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-The Project Gutenberg eBook of A note on the position and extent of
-the great temple enclosure of Tenochtitlan,, by Alfred P. Maudslay
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: A note on the position and extent of the great temple enclosure
-       of Tenochtitlan,
-       and the position, structure and orientation of the Teocolli of
-       Huitzilopochtli.
-
-Author: Alfred P. Maudslay
-
-Release Date: July 11, 2022 [eBook #68502]
-
-Language: English
-
-Produced by: Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed Proofreading
-             Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from
-             images generously made available by The Internet Archive)
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NOTE ON THE POSITION AND
-EXTENT OF THE GREAT TEMPLE ENCLOSURE OF TENOCHTITLAN, ***
-
-
-
-
-
-                                 A NOTE
-                       ON THE POSITION AND EXTENT
-                                 OF THE
-                GREAT TEMPLE ENCLOSURE OF TENOCHTITLAN,
-              AND THE POSITION, STRUCTURE AND ORIENTATION
-                                 OF THE
-                      TEOCOLLI OF HUITZILOPOCHTLI.
-
-
-                                   BY
-
-                          ALFRED P. MAUDSLAY.
-
-
-                                LONDON:
-    PRINTED BY TAYLOR & FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET, E.C.
-                                 1912.
-
-
-
-
-                                 A NOTE
-                       ON THE POSITION AND EXTENT
-                                 OF THE
-                 GREAT TEMPLE ENCLOSURE OF TENOCHTITLAN
-              AND THE POSITION, STRUCTURE, AND ORIENTATION
-                                 OF THE
-                      TEOCALLI OF HUITZILOPOCHTLI.
-                                   BY
-                          ALFRED P. MAUDSLAY.
-
-
-Extracts from the works of the earliest authorities referring to the
-Great Temple Enclosure of Tenochtitlan and its surroundings are printed
-at the end of this note, and the following particulars concerning the
-authors will enable the reader to form some judgment of the comparative
-value of their evidence.
-
-THE ANONYMOUS CONQUEROR.—The identity of this writer is unknown. That he
-was a companion of Cortés during the Conquest is undoubted. His account
-is confined to the dress, arms, customs, buildings, &c. of the Mexicans.
-The original document has never been found, and what we now possess was
-recovered from an Italian translation.
-
-MOTOLINIA.—Fray Toribio de Benavento, a Franciscan monk, known best by
-his assumed name of Motolinia, left Spain in January 1524 and arrived in
-the City of Mexico in the month of June of the same year. From that date
-until his death in August 1569 he lived an active missionary life among
-the Indians in many parts of Mexico and Guatemala.
-
-He was in fullest sympathy with the Indians, and used his utmost efforts
-to defend them from the oppression of their conquerors.
-
-Motolinia appears in the books of the Cabildo in June 1525 as “Fray
-Toribio, guardian del Monesterio de Sor. San Francisco”; so he probably
-resided in the City at that date, and must have been familiar with what
-remained of the ancient City.
-
-SAHAGUN, Fr. Bernadino de, was born at Sahagun in Northern Spain about
-the last year of the 15th Century. He was educated at the University of
-Salamanca, and became a monk of the Order of Saint Francis, and went to
-Mexico in 1529. He remained in that country, until his death in 1590, as
-a missionary and teacher.
-
-No one devoted so much time and study to the language and culture of the
-Mexicans as did Padre Sahagun throughout his long life. His writings,
-both in Spanish, Nahua, and Latin, were numerous and of the greatest
-value. Some of them have been published and are well known, but it is
-with the keenest interest and with the anticipation of enlightenment on
-many obscure questions that all engaged in the study of ancient America
-look forward to the publication of a complete edition of his great work,
-‘Historia de las Cosas de Nueva España,’ with facsimiles of all the
-original coloured illustrations under the able editorship of Don
-Francisco del Paso y Troncoso. Señor Troncoso’s qualifications for the
-task are too well known to all Americanists to need any comment, but all
-those interested in the subject will join in hearty congratulations to
-the most distinguished of Nahua scholars and rejoice to hear that his
-long and laborious task is almost completed and that a great part of the
-work has already gone to press.
-
-TORQUEMADA, Fr. Juan de.—Little is known about the life of Torquemada
-beyond the bare facts that he came to Mexico as a child, became a
-Franciscan monk in 1583 when he was eighteen or twenty years old, and
-that he died in the year 1624. He probably finished the ‘Monarquia
-Indiana’ in 1612, and it was published in Seville in 1615. Torquemada
-knew Padre Sahagun personally and had access to his manuscripts.
-
-DURAN, Fr. Diego.—Very little is known about Padre Duran. He was
-probably a half-caste, born in Mexico about 1538. He became a monk of
-the Order of St. Dominic about 1578 and died in 1588.
-
-His work entitled ‘Historia de las Indias de Nueva Espana y Islas de
-Tierra Firme’ exists in MS. in the National Library in Madrid. The MS.
-is illustrated by a number of illuminated drawings which Don José
-Ramíres, who published the text in Mexico in 1867, reproduced as a
-separate atlas without colour. Señor Ramíres expresses the opinion that
-the work “is a history essentially Mexican, with a Spanish physiognomy.
-Padre Duran took as the foundation and plan of his work an ancient
-historical summary which had evidently been originally written by a
-Mexican Indian.”
-
-TEZOZOMOC, Don Hernando Alvaro.—Hardly anything is known about
-Tezozomoc. He is believed to have been of Royal Mexican descent, and he
-wrote the ‘Cronica Mexicana’ at the end of the 16th Century, probably
-about 1598.
-
-IXTLILXOCHITL.—A fragment of a Codex, known as the ‘Codice Goupil,’ is
-published in the ‘Catalogo Boban,’ ii. 35, containing a picture of the
-great Teocalli with a description written in Spanish. The handwriting is
-said by Leon y Gama to be that of Ixtlilxochitl.
-
-Don Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl was born in 1568 and was descended
-from the royal families of Texcoco and Tenochtitlan. He was educated in
-the College of Sta. Cruz and was the author of the history of the
-Chichamecs. He died in 1648 or 1649.
-
-The ‘Codice Goupil’ was probably a translation into Spanish of an
-earlier Aztec text.
-
-The picture of the great Teocalli is given on Plate D.
-
-                  *       *       *       *       *
-
-The positions of the Palace of Montezuma, the Palace of Tlillancalqui,
-the Cuicacalli or Dance House, and the old Palace of Montezuma have been
-defined by various writers and are now generally accepted.
-
-The principal difficulty arises in defining the area of the Temple
-Enclosure and the position and orientation of the Teocalli of
-Huitzilopochtli.
-
-
-                         THE TEMPLE ENCLOSURE.
-
-The Temple Enclosure was surrounded by a high masonry wall (Anon.,
-Torq., Moto.) known as the Coatenamitl or Serpent Wall, which some say
-was embattled (Torq. quoting Sahagun, Moto.). There were four principal
-openings (Anon., Torq., Moto., Duran) facing the principal streets or
-causeways (Torq., Moto., Duran). (Tezozomoc alone says there were only
-three openings—east, west and south—and three only are shown on
-Sahagun’s plan.) “It was about 200 _brazas_ square” (Sahagun), _i. e._
-about 1013 English feet square. However, Sahagun’s plan (Plate C) shows
-an oblong.
-
-As the four openings faced the principal streets or causeways, the
-prolongation of the line of the causeways of Tacuba and Iztapalapa must
-have intersected within the Temple Enclosure. This intersection
-coincides with junction of the modern streets of Escalerillas, Relox,
-Sta. Teresa, and Seminario (see Plate A).
-
-We have now to consider the boundaries of the Temple Enclosure, and this
-can best be done by establishing the positions of the Temple of
-Tezcatlipoca and the Palace of Axayacatl.
-
-
-=The Temple of Tezcatlipoca.= (Tracing A_{2}.)
-
-(DURAN, ch. lxxxiii.)
-
-“This Temple was built on the site (afterwards) occupied by the
-Archbishop’s Palace, and if anyone who enters it will take careful
-notice he will see that it is all built on a terrace without any lower
-windows, but the ground floor (primer suelo) all solid.”
-
-This building is also mentioned in the 2nd Dialogue of Cervantes
-Salazar[1], where, in reply to a question, Zuazo says:—“It is the
-Archbishop’s Palace, and you must admire that first story (primer piso)
-adorned with iron railings which, standing at such a height above the
-ground, rests until reaching the windows on a firm and solid
-foundation.” To this Alfaro replies:—“It could not be demolished by
-Mines.”
