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font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Philosophical transactions,, by Royal Society</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Philosophical transactions,</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em;'>Giving some account of the present undertakings, studies, and labours of the ingenious, in many considerable parts of the world. Vol. L. Part II</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Various</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Compiler: Royal Society</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: June 26, 2022 [eBook #68412]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Charlene Taylor, Eleni Christofaki and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS, ***</div> - -<div class="transnote"><h3>Transcriber’s Note</h3> - -<p>Variable spelling and hyphenation have been retained. Minor punctuation -inconsistencies have been silently repaired. <a href="#Errata">The Errata</a> of the original -edition have been corrected. Other changes made can be found <a href="#Corrections">at the end -of the book</a>. </p></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h1>PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS, GIVING SOME ACCOUNT -OF THE Present Undertakings, Studies, <i>and</i> Labours, OF THE INGENIOUS, -IN MANY Considerable Parts of the WORLD.</h1> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="figcenter illowp46" id="cover" style="max-width: 100em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="" /> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="bbox"> -<p class="center">PHILOSOPHICAL<br /> -<span class="large"><b>TRANSACTIONS</b>,</span> -<br /> -<small>GIVING SOME</small><br /> -<span class="large"><b>ACCOUNT</b></span><br /> <small>OF THE</small><br /> -Present Undertakings, Studies, <i>and</i> Labours,<br /> -<small>OF THE</small><br /> <span class="large"><b>INGENIOUS</b>,</span><br /> -<small>IN MANY</small><br /> Considerable Parts of the <em class="gesperrt">WORLD</em>.</p> - -<p class="center bt bb"> -VOL. L. <span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Part II.</em></span> For the Year 1758.</p> -<p class="center p2"> -<i>LONDON</i>:</p> - -<p class="center">Printed for <span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">L. Davis</em></span> and <span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">C. Reymers</em></span>,<br /> -Printers to the <span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Royal Society</em></span>,<br /> -against <i>Gray’s-Inn Gate</i>, in <i>Holbourn</i>.</p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="center">M.DCC.LIX. -</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak btd" id="THE"><small>THE</small> -<br /> - -CONTENTS -<br /> - -<small>TO</small> -<br /> -<span class="smcap">Part II. Volume L.</span></h2> -</div> - -<table> -<tr><td>LIX.</td> <td><span class="dropcapb"><i>A</i></span><i>N Account of the Effects of Electricity in -paralytic Cases. In a Letter to</i> John Pringle, -<i>M. D. F.R.S. from</i> Benjamin Franklin, <i>Esq; -F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_481">481</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>LX.</td> <td><i>Observations on the late Comet in</i> September -<i>and</i> October <i>1757; made at the</i> Hague <i>by Mr.</i> -D. Klinkenberg: <i>In a Letter to the Rev.</i> James -Bradley, <i>D. D. Astronomer Royal, and F.R.S. -and Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences at</i> -Paris. <i>Translated from the</i> Low Dutch.</td> -<td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_483">483</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>LXI.</td> <td><i>Remarks on the different Temperature of the -Air at</i> Edystone, <i>from that observed at</i> Plymouth, -<i>between the 7th and 14th of</i> July <i>1757. By Mr.</i> -John Smeaton, <i>F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>LXII.</td> <td><i>An Account of the Earthquake felt in the -Island of</i> Sumatra, <i>in the</i> East Indies, <i>in</i> November -<i>and</i> December <i>1756. In a Letter from Mr.</i> -Perry <i>to the Rev. Dr.</i> Stukeley, <i>dated at</i> Fort -Marlborough, <i>in the Island of</i> Sumatra, Feb. <i>20. -1757. Communicated by the Rev.</i> Wm. Stukeley, -<i>M. D. F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_491">491</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>LXIII.</td> <td><i>Concerning the Fall of Water under Bridges. -By Mr.</i> J. Robertson, <i>F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_492">492</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>LXIV.</td> <td><i>An Account of the Earthquake in the West -Parts of</i> Cornwall, July <i>15th 1757. By the Rev.</i> -William Borlase, <i>M. A. F.R.S. Communicated -by the Rev.</i> Charles Lyttelton, <i>LL. D. Dean of</i> -Exeter, <i>F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_499">499</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>LXV.</td> <td><i>Some Observations upon the Sleep of Plants; -and an Account of that Faculty, which</i> Linnæus -<i>calls</i> Vigiliæ Florum; <i>with an Enumeration of -several Plants, which are subject to that Law. -Communicated to</i> Wm. Watson, <i>M. D. F.R.S. -by Mr.</i> Richard Pulteney <i>of</i> Leicester.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_506">506</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>LXVI.</td> <td><i>An Account of the Case of a Boy troubled -with convulsive Fits cured by the Discharge of -Worms. By the Rev.</i> Richard Oram, <i>M. A. -Chaplain to the Lord Bishop of</i> Ely.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_518">518</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td> </td><td><i>An Account of the same Subject, in a Letter from -Mr.</i> John Gaze, <i>of</i> Walket, <i>in the County of</i> -Norfolk, <i>to Mr.</i> Wm. Arderon, <i>F.R.S. Communicated -by Mr.</i> Henry Baker, <i>F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_521">521</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>LXVII.</td> <td><i>An Account of the extraordinary Heat of -the Weather in</i> July <i>1757, and of the Effects of -it. In a Letter from</i> John Huxham, <i>M. D. -F.R.S. to</i> Wm. Watson, <i>M. D. F.R.S.</i> </td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_523">523</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>LXVIII.</td> <td><i>An Account of the fossile Thigh-bone of a -large Animal, dug up at</i> Stonesfield, <i>near</i> Woodstock, -<i>in Oxfordshire. In a Letter to Mr.</i> Peter -Collinson, <i>F.R.S. from Mr.</i> Joshua Platt.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_524">524</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>LXIX.</td> <td><i>A Discourse of the Usefulness of Inoculation -of the horned Cattle to prevent the contagious Distemper -among them. In a Letter to the Right -Hon.</i> George <i>Earl of</i> Macclesfield, <i>P. R. S. from</i> -Daniel Peter Layard, <i>M. D. F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_528">528</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>LXX.</td> <td><i>Trigonometry abridged. By the Rev.</i> Patrick -Murdoch, <i>A. M. F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_538">538</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>LXXI.</td> <td><i>An Account of Two extraordinary Cases of -Gall-Stones. By</i> James Johnstone, <i>M. D. of</i> -Kidderminster. <i>Communicated by the Rev.</i> Charles -Lyttelton, <i>LL. D. Dean of</i> Exeter. </td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_543">543</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>LXXII.</td> <td><i>A remarkable Case of Cohesions of all the -intestines</i>, &c. <i>in a Man of about Thirty-four -years of Age who died sometime last Summer, -and afterwards fell under the Inspection of Mr.</i> -Nicholas Jenty. </td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_550">550</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>LXXIII.</td> <td><i>Of the best Form of Geographical Maps. -By the Rev.</i> Patrick Murdoch, <i>M. A. F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_553">553</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>LXXIV.</td> <td><i>A short Dissertation on Maps and Charts: -In a Letter to the Rev.</i> Thomas Birch, <i>D. D. and -Sec. R. S. By Mr.</i> William Mountaine, <i>F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_563">563</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>LXXV.</td> <td><i>Cases of the remarkable Effects of Blisters -in lessening the Quickness of the Pulse in Coughs, -attended with Infarction of the Lungs and Fever: -By</i> Robert Whytt, <i>M. D. F.R.S. Fellow of the -Royal College of Physicians, and Professor of Medicine -in the University of</i> Edinburgh.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_569">569</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>LXXVI.</td> <td><i>A remarkable Instance of Four rough Stones, -that were discovered in an human urinary Bladder, -contrary to the received Opinion; and successfully -extracted by the lateral Method of Cutting for the -Stone. By Mr.</i> Joseph Warner, <i>F.R.S. and Surgeon -to</i> Guy’s-Hospital.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_579">579</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>LXXVII.</td> <td><i>Observations on the</i> Limax non cochleata -Purpuram ferens, <i>The naked Snail producing Purple. -By</i> John Andrew Peyssonel, <i>M. D. F.R.S. -Translated from the</i> French. </td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>LXXVIII.</td> <td><i>New Observations upon the Worms that -form Sponges. By</i> John Andrew Peyssonel, <i>M. D. -F.R.S. Translated from the</i> French.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_590">590</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>LXXIX.</td> <td><i>Account of an Experiment, by which it appears, -that Salt of Steel does not enter the Lacteal -Vessels; with Remarks. In a Letter to the Rev.</i> -Thomas Birch, <i>D. D. Secret. R. S. By</i> Edward -Wright, <i>M. D.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_594">594</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>LXXX.</td> <td><i>A Dissertation on the Antiquity of Glass in -Windows. In a Letter to the Rev.</i> Tho. Birch, -<i>D. D. Secret. R. S. By the Rev.</i> John Nixon, -<i>M. A. F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_601">601</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>LXXXI.</td> <td><i>An Account of an extraordinary Case of -the Efficacy of the Bark in the Delirium of a Fever. -By</i> Nicˢ. Munckley, <i>M. D. Physician to</i> -Guy’s-Hospital, <i>and F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_609">609</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>LXXXII.</td> <td><i>An Account of an Earthquake felt at</i> -Lingfield <i>in</i> Surrey, <i>and</i> Edenbridge <i>in</i> Kent, <i>on -the 24th of</i> January <i>1758. By</i> James Burrow, -<i>Esq; R. S. V. P.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_614">614</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>LXXXIII.</td> <td><i>An Account of the Case of the First -Joint of a Thumb torn off, with the Flexor Tendon -in its whole Extent torn out. By</i> Robert -Home, <i>late Surgeon to the Thirtieth Regiment of -Foot, and Surgeon at</i> Kingston upon Hull. <i>In a -Letter to</i> John Pringle, <i>M. D. F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_617">617</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>LXXXIV.</td> <td><i>An Account of the late Discoveries of -Antiquities at</i> Herculaneum, <i>and of an Earthquake -there; in a Letter from</i> Camillo Paderni, -<i>Keeper of the Museum at</i> Herculaneum, <i>and -F.R.S. to</i> Tho. Hollis, <i>Esq; F.R.S. dated</i> Portici, -Feb. <i>1. 1758.</i> </td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_619">619</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>LXXXV.</td> <td><i>A further Attempt to facilitate the Resolution -of Isoperimetrical Problems. By Mr.</i> Thomas -Simpson, <i>F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_623">623</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>LXXXVI.</td> <td><i>Observations on the</i> Alga Marina latifolia; -<i>The Sea Alga with broad Leaves. By</i> John -Andrew Peyssonel, <i>M. D. F.R.S. Translated -from the</i> French.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_631">631</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>LXXXVII.</td> <td><i>An Account of the distilling Water fresh -from Sea-Water by Wood-Ashes. By Capt.</i> William -Chapman: <i>In a Letter to</i> John Fothergill, <i>M. D.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_635">635</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>LXXXVIII.</td> <td><i>Observatio Eclipsis Lunaris facta</i> Matriti -<i>a Pª.</i> Joanne Wendlingen, <i>Societatis</i> Jesu, <i>in -Regali Observatorio Collegii Imperialis ejusdem Societatis, -Die 30</i> Julii <i>1757</i>.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_640">640</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td> </td><td><i>Observatio Eclipsis Lunaris, facta ab eodem, -eodem modo, eodem loco, iisdemque instrumentis, -Die 24</i> Januar. <i>Anni 1758.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_642">642</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>LXXXIX.</td> <td><i>Observations upon a slight Earthquake, -tho’ very particular, which may lead to the Knowlege -of the Cause of great and violent ones, that -ravage whole Countries, and overturn Cities. By</i> -John Andrew Peyssonel, <i>M. D. F.R.S. Translated -from the</i> French.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_645">645</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>XC.</td> <td><i>A Catalogue of the</i> Fifty Plants <i>from</i> Chelsea -Garden, <i>presented to the</i> Royal Society <i>by the -worshipful Company of Apothecaries, for the Year -1757, pursuant to the Direction of Sir</i> Hans -Sloane, <i>Baronet, Med. Reg. & Soc. Reg. nuper -Præses, by</i> John Wilmer, <i>M. D. clariss. Societatis -Pharmaceut.</i> Lond. <i>Socius, Hort.</i> Chelsean. <i>Præfectus -& Prælector Botanic.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_648">648</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>XCI.</td> <td><i>An Historical Memoir concerning a Genus of -Plants called</i> Lichen <i>by</i> Michelli, Haller, <i>and</i> -Linnæus; <i>and comprehended by</i> Dillenius <i>under -the Terms</i> Usnea, Coralloides, <i>and</i> Lichenoides: -<i>Tending principally to illustrate their several Uses. -Communicated by</i> William Watson, <i>M. D. F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_652">652</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>XCII.</td> <td><i>An Account of the fossil Bones of an Allegator, -found on the Sea-shore, near</i> Whitby <i>in</i> -Yorkshire: <i>In a Letter to</i> John Fothergill, <i>M. D. -from Capt.</i> William Chapman.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_688">688</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>XCIII.</td> <td><i>De rariori quadam</i> Orthoceratitis <i>Specie, in</i> -Suecia <i>reperta, tractatus: in literis a</i> Nicholao -de Himsel, <i>M. D.</i> Riga Livono, <i>ad</i> Gul. Watson, -<i>M. D. R. S. S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_692">692</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>XCIV.</td> <td><i>A further Account of the Effects of Electricity -in the Cure of some Diseases: In a Letter -from Mr.</i> Patrick Brydone <i>to Dr.</i> Robert Whytt, -<i>Professor of Medicine in the University of</i> Edinburgh, -<i>and F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_695">695</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>XCV.</td> <td><i>An Account of the Black Assize at</i> Oxford, -<i>from the Register of</i> Merton College <i>in that University. -Communicated by</i> John Ward, <i>LL. D. -With some additional Remarks.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_699">699</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>XCVI.</td> <td><i>A Description of the Plan of</i> Peking, <i>the -Capital of</i> China; <i>sent to the Royal Society by Father</i> -Gaubil, è Societate Jesu. <i>Translated from -the</i> French.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_704">704</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>XCVII.</td> <td><i>An Attempt to improve the Manner of working -the Ventilators by the Help of the Fire-Engine. -In a Letter to</i> Tho. Birch, <i>D. D. Secret. R. S. from</i> -Keane Fitz-Gerald, <i>Esq; F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_727">727</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>XCVIII.</td> <td><i>An Account of some Experiments concerning -the different Refrangibility of Light. By Mr.</i> -John Dollond. <i>With a Letter from</i> James Short, -<i>M. A. F.R.S. Acad. Reg. Suec. Soc.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_733">733</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>XCIX.</td> <td><i>An Account of some extraordinary Effects -arising from Convulsions; being Part of a Letter -to</i> John Huxham, <i>M. D. and F.R.S. from</i> William -Watson, <i>M. D. R. S. S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_743">743</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>C.</td> <td><i>An Account of an extraordinary Storm of Hail -in</i> Virginia. <i>By</i> Francis Fauquier, <i>Esq; Lieutenant -Governor of</i> Virginia, <i>and F.R.S. Communicated -by</i> William Fauquier, <i>Esq; F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_746">746</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>CI.</td> <td><i>An Account of an extraordinary Case of a diseased -Eye: In a Letter to</i> Matthew Maty, <i>M. D. -F.R.S. By</i> Daniel Peter Layard, <i>M. D. F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_747">747</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>CII.</td> <td><i>An Account of the Heat of the Weather in</i> -Georgia: <i>In a Letter from his Excellency</i> Henry -Ellis, <i>Esq; Governor of</i> Georgia, <i>and F.R.S. to</i> -John Ellis, <i>Esq; F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_754">754</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>CIII.</td> <td><i>The Invention of a General Method for determining -the Sum of every 2d, 3d, 4th, or 5th</i>, &c. -<i>Term of a Series, taken in order, the Sum of the -whole Series being known. By</i> Thomas Simpson, -<i>F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_757">757</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>CIV.</td> <td><i>Observatio Eclipsis Lunæ Die 30</i> Julii <i>1757. -habita</i> Olissipone <i>à</i> Joanne Chevalier, <i>Congregationis -Oratorii Presbytero, è Regiâ</i> Londinensi <i>Societate. -Communicated by</i> Jacob de Castro Sarmiento, -<i>M. D. F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_769">769</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>CV.</td> <td><i>Singular Observations upon the</i> Manchenille -Apple. <i>By</i> John Andrew Peyssonel, <i>M. D. F.R.S. -Translated from the</i> French.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_772">772</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>CVI.</td> <td><i>Abstract of a Letter from Mr.</i> William Arderon, -<i>F.R.S. to Mr.</i> Henry Baker, <i>F.R.S. on the -giving Magnetism and Polarity to Brass. Communicated -by Mr.</i> Baker.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_774">774</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>CVII.</td> <td><i>An Account of the</i> Sea Polypus, <i>by Mr.</i> -Henry Baker, <i>F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_777">777</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>CVIII.</td> <td><i>A Description of the fossil Skeleton of an -Animal found in the Alum Rock near</i> Whitby. <i>By -Mr.</i> Wooller. <i>Communicated by</i> Charles Morton, -<i>M. D. F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_786">786</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>CIX.</td> <td><i>A Dissertation on the</i> Phœnician <i>Numeral -Characters antiently used at</i> Sidon. <i>In a Letter -to the Rev.</i> Tho. Birch, <i>D. D. Secret. R. S. from -the Rev.</i> John Swinton, <i>M. A. of</i> Christ-Church, -Oxon. <i>F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_791">791</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>CX.</td> <td><i>Of the Irregularities in the Motion of a Satellite -arising from the Spheroidical Figure of its -Primary Planet: In a Letter to the Rev.</i> James -Bradley, <i>D. D. Astronomer Royal, F.R.S. and -Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences at</i> Paris; -<i>by Mr.</i> Charles Walmesley, <i>F.R.S. and Member -of the Royal Academy of Sciences at</i> Berlin, <i>and -of the Institute at</i> Bologna.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_809">809</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>CXI.</td> <td><i>Some Observations on the History of the</i> Norfolk -Boy. <i>By</i> J. Wall, <i>M. D. In a Letter to the -Rev.</i> Charles Lyttelton, <i>LL. D. Dean of</i> Exeter.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_836">836</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>CXII.</td> <td><i>Observations upon the</i> Corona Solis Marina -Americana; <i>The</i> American Sea-Sun-Crown. <i>By</i> -John Andrew Peyssonel, <i>M. D. F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_843">843</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>CXIII.</td> <td><i>An Account of several rare Species of Barnacles. -In a Letter to Mr.</i> Isaac Romilly, <i>F.R.S. -from</i> John Ellis, <i>Esq; F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_845">845</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>CXIV.</td> <td><i>A further Account of the poisonous Effects -of the</i> Oenanthe Aquatica Succo viroso crocante -<i>of</i> Lobel, <i>or Hemlock Dropwort. By</i> W. Watson, -<i>M. D. F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_856">856</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>CXV.</td> <td><i>Extract of a Letter to</i> John Eaton Dodsworth, -<i>Esq; from Dr.</i> George Forbes <i>of</i> Bermuda, <i>relating -to the</i> Patella, <i>or</i> Limpet Fish, <i>found there</i>. </td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_859">859</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td><span class="err" title="original: CVI"><a id="CXVI"></a>CXVI.</span></td> <td><i>A Discourse on the</i> Cinnamon, Cassia, <i>or</i> Canella. -<i>By</i> Taylor White, <i>Esq; F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_860">860</a>.</td></tr> -</table> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_481">[481]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LIX. <i>An Account of the Effects of Electricity -in paralytic Cases. In a Letter to</i> -John Pringle, <i>M. D. F.R.S. from</i> Benjamin -Franklin, <i>Esq; F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> -<p> -SIR, -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read Jan. 12, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">THE following is what I can at present -recollect, relating to the effects -of electricity in paralytic cases, which have -fallen under my observation.</p> - -<p>Some years since, when the news-papers made -mention of great cures performed in Italy or Germany, -by means of electricity, a number of paralytics -were brought to me from different parts of -Pensylvania, and the neighbouring provinces, to be -electrised; which I did for them at their request. -My method was, to place the patient first in a chair, -on an electric stool, and draw a number of large -strong sparks from all parts of the affected limb or side. -Then I fully charged two six-gallon glass jars, each of -which had about three square feet of surface coated; -and I sent the united shock of these thro’ the affected -limb or limbs; repeating the stroke commonly three -times each day. The first thing observed was an -immediate greater sensible warmth in the lame limbs, -that had received the stroke, than in the others: -and the next morning the patients usually related, -that they had in the night felt a pricking sensation in -the flesh of the paralytic limbs; and would sometimes -shew a number of small red spots, which they<span class="pagenum" id="Page_482">[482]</span> -supposed were occasioned by those prickings. The -limbs too were found more capable of voluntary -motion, and seemed to receive strength. A man, -for instance, who could not the first day lift the -lame hand from off his knee, would the next day -raise it four or five inches, the third day higher; and -on the fifth day was able, but with a feeble languid -motion, to take off his hat. These appearances -gave great spirits to the patients, and made them -hope a perfect cure; but I do not remember, that I -ever saw any amendment after the fifth day: which -the patients perceiving, and finding the shocks pretty -severe, they became discouraged, went home, and -in a short time relapsed; so that I never knew any -advantage from electricity in palsies, that was permanent. -And how far the apparent temporary advantage -might arise from the exercise in the patients -journey, and coming daily to my house, or from the -spirits given by the hope of success, enabling them -to exert more strength in moving their limbs, I will -not pretend to say.