast, but Powers
+[Footnote: Contributions to North American Ethnology, Vol. III, p. 151.
+Tribes of California by Stephen Powers; The same game is described
+among the Meewocs in The Native Races of the Pacific States by H. H.
+Bancroft, Vol. I, p. 393.] found it also among the Californian Indians.
+He describes a game of tennis played by the Pomo Indians in Russian
+River Valley, of which he had heard nothing among the northern tribes.
+"A ball is rounded out of an oak knot as large as those used by school
+boys, and it is propelled by a racket which is constructed of a long
+slender stick, bent double and bound together, leaving a circular hoop
+at the extremity, across which is woven a coarse meshwork of strings.
+Such an implement is not strong enough for batting the ball, neither do
+they bat it, but simply shove or thrust it along the ground."
+
+Paul Kane [Footnote: Wanderings of an Artist among the Indians of North
+America by Paul Kane, p. 190; H. H. Bancroft's Native Races, Vol. I, p.
+244.] describes a game played among the Chinooks. He says "They also
+take great delight in a game with a ball which is played by them in the
+same manner as the Cree, Chippewa and Sioux Indians. Two poles are
+erected about a mile apart, and the company is divided into two bands
+armed with sticks, having a small ring or hoop at the end with which
+the ball is picked up and thrown to a great distance, each party
+striving to get the ball past their own goal. They are sometimes a
+hundred on a side, and their play is kept up with great noise and
+excitement. At this play they bet heavily as it is generally played
+between tribes or villages."
+
+Domenech [Footnote: Seven Years' Residence in the Great Deserts of
+North America by the Abbe Em. Domenech, Vol. II, pp. 192, 193.] writing
+about the Indians of the interior, calls the game "cricket," and says
+the players were costumed as follows: "Short drawers, or rather a belt,
+the body being first daubed over with a layer of bright colors; from
+the belt (which is short enough to leave the thighs free) hangs a long
+tail, tied up at the extremity with long horse hair; round their necks
+is a necklace, to which is attached a floating mane, dyed red, as is
+the tail, and falling in the way of a dress fringe over the chest and
+shoulders. In the northwest, in the costume indispensable to the
+players, feathers are sometimes substituted for horse hair." He adds
+"that some tribes play with two sticks" and that it is played in
+"winter on the ice." "The ball is made of wood or brick covered with
+kid-skin leather, sometimes of leather curiously interwoven."
+Schoolcraft describes the game as played in the winter on the ice.
+[Footnote: Schoolcraft's North American Indians, Vol. II, p. 78. See
+also Ball-play among the Dicotis, in Philander Prescott's paper, Ibid,
+Vol. IV, p. 64.]
+
+It will be observed that the widest difference prevails in the estimate
+of the distance apart at which the goals are set. Henry, in his account
+of the game at Michilimackinac says "they are at a considerable
+distance from each other, as a mile or more." Charlevoix places the
+goals in a game with eighty players at "half a league apart" meaning
+probably half a mile. LaHontan estimates the distance between the goals
+at "five or six hundred paces." Adair, [Footnote: Henry, p. 78
+Chulevoix Vol. III, p. 319, Kane's Wanderings, p. 189, LaHontan, Vol.
+II, p. 113; Adair, p. 400.] who is an intelligent writer, and who was
+thoroughly conversant with the habits and customs of the Cherokees,
+Choctaws, and Chicasaws estimates the length of the field at "five
+hundred yards," while Romans [Footnote: A concise Natural History of
+East and West Florida, by Capt Bernard Romans New York, 1770, p. 79.]
+in describing the goals uses this phrase "they fix two poles across
+each other at about a hundred and fifty feet apart." Bossu [Footnote:
+Vol. I, p. 104 Similarly, Pickett (History of Alabama, Vol. I, p. 92)
+describes a game among the Creeks in which there was but one goal
+consisting of two poles erected in the centre of the field between
+which the ball must pass to count one. He cites "Butram," and the
+"Narrative of a Mission to the Creek Nation by Col. Mammus Willet," is
+his authorities neither of them sustains him on this point.] speaks as
+if in the game which he saw played there was but a single goal. He says
+"They agree upon a mark or aim about sixty yards off, and distinguished
+by two great poles, between which the ball is to pass."
+
+The goals among the northern Indians were single posts at the ends of
+the field. It is among the southern Indians that we first hear of two
+posts being raised to form a sort of gate through or over which the
+bull must pass. Adair says, "they fix two bending poles into the
+ground, three yards apart below, but slanting a considerable way
+outwards." The party that happens to throw the ball "over these counts
+one; but if it be thrown underneath, it is cast back and played for as
+usual." The ball is to be thrown "through the lower part" of the two
+poles which are fixed across each other at about one hundred and fifty
+feet apart, according to Romans. In Bossu's account it is "between" the
+two great poles which distinguish the mark or aim, that "the ball is to
+pass." On the other hand, Bartram, describing what he saw in North
+Carolina, speaks of the ball "being hurled into the air, midway between
+the two high pillars which are the goals, and the party who bears off
+the ball to their pillar wins the game."
+
+In some parts of the south each player had two rackets between which
+the ball was caught. For this purpose they were necessarily shorter
+than the cross of the northern Indians. Adair says, "The ball sticks
+are about two feet long, the lower end somewhat resembling the palm of
+a hand, and which are worked with deer-skin thongs. Between these they
+catch the ball, and throw it a great distance." [Footnote: Adair, p.
+400; A Narrative of the Military Adventures of Colonel Marinus Willett,
+p. 109.]
+
+That this was not universal throughout the south would appear from
+Bossu's account who says, "Every one has a battle-door in his hand
+about two feet and a half long, made very nearly in the form of ours,
+of walnut, or chestnut wood, and covered with roe-skins." Bartram also
+says that each person has "a racquet or hurl, which is an implement of
+a very curious construction somewhat resembling a ladle or little hoop
+net, with a handle near three feet in length, the hoop and handle of
+wood and the netting of thongs of raw-hide or tendons of an animal."
+
+Catlin [Footnote: Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs and
+Condition of the North American Indians, by George Catlin, Vol. II, p.
+123 _et seq._] saw the game played by the Choctaws, on their Western
+Reservation. They used two rackets. In this game the old men acted as
+judges.
+
+The game was ordinarily started by tossing the ball into the air in the
+centre of the field. This act is represented by Perrot as having been
+performed by one of the leaders in the game, but it is more in accord
+with the spirit in which the game was played, that it should have been
+done by some outsider. Bossu says, "An old man stands in the middle of
+the place appropriated to the play, and throws up into the air a ball
+of roe-skins rolled about each other," while Powers [Footnote:
+Contributions to North American Ethnology, Vol. III, p. 151.] says that
+among the Californian Indians this act was performed by a squaw. The
+judges started the ball among the Choctaws. [Footnote: Cuthu, Vol. II,
+p. 12.] Notwithstanding the differences in the forms of the goals,
+their distance apart and the methods of play disclosed in all these
+descriptions, the game can only be regarded as the same. The historians
+who have preserved for us the accounts of the ancient southern games
+from which quotations have been made, are all Englishmen except Bossu,
+and he entered the country not by the way of Quebec but by way of New
+Orleans. It is not strange, therefore, that we do not find in use
+amongst them the name which the early French fathers and traders
+invariably applied to the game. The description, however, given by
+these writers, of the racket used in the south, corresponds so closely
+with the crook from which the game took the name by which it is known,
+that we must accept the game as a modified form of lacrosse. From Maine
+to Florida, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, we trace a knowledge of
+it. We have found it in use among the confederate nations of the north
+and of the south and among scattered tribes throughout the country.
+
+In the majority of instances the natural instincts of those who
+participated in the strife were stimulated by local pride. The
+reputation of their tribe or their village rested upon the result.
+Ardent as the spirit of the contest must necessarily have been under
+such circumstances, among a people where courage and physique counted
+for so much, their intense passion for gambling intervened to fan into
+fiercer flames the spirits of the contesting players and to inspire them
+to more earnest efforts. Stakes, often of the utmost consequence to the
+players and their backers, were wagered upon the games. A reputation for
+courage, for skill and for endurance, was the most valuable possession
+of the Indian. The maintenance of this was to a certain extent involved
+in each game that he played. Oftentimes in addition to this, all of his
+own possessions and the property of his friends and neighbors in the
+form of skins and beads were staked upon the result of the contest. In
+games where so much was involved, we need not be surprised to learn from
+Perrot that limbs were occasionally broken and that sometimes players
+were even killed. In the notes to Perrot's Memoir it is stated that some
+anonymous annotator has written across the margin of Perrot's manuscript
+at this point: [Footnote: Perrot. Note 1, Ch. x. p. 187.] "False,
+neither arms nor legs are broken, nor are players ever killed." We
+scarcely need the corroboratory statements of La Potherie [Footnote:
+Vol. II, pp. 126-137.] that "these games are ordinarily followed by
+broken heads, arms and legs, and often people are killed at them;" and
+also of LaHontan, [Footnote: Vol. II, p. 113.] that "they tear their
+skins and break their legs" at them, to satisfy us that Perrot rather
+than his critic is to be believed. If no such statements had been made,
+we should infer that so violent a game, on which stakes of such vital
+importance were placed, could not be played by a people like the
+Indians, except with such results. Notwithstanding the violence of the
+game and the deep interest which the players and spectators took in it,
+the testimony of historians is uniform to the effect that accidental
+injuries received during its progress produced no ill will. We have seen
+that Perrot states that if anyone attempted to hold the ball with _his
+feet_, he took his chance of injury, and that those who were injured
+retired quietly from the field. Adair says, "It is a very unusual thing
+to see them act spitefully, not even in this severe and tempting
+exercise." Bossu bears testimony to the same effect, in the following
+words: "The players are never displeased; some old men, who assist at
+the play, become mediators, and determine that the play is only intended
+as a recreation, and not as an opportunity of quarrelling."
+
+Where the game was played by appointment in response to a challenge,
+the men and women assembled in their best ornaments, and danced and
+sang during the day and night previous to that of the appointed day.