-
-The Arzobispado, which still occupies the same site in the street of
-that name, must therefore have been originally built on the solid
-foundation formed by the base of the Teocalli of Tezcatlipoca.
-
-
-=The Palace of Axayacatl.= (Tracing A_{2}.)
-
-  (‘Descripción de las dos Piedras, etc.,’ 1790, by Don ANTONIO DE LEON
-      Y GAMA. Bustamante, Edition ii. p. 35.)
-
-“In these houses of the family property of the family called Mota[2], in
-the street of the Indio Triste.... These houses were built in the 16th
-century on a part of the site occupied by the great Palace of the King
-Axayacatl, where the Spaniards were lodged when first they entered
-Mexico, which was contiguous (estaba inmediato) with the wall that
-enclosed the great Temple.”
-
-Don Carlos M. de Bustamante adds in a footnote to this
-passage:—“Fronting these same buildings, behind the convent of Santa
-Teresa la Antigua, an image of Our Lady of Guadalupe was worshipped,
-which was placed in that position to perpetuate the memory that here
-mass was first celebrated in Mexico, in the block (cuadra) where stood
-the gate of the quarters of the Spaniards.... This fact was often
-related to me by my deceased friend, Don Francisco Sedano, one of the
-best antiquarians Mexico has known.”
-
-  (GARCÍA ICAZBALCETA, note to 2nd Dialogue of Cervantes Salazar, p.
-      185.)
-
-“The Palace of Axayacatl, which served as a lodging or quarters for the
-Spaniards, stood in the Calle de Sta. Teresa and the 2a Calle del Indio
-Triste.”
-
-So far as I can ascertain, no eye-witness or early historian describes
-the position of the Palace of Axayacatl, but tradition and a consensus
-of later writers place it outside the Temple Enclosure to the north of
-the Calle de Sta. Teresa and to the west of the 2a Calle del Indio
-Triste. No northern boundary is given.
-
-Taking the point A in the line of the Calle de Tacuba as the
-hypothetical site of the middle of the entrance in the Eastern wall of
-the Temple Enclosure and drawing a line A-B to the Eastern end of the C.
-de Arzobispado, we get a distance of about 450 feet; extend this line in
-a northerly direction for 450 feet to the point C, and the line B-C may
-be taken as the Eastern limit of the Temple Enclosure.
-
-The Northern and Southern entrance to the Enclosure must have been at D
-and E, that is in the line of the Calle de Iztapalapa.
-
-Extending the line B-E twice its own length in a westerly direction
-brings us to the South end of the Empedradillo at the point F.
-
-Completing the Enclosure we find the Western entrance at G in the line
-of the Calle de Tacuba and the north-west corner at H.
-
-This delimitation of the Temple Enclosure gives a parallelogram
-measuring roughly 900′ × 1050′, not at all too large to hold the
-buildings it is said to have contained, and not far from Sahagun’s
-_doscientos brazas en cuadro_ (1012′ × 1012′).
-
-It divides the Enclosure longitudinally into two equal halves, which is
-on the side of probability.
-
-It leaves two-thirds of the Enclosure to the West and one-third to the
-East of the line of the Calle de Iztapalapa[3].
-
-It includes the site of the Temple of Tezcatlipoca.
-
-It agrees with the generally accepted position of the Palace of
-Axayacatl and of the Aviary.
-
-It includes the site of the Teocalli, the base of which was discovered
-at No. 8, 1^{ra} Calle de Relox y Cordobanes.
-
-It will now be seen how closely this agrees with the description given
-by Don Lucas Alaman, one of the best modern authorities on the
-topography of the City.
-
-  (Disertaciones, by Don LUCAS ALAMAN, 1844. Octava Disertacion, vol.
-      ii. p. 246.)
-
-“We must now fix the site occupied by the famous Temple of
-Huichilopochtli[4]. As I have stated above, on the Southern side it
-formed the continuation of the line from the side walk (acera) of the
-Arzobispado towards the Alcaiceria touching the front of the present
-Cathedral. On the West it ran fronting the old Palace of Montezuma, with
-the street now called the Calle del Empedradillo (and formerly called
-the Plazuela del Marques del Valle) between them, but on the East and
-North it extended far beyond the square formed by the Cathedral and
-Seminario, and in the first of these directions reached the Calle
-Cerrada de Sta. Teresa, and followed the direction of this last until it
-met that of the Ensenanza now the Calle Cordobanes and the Montealegre.”
-
-
-                 THE GREAT TEOCALLI OF HUITZILOPOCHTLI.
-
-The general description of the ancient City by eye-witnesses does not
-enable us to locate the position of the great Teocalli with exactness,
-but further information can be gained by examining the allotment of
-Solares or City lots to the Conquerors who took up their residence in
-Mexico and to religious establishments; these allotments can in some
-instances be traced through the recorded Acts of the Municipality.
-
-  (7th Disertacion, p. 140. Don LUCAS ALAMAN.) (Tracing A_{1}.)
-
-“From the indisputable testimony of the Acts of the Municipality and
-much other corroborative evidence one can see that the site of the
-original foundation (the Monastery) of San Francisco was in the Calle de
-Sta. Teresa on the side walk which faces South.
-
-“At the meeting of the Municipality of 2nd May, 1525, there was granted
-to Alonzo de Ávila a portion of the Solar between his house and _the
-Monastery of San Francisco in this City_. This house of Alonzo de Ávila
-stood in the Calle de Relox at the corner of the Calle de Sta. Teresa
-(where now stands the druggist’s shop of Cervantes and Co.), and this is
-certain as it is the same house which was ordered to be demolished and
-[the site] sown with salt, as a mark of infamy, when the sons of Alonzo
-de Ávila were condemned to death for complicity in the conspiracy
-attributed to D. Martin Cortés. By the decree of the 1st June, 1574,
-addressed to the Viceroy, Don Martin Enríquez, he was permitted to found
-schools on this same site, with a command that the pillar and
-inscription relating to the Ávilas which was within the same plot,
-should be placed outside ‘in a place where it could be more open and
-exposed.’ As the schools were not built on this site, the University
-sold it on a quit rent (which it still enjoys) to the Convent of Sta.
-Isabel, to which the two houses Nos. 1 and 2 of the 1st Calle de Relox
-belong, which are the said druggist’s shop and the house adjoining it,
-which occupy the site where the house of Alonzo de Ávila stood.
-
-“In addition to this, by the titles of a house in the Calle de
-Montealegre belonging to the convent of San Jeronimo which the Padre
-Pichardo examined, it is certain that Bernadino de Albornoz, doubtless
-the son of the Accountant Rodrigo de Albornoz, was the owner of the
-houses which followed the house of Alonzo de Ávila in the Calle de Sta.
-Teresa; and by the act of the Cabildo of the 31st Jan., 1529, it results
-that this house of Albornoz was built on the land where stood the old
-San Francisco, which the Municipality considered itself authorised to
-dispose of as waste land.”
-
-  (DURAN, vol. ii. ch. lxxx.)
-
-“The Idol Huitzilopochtli which we are describing ... had its site in
-the houses of Alonzo de Ávila, which is now a rubbish heap.”
-
-  (ALAMAN, Octava Disertacion, p. 246.)
-
-“One can cite what is recorded in the books of the Acts of the
-Municipality in the Session of 22nd February, 1527, on which day, on the
-petition of Gil González de Benavides, the said Señores (the Licenciate
-Marcos de Aguilar, who at that time ruled it, and the members who were
-present at the meeting) granted him one solar [city lot] situated in
-this city bordering on the solar and houses of his brother Alonzo de
-Ávila, which is (en la tercia parte donde estaba el Huichilobos) in the
-third portion where Huichilobos[5] stood. It was shown in the 7th
-Dissertation that these houses of Alonzo de Ávila were the two first in
-the Ira Calle de Relox, turning the corner of the Calle de Sta. Teresa,
-and consequently that the solar that was given to Gil González de
-Benavides was the next one in the Calle de Relox, for the next house in
-the Calle de Sta. Teresa was that of the Accountant Albornoz. This
-opinion agrees with that of Padre Pichardo, who made such a lengthy
-study of the subject, and who was able to examine the ancient titles of
-many properties.”