</p> - -<p>Perhaps some permanent advantage might have -been obtained, if the electric shocks had been accompanied -with proper medicine and regimen, under -the direction of a skilful physician. It may be, -too, that a few great strokes, as given in my method, -may not be so proper as many small ones; -since, by the account from Scotland of a case, in -which two hundred shocks from a phial were given -daily, it seems, that a perfect cure has been made. -As to any uncommon strength supposed to be in the -machine used in that case, I imagine it could have -no share in the effect produced; since the strength<span class="pagenum" id="Page_483">[483]</span> -of the shock from charged glass is in proportion to -the quantity of surface of the glass coated; so that -my shocks from those large jars must have been -much greater than any, that could be received from -a phial held in the hand.</p> - -<p>I am, with great respect,</p> - -<p class="center"> -SIR,<br /> - -<span class="margin">Your most obedient Servant,</span><br /> - -<span class="margina"><span class="large">R. Franklin.</span></span></p> -<p class="noin"> -London, -Dec. 21, 1757. -</p> -<hr /> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LX. <i>Observations on the late Comet in</i> September -<i>and</i> October 1757; <i>made at the</i> -Hague <i>by Mr.</i> D. Klinkenberg: <i>In a -Letter to the Rev.</i> James Bradley, <i>D. D. -Astronomer Royal, and F.R.S. and Member -of the Royal Academy of Sciences at</i> -Paris. <i>Translated from the</i> Low Dutch.</h2> -</div> -<p> -SIR, -</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Jan. 12, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">I Hope you will be pleased to excuse -the liberty, which I take, of troubling -you with my observations on the comet, which -made its appearance here, and in other parts of Europe, -in the months of September and October last; -and which, according to the news-papers, was first -observed the 11th September by Mr. Gartner, at -Dorlkeurtz near Dresden; then, by me, on the 16th<span class="pagenum" id="Page_484">[484]</span> -of the said Month, here in the Hague; and afterwards -in different places. As I find, that you have -observed the comet, I doubt not but that you have -done it in the most accurate manner; and my great -love for this science induces me to beg, that I may -have the happiness of knowing some of your observations. -My good friend Mr. Struyk at Amsterdam -wrote me some time ago, that he intended to -ask the same favour of you; but I have not since -heard any further from him. I observed this comet -from Septemb. 16th in the morning, until Octob. -the 11th in the morning; and found its situations, -according to my method, as follows:</p> - -<table> -<tr><td> </td> -<td> </td> -<td> </td> -<td> </td> -<td> </td> -<td> </td> -<td> </td> -<td> </td> -<td> </td> -<td> </td> -<td class="tdc" colspan="2"><i>Longit.</i></td> -<td> </td> -<td class="tdc" colspan="2"><i>Latit.</i></td> -<td> </td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2">1757.</td> -<td> </td> -<td> </td> -<td> </td> -<td> </td> -<td> </td> -<td> </td> -<td> </td> -<td> </td> - <td class="tdc">°</td> <td class="tdc">´</td> -<td> </td> - <td class="tdc">°</td> <td class="tdc">´</td> -<td> </td></tr> -<tr><td>Sept.</td> <td>16.</td> <td colspan="7">at -4 h. ante mer. The comet in</td> <td>♋</td> <td>10</td> <td>15</td> <td>with</td> <td>10</td> <td>10</td> -<td>North.</td></tr> -<tr><td> </td> -<td>17</td> <td>—</td> <td>3</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> -<td>♋</td> <td>14</td> <td>7</td> <td>——</td> <td>9</td> <td>38</td><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td> </td><td>18</td> <td>—</td> <td>3¾</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>♋</td> <td>18</td> <td>10</td> <td>——</td> <td>8</td> <td>57</td><td> </td> -</tr><tr><td> </td><td>19</td> <td>—</td> <td>4</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>♋</td> <td>22</td> <td>1</td> <td>——</td> <td>8</td> <td>17</td><td> </td> -</tr><tr><td> </td><td>22</td> <td>—</td> <td>2¾</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>♌</td> <td>3</td> <td>46</td> <td>——</td> <td>6</td> <td>15</td><td> </td> -</tr><tr><td> </td><td>23</td> <td>—</td> <td>4</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>♌</td> <td>7</td> <td>36</td> <td>——</td> <td>5</td> <td>24</td><td> </td> -</tr><tr><td> </td><td>25</td> <td>—</td> <td>4¼</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>♌</td> <td>14</td> <td>50</td> <td>——</td> <td>4</td> <td>6</td><td> </td> -</tr><tr><td> </td><td>28</td> <td>—</td> <td>4</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>♌</td> <td>24</td> <td>22</td> <td>——</td> <td>1</td> <td>41</td><td> </td> -</tr><tr><td>Oct.</td> <td>1</td> <td>—</td> <td>4¾</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>♍</td> <td>2</td> <td>46</td> <td>——</td> <td>0</td> <td>12</td> <td>South.</td> -</tr><tr><td> </td><td>4</td> <td>—</td> <td>4½</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>♍</td> <td>9</td> <td>45</td> <td>——</td> <td>1</td> <td>30</td><td> </td> -</tr><tr><td> </td><td>9</td> <td>—</td> <td>4½</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>♍</td> <td>20</td> <td>20</td> <td>——</td> <td>2</td> <td>40</td><td> </td> -</tr><tr><td> </td><td>11</td> <td>—</td> <td>5</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>♍</td> <td>24</td> <td>46</td> <td>——</td> <td>3</td> <td>9</td><td> </td> -</tr></table> - -<p class="noin">But the two last observations will, in my opinion, -differ the most; because, when I made them, I was in -some doubt about the adjustment of my instruments; -and the comet was then far advanced into the morning -rays. I have, since the month of February last -to the end of May, made sundry observations on -fixed stars, with a telescope of 16 inches, made by -Mr. Short; and with a pendulum clock, made after -the manner of Mr. Graham, by Mr. Vryhthoff of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_485">[485]</span> -this place. In the months of February and March, -by a medium of eight observations, I found, that by -the clock, the star Rigel, in every daily revolution, -passed 4 min. 2⁴⁄₉ seconds of time earlier, in the telescope; -and in the latter end of May I found, by six -observations, (the clock not in the least changed or -altered) on the star Spica Virginis, that that star, -in every revolution, passed 4 min. 5¹⁄₂₀ sec. earlier, in -the same telescope; which intervals differ pretty -nearly 2⅗ seconds of time from one another. Whether -this difference arises from any defect in the clock, -or whether it proceeds from any small difference of -velocity of the earth’s motion round its axis, I would -have been very glad to have endeavoured to find out -by farther inquiry, had not the death of Mr. S. -Koenig intervened, and I thereby hindered from continuing -my observations. The above observations -were taken in the observatory of his illustrious Highness -the minor Prince of Orange and Nassau, <i>&c. &c.</i> -under the direction, and with the approbation of the -aforesaid Mr. Koenig. After the death of that gentleman, -I petitioned her Royal Highness the Princess -Governess of these Provinces, <i>&c.</i> that I might have -leave to continue my astronomical observations; but -as yet I have not been able to obtain her Royal -Highness’s permission: otherwise I would have observed -this last comet with more exactness. Had I -been able to pursue the above-mentioned observations, -I would, for the greater certainty in regard to the -pendulum, have made use of a farther precaution. -By means of a stove, with the help of a thermometer, -I would have endeavoured to have kept the -room (in which the clock stood) in the winter, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_486">[486]</span> -at all times, in the same degree of heat it had at the -time I made the observations in the summer. I -would also have daily observed and noted the moon’s -place, at the time of the observations. Tho’ this -is but a slight observation of mine; yet I make no -doubt, but that in case, by the different distances of -the earth from the sun, and the different distances -and situations of the moon with respect to the earth, -and the respective effects produced by these causes, -any inequality arises in the velocity of the diurnal -motion of the earth on its axis, you (who have -made the most sublime observations on the aberration -of the fixed stars, and more than any mortal -ever did before) must have discovered, and are well -acquainted, with the same.</p> - -<p>As my above-mentioned observations on the comet -appeared too incorrect to undertake a calculation -for the ascertaining of its path from the theory, -I contented myself with effecting it by a construction. -By this means I found, on a figure, whose -globular or spherical diameter was 13½ Rhineland -inches, as follows:</p> - -<p>That the comet was in its perihelion the 21st of -October, at two of the clock in the afternoon: the -place of the perihelion 3 degrees in Leo. The comet’s -distance in the perihelion from the sun was -about 34 parts, whereof 100 make the mean distance -between the sun and the earth. The inclination of the -comet’s orbit with the ecliptic 13 degrees; and the -southern latitude of the perihelion also 13 decrees: -the ascending or north node ☊ 4⅓ degrees in Scorpio; -and the comet’s motion direct, or according to the -order of the signs of the zodiac. On this supposition<span class="pagenum" id="Page_487">[487]</span> - I have, for some of the times of observations, -estimated the apparent places of the comet, and -found them as follows:</p> - -<table> -<tr><td> </td> -<td> </td> -<td> </td> -<td> </td> -<td> </td> -<td> </td> -<td> </td> -<td> </td> -<td><i>Long.</i></td> -<td> </td> - <td><i>Latit.</i></td> -<td> </td> -<td> </td></tr> -<tr><td>Sept.</td> <td>18,</td> <td>at</td> <td>3¾</td> <td colspan="3">ante merid. In</td> <td>♋</td> -<td>18¹⁄₁₂</td> -<td>and</td> -<td>9</td> <td>deg.</td> <td>North.</td></tr> -<tr><td> </td><td>19</td> <td>—</td> <td>4</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>♋</td> <td>22</td> <td>——</td> <td>8⅖</td><td> </td><td> </td> -</tr><tr><td> </td><td>22</td> <td>—</td> <td>2¾</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>♌</td> <td>3⅝</td> <td>——</td> <td>6¼</td><td> </td><td> </td> -</tr><tr><td> </td><td>23</td> <td>—</td> <td>4</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>♌</td> <td>7⅗</td> <td>——</td> <td>5½</td><td> </td><td> </td> -</tr><tr><td> </td><td>25</td> <td>—</td> <td>4¼</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>♌</td> <td>14⅔</td> <td>——</td> <td>4</td><td> </td><td> </td> -</tr><tr><td> </td><td>28</td> <td>—</td> <td>4</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>♌</td> <td>24⅓</td> <td>——</td> <td>1¾</td><td> </td><td> </td> -</tr><tr><td>Oct.</td> <td>4</td> <td>—</td> <td>4½</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>♍</td> <td>9⅓</td> <td>——</td> <td>2</td> <td>——</td> <td>South.</td> -</tr><tr><td> </td><td>9</td> <td>—</td> <td>4¾</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>♍</td> <td>19⅔</td> <td>——</td> <td>3⅖</td><td> </td><td> </td> -</tr><tr><td> </td><td>11</td> <td>—</td> <td>5</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>♍</td> <td>23⅛</td> <td>——</td> <td>3⅘</td><td> </td><td> </td> -</tr></table> - -<p>The observations, which I have taken, to ground -the measurement on, are those of the 16th and 23d -of September, and of the 1st of October. It appears -very evident, not only from this rough calculation, -but every other circumstance of this comet, -that it is not the same with that in the year 1682: -which, on certain accounts, is very desirable to be -known; for both here, and in other parts of the Netherlands, -there have been some people, who have -published mere conjectures; and have ventured (very -minutely and exactly, as they pretended) about the -time that this comet first made its appearance, to predict -the return of the comet of the year 1682. But by -the above, the weakness of their pretensions is very -evident to all the world: whereas, if this had proved -to be the expected comet, they would have assumed -to themselves much undue praise, and have pretended -to knowlege even superior to the every-where much -celebrated Newton and Halley.</p> - -<p>It appears also probable to me, that this comet is -none of those already calculated, or brought upon a -list, by Messieurs Halley and Struyk. It is somewhat<span class="pagenum" id="Page_488">[488]</span> -remarkable, that the line of the nodes is almost at -right angles with the long axis of the ellipsis; which -corresponds nearly with the comets of the years -1580, 1683, and 1686: but those had their perihelions -northward of the ecliptic; whereas the perihelion -of the last, which we have lately seen, was to -the southward of the ecliptic.</p> - -<p>I have the honour to subscribe myself, with the -most perfect esteem for you, and your sublime studies, -very respectfully,</p> - -<p class="center"> -SIR,<br /> - -<span class="margin">Your very humble and obedient Servant,</span><br /> - -<span class="margina"><span class="large">D. Klinkenberg.</span></span> -</p> -<p class="noin">Hague, 13th Dec. -1757. -</p> -<hr /> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXI. <i>Remarks on the different Temperature -of the Air at</i> Edystone, <i>from that observed -at</i> Plymouth, <i>between the 7th and -14th of</i> July 1757. <i>By Mr.</i> John Smeaton, -<i>F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> -<p> -SIR, -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read Jan. 12, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">ON the reading of Dr. Huxham’s -letter at the last meeting, some observations -occurred to me, concerning the different -temperature of the air, which I had observed at the -Edystone, from what had been observed by the -Doctor at Plymouth, between the 7th and 14th of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_489">[489]</span> -July last: which having been desired by some members -to be put into writing, I beg leave to trouble -you with the following.</p> - -<p>Edystone is distant from Plymouth about 16 -miles, and without the head-lands of the Sound -about 11.</p> - -<p>The 7th and 8th were not remarkable at Edystone -for heat or cold; the weather was very moderate, -with a light breeze at east; which allowed us to -work upon the rock both days, when the tide -served.</p> - -<p>About midnight, between the 8th and 9th, the -wind being then fresh at east, it was remarkably -cold for the season, as I had more particular occasion -to observe, on account of a ship that was cast away -upon the rocks. The wind continued cold the 9th -all day; which was complained of by some of the -shipwrecked seamen, who had not time to save their -cloaths; and so fresh at east, as prevented our going -near the rocks, or the wreck; and so continued till -Sunday the 10th; when, seeing no prospect of a -sudden alteration of weather, I returned to Plymouth -in a sailing boat, wrapped up in my thick coat. As -soon as we got within the headlands, I could perceive -the wind to blow considerably warmer; but -not so warm as to make my great coat uneasy. -Having had a quick passage, in this manner I went -home, to the great astonishment of the family to see -me so wrapped up, when they were complaining of -the excessive heat: and indeed, it was not long before -I had reason to join in their opinion.</p> - -<p>This heat I experienced till Tuesday the 12th, -when I again went off to sea, where I found the air<span class="pagenum" id="Page_490">[490]</span> -very temperate, rather cool than warm; and so continued -till Thursday the 14th.</p> - -<p>In my journal for Wednesday the 13th I find the -following remarks, <i>viz.</i> “This evening’s tide” (from -6 A. till 12 A.) “the wind at east, but moderate, -with frequent flashes of lightning to the southward. -Soon after we got on board the store-vessel, -a squall of wind arose from the south-west -on a sudden, and continued for about a minute; -part of which time it blew so hard, we expected -the masts to go by the board: after which it was -perfectly calm, and presently after a breeze returned -from the east.”</p> - -<p>And in the journal of the 14th is entered, “This -morning’s tide” (<i>viz.</i> from 1 M. to 1 A.) “the -air and sea quite calm.”</p> - -<p>Hence it appears, how different the temper of the -air may be in a small distance; and to what small -spaces squalls of wind are sometimes confined.</p> - -<p>It may not be amiss further to observe upon this -head, that once, in returning from Edystone, having -got within about two miles of the Ramhead, we -were becalmed; and here we rolled about for at least -four hours; and yet at the same time saw vessels, -not above a league from us, going out of Plymouth -Sound with a fresh of wind, whose direction was -towards us, as we could observe from the trim of -their sails; and as we ourselves experienced, after -we got into it by tacking and rowing.</p> - -<p>I am, Sir,</p> - -<p class="center"> -Your most humble Servant,<br /> - -<span class="margin">J. Smeaton.</span></p> -<p> -Furnival’s-Inn Court, -12th Jan. 1758. -</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_491">[491]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXII. <i>An Account of the Earthquake felt in -the Island of</i> Sumatra, <i>in the</i> East-Indies, -<i>in</i> November <i>and</i> December 1756. <i>In a -Letter from Mr.</i> Perry <i>to the Rev. Dr.</i> -Stukeley, <i>dated at</i> Fort Marlborough, <i>in -the Island of</i> Sumatra, Feb. 20. 1757. -<i>Communicated by the Rev.</i> Wm. Stukeley, -<i>M. D. F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Jan. 12, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">THE earthquake at Lisbon, which -you gave me an account of, was -certainly the most awful tremendous calamity, that -has ever happened in the world. Its effects are extremely -wonderful and amazing; and it seems, as -you observe, to have been felt in all parts of the -globe. On the 3d day of the same month the earthquake -of Lisbon happened, I felt at Manna<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> a -violent shock myself; and from that time to the 3d -of December following I felt no less than twelve -different shocks, all which I took an exact account -of in my pocket-bock. Since which we have had -two very severe earthquakes, felt, we believe, throughout -this island<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>. -The walls of<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> Cumberland-house<a id="FNanchor_4a" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> -were greatly damaged by them. Salop-house<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>, -my own (formerly Mr. Massey’s), the houses -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_492">[492]</span>of Laye<a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> and Manna, were all cracked by them; -and the works at the sugar-plantation<a id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> received -considerable damage. The ground opened near the -<i>qualloe</i><a id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> at Bencoolen, and up the River in several -places; and there issued therefrom sulphureous earth, -and large quantities of water, sending forth a most -intolerable stench. Poblo Point<a id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> was much cracked -at the same time; and some <i>doosoons</i><a id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> in-land at -Manna were destroyed, and many people in them.</p> - -<p>These are all the ill effects, that have come to our -knowlege; but, it is reasonable to suppose, not all -the damage, that has happened upon the island.</p> - -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXIII. <i>Concerning the Fall of Water under -Bridges. By Mr.</i> J. Robertson, <i>F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Jan. 19, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">SOME time before the year 1740, -the problem about the fall of water, -occasioned by the piers of bridges built across a river, -was much talked of at London, on account of the -fall that it was supposed would be at the new bridge -to be built at Westminster. In Mr. Hawksmore’s and -Mr. Labelye’s pamphlets, the former published in -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_493">[493]</span>1736, and the latter in 1739, the result of Mr. Labelye’s -computations was given: but neither the investigation -of the problem, nor any rules, were at -that time exhibited to the public.</p> - -<p>In the year 1742 was published Gardiner’s edition -of Vlacq’s Tables; in which, among the examples -there prefixed to shew some of the uses of those -tables drawn up by the late William Jones, Esq; -there are two examples, one shewing how to compute -the fall of water at London-bridge, and the -other applied to Westminster-bridge: but that excellent -mathematician’s investigation of the rule, by -which those examples were wrought, was not printed, -altho’ he communicated to several of his friends copies -thereof. Since that time, it seems as if the problem -had in general been forgot, as it has not made its appearance, -to my knowlege, in any of the subsequent -publications. As it is a problem somewhat curious, -tho’ not difficult, and its solution not generally known -(having seen four different solutions, one of them -very imperfect, extracted from the private books of -an office in one of the departments of engineering in -a neighbouring nation), I thought it might give some -entertainment to the curious in these matters, if the -whole process were published. In the following investigation, -much the same with Mr. Jones’s, as the -demonstrations of the principles therein used appeared -to be wanting, they are here attempted to be supplied.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Principles.</span></h3> - -<p class="hang">I. <i>A heavy body, that in the first second of time has -fallen the height of a feet, has acquired such a velocity,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_494">[494]</span> - that, moving uniformly therewith, will in -the next second of time move the length of 2 a feet.</i></p> - -<p class="hang">II. <i>The spaces run thro’ by falling bodies are proportional -to one another as the squares of their last or -acquired velocities.</i></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>These two principles are demonstrated by the -writers on mechanics.</p> -</div> - -<p class="hang">III. <i>Water forced out of a larger chanel thro’ one -or more smaller passages, will have the streams thro’ -those passages contracted in the ratio of</i> 25 <i>to</i> 21.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>This is shewn in the 36th prop. of the 2d book -of Newton’s Principia.</p> -</div> - -<p class="hang">IV. <i>In any stream of water, the velocity is such, as -would be acquired by the fall of a body from a -height above the surface of that stream.</i></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>This is evident from the nature of motion.</p> -</div> - -<p class="hang">V. <i>The velocities of water thro’ different passages of -the same height, are reciprocally proportional to -their breadths.</i></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>For, at some time, the water must be delivered -as fast as it comes; otherwise the bounds would -be overflowed.</p> - -<p>At that time, the same quantity, which in any -time flows thro’ a section in the open chanel, is -delivered in equal time thro’ the narrower passages; -or the momentum in the narrow passages -must be equal to the momentum in the open -chanel; or the rectangle under the section of the -narrow passages, by their mean velocity, must be -equal to the rectangle under the section of the -open chanel by its mean velocity.</p> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_495">[495]</span> -<p>Therefore the velocity in the open chanel is to -the velocity in the narrower passages, as the section -of those passages is to the section of the open -chanel.</p> - -<p>But the heights in both sections being equal, -the sections are directly as the breadths;</p> - -<p>Consequently the velocities are reciprocally as -the breadths.</p> -</div> - -<p class="hang">VI. <i>In a running stream, the water above any obstacles -put therein will rise to such a height, that -by its fall the stream may be discharged as fast as -it comes.</i></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>For the same body of water, which flowed in -the open chanel, must pass thro’ the passages made -by the obstacles:</p> - -<p>And the narrower the passages, the swifter will -be the velocity of the water:</p> - -<p>But the swifter the velocity of the water, the -greater is the height, from whence it has descended:</p> - -<p>Consequently the obstacles, which contract the -chanel, cause the water to rise against them.