+The players supplicated the Great Spirit for success. Female relations
+chanted to him all the previous night and the men fasted from the
+previous night till the game was over. [Footnote: Adair, p. 401, Bossu,
+Vol. I, p. 306, and Willet's Narrative, p. 109.] The players wore but
+little in the way of covering. Romans speaks of them as being "almost
+naked, painted and ornamented with feathers;" and Bossu says they were
+"naked, painted with various colours, having a tyger tail fastened
+behind, and feathers on their heads and arms."
+
+It is not astonishing that a game which called for such vigorous
+exorcise [Footnote: Ferdinand Vol. I, p. 134, and Major C. Swan in a
+Report concerning the Creeks in 1791. Schoolcraft, Vol. v, p. 277, that
+the Whites exceed the Indians at this game.] and which taxed the
+strength, agility and endurance of the players to such a degree, should
+be described by writers in terms which showed that they looked upon it
+rather in the light of a manly contest than as an amusement.
+Nevertheless the young people and the women often took part in it.
+Perrot tells us so, and both Romans and Bossu say that after the men
+were through, the women usually played a game, the bets on which were
+generally high. Powers [Footnote: Contributions to North American
+Ethnology, Vol. in, p. 151.] represents the squaws among the
+Californian Indians as joining the game.
+
+Dexterity in the game lay in the skilful use of the racket; in rapid
+running; in waylaying an adversary when he was in possession of the
+ball; in avoiding members of the opposing side when the player himself
+was running with the ball for the goal, and in adroitly passing the
+ball to one of the same side when surrounded by opponents. To give full
+scope to skill in the use of the racket, great stress was laid upon the
+rule that the ball was not to be touched by the hand. Perrot says, "if
+it falls to the earth he tries to draw it to him with his cross."
+Charlevoix says, "Their business is to strike the ball to the post of
+the adverse party without letting it fall to the ground and without
+touching it with the hand." Adair says, "They are not allowed to catch
+it with their hands."
+
+The early writers were struck with the fact that the character of the
+exercise in this game was fitted to develop the young warriors for the
+war path, and they commented on the practice that they thus acquired in
+rapid running and in avoiding blows from an instrument in the hands of
+an adversary.
+
+"When we review the various features of the game which its chroniclers
+have thought worthy of record, we can but conclude that it was rather a
+contest of grave importance to the players than a mere pastime, nor can
+we fail to accept the concurrent testimony as to the widespread
+territory in which it was domesticated, as additional evidence of the
+extent of the intercourse which prevailed among the native tribes of
+this country."
+
+[Relocated Footnote (1): I translate _apiffez_, "bedecked," assuming
+from the context that the author meant to write "_attifez_." We have,
+elsewhere, accounts which show that ballplayers, even though compelled
+to play with scant clothing, still covered themselves with their
+ornaments. J. M. Stanley in his Portraits of North American Indians,
+Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Washington, 1862, Vol. II, p. 13,
+says that the "Creek" ball-players first appear on the ground in
+costume. "During the play they divest themselves of all their ornaments
+which are usually displayed on these occasions for the purpose of
+betting on the result of the play."]
+
+[Relocated Footnote (2): The game is also mentioned in An Account of the
+Remarkable Occurrences in the Life and Travels of Col. James Smith
+during his Captivity with the Indians in the years 1755-1759.
+Cincinnati, 1870, p. 78. It is described by Col. William L. Stone in his
+Life of Brant, Albany, 1865, Vol. II, p. 448. In one game of which he
+speaks, the ball was started by a young and beautiful squaw who was
+elaborately dressed for the occasion. Notwithstanding the extent and
+value of Col. Stone's contributions to the literature on the subject of
+the North American Indians, he makes the erroneous statement that "The
+Six Nations had adopted from the Whites the popular game of ball or
+cricket" See p. 445, same volume, _cf_. The Memoir upon the late War in
+North America, 1755-1760, by M. Pouchot, translated and edited by
+Franklin B. Hough, Vol. II, p. 195. A game of ball is also described in
+Historical Collections of Georgia, by the Rev. George White, 3d edition,
+New York, 1835, p. 670, which took place in Walker County, Georgia,
+between Chatooga and Chicamauga. The ball was thrown up at the centre.
+The bats were described as curiously carved spoons. If the ball touched
+the ground the play stopped and it was thrown up again. Rev. J. Owen
+Dorsey in a paper entitled "Omaha Sociology," printed in the Third
+Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, etc, 1881-1882, Washington,
+1884 p. 230, p. 336, describes the game amongst the Omahas.]
+
+
+
+
+PLATTER OR DICE.
+
+
+The second in the list of games given by Father Brebeuf is that which
+he calls "platter." Writers who describe the habits of the Indians at
+the north have much to say concerning this game. According to
+Lescarbot, Jacques Cartier saw it played, and recorded his
+observations. [Footnote: Histoire de la Nouvelle France par Marc
+Lescarbot, Nouvelle Edition, Paris 1856, Vol. III, p. 734.]
+
+Sagard Theodat [Footnote: Histoire du Canada, etc., par Gabriel Sagard
+Theodat; Nouvelle Edition, Paris, 1856, Vol. I, pp. 243-244.] devotes
+considerable space to it. Both Father Brebeuf, in his Relation in 1636,
+and Father Lalemant, in his Relation in 1639, give long accounts of the
+game, the causes for its being played, the excesses in gambling to
+which it leads, and the methods which prevail in its practice. In
+Perrot's [Footnote: p. 50.] work there is a good description of the
+game, although not so full as his account of lacrosse, from which we
+have already quoted. La Potherie and LaHontan barely mention it.
+Latitau [Footnote: Mours des Sauvages Ameriquains, erc, par le P.
+Latitau, Paris, 1724, Vol. II, p. 339.] in his searching analysis of
+the manuscripts deposited at Quebec, while seeking for traces of his
+theory that a resemblance existed between the habits of the Indians and
+those of the ancient dwellers in eastern Europe, found an unusual
+quantity of material bearing on this particular topic, which he has
+reproduced in his book. Charlevoix [Footnote: Vol. III, pp. 260-1.], in
+a letter dated June 8, 1721, says, "As I was returning through a
+quarter of the Huron village, I perceived a number of these Indians,
+who seemed much heated at play. I approached them and found that the
+game they were playing at was what they called the game of platter.
+This is the game to which the Indians are addicted above all others.
+They sometimes lose their rest and in some degree their very senses at
+it. They stake all they are worth, and several of them have been known
+to continue at it till they have stript themselves stark naked and lost
+all their movables in their cabin. Some have been known to stake their
+liberty for a certain time. This circumstance proves beyond all doubt
+how passionately fond they are of it, there being no people in the
+world more jealous of their liberty than our Indians."
+
+In the description which Charlevoix then gives, he is relied partly
+upon personal observations and also to some extent, upon accounts which
+were at that time in manuscript in Quebec mid which were easily
+accessible to him. He was himself an intelligent observer and a
+cultivated man. His history and his letters, although not free from the
+looseness of expression which pervades contemporaneous accounts show on
+the whole the discipline of an educated mind. We learn from him and
+from the authorities heretofore enumerated that two players only from
+each side could participate in this game at any given time during its
+progress. The necessary implements were a bowl and a number of dice
+fashioned somewhat like apricot seeds, and colored differently upon the
+upper and lower sides. Generally, one side was white and the other
+black. The number of these dice was generally six. There was no fixed
+rule as to the materials of which they were made; sometimes they were
+of bone; sometimes the stones of fruits were used. The important point
+was that the centre of gravity of each die should be so placed, that
+when it was thrown into the air, or when the bowl in which it was
+placed, was violently twirled, there would be an even chance as to
+which of its two sides the die would settle upon when it lodged; and in
+the game as it was played in early times that the whole number of dice
+used should be uniform in the coloring of the sides, each die having
+the different sides of different colors. The dice were placed in the
+bowl which was generally of wood, between the two players who were to
+cast them in behalf of their respective sides. These casters or
+throwers were selected by each side and the prevailing motives in their
+choice were generally based upon some superstitious belief in their
+luck. Perhaps this one had dreamed that he would win. Perhaps that one
+was believed to possess some magic power, or some secret ointment which
+when applied to the dice would cause them to turn up favorably for his
+side. [Footnote: Relations des Jesuites, Relation en l'Annue, 1636, p.
+113.] The spectators were generally arranged in seats along the sides
+of the cabin [Footnote: Ibid, Relation en l'Annue, 1639, p. 95.],
+placed in tiers so that each person could have a view of the players.
+They were in more senses than one deeply interested in the game. When
+the cast was to be made the player would strike the bowl upon the
+ground so as to make the dice jump into the air [Footnote: Sigud
+Theodat Vol. 1, p. 213.] and would then twirl the bowl rapidly around.
+During this process and until it stopped its revolutions and the dice
+finally settled, the players addressed the dice and beat themselves on
+their breasts. [Footnote: Shea's Hennepin, p. 300.] The spectators
+during the same period filled the air with shouts and invoked aid from
+their own protecting powers, while in the same breath they poured forth
+imprecations on those of their adversaries. The number of points
+affected the length of the game and as entirely optional. If six dice
+were used and all came up of the same color, the throw counted five.
+[Footnote: Among the Delawares it required eight counts of five to win.
+History of the Mission of the United Brethren among the Indians etc. G
+H Loskiel. Translated by I Latrobe, Part I, Ch. VIII, p. 106.] If five
+of them were of the same color it counted one. Any lower number failed
+to count. If the caster was unsuccessful he gave place to another, but
+so long as he continued to win his side would retain him in that
+position. [Footnote: Charlevoix Vol. III, p. 264.] The game was often
+ushered in with singing. Like lacrosse it was prescribed as a remedy
+for sickness or in consequence of dreams, and the sufferer in whose
+behalf the game was played was borne to the cabin in which it was to
+take place. Preliminary fasting and continence were observed, and every
+effort made that superstition could suggest to discover who would be
+the lucky thrower and who could aid the caster by his presence at the
+contest. Old men, unable to walk thither, were brought up on the
+shoulders of the young men that their presence might be propitious to
+the chances of the game. [Footnote: Ibid p. 202.] The excitement which
+attended one of these games of chance was intense, especially when the
+game reached a critical point and some particular throw was likely to
+terminate it. Charlevoix says the games often lasted for five or six
+days [Footnote: Loskiel (p. 106) saw a game between two Iroquois towns
+which lasted eight days. Sacrifices for luck were offered by the sides
+each night.] and oftentimes the spectators concerned in the game, "are
+in such an agitation as to be transported out of themselves to such a
+degree that they quarrel and fight, which never happens to the Hurons,
+except on these occasions or when they are drunk."