-
-  In a note to the 2nd Dialogue of Cervantes Salazar, Don J. GARCIA
-      ICAZBALCETA discusses the position of the original Cathedral and
-      quotes a decree of the Cabildo, dated 8th Feb., 1527, allotting
-      certain sites as follows:—
-
-“The said Señores [here follow the names of those present] declare that
-inasmuch as in time past when the Factor and Veedor were called
-Governors of New Spain they allotted certain Solares within this City,
-_which Solares are facing Huichilobos_ (son frontero del Huichilobos),
-which Solares (because the Lord Governor on his arrival together with
-the Municipality reclaimed them, and allotted them to no one for
-distribution) are vacant and are [suitable] for building and enclosure;
-and inasmuch as the aforesaid is prejudicial to the ennoblement of this
-city, and because their occupation would add to its dignity, they make a
-grant of the said space of Solares, allotting in the first place ten
-Solares for the church and churchyard, and for outbuildings in the
-following manner:—Firstly they say that they constitute as a plaza (in
-addition to the plaza in front of the new houses of the Lord Governor),
-the site and space which is unoccupied in front of the corridors of the
-other houses of the Governor where they are used to tilt with reeds, to
-remain the same size that it is at present.
-
-“At the petition of Cristóbal Flores, Alcalde, the said Señores grant to
-him in this situation the Solar which is at the corner, fronting the
-houses of Hernando Alonzo Herrero and the high roads, which (Solar) they
-state it is their pleasure to grant to him.
-
-“To Alonzo de Villanueva another Solar contiguous to that of the said
-Cristóbal Flores, in front of the Solar of the Padre Luis Méndez, the
-high road between them, etc.”
-
-(Here follow the other grants.)
-
-                  *       *       *       *       *
-
-“Then the said Señores ... assign as a street for the exit and service
-of the said Solares ... a space of 14 feet, which street must pass
-between the Solar of Alonzo de Villanueva and that of Luis de la Torre
-and pass through to the site of the Church, on one side being the Solar
-of Juan de la Torre, and on the other the Solar of Gonzalo de Alvarado.”
-
-In the same note Icazbalceta discusses the measurements of the Solares,
-which appear to have varied between 141 × 141 Spanish feet (= 130 ¾′ ×
-130¾′ English) and 150 × 150 Spanish feet (= 139′ × 139′ English), which
-latter measurement was established by an Act of the Cabildo in Feb.
-1537. He also printed with the note a plan of what he considered to be
-the position of the Solares dealt with in this Act of Cabildo. This plan
-is incorporated in Tracing A_{1}.
-
-Plate C is a copy of a plan of the Temple Enclosure found with a Sahagun
-MS., preserved in the Library of the Royal Palace at Madrid and
-published by Dr. E. Seler in his pamphlet entitled ‘Die Ausgrabungen am
-Orte des Haupttempels in Mexico’ (1904).
-
-We know from Cortés’s own account, confirmed by Gomara, that the Great
-Teocalli was so close to the quarters of the Spaniards that the Mexicans
-were able to discharge missiles from the Teocalli into the Spanish
-quarters, and according to Sahagun’s account the Mexicans hauled two
-stout beams to the top of the Teocalli in order to hurl them against the
-Palace of Axayacatl so as to force an entrance. It was on this account
-Cortés made such a determined attack on the Teocalli and cleared it of
-the enemy.
-
-We also know from the Acts of the Cabildo that the group of Solares
-beginning with that of Cristóbal Flores (Nos. 1–9) are described as
-“frontero del Huichilobos,” _i. e._ opposite (the Teocalli of)
-Huichilobos, and we also learn that the Solar of Alonzo de Avila was “en
-la tercia parte donde estaba el Huichilobos,” _i. e._ in the third part
-or portion where (the Teocalli of) Huichilobos stood. Alaman confesses
-that he cannot understand this last expression, but I venture to suggest
-that as the Temple Enclosure was divided unevenly by the line of the
-Calle de Iztapalapa, two-thirds lying to the West of that line and
-one-third to the East of it, the expression implies that the Teocalli
-was situated in the Eastern third of the Enclosure. This would bring it
-sufficiently near to the Palace of Axayacatl for the Mexicans to have
-been able to discharge missiles into the quarters of the Spaniards. It
-would also occupy the site of the Solar de Alonzo de Avila, and might be
-considered to face the Solar of Cristóbal Flores and his neighbours, and
-we should naturally expect to find it in line with the Calle de Tacuba.
-Sahagun’s plan is not marked with the points of the compass, but if we
-should give it the same orientation as Tracing A_{2}, the Great Teocalli
-falls fairly into its place.
-
-Measurements of the Great Teocalli.
-
-There were two values to the Braza or Fathom in old Spanish measures,
-one was the equivalent of 65·749 English inches, and the other and more
-ancient was the equivalent of 66·768 English inches. In computing the
-following measurements I have used the latter scale:—
-
-                      Spanish.     English.
-                      1 foot   = 11·128 inches.
-           3 feet   = 1 vara   = 33·384   „     = 2·782 feet.
-           2 varas  = 1 Braza  = 66·768   „     = 5·564   „
-
-The Pace is reckoned as equal to 2·5 English feet and the Ell mentioned
-by Tezozomoc as the Flemish Ell = 27·97 English inches or 2·33 English
-feet.
-
-There is a general agreement that the Teocalli was a solid quadrangular
-edifice in the form of a truncated step pyramid.
-
-The dimensions of the Ground plan are given as follows:—
-
-                    Spanish Measure.                      English feet.
-
- ANONIMO 150 × 120 paces                                 = 375 × 300
-
- TORQUEMADA 360 × 360 feet                               = 333·84 ×
-                                                           333·84
-
- GOMARA 50 × 50 Brazas                                   = 278·2 × 278·2
-
- TEZOZOMOC 125 Ells (one side)                           = 291·248
-
- BERNAL DÍAZ = six large Solares measuring 150 × 150     = 341 × 341
-   feet each, which would give a square of about
-
- IXLILXOCHITL 80 Brazas                                  = 445[6]
-
- Motolinea says the Teocalli at Tenayoca measured 40 ×   =222·56 ×
-   40 Brazas                                               222·56
-
-The measurements are rather vague. The Anonymous Conqueror’s
-measurements may refer to the Teocalli at Tlatelolco and the length may
-have included the Apetlac or forecourt. Torquemada may be suspected of
-exaggeration. Tezozomoc was not an eye-witness and Bernal Díaz’s
-estimate of six large Solares is only an approximation.
-
-In Tracing A_{2} I have taken 300 × 300 English feet as the measurement
-of the base of the Teocalli.
-
-
-Orientation of the Great Teocalli.
-
- SAHAGUN       Facing the West.
-
- TORQUEMADA    Its back to the East, “_which is the practice the large
-                 Temples ought to follow_.”
-
- MOTOLINEA     The ascent and steps are on the West side.
-
- TEZOZOMOC     The principal face looked South.
-
- IXTLILXOCHITL Facing the West.
-
-I think the evidence of Sahagun, Torquemada, Motolinia, and
-Ixtlilxochitl must be accepted as outweighing that of Tezozomoc, who
-also says that the pyramidal foundation was ascended by steps on three
-sides, a statement that is not supported by any other authority and
-which received no confirmation from the description of the attack on the
-Teocalli as given by Cortés and Bernal Díaz.
-
-
-THE STAIRWAY.
-
- SAHAGUN says  “it was ascended by steps very narrow and straight.”
- ANONIMO (Tlaltelolco ?)—120–130 steps on one side only.
- IXTLILXOCHITL—160 steps.
- BERNAL DÍAZ (Tlaltelolco ?)—114 steps.
- CORTÉS—over 100 steps.
- TORQUEMADA—113 steps on the West side only.
- MOTOLINIA—over 100 steps on the West side.
- DURAN—120 steps on the West side.
-
-Torquemada says that the steps were each one foot high, and Duran
-describes the difficulty of raising the image and litter of the God from
-the ground to the platform on the top of the Teocalli owing to the
-steepness of the steps and the narrowness of the tread.
-
-
-=The sides and back of the Teocalli= were in the form of great steps.
-
- CORTÉS says that there were 3 or 4 ledges or passages one pace wide.
- BERNAL DÍAZ—5 recesses (concavidades).
-
-Both the pictures show four ledges.
-
-The Anonymous Conqueror gives the width of the ledges as two paces.