</p> - -<p>But the rise will cease, when the water can run -off as fast as it comes:</p> - -<p>And this must happen, when, by the fall between -the obstacles, the water will acquire a velocity -in a reciprocal proportion to that in the -open chanel as the breadth of the open chanel is -to the breadth of the narrow passages.</p> -</div> - -<p class="hang">VII. <i>The quantity of the fall caused by an obstacle in -a running stream is measured by the difference between<span class="pagenum" id="Page_496">[496]</span> - the heights fallen from to acquire the velocities -in the narrow passages and open chanel.</i></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>For just above the fall, the velocity of the stream -is such, as would be acquired by a body falling -from a height higher than the surface of the -water:</p> - -<p>And at the fall, the velocity of the stream is -such, as would be acquired by the fall of a body -from a height more elevated than the top of the -falling stream; and consequently the real fall is -less than this height.</p> - -<p>Now as the stream comes to the fall with a -velocity belonging to a fall above its surface;</p> - -<p>Consequently the height belonging to the velocity -at the fall must be diminished by the height -belonging to the velocity, with which the stream -arrives at the fall.</p> -</div> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Problem.</span></h4> - -<p class="hang"><i>In a chanel of running water, whose breadth is contracted -by one or more obstacles; the breadth of -the chanel, the mean velocity of the whole stream, -and the breadth of the water-way between the obstacles -being given; To find the quantity of the -fall occasioned by those obstacles.</i></p> - -<table> -<tr><td>Let</td> <td><i>b</i> = breadth of the chanel in feet.</td> </tr> -<tr><td> </td><td><i>v</i> = mean velocity of the water in feet per sec.</td></tr> -<tr><td> </td><td><i>c</i> = breadth of the water-way between the obstacles.</td></tr></table> - -<table> -<tr><td>Now 25 : 21∷ <i>c</i> : <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">21</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">25</span></span> <i>c</i> -the water-way contracted.</td> - -<td><i>Principle</i> III.</td></tr> - -<tr><td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_497">[497]</span> - -And <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">21</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">25</span></span> <i>c</i>: <i>b</i> ∷ <i>v</i> : <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">25<i>b</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">21<i>c</i></span></span> <i>v</i> the veloc. <i>per</i> sec. in the -water-way between the obstacles.</td> - -<td><i>Princip.</i> V.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>Also (2<i>a</i>)² : <i>vv</i> ∷ <i>a</i> : <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>vv</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">4<i>a</i></span></span> the height fallen to -acquire the vel. v.</td> - -<td>I. & II.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>And (2<i>a</i>)² : (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">25<i>b</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span><span class="fden">21<i>c</i></span></span>)² × <i>vv</i> ∷ <i>a</i>: -(<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">25<i>b</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">21<i>c</i></span></span>)² × -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>vv</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span><span class="fden">4<i>a</i></span></span> the height -fallen to acquire the vel. <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">25<i>b</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">21<i>c</i></span></span> <i>v</i>. -</td> -<td>I. & II.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>Then (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">25<i>b</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">21<i>c</i></span></span>)² x -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>vv</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">4<i>a</i></span></span> - -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>vv</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">4<i>a</i></span></span> is the measure of the fall -required. -</td> -<td>VII.</td></tr> -</table> - -<p>Or ((<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">25<i>b</i></span><span class="bar">⁄</span><span class="fden">21<i>c</i></span></span>)² - 1) × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>vv</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">4<i>a</i></span></span> is a rule, by which the fall may -be readily computed.</p> - -<p>Here <i>a</i> = 16,0899 feet and 4<i>a</i> = 64,3596.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Example I.</span> <i>For London-Bridge.</i></h5> - -<p>By the observations made by Mr. Labelye in 1746,</p> - -<p>The breadth of the Thames at London-bridge is -926 feet;</p> - -<p>The sum of the water-ways at the time of the -greatest fall is 236 feet;</p> - -<p>The mean velocity of the stream taken at its surface -just above bridge is 3⅙ feet <i>per</i> second.</p> - -<p>Under almost all the arches there are great numbers -of drip-shot piles, or piles driven into the bed -of the water-way, to prevent it from being washed -away by the fall. These drip-shot piles considerably -contract the water-ways, at least ⅙ of their -measured breadth, or about 39⅓ feet in the whole.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_498">[498]</span></p> - -<p>So that the water-way will be reduced to 196⅔ -feet.</p> - -<p>Now <i>b</i> = 926; <i>c</i> = 196⅔; <i>v</i> = 3⅙; 4<i>a</i> = -64,3596.</p> - -<p>Then <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">25<i>b</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">21<i>c</i></span></span> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">23150</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">4130</span></span> = 5,60532.</p> - -<p>And 5,60532² = 31,4196; and 31,4196 - 1 = -30,4196 = (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">25<i>b</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">21<i>c</i></span></span>)² - 1.</p> - -<p>Also <i>vv</i> = (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">19</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">6</span></span>)² = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">361</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span><span class="fden">36</span></span>; And <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>vv</i></span><span class="bar">⁄</span><span class="fden">4<i>a</i></span></span> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">361</span><span class="bar">⁄</span><span class="fden">36 × 64,3596</span></span> -= 0,15581.</p> - -<p>Then 30,4196 × 0,15581 = 4,739 feet, the fall -sought after.</p> - -<p>By the most exact observations made about the -year 1736, the measure of the fall was 4 feet 9 -inches.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Example II.</span> <i>For Westminster-Bridge.</i></h5> - -<p>Altho’ the breadth of the river at Westminster-bridge -is 1220 feet; yet, at the time of the greatest -fall, there is water thro’ only the thirteen large arches, -which amount to 820 feet: to which adding the -breadth of the twelve intermediate piers, equal to -174 feet, gives 994 for the breadth of the river at -that time: and the velocity of the water just above -bridge (from many experiments) is not greater than -2¼ feet <i>per</i> second.</p> - -<p>Here <i>b</i> = 994; <i>c</i> = 820; <i>v</i> = 2¼; 4<i>a</i> = 64,3596.</p> - -<p>Now <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">25<i>b</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">21<i>c</i></span></span> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">24850</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">17220</span></span> = 1,443.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_499">[499]</span></p> - -<p>And 1,443² = 2,082; And 2,082 - 1 = 1,082 -= (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">25<i>b</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">21<i>c</i></span></span>)² - 1.</p> - -<p>Also <i>vv</i> = (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">9</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">4</span></span>)² = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">81</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">16</span></span>; And <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>vv</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">48</span></span> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">81</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">16 × 64,3696</span></span> = -0,0786.</p> - -<p>Then 1,082 × 0,0786 = 0,084 feet, the fall -sought.</p> - -<p>Which is about 1 inch; and is about half an -inch more than the greatest fall observed by Mr. -Labelye.</p> - -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXIV. <i>An Account of the Earthquake in -the West Parts of</i> Cornwall, July <i>15th -1757. By the Rev.</i> William Borlase, -<i>M. A. F.R.S. Communicated by the Rev.</i> -Charles Lyttelton, <i>LL.D. Dean of</i> Exeter, -<i>F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Jan. 26, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">ON Friday the 15th of July, 1757. -a violent shock of an earthquake -was felt in the western parts of Cornwall.</p> - -<p>The thermometer had been higher than usual, -and the weather hot, or calm, or both, for eight -days before; wind east and north-east. On the -14th in the morning, the wind shifting to the south-west, -the weather calm and hazy, there was a -shower. The afternoon hazy and fair, wind north-west. -The barometer moderately high, but the -mercury remarkably variable.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_500">[500]</span></p> - -<p>On the 15th in the morning, the wind fresh at -north-west, the atmosphere hazy. Being on the -sands, half a mile east of Penzance, at 10 A. M. -near low water, I perceived on the surface of the -sands a very unusual inequality: for whereas there -are seldom any unevennesses there, but what are -made by the rippling of the water, I found the sands, -for above 100 yards square, all full of little tubercles -(each as large as a moderate mole-hill), and in the -middle a black speck on the top, as if something -had issued thence. Between these convexities were -hollow basons of an equal diameter. From one of -these hollows there issued a strong rush of water, -about the bigness of a man’s wrist, never observed -there before nor since.</p> - -<p>About a quarter after six, P. M. the sky dusky, -the wind being at west north-west, it fell quite calm. -At half past six, being then in the summer-house at -Keneggy, the seat of the Hon. J. Harris, Esq; near -Penzance, with some company, we were suddenly -alarmed with a rumbling noise, as if a coach or -waggon had passed near us over an uneven pavement; -but the noise was as loud in the beginning and at the -end, as in the middle; which neither the sound of -thunder, or of carriages, ever is. The sash-casements -jarred: one gentleman thought his chair -moved under him; and the gardener, then in the -dwelling house (about an hundred yards distant from -us) felt the stone pavement of the room he was in -move very sensibly.</p> - -<p>In what place the shock began, and whether progressive -or instantaneous in the several places where -it was felt, is uncertain, for want of accurately determining -the precise point of time in distant places.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_501">[501]</span></p> - -<p>The shock was not equally loud or violent. Its -extent was from the isles of Scilly eastward as far -as Liskerd, and towards the north as far as Camelford; -thro’ which district I shall trace it, according -to the best informations I could procure.</p> - -<p>In the island of St. Mary, Scilly, the shock was -violent. On the shores of Cornwall, opposite to -Scilly (in the parish of Senan, near the Land’s-end) -the noise was heard like that of a spinning-wheel on -a chamber-floor. Below stairs there was a cry, that -the house was shaking; and the brass pans and pewter -rattled one against another in several houses in the -same parish. In the adjoining parish of St. Just, two -young men being then swimming, felt a strong and -very unusual agitation of the sea. In the town of Penzance, -in one house the chamber-bell rung; in another -the pewter plates, placed edgeways on a shelf, -shifted, and slid to one end of the shelf: and it was -every-where perceived more or less, according as people’s -attention was engaged.</p> - -<p>At Trevailer, the seat of William Veale, Esquire, -about two miles from Penzance, the noise was heard, -and thought at first to be thunder: the windows -shook, and the walls of the parlour, where Mr. -Veale sat, visibly moved. The jarring of the windows -continued near half a minute; but the motion -of the walls not quite so long: and some masons, -being at work on a contiguous new building, the upright -poles of the scaffolds shook so violently, that, -for fear of falling, they laid hold on the walls, -which, to their still greater surprize, they found agitated -in the same manner. And a person present, -who was at London at the time of the two shocks in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_502">[502]</span> -the year 1751, thought this shock to resemble the -second, both in degree and duration<a id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a>.</p> - -<p>At Marazion, the next market-town east of Penzance, -the houses of several persons shook to that -degree, that people ran out into the street, lest the -houses should fall upon them.</p> - -<p>In the borough of St. Ives, on the north sea, six -miles north of Penzance, the shock was so violent, -that a gentleman, who had been at Lisbon during -several shocks, said, that this exceeded all he had -met with, except that on the 1st of November 1755, -so fatal to that city.</p> - -<p>At Tehidy, the seat of Francis Basset, Esq; the -rooms shook, and the grounds without doors were -observed to move. The shock was felt sensibly at -Redruth, St. Columb, Bodman, <i>&c.</i> along to Camelford, -which is about 90 miles from the isle of -Scilly. From Marazion eastward it was felt at several -places in like manner, as far as Lostwythyel; but -at Liskerd, about ten miles east of Lostwythyel, it -was but faintly perceived, and that by a few persons. -It was still less sensible at Loo and Plymouth, -“scarcely sufficient to excite curiosity or fear”<a id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a>.</p> - -<p>The times of its duration were various. At Keneggy -we thought the noise could not have lasted -above six seconds; at Trevailer, not two miles distant -to the west, it was thought to have lasted near -half a minute; in the parish of Gwynier half a minute; -at Ludgvan, three miles east of Penzance, -the noise was rather longer than half a minute; but -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_503">[503]</span>the shaking felt in the garden, and observed in the -houses, short and momentary. In Germo great Pinwork, -seven miles east of Penzance, it lasted only a -few seconds; but in the isles of Scilly it was computed -at 40 seconds.</p> - -<p>Thus was this earthquake felt in towns, houses, -and grounds adjacent; but still more particularly -alarming in our mines, where there is less refuge, -and consequently a greater dread from the tremors -of the earth.</p> - -<p>In Carnorth adit, in the parish of St. Just, the -shock was sensibly felt 18 fathom deep; in the mine -called Boscadzhill-downs, more than 30 fathom.</p> - -<p>At Huel-rith mine, in the parish of Lannant, people -saw the earth move under them, first quick, then -in a slower wavy tremor; and the stage-boards of -the little winds or shafts 20 fathom deep were perceived -to move.</p> - -<p>In Herland mine, commonly called the Manor, -in the parish of Gwynier, the noise was heard 55 -and 60 fathom deep, as if a studdle<a id="FNanchor_12" href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> had broke, -and the deads<a id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> were set a running. It was nothing -like the noise of thunder.</p> - -<p>In Chace-water mine the same noise was heard, -at least 70 fathom under the surface.</p> - -<p>At Huel-rith mine, near Godolphin, the noise -was seemingly underneath. I felt (says the director -of the mine) the earth move under me with a -prodigious swift, and apparently horizontal tremor: -its continuance was but for a few seconds of time, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_504">[504]</span>not like thunder, but rather a dull rumbling even -sound, like deads running under ground. In the -smith’s shop the window-leaves shook, and the slating -of the house cracked. The whim-house shook -so terribly, that a man there at work ran out of it, -concluding it to be falling. Several persons then in -the mine, working 60 fathom deep, thought they -found the earth about them to move, and heard an -uncommon noise: some heard the noise, and felt no -tremor; others, working in a mine adjoining called -Huel-breag, were so frightened, that they called to -their companions above to be drawn up from the -bottoms. Their moor-house was shaken, and the -padlock of their candle-chest was heard to strike -against the staples. To shew, that this noise proceeded -from below, and not from any concussion in -the atmosphere above, this very intelligent captain of -the mine<a id="FNanchor_14" href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> observes, from his own experience, -that thunder was never known to affect the air at 60 -fathoms deep, even in a single shaft pierced into -the hardest stone; much less could it continue the -sound thro’ such workings as there are in this mine, -impeded in all parts with deads, great quantities of -timber, various noises, such as the rattling of chains, -friction of wheels and ropes, and dashing of waters; -all which must contribute to break the vibrations of -the air as they descend: and I intirely agree with -this gentleman’s conclusion, that thunder, or any -other noises from above in the atmosphere, could not -be heard at half the depth of this mine. This therefore -could be no other than a real tremor of the earth, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_505">[505]</span>attended with a noise, owing to a current of air and -vapour proceeding upwards from the earth.</p> - -<p>I do not hear of any person in those parts, who -was so fortunate as to be near any pool or lake, and -had recollection enough to attend to the motion of -the waters; but it may be taken for granted, that -during the tremors of the earth the fluids must be -more affected than the solids: nay, the waters will -apparently be agitated, when there is no motion of -the earth perceptible, as was the case of our ponds -and lake-waters in most parts of Britain on the 1st -of November 1755. Whence this happens is difficult -to say: whether the earth’s bosom undergoes at -such times a kind of respiration, and alternately emits -and withdraws a vapour thro’ its most porous parts -sufficient to agitate the waters, yet not sufficient to -shake the earth; or whether the earth, during the -agitation of the waters, does rock and vacillate, tho’ -not so as to be sensible to man; is what I shall leave -to future inquiry.</p> - -<p>Earthquakes are very rare in Cornwall. This was -but of short duration, and did no harm any-where, -as far as I can learn; and it is to be hoped not the -sooner forgotten for that reason; but rather remembered -with all the impressions of gratitude suitable to -an incident so alarming and dangerous, and yet so -inoffensive.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_506">[506]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXV. <i>Some Observations upon the Sleep of -Plants; and an Account of that Faculty, -which</i> Linnæus <i>calls</i> Vigiliæ Florum; <i>with -an Enumeration of several Plants, which -are subject to that Law. Communicated -to</i> Wm. Watson, <i>M. D. F.R.S. by Mr.</i> -Richard Pultney <i>of</i> Leicester.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Jan. 26, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">ACosta and Prosper Alpinus, who both -wrote near the conclusion of the -XVIth century, are, I believe, the first, who recorded -that nocturnal change in the leaves of plants, which -has since been called <i>somnus</i>. It is an observation -indeed as old as Pliny’s time, that the leaves of trefoil -assume an erect situation<a id="FNanchor_15" href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> upon the coming of -storms. The same is observable of our wood-sorrel; -and Linnæus adds, of almost all plants with declinated -stamina<a id="FNanchor_16" href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a>. In the <i>Trifolium pratense album -C. B.</i> or common white-flowered meadow trefoil, -it is so obvious, that the common people in -Sweden remark, and prognosticate the coming of -tempests and rain from it.</p> - -<p>The examples of sleeping plants instanced by Alpinus -are but few. That author says, it was common -to several Egyptian species<a id="FNanchor_17" href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a>; but specifies only -the Acaciæ, Abrus, Absus, Sesban, and the Tamarindtree. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_507">[507]</span> Cornutus some time afterwards remarked this -property in the Pseudo-acacia Americana. From -that time it has remained almost unnoticed, till Linnæus, -ever attentive to nature’s works, discovered -that the same affair was transacted in many other -plants; and his observations have furnished us with -numerous and obvious examples thereof. Mr. Miller -mentions it in the <i>Medicago arborea Lin. Sp. Pl. 778</i>. -and we may add to the list two other common plants -not mentioned by Linnæus: these are the <i>Phaseolus -vulgaris</i>, common kidney-bean; and the <i>Trifolium -pratense purpureum majus</i>, or clover-grass: in both -which this nocturnal change is remarkably displayed. -Doubtless the same property exists in numberless other -species; and future observation will very probably -confirm Dr. Hill’s sentiment, that no “plant or tree -is wholly unaffected by it.”</p> - -<p>It is now more than twenty years since Linnæus -first attended to this quality in plants. In his <i>Flora -Lapponica</i>, when speaking of the <i>Trifolium pratense -album</i>, as above-mentioned, he remarks, that the -leaves of the Mimosa, Cassia, Bauhinia, Parkinsonia, -Guilandina, and others in affinity with them, were -subject to this change in the night time: and he had -then carried his observations so far, as to find, that -heat and cold were not the cause of this quality; -since they were alike influenced by it when placed -in stoves, where the temperature of the air was always -the same.</p> - -<p>The merit of reviving this subject is therefore due -to the illustrious Swede; and the naturalist is greatly -indebted to him for so far extending his observations -thereon.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_508">[508]</span></p> - -<p>The subject of the <i>somnus plantarum</i> cannot but -be highly entertaining to the lovers of natural knowlege: -and such, I apprehend, cannot be less entertained -with that faculty, which Linnæus calls <i>vigiliæ -florum</i>; of which we shall give a brief account.</p> - -<p>Previous to our explanation of this affair it is proper -to observe, that the flowers of most plants, after -they are once opened, continue so night and day, -until they drop off, or die away. Several others, -which shut in the night-time, open in the morning -either sooner or later, according to their respective -situation in the sun or shade, or as they are influenced -by the manifest changes of the atmosphere. There -are however another class of flowers, which make -the subject of these observations, which observe a -more constant and uniform law in this particular. -These open and shut duly and constantly at certain -and determinate hours, exclusive of any manifest -changes in the atmosphere; and this with so little -variation in point of time, as to render the phænomenon -well worth the observation of all, whose taste -leads them this way.</p> - -<p>This faculty in the flowers of plants is not altogether -a new discovery; but we are indebted to the -same hand for additional observations upon this head -likewise. It is so manifest in one of our common -English plants, the <i>Tragopogon luteum</i>, that our country -people long since called it <i>John-go-to-bed-at-noon</i>. -Linnæus’s observations have extended to near fifty -species, which are subject to this law. What we -find principally upon this subject is in the <i>Philosophia -Botanica</i>, p. 273. We will enumerate these plants, -and mention the time when the flowers open and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_509">[509]</span> -shut, that those, who have opportunity and inclination, -may gratify themselves, and probably at the -same time extend this branch of botanic knowlege -still farther.