+
+Perhaps rum was responsible also for these quarrels; for in the early
+accounts we are told that losses were philosophically accepted. Father
+Biebeuf tells of a party who had lost their leggings at one of these
+games and who returned to their village in three feet of snow as
+cheerful in appearance as if they had won. There seems to have been no
+limit to which they would not go in their stakes while under the
+excitement of the game. Clothing, wife, family and sometimes the
+personal liberty of the player himself rested in the hazard of the die.
+[Footnote: Cheulevoix Vol. III, p. 261. Le Grand Voyage du Pays Des
+Hurons, pan Gabriel Sigud Theodat Puis 1632, Nouvelle Edition, Paris,
+1835, p. 85, Relations de Jesuites, Relation de la Nouvelle France en
+l'Annee 1639, pp. 95-96, Lafitau, Vol. II, p. 341.]
+
+The women often played the game by themselves, though apparently with
+less formality than characterized the great matches. The latter
+frequently assumed the same local characteristics that we have seen in
+the game of lacrosse, and we hear of village being pitted against
+village as a frequent feature of the game. [Footnote: Penot p. 43,
+Histoire du Canada par F. X. Garneau, Vol. I, p. 115.]
+
+Morgan [Footnote: League of the Iroquois, p. 602.] describes a game
+played by the Iroquois with buttons or dice made of elk-horn, rounded
+and polished and blackened on one side. The players spread a blanket on
+the ground; and the dice were tossed with the hand in the air and
+permitted to fall on the blanket. The counts were determined as in the
+game of platter by the color of the sides of the dice which were
+exposed when they settled. The number of the dice was eight.
+
+In Perrot's [Footnote: Periot, p. 50.] description of the game of
+platter he, alludes to a game, played with eight dice, on a blanket in
+precisely this way, but he adds that it was practised by women and
+girls. La Potherie [Footnote: La Potherie, Vol. III, p. 23.] says that
+the women sometimes play at platter, but ordinarily they cast the fruit
+stones with the hand as one throws dice.
+
+Under the name of "hubbub" this game has also been described by
+observers among the Abenakis. Ogilby [Footnote: America, being an
+Accurate Description of the New World, etc. Collected and Translated by
+John Ogilby. London, 1670, Book II, Ch. II, p. 155.] says: "Hubbub is
+five small Bones in a small Tray; the Bones be like a Die, but
+something flatter, black on the one side and white on the other, which
+they place on the Ground, against which violently thumping the Platter,
+the Bones mount, changing Colour with the windy whisking of their Hands
+to and fro; which action in that sport they much use, smiting
+themselves on the Breasts and Thighs, crying out Hub Hub Hub; they may
+be heard playing at this game a quarter of a mile off. The Bones being
+all black or white make a double Game; if three of one colour, and two
+of another, then they afford but a single game; four of a colour and
+one differing is nothing. So long as the Man wins he keeps the Tray,
+but if he lose the next Man takes it."
+
+There is but little said about this game in the south by writers. It
+evidently had no such hold there as among the Hurons and the tribes
+along the Lakes. Lawson [Footnote: History of North Carolina by John
+Lawson, London, 1718, p. 176.] saw it played in North Carolina with
+persimmon stones as dice. While this fixes the fact that the game had a
+home among the southern Indians, the way in which it has been slighted
+by the majority of writers who treat of that section shows that it was
+not a favorite game there.
+
+To what shall we ascribe this? Its hold upon the northern Indians shows
+that it was peculiarly adapted to the temperament of the natives, and
+we should naturally expect to find it as much in use among the tribes
+of the south as with those of the north. An explanation for this may
+possibly be found in the difference of the climate. The game was
+especially adapted for the winter, and while its practice was evidently
+not exclusively confined to that season, it is possible that its
+greater hold upon the affections of the Indians of the north arose from
+their being obliged to resort to in-door amusements during the
+protracted winters in that region. From this necessity the southern
+Indians being in a measure exempt, they continued their out-door games
+as usual and never became so thoroughly infatuated with this game.
+
+Informal contests were often held between players, in which the use of
+the bowl or platter was dispensed with. The dice were held in the hand
+and then tossed in the air. They were allowed to fall upon some prepared
+surface, generally a deerskin spread for the purpose. The same rules as
+to the color of the surfaces of the dice when they settled in their
+places governed the count. This form of the game is sometimes described
+as a separate game. Boucher [Footnote: True and Genuine Description of
+New France, etc, by Pierre Boucher, Paris, 1644 Translated under title
+"Canada to the Seventeenth Century," Montreal, 1883, p. 57.] calls it
+_Paquessen_. [Footnote: Played by women and girls. Sagard Theodat,
+Histoire du Canada, Vol. I, p. 244.] The women of Oregon played it with
+marked beaver teeth. [Footnote: Contributions to North American
+Ethnology, Vol. I, p. 206, George Gibbs; H. H. Bancroft's Native Races,
+Vol. I, p. 244, The Northwest Coast by James G. Swan, p. 158.] Among the
+Twanas it was played with beaver or muskrat teeth. [Footnote: Bulletin U
+S Geological Survey, Vol. III, No. 1, April 5, 1877. Rev. M. Eels.]
+Powers [Footnote: Contributions to North American Ethnology, Vol. III,
+p. 332.] says that among the Nishmams, a tribe living on--the slopes of
+the Sierra Nevada between the Yuba and Cosumnes rivers, a game of dice
+is played by men or women, two, three or four together. The dice, four
+in number, consist of two acorns split lengthwise into halves, with the
+outsides scraped and painted red or black. They are shaken in the hand
+and thrown into a wide flat basket, woven in ornamental patterns. One
+paint and three whites, or _vice versa_, score nothing; two of each
+score one; four alike score four. The thrower keeps on throwing until he
+makes a blank throw, when another takes the dice. When all the players
+have stood their turn, the one who has scored the most takes the
+stakes."
+
+The women of the Yokuts, [Footnote: Contributions to North American
+Ethnology, Vol. III, p. 377.] a Californian tribe which lived in the
+San Joaquin valley near Tulare Lake, had a similar game. Each die was
+half a large acorn or walnut shell filled with pitch and powdered
+charcoal and inlaid with bits of bright colored abaloni shell. Four
+squaws played and a fifth kept tally with fifteen sticks. There were
+eight dice and they scooped them up with their hands and dashed them
+into the basket, counting one when two or five flat surfaces turned up.
+
+Schoolcraft [Footnote: Schoolcraft's Indian Tribes, Vol. II, pp. 71,
+72.] says "one of the principal amusements of a sedentary character is
+that of various games, success in which depends on luck in numbers.
+These games, to which both the prairie and forest tribes are addicted,
+assume the fascination and intensity of gambling; and the most valued
+articles are often staked upon the luck of a throw. For this purpose
+the prairie tribes commonly use the stones of the wild plum or some
+analogous fruit, upon which various devices indicating their
+arithmetical value are burned in, or engraved and colored, so as at a
+glance to reveal the character of the pieces." Among the Dacota tribes
+this is known by a term which is translated the "game of plum stones."
+He gives illustrations of the devices on five sets of stones, numbering
+eight each. "To play this game a little orifice is made in the ground
+and a skin put in it; often it is also played on a robe." [Footnote:
+Domenech. Vol. II, p. 191, First Annual Report of Bureau of Ethnology.
+Smithsonian, 1881, p. 195.] The women and the young men play this game.
+The bowl is lifted with one hand and rudely pushed down to its place.
+The plum stones fly over several times. The stake is first put up by
+all who wish to play. A dozen can play at once if desirable.
+
+Schoolcraft [Footnote: Vol. n, p. 72.] describes still another form of,
+the game which he found among the Chippewas, in which thirteen pieces or
+dice were used. Nine of them were of bone and were fashioned in figures
+typifying fish, serpents, etc. One side of each was painted red and had
+dots burned in with a hot iron. The brass pieces were circular having
+one side convex and the other concave. The convex side was bright, the
+concave dark or dull. The red pieces were the winning pieces and each
+had an arithmetical value. Any number of players might play. A wooden
+bowl, curiously carved and ornamented, was used. This form of the game
+may have been modified by contact with the whites. It seems to be the
+most complex [Footnote: See also a simpler form of the game described by
+Philander Prescott among the Dacotas--Schoolcraft, Vol. IV, p. 64. The
+tendency of the modern Indians to elaborate the game may be traced in
+the description of "Plumstone shooting" given in "Omaha Sociology" by
+Rev. J. Owen Dorsey. Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to
+the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington, 1884, p. 335.]
+form in which the game appears. The fact still remains however, that in
+some form or other we find the game in use across the entire breadth of
+the continent. [Footnote: Col. James Smith describes the game among the
+Wyandots. An Account of the Remarkable Occurrences in the Life and
+Travels of Col. James Smith, during his Captivity with the Indians in
+the Years 1755-1759. Cincinnati, 1870, p. 46. Tanner also describes it.
+He calls it _Beg-ga sah_ or dice. Tanner's Narrative, New York, 1830, p.
+114.]
+
+
+
+
+STRAW OR INDIAN CARDS.
+
+
+The third game mentioned by Father Brebeuf was that which was called
+straw. We have seen that the first of these games called for strength,
+agility and endurance. It was as free from elements of chance as any
+human contest can be. The victory belonged to the side which counted
+amongst its numbers those players who were the fleetest runners, the
+most skilful throwers and the most adroit dodgers. The second was
+purely a game of chance. If honestly played no other element entered
+into its composition. The third which we are now about to consider was
+much more complicated in its rules than either of the others. It
+closely resembled in some respects several of our modern gambling
+games. The French found it very difficult to comprehend and hence the
+accounts of it which they have given are often confused and perplexing.