-
-The height of the wall between each ledge is given as follows:—
-
-              CORTÉS—the height of three men    = say 16′.
-              ANONIMO—the height of two men  = say 10′ 8″.
-              MOTOLINIA—1½ to 2 Brazas          = say 11′.
-
-The size of the platform on the top of the Teocalli cannot be decided
-from the written records. Torquemada says that there was ample room for
-the Priests of the Idols to carry out their functions unimpeded and
-thoroughly, yet in an earlier paragraph he appears to limit the width to
-a little more than seventy feet. Possibly this measurement of seventy
-feet is meant to apply to a forecourt of the two sanctuaries.
-
-Motolinia gives the measurement of the base of the Teocalli at Tenayoca
-as 222½′ × 222½′ (English), and the summit platform as about 192′ × 192′
-(English). Applying the same proportion to a Teocalli measuring 300′ ×
-300′ at the base, the summit platform would measure about 259′ × 259′.
-
-Duran says “in front of the two chambers where these Gods
-(Huitzilopochtli and Tlaloc) stood there was a Patio forty feet square
-cemented over and very smooth, in the middle of which and fronting the
-two chambers was a somewhat sharp pointed green stone about waist high,
-of such a height that when a man was thrown on his back on the top of it
-his body would bend back over it. On this stone they sacrificed men in
-the way we shall see in another place.”
-
-Ixtlilxochitl gives a similar description but, says the sacrificial
-stone was on one side towards (hacia) the doorway of the larger chamber
-of Huitzilopochtli.
-
-
-=The Oratories of Huitzilopochtli= and =Thaloc=.
-
-Motolinia, Torquemada, Ixtlilxochitl, and Gomara agree in placing the
-two oratories or shrines on the extreme eastern edge of the platform, so
-that there was only just room for a man to pass round them on the east
-side. The two oratories were separate one from the other, each being
-enclosed within its own walls with a doorway towards the west. The
-oratory of Huitzilopochtli was the larger of the two and stood to the
-south. The oratory of Tlaloc stood to the north. No measurements are
-given of the area covered by these two oratories, but there is no
-suggestion that they were large buildings[7] except in height. The roof
-and probably the upper stages were made of wood (Torquemada), and we
-know that they were burnt during the siege.
-
-HEIGHT:—
-
- ANONIMO—“Ten or twelve men’s bodies.”
- TORQUEMADA—“Each in three stories, each story of great height.”
- MOTOLINIA—“The Great Temples had three stories above the altars, all
-    terraced and of considerable height.”
-
-Ixtlilxochitl gives the height of the great Teocalli as over
-twenty-seven brazas (150′). If this means the height from the ground to
-the top of the Oratory of Huitzilopochtli it would very nearly agree
-with the height given on the hypothetical section on Plate B.
-
-In the description of the map of the city published in 1524 [see
-‘Conquest of New Spain,’ vol. iii. (Hakluyt Society)] I called attention
-to the “full human face probably representing the Sun” between the
-Oratories of the Teocalli of Huitzilopochtli. The map is, I believe, in
-error in placing the Teocalli on the west side of the Temple Enclosure,
-but that the full human face is intended to represent the sun is
-confirmed by the following passage from Motolinia[8]:—
-
-    “Tlacaxipenalistli.—This festival takes place when the sun stood in
-    the middle of Huichilobos, _which was at the Equinox_, and because
-    it was a little out of the straight[9] Montezuma wished to pull it
-    down and set it right.”
-
-[Illustration]
-
-The map of 1524 was probably drawn from a description given by one of
-the Conquistadores, and if we turn to the pages of Gomara, an author who
-was never in Mexico and who wrote only from hearsay, it is easy to see
-how such a mistake in orientation arose.
-
-  GOMARA, Historia General de las Indias—Conquista de Mejico. (El Templo
-      de Mejico.)
-
-“This temple occupies a square, from corner to corner the length of a
-crossbow shot. The stone wall has four gateways corresponding to the
-four principal streets.... In the middle of this space is an edifice of
-earth and massive stone four square like the court, and of the breadth
-of fifty fathoms from corner to corner. On the west side there are no
-terraces but 113 or 114 steps leading up to the top. _All the people of
-the city[10] look and pray towards the sunrise_ and on this account they
-build their large temples in this manner.... In addition to this tower
-with its chapels placed on the top of the pyramid, there were forty or
-more other towers great and small on other smaller Teocallis standing in
-the same enclosure (circuito) as this great one, and although they were
-of the same form, _they did not look to the east_ but to other parts of
-the heaven, to differentiate them from the Great Temple. Some were
-larger than others, and each one (dedicated) to a different god.”
-
-The confusion of thought between a temple that faced the east and a
-temple where the worshippers faced the east is evident.
-
-There can be little doubt that the steps of the Great Teocalli were on
-the west side, that the Oratories of Huitzilopochtli and Taloc were on
-the east side of the summit platform, and that their doorways faced the
-west. _The priest and worshippers faced the east to watch the sunrise at
-the equinox in the narrow space between the two oratories_, and because
-the alignment was not quite correct Montezuma wished to pull down the
-oratories and rebuild them.
-
-Following from this, it appears to me that Duran was probably not far
-from correct in placing the great green sacrificial stone “fronting the
-_two_ chambers,” but that Ixtlilxochitl was still more accurate in
-placing it towards (hacia) the doorway of the sanctuary of
-Huitzilopochtli. The heart of the human victim would be torn out and
-held up to the rising sun from the spot where the priest stood to
-observe the sunrise.
-
-It will at once be urged against this solution of the difficulties
-attending the orientation of the Great Teocalli that the plan and
-tracings locate the Teocalli eight degrees from the east and west line,
-and that, therefore, my explanation fails. To this I can only reply that
-I plotted the measurements, taking the east and west line of the Calle
-de Tacuba from the modern map as a datum, and this may vary slightly
-from the ancient line of the street. Then I have observed in Maya
-temples that sometimes the shrines stand slightly askew from the base:
-this is clearly noticeable at Chichén Itzá. If the error of 8° were
-divided between the lines of the Temple enclosure, the base of the
-Teocalli, and the sides of the oratories, the difference would not
-easily be perceptible.
-
-Moreover, we cannot now ascertain the exact spot from which the
-observation was made nor the distance between the two sanctuaries. If,
-as Ixtlilxochitl states, it was towards the doorway of the sanctuary of
-Huitzilopochtli and not between the two sanctuaries as is stated by
-Duran, then the error would be reduced.
-
-
-                          RECENT EXCAVATIONS.
-
-We have now to consider the position of the Great Teocalli in relation
-to the excavations made in the Calle de las Escallerillas when pipes
-were being laid for the drainage of the city in the year 1900. These
-excavations were watched on behalf of the Government by Señor Don
-Leopoldo Batres, Inspector General of Archæological Monuments, who
-published an account of his researches in 1902, with a plan showing the
-position and depth below the surface at which objects of archæological
-interest were discovered. Unfortunately Señor Batres was already fully
-convinced that the Great Teocalli faced the south and occupied more or
-less the position of the present Cathedral.
-
-At a spot marked _a_, in Tracing A_{2}, 38 metres from the east end of
-the Escalerillas, Señor Batres discovered a stairway of four masonry
-steps which he states measured each 29 cm. in the rise and 22 cm. in the
-tread, but unfortunately beyond this statement he gives no information
-whatever regarding them. However, I presume that the steps followed the
-same direction as a stairway of nine steps which he had previously
-described and which will be alluded to immediately. _These three steps I
-have taken to be the central stairway leading to the forecourt or
-apetlac of the Great Teocalli._
-
-Señor Batres had already noted a stairway of nine steps, marked _b_ in
-Tracing A_{2}, each measuring 22 cm. in rise and 26 cm. in tread. This
-stairway was 2 metres wide and faced the west. The stairway was
-apparently joined at one or both sides to a sloping wall[11]. Embedded
-in the débris which covered these steps was found an idol of green stone
-measuring 75 cms. in height and 61 cms. in diameter. The idol is now
-preserved in the National Museum.
-
-I take the foot of this stairway of nine steps to have been in line with
-the great stairway of the Teocalli, and it may have been part of the
-great stairway itself; however, a stairway only two metres wide is not
-likely to be the beginning of what must have been the principal approach
-to the Teocalli, and I can only suggest that it may have been a stairway
-leading to a niche which held the idol of green stone and that the great
-stairways passed on either side of it. An idol in a somewhat similar
-position can be seen on the Hieroglyphic Stairway at Copan.