</p> - -<p>It is proper to observe, that as these observations -were made by Linnæus in the academical garden at -Upsal, whoever repeats them in this country will -very probably find, that the difference of climate will -occasion a variation in point of time: at least this -will obtain in some species, as our own observations -have taught us; in others the time has corresponded -very exactly with the account he has given us.</p> - -<p>Whether this faculty hath any connexion with -the great article of fecundation in the oeconomy of -flowers, I cannot determine: in the mean time it is -not improbable. Future and repeated observations, -and well-adapted experiments, will tend to illustrate -this matter, and it may be lead the way to a full explanation -of the cause.</p> - -<p class="p2">1. Anagallis flore phœniceo C. B. pin. 252. Raii -Syn. p. 282. Anagallis arvensis Lin. Spec. plant. p. -148. <i>The Male Pimpernel.</i> The flowers of this -plant open about eight o’clock in the morning, and -never close till past noon. This plant is common in -kitchen-gardens and in corn-fields, and flowers in -June, and continues in flower three months.</p> - -<p>2. The Anagallis cærulea foliis binis ternisve ex -adverso nascentibus C. B. pin. p. 252. Raii Hist. Plant. -p. 1024. Anagallis Monelli Sp. plant. 148. <i>Blue-flowered -Pimpernel with narrow leaves.</i> The flowers -of this plant observe nearly the same time in opening -and shutting as the foregoing.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_510">[510]</span></p> - -<p>3. Convolvulus peregrinus cæruleus folio oblongo -C. B. pin. 295. Convolvulus tricolor Sp. plant. 158. -<i>Little blue Convolvulus, or Bindweed.</i> This opens its -flowers between the hours of five and six in the -morning, and shuts them in the afternoon.</p> - -<p>4. Phalangium parvo flore ramosum C. B. pin. 29. -Raii Hist. Pl. 1193. <i>Branched Spiderwort with a -small flower.</i> These open about seven in the morning, -and close between the hours of three and four -in the afternoon.</p> - -<p>5. Lilium rubrum Asphodeli radice C. B. pin. 80. -Hemerocallis fulvus Sp. pl. 324. <i>The Day Lily.</i> -The flowers open about five in the morning, and -shut at seven or eight in the evening.</p> - -<p>6. Plantago aquatica minor. Park. 1245. Raii -Syn. 257. Alisma ranunculoides Sp. pl. 343. Fl. -Suec. 2. Nº. 325. <i>The lesser Water-Plantain</i>, during -its flowering-time, only opens its flowers each day -about noon.</p> - -<p>7. Caryophyllus sylvestris prolifer C. B. pin. 209. -Raii Syn. 337. Dianthus prolifer Sp. pl. 410. <i>Proliferous -Pink.</i> The flowers expand about eight in -the morning, and close again about one in the afternoon.</p> - -<p>8. Spergula purpurea J. B. III. 722. Raii Syn. p. -351. Arenaria rubra. Sp. pl. 423. <i>Purple Spurrey.</i> -These expand between nine and ten in the morning, -and close between two and three in the afternoon. -This little plant is common among the corn in sandy -soils, and flowers in June.</p> - -<p>9. Portulaca latifolia sativa C. B. pin. 288. Portulaca -oleracea Sp. pl. p. 445. <i>Common Purslain</i>, -opens its flowers about nine or ten in the morning, -and closes them again in about an hour’s time.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_511">[511]</span></p> - -<p>10. Ficoides Africana, folio plantaginis undulato -micis argenteis adsperso Boerh. Ludg. I. p. 291. Mesembryanthemum -chrystallinum Sp. pl. 480. <i>Diamond -Ficoides.</i> The flowers of this plant open at -nine or ten, and close at three or four in the afternoon.</p> - -<p>11. Ficoides Africana folio tereti in villos radiatos -abeunte. Tourn. Mesembryanthemum barbatum Sp. -pl. 482. The flowers of this species expand at seven -or eight in the morning, and close about two in the -afternoon.</p> - -<p>12. Ficoides folio tereti Neapolitana flore candido -Herm. Ludg. 252. Kali Crassulæ minoris foliis C. B. -pin. 289. Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum Sp. pl. -480. The flowers of this plant open at ten or eleven -in the morning, and close at three in the afternoon.</p> - -<p>13. Mesembryanthemum folio linguiformi latiore -Dillen. Hort. Elth. Mesembryanthemum linguiforme -Sp. pl. 488. <i>Ficoides with a tongue-shaped leaf.</i> -These open at seven or eight in the morning, and -are closed about three in the afternoon.</p> - -<p>14. Nymphæa alba J. B. III. 770. Raii Syn. 368. -Nymphæa alba Sp. pl. 510. Fl. Suec. 2. Nº. 470. -<i>White Water Lily.</i> This plant grows in rivers, -ponds, and ditches, and the flowers lie upon the surface -of the water. At their time of expansion, which -is about seven in the morning, the stalk is erected, -and the flower more elevated above the surface. In -this situation it continues till about four in the afternoon, -when the flower sinks to the surface of the -water, and closes again.</p> - -<p>15. Papaver erraticum nudicaule flore flavo odorato -Dillen. Hort. Elth. 302. Papaver nudicaule Sp.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_512">[512]</span> -pl. p. 507. <i>Wild Poppy with a naked stalk and a -yellow sweet-smelling flower.</i> The flower of this -plant opens at five in the morning, and closes at -seven in the evening.</p> - -<p>16. Alyssoides incanum, foliis sinuatis Tourn. Inst. -213. Alyssum sinuatum Sp. pl. 651. <i>Hoary Madwort -with sinuated leaves.</i> The flowers of this plant -expand between the hours of six and eight in the -morning, and close at four in the afternoon.</p> - -<p>17. Abutilon repens alceæ foliis, flore helvolo -Dillen. Hort. Elth. 5. Malva Caroliniana Sp. pl. 688. -<i>Creeping Indian Mallow with leaves like Vervain -Mallow, and a flesh-coloured flower.</i> These open at -nine or ten in the morning, and close at one in the -afternoon.</p> - -<p>18. Tragopogon luteum Ger. 595. Raii Syn. 171. -Tragopogon pratense Sp. pl. 789. <i>Yellow Goats -Beard</i>, or <i>Go-to-bed-at-noon</i>. The latter of these -names was given to this plant long since, on account -of this remarkable property. The flowers open in -general about three or four o’clock, and close again -about nine or ten, in the morning. These flowers -will perform their <i>vigiliæ</i>, if set in a phial of water, -within doors for several mornings successively; and I -have sometimes observed them to be quite closed, -from their utmost state of expansion, in less than a -quarter of an hour. It flowers in June.</p> - -<p>19. Tragopogon gramineis foliis, hirsutis. C. B. -pin. 275. Raii. Hist. Plant. 253. <i>Rose-coloured Goats -Beard.</i> These open between five and six in the -morning, and close about eleven. Tragopog. hybridum -Sp. plant. 789.</p> - -<p>20. Tragopogon, calycibus corolla brevioribus inermibus,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_513">[513]</span> - foliis lyrato-sinuatis. Hort. Ups. 244. Sp. -pl. 790. Hall. Hort. Gotting. 2. p. 419. The flowers -of this plant open at six or seven in the morning, -and shut between the hours of twelve and four in -the afternoon.</p> - -<p>21. Sonchus Tingitanus papaveris folio. Tourn. -Raii Suppl. 137. Scorzonera Tingitana Sp. pl. 791. -<i>African Sowthistle with a poppy leaf.</i> This plant -opens its flowers between four and six in the morning, -and closes them in about three hours.</p> - -<p>22. Sonchus repens, multis hieracium majus J. B. -II. 1017. Raii Syn. 163. Sonchus arvensis Sp. pl. -793. <i>Tree Sowthistle.</i> These flowers expand about -six or seven, and close between eleven and twelve in -the forenoon. This is common in corn-fields, and -flowers in June, July, and August.</p> - -<p>23. Sonchus lævis Ger. Raii Syn. 161. Sonchus -oleraceus Sp. pl. 794. <i>Smooth or unprickly Sowthistle, -Hares Lettuce.</i> These open about five in the morning, -and close again at eleven or twelve.</p> - -<p>24. Sonchus lævis laciniatus cæruleus C. B. pin. -124. Raii Hist. pl. 225. Sonchus alpinus Sp. pl. 794. -<i>Blue-flowered Mountain Sowthistle.</i> These open about -seven, and close about noon.</p> - -<p>25. Sonchus tricubitalis, folio cuspidato Merr. pin. -Raii Syn. 163. Sonchus asper arborescens C. B. pin. -124. Sonchus palustris Sp. pl. 793. <i>The greatest -Marsh tree Sowthistle.</i> It expands its flowers about -six or seven, and closes them about two in the afternoon.</p> - -<p>26. Lactuca sativa C. B. pin. 122. Sp. pl. 795. -<i>Garden Lettuce</i>, opens its flowers about seven, and -closes them about ten, in the forenoon.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_514">[514]</span></p> - -<p>27. Dens leonis Ger. 228. Raii Syn. 170. Leontodon -Taraxacum Sp. pl. 798. <i>Dandelion.</i> It expands -at five or six, and closes at eight or nine, in -the forenoon. This flowers early in the spring, and -again in the autumn.</p> - -<p>28. Dens leonis hirsutus leptocaulos, Hieracium -dictus. Raii Syn. 171. Leontodon hispidum Sp. pl. -799. <i>Rough Dandelion</i>, or <i>Dandelion Hawkweed</i>. -This plant opens its flower about four in the morning, -and keeps it expanded till three in the afternoon. -In May.</p> - -<p>29. Hieracium minus præmorsa radice. Park. 794. -Raii Syn. 164. Leontodon autumnale. Sp. pl. 799. -<i>Hawkweed with bitten roots</i>, or <i>Yellow Devil’s-bit</i>. -The flowers open about seven, and keep in an expanded -state till about three in the afternoon. It -flowers in July and August.</p> - -<p>30. Pilosella repens Ger. 573. Raii Syn. 170. -Hieracium Pilosella Sp. pl. 800. <i>Common creeping -Mouse-ear.</i> It opens about eight in the morning, -and closes about two in the afternoon. Very common -on dry pastures, flowering in June and July.</p> - -<p>31. Hieracium murorum folio pilosissimo C. B. -pin. 129. Raii Syn. 168. Hieracium murorum Sp. -pl. 802. The flowers of this plant expand about -six or seven, and close about two in the afternoon. -Upon old walls, flowering in June and July. This -is called in English, <i>French</i> or <i>Golden Lungwort</i>.</p> - -<p>32. Hieracium fruticosum angustifolium majus. -C. B. pin. 129. Hieracium umbellatum Sp. pl. 804. -<i>Narrow-leaved bushy Hawkweed.</i> The flowers of -this species expand about six in the morning, and -remain open till five in the afternoon.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_515">[515]</span></p> - -<p>33. Hieracium fruticosum latifolium hirsutum C. -B. pin. 129. Raii Syn. p. 167. Hieracium sabaudum -Sp. pl. 804. <i>Bushy Hawkweed with broad -rough leaves.</i> These flowers are in their expanded -state from about seven in the morning till one or two -in the afternoon. In woods, flowering in June and -July.</p> - -<p>34. Hieracium montanum cichorii folio. Raii. Syn. -p. 166. Hieracium paludosum Sp. pl. 638. Fl. Suec. -2. Nº. 702. <i>Succory-leaved Mountain Hawkweed.</i> -The flowers expand about six in the morning, and -close about five in the afternoon.</p> - -<p>35. Hieracium hortense floribus atro-purpurascentibus -C. B. pin. 128. Hieracium aurantiacum Sp. -pl. 801. <i>Garden Hawkweed with deep purple flowers</i>, -or <i>Sweet Indian Mouse-ear</i>. The flowers are in -their expanded state from six or seven in the morning -till three or four in the afternoon.</p> - -<p>36. Hieracium luteum glabrum, sive minus hirsutum. -J. B. Raii Syn. 165. Crepis tectorum Sp. -pl. 807. <i>Smooth Succory Hawkweed.</i> The flowers -of this plant expand about four in the morning, and -close about noon.</p> - -<p>37. Hieracium Alpinum Scorzoneræ folio Tourn. -Inst. 472. Crepis Alpina Sp. pl. 806. <i>Mountain -Hawkweed with a vipers-grass leaf.</i> These open -about five or six, and close at eleven in the forenoon.</p> - -<p>38. Hieracium dentis leonis folio, flore suave-rubente, -C. B. pin. 127. Raii hist. pl. 231. Crepis rubra -Sp. pl. 806. <i>Hawkweed of Apulia with a flesh-coloured -flower.</i> The flowers remain in their expanded -state from six or seven in the morning till -one or two in the afternoon.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_516">[516]</span></p> - -<p>39. Hieracium echioides, capitulis cardui benedicti -C. B. pin. 128. Raii Syn. 166. Picris echioides -Sp. pl. 792. <i>Lang de bœuf.</i> On banks about hedges, -and about the borders of fields, flowering in August. -These expand about four or five in the morning, and -never close before noon: sometimes they remain -open till nine at night.</p> - -<p>40. Hieracium Alpinum latifolium hirsutie incanum -flore magno. C. B. pin. 128. Raii Syn. p. 167. -Hypochæris maculata Sp. pl. 810. <i>Broad-leaved -Hungarian Hawkweed.</i> These flowers are in their -vigilating state from six in the morning till four in -the afternoon.</p> - -<p>41. Hieracium ramosum, floribus amplis, calycibus -valde hirsutis, foliis oblongis obtusis: dentibus -majoribus inæqualibus incisis Raii Suppl. 144. 76. -Hypochæris Achyrophorus Sp. pl. 810. This plant -opens its flowers about seven or eight in the morning, -and closes them about two in the afternoon.</p> - -<p>42. Hieracium minus dentis leonis folio, oblongo -glabro C. B. pin. 127. Hypochæris glabra Sp. pl. -811. These expand about nine in the morning, and -close about twelve or one o’clock.</p> - -<p>43. Hieracium falcatum alterum Raii Hist. 256. -Lapsana calycibus fructus undique patentibus, radiis -subulatis, foliis lyratis Hort. Ups. 245. Sp. pl. 812. -The flowers open at five or six, and close between -the hours of ten and one.</p> - -<p>44. Hedypnois annua Tourn. Inst. 478. Hyoseris -hedypnois Sp. pl. 809. The flowers open at seven -or eight, and close again at two in the afternoon.</p> - -<p>45. Hieracium montanum alterum leptomacrocaulon -Col. Raii Hist. 234. Lapsana chondrilloides<span class="pagenum" id="Page_517">[517]</span> -Sp. pl. 812. <i>Mountain Hawkweed with long slender -stalks and small flowers.</i> The flowers are in their -expanded or vigilating state from five or six in the -morning till about ten.</p> - -<p>46. Cichoreum sylvestre Ger. em. 284. Raii Syn. -172. Cichorium Intybus Sp. pl. 813. <i>Wild Succory.</i> -On the borders of fields, flowering in August and -September. The flowers open about eight in the -forenoon, and keep expanded till about four in the -afternoon.</p> - -<p>47. Calendula arvensis C. B. pin. 275. Raii Hist. -338. Calendula officinalis Sp. pl. 921. <i>Wild Marigold.</i> -The flowers expand from nine in the morning -till three in the afternoon.</p> - -<p>48. Calendula foliis dentatis Roy. Ludg. 177. -Miller, p. 50. Tab. 75. f. 1. Calendula pluvialis Sp. -pl. 921. <i>Marigold with indented leaves.</i> The -flowers expand from seven in the morning till three -or four in the afternoon. Linnæus observes of this -plant, that if its flowers do not expand about their -usual time in the morning, it will almost assuredly -rain that day; with this restriction indeed, that the -plant is not affected by thunder showers. Phil. Bot. -275.</p> - -<p>49. Sonchus pedunculis squamatis, foliis lanceolatis -indivisis sessilibus. Hort. Upsal. 244. Flor. Suec. -2. Nº. 690. Lactuca Salicis folio, flore cæruleo. -Amman. ruth. 211. Of this plant it is remarked, -that whenever the flowers are in the expanded -state in the night-time, the following day generally -proves rainy.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_518">[518]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXVI. <i>An Account of the Case of a Boy -troubled with convulsive Fits cured by the -Discharge of Worms. By the Rev.</i> Richard -Oram, <i>M. A. Chaplain to the Lord -Bishop of</i> Ely.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Jan. 26, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">JOseph, son of John and Mary Postle, -of Ingham in the county of Norfolk, -was subject to convulsive fits from his infancy; -which were common and tolerable till he was about -seven years of age. About that time they began to -attack him in all the varieties that can be conceived. -Sometimes he was thrown upon the ground; sometimes -he was twirled round like a top by them; at -others he would spring upwards to a considerable -height, <i>&c.</i> and once he leaped over an iron bar, -that was placed purposely before the fire to prevent -his falling into it. He was much burned; but was -rendered so habitually stupid by his fits, that he never -expressed the least sense of pain after this accident. -His intellect was so much impaired, and almost -destroyed, by the frequency and violence of his -fits, that he scarce seemed to be conscious of any -thing. He did not acknowlege his father or mother -by any expressions or signs; nor seemed to distinguish -them from other people. If at any time he escaped -out of the house without the observation of the family, -he had not understanding to find and return to -it; but would pursue the direction or road he first -took, and sometimes lose himself. Once he was -missing for a whole night; and found the next<span class="pagenum" id="Page_519">[519]</span> -morning in the middle of a fen, stuck fast in mud as -deep as his breast. He was very voracious, and would -frequently call for something to eat; which was the -only indication he gave of his knowing any thing. No -kind of filth or nastiness can be conceived, which he -would not eat or drink without distinction. He appeared -to be as ill as he really was; for he was become -a most shocking spectacle. He was so much emaciated, -that he seemed to have no flesh upon his bones; -and his body so distorted, that he was rendered quite -a cripple. His parents consulted a physician at Norwich, -who very judiciously (as it will appear) considered -his disorder as a worm-case, and prescribed -for it accordingly; but (being afraid, I presume, to -give too violent medicines to the boy) without success. -In short, he was so singularly afflicted, that -his parents told me they could not help thinking him -under some evil influence.</p> - -<p>It was observed, that his disorder varied, and grew -worse, at certain periods of the moon.</p> - -<p>In these miserable circumstances the poor boy continued -to languish, till he was about eleven years of -age (July 1757), when he accidentally found a mixture -of white lead<a id="FNanchor_18" href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> and oil, which had some time -before been prepared for some purpose of painting, -set by on a shelf, and placed, as it was thought, out -of his reach. There was near half a pint of this -mixture when he found it; and, as he did not leave -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_520">[520]</span>much, it is thought he swallowed about a quarter -of a pint of it. There was also some lamp-black in -the composition; which was added to give it a proper -colour for the particular use it was intended for -in painting. It was, as I suppose it usually is, linseed -oil, which had been mixed with the lead and lamp-black.</p> - -<p>The draught began to operate very soon, by vomiting -and purging him for near 24 hours in the most -violent manner. A large quantity of black inky -matter was discharged; and an infinite number of -worms, almost as small as threads, were voided. -These operations were so intense, that his life was -despaired of. But he has not only survived them, -but experienced a most wonderful change and improvement -after them: for his parents assured me in -November 1757, when I saw him, that he had daily -grown better from the time of his drinking the mixture, -both in body and mind. Instead of a skeleton, -as he almost was before, he is become fat, and rather -corpulent: and his appetite is no longer ravenous, -but moderate and common. His body too is -become straight and erect. His understanding is at -least as much benefited by this peculiar remedy. It -cannot be expected, that he should already have attained -much knowlege, as he seemed, before he was -so wonderfully relieved, to be almost destitute of -ideas. But he appeared, when I saw him, to have -acquired nearly as much knowlege in four months, -as children usually do in four years; and to reason -pretty well on those things, which he knew. He is -now capable of being employed on many occasions; -is often sent a mile or two on errands, which he discharges<span class="pagenum" id="Page_521">[521]</span> - as carefully, and then returns as safely, as -any person.</p> - -<p>It is farther remarkable, that the boy’s mother, -her father, and sister, are frequently infested with -worms. Her father, tho’ about 60 years of age, is -still much troubled with them: the worms, which -he voids, appear flat, and much larger than those, -which his children have observed. Her sister is often -exceedingly disordered by them. About three months -since they threw her into violent convulsions, and for -some time deprived her of her senses. But the mother -of the boy has been affected in a more extraordinary -manner than the rest. About 20 years ago -she voided some worms, which forced their way -thro’ the pores of the skin, as it is supposed; for -they were found in small clusters under her arms. -As she was very young then, she does not remember -how she was particularly affected; only, that she -suffered violent struggles and convulsions. She is -still, about five or six times in a year, seized with -fainting fits, which usually attack her in bed, and -last three or four minutes; but she cannot certainly -say, tho’ there is very little reason to doubt, that -they are occasioned by worms.</p> - -<h3 class="hang nobreak"><i>An Account of the same Subject, in a Letter from -Mr.</i> John Gaze, <i>of</i> Walket, <i>in the County of</i> -Norfolk, <i>to Mr.</i> Wm. Arderon, <i>F.R.S. Communicated -by Mr.</i> Henry Baker, <i>F.R.S.</i></h3> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Jan. 26, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">JOseph Postle, son of John Postle, of -Ingham in Norfolk, until about the -age of seven years was an healthy well-looking<span class="pagenum" id="Page_522">[522]</span> -child; but about that age was afflicted with stoppages, -which often threw him into convulsive fits, and at -last rendered him quite an idiot. He continued in -this condition for about four years, eating and drinking -all that time any thing that came in his way, -even his own excrements, if not narrowly watched. -His father took the advice of several eminent physicians, -both at Norwich and elsewhere; but all their -prescriptions proved of no service.</p> - -<p>About the beginning of August last he happened -to get at a painting-pot, wherein there was about a -pound of white lead and lamp-black mixed up with -linseed oil. This he eat almost all up before he was -discovered. It vomited and purged him, and brought -away prodigious numbers of small worms. In a -few days he grew well, his senses returned, and he -is now able to give as rational answers as can be expected -from a boy of his age. His appetite is good, -he is very brisk, and has not had the least return of -his former disorder.</p> - -<p>I heard of the above by several people; but not -being satisfied, got my friend to go to Mr. Postle’s -house, of whom he had the foregoing account.</p> - -<p>January 12th, 1758.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_523">[523]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXVII. <i>An Account of the extraordinary -Heat of the Weather in</i> July 1757, <i>and -of the Effects of it. In a Letter from</i> -John Huxham, <i>M. D. F.R.S. to</i> Wm. -Watson, <i>M. D. F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Feb. 2, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">I Find by your letter, that the heat at -London was not so great in the beginning -of July 1757, as at Plymouth by two or -three degrees of Fahrenheit’s thermometer. We had -again, after much rain at the close of the month, and -in the beginning of August, excessive heat; <i>viz.</i> on -the 8th, 9th, and 10th of August; which mounted -the mercury in that thermometer to 85; nay, on the -9th, to near 86. I never before remember the mercury -in that thermometer to exceed 84; and that is -even here a very extraordinary degree of heat.</p> - -<p>The consequences of this extremely hot season -were hæmorrhages from several parts of the body; -the nose especially in men and children, and the -uterus in women. Sudden and violent pains of the -head, and vertigo, profuse sweats, great debility and -oppression of the spirits, affected many. There -were putrid fevers in great abundance; and a vast -quantity of fluxes of the belly both bilious and -bloody, with which the fevers also were commonly -attended. These fevers were always ushered in by -severe pains of the head, back, and stomach; vomitings -of green and sometimes of black bile, with vast -oppression of the <i>præcordia</i>, continual anxiety, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_524">[524]</span> -want of sleep. These were soon succeeded by <i>tremores -tendinum</i>, <i>subsultus</i>, delirium, or stupor. The -pulse was commonly very quick, but seldom tense -or strong; was sometimes heavy and undose. The -blood oftentimes florid, but loose; sometimes livid, -very rarely sizy: in some however, at the very attack, -it was pretty dense and florid. The tongue -was generally foul, brown, and sometimes blackish; -and towards the crisis often dry. The urine was -commonly high coloured, and in small quantity; -frequently turbid, and towards the end deposed a -great deal of lateritious sediment. A vast number -were seized with this fever, during, and soon after, -the excessive heats; tho’ but few died in proportion. -Long and great heats always very much exalt the -acrimony of the bilious humours; of which we had -this summer abundant instances.