+Boucher [Footnote: p. 57.] says, "Our French people have not yet been
+able to learn to play it well; it is full of spirit and these straws
+are to the Indians what cards are to us." Lafitau [Footnote: Vol. II,
+p. 351.] after quoting from Boucher says, "Baron de LaHontan also made
+out of it a game purely of the mind and of calculation, in which he who
+best knows how to add and subtract, to multiply and divide with these
+straws will surely win. To do this, use and practice are necessary, for
+these savages are nothing less than good calculators."
+
+"Sieur Perrot, who was a celebrated traveller, and that European whom
+the savages of New France have most honored, left a description of this
+game in his manuscript Memorial. I would gladly have inserted it here
+but it is so obscure that it is nearly unintelligible." Charlevoix
+admits that he could understand nothing of the game, except as played
+by two persons in its simplest form and adds that he was told that
+"there was as much of art as of chance in the game and that the Indians
+are great cheats at it." [Footnote: Charlevoix, Vol. III, p. 319,
+Father Tailban who edited Perrot says he has not been any more
+successful than his predecessors and the game of straws remains to him
+an unsolved enigma. Perrot, Notes to Ch. X, p. 188.] Where Lafitau and
+Charlevoix, aided by opportunities to investigate the game itself, have
+failed, it would seem to be useless for us to attempt. Perrot has
+indeed succeeded in making his account hopelessly involved. There is
+however much information to be derived from it and the obscure points
+are after all unimportant unless one should actually wish to reproduce
+the game in practice. In that event there are many points connected
+with the counts which would prove troublesome.
+
+To play the game, a number of straws or reeds uniform in size and of
+equal length were required. They were generally from six to ten inches
+long. The number used in the game was arbitrary. Lawson puts it at
+fifty-one. Charlevoix at two hundred and one. The only essential points
+were that the numbers should be odd and that there should be enough of
+them so that when the pile was divided into two parts, a glance would
+not reveal which of the two divisions contained the odd number of
+straws. In its simplest form, the game consisted, in separating the heap
+of straws into two parts, one of which each player took, and he whose
+pile contained the odd number of straws was the winner. Before the
+division was made the straws were subjected to a manipulation, somewhat
+after the manner of shuffling cards. They were then placed upon the
+deer-skin or upon whatever other article was selected as a surface on
+which to play. The player who was to make the division into two heaps,
+with many contortions of the body and throwing about of the arms, and
+with constant utterances to propitiate his good luck, would make a
+division of the straws with a pointed bone or some similar instrument,
+himself taking one of the divisions while his adversary took the other.
+They would then rapidly separate the straws into parcels numbering ten
+each and determine from the fractional remainders, who had the odd
+number. The speed with which this process of counting was carried on was
+always a source of wonder to the lookers-on, and the fact that the
+counting was done by tens is almost invariably mentioned. Between two
+people betting simply on the odd number no further rules were necessary.
+To determine which had the heap containing the odd number, there was no
+need to foot up the total number of tens. It was to be settled by what
+was left over after the last pile of complete tens was set aside. The
+number itself might be either one, three, five, seven or nine. In the
+more complicated form of the game, this led to giving different values
+to these numbers, the nine being always supreme and the one on which the
+highest bets were wagered. It was generally understood that the holder
+of this number swept the board taking all bets on other numbers as well
+as those on the nine. It was easy to bet beads against beads and skins
+against skins, in a simple game of odd or even, but when the element of
+different values for different combinations was introduced, some medium
+of exchange was needed to relieve the complications. Stones of fruit
+were employed just as chips or counters are used in modern gambling
+games, and a regular bank was practically instituted. Each player took a
+certain number of these counters, as the equivalent of the value of the
+merchandise which he proposed to hazard on the game, whether it was a
+gun, a blanket, or some other article. Here we have all the machinery of
+a regular gambling game at cards, but the resemblance does not stop
+here. The players put up their bets precisely as they now do in a game
+of faro, selecting their favorite number and fixing the amount, measured
+in the standard of the game, which they wished to hazard. "By the side
+of the straws which are on the ground are found the (_grains_) counters,"
+says Perrot, "which the players have bet on the game." In another place,
+the method of indicating the bets is stated as follows: "he (meaning
+apparently the one who has bet) is also obliged to make two other heaps.
+In one he will place five, in the other seven straws, with as many
+(_grains_) counters as he pleases." These phrases may fairly be
+interpreted to mean that a record of the bets, somewhat of the same
+style as that kept with counters upon a faro table, was constantly
+before the players. Complicated rules determined when the players won or
+lost; when the bets were to be doubled and when they were to abide the
+chance of another count. The loser at the game, even after all that he
+had with him was gone, was sometimes permitted to continue the game on
+his promise to pay. If ill luck still pursued him the winner could
+refuse him credit and decline to play for stakes that he could not see.
+
+The game often lasted for several days, one after another of the sides
+relieving his comrades at the play until one of the two sides had lost
+everything, it being, says Perrot, [Footnote: p. 19.] "a maxim of the
+savages not to quit play until one side or the other had lost
+everything." Those who had bet at the game had the right to substitute
+any person whom they pleased to play for them. "Should any dispute
+arise on this point," says Perrot, "between the winners and the losers,
+the disputants backed by their respective sides would probably come to
+blows, blood would be shed and the whole thing would be very difficult
+to settle." Cheating often took place at this game. Its exposure was
+considered praiseworthy and its practice denounced. If doubts were
+expressed as to the accuracy of a count, the matter was peacefully
+adjusted by a re-count by two of the spectators.
+
+"This game of straw," says Perrot, from whose account we have made the
+foregoing digest, "is ordinarily held in the cabins of the chiefs,
+which are large, and are, so to speak, the Academy of the Savages." He
+concludes his account with the statement that the women never play it.
+[Footnote: See also Shea's Hennepin, p. 300.] The authority on this
+game whom Ogilby quotes slides over the difficulties of the description
+with the statement that "many other whimsies be in this game which
+would be too long to commit to paper." Abbe Ferland [Footnote: Vol. I,
+p. 134.] epitomizes the results of his investigation of this game as
+follows: "Memory, calculation and quickness of eyesight were necessary
+for success."
+
+Like the game of dice or platter it was essentially a house game, and
+like platter it is rarely mentioned by writers who describe the habits
+of Indians in the south. Lawson describes it, but in slightly modified
+form, as follows: "Indian Cards. Their chiefest game is a sort of
+Arithmetick, which is managed by a parcel of small split reeds, the
+thickness of a small Bent; these are made very nicely, so that they
+part, and are tractable in their hands. They are fifty-one in number,
+their length about seven inches; when they play, they throw part of
+them to their antagonist; the art is, to discover, upon sight, how many
+you have, and what you throw to him that plays with you. Some are so
+expert at their numbers, that they will tell ten times together, what
+they throw out of their hands. Although the whole play is carried on
+with the quickest motion it is possible to use, yet some are so expert
+at this Game, as to win great Indian Estates by this Play. A good set
+of these reeds, fit to play withal are valued and sold for a dressed
+doe-skin."
+
+A. W. Chase [Footnote: Overland Monthly, Vol. II, p. 433. Dorsey found
+a survival of the game in use among the Omahas. He called it "stick
+counting." Third Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, p. 338.] speaks of
+"native games of cards among the Coquelles and Makneatanas, the
+pasteboards being bundles of sticks." He furnishes no description of
+the games, but uses the same phrase which was applied by Lawson in
+North Carolina and by Boucher in Canada.
+
+Frank H. Cushing [Footnote: The Century, Vol. XXVI, p. 38. My
+Adventures in Zuni.] speaks of a game of "Cane-cards" among the Zuni
+which he says "would grace the most civilized society with a refined
+source of amusement." He was not able fully to comprehend it.
+
+In the list of games, there is none of which we have any detailed
+account, which compares with straws as played by the northern tribes,
+in elaborateness of construction. The unfortunate confusion which
+prevails throughout Perrot's description of the method of counting, and
+the way in which the point was shirked by all other writers on the
+subject, prevents any attempt at analysis. So far as we can see, the
+rules were arbitrary and not based upon any calculations of the laws of
+chance. If some other detailed account of the game should be discovered
+it would be interesting to follow up this question and ascertain how
+far the different combinations which affected the counts were based
+upon a theory of probabilities and how far they were arbitrary.
+
+It will of course be noticed that the game described by Lawson was
+relieved from much of this complication. The dexterity required to make
+a throw of such a nature that the player could tell exactly the number
+of reeds with which he had parted, was of course remarkable and
+naturally called forth expressions of surprise. But there were
+apparently no other combinations resting upon the throw than the simple
+guess at the number thrown. Travellers in California have described the
+game in still simpler form in which we see hints of the more complex
+game. Here the "sticks" were thrown in the air and an immediate guess
+was made whether the number thrown was odd or even. An umpire kept the
+account with other sticks and on this count the bets were adjusted.
+[Footnote: Kotzebue, A Voyage of Discovery, etc. London, 1821, Vol. I,
+p. 282 and Vol. III, p. 44. note. W. H. Emory, U S. and Mexican
+Boundary Survey, Vol. I, p. 111, says: "The Yumas played a game with
+sticks like jackstraws." Stanley, Smithsonian Miscellaneous
+Collections. Vol. II, p. 55, gives among his "Portraits of North
+American Indians," a picture of a game which he describes as "played
+exclusively by women. They hold in their hands twelve sticks about six
+inches in length which they drop upon a rock. The sticks that fall
+across each other are counted for game."]
+
+Wherever we find it and whatever the form in use, whether simple or
+complicated, like games of lacrosse and platter the occasion of its
+play was but an excuse for indulgence in the inveterate spirit of
+gambling which everywhere prevailed.
+
+
+
+
+CHUNKEE OR HOOP AND POLE.