-
-  THE ANONYMOUS CONQUEROR. A Description written by a Companion of
-      Hernando Cortés.
-
- XIV. _What these Towers are like._
-
-They build a square tower one hundred and fifty paces, or rather more,
-in length, and one hundred and fifteen or one hundred in breadth. The
-foundation of this building is solid; when it reaches the height of two
-men, a passage is left two paces wide on three sides, and on one of the
-long sides steps are made until the height of two more men is reached,
-and the edifice is throughout solidly built of masonry. Here, again, on
-three sides they leave the passage two paces wide, and on the other side
-they build the steps, and in this way it rises to such a height that the
-steps total one hundred and twenty or one hundred and thirty.
-
-There is a fair-sized plaza on the top and from the middle [of it] arise
-two other towers which reach the height of ten or twelve men’s bodies
-and these have windows above. Within these tall towers stand the Idols
-in regular order and well adorned, and the whole house highly decorated.
-No one but their high priest was allowed to enter where the principal
-God was kept, and this god had distinct names in different provinces;
-for in the great city of Mexico he was called Horchilobos
-(Huitzilopochtli), and in another city named Chuennila (Cholula) he was
-called Quecadquaal (Quetzalcoatl), and so on in the others.
-
-Whenever they celebrated the festivals of their Idols, they sacrificed
-many men and women, boys and girls; and when they suffered some
-privation, such as drought or excess of rain, or found themselves hard
-pressed by their enemies, or suffered any other calamity, then they made
-these sacrifices in the following manner....
-
- XXI. _About their Temples and Mosques._
-
-They have in this great city very great mosques or temples in which they
-worship and offer sacrifices to their Idols; but the Chief Mosque was a
-marvellous thing to behold, it was as large as a city. It was surrounded
-by a high masonry wall and had four principal doorways.
-
-  FRAY TORIBIO BENAVENTE or MOTOLINIA, Historia de los Indios de Nueva
-      España, Treatise No. I. Ch. XII.
-
-There have never been seen or heard of before such temples as those of
-this land of Anahuac or New Spain, neither for size and design nor for
-anything else; and as they rise to a great height they must needs have
-strong foundations; and there was an endless number of such temples and
-altars in this country, about which a note is here made so that those
-who may come to this country from now onwards may know about them, for
-the memory of them all has already almost perished.
-
-These temples are called Teocallis, and throughout the land we find that
-in the principal part of the town a great rectangular court is
-constructed; in the large towns they measured from corner to corner the
-length of a crossbow shot, in the lesser towns the courts are smaller.
-
-This courtyard they surround with a wall and many of the walls are
-embattled; their gateways dominate the principal streets and roads, for
-they are all made to converge towards the court; and so as to give
-greater honour to their temples they lay out the roads very straight
-with rope line for a distance of one or two leagues, and it is a thing
-worth seeing from the top of the principal temple, how straight all the
-roads come from all the lesser towns and suburbs and converge towards
-the Court of the Teocallis.
-
-In the most conspicuous place in this court would stand a great
-rectangular block (cepa). So as to write this description I measured one
-in a moderate-sized town named Tenanyocan [Tenayoca] and found that it
-measured forty fathoms from corner to corner all built up with a solid
-wall, on the outside the wall was of stone, and the inside was filled up
-with stone only or with clay and adobe; others were built of earth well
-tamped.
-
-As the structure rose it contracted towards the centre and at the height
-of a fathom and a half or two fathoms there were some ledges going
-inwards, for they did not build it in a straight line, and the thick
-foundation was always worked towards the centre so as to give it
-strength and as the wall rose it got narrower; so that when it got to
-the top of the Teocalli it had narrowed and contracted itself seven or
-eight fathoms on each side, both by the ledges and the wall leaving the
-foundation [mound] on the top thirty-four or thirty-five fathoms.
-
-_On the west side were the steps and ascent_, and above on the top they
-constructed two great altars, placing them towards the east side, so
-that there was no more space left behind them than was sufficient to
-enable one to walk round them. One altar was to the right and the other
-to the left. Each one stood by itself with its own walls and hood-like
-roof. In the great Teocallis there were two altars, in the others only
-one, and each one of these altars[12] had upper stories; the great ones
-had three stories above the altars, all terraced and of considerable
-height, and the building (cepa) itself was very lofty, so that it could
-be seen from afar off.
-
-One could walk round each of these chapels and each had its separate
-walls. In front of these altars a large space was left where they made
-their sacrifices, and the building (cepa) itself had the height of a
-great tower, without [counting] the stories that covered the altars.
-
-According to what some people who saw it have told me, the Teocalli of
-Mexico had more than a hundred steps; I have seen them myself and have
-counted them more than once, but I do not remember [the number]. The
-Teocalli of Texcoco had five or six steps more than that of Mexico. If
-one were to ascend to the top of the chapel of San Francisco in Mexico,
-which has an arched roof and is of considerable height, and look over
-Mexico, the temple of the devil would have a great advantage in height,
-and it was a wonderful sight to view from it the whole of Mexico and the
-towns in the neighbourhood.
-
-In similar courts in the principal towns there were twelve or fifteen
-other Teocallis of considerable size, some larger than others, but far
-from as large as the principal Teocalli.
-
-Some of them had their fronts and steps towards others[13], others to
-the East, again others to the South, but none of them had more than one
-altar with its chapel, and each one had its halls and apartments where
-the Tlamacazques or Ministers dwelt, who were numerous, and those who
-were employed to bring water and firewood, for in front of each altar
-there were braziers which burnt all night long, and in the halls also
-there were fires. All these Teocallis were very white, burnished and
-clean, and in some of them [the temple enclosures] were small gardens
-with trees and flowers.
-
-There was in almost all these large courts another temple, which, after
-its square foundation had been raised and the altar built, was enclosed
-with a high circular wall and covered with its dome. This was [the
-temple] of the God of the Air, who was said to have his principal seat
-in Cholula, and in all this province there were many of them.
-
-This God of the Air they called in their language Quetzalcoatl, and they
-said that he was the son of that God of the great statue and a native of
-Tollan [Tula], and thence he had gone out to instruct certain provinces
-whence he disappeared, and they still hoped that he would return. When
-the ships of the Marqués del Valle, Don Hernando Cortés (who conquered
-this New Spain), appeared, when they saw them approaching from afar off
-under sail, they said that at last their God was coming, and on account
-of the tall white sails they said that he was bringing Teocallis across
-the sea. However, when they [the Spaniards] afterwards disembarked, they
-said it was not their God, but that they were many Gods.
-
-The Devil was not contented with the Teocallis already described, but in
-every town and in each suburb, at a quarter of a league apart, they had
-other small courts where there were three or four small Teocallis, in
-some of them more, and in others only one, and on every rock or hillock
-one or two, and along the roads and among the maize fields there were
-many other small ones, and all of them were covered with plaster and
-white, so that they showed up and bulked large, and in the thickly
-peopled country it appeared as though it was all full of houses,
-especially of the Courts of the Devil, which were wonderful to behold,
-and there was much to be seen when one entered into them, and the most
-important, above all others, were those of Texcoco and Mexico.
-
-  SAHAGUN, FR. BERNADINO DE (Bustmamante Edition), p. 194. Report of the
-      Mexicans about their God Vitzilopuchtli. [Huitzilopochtli,
-      Huichilobos.]
-
-The Mexicans celebrate three festivals to Vitzilopuchtli every year, the
-first of them in the month named Panquetzaliztli. During this festival
-[dedicated] to him and others, named Tlacavepancuexcotzin, they ascend
-to the top of the Cue, and they make life-size images out of tzoalli:
-when these are completed, all the youths of Telpuchcalli carry them on
-their hands to the top of the Cue. They make a statue of Vitzilopuchtli
-in the district [barrio] named Itepeioc[A]. The statue of
-Tlacavepancuexcotzin was made in that of Vitznaoao[14]. They first
-prepare the dough and afterwards pass all the night in making the
-statues of it.
-
-After making the images of the dough, they worshipped them as soon as it
-was dawn and made offerings to them during the greater part of the day,
-and towards evening they began ceremonies and dances with which they
-carried them to the Cue, and at sunset they ascended to the top of it.
-
-After the images were placed in position, they all came down again at
-once, except the guardians [named] Yiopuch.