</p> - -<p>Bleeding early was generally beneficial; profuse, -always hurtful, especially near the state of the fever.</p> -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXVIII. <i>An Account of the fossile Thigh-bone -of a large Animal, dug up at</i> Stonesfield, -<i>near</i> Woodstock, <i>in</i> Oxfordshire. <i>In a -Letter to Mr.</i> Peter Collinson, <i>F.R.S. -from Mr.</i> Joshua Platt.</h2> -</div> - -<p> -Dear Sir, -</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Feb. 2, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">ABOUT three years ago I sent you -some <i>vertebræ</i> of an enormous size, -which were found in the slate-stone pit at Stonesfield, -near Woodstock, in this county.</p> -<div class="sync"></div> -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="facing525" style="max-width: 182.6875em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XIX"></a>XIX. <i>p. <a href="#Page_525">525</a></i>.</div> - <img class="w100" src="images/facing525.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="right"><i><span class="small">J. Mynde sc.</span></i></div> -</div> -<div class="sync"></div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_525">[525]</span> -</p> - -<p>I have lately been so lucky as to procure from the -same place the thigh-bone of a large animal, which -probably belonged to the same creature, or one of the -same genus, with the <i>vertebræ</i> above-mentioned.</p> - -<p>As the bone, and the stone, in which it is bedded, -weigh no less than two hundred pounds, I have sent -you a drawing of it (<i>See</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a href="#XIX">XIX.</a>); from which, -and the following short description, you may, I hope, -form some idea of this wonderful fossile.</p> - -<p>The bone is 29 inches in length; its diameter, -at the extremity of the two trochanters, is 8 inches; -at the lower extremity the condyles form a surface -of 6 inches. The lesser trochanter is so well expressed -in the drawing, that you cannot mistake it; -and both the extremities appear to be a little rubbed -by the fluctuating water, in which I apprehend it -lay some time before the great jumble obtained, -which brought it to this place; and from whence I -imagine it to have been part of a skeleton before the -flood. For if it had been corroded by any menstruum -in the earth, or during the great conflux of -water before the draining of the earth, it must have -suffered in other parts as well as at each end: but -as the extremities only are injured, we can attribute -such a partial effect to the motion of the water only, -which caused it to rub and strike against the sand, -<i>&c.</i></p> - -<p>The small trochanter was broken in lifting it out -of the hamper, in which it was brought to me; but -not unhappily; since all the <i>cancelli</i> were by that -means discovered to be filled with a sparry matter, -that fixed the stone of the stratum, in which it lay. -The outward coat or cortex is smooth, and of a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_526">[526]</span> -dusky brown colour, resembling that of the stone, in -which it is bedded.</p> - -<p>One half of the bone is buried in the stone; yet -enough of it is exposed to shew, that it is the thigh-bone -of an animal of greater bulk than the largest -ox. I have compared it with the recent thigh-bone -of an elephant; but could observe little or no resemblance -between them. If I may be allowed to -assume the liberty, in which fossilists are often indulged, -and to hazard a vague conjecture of my -own, I would say it may probably have belonged to -the hippopotamus, to the rhinoceros, or some such -large animal, of whose anatomy we have not yet a -competent knowlege.</p> - -<p>The slate-pit, in which this bone was found, is -about a quarter of a mile north-west from Stonesfield, -upon the declivity of a rising ground, the -upper stratum of which is a vegetable mould about -eight or ten inches thick: under this is a bed of -rubble, with a mixture of sand and clay, very coarse, -about six feet deep, in which are a great number of -<i>anomiæ</i> both plain and striated, and many small oblong -oysters, which the workmen call the sickle-oyster, -some of them being found crooked, and -bearing some resemblance to that instrument; but -all differing from the <i>curvi-rostra</i><a id="FNanchor_19" href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> of Moreton.</p> - -<p>Immediately under this stratum of rubble is a bed -of soft grey stone, of no use; but containing the -<i>echini ovarii</i>, with great <i>mamillæ</i>, the <i>clypeati</i> of -different sizes, all well preserved; and also many -<i>anomiæ</i> and <i>pectines</i>. This bed, which is about seven -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_527">[527]</span> or eight feet in depth, lies immediately above -the stratum of stone, in which the bone was found.</p> - -<p>This stratum is never wrought by the workmen, -being arenarious, and too soft for their use. It is -about four or five feet thick, and forms a kind of -roof to them, as they dig out the stone, of which -the slates are formed; for they work these pits in the -same manner as they do the coal-pits, leaving pillars -at proper distances to keep their roof from falling in.</p> - -<p>This last bed of slate-stone is about five feet depth, -and lower than this they never dig. So that the whole -depth of the pit amounts to about 24 or 25 feet.</p> - -<p>It was by working out the slate-stone, that this -bone was discovered sticking to the roof of the pit, -where the men were pursuing their work; and with -a great deal of caution, and no less pains, they got -it down intire, but attached to a large piece of stone; -and in this state it now remains in my possession.</p> - -<p>There is no water in the works, but such as descends -from the surface thro’ perpendicular fissures; -and the whole is spent in forming the stalactites and -stalagmites, of which there is great variety, and -whose dimensions are constantly increasing. One of -the workmen has been so curious, as to mark the -time of the growth of some of them for several -years past.</p> - -<p>I am, with the greatest esteem,</p> - -<p class="center"> -Dear Sir,<br /> - -<span class="margin">Your ever obedient,</span><br /> -<span class="margina">and most humble Servant,</span><br /> - -<span class="marginb"><span class="large">Joshua Platt.</span></span></p> -<p> -Oxon, -Jan. 20. 1758. -</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_528">[528]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXIX. <i>A Discourse on the Usefulness of Inoculation -of the horned Cattle to prevent -the contagious Distemper among them. In -a Letter to the Right Hon.</i> George <i>Earl -of</i> Macclesfield, <i>P. R. S. from</i> Daniel -Peter Layard, <i>M. D. F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<p> -My Lord, -</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Feb. 2, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">THE honour you have done me, in -condescending to peruse my Essay -on the contagious Distemper among the horned -Cattle, claims my most respectful thanks; and I am -no less obliged to your Lordship for the just remark -you made, “That before inoculation could be practised -on the horned Cattle, it is necessary to bring -proofs, that this disease is not susceptible more -than once; and also assurances, that a recovery -from the distemper by inoculation guards the beast -from a second infection.”</p> - -<p>An intire conviction of the analogy between this -disease and the small-pox would not permit me to -omit mentioning the great advantages, which must -arise from inoculation; and therefore, my Lord, I -recommend its use: nor do I find any reason to alter -my opinion, after having carefully read over what -has been published, and made the strictest inquiry I -was able in several parts of Great Britain.</p> - -<p>I shall, in the concisest manner possible, submit -the following particulars to your Lordship’s consideration, -and the learned Society, over which you so -deservedly preside.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_529">[529]</span></p> - -<p>The Marquis de Courtivron, in two memoirs read -before the Royal Academy of Sciences in the year -1748, and published by that learned body, relates -the observations he, together with Monsieur Pelversier -de Gombeau, formerly surgeon to the regiment -de la Sarre, made on the rise, progress, and -fatality, of the contagious distemper at Issurtille, -a town in Burgundy; to which are added experiments -they made, by application, digestion, and -inoculation, towards communicating the disease; -and concludes from the failure of these attempts, -that the distemper can only be communicated from -one beast to another. Besides, notwithstanding the -Marquis observes<a id="FNanchor_20" href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> the regularity of the illness, the -critical days, on the seventh and ninth, and particularly -that all such as recovered had more or fewer -pustules broke out in different parts of the body; -yet<a id="FNanchor_21" href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> he will not allow of Rammazzini’s opinion, -of the analogy between this distemper and the small-pox, -nor that it is an eruptive fever; but ranks it -as a plague.</p> - -<p>But the Marquis goes still farther. He positively -say,<a id="FNanchor_22" href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> “That in the preceding years, in the provinces -of Bresse, Maconnois, and Bugey, some private -persons had suffered by buying cattle recovered -from the distemper, which had, at that time, -the pustules remaining on them: which cattle had -the distemper afterwards.” Nay, he adds that -“even after recovering twice, a third infection has -seized and killed many.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_530">[530]</span></p> - -<p>No wonder, my Lord, that such positive assertions -should stagger, and cause the practice of inoculation -not to be received, till the nature of the disease be -absolutely determined, and facts prove the contrary -of what has been asserted.</p> - -<p>In a matter of so great importance to every nation, -it were to be wished, that the Marquis de Courtivron -had produced attested observations of these second -and third infections: for tho’ a nobleman of his rank, -character, and great abilities, would not willingly -impose upon the world; yet it may happen, that he -may have received wrong informations.</p> - -<p>As to the nature, rise, progress, and fatality, of -this distemper at Issurtille, it appears to be the same -disease as raged in these kingdoms. All the symptoms -agree, as described by Rammazzini, Lancisi, -the Marquis, and in my Essay. A distempered beast -gave rise to the three infections. The illness was -every-where the same in Italy, France, and Britain; -and either terminated <i>fatally</i> on the fourth or fifth -day, when a scouring prevented the salutary eruptions, -or in some cases by abortion; and on the seventh or -ninth <i>favourably</i>, when the pustules had regularly -taken their course. Tho’ the Marquis did not observe, -that any particular medicines were of use, he -says, that in general acids were beneficial, especially -poor thin wines somewhat sour; and that the distempered -beasts were all fond of these acids<a id="FNanchor_23" href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a>.</p> - -<p>The fatality was likewise the same, as will appear -from the Marquis’s tables. Of 192 head of cattle, -176 died. The mortality was chiefly among the fat -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_531">[531]</span>cattle, cows with calf, and young sucking or yearling -calves; and of the surviving sixteen, only two calves -out of seventy-seven lived, and these two, with seven -other beasts of the sixteen, escaped the infection, tho’ -constantly among the diseased: so that it is plain,</p> - -<table><tr><td>Of 192 beasts,</td> <td class="tdr">176</td> <td>died</td> </tr> -<tr><td> </td><td class="tdr">7</td> <td>recovered</td></tr> -<tr><td> </td><td class="tdr bb">9</td> <td>escaped the infection.</td></tr> -<tr><td> </td> -<td class="tdr">192</td><td> </td></tr></table> - -<p>The mortality was as considerable in these kingdoms.</p> - -<p>Whoever will compare the appearances, progress, -and fatality, of the small-pox, with what is remarked -by authors of authority, as Rammazzini and Lancisi, -and other observers, relative to the contagious distemper -among the horned cattle, will not be at a -loss one moment to determine, whether this disease -be an eruptive fever, like unto the small-pox, or not.</p> - -<p>Now if, as the Marquis has granted in both his -memoirs<a id="FNanchor_24" href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a>, it be a general observation, that an -eruption of pustules on some parts of the body, regularly -thrown out, digested, and dried, is the means -used by nature to effect the cure; and that in general -the morbid matter does not affect the parotid, inguinal, -or other glands, nor produce large carbuncles -and abscesses, as the plague does: Nay more, since it -is observed by the Marquis, that the difference between -the contagious distemper of 1745 and 1746, -and of 1747 and 1748, was, that in the former the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_532">[532]</span>salutary eruptions appeared, but in the latter were, -as he justly apprehends, checked by the excessive -cold weather; and should it appear, that by inoculation -the same regular eruptive fever has been produced, -with every stage, and the same symptoms as -arise in the small-pox; the nature of this distemper -will then be ascertained.</p> - -<p>I shall now proceed, my Lord, to lay before your -Lordship and the Society the accounts I have received -relating to the infection and inoculation of the cattle, -and make some observations on the experiments made -at Issurtille.</p> - -<p>So long, my Lord, as the distemper has raged in -Great Britain, not one attested proof has been brought -of any beast having this disease regularly more than -once. I make no doubt but these creatures may be -liable to eruptions of different kinds; but as all sorts -of eruptions, says Dr. Mead<a id="FNanchor_25" href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a>, are not the small-pox, -nor measles, so every pustule is not a sign of -the plague. Thro’ ignorance, or fraud, persons may -have been deceived in purchasing cattle, and have lost -them, as well in England as in the provinces of -France mentioned by the Marquis; but until a second -infection be proved, the general opinion must -prevail in this case, as in the small-pox: for tho’ -many have insisted on the same thing with regard to -the small-pox, yet a single instance, properly vouched -and attested, has never been produced, either after -recovery from the natural way, or from inoculation; -unless what is frequently the case with nurses and -others attending the small-pox, that is, pustules -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_533">[533]</span>breaking out in their arms and face, be allowed as -the signs of a second infection.</p> - -<p>The farmers and graziers in Huntingdonshire, -Cambridgeshire, Lincolnshire, Kent, and Yorkshire, -from whence I have written testimonies, all agree, -that they never knew of a beast having the contagious -distemper more than once. In this county -particularly, Mr. J. Mehew, the farmer mentioned in -my Essay, has now among his stock at Godmanchester -<i>eight cows</i>, which had the contagious distemper -the first time it appeared in Godmanchester in 1746. -It returned in 1749, 1755, and 1756; the two last -not so generally over the town as the two former -years. All these four times Mr. Mehew suffered by -the loss of his cattle; yet those <i>eight cows</i>, which -recovered in 1746, remained all the while the distemper -was in the farm the three years it raged, -were in the midst of the sick cattle, lay with them -in the same barns, eat of the same fodder, nay of -such as the distempered beasts had left and slabbered -upon, drank after them, and constantly received their -breath and steams, without ever being in the least -affected. Is not this a convincing proof? If in general -the cattle be susceptible of a second infection, -how comes it, that not one of these <i>eight</i> cows were -affected?</p> - -<p>In the years abovementioned the distemper spared -no beast, but such as had recovered from that disease: -and this is confirmed to me by Mr. Mehew’s -father and brother, all the chief farmers of Godmanchester, -and is the opinion of all the farmers and -graziers in Huntingdonshire, who are so thoroughly -convinced of there being no second infection, that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_534">[534]</span> -they are always ready to give an advanced price for -such cattle as have recovered from the contagious distemper.</p> - -<p>The Rev. Mr. Scaife, assistant to the Rev. Dr. -Greene, Dean of Salisbury, in his parish of Cottenham, -Cambridgeshire, acquaints me, that the farmers -in that neighbourhood lost, in 1746 and 1747, twelve -hundred head of cattle, in 1751 four hundred and -seventy; and tells me, that Mr. Ivett, Sayers, Moor, -Dent, Lawson, chief farmers at Cottenham, Mr. -Taylor, Sumpter, and Matthews, of his own parish -of Histon, and the farmers of Wivelingham alias -Willingham, unanimously declare, they never had -one instance of a beast having the distemper twice.</p> - -<p>Mr. Thorpe, a farmer and grazier near Gainsborough -in Lincolnshire, has had beasts recovered from -the distemper, which have herded with cattle fallen -ill afterwards, and never met with a single instance -of a second infection.</p> - -<p>Mr. Lostie, an eminent surgeon at Canterbury, has -inquired for me of the farmers and graziers in that -part of Kent, and about Romney-Marsh; and from -whence no belief of a second infection can be had.</p> - -<p>The Rev. Dr. Fountayne, Dean of York, writes -me word, that no beast has been known, in his -neighbourhood, to have had the distemper twice. -And several persons from that county, and others, -have told me the same thing.</p> - -<p>If the above testimony of persons of character and -veracity, together with the concurrent persuasion of -farmers in general, be allowed of, it must be determined, -that there is no instance of a second infection. -Supposing now it should appear, that this distemper<span class="pagenum" id="Page_535">[535]</span> -is regularly, as in the natural way, tho’ in a milder -manner, produced by inoculation, and that inoculation -secures a beast also from a second infection; -then undoubtedly inoculation will be recommendable.</p> - -<p>The very few trials made in England, and those -not with the greatest exactness or propriety, will yet -serve to put this matter out of all doubt.</p> - -<p>The Rev. Dean of York had five beasts inoculated, -by means of a skein of cotton dipped in the matter, -and passed thro’ a hole, like a seaton, in the dew-lap. -Of these five, one cow near the time of calving died: -the other four, after going thro’ the several stages of -this contagious disease, recovered; two of which, -being cows young with calf, did not slip their calves. -All four have herded with distempered cattle a long -while, and never had the least symptom of a second -infection.</p> - -<p>Mr. Bewley, a surgeon of reputation in Lincolnshire, -inoculated three beasts two years old, for Mr. -Wigglesworth of Manton, in the dew-lap, and with -<i>mucus</i> from the nostrils. All three had the regular -symptoms of the contagious distemper in a mild -manner, recovered, and tho’ they herded a twelvemonth -after with five or six distempered beasts, they -never were the least affected. Mr. Bewley also declared -to Mr. Thorpe, that there never was one instance -produced, that he knew of, of a second infection.</p> - -<p>Since it is plain, that notwithstanding neither well-digested -<i>pus</i> was made use of, nor incisions made in -the properest places, and it may be supposed few -medicines were given; yet inoculation succeeded so<span class="pagenum" id="Page_536">[536]</span> -as to bring on the distemper in a regular and mild -manner, as appears by the cows with calf not slipping -their calves. One may fairly conclude, that in -this contagious distemper, like unto the small-pox, -the practice of inoculation is not only warrantable, -but much to be recommended.</p> - -<p>But how comes it then, that neither by application, -digestion, nor inoculation, the distemper was -not communicated in France?</p> - -<p>The Marquis says, that this distemper is not communicated -but from one beast to another immediately. -I must beg leave to say, that to my knowlege -the distemper in February 1756 was carried -from the farm-yard, where I visited some distempered -cattle, to two other farm-yards, each at a considerable -distance, without any communication of -the cattle with each other, and merely by the means -of servants going to and fro, or of dogs.</p> - -<p>The experiments made on four beasts, by tying -over their heads part of distempered hides, or pieces -of linen and woollen cloth or silk, which had received -the breath and steams of dying cattle, serve -to shew, by the bullock’s forcing off the cloth tied -about him, that the putrid stench was disagreeable -to him; but that neither his blood, nor that of the -other three beasts, was then in a state to receive the -infection.</p> - -<p>With regard to the pustules, which the Marquis -relates were mixed with oats and bran, or dissolved -in white wine; the distempered bile, which was -mixed with milk; milk taken from diseased cows; -water, in which part of a distempered hide had been -steeped; and the precaution taken to force these<span class="pagenum" id="Page_537">[537]</span> -mixtures into the paunch of calves, by means of a -funnel, whose end was covered with a piece of raw -distempered skin, that the beast might both swallow -and suck in the disease. All these experiments could -have no other effect than what followed; which was, -that the acrimony of the distempered bile created -first a <i>nausea</i>, and then produced a violent scouring, -which killed the beast, leaving marks of its irritation -on the intestines.</p> - -<p>The practice of inoculation is but lately followed, -and even now but little known, in the provinces of -France. Its advantages have not long since been -strangely disputed at Paris. In the case of inoculating -cattle, instead of a slip of raw hide taken from a -beast just dead, or putting a pustule into the neck, -they should either have passed in the dewlap cotton -or silk dipped in well-digested <i>pus</i>, or have inserted -in proper incisions cotton-thread or silk soaked with -<i>pus</i> either on the shoulders or buttocks; the true way -of inoculating in the English manner. Some persons -have indeed thought, that to inoculate with the blood -of the infected would answer the intention; but most -of the modern practitioners chuse to depend on digested -matter.</p> - -<p>Several constitutions will not receive infection, let -them be inoculated ever so judiciously. A Ranby, -a Hawkins, a Middleton, and other inoculators, will -tell us, that the incisions have sometimes suppurated -so much, and pustules have appeared round the edges -of the wound, without any other particular marks of -the disease; and yet the patient has never had the -small-pox afterwards. The Marquis mentions an -instance somewhat of the same kind in his first Memoir, -p. 147.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_538">[538]</span></p> - -<p>The examination of these very important and interesting -particulars has, I observe, drawn me into a -prolixity, which I fear may prove tedious to your -Lordship: but should I have removed all doubts, -and brought convincing proofs of the absurdity of -fearing a second infection; should I have shewn inoculation -to be a necessary practice, and that the -contagious distemper may be communicated more -ways than one; I hope your Lordship will excuse -the length of this letter. I shall only add my earnest -wishes, that the legislature may, by effectual means, -prevent the importation of distempered cattle and -hides into these kingdoms; the only means of naturalizing -and perpetuating a dreadful distemper, now, -thank God! much decreased among us.</p> - -<p>I am, with the greatest respect,</p> - -<p class="center"> -My Lord,<br /> - -Your Lordship’s<br /> - -Most humble and most obedient Servant,<br /> - -<span class="margin"><span class="large">Daniel Peter Layard.</span></span></p> -<p> -Huntingdon, -26 Nov. 1757. -</p> - -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXX. <i>Trigonometry abridged. By the Rev.</i> -Patrick Murdoch, <i>A. M. F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Feb. 2, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">THE cases in trigonometry, that can -properly be called different from -one another are no more than <i>four</i>; which may be -resolved by <i>three</i> general rules or theorems, expressed -in the sines of arcs only; using the supplemental -triangle as there is occasion.