+
+
+Among the Indians at the south, observers noted and described a game of
+great antiquity, of which we have no record during historical times
+among those of the north, unless we should classify the game of javelin
+described by Morgan [Footnote: League of the Iroquois, p. 300.] as a
+modified form of the same game. The general name by which this game was
+known was chunkee. When Iberville arrived at the mouth of the
+Mississippi he despatched a party to explore the river. The officer who
+kept the "Journal de la fregate, le Marin" was one of that party and he
+recorded the fact that the Bayagoulas and Mougoulachas passed the
+greater part of their time in playing in this place with great sticks
+which they throw after a little stone, which is nearly round and like a
+bullet. [Footnote: Maigry, Deconvertes, etc., Vol. 4, p. 261.] Father
+Gravier descended the river in 1700 and at the village of Houmas he saw
+a "fine level square where from morning to night there are young men who
+exercise themselves in running after a flat stone which they throw in
+the air from one end of the square to the other, and which they try to
+have fall on two cylinders that they roll where they think the stone
+will fall." [Footnote: Shea's Early Voyages. Albany, 1861, p. 143.]
+Adair gives the following description of the same game: "The warriors
+have another favorite game, called _'chungke'_, which, with propriety of
+language may be called 'Running hard labour.' They have near their state
+house [Footnote: Consult E G Squire--Aboriginal Monuments of N.Y.
+Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Vol. II, pp. 1356 and note p.
+136.] a square piece of ground well cleaned, and fine sand is carefully
+strewed over it, when requisite, to promote a swifter motion to what
+they throw along the surface. Only one or two on a side play at this
+ancient game. They have a stone about two fingers broad at the edge and
+two spans round; each party has a pole of about eight feet long, smooth,
+and tapering at each end, the points flat. They set off abreast of each
+other at six yards from the end of the playground; then one of them
+hurls the stone on its edge, in as direct a line as he can, a
+considerable distance toward the middle of the other end of the square.
+When they have run a few yards, each darts his pole anointed with bears'
+oil, with a proper force, as near as he can guess in proportion to the
+motion of the stone, that the end may lie close to the stone. When this
+is the case, the person counts two of the game, and, in proportion to
+the nearness of the poles to the mark, one is counted, unless by
+measuring, both are found to be at an equal distance from the stone. In
+this manner, the players will keep running most part of the day, at half
+speed, under the violent heat of the sun, staking their silver
+ornaments, their nose-, finger-and ear-rings; their breast-, arm-and
+wrist-plates, and even all their wearing apparel, except that which
+barely covers their middle. All the American Indians are much addicted
+to this game, which to us appears to be a task of stupid drudgery; it
+seems, however, to be of early origin, when their forefathers used
+diversions as simple as their manners. The hurling stones they use at
+present were from time immemorial rubbed smooth on the rocks and with
+prodigious labor; and they are kept with the strictest religious care,
+from one generation to another, and are exempted from being buried with
+the dead. They belong to the town where they are used, and are carefully
+preserved." [Footnote: See also Historical Collection, Louisiana and
+Florida. B. F. French (Vol. II.), second series, p. 74, New York, 1875.]
+
+Lieut. Timberlake [Footnote: Memoirs of Lieut. Henry Timberlake, etc.,
+London, 1765, p. 77.] describes the game as he saw it played among the
+Cherokees where it was known by the name of "Netteeawaw." "Each player
+has a pole about ten feet long, with several marks or divisions. One of
+them bowls a round stone with one flat side, and the other convex, on
+which the players all dart their poles after it, and the nearest counts
+according to the vicinity of the bowl to the marks on his pole."
+
+Romans saw it among the Choctaws. He says, "The manner of playing the
+game is thus: they make an alley of about two hundred feet in length,
+where a very smooth clayey ground is laid, which when dry is very hard:
+they play two together having each a straight pole about fifteen feet
+long; one holds a stone which is in the shape of a truck, which he
+throws before him over this alley, and the instant of its departure,
+they set off and run; in running they cast their poles after the stone;
+he that did not throw it endeavors to hit it; the other strives to
+strike the pole of his antagonist in its flight so as to prevent the
+pole of his opponent hitting the stone. If the first should strike the
+stone he counts one for it, and if the other by the dexterity of his
+cast should prevent the pole of his opponent hitting the stone, he
+counts one, but should both miss their aim the throw is renewed."
+
+Le Page du Pratz [Footnote: Histoire de la Louisiane, Paris, 1738, Vol.
+III, p. 2.] describes the game as practised among the Natchez. He calls
+it "_Le Jeu de la Perche_ which would be better named _de la crosse_."
+Dumont who was stationed at Natchez and also on the Yazoo, describes the
+game and speaks of it as "La Crosse." [Footnote: Memoires Historiques
+sur la Louisiane, Paris, 1753, Vol. I, p. 202.]
+
+Adair is correct when he speaks of the antiquity of this game. When he
+dwells upon the fact that these stones are handed down from generation
+to generation, as the property of the village, he brings these tribes
+close to the mound dwellers. Sanier, [Footnote: Ancient Monuments of the
+Mississippi Valley, p. 223.] speaking of discoidal stones, found in the
+mounds, says, "It is known that among the Indian tribes of the Ohio and
+along the Gulf, such stones were in common use in certain favorite
+games." Lucien Carr [Footnote: 10th Annual Report Peabody Museum, p. 93.
+See also Schoolcraft's Indian tribes, Vol. I, p. 83.] describes and
+pictures a chunkee stone from Ely Mound, Va. Lewis and Clarke [Footnote:
+Lewis and Clarke's Expedition, Phila, 1814, Vol. I, p. 143.] describe
+the game as played among the Mandans. This tribe had a wooden platform
+prepared on the ground between two of their lodges. Along this platform
+the stone ring was rolled and the sticks were slid along the floor in
+pursuit of it. Catlin [Footnote: Vol. I, p. 132 _et seq._ Dorsey
+describes two forms of the game in use among the Omahas: "shooting at
+the rolling wheel" and "stick and ring" Third Annual Report. Bureau of
+Ethnology, pp. 335-336. cf. Travels in the Interior of America, in the
+years 1809, 1810 and 1811, by John Bradbury, p. 126.] describes the game
+as played by the same tribe. They had a carefully prepared pavement of
+clay on which they played. The "Tchunkee" sticks were marked with bits
+of leather and the counts of the game were affected by the position of
+the leather on or near which the ring lodged. The Mojaves are accustomed
+to play a similar game which has been described under the name "Hoop and
+Pole". [Footnote: Lieut. A. W. Whipple in Pac. R. R. Rep.. Vol. III, p.
+114; Harper's Mag., Vol. XVII, p. 463; Domenech. Vol. II, p. 197; H. H.
+Bancroft's Native Races, Vol. I, p. 393, p. 517 and note 133. The
+Martial Experiences of the California Volunteers by Edward Carlsen,
+Overland, Vol. VII, No. 41. 2nd Series, p. 494.] A similar game was
+played by the Navajoes. [Footnote: Major E. A. Backus in Schoolcraft.
+Vol. IV, p. 214.]
+
+The Yumas played a game with two poles fifteen feet long and a ring a
+few inches in diameter. [Footnote: W. H. Emory, U. S. and Mexican
+Boundary Survey, Vol. I, p. 111.] Kane [Footnote: Kane's Wanderings, p.
+310; H. H. Bancroft's Native Races, Vol. I, p. 280.] says that the
+Chualpays at Fort Colville on the Columbia "have a game which they call
+'_Alkollock_,' which requires considerable skill. A smooth, level piece
+of ground is chosen, and a slight barrier of a couple of sticks placed
+lengthwise is laid at each end of the chosen spot, being from forty to
+fifty feet apart and only a few inches high. The two players, stripped
+naked, are armed with a very slight spear, about three feet long, and
+finely pointed with bone; one of them takes a ring made of bone or some
+heavy wood and wound with cord. The ring is about three inches in
+diameter, on the inner circumference of which are fastened six beads of
+different colors, at equal distances, to each of which a separate value
+is attached. The ring is then rolled along the ground to one of the
+barriers and is followed at the distance of two or three yards by the
+players, and as the ring strikes the barrier and is falling on its side,
+the spears are thrown, so that the ring may fall on them. If any one of
+the spears should be covered by the ring, the owner counts according to
+the colored bead on it. But it generally happens from the dexterity of
+the players that the ring covers both spears and each counts according
+to the color of the beads above his spear. They then play towards the
+other barrier, and so on until one party has obtained the number agreed
+upon for the game."
+
+In his "Life among the Apaches," [Footnote: Life among the Apaches by
+John C. Cremony, p. 302.] Colonel Cremony describes the hoop and pole
+game as played by the Apaches. With them the pole is marked with
+divisions throughout its whole length and these divisions are stained
+different colors. The object of the game is to make the hoop fall upon
+the pole as near the butt as possible, graduated values being applied
+to the different divisions of the pole. The women are not permitted to
+approach within a hundred yards while the game is going on.
+[Transcriber's Note: Lengthy footnote relocated to chapter end.] Those
+who have described this game in the various forms in which it has been
+presented dwell upon the fact that it taxed the strength, activity and
+skill of the players. In this respect it rivalled lacrosse. In
+geographical range the territory in which it was domesticated was
+nearly the same.
+
+There are many, doubtless, who would decline to recognize the discoidal
+stones of the mounds as chunkee stones, but it can not be denied that
+the "_netlecawaw_" of the Cherokees [Footnote: Timberlake p. 77.], the
+"hoop and pole" of the Mojaves and Apaches [Footnote: Whipple, Pac. R.
+R. Rep., Vol. III, p. 114. Cremony, p. 302, Harper's Mag. Vol. XVII, p.
+463.], the second form of "spear and ring" described by Domenech,
+[Footnote: Domenech, Vol. II, p. 197.] the "_alkollock_" of the
+Chualpays [Footnote: Kane's Wanderings, p. 310.] and the chunkee of
+Romans and Adair are the same game. The change from the discoidal stone
+to the ring; the different materials of which the ring is made, whether
+of stone, [Footnote: Lewis and Clarke, Vol. I, p. 143; Catlin, Vol. I,
+p. 132.] of bone, [Footnote: Kane's Wanderings, p. 310.], of wood,
+[Footnote: Cremony, p. 302.] or of cord; [Footnote: Whipple, Pac. R. R.