-
-As soon as dawn came the God named Paynal, who was the Vicar of
-Vitzilopuchtli, came down from the lofty Cu, and one of the priests,
-clad in the rich vestments of Quetzalcoatl, carried this God
-(Vitzilopuchtli) in his hands, as in a procession, and the image of
-Paynal (which was carved in wood and, as has already been stated, was
-richly adorned) was also brought down.
-
-In this latter festival there went in front of [the image] a
-mace-bearer, who carried on his shoulder a sceptre in the shape of a
-huge snake, covered all over with a mosaic of turquoise.
-
-When the Chieftain arrived with the image at a place named Teutlachco,
-which is the game of Ball [that is at the Tlachtli court], which is
-inside the Temple courtyard, they killed two slaves in front of him, who
-were the images [representatives] of the Gods named Amapantzitzin, and
-many other captives. There the procession started and went direct to
-Tlaltelulco.
-
-Many Chieftains and people came out to receive it, and they burned
-incense to them [the images] and decapitated many quails before them.
-
-Thence they went directly to a place named Popotla, which is near to
-Tacuba, where now the church of S. Esteban stands, and they gave it
-another reception like that mentioned above. They carried in front of
-the procession all the way a banner made of paper like a fly-whisk, all
-full of holes, and in the holes bunches of feathers, in the same way as
-a cross is carried in front of a procession. Thence they came direct to
-the Cu of Vitzilopuchtli, and with the banner they performed another
-ceremony as above stated in this festival.
-
-
-        Account of the Buildings of the Great Temple of Mexico.
-
-The court of this Temple was very large, almost two hundred fathoms
-square; it was all paved, and had within it many buildings and towers.
-Some of these were more lofty than others, and each one of them was
-dedicated to a God.
-
-The principal tower of all was in the middle and was higher than
-the others, and was dedicated to the God Vitzilopuchtli
-Tlacavepancuexcotzin.
-
-This tower was divided in the upper part, so that it looked like two,
-and had two chapels or altars on the top, each one covered by its dome
-(chapitel) and each one of them had on the summit its particular badges
-or devices. In the principal one of them was the statue of
-Vitzilopuchtli, also called Ilhuicatlxoxouhqui, and in the other the
-image of the God Tlaloc. Before each one of these was a round stone like
-a chopping-block, which they call Texcatl, where they killed those whom
-they sacrificed in honour of that God, and from the stone towards the
-ground below was a pool of blood from those killed on it; and so it was
-on all the other towers; _these faced the West_, and one ascended by
-very narrow straight steps to all these towers.
-
-(Sahagun mentions seventy-eight edifices in connection with the Great
-Temple, but it is almost certain that these were not all within the
-Temple enclosure.)
-
-  SAHAGUN, Hist. de la Conquista, Book 12, Ch. XXII.
-
-They [the Mexicans] ascended a Cu, the one that was nearest to the royal
-houses [_i. e._ of Axayacatl], and they carried up there two stout beams
-so as to hurl them from that place on to the royal houses and beat them
-down so as to force an entry. When the Spaniards observed this they
-promptly ascended the Cu in regular formation, carrying their muskets
-and crossbows, and they began the ascent very slowly, and shot with
-their crossbows and muskets at those above them, a musketeer
-accompanying each file and then a soldier with sword and shield, and
-then a halberdier: in this order they continued to ascend the Cu, and
-those above hurled the timbers down the steps, but they did no damage to
-the Spaniards, who reached the summit of the Cu and began to wound and
-kill those who were stationed on the top, and many of them flung
-themselves down from the Cu: finally, all those [Mexicans] who had
-ascended the Cu perished.
-
-  HERNANDO CORTÉS, 2nd Letter. (The attack on the Great Teocalli.)
-
-We fought from morning until noon, when we returned with the utmost
-sadness to our fortress. On account of this they [the enemy] gained such
-courage that they came almost up to the doors, and they took possession
-of the great Mosque[15], and about five hundred Indians, who appeared to
-me to be persons of distinction, ascended the principal and most lofty
-tower, and took up there a great store of bread and water and other
-things to eat, and nearly all of them had very long lances with flint
-heads, broader than ours and no less sharp.
-
-From that position they did much damage to the people in the fort, for
-it was very close to it. The Spaniards attacked this said tower two or
-three times and endeavoured to ascend it, but it was very lofty, and the
-ascent was steep, for it had more than one hundred steps, and as those
-on the top were well supplied with stones and other arms, and were
-protected because we were unable to occupy the other terraces, every
-time the Spaniards began the ascent they were rolled back again and many
-were wounded. When those of the enemy who held other positions saw this,
-they were so greatly encouraged they came after us up to the fort
-without any fear.
-
-Then I (seeing that if they could continue to hold the tower, in
-addition to the great damage they could do us from it, that it would
-encourage them to attack us) set out from the fort, although maimed in
-my left hand by a wound that was given me on the first day, and lashing
-the shield to my arm, I went to the tower accompanied by some Spaniards
-and had the base of it surrounded, for this was easily done, although
-those surrounding it had no easy time, for on all sides they were
-fighting with the enemy who came in great numbers to the assistance of
-their comrades. I then began to ascend the stairway of the said tower
-with some Spaniards supporting me, and although the enemy resisted our
-ascent very stubbornly, so much so that they flung down three or four
-Spaniards, with the aid of God and his Glorious Mother (for whose
-habitation that tower had been chosen and her image placed in it), we
-ascended the said tower and reaching the summit we fought them so
-resolutely that they were forced to jump down to some terraces about a
-pace in width which ran round the tower. Of these the said tower had
-three or four, thrice a man’s height from one [terrace] to the other.
-
-Some fell down the whole distance [to the ground], and in addition to
-the hurt they received from the fall, the Spaniards below who surrounded
-the tower put them to death. Those who remained on the terraces fought
-thence very stoutly, and it took us more than three hours to kill them
-all, so that all died and none escaped ... and I set fire to the tower
-and to the others which there were in the Mosque.
-
-  JUAN DE TORQUEMADA, Monarchia Indiana, Vol. II. Book 8, Ch. XI. p.
-      144. [Giving a description of the Great Temple.]
-
-This Temple was rebuilt and added to a second time; and was so large and
-of such great extent, that it was more than a crossbow-shot square.
-
-It was all enclosed in masonry of well squared stone.
-
-There were in the square four gateways which opened to the four
-principal streets, three of them by which the city was approached along
-the causeways from the land, [the fourth] on the east in the direction
-of the lake whence the City was entered by water.
-
-In the middle of this enormous square was the Temple which was like a
-quadrangular tower (as we have already stated) built of masonry, large
-and massive.
-
-This Temple (not counting the square within which it was built) measured
-three hundred and sixty feet from corner to corner, and was pyramidal in
-form and make, for the higher one ascended the narrower became the
-edifice, the contractions being made at intervals so as to embellish it.
-
-On the top, where there was a pavement and small plaza rather more than
-seventy feet wide, two very large altars had been built, one apart from
-the other, set almost at the edge or border of the tower on the east
-side, so that there was only just sufficient ground and space for a man
-to walk [on the east side] without danger of falling down from the
-building.
-
-These altars were five palms in height with their walls inlaid with
-stone, all painted with figures according to the whim and taste of him
-who ordered the painting to be done. Above the altars were the chapels
-roofed with very well dressed and carved wood.
-
-Each of these chapels had three stories one above the other, and each
-story or stage was of great height, so that each one of them [of the
-chapels] if set on the ground (not on that tower, but on the ground
-level whence the edifice sprang) would have made a very lofty and
-sumptuous building, and for this reason the whole fabric of the Temple
-was so lofty that its height compelled admiration. To behold, from the
-summit of this temple, the city and its surroundings, with the lakes and
-all the towns and cities that were built in it and on its banks, was a
-matter of great pleasure and contentment.
-
-On the West side this building had no stages [contractions], but steps
-by which one ascended to the level of the chapels, and the said steps
-had a rise of one foot or more. The steps, or stairs, of this famous
-temple numbered one hundred and thirteen, and all were of very well
-dressed stone.
-
-From the last step at the summit of this Temple to the Altars and
-entrance to the Chapels was a considerable space of ground, so that the
-priests and ministers of the Idols could carry out their functions
-unimpeded and thoroughly.
-
-On each of the two altars stood an Idol of great bulk, each one
-representing the greatest God they possessed, which was Huitzilupuchtli
-or by his other name Mexitli.