</p> -<div class="sync"></div> -<div class="figcenter illowp51" id="facing539" style="max-width: 116.5em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XX"></a>XX. <i>p. <a href="#Page_539">539</a></i>.</div> - <img class="w100" src="images/facing539.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="right"><i><span class="small">J. Mynde sc.</span></i></div> -</div> -<div class="sync"></div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_539">[539]</span></p> - -<h3>CASE I.</h3> - -<p><i>When of three given parts two stand opposite to -each other, and the third stands opposite to the part -required.</i></p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Theorem I.</span></h4> - -<p><i>The sines of the sides are proportional to the sines of -angles opposite to them.</i></p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Demonstration.</span></h5> - -<p>Let QR (<span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a href="#XX">XX.</a> <i>Fig.</i> 1.) be the base of a -spherical triangle; its sides PQ, PR, whose planes -cut that of the base in the diameters QC<i>q</i>, RC<i>r</i>. -And if, from the angle P, the line PL is perpendicular -to the plane of the base, meeting it in L, all -planes drawn through PL will be perpendicular to -the same, by 18. <i>el.</i> 11. Let two such planes be -perpendicular likewise to the semicircles of the sides, -cutting them in the straight lines PG, PH; and the -plane of the base in the lines LG, LH.</p> - -<p>Then the plane of the triangle PGL being perpendicular -to the two planes, whose intersection is -QGC<i>q</i>, the angles PGQ LGQ will be right angles, -by 19. <i>el.</i> 11. PG likewise subtends a right -angle PLG, and the angle PGL measures the inclination -of the semicircle QP<i>q</i> to the plane of the -base (<i>def.</i> 6. <i>el.</i> 11.) that is (by 16 <i>el.</i> 3. and 10 <i>el.</i> 11.) -it is equal to the spherical angle PQR: whence PG -is to PL as the radius to the sine of PQR. The -same way PL is to PH as the sine of PRQ is to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_540">[540]</span> -the radius: and therefore, <i>ex æquo</i>. PG the sine of -the side PQ is to PH the sine of PR, as the sine -of PRQ is to the sine of PQR.</p> - -<h3>CASES II. <i>and</i> III.</h3> - -<p><i>When the three parts are of the same name.</i></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>And,</p> -</div> - -<p><i>When two given parts include between them a given -part of a different name, the part required standing -opposite to this middle part.</i></p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Theorem II.</span></h4> - -<p><i>Let</i> S <i>and</i> s <i>be the sines of two sides of a spherical -triangle</i>, d <i>the sine of half the difference of the same -sides</i>, a <i>the sine of half the included angle</i>, b <i>the sine -of half the base; and writing unity for the radius, -we have</i> Ssa² + d² - b² = 0; <i>in which</i> a <i>or</i> b <i>may -be made the unknown quantity, as the case requires</i>.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Demonstration.</span></h5> - -<p>Let PQR (<a href="#XX"><i>Fig.</i> 2.</a>) be a spherical triangle, whose -sides are PQ PR, the angle included QPR, the -base QR, PC the semiaxis of the sphere, in which -the planes of the sides intersect.</p> - -<p>To the pole P, draw the great circle AB, cutting -the sides (produced, if needful) in M and N; and -thro’ Q and R, the lesser circles Q<i>q</i>, <i>r</i>R, cutting -off the arcs Q<i>r</i> <i>q</i>R equal to the difference of the -sides; join MN, Q<i>q</i>, <i>r</i>R, QR, <i>qr</i>.</p> - -<p>Then the planes of the circles described being parallel -(<i>Theod. sphæric.</i> 2. 2.), and the axis PC perpendicular -to them (<i>10. 1. of the same</i>), their intersections<span class="pagenum" id="Page_541">[541]</span> - with the planes of the sides, as QT, and R<i>t</i>, -will make right angles with PC; that is, QT and -R<i>t</i> are the sines (S, <i>s</i>.) of the sides PQ PR, and -MC NC are whole sines. Now the isosceles triangles -MCN, QT<i>q</i>, <i>rt</i>R, being manifestly similar; -as also MN, the subtense of the arc which measures -the angle QPR, being equal to (2<i>a</i>) twice the -sine of half that angle; we shall have MN : MC ∷ -Q<i>q</i> : QT ∷ <i>r</i>R : R<i>t</i>; or, in the notation of the -theorem, Q<i>q</i> = 2S<i>a</i>, <i>r</i>R = 2<i>sa</i>. And further, -the chords Q<i>r</i> <i>q</i>R being equal, and equally distant -from the center of the sphere, as also equally inclined -to the axis PC, will, if produced, meet the axis -produced, in one point Z. Whence the points Q, -<i>q</i>, R, <i>r</i>, are in one plane (2. <i>el.</i> 11.), and in the circumference -in which that plane cuts the surface of -the sphere: the quadrilateral Q<i>q</i>R<i>r</i> is also a segment -of the isosceles triangle ZQ<i>q</i>, cut off by a line -parallel to its base, making the diagonals QR, <i>qr</i>, -equal. And therefore, by a known property of the -circle, Q<i>q</i> × <i>r</i>R + (<i>q</i>R)² = (QR)²; which, substituting -for Q<i>q</i> and R<i>r</i> the values found above, 2<i>d</i> for -Q<i>r</i>, 2<i>b</i> for QR, and taking the fourth part of the -whole, becomes S<i>sa</i>² + <i>d</i>² = <i>b</i>² the proposition -that was to be demonstrated.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang"><i>Note</i> 1. If this, or the preceding, is applied to a -plane triangle, the sines of the sides become the -sides themselves; the triangle being conceived -to lie in the surface of a sphere greater than -any that can be assigned.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Note</i> 2. If the two sides are equal, <i>d</i> vanishing, -the operation is shorter: as it likewise is when -one or both sides are quadrants.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_542">[542]</span></p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Note</i> 3. By comparing this proposition with -that of the Lord Neper<a id="FNanchor_26" href="#Footnote_26" -class="fnanchor">[26]</a>, which makes the 39th of Keill’s -Trigonometry, it appears, that if AC, AM, are two arcs, then sin. <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">AC + AM</span><span class="bar">⁄</span><span class="fden">2</span></span> -× sin. <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">AC - AM</span> <span -class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span> = (<span -class="bt"><i>b</i> + <i>d</i></span> × <span class="bt"><i>b</i> - -<i>d</i></span> =) (sin. ½ AC + sin. ½ AM) × -(sin. ½ AC - sin. ½ AM). And in the solution -of Case II. the first of these products will be the most readily -computed.</p></div> - -<h3>CASE IV.</h3> - -<p><i>When the part required stands opposite to a part, -which is likewise unknown</i>: Having from the <i>data</i> -of Case I. found a fourth part, let the sines of the -given sides be S, <i>s</i>; those of the given angles Σ, σ; -and the sines of half the unknown parts <i>a</i> and <i>b</i>; -and we shall have, as before, S<i>sa</i>² + <i>d</i>² - <i>b</i>² = 0; -and if the equation of the supplements be Σσα² + δ² - β² = 0; -then, because α² = 1 - <i>b</i>² = 1 - (S<i>sa</i>² + <i>d</i>²), -and β² = 1 - <i>a</i>², substituting these values in the -second equation, we get</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Theorem III.</span></h4> - -<p><span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1 - Σσ × (1 - <i>d</i>²) - δ²</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">1 - S<i>s</i>Σσ</span></span> = <i>a</i>²; in words thus:</p> - -<p><i>Multiply the product of the sines of the two known -angles by the square of the cosine of half the difference -of the sides: add the square of the sine of half the difference -of the angles; and divide the complement of this -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_543">[543]</span>sum to unity, by the like complement of the product of -the four sines of the sides and angles; and the square -root of the quotient shall be the sine of half the unknown -angle.</i></p> - -<p>If we work by logarithms, the operation will not -be very troublesome; but the rule needs not be used, -unless when a table of the trigonometrical analogies -is wanting. To supply which, the foregoing theorems -will be found sufficient, and of ready use; -being either committed to memory, or noted down -on the blank leaf of the trigonometrical tables.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>Note</i>, The schemes may be better, raised in card-paper, -or with bent wires and threads.</p> -</div> -<hr /> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXI. <i>An Account of Two extraordinary -Cases of Gall-Stones.</i> By James Johnstone, -<i>M. D. of</i> Kidderminster. <i>Communicated -by the Rev.</i> Charles Lyttelton, -<i>L. L. D. Dean of</i> Exeter.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center"> -<i>To the Rev. Dr.</i> Lyttelton, <i>Dean of</i> Exeter.</p> -<p> -Rev. Sir, -</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Feb. 9, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">ACcording to promise I send you a -short account of the two extraordinary -cases we talked of, the last time I had the -pleasure of seeing you at Kidderminster.</p> - -<p>The truth of the first narrated case you are already -a sufficient judge of; and if it is at all necessary to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_544">[544]</span> -ascertain the second in like manner, I can at any -time produce the poor woman and her husband before -you, who will attest the truth of sufferings, -which will not easily escape their memory.</p> - -<p>You are at liberty to dispose of this paper as you -shall think proper. I am,</p> - -<p class="center"> -Reverend Sir,<br /> -Your respectful and most humble Servant,<br /> - -<span class="margin"><span class="large">J. Johnstone.</span></span></p> -<p> -Kidderminster, -Sept. 11. 1757. -</p> - -<p class="drop-capi p2">THO’ it is now pretty well known, that colicky -and icteric diseases often arise from gall-stones -generated in the bilious receptacle, and obstructing -its canals; yet an example of one, of such enormous -size, voided into the <i>duodenum</i> from the <i>ductus communis</i>, -as happened in the first of the following cases, -is a very rare, if not intirely an unexampled occurrence. -It will encourage us not too easily to despair of the -expulsion of the largest <i>calculi</i> from the gall-bladder; -and will teach us, that all violent attacks of pain -about the stomach are not owing to gout reflected -upon that organ: it will make us more cautious of -giving drastic cathartics, heating and inflaming medicines, -upon such a vague presumption; and ought -to dispose those, who are trusted with the lives of -their fellow-creatures, to a nicer observation of even -the minutest symptoms and circumstances, which -may occur in diseases.</p> - -<p>The second case points out, under certain circumstances, -the practibility of extracting, by incision into<span class="pagenum" id="Page_545">[545]</span> -the gall-bladder itself, those <i>calculi</i>, which, from -their figure, or other impediments, cannot be voided -in the natural way. The method of performing this -unusual operation, and some instances of its success, -have already been made public in the Memoires de -l’Acad. de Chirurg.</p> - -<p class="p2">1. Mrs. F——, a sedentary corpulent old lady, -had been much subject to colicky complaints, without -jaundice, in the vigour of life. The seat of the -pain was chiefly under the right <i>hypochondrium</i>, as -high as the stomach. She had been tolerably free -from it for at least eight years past. December 5, -1753, about eleven o’clock in the evening, she was -suddenly seized with a violent pain, extending from -that part of the stomach lying under the right side, -thro’ to her back. She compared it to a sword -driven in that direction. This pain continued not -only with unremitted violence, but even increased, -till seven o’clock in the morning: all this time she -vomited and strained almost incessantly; but after -her stomach was emptied of its contents, nothing -came up besides clear slime, streaked with blood. -About seven o’clock in the morning she felt her pain -fall or move lower, as she expressed it, and from -that time became remarkably easier. Soon after this -change, she became extremely sick, and vomited up, -for the first time, a prodigious quantity of greenish -yellow bile. She had not before this seizure been -remarkably costive; and in her pain had a free motion -to stool with effect; but during the remainder -of the (6th) day had none, tho’ all this time emollient -clysters were injected; and she took regularly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_546">[546]</span> -every two hours a powder of <i>magnes. alb. terr. fol. -tartar. tart. vitriol. ana</i> ℈j. <i>ol. nuc. mosch. gutt.</i> j. -with a draught of the <i>succ. limon. & sal. absinth</i>. But -in the middle of the night, and all day (the 7th), she -had an abundant discharge of loose bilious stools. -She had continued free from excessive pain since the -morning of the former day, only now and then complained -of uneasiness sometimes in one, sometimes in -another, part of her bowels. About twenty-four -hours after her first seizure, she felt a great pain -striking towards the bottom of her back, and one -hour after voided the extraordinary <i>calculus</i>, of which -the figure and description are subjoined. Some time -after pieces of skins were voided by stool, which -were evidently of the texture and appearance of -the internal villous coat of the intestines and gall-bladder. -The above medicines were the only ones -she used, by my direction, under her painful complaint, -excepting an external fomentation, and bleeding, -which the hardness and contractedness of her -pulse seemed to require. She was ordered to drink -plentifully of thin broths, and other soft diluent liquors. -During the course of her disorder she had no appearance -of jaundice, nor since; and, considering her years, -enjoys at present (Sept. 1757) very good health.</p> - -<p>This <i>calculus</i>, as appears by the figure, was of a -pyriform shape, resembling the form of the <i>cystis -fellea</i> itself. Its surface was quite smooth and polished, -excepting towards the base, at that part marked -A, where it was scabrous, as if some other substance -had lain contiguous to it. When broken through, -it was composed of concentrical laminæ, which were -alternately white and ochre-coloured. In length it<span class="pagenum" id="Page_547">[547]</span> -measured one inch and three tenths; its transverse -section measured at least seven tenths of an inch. It -had a saponaceous smoothness, like other gall-stones, -and floated upon water. It weighed only about 126 -grains.</p> - -<p>Tho’ it be difficult to conceive, how so bulky a -substance, generated in the gall-bladder, could be -conveyed along so narrow a passage as the common -biliary duct, especially considering the obliquity of -its insertion for near half an inch of length betwixt -the coats of the <i>duodenum</i>; yet there seem sufficient -<i>data</i> in the above case to prove, that this animal -stone was not formed in the alimentary tube, but -(large as it was) had come into it from the <i>ductus -communis choledochus</i>.</p> - -<p>The shape and saponaceous smoothness, and colour -of the laminæ, of this substance, shew it was moulded -in the gall-bladder, and formed from bilious particles. -The severe pain and torture, and enormous vomiting, -she underwent, for seven hours after her first seizure, -argue, that it must then be lodged in some canal -much narrower and straighter than the alimentary -canal; for so soon as it dropped into that, the severe -pain in a great measure ceased.</p> - -<p>But that straight canal, in which it was situated -during those seven hours of torture, could be no other -than the <i>ductus communis choledochus</i>; for, during -this space of time, no bile was emptied into the -bowels, nor thrown up by the strongest efforts of -vomiting. But no sooner had she perceived the -cause of her pain to move or drop downwards (a -sensation, which points out the precise moment the -stone must have dropped into the <i>duodenum</i>), than<span class="pagenum" id="Page_548">[548]</span> -she began to sicken, and instantly after vomited up a -vast quantity of bilious matter; which now, from -the de-obstructed duct, began to flow freely into the -<i>duodenum</i>. The obstruction of the <i>ductus choledochus</i> -was of too short a duration (only three hours) -to occasion any observable jaundice. And it appears -by the bloody flesh-like knots, thrown up with -phlegm by vomiting, that the passage of the substance -was not effected without considerable laceration -of the small bilious ducts. And this easily -accounts for the separation of the villous coat, which -afterwards appeared in this patient’s stools.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"><div class="floatl illowp53" id="image548" style="max-width: 12.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/image548.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="captionr">This coarse delineation represents -the figure and true -bulk of the <i>calculus</i>; which, -I believe, is still in my patient’s -custody.</p></div> - -<div class="sync"> </div> -<p>2. In February 1752. I was called to relieve a -poor woman of this place, Sarah Ewdall, aged 30 -years and upwards, and the mother of several children. -She laboured under the jaundice, and complained -of a severe acute pain striking thro’ from the -right <i>hypochondrium</i> to her back, with frequent vomitings. -A præternatural hardness, of a compass -not exceeding the hollow of the hand, was then -plainly to be felt at the pit of the stomach, or a little -nearer to the right <i>hypochondrium</i>. When that particular -part was pressed, she complained of great -pain. The pain at this part was always increased -by attempting to lie upon the left side. She was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_549">[549]</span> -blooded, fomented externally, had emollient saponaceous -clysters injected, and a nitrous apozem, and -pills composed of <i>galban. & sap. Castillens.</i> and soon -after recovered. She had frequent returns of the -same complaint after this; but I saw her not again -till Jan. 1755, when she lay insensible in a fit, which -for several days deprived her of the use of her speech -and of all her senses, only she tossed her limbs about. -About a quarter of a year after she had recovered -from this fit, Mr. Cooper of this place, her apothecary, -informed me, that from a small sore at the -pit of her stomach, which came since her last illness, -she had voided several gall-stones. Curiosity -prompted me to inquire into the matter of fact from -herself. She shewed me the sore, which was now -almost cicatrized. She said, that soon after her last -illness a little pimple arose upon that part of the pit -of the stomach, which had been hard ever since she -had been subject to the jaundice. This pimple broke, -ran matter, and at different times the <i>calculi</i>, which -she shewed me, had come out with the matter. Her -stomach had been somewhat painful before it broke, -but was now easy. The <i>calculi</i>, which she shewed -me, had the appearance of being fragments of larger -ones, and some were almost dust; tho’ she assured -me they all came from the sore in that condition. -Of these fragments I have two or three of the largest -now in my custody: they are light, swim on water, -smooth like soap; are of a yellow colour, and in -some parts brown like snuff; and consist of similar -concentrical layers. The poor woman has since -then been troubled with returns of pain and jaundice, -in the intervals of which her skin is perfectly clear -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_550">[550]</span> and white. She is still alive, and ready to attest the -truth of this narrative.</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="large">J. Johnstone.</span></p> -<p> -Kidderminster, -Sept. 11th, 1757.</p> - -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXII. <i>A remarkable Case of Cohesions of -all the Intestines</i>, &c. <i>in a Man of about -Thirty-four Years of Age, who died some -time last Summer, and afterwards fell under -the Inspection of Mr.</i> Nicholas Jenty.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Feb. 9, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">THE subject was tall, and partly -emaciated. I found nothing externally -but a wound in the left side, which seemed -to me to have been degenerated into an ulcer. As I -did not know the man when he was alive, and had -him two days after his decease, I cannot give an immediate -account of the cause of his death. But in -opening his abdomen, I found the epiploon adhering -close to the intestines, in such a manner, that I could -not part it without tearing it. It felt rough and dry. -And as I was going to remove the intestines, to examine -the mesentery, I found them so coherent one -with the other, that it was impossible for me to divide -them without laceration. Then I inflated the -intestinal tube, for the inspection of this extraordinary -phænomenon; but, to my great surprize, all -the external parts of the intestines appeared smooth; -very few of the circumvolutions were seen, occasioned -by the strong lateral cohesions of their sides<span class="pagenum" id="Page_551">[551]</span> -with each other. The substance of the intestines -was rough, and a great many pimples, as big as the -head of a pin, appeared in them, and were almost -free from any moisture. It is proper to observe, -that these pimples have been taken for glands by the -late Dr. James Douglas, and others; whereas they are -in reality nothing else but the orifices of the exhaling -vessels obstructed, and are not to be met with except -in morbid cases.</p> - -<p>After having made incisions in that part of the -<i>colon</i> next to the <i>rectum</i>, I found the <i>peritonæum</i>, or -external membrane which invests the intestines, and -the <i>viscera</i> of the <i>abdomen</i>, to be of the thickness of -a six-pence; and I fairly drew all the intestines from -their external membrane without separating their cohesions; -the <i>peritonæum</i>, or external membrane, afterwards -appearing like another set of intestines. I -found a fluid in the intestines; and I will not take -upon me to say, how the peristaltic motion must have -been performed. And afterwards I parted the stomach -from its external tunic, as I had done the intestines. -I found no obstruction in the mesenteric -glands; but every evolution of the mesentery firmly -cohered together. The liver also adhered closely -to the diaphragm, and its adjacent parts: and in the -<i>vesicula fellis</i> I found the bile pretty thick, neither -too green nor too yellow, but a tint between both. -I met with nothing remarkable in the other parts of -the <i>abdomen</i>. In opening the <i>thorax</i>, I found the -lungs closely adhering to the ribs laterally, and posteriorly -and interiorly close to the <i>pericardium</i>. In -making an incision to open the <i>pericardium</i>, I found -it so closely adhering to the heart, that I could not<span class="pagenum" id="Page_552">[552]</span> -avoid wounding that organ, and with much difficulty -could part it from it. I met with no fluid in -the <i>pericardium</i>. The heart was small; and in the -internal side the pores of the <i>pericardium</i> appeared -so large, that one might have insinuated the head of a -middling pin into them. They have been described -by some anatomists, who have met with cases somewhat -similar to this, but without such universal adhesions; -and they have been supposed to have been -glands. The same pores likewise appeared on the -heart; which, in my opinion, are nothing but the -extremities of the exhaling vessels. In removing the -heart, I found the <i>dorsal</i>, and other lymphatic glands -above the lungs, quite large, indurated, and of a -dark greyish colour. Nothing remarkable appeared -in the lungs; only, that the portion of the <i>pleura</i>, -which invests the lungs, and is generally thin, was -here thick and rough; and thro’ a glass it appeared -as if covered with grains of sand; and might in several -places have been easily torn from the lungs.</p> - -<p>The <i>aorta</i> was pretty large; and in that part of it, -which runs on the tenth <i>dorsal vertebra</i>, I found a -<i>cystis</i>, as big as an olive, full of <i>pus</i>; and lower -down, immediately before that vessel perforates the -diaphragm, I found another, something less, full of -matter likewise; both which portions I have by me. -That portion of the <i>aorta</i>, where the <i>cystis</i> appeared, -was rather thicker than the other, and osseous. In -opening the <i>cranium</i>, I found in that part of the <i>cerebrum</i>, -which lies over the <i>cerebellum</i>, a table spoonfull -of <i>pus</i>, of a greenish colour; and examining it -thro’ a glass, there was an appearance of <i>animalcula</i> -in it.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_553">[553]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXIII. <i>Of the best Form of Geographical -Maps. By the Rev.