+Rep., Vol. III, p. 114.] whether wound with cord [Footnote: Kane's
+Wanderings, p. 310.] or plain; the different lengths of the spears
+varying from three feet [Footnote: Ibid.] to ten feet [Footnote:
+Timberlake, p. 77; Cremony, p. 302.] and even reaching fifteen feet in
+length among the Mojaves; [Footnote: Whipple, Pac. R. R. Rep., Vol. III,
+p. 114.] the different markings of the spear [Footnote: Cremony, p. 302;
+Domenech, Vol. II, p. 197; Timberlake, p. 77.] and the ring; [Footnote:
+Kane's Wanderings, p. 310.] the different ways of preparing the ground,
+whether tamping with clay, [Footnote: Catlin, Vol., I, p. 132.] or
+flooring with timber, [Footnote: Lewis and Clarke, Vol. I, p. 148.] or
+simply removing the vegetation, [Footnote: Domenech, Vol. II, p.
+197.]--all these minor differences are of little consequence. The
+striking fact remains that this great number of tribes, so widely
+separated, all played a game in which the principal requirements were,
+that a small circular disk should be rolled rapidly along a prepared
+surface and that prepared wooden implements, similar to spears, should
+be launched at the disk while in motion or just at the time when it
+stopped. Like lacrosse, it was made use of as an opportunity for
+gambling, but owing to the restriction of the ground on which it could
+be played, the number of players were limited, and to that extent the
+interest in the contests and the excitement attendant upon them were
+proportionally reduced.
+
+[Relocated Footnote: The Hawaiians were accustomed to hurl a piece of
+hard lava along narrow trenches prepared for the purpose. The stone
+which was called Maika closely resembled a chunkee stone. It is
+described as being in the shape of a small wheel or roller, three
+inches in diameter and an inch and a half thick, very smooth and highly
+polished. This game appears to have been limited to a contest of skill
+in rolling or hurling the stone itself. The additional interest which
+was given by hurling the spears at it while in motion was wanting.
+Narrative of the U. S. Exploring Expedition by Charles Wilkes, London,
+1815, Vol. IV, p. 35.]
+
+
+
+
+OTHER ATHLETIC GAMES.
+
+
+In addition to the games of lacrosse, platter or dice, straws and
+chunkee, there were other games, some of an athletic nature, some
+purely of chance, which observers have described, some of which are
+mentioned only in limited areas, while others, like the games above
+mentioned, were played by Indians scattered over a wide territory and
+apparently having but little in common. Some of these games were but
+modified forms of those which have been already described. Such, for
+instance, is a game of ball which is described by Lafitau [Footnote:
+Lafitau, Vol. II, p. 353.]and by Charlevoix. [Footnote: Charlevoix,
+Vol. III, p. 319.] This closely resembled lacrosse in its general
+methods of play, but as no rackets were used, it was less dangerous and
+less exciting. Goals were erected at each end of the field, separated
+by five hundred paces according to Lafitau. The players were divided
+into sides. The ball was tossed into the air in the centre of the
+field. When it came down the players of each side strove to catch it.
+He who was successful ran in the direction of the goal which he wished
+to reach. The players of the opposite side pursued him and did what
+they could to prevent him from accomplishing his object. When it was
+evident that the runner could gain no more ground, he would pass the
+ball, if possible, to some player upon the same side and his success in
+accomplishing this was dependent largely upon his skill. The game is
+probably not so old as lacrosse, for the ball is described as being
+larger and softer than the one used in lacrosse, thus indicating that
+it belonged to the period when the stuffed deer-skin ball was used in
+that game.
+
+Both Dumont and Le Page du Pratz describe this game with this
+difference, [Footnote: Dumont, Vol. I, p. 201, LePage, Vol. I, p. 378.]
+that the ball, according to their descriptions, was incessantly tossed
+in the air. Romans says that this game was played among the women; and
+Lafitau, who describes it separately, adds that in this form it was
+only played by girls. He also says that the Abenakis indulged in a
+similar game, using an inflated bladder for a ball; and that the
+Florida Indians fixed a willow cage upon a pole in such a way that it
+could revolve and tried to hit it with a ball so as to make it turn
+several times. [Footnote: Lafitau. Vol. II, p. 158.]
+
+Joutel in his historical journal describes a curious game as follows:
+"Taking a short stick, very smooth and greased that it may be the
+harder to hold it fast, one of the elders throws it as far as he can.
+The young men run after it, snatch it from each other, and at last, he
+who remains possessed of it has the first lot." [Footnote: French's
+Historical Collections of Louisiana, Vol. I, p. 188; Sanford's History
+of the United States before the Revolution, p. clxxxii.]
+
+Football is found at the north. Ogilby [Footnote: Ogilby, Book II,
+Chap. II, p. 156. See also Smith's Narrative, p. 77.] says: "Their
+goals are a mile long placed on the sands, which are as even as a
+board; their ball is no bigger than a hand ball, which sometimes they
+mount in the air with their naked feet, sometimes it is swayed by the
+multitude, sometimes also it is two days before they get a goal, then
+they mark the ground they win, and begin there the next day. Before
+they come to this sport they paint themselves, even as when they go to
+war." At the south it was "likewise a favorite manly diversion with
+them." [Footnote: Bartram, p. 509.]
+
+Certain forms of ball-play which were neither lacrosse nor chunkee, but
+which resembled these games were found in different localities. Such for
+instance is the game which Catlin [Footnote: Vol. II, p. 146.] saw
+played by the Sioux women. Two balls were connected with a string a foot
+and a half long. Each woman was armed with a stick. They were divided
+into equal sides. Goals were erected and the play was in some respects
+like lacrosse. Stakes were wagered on the game. This game is
+also-described by Domenech, [Footnote: Vol. II, p. 196.] who says the
+women wore a special costume which left the limbs free and that the game
+was "unbecoming and indecent." Powers [Footnote: Contribution to North
+American Ethnology, Vol. III, p. 383.] found a game among the Nishinams,
+on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, not far from Sacramento,
+which in some respects also resembled lacrosse. He says "The '_Ti'-kel_'
+is the only really robust and athletic game they use, and is played by a
+large company of men and boys. The piece [Footnote: The equivalent in
+the game, of the ball in lacrosse.] is made of raw-hide or nowadays of
+strong cloth, and is shaped like a small dumb-bell. It is laid in the
+centre of a wide, level space of ground, in a furrow, hollowed out a few
+inches in depth. Two parallel lines are drawn equidistant from it, a few
+paces apart, and along these lines the opposing parties, equal in
+strength, range themselves. Each player is equipped with a slight,
+strong staff, from four to six feet long. The two champions of the party
+take their stations on opposite sides of the piece, which is thrown into
+the air, caught on the staff of one of the others, and hurled by him in
+the direction of his antagonist's goal. With this send-off there ensues
+a wild chase and a hustle, pell-mell, higgledy-piggledy, each party
+striving to bowl the piece over the other's goal. These goals are
+several hundred yards apart.
+
+In an article in the Overland Monthly, [Footnote: Vol. II, p. 433. See
+also Smith's Narrative, p. 77.] A. W. Chase describes a game in vogue
+among the Oregon Indians which he says was identical with hockey, as
+follows: "Sides being chosen, each endeavors to drive a hard ball of
+pine wood around a stake and in different directions; stripped to the
+buff, they display great activity and strength, whacking away at each
+other's shins, if they are in the way, with a refreshing disregard of
+bruises. The squaws assist in the performance by beating drums and
+keeping up a monotonous chant." In the first of the two games of "spear
+and ring," described by Domenech, [Footnote: Vol. II, pp. 197-8.] the
+players are divided into sides. The stone ring, about three inches in
+diameter, is fixed upright on the chosen ground, and players two at a
+time, one from each side, endeavor to throw their spears through the
+ring. The spears are marked along their length with little shields or
+bits of leather, and the count is affected by the number of these that
+pass through the ring. He also mentions a game [Footnote: He does not
+give his authority for this game. He has evidently copied in his book
+from other writers, but seldom indicates whether his descriptions are
+based upon personal observation or quoted.] among the Natchez in which
+the ring was a "huge stone" and the spear a "stick of the shape of a
+bat."
+
+If we classify Domenech's first game of "spear and ring" among those
+which resemble chunkee, rather than as a form of chunkee itself, we
+shall probably be compelled to pursue the same course with Morgan's
+game of "javelin" to which we have already alluded. [Footnote: League
+of the Iroquois, p. 300.] In this game the players divided into sides.
+Each player had an agreed number of javelins. The ring, which was
+either a hoop or made solid like a wheel by winding with splints, was
+about eight inches in diameter. The players on one side were arranged
+in a line and the hoop was rolled before them. They hurled their
+javelins. The count of the game was kept by a forfeiture of javelins.
+Such as hit the mark were safe, but the javelins which did not hit were
+passed to the players of the other side who then had an opportunity to
+throw them at the hoop from the same spot. If these players were
+successful the javelins were forfeited and laid out of the play. If,
+however, they in turn failed the javelins were returned to their
+original owners. The hoop was then rolled by the other side and the
+process continued until one of the sides had forfeited all their
+javelins.
+
+
+
+
+OTHER GAMES OF CHANCE.
+
+
+There was diversity in the forms of the games of simple chance as well
+as in the athletic games, and besides those which have been already
+described, the Indians on the Pacific Coast had a great variety of
+games, or forms of the same game, in which, in addition to the element
+of chance involved in determining the numbers or positions of certain
+sticks or counters, there was also an opportunity for the player who
+was manipulating them to deceive by dexterous sleight of hand. The
+simplest form in which this is found is guessing in which hand a small
+stone or bone is held. It would hardly seem that this artless effort
+could be transformed into an amusing and exciting game; yet it has
+attracted the attention of all travellers, and scarcely any writer, who
+treats of the habits of the Pacific coast Indian, fails to give a full
+account of this simple game. Lewis and Clarke, [Footnote: Lewis and
+Clarke, Vol. II, 140; and also II, 94.] when writing about the Indians
+near the mouth of the Columbia, say: "The games are of two kinds. In
+the first, one of the company assumes the office of banker and plays
+against the rest. He takes a small stone, about the size of a bean,
+which he shifts from one hand to another with great dexterity,
+repeating at the same time a song adapted to the game and which serves
+to divert the attention of the company, till having agreed on the
+stakes, he holds out his hands, and the antagonist wins or loses as he
+succeeds or fails at guessing in which hand the stone is. After the
+banker has lost his money or whenever he is tired, the stone is
+transferred to another, who in turn challenges the rest of the company.