-
-Near and around this Great Temple there were more than forty lesser
-ones, each one of them dedicated and erected to a God, and its tower and
-shape narrowed up to the floor on which the Chapel and altar began to
-arise, and it was not as large as the Great Temple, nor did it approach
-it by far in size, and all these lesser Temples and towers were
-associated with the Great Temple and tower which there was in this City.
-
-The difference between the Great Temple and the lesser ones was not in
-the form and structure, for all were the same, but they differed in site
-and position [orientation], for the Great Temple had its back to the
-East, which is the practice the large temples ought to follow, as we
-have noticed that the ancients assert, and their steps and entrance to
-the West (as we are accustomed to place many of our Christian Churches),
-so that they paid reverence in the direction of the sun as it rose, the
-smaller temples looked in the other direction towards the East and to
-other parts of the heaven [that is to] the North and South.
-
-                  *       *       *       *       *
-
-In order that my readers may not think that I speak heedlessly, and
-without a limit to my figures, I wish to quote here the words of Padre
-Fray Bernadino de Sahagun, a friar of my Order and one of those who
-joined very early in the discovery of this New Spain in the year
-twenty-nine [1529], who saw this and the other temples.... He says these
-words:—“This Temple was enclosed on all sides by stone walls half as
-high again as a man, all embattled and whitened. The ground of this
-Temple was all paved, with very smooth flag stones (not dressed but
-natural) as smooth and slippery as ice. There was much to be seen in the
-buildings of this Temple; I made a picture of it in this City of Mexico,
-and they took it to Spain for me, as a thing well worth beholding, and I
-could not regain possession of it, nor paint it again, and although in
-the painting it looks so fine, it was in reality much more so, and the
-building was more beautiful. The principal shrine or chapel which it
-possessed was dedicated to the God Huitzilupuchtli, and to another God
-his companion named Tlacahuepancuezcotzin, and to another, of less
-importance than the two, called Paynalton....”
-
-And he adds more, saying “the square was of such great circumference
-that it included and contained within its area all the ground where the
-Cathedral, the houses of the Marques del Valle[A], the Royal houses[16]
-and the houses of the Archbishop have now been built, and a great part
-of what is now the market place,” which seems incredible, so great is
-the said area and space of ground.
-
-I remember to have seen, thirty-five years ago, a part of these
-buildings in the Plaza, on the side of the Cathedral, which looked to me
-like hills of stone and earth, which were being used up in the
-foundations of God’s house and Cathedral which is being built now with
-great splendour.
-
-  PADRE FRAY DIEGO DURAN, Historia de los Indias de Nueva Espana, Vol.
-      II. Ch. LXXX. p. 82.
-
-Having heard what has been said about the decoration of the Idol, let us
-hear what there is notable about the beauty of the Temples. I do not
-wish to begin by relating the accounts given me by the Indians, but that
-obtained by a monk who was among the first of the Conquerors who entered
-the country, named Fray Francisco de Aguilar, a very venerable person
-and one of great authority in the order of our Glorious Father Santo
-Domingo, and from other conquerors of strict veracity and authority who
-assured me that on the day when they entered the City of Mexico and
-beheld the height and beauty of the Temples they believed them to be
-turreted fortresses for the defence and ornament of the City, or that
-they were palaces and royal houses with many towers and galleries, such
-was their beauty and height which could be seen from afar off.
-
-It should be known that of the eight or nine temples which there were in
-the City all stood close to one another within a great enclosure, inside
-of which enclosure each one adjoined the other, but each had its own
-steps and separate patio[17], as well as living rooms and sleeping
-places for the Ministers of the temples, all of which occupied
-considerable amount of space and ground. It was indeed a most beautiful
-sight, for some were more lofty than the others, and some more
-ornamental than others, some with an entrance to the East others to the
-West, others to the North and others to the South, all plastered and
-sculptured, and turreted with various kinds of battlements, painted with
-animals and figures and fortified with huge and wide buttresses of
-stone, and it beautified the city so greatly and gave it such an
-appearance of splendour that one could do nothing but stare at it.
-
-However, as regards the Temple, especially [dedicated to] the Idol
-[Huitzilopochtli] with which we are dealing, as it was that of the
-principal God, it was the most sumptuous magnificent of them all.
-
-It had a very large wall round its special court, all built of great
-stones carved to look like snakes, one holding on to the other, and
-anyone who wishes to see these stones, let him go to the principal
-Church of Mexico and there he will see them used as pedestals and bases
-of the pillars. These stones which are now used there as pedestals
-formed the wall of the Temple of Huitzilopochtli, and they called this
-wall Coatepantli, which means wall of snakes. There was on the top of
-the halls or oratories where the Idol stood a very elegant breastwork
-covered with small black stones like jet, arranged with much order and
-regularity, all the groundwork being of white and red plaster, which
-shone wonderfully [when looked at] from below—on the top of this
-breastwork were some very ornamental merlons carved in the shape of
-shells.
-
-At the end of the abutments, which arose like steps a fathom high, there
-were two seated Indians, in stone, with two torch-holders in their
-hands, from which torch-holders emerged things like the arms of a cross,
-ending in rich green and yellow feathers and long borders of the same.
-
-Inside this [the] court there were many chambers and lodgings for the
-monks and nuns, as well as others on the summit for the priests and
-ministers who performed the service of the Idol.
-
-This Court was so large that on the occasion of a festival eight or ten
-thousand men assembled in it; and to show that this is not impossible, I
-wish to relate an event that is true, related by one who with his own
-hands killed many Indians within it....
-
-This Court had four doors or entrances, one towards the East, another
-towards the West, another towards the South, and one on the North side.
-From these commenced four Causeways, one towards Tlacopan, which we now
-call the street of Tacuba, another towards Guadelupe, another towards
-Coyoacan, and the other led to the lake and the landing place of the
-canoes.
-
-The four principal Temples also have their portals towards the said four
-directions, and the four Gods which stand in them also have their fronts
-turned in the same directions.
-
-                  *       *       *       *       *
-
-Opposite the principal gateway of this Temple of Huitzilopochtli there
-were thirty long steps thirty fathoms long; a street separated them from
-the wall of the patio[18]. On the top of them [the steps] was a terrace,
-30 feet wide and as long as the steps, which was all coated with
-plaster, and the steps very well made.
-
-Lengthwise along the middle of this broad and long platform was a very
-well made palisade as high as a tall tree, all planted in a straight
-line, so that the poles were a fathom apart. These thick poles were all
-pierced with small holes, and these holes were so close together that
-there was not half a yard between them, and these holes were continued
-to the top of the thick and high poles. From pole to pole through the
-holes came some slender cross-bars on which many human skulls were
-strung through the forehead. Each cross-bar held thirty heads, and these
-rows of skulls reached to the top of the timbers and were full from end
-to end ... all were skulls of the persons who had been sacrificed.
-
-                  *       *       *       *       *
-
-After describing a procession in which the God was carried to
-Chapultapec and thence to Coyoacan, the author continues:—
-
-When they arrived at the foot of the steps of the Temple they placed the
-litter [on which the image of the God was carried] there, and promptly
-taking some thick ropes they tied them to the handles of the litter,
-and, with great circumspection and reverence, some making efforts from
-above and others helping from below, they raised the litter with the
-Idol to the top of the Temple, with much sounding of trumpets and
-flutes, and clamour of conch-shells and drums; they raised it up in this
-manner because the steps of the Temple were very steep and narrow [in
-the tread] and the stairway was long and they could not ascend with it
-on their shoulders without falling, and so they took that means to raise
-it up.
-
-  HERNANDO ALVARADO TEZOZOMOC, Cronica Mexicana, Ch. XXX, p. 319,
-      writing of the Temple of Huitzilipochtli, says:—
-
-It could be ascended on three sides and would have as many steps as
-there are days in the year, for at that time the year consisted of
-eighteen months, and each month contained twenty days, which amounts to
-three hundred and sixty days, five days less than our Catholic religion
-counts. Others count thirteen months to the year. At all events the
-steps were arranged on three sides of the ascent.
-
-The principal ascent faced the south, the second the east, and the third
-the west, and on the north side were three walls like a chamber open to
-the south. It had a great court and Mexican plaza all surrounded by a
-stone wall, massive and strong, [of which] the foundations were more
-than a fathom and the height [of the wall] was that of four men’s
-stature. It had three gateways, two of them small, one facing the east
-and the other the west; the gateway in the middle was larger, and that
-one faced the south, and in that direction was the great market place
-and Tianguiz[19], so that it stood in front of the great palace of
-Montezuma and the Great Cu. The height of it [the Great Cu or Temple]
-was so great that, from below, persons [on its summit], however tall
-they might be, appeared to be of the size of children eight years old or
-less.