</i> Patrick Murdoch, -<i>M. A. F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Feb. 9, -1758.</div> - -<p class="noin"><span class="dropcapb"><span class="dropfix">I.</span>  W</span>HEN any portion of the earth’s -surface is projected on a plane, -or transferred to it by whatever method of description, -the real dimensions, and very often the figure -and position of countries, are much altered and misrepresented. -In the common projection of the two -hemispheres, the meridians and parallels of latitude -do indeed intersect at right angles, as on the globe; -but the linear distances are every-where diminished, -excepting only at the extremity of the projection: -at the center they are but half their just -quantity, and thence the superficial dimensions but -one-fourth part: and in less general maps this inconvenience -will always, in some degree, attend the -<i>stereographic</i> projection.</p> - -<p>The <i>orthographic</i>, by parallel lines, would be still -less exact, those lines falling altogether oblique on -the extreme parts of the hemisphere. It is useful, -however, in describing the circum-polar regions: and -the rules of both projections, for their elegance, as -well as for their uses in astronomy, ought to be retained, -and carefully studied. As to Wright’s, or -Mercator’s, nautical chart, it does not here fall under -our consideration: it is perfect in its kind; and -will always be reckoned among the chief inventions -of the last age. If it has been misunderstood, or -misapplied, by geographers, they only are to blame.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_554">[554]</span></p> - -<p class="p2">II. The particular methods of description proposed -or used by geographers are so various, that we -might, on that very account, suspect them to be -faulty; but in most of their works we actually find -these two blemishes, <i>the linear distances visibly false</i>, -and <i>the intersections of the circles oblique</i>: so that a -quadrilateral rectangular space shall often be represented -by an oblique-angled rhomboid figure, whose -diagonals are very far from equal; and yet, by a -strange contradiction, you shall see a fixed scale of -distances inserted in such a map.</p> - -<p class="p2">III. The only maps I remember to have seen, in -which the last of these blemishes is removed, and -the other lessened, are some of P. Schenk’s of Amsterdam, -a map of the Russian empire, the Germania -Critica of the famous Professor Meyer, and a -few more<a id="FNanchor_27" href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a>. In these the meridians are straight lines -converging to a point; from which, as a center, the -parallels of latitude are described: and a rule has -been published for the drawing of such maps<a id="FNanchor_28" href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a>. But -as that rule appears to be only an easy and convenient -approximation, it remains still to be inquired, -<i>What is the construction of a particular map, that -shall exhibit the superficial and linear measures in -their truest proportions?</i> In order to which,</p> - -<p class="p2">IV. Let E<i>l</i>LP, in this figure (<i>See</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a href="#XXI">XXI.</a>) -be the quadrant of a meridian of a given sphere, -whose center is C, and its pole P; EL, E<i>l</i>, the latitudes -of two places in that meridian, EM their -middle latitude. Draw LN, <i>ln</i>, cosines of the latitudes, -the sine of the middle latitude MF, and its -cotangent MT. Then writing unity for the radius, -if in CM we take C<i>x</i> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">N<i>n</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">L<i>l</i> × MF × MT</span></span>, and thro’ -<i>x</i> we draw <i>x</i>R, <i>xr</i>, equal each to half the arc L<i>l</i>, -and perpendicular to CM; the conical surface generated -by the line R<i>r</i>, while the figure revolves on -the axis of the sphere, will be equal to the surface -of the zone that is to be described in the same time -by the arc L<i>l</i>; as will easily appear by comparing -that conical surface with the zone, as measured by -<i>Archimedes</i>.</p> -<div class="sync"></div> -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="facing554a" style="max-width: 104.4375em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XXI"></a>XXI. <i>p. <a href="#Page_554">554</a></i>.</div> - - <img class="w100" src="images/facing554a.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="right"><i><span class="small">J. Mynde sc.</span></i></div> -</div> -<div class="sync"></div> -<p>And, lastly, If from the point <i>t</i>, in which <i>r</i>R -produced meets the axis, we take the angle C<i>t</i>V in -proportion to the longitude of the proposed map, as -MF the sine of the middle latitude is to radius, and -draw the parallels and meridians as in the figure, the -whole space SOQV will be the proposed part of -the conical surface expanded into a plane; in which -the places may now be inserted according to their -known longitudes and latitudes.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Example.</span></h3> - -<p>V. Let L<i>l</i>, the breadth of the zone, be 50°, lying -between 10° and 60° north latitude; its longitude -110°, from 20° east of the Canaries to the center of -the western hemisphere; comprehending the western -parts of Europe and Africa, the more known parts -of North America, and the ocean that separates it -from the old continent.</p> - -<p>And because C<i>x</i> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">N<i>n</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">L<i>l</i> × MF × MT</span></span>, add these -three logarithms.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_556">[556]</span></p> - -<table> -<tr><td>Log. 0.8726650 (= 50° to radius 1)</td> - <td>-1.9408476</td></tr> -<tr><td>Log. MF (sin. 35°)</td> - <td>-1.7585913</td></tr> -<tr><td>Log. MT (tang. 55°)</td> - <td> 0.1547732</td></tr> - -<tr><td>Take the sum</td> - <td class="bt">-1.8542121</td></tr> -<tr><td>from log. N<i>n</i> (= .6923772)</td> - <td class="bb">-1.8403427</td></tr> - -<tr><td>the remainder</td> <td>-1.9861306</td></tr> -<tr><td>is the logarithm of C<i>x</i>. And because 1: -C<i>x</i> ∷ MT : <i>xt</i>, to this adding the log. MT</td> <td class="bb"> 0.1547732</td></tr> - -<tr><td>The sum</td> <td>0.1409038</td></tr> -</table> - -<p class="noin">is the log. of <i>xt</i> = 1.383260; and <i>x</i>R (= <i>xr</i> = -½ L<i>l</i>) being .4363325, R<i>t</i> will be 0.9469275, <i>rt</i> -= 1.8195925. Whence having fixed upon any convenient -size for our map, the center <i>t</i> is easily found. -As, allowing an inch to a degree of a great circle, -or 50 inches to the line R<i>r</i>, R<i>t</i> the semidiameter of -the least parallel will be 54.255 inches, and that of -the greatest parallel 104.255 inches.</p> - -<p>Again, making as radius to MF so the longitude -110° to the angle S<i>t</i>V, that angle will be 63° 5´⅗. -Divide the meridians and parallels, and finish the -map as usual.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>Note</i>, The log. MT being repeated in this computation -with a contrary sign, we may find <i>xt</i> -immediately by subtracting the sum of the logarithms -of L<i>l</i> and MF from the log. of N<i>n</i>.</p> -</div> - -<p class="p2">VI. A map drawn by this rule will have the following -properties:</p> - -<p>1. The intersections of the meridians and parallels -will be rectangular.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_557">[557]</span></p> - -<p>2. The distances north and south will be exact; -and any meridian will serve as a scale.</p> - -<p>3. The parallels thro’ <i>z</i> and <i>y</i>, where the line -R<i>r</i> cuts the arc L<i>l</i>, or any small distances of places -that lie in those parallels, will be of their just quantity. -At the extreme latitudes they will exceed, and in -mean latitudes, from <i>x</i> towards <i>z</i> or <i>y</i>, they will fall -short of it. But unless the zone is very broad, neither -the excess nor the defect will be any-where considerable.</p> - -<p>4. The latitudes and the superficies of the map -being exact, by the construction, it follows, that the -excesses and defects of distance, now mentioned, -compensate each other; and are, in general, of the -least quantity they can have in the map designed.</p> - -<p>5. If a thread is extended on a plane, and fixed -to it at its two extremities, and afterwards the plane -is formed into a pyramidal or conical surface, it may -be easily shewn, that the thread will pass thro’ the -same points of the surface as before; and that, <i>conversely</i>, -the shortest distance between two points in a -conical surface is the right line which joins them, -when that surface is expanded into a plane. Now, -in the present case, the shortest distances on the conical -surface will be, if not equal, always nearly equal, -to the correspondent distances on the sphere: and -therefore, all rectilinear distances on the map, applied -to the meridian as a scale, will, nearly at least, -shew the true distances of the places represented.</p> - -<p>6. In maps, whose breadth exceeds not 10° or -15°, the rectilinear distances may be taken for sufficiently -exact. But we have chosen our example of -a greater breadth than can often be required, on purpose<span class="pagenum" id="Page_558">[558]</span> - to shew how high the errors can ever arise; and -how they may, if it is thought needful, be nearly -estimated and corrected.</p> - -<p class="p2">Write down, in a vacant space at the bottom of -the map, a table of the errors of equidistant parallels, -as from five degrees to five degrees of the whole latitude; -and having taken the mean errors, and diminished -them in the ratio of radius to the sine of the -mean inclination of the line of distance to the meridian, -you shall find the correction required; remembering -only to distinguish the distance into its parts -that lie <i>within</i> and <i>without</i> the sphere, and taking -the difference of the correspondent errors, in <i>defect</i> -and in <i>excess</i>.</p> - -<p>But it was thought needless to add any examples; -as, from what has been said, the intelligent reader -will readily see the use of such a table; and chiefly -as, whenever exactness is required, it will be more -proper, and indeed more expeditious, to compute -the distances of places by the following canon.</p> - -<p class="p2"><i>Multiply the product of the cosines of the two given -latitudes by the square of the sine of half the difference -of longitude; and to this product add the square of -the sine of half the difference of the latitudes; the -square root of the sum shall be the sine of half the arc -of a great circle between the two places given.</i></p> - -<p class="p2">Thus, if we are to find the true distance from -one angle of our map to the opposite, that is, from -S to Q, the operation will be as follows:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_559">[559]</span></p> - -<table> -<tr><td> </td> -<td>L. sin. 30°</td> <td>=</td> <td>-1.6989700</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td> </td> -<td>L. sin. 80°</td> <td>=</td> <td>-1.9933515</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td> </td> -<td>2 L. sin. 55°</td> <td>=</td> <td class="bb">-1.8267290</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td> -<td>-1.5190505</td> <td>=</td> <td>log. of</td> <td>0.330408</td><td> </td><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td>and</td> <td>2 L. sin. 25°</td> <td>=</td> <td class="bb">-1.2518966</td> <td>=</td> <td>log. of</td> -<td class="bb">0.178606</td><td> </td><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td> -<td colspan="2">Log. of the sum</td> -<td> </td> - <td>0.509014</td> <td>is</td> <td>-1.7067297</td></tr> -<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td> -<td>Whose half</td> <td>is</td> <td>-1.8533648</td></tr></table> -<p class="noin">the L. sin. of 45° 31´, the double of which is 91° 2´, or 5462 geographical -miles. -</p> - -<p>And seeing the lines TS, TQ, reduced to minutes -of a degree, are 6255.189 and 3255.189 respectively, -and the angle STV is 63° 5´⅗, the right line SQ on -the map will be 5594´, exceeding its just value by -132´ or <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span> <span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">42</span></span> of the whole.</p> - -<p>7. The errors on the parallels increasing fast towards -the north, and the line SQ having, at last, -nearly the same direction, it is not to be wondered -that the errors in our example should amount to -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span> <span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">42</span></span>. Greater still would happen, if we measured the -distance from O to Q by a straight line joining those -points: for that line, on the conic surface, lying -every-where at a greater distance from the sphere -than the points O and Q, must plainly be a very -improper measure of the distance of their correspondent -points on the sphere. And therefore, to prevent -all errors of that kind, and confine the other -errors in this part of our map to narrower bounds, it -will be best to terminate it towards the pole by a -straight line KI touching the parallel OQ in the -middle point K, and on the east and west by lines, -as HI, parallel to the meridian thro’ K, and meeting -the tangent at the middle point of the parallel -SV in H. By this means too we shall gain more -space than we lose, while the map takes the usual<span class="pagenum" id="Page_560">[560]</span> -rectangular form, and the spaces GHV remain for -the <i>title</i>, and other inscriptions.</p> - -<p class="p2">VII. Another, and not the least considerable, property -of our map is, that it may, without sensible -error, be used as a sea-chart; the rumb-lines on it -being logarithmic spirals to their common pole <i>t</i>, as -is partly represented in the figure: and the arithmetical -solutions thence derived will be found as accurate -as is necessary in the art of sailing.</p> - -<p>Thus if it were required to find the course a ship -is to steer between two ports, whose longitudes and -latitudes are known, we may use the following</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Rule.</span></h4> - -<p><i>To the logarithm of the number of minutes in the -difference of longitude add the constant logarithm</i><a id="FNanchor_29" href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> -<i>-4.1015105, and to their sum the logarithm sine of -the mean latitude, and let this last sum be</i> S.</p> - -<p><i>The cotangent of the mean latitude being</i> T, <i>and -an arithmetical mean between half the difference of -latitude and its tangent being called</i> m, <i>from the logarithm -of</i> T + m <i>take the logarithm of</i> T - m, -<i>and let the logarithm of their difference be</i> D; <i>then -shall</i> S - D <i>be nearly the logarithm tangent of the -angle, in which the ship’s course cuts the meridians</i>.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>Note</i>, We ought, in strictness, to use the ratio of -<i>tx</i> + <i>x</i>R to <i>tx</i> - <i>x</i>R instead of T + <i>m</i> to -T - <i>m</i>; but we substitute this last as more -easily computed, and very little different.</p> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_561">[561]</span></p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Example 1.</span></h3> - -<p>Let the latitudes, on the same side of the equator, -be 10° and 60°; then the middle latitude and -its complement are 35° and 55°, and half the difference -of the latitudes is 25°: and the difference of -longitude being 110°, the operation will stand as -below.</p> - -<table> -<tr><td>Log. 6600´ (in 110°)</td> -<td> </td> -<td class="tdr">3.8195439</td><td> </td><td> </td> -</tr> -<tr><td>Constant log.</td> - <td> </td> -<td class="tdr">-4.1015105</td><td> </td><td> </td> -</tr> -<tr><td> </td><td> </td> -<td class="tdr"><span class="bt">-1.9210544</span></td><td> </td><td> </td> -</tr> -<tr><td>Log. sin. 35°</td> -<td> </td> -<td class="tdr bb">-1.7585913</td><td> </td><td> </td> -</tr> -<tr><td> </td> -<td> </td> -<td class="tdc">S =</td> -<td> </td> - <td class="tdr">-1.6796457</td></tr> - -<tr><td rowspan="2">Again</td> <td>T</td> -<td>= 1.4281480</td><td> </td><td> </td> -</tr> -<tr><td><i>m</i></td> - -<td>= .4513202</td><td> </td><td> </td></tr> - -<tr><td>Log. (T + <i>m</i>)</td> -<td> </td> -<td>(= <span class="bt">1.8794682</span>)</td> <td class="tdr">0.2740350</td><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td>Log. (T - <i>m</i>)</td> -<td> </td> - <td>(= 0.9768278)</td> <td class="tdr bb">-1.9898180</td><td> </td></tr> - -<tr><td> </td> -<td> </td> -<td>Log.</td> - - <td>0.2842170 =</td> <td class="tdr">D = -1.4536500</td></tr> - -<tr><td>S - D (= log. tangent 59° 16´)</td><td> </td> <td> </td><td> </td> - <td class="tdr">= <span class="bt">0.2259957</span></td></tr> -</table> -<p class="noin">agreeing to a minute with the solution by a table of meridional -parts.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Example 2.</span></h3> - -<p>The rest remaining, let the difference of longitude -be only 40°; then</p> - -<table> -<tr><td>Log. 2400´ (in 40°)</td> <td>3.3802112</td><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td>Constant log.</td> <td class="bb">-4.1015105</td><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td> </td> -<td>-1.4817217</td><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td>Log. sin. 35°</td> <td class="bb">-1.7585913</td><td> </td></tr> - -<tr><td> </td> -<td>S =</td> <td>-1.2403130</td></tr> -<tr><td> </td> -<td>D (as before) =</td> <td class="bb">-1.4536500</td></tr> - -<tr><td colspan="2">S - D (= log. tang. 31° 27´ ½)</td> <td>-1.7866630</td></tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_562">[562]</span></p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Example 3.</span></h3> - -<p>Let the difference of longitude be 40°; but the -latitudes 56° and 80°;</p> - -<table> -<tr><td>And log. 2400´<br />+ log. constant</td> <td>= -1.4817217</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td>Log. sin. 68°</td> <td class="bb">= -1.9671659</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td> </td> -<td colspan="2">S </td> <td> </td><td> </td><td>= -1.4488876</td></tr> -<tr><td>T (tang. 22°)</td><td> = .4040262</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td><i>m</i></td> <td class="bb">= .2109980</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr> - -<tr><td>Log. (T + <i>m</i>)</td><td> (= .6150242)</td><td> </td><td> -1.7888921</td><td> </td><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td>Log. (T - <i>m</i>)</td><td> (= .1830282)</td><td> </td><td class="bb"> -1.2625181</td><td> </td><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td> </td> - -<td colspan="2">Log.</td> <td> 0.5263740</td> <td>= D </td><td>= -1.7212944</td></tr> - -<tr><td colspan="5">S - D (= log. tangent 28° 6´)</td> <td>= -1.7275932</td></tr></table> -<p class="noin">wanting of the true answer no more than 1° 4´. -</p> - -<p>And in all cases that can occur, the error of this -rule will be inconsiderable.</p> - -<p>It is not meant, however, that it ought to take -place of the easier and better computation by a table -of meridional parts: but it was thought proper to -shew, by some examples, how safely the map itself -may be depended on in the longest voyages; provided -it is sufficiently large, and the necessary rumb-lines -are exactly drawn<a id="FNanchor_30" href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a>.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_563">[563]</span></p> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXIV. <i>A short Dissertation on Maps and -Charts: In a Letter to the Rev.</i> Thomas -Birch, <i>D. D. and Secret. R. S. By Mr.</i> -Wm. Mountaine, <i>F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<p class="right">London, March 21. 1758.</p> -<p> -SIR, -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read April 6, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">AMONG the several improvements -made in arts and sciences by ingenious -men, the construction of <i>globes</i>, <i>maps</i>, or <i>charts</i>, -deserves a place: not only on account of the pleasure -and satisfaction that arises to speculative minds, in -surveying the extent and divisions of this terraqueous -globe, but also for their real use and service to navigation, -trade, and commerce.</p> - -<p><i>Globes</i> perhaps were first invented, as bearing the -nearest semblance to the natural form of the earth -and sea, with proper circles thereon described, and -the several empires and kingdoms, according to their -extent, latitudes, and longitudes, as far as geography -and history would admit.</p> - -<p>But tho’ these convey the most general and truest -ideas of the position and situation of places; yet, as -containing but a small surface, they were found not -extensive enough to take in particular kingdoms or -states, with their subdivisions, cities, and rivers, so -as to convey an adequate and sufficient representation. -Besides, they were not so portable and commodious -in voyages or travels.</p> - -<p><i>Maps</i> and <i>Charts</i> were therefore thought of, as -being most convenient for both the purposes above-mentioned;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_564">[564]</span> - the accuracy of which depends on representing -the meridians and parallels in such manner, -that when places are laid thereon, according to -their latitudes and longitudes, they may have such -respect to each other, as they have on the globe itself; -and those are either <i>globular</i> or <i>rectilinear</i>.</p> - -<p><i>Globular</i>, or <i>curvilinear</i>, are either general or particular.</p> - -<p><i>General</i>, are the hemispheres; for the most part -constructed stereographically.</p> - -<p><i>Particular</i>, contain only some part of the terraqueous -globe; and of this sort there are sundry -modes of construction, which for the most part -are defective, so as not to be applied with accuracy -and facility to the purposes intended, in determining -the courses or bearings of places, their distances, -or both.</p> - -<p><i>Rectilinear</i> were therefore very early adopted, on -which the meridians were described parallel to each -other, and the degrees of latitude and longitude every-where -equal; the rumbs were consequently right -lines; and hereby it was thought, that the courses -or bearings of places would be more easily determined.</p> - -<p>But these were found also insufficient and erroneous, -the meridians being parallel, which ought to -converge; and no method or device used to accommodate -that parallelism.</p> - -<p>Notwithstanding the great deficiency in this plane -map or chart, it was preferred, especially in nautical -business; and hath its uses at this day in topographic -constructions, as in bays, harbours, and very narrow -zones.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_565">[565]</span></p> - -<p>However, the errors herein were sooner discovered -than corrected, both by mathematicians and mariners, -as by Martin Cortese, Petrus Nonius, Coigniet, -and some say by Ptolemy himself.</p> - -<p>The first step towards the improvement of this -chart was made by Gerardus Mercator, who published -a map about the year 1550, wherein the degrees -of latitude were increased from the equator towards -each pole; but upon what principles this was -constructed, he did not exhibit.</p> - -<p>About the year 1590, Mr. Edward Wright, an -Englishman, discovered the true principles upon -which such a chart should be constructed; and communicated -the same to one Jodocus Hondius, an engraver, -who, contrary to his honest faith and engagement, -published the same as his own invention: This -occasioned Mr. Wright, in the year 1599, to exhibit -his method of construction, in his book, intitled, -<i>Correction of Errors in Navigation</i>; in the preface of -which book may be seen his charge and proof against -Hondius; and also how far Mercator has any right -to share in the honour due for this great improvement -in geography and navigation.</p> - -<p>Blundevill, in his Exercises, page 327, published -anno 1594, gives a table of meridional parts answering -to even degrees, from 1° to 80° of latitude, -with the sketch of a chart constructed therefrom; -but this table he acknowledged to have received -from Mr. Wright, in the following words, page 326, -<i>viz.</i> “In the mean time to reform the saide faults,” -(in the plane chart) “Mercator hath in his universal -chard or mappe made the spaces of the parallels -of latitude to bee wider everie one than other -from the equinoctial towards either of the poles,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_566">[566]</span> -by what rule I know not, unless it be by such a -table as my friend Maister Wright of Caius-college -in Cambridge at my request sent me (I thank -him) not long since for that purpose, which table -with his consent, I have plainlie set down,” <i>&c.