+[Footnote: See also, Adventures on the Columbia River, by Ross Cox. p.
+158; The Oregon Territory, by John Dunn, p. 93; Four Years in British
+Columbia, by Commander R. C. Mayne, p. 273; it was played by the
+Comanches in Texas with a bullet, Robert S. Neighbors in Schoolcraft,
+Vol. II, p. 134; by the Twanas with one or two bones, Bulletin U. S.
+Geol. Survey, Vol. III, No. 1, p. 89, Rev. M. Eels.] In the account
+given by George Gibbs [Footnote: Contributions to North American
+Ethnology, Vol. I, p. 206.] the count of the game among the tribes of
+western Washington and northwestern Oregon, was kept by means of
+sticks. Each side took five or ten small sticks, one of which was
+passed to the winner on each guess, and the game was ended when the
+pile of one side was exhausted. According to him, "The backers of the
+party manipulating keep up a constant drumming with sticks on their
+paddles which lie before them, singing an incantation to attract good
+fortune." Powers describes another form into which the game developed
+among the Indians of central California. It is "played with a bit of
+wood or a pebble which is shaken in the hand, and then the hand closed
+upon it. The opponent guesses which finger (a thumb is a finger with
+them) it is under and scores one if he hits, or the other scores if he
+misses. They keep tally with eight counters." [Footnote: Contributions
+to North American Ethnology, Vol. III, pp. 332-3.]
+
+Schwatka, in his recent exploration of the Yukon found this game among
+the Chilkats. It was called _la-hell_. Two bones were used. One was the
+king and one the queen. His packers gambled in guessing at the bones
+every afternoon and evening after reaching camp. [Footnote: Along
+Alaska's Great River. By Frederic Schwatka, p. 71.]
+
+The simplicity of the game was modified by the introduction of similar
+articles in each hand, the question to be decided being in which hand
+one of them having a specified mark should be found. Kane [Footnote:
+Kane's Wanderings, p. 189.] thus describes such a game among the
+Chinooks: "Their games are few. The one most generally played amongst
+them consists in holding in each hand a small stick, the thickness of a
+goose quill, and about an inch and one-half in length, one plain, the
+other distinguished by a little thread wound round it, the opposite
+party being required to guess in which hand the marked stick is to be
+found. A Chinook will play at this simple game for days and nights
+together, until he has gambled away everything he possesses, even to
+his wife." [Footnote: See also Overland, Vol. IV, p. 163, Powers, H. H.
+Bancroft's Native Races, Vol. I n 244 Clay balls are sometimes used,
+Ibid, Vol. I, p. 353, The Northwest Coast James G Swan, p. 158, Montana
+as it is Granville Stuart, p. 71.]
+
+Among the Utahs this form of the game was common: "A row of players
+consisting of five or six or a dozen men is arranged on either side of
+the tent facing each other. Before each man is placed a bundle of small
+twigs or sticks each six or eight inches in length and pointed at one
+end. Every tete-a-tete couple is provided with two cylindrical bone
+dice carefully fashioned and highly polished which measure about two
+inches in length and half an inch in diameter, one being white and the
+other black, or sometimes ornamented with a black band." At the rear,
+musicians were seated who during the game beat upon rude drums.
+[Footnote: Edwin R Baker in the American Naturalist, June, 1877, Vol.
+XI, p. 551.] In this game it will be noticed that the players paired
+off and apparently each man played for himself.
+
+Still another element is introduced in another form of the game, which
+increases the opportunity afforded the one who manipulates the bones for
+dexterity. This form of the game is repeatedly alluded to by Powers.
+While relating the habits and customs of the Gualala, whose homes were
+near Fort Ross, he describes what he calls the gambling game of "_wi_
+and _tep_" and says that one description with slight variations will
+answer for nearly all the tribes of central and southern California.
+After describing the making up of the pool of stakes, he adds: "They
+gamble with four cylinders of bone about two inches long, two of which
+are plain, and two marked with rings and strings tied round the middle.
+The game is conducted by four old and experienced men, frequently grey
+heads, two for each party, squatting on their knees on opposite sides of
+the fire. They have before them a quantity of fine dry grass, and with
+their hands in rapid and juggling motions before and behind them, they
+roll up each piece of bone in a little ball and the opposite party
+presently guess in which hand is the marked bone. Generally only one
+guesses at a time, which he does with the word '_lep_' (marked one), and
+'_wi_' (plain one). If he guesses right for both players, they simply
+toss the bones over to him and his partner, and nothing is scored on
+either side. If he guesses right for one and wrong for the other, the
+one for whom he guessed right is 'out', but his partner rolls up the
+bones for another trial, and the guesser forfeits to them one of his
+twelve counters. If he guesses wrong for both, they still keep on and he
+forfeits two counters. There are only twelve counters and when they have
+been all won over to one side or the other, the game is ended.
+[Footnote: Powers in Contributions to North American Ethnology, Vol.
+III, pp. 90-152; 189-332.] Sometimes the same game was played without
+going through the formality of wrapping the pieces in grass, simply
+shaking them in the hands as a preliminary for the guessing. [Footnote:
+Contributions to North American Ethnology, Vol. III, 332; Alexander
+Ross's Adventures, pp. 308, 309.]
+
+A slightly different method prevails among the Indians of Washington
+and northwestern Oregon. Ten disks of hard wood, each about the
+diameter of a Mexican dollar and somewhat thicker, are used. "One of
+these is marked and called the chief. A smooth mat is spread on the
+ground, at the ends of which the opposing players are seated, their
+friends on either side, who are provided with the requisites for a
+noise as in the other case. The party holding the disks has a bundle of
+the fibres of the cedar bark, in which he envelops them, and after
+rolling them about, tears the bundle into two parts, his opponent
+guessing in which bundle the chief lies." [Footnote: Contributions to
+North American Ethnology, Gibbs, Vol. I, p. 206.] The same game is
+described by Kane, except that the counters, instead of being wrapped
+in one bundle which is afterward torn in two, are originally wrapped in
+two bundles. [Footnote: Kane's Wanderings, p. 189; Swan's Northwest
+Coast, p. 157, Eels in Bulletin U.S.G. Surv., Vol. III, No. 1.]
+
+Still another complication of the guessing game was described by Mayne.
+[Footnote: Mayne's British Columbia, p. 275.] Blankets were spread upon
+the ground on which sawdust was spread about an inch thick. In this was
+placed the counter, a piece of bone or iron about the size of a half a
+crown, and one of the players shuffled it about, the others in turn
+guessing where it was.
+
+The game of "moccasin" was but a modification of this game. As
+described by Philander Prescott three moccasins were used in this game
+by the Dacotas. The bone or stick was slipped from one to another of
+the moccasins by the manipulators, and the others had to guess in which
+moccasin it was to be found. Simple as this description seems, the men
+would divide into sides, playing against each other, and accompanying
+the game with singing. [Footnote: Schoolcraft, Vol. IV, p. 64;
+Domenech, Vol. II, p. 192.]
+
+Among the Zunis, the guessing game was exalted to the nature of a
+sacred festival. Frank H. Cushing [Footnote: The Century, Vol. XXVI, p.
+37.] gives the following account of its practice. "One morning the two
+chief priests of the bow climbed to the top of the houses, and just at
+sunrise called out a 'prayer message' from the mount-environed gods.
+Eight players went into a _kli-wi-lain_ to fast, and four days
+later issued forth, bearing four large wooden tubes, a ball of stone,
+and a bundle of thirty-six counting straws. With great ceremony, many
+prayers and incantations, the tubes were deposited on two mock
+mountains of sand, either side of the 'grand plaza.' A crowd began to
+gather. Larger and noisier it grew, until it became a surging,
+clamorous, black mass. Gradually two piles of fabrics,--vessels, silver
+ornaments, necklaces, embroideries, and symbols representing horses,
+cattle and sheep--grow to large proportions. Women gathered on the
+roofs around, wildly stretching forth articles for betting, until one
+of the presiding priests called out a brief message. The crowd became
+silent. A booth was raised, under which two of ho players retired; and
+when it was removed the four tubes were standing on the mound of sand.
+A song and dance began. One by one three of the four opposing players
+were summoned to guess under which tube the ball was hidden. At each
+guess the cries of the opposing party became deafening, and the mock
+struggles approached the violence of combat. The last guesser found the
+ball; and as he victoriously carried the latter and the tubes across to
+his own mound, his side scored ten. The process was repeated. The
+second guesser found the ball; his side scored fifteen setting the
+others back five. The counts, numbered one hundred; but so complicated
+were the winnings and losings on both sides, with each guess of either,
+that hour after hour the game went on, and night closed in. Fires were
+built in the plaza, cigarettes were lighted, but still the game
+continued. Noisier and noisier grew the dancers; more and more
+insulting and defiant their songs and epithets to the opposing crowd,
+until they fairly gnashed their teeth at one another, but no blows. Day
+dawned upon the still uncertain contest; nor was it until the sun again
+touched the western horizon, that the hoarse, still defiant voices died
+away, and the victorious party bore off their mountains of gifts from
+the gods." The picturesque description of Cushing brings before our
+eyes the guessing game in its highest form of development. Among the
+tribes of the East, if it had a home at all, it was practised in such
+an inobtrusive way as not to attract the attention of writers who have
+described their habits and customs. The nearest approach to it which we
+can find is a guessing game described by Hennepin, as follows: "They
+take kernels of Indian corn or something of the kind, then they put
+some in one hand, and ask how many there are. The one who guesses
+wins."