-
-  IXTLILXOCHITL (‘Codice Goupil’).
-
-The Temple and principal Cu of this City, indeed of all New Spain, was
-built in the middle of the city, four square and massive as a mound
-(terrapleno) of stone and clay, merely and only the surface [built] of
-masonry. Each side was eighty fathoms long (445 Eng. ft.) and the height
-was over twenty-seven fathoms (150 Eng. ft.). On the side by which it
-was ascended were one hundred and sixty steps which faced the west. The
-edifice was of such a shape that from its foundation it diminished in
-size and became narrower as it rose in the shape of a pyramid, and at
-certain distances as it rose it had landing places like benches all
-around it. In the middle of the steps from the ground and foundation
-there rose a wall up to the summit and top of the steps, which was like
-a division that went between the two ascents as far as the patio which
-was on the top, where there were two great chambers, one larger than the
-other—the larger one to the south, and there stood the Idol
-Huitzilopochtli; the other, which was smaller, was to the north and
-contained the Idol Tlaloc, which (Idol) and Huitzilopochtli and the
-chambers looked to the west. These chambers were built at the eastern
-edge and border of the said patio, and thus in front of them the patio
-extended to the north and south with a [floor of] cement three palms and
-more in thickness, highly polished, and so capacious that it would hold
-five hundred men, and at one side of it towards the door of the larger
-chamber of Huitzilopochtli was a stone rising a yard in height, of the
-shape and design of an arched coffer, which was called Techcatl
-(Texcatl) where the Indians were sacrificed. Each of these chambers had
-upper stories, which were reached from within, the one from the other by
-movable wooden ladders, and were full of stores of every sort of arms,
-especially macanas, shields, bows, arrows, lances, slings and pebbles,
-and every sort of clothing and bows for war. The face and front of the
-larger chamber was ornamented with stone in the shape and form of
-death’s heads whitened with lime, which were placed all over the front,
-and above, for merlons, there were carved stones in the shape of great
-shells, which and the other with the rest of the Cu is painted on the
-following page. * * * * [see Plate D].
-
-
-
-
-                                PLATE A.
-             Part of the City of Mexico from a modern Map.
-
-                             TRACING A_{1}.
-                      After J. García Icazbalceta.
-
-                             TRACING A_{2}.
-          Suggested site of the Great Teocalli and enclosure.
-
-                                PLATE B.
-           Suggested plan and section of the Great Teocalli.
-
-                                PLATE C.
-               Plan by Padre Sahagun, after Dr. E. Seler.
-
-                                PLATE D.
-   View of the Great Teocalli, after Ixtlilxochitl (‘Codice Goupil’).
-
-                                PLATE E.
-    View of the Great Teocalli and enclosure, from ‘The Chronicle of
- Mexico,’ 1576. (Manuscript in British Museum, No. 31219. Additional.)
-
-
-
-
-                     PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
-                     RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  Tracing A_{1}
-
-
-  AFTER J. GARCÍA ICAZBALCETA
-]
-
-
-
-
-                     PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
-                     RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  Tracing A_{2}
-
-
-  PART OF THE CITY OF MEXICO FROM A MODERN MAP
-
-  SUGGESTED SITE OF THE GREAT TEOCALLI AND ENCLOSURE
-]
-
-
-
-
-                     PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
-                     RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  Plate A.
-
-
-  PART OF THE CITY OF MEXICO FROM A MODERN MAP
-]
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  Plate B.
-]
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  Plate C.
-
-
-  PLAN BY PADRE SAHAGUN AFTER D^{R.} E. SELER
-
-  a = _Great Teocalli_
-  b = _Eagle Vase_
-  c = _Priest’s House_
-  d = _Outer Altar_
-  e = _Eagle Warrior’s House_
-  f = _Tlachtli Court_
-  g = _Skull Scaffold_
-  h = _Yopic Teocalli_
-  i = _Wheel Stone_
-  k = _Collaiacan Teocalli_
-  l = _5 Lizard (date)_
-  m = _5 House „_
-  n = _Dancing Places_
-  o = _Snake Wall_
-  p = _Temple Entrances_
-]
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  Plate D.
-
-
-  THE GREAT TEOCALLI.
-
-  Codice Goupil—IXLILXOCHITL.
-]
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  Plate E.
-
-
-  THE GREAT TEOCALLI,
-  FROM THE CHRONICLE OF MEXICO, 1576.
-
-  MANUSCRIPT,—BRITISH MUSEUM, NO. 31219. ADDITIONAL.
-]
-
------
-
-Footnote 1:
-
-  ‘Mexico en 1554. Tres Dialogos Latinos que Francisco Cervantes Salazar
-  escribio y imprimio en Mexico en dicho año.’ A reprint with Spanish
-  translation and notes by Joaquim García Icazbalceta. Mexico, 1875.
-
-Footnote 2:
-
-  Dr. Seler states that the house of Mota still retains its name.
-
-Footnote 3:
-
-  See paragraphs on pp. 7 & 8.
-
-Footnote 4:
-
-  _I. e._ the Enclosure of the Great Temple.
-
-Footnote 5:
-
-  A note by Don Lucas Alaman says: “I do not know what was the origin of
-  this division of the Temple into three parts, which this expression
-  appears to indicate.”
-
-Footnote 6:
-
-  This would agree fairly well with Tracing A_{2}, if the Apetlac or
-  forecourt were included.
-
-Footnote 7:
-
-  Bernal Díaz speaks of them as Torrezillas.
-
-Footnote 8:
-
-  Memoriales de Fray Toribio de Motolinia. Manuscrito de la coleccion
-  del Señor Don Jonquin García Icazbalceta, publicalo por primera vez su
-  hijo Luis García Pimentel. Paris: A. Donnamette, 30 Rue de Saints
-  Pères, 1903. This is probably the original manuscript from which the
-  ‘Historia de los Indios de Nueva Hispaña’ was taken.
-
-Footnote 9:
-
-  Un poco tuerto.
-
-Footnote 10:
-
-  Todo el Pueblo.
-
-Footnote 11:
-
-  “Donde parecia terminar la escalinata se descubrió un muro en talud
-  siguiendo la misma dirección de la escalera.”
-
-Footnote 12:
-
-  This must refer not to the altars themselves but the temples
-  containing the altars.
-
-Footnote 13:
-
-  Or towards the rear.
-
-Footnote 14:
-
-  Sahagun specifies 78 edifices in connection with the great Temple,
-  among these are “No. 72, named Itepeioc, a house where the Chieftains
-  make the image of Vitzilopuchtli out of dough [masa],” and “No. 73,
-  the building named Vitznoacealpulli, which is the house where they
-  make the image of the other God, the companion of Vitzilopuchtli,
-  named Tlacavepancuexcozin.” It thus appears that the two “barrios” or
-  districts mentioned were sections of the Temple enclosure.
-
-Footnote 15:
-
-  Cortés evidently uses the term Mosque (Mesquita) for the whole group
-  of Temples within the Enclosure.
-
-Footnote 16:
-
-  This is evidently an exaggeration, the houses of the Marques del Valle
-  and the Mexican royal houses were not included in the area of the
-  Temple Enclosure.
-
-Footnote 17:
-
-  The apetlac?
-
-Footnote 18:
-
-  The apetlac?
-
-Footnote 19:
-
-  Tianguiz is the Mexican word for Market.
-
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-
-
-                          TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
-
-
- 1. P. 20, changed “five hundred Italians” to “five hundred Indians”.
- 2. Silently corrected obvious typographical errors and variations in
-      spelling.
- 3. Retained archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings as printed.
- 4. Re-indexed footnotes using numbers and collected together at the end
-      of the last chapter.
- 5. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.
- 6. Enclosed bold font in =equals=.
- 7. Denoted superscripts by a caret before a single superscript
-      character or a series of superscripted characters enclosed in
-      curly braces, e.g. M^r. or M^{ister}.
- 8. Denoted subscripts by an underscore before a series of subscripted
-      characters enclosed in curly braces, e.g. H_{2}O.
-
-*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NOTE ON THE POSITION AND
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