+
+Mackenzie [Footnote: Alexander Mackenzie's Voyages in 1789 and 1893
+London, 1801, p. 311.] fell in with some Indians near the Pacific coast
+who travelled with him a short distance. They carried with them the
+implements for gambling. Their game was different from the guessing
+games which have been heretofore described. "There were two players and
+each had a bundle of about fifty small sticks neatly polished, of the
+size of a quill, and five inches long. A certain number of their sticks
+had red lines round them and as many of these as one of the players
+might find convenient were curiously rolled up in dried grass, and
+according to the judgment of his antagonist respecting their number and
+marks he lost or won."
+
+The same game was seen at Queen Charlotte Islands by Francis Poole.
+[Footnote: Queen Charlotte Island, a narrative etc., p. 25.] He says
+there were in this game from "forty to fifty round pins or pieces of
+wood, five inches long by one-eighth of an inch thick, painted in black
+and blue rings and beautifully polished." These pins were divided into
+two heaps under cover of bark fibre and the opposite player guessed odd
+or even for one of the piles.
+
+
+
+
+CONTESTS OF SKILL.
+
+
+Lewis and Clarke [Footnote: Vol. II, p. 140.] describe a game among the
+Oregon Indians which can neither be called an athletic game nor a game
+of chance, but which seems to have been a simple contest of skill. "Two
+pins are placed on the floor, about the distance of a foot from each
+other, and a small hole made behind them. The players then go about ten
+feet from the hole, into which they try to roll a small piece,
+resembling the men used at draughts; if they succeed in putting it into
+the hole, they win the stake; if the piece rolls between the pins, but
+does not go into the hole, nothing is won or lost; but the wager is
+wholly lost if the chequer rolls outside the pins."
+
+Morgan [Footnote: League of the Iroquois, p. 303.] describes a winter
+contest of skill among the Iroquois, which he calls snow-snake. The
+so-called snakes were made of hickory. They were from five to seven feet
+in length, a quarter of an inch in thickness, tapering from an inch in
+width at the head to about half an inch at the tail. The head was round,
+turned up slightly and weighted with lead. This implement was shot along
+the snow crust, by hand, with great speed, and a point in the game was
+gained by the snake which ran the greatest distance. When there were a
+number of players divided into sides, if there were two, three or more
+snakes of the same side which were in advance of the snakes of the other
+side, all such counted. Such contests usually took place between tribes
+and aroused a great degree of spirit and the usual amount of betting. In
+simpler form, Sagard Theodat describes this kind of amusement.
+
+
+
+
+OTHER AMUSEMENTS OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN.
+
+
+Under the name of "_Fuseaux_," La Potherie [Footnote: Vol. III, p. 24.]
+describes a similar winter game of the children. He further says the
+women only played at platter or dice. The children played at lacrosse,
+seldom at platter. We have seen that the women in some parts of the
+country joined in the lacrosse games. Sometimes they played it by
+themselves and sometimes they played other ball games which closely
+resemble that game. Romans describes a woman's game in which they tossed
+up a ball which was to be caught before it reached the ground; but in
+the meantime the one who tossed it had to pick up a small stick from the
+ground.
+
+The women of the Natchez, [Footnote: Le Page du Pratz, Vol. III, p. 2,
+Domenech, Vol. II, p. 192.] according to Le Page du Pratz, played with
+three pieces of cane, each eight or nine inches long, flat on one side
+and convex on the other with engravings on the convex side. Two were
+held in the open palm of the left hand and the third was dropped round
+side down upon the ends of the two, so that all would fall to the
+ground. If two convex surfaces came up the player won. He also says,
+and in this Romans concurs, that the women were very reluctant to be
+seen while playing.
+
+Among the Natchez, the young girls played ball with a deer-skin ball
+stuffed with Spanish moss. Other than that they seemed to him to have
+no games. [Footnote: Le Page du Pratz, Vol. III, p. 2.] The young
+Choctaws, according to Romans, engaged in wrestling, running, heaving
+and lifting great weights and playing ball. Hennepin says, "the
+children play with bows and with two sticks, one large and one small.
+They hold the little one in the left, and the larger one in the right
+hand, then with the larger one they make the smaller one fly up in the
+air, and another runs after it, and throws it at the one who sprang it.
+They also make a ball of flags or corn leaves, which they throw in the
+air and catch on the end of a pointed stick." Powers [Footnote:
+Contributions to North American Ethnology. Vol. III, p. 331.] describes
+a game among the children of the Nishinams which consisted in tossing
+bunches of clover from one to another, and another in which the boys
+placed themselves upon three bases and tossed a ball across from one to
+the other. Points were won as in base ball by running bases, if
+possible, without being put out by the one who at the time had the
+ball. The Choctaw [Footnote: Romans, p. 70, Bossu, Vol. I, p. 308.]
+boys made use of a cane stalk, eight or nine feet in length, from which
+the obstructions at the joints had been removed, much as boys use what
+is called a putty blower. The Zuni children are said to play checkers
+with fragments of pottery on flat stones. [Footnote: The Century, Vol.
+XXVI, p. 28, Cushing.]
+
+Running matches, swimming, wrestling, the simple ball-games which are
+hinted at rather than described, practice in archery and hurling the
+spear or javelin, furnished the Indian youth with such amusements as
+could be derived outside the contests in which his elders participated.
+Most of these latter were so simple as to be easily understood by the
+very young, and we can readily comprehend how deeply the vice of
+gambling must have been instilled in their minds, when they saw it
+inaugurated with such solemn ceremonials and participated in with such
+furor by their elders.
+
+Our information concerning the habits of the Indians comes from a
+variety of sources. Some of it is of very recent date, especially that
+which deals with the Indians of the Pacific coast. The early Relations
+of the French Fathers were faithful, and, as a rule, intelligent
+records of events which the priests themselves witnessed. The accounts
+of the French and Indian traders and travelers are neither as accurate
+nor as reliable as those contained in the Relations. Some of these
+authors faithfully recorded what they saw; others wrote to make books.
+They differ widely in value as authorities and must be judged upon
+their individual merits.
+
+Much of our information concerning the manners and customs of the
+natives of the Pacific coast is derived from the publications of our
+national government. The reports which are collated in these documents
+are from a great number of observers and are not uniform in character,
+but many of them have great value. As a whole, the work was well done
+and in a scientific manner.
+
+The narration of the different games tells its own story. Lacrosse is
+found throughout the country; platter or dice is distributed over an
+area of equal extent; chunkee was a southern and western game; straws a
+northern game with traces of its existence in the west; the guessing
+game was apparently a western game. Everywhere, gambling prevailed to
+the most shocking extent.
+
+There are writers who seek to reduce the impressions of the
+extravagance indulged in by the Indians at these games. The concurrence
+of testimony is to the effect that there was no limit to which they
+would not go. Their last blanket or bead, the clothing on their backs,
+their wives and children, their own liberty were sometimes hazarded;
+and if the chances of the game went against them the penalty was paid
+with unflinching firmness. The delivery of the wagered wives, Lescarbot
+tells us, was not always accomplished with ease, but the attempt would
+be faithfully made and probably was often successful. Self-contained as
+these people ordinarily were, it is not a matter of surprise that the
+weaker among them should have been led to these lengths of
+extravagance, under the high pressure of excitement which was
+deliberately maintained during the progress of their games.
+[Transcriber's Note: Lengthy footnote relocated to chapter end.] From
+one end of the land to the other these scenes were ushered in with
+ceremonies calculated to increase their importance and to awaken the
+interest of the spectators. The methods used were the same among the
+confederations of the north and of the south; among the wandering
+tribes of the interior; among the dwellers in the Pueblos; and among
+the slothful natives of the Pacific coast.
+
+The scene described by Cushing, where, at the summons of the "prayer-
+message," the Zunis gathered upon the house-tops and swarmed in the
+Plaza, to hazard their property, amid prayers and incantations, upon a
+guess under which tube the ball was concealed, is widely different from
+that depicted by the Jesuit Fathers in Canada, where the swarthy Hurons
+assembled in the Council House at the call of the medicine man and in
+the presence of the sick man, wagered their beads and skins, upon the
+cast of the dice. It differs equally from the scene which travellers
+have brought before our eyes, of the Chinooks, beating upon their
+paddles and moaning forth their monotonous chants, while gathered in a
+ring about the player, who with dexterous passes and strange
+contortions manipulated the stone and thus added zest to the guess
+which was to determine the ownership of the property staked upon the
+game. The resemblances in these scenes are, however, far more striking
+than the differences. Climate and topography determine the one. Race
+characteristics are to be found in the other.
+
+[Relocated Footnote: The following extracts will illustrate these
+points: They will bet all they have, even to their wives. It is true,
+however, that the delivery of the wagered women is not easy. They mock
+the winners and point their fingers at them (Lescarbot, Vol. III, p.
+754); all that they possess, so that if unfortunate, as sometimes has
+happened, they return home as naked as your hand (Lalemant, Relation,
+1639); their goods, their wives, their children (Ferland Vol. I, p.
+134); some have been known to stake their liberty for a time
+(Charlevoix, Vol. III, 319); have been known to stake their liberty
+upon the issue of these games, offering themselves to their opponents
+in case they get beaten (Catlin, Vol. I, p. 132); I have known several
+of them to gamble their liberty away (Lawson, p. 176); a Canadian
+Indian lost his wife and family to a Frenchman (Sagard Theodat,
+Histoire du Canada, Vol. I, p. 243); they wager their wives (A.
+Colquhon Grant, Journal Royal Geog. Soc., London, Vol. XXVII, p. 299);
+their wives and children (Irving's Astorla, Vol. II, p. 91); their
+liberty (Parker's Journal of an Exploring Tour, pp. 249-50); Domenech
+has never known men to bet their wives (Vol. II, p. 191); women bet as
+well as men (Romans, p. 79; Am. Naturalist, Vol. XI, No. 6, 551);
+Philander Prescott (Schoolcraft, Vol. IV, p. 64); Cushing (Century,
+Vol. XXVI, p. 28); the liberty of a woman wagered by herself (Lalemant,
+Relation 1639); women are never seen to bet (Le Page du Pratz, Vol.
+III, p. 2; Mayne Br. Col., p. 276); rash gambling sometimes followed by
+suicide (Romans p. 79; Brebeuf, Relation 1686).]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Indian Games, by Andrew McFarland Davis
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INDIAN GAMES ***
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