</i></p> - -<p>About the year 1720, a globular chart was published, -said to be constructed by Mr. Henry Wilson; -the errors in which were obviated by Mr. Thomas -Haselden, in a letter to Dr. Halley; who at the same -time exhibited a new scale, whereby distances on a -given course may be measured, or laid off, at one -extent of the compasses, on Wright’s projection; -and was intended to render the same as easy in practice -as the plane chart.</p> - -<p>The above chart was published in opposition to -Mr. Wright’s, which that author charged with imperfections -and errors, and that it represented places -bigger than they are upon the globe.</p> - -<p>It is true, the surface is apparently enlarged; but -the position of places, in respect to one another, are -in no wise distorted; and it may be asserted, with -the same parity of reason, that the lines of sines, -tangents, and secants, are false, because the degrees -of the circle, which are equal among themselves, -are thereupon represented unequal.</p> - -<p>Yet if a map or chart was so constructed, as to -shew the situation and true extent of countries, <i>&c. - primâ facie</i> (if I may be allowed the expression), -and yet retain all the properties, uses, and simplicity, -of Wright’s construction, it would be a truly great -improvement; but this seems to be impossible.</p> - -<p>The method exhibited by the Rev. Mr. Murdoch, -in his paper, read before the Royal Society on the -9th of February last, shews the situation of places,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_567">[567]</span> -and seems better calculated for determining superficial -and linear measures, than any other that has occurred -to me.</p> - -<p>This Gentleman illustrates his theory with examples -justly intended to point out the quantity of -error, that will happen in a large extent.</p> - -<p>For instance; Between latitudes 10° and 60° N. -and containing 110 degrees difference of longitude, -Mr. Murdoch computes the distance at 5594 miles; -which, upon the arc of a great circle, is found to be -5477, or by other methods 5462; so that the difference -is only 117, or at most 132 miles in so great -an extent, and to an high latitude; and the higher -the latitude the greater the error is like to be, where-ever -middle latitude is concerned.</p> - -<p>His courses also agree very nearly with computations -made from the tables of meridional parts.</p> - -<p>In example the first they are the very same:</p> - -<p>In example the 2d they agree to half a minute:</p> - -<p>In example the 3d they vary 1° 4´, on account of -the high latitudes, which extend from 56° to 80° N.</p> - -<p>However, I do not esteem this method so simple, -easy, and concise, in the practice of navigation, as -Mr. Wright’s construction, especially in determining -the bearings or courses from place to place: nor will -it (I presume) admit of a zone containing both north -and south latitude.</p> - -<p>Of these inconveniences Mr. Murdoch seems to -be extremely well acquainted, when he expresses -himself in the following very candid and ingenuous -terms, <i>viz.</i> “As to Wright’s or Mercator’s nautical -chart, it does not here fall under our consideration: -it is perfect in its kind; and will always -be reckoned among the chief inventions of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_568">[568]</span> -last age. If it has been misunderstood or misapplied -by geographers, they only are to blame.”—And -again, at the end of his nautical examples, he -concludes thus, <i>viz.</i> “It is not meant, however, -that it ought to take place of the easier and -better computation by a table of meridional -parts.”</p> - -<p>I have the honour to be, with the greatest respect,</p> - -<p class="center"> -SIR, -<br /> -<span class="margin">The <span class="smcap">Royal Society’s</span>,</span> and<br /> - -<span class="margina"><i>Your</i> most obedient Servant,</span><br /> - -<span class="marginb"><span class="large">William Mountaine.</span></span> -</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Addenda</span> <i>to Mr.</i> Murdoch<i>’s Paper</i>, Nº. <span class="allsmcap">LXXIII.</span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p class="drop-capi">IF it is required “to draw a map, in which the superficies of a -given zone shall be equal to the zone on the sphere, while -at the same time the projection from the center is strictly geometrical;” -<i>Take</i> Cx <i>to</i> CM <i>as a geometrical mean between</i> CM -<i>and</i> Nn, <i>is to the like mean between the cosine of the middle latitude, -and twice the tangent of the semidifference of latitudes</i>; and project -on the conic surface generated by <i>xt</i>. But here the degrees of latitude -towards the middle will fall short of their just quantity, and -at the extremities exceed it: which hurts the eye. Artists may -use either rule: or, in most cases, they need only make C<i>x</i> to -CM as the arc ML is to its tangent, and finish the map; either -by a projection, or, as in the first method, by dividing that part -of <i>xt</i> which is intercepted by the secants thro’ L and <i>l</i>, into equal -degrees of latitude.</p> - -<p>Mr. Mountaine justly observes, “that my rule does not admit of -a zone containing N. and S. latitudes.” But the remedy is, <i>to -extend the lesser latitudes to an equality with the greater; that the cone -may be changed into a cylinder, and the rumbs into straight lines</i>.</p> -</div> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_569">[569]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXV. <i>Cases of the remarkable Effects of -Blisters in lessening the Quickness of the -Pulse in Coughs, attended with Infarction -of the Lungs and Fever: By</i> Robert -Whytt, <i>M. D. F.R.S. Fellow of the -Royal College of Physicians, and Professor -of Medicine in the University of</i> Edinburgh.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Feb. 16, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">ONE of the most natural effects of -blistering plaisters, when applied -to the human body, is to quicken the pulse, and increase -the force of the circulation. This effect they -produce, not only by means of the pain and inflammation -they raise in the parts to which they -are applied, but also because the finer particles of -the <i>cantharides</i>, which enter the blood, render it -more apt to stimulate the heart and vascular system.</p> - -<p>The apprehension, that blisters must in every case -accelerate the motion of the blood, seems to have -been the reason, why some eminent physicians have -been unwilling to use them in feverish and inflammatory -disorders, till after the force of the disease -was a good deal abated, and the pulse beginning to -sink. However, an attentive observation of the effects, -which follow the application of blisters in -those diseases, will shew, that instead of increasing, -they often remarkably lessen the frequency of the -pulse. This I had occasion formerly to take notice<span class="pagenum" id="Page_570">[570]</span> -of<a id="FNanchor_31" href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a>, and shall now evince more fully by the following -cases.</p> - -<p class="p2">I. A widow lady, aged about 50, was seized (December -1755) with a bad cough, oppression about -her stomach and breast, and a pain in her right side, -tho’ not very acute. Her pulse being quick, and -skin hot, some blood was taken away, which was a -good deal sizy: attenuating and expectorating medicines -were also prescribed. But as her complaints -did not yield to these remedies, I was called on December -26th, after she had been ill about ten days; -at which time her pulse beat from 96 to 100 times -in a minute, but was not fuller than natural. I ordered -her to lose seven or eight ounces more of blood, -which, like the former, was sizy; and next day, -finding no abatement of her complaints, I advised a -blister to be applied, in the evening, to that part of -her right side which was pained. Next morning, -when the blister was removed, the pain of her side -was gone, and her pulse beat only 88 times in a minute, -and in two days more it came down to 78. -However, after the blistered part became dry, the -pulse rose in one day’s time to 96, and continued between -that number and 90 for four days; after which -I ordered a large blister to be put between her shoulders. -When this plaister was taken off, her pulse -beat under 90 times in a minute; and next day it -fell to 76, and the day after to 72. The cough and -other symptoms, which were relieved by the first -blister, were quite cured by the second.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_571">[571]</span></p> - -<p>II. John Graham, bookbinder, in Edinburgh, aged -37, of a thin habit of body, formerly subject to -coughs, and thought to be in danger of a <i>phthisis -pulmonalis</i>, having exposed himself unwarily to cold -in the night time, was, about the end of January -1756, seized with a bad cough and feverishness; for -which he was blooded, and had a diaphoretic julep, -a pectoral decoction, and a mixture with <i>gum. ammoniacum</i> -and <i>acetum scilliticum</i>, given him by Mr. -James Russell, surgeon-apothecary in this place. On -the 12th of February, after he had been ill above a -fortnight, I was desired to visit him. He seemed to -be a good deal emaciated; his eyes were hollow, -and cheeks fallen in: he was almost constantly in a -sweat; coughed frequently, and spit up a great -quantity of tough phlegm, somewhat resembling <i>pus</i>: -his pulse beat from 112 to 116 times in a minute. -In this condition I ordered immediately a blister to -be applied between his shoulders, which lessened in -some degree his cough and spitting, as well as the frequency -of his pulse; but the blistered part no sooner -began to heal, than he became as ill as before, and -continued in this bad way nine or ten days, gradually -wasting, with continued sweats, and a great spitting -of a thick <i>mucus</i>. During this time he used <i>tinctura -rosarum</i>, and the mixture with <i>gum. ammon.</i> and <i>acet. -scillit.</i> without any sensible benefit, and had six ounces -of blood taken away, which was very watery, and -the <i>crassamentum</i> was of a lax texture. In this almost -desperate condition, another blister, larger than the -former, was put between his shoulders, which remarkably -lessened his cough and spitting, and in two -or three days reduced his pulse to 96 strokes in a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_572">[572]</span> -minute. After this he continued to recover slowly, -without the assistance of any other medicine, except -the <i>tinctura rosarum</i> and the mixture with <i>gum. ammon.</i> -and <i>acet. scillit.</i> and at present he enjoys good -health.</p> - -<p>III. Mrs.——, aged upwards of 40, who had -for several years been subject to a cough and spitting -in the winter months, was, in October 1756, seized -with those complaints in a much greater degree than -usual; to remove which, she was blooded, and got -some attenuating and pectoral medicines from Mr. -John Balfour, surgeon-apothecary in Leith. I was -called on November 11th, after she had been ill -several weeks, and found her in a very unpromising -condition. She had a frequent and severe cough, -with great shortness of breath and a wheezing; her -lungs seemed to be quite stuffed with phlegm, of -which she spit a vast quantity every day, and of such -an appearance, that I was apprehensive it was, in -part at least, truly purulent. When she sat up in a -chair, her pulse beat above 130 times in a minute. -She had a considerable thirst, and her tongue was of -a deep red colour, with a beginning aphthous crust -on some parts of it. She was so weak, and her pulse -so feeble, that there was no place for further bleeding: -a blister was therefore applied to her back, -November 11th, which somewhat lowered her pulse, -and lessened the shortness of breathing and quantity -of phlegm in her lungs. November 16th, a second -blister was laid to her side, which gave her still more -sensible relief than the former, and reduced her pulse -to 114 strokes in a minute. November 25th, a third<span class="pagenum" id="Page_573">[573]</span> -blister was applied to her back; by which her cough -and wheezing were rendered considerably easier, and -the phlegm, which she spit up, lost its purulent appearance, -became thinner, more frothy, and was -much less in quantity. Her pulse beat now only -104 times in a minute. After this, her cough and -spitting increasing again, she had, on the 20th of -December, a fourth blister applied to her back, which, -like the former, did her great service. Her stomach -being extremely delicate, I scarce ordered any medicines -for her all this time, except a cordial julep, -with <i>spir. volat. oleos.</i> tincture of rhubarb as a laxative, -and a julep of <i>aqu. rosar. acet. vin. alb.</i> and <i>syr. -balsam.</i> of which last she took two table spoonfuls -twice or thrice a day in a quarter of a pint of lintseed -tea. After the fourth blister, she drank for -some time a cupful of <i>infusum amarum</i> twice a day, -and continued to recover slowly: and tho’ during the -remaining part of the winter she was, as usually, a -good deal troubled with a cough, yet in the spring she -got free from it, and is now in her ordinary health.</p> - -<p>IV. Christian M<sup>c</sup>ewen, aged 21, had laboured -under a cough, thick spitting, pain of her breast, -and pains in her sides affecting her breathing, for -about a twelvemonth: and after getting, by proper -remedies, in a good measure free from those complaints, -her cough, from catching a fresh cold, increased -to a greater degree than ever, became hard -and dry, and was attended with a constant difficulty -of breathing, pain in her left side, and head-ach. -After having been seven or eight days in this condition, -she was admitted into the Royal Infirmary, January<span class="pagenum" id="Page_574">[574]</span> - 9th, 1757. As her pulse was small, tho’ very -quick, <i>viz.</i> beating 130 in a minute, I thought it -unnecessary to bleed her, as from former experience -I did not doubt but that blistering alone would relieve -her: I ordered, therefore, a large blister to be applied -to her left side, where she complained of pain, and -prescribed for her the following julep:</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p class="hang">℞ <i>Aqu. menth. simp. spirit. Minderer. ana</i> ℥ iij. -<i>acet. scillit.</i> ℥ i. <i>sacchar. alb.</i> ℥ ij. <i>misce; cap. -coch.</i> ij. <i>ter in die</i>.</p> -</div> - -<p class="noin">She was also desired to breathe frequently over the -steam of hot water, and to drink lintseed tea.</p> - -<p>January 10th. Her pulse beat only 112 times in a -minute, and was somewhat fuller than on the 9th. -The blister was not removed till late in the evening, -and made a plentiful discharge. The cough having -been so severe last night, as to keep her from sleep, -I ordered her the following anodyne draught:</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p class="hang">℞ <i>Spirit. Minderer.</i> ℥ ss. <i>acet. scillit.</i> ȝ i. <i>syr. papav. -alb.</i> ȝ vi. <i>misce; cap. hor. somni.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>Jan. 11th. The cough easier last night; difficulty -of breathing less; pulse 108 in a minute. Ordered -the anodyne draught to be repeated, and the use of -the julep, with <i>acet. scillit.</i> to be continued.</p> - -<p>Jan. 12th. Pulse slower; cough and pain of the -side easier; but still complains of a head-ach.</p> - -<p>Jan. 13th. Pulse 94 in a minute; cough continues -easier in the night, but is troublesome in the day-time.</p> - -<p>Jan. 14th. Every way better; pulse only 80 in a -minute. As her cough is still bound, ordered her, -besides the medicines above-mentioned, a pectoral -decoction of <i>rad. alth.</i> &c.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_575">[575]</span></p> - -<p>Jan. 15th. Cough and other complaints in a great -measure removed; pulse 65 in a minute.</p> - -<p>From this time her cough gave her little trouble; -but on the 18th she complained of a pain in the -<i>epigastrium</i>, with sickness at stomach, want of apetite, -and a giddiness in her head, which were considerably -relieved by a vomit, <i>infusum amarum</i>, and -stomachic purges; and were almost wholly cured -by the return of her menses on the 5th of February, -after an interval of eight weeks.</p> - -<p>V. A girl 21 months old, who had (December -1756) a great load of the small-pox, and not of a good -kind, with a cough and obstructed breathing, was, -on the seventh day from the eruption, blistered on -the back; by which the pulse was lessened from 200 -to 156 strokes in a minute. Next day her legs were -also blistered, and the pulse thereby fell to 136. But -the child’s lungs being much oppressed, and her -throat being so full of pustules that she could scarce -swallow any thing, she died towards the end of the -ninth day.</p> - -<p class="p2">I could add several other cases of the remarkable -effects of blisters in lessening the quickness of the -pulse in coughs attended with fever, pain in the side, -and pituitous infarction of the lungs: but those above -may be sufficient to put this matter out of doubt, as -well as to remove any prejudice, that may still remain -against the free use of so efficacious a remedy.</p> - -<p>In a true peripneumony, especially where the inflammation -is great, repeated bleeding is the principal -remedy, and blisters early applied are not so<span class="pagenum" id="Page_576">[576]</span> -proper. But when the peripneumony is of a mixed -kind; when the lungs are not so much inflamed -as loaded with a pituitous matter; when bleeding -gives but little relief; when the pulse, tho’ quick, -is small; when the patient is little able to bear evacuations, -and the disease has continued for a considerable -time; in all these cases blistering will produce remarkable -good effects, and, far from increasing, will -generally lessen the frequency of the pulse, and fever, -more speedily than any other remedy.</p> - -<p>On the other hand, when the fever and frequency -of the pulse proceed from a true inflammation of the -lungs, from large obstructions tending to suppuration, -or from an open ulcer in them, blisters will be of -less use, nay, sometimes will do harm, except in the -last case, where they, as well as issues and setons, -are often beneficial, tho’ seldom able to compleat a -cure. But as in pituitous infarctions of the lungs, -with cough and fever, repeated blisters applied to the -back and sides are far preferable to issues or setons, so -these last seem most proper in an open ulcer of the -lungs. The former make a greater and more sudden -derivation, and are therefore adapted to acute cases; -the latter act more slowly, but for a much longer -time, and are therefore best suited to chronic diseases. -Further, while blisters evacuate chiefly the -serous humours, issues and setons generally discharge -true purulent matter, and on this account may be of -greatest service in internal ulcers.</p> - -<p>In what manner blisters may lessen the fever and -frequency of the pulse attending internal inflammations, -I have elsewhere endeavoured to explain<a id="FNanchor_32" href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a>; -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_577">[577]</span>and shall only add here, that in the cases above recited, -where the quick pulse and feverishness proceeded -more from a pituitous infarction than a true -inflammation of the lungs, blisters, by relieving this -organ, in some measure, of the load of humours oppressing -it, would render the circulation through its -vessels freer, and consequently lessen the quickness -of the pulse, and other feverish symptoms.</p> - -<p>It may not, however, be improper briefly to point -out the reason, why blisters, which have been observed -to be remarkably efficacious, even when early -applied, in pleurisies<a id="FNanchor_33" href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a>, are less so in true peripneumonies. -This difference, I imagine, may be accounted -for from there being no immediate communication -between the pulmonary vessels and those -of the sides and back, to which the blisters are applied; -whereas the <i>pleura</i>, and intercostal muscles, -are furnished with blood-vessels from the intercostal -arteries, which also supply the teguments of the -<i>thorax</i>: so that while a greater flow of serous humours, -and also indeed of red blood, is derived into -the vessels of the external parts, to which the vesicatories -are applied, the force of the fluids in the vessels -of the inflamed <i>pleura</i>, or intercostal muscles, -must be considerably lessened. Further, as the intercostal -muscles and <i>pleura</i> are, as well as the teguments -of the <i>thorax</i>, supplied with nerves from the -<i>true</i> intercostals, blisters applied to the back and sides -may perhaps, on this account also, have a greater effect -in relieving inflammations there than in the lungs, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_578">[578]</span>which have nerves from the eighth pair, and from -the <i>intercostals</i> improperly so called.</p> - -<p>Edinburgh, May 23d, 1757.</p> - -<p class="hang p2"><i>Extract of a Letter from Dr.</i> Whytt, <i>Professor of -Medicine in the University of</i> Edinburgh, <i>and F. -R. S. to Dr.</i> Pringle, <i>F.R.S.</i></p> - -<p class="right"> -Edinburgh, 10 Nov. 1757. -</p> - -<p class="drop-capi">WHAT you remark with regard to blisters being -freely used by the physicians at London, -in the cases mentioned in the paper I last sent you, is -very just, and indeed what I knew; but altho’ their -efficacy in such circumstances is now generally acknowleged -both in England and Scotland, yet I do -not remember that their remarkable quality in lessening -the quickness of the pulse has been particularly -attended to. This, therefore, I thought it might not -be amiss to ascertain by a few careful observations.</p> - -<p>I agree intirely with you, as to the use of blisters -in fevers; being of opinion, that when there is no -particular part obstructed or inflamed, they are of -little service, and sometimes hurtful, unless perhaps towards -the end, when the pulse begins to sink. Nay, -in fevers, where the substance of the brain is affected, -and not its membranes, I have never found any -sensible benefit from blisters: and I always suspect -the brain itself affected, when a fever and delirium -come on without any preceding head-ach, or redness -in the <i>tunica albuginea</i> of the eyes. This kind of -fever I have met with several times, and have observed -it to be generally fatal.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_579">[579]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXVI. <i>A remarkable Instance of Four -rough Stones, that were discovered in an -human urinary Bladder, contrary to the -received Opinion; and successfully extracted -by the lateral Method of Cutting for -the Stone. By Mr.</i> Joseph Warner, <i>F. -R. S. and Surgeon to</i> Guy’s-Hospital.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Feb. 23, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">THE favourable reception those few -papers have met with from the -Royal Society, which I have done myself the honour -of addressing to them, encourages me to take -the liberty of offering the following account to their -consideration: and I am the more immediately induced -to submit this paper to their perusal, as the -fact hereafter related may possibly be not esteemed a -matter of mere curiosity; since it is probable, that -the inferences deduced from the history of the subsequent -case, when attended to, may prove of the -greatest consequence to the future ease and welfare -of the patient, as well as be a means of preventing -the operator from falling into such errors, as cannot -fail of drawing an imputation upon his character, in -the practice of one of the most capital and difficult -undertakings in his profession.</p> - -<p>It is a maxim laid down by the most judicious -and best received writers upon operations in surgery, -that when the surface of a stone, which has been -extracted from the bladder, appears to be totally -rough, it amounts to a proof of its having been<span class="pagenum" id="Page_580">[580]</span> -there alone. But notwithstanding I admit it is from -experience found, that the observation is in general -well grounded, it may nevertheless appear, from the -following case, that this rule is not unexceptionable: -for which reason perhaps it may be thought right, -that we should not be determined from circumstances -only; but, on the contrary, that it is necessary for -every surgeon to take such methods during the operation, -as will enable him to judge with that degree of -certainty, without which he cannot be enabled to -do so.</p> - -<p>The methods I would recommend are these: That -after the extraction of a stone from the bladder, tho’ -the whole of its surface be rough, the operator should -nevertheless introduce the forefinger of his left or -right hand thro’ the wound into the cavity of the -bladder; by which means, if the subject be under -twelve years of age, he will be enabled to come in -contact with every internal part of the bladder with -his finger: but if the subject be an adult, and of a -corpulent habit of body, the finger, under these circumstances, -not being found to be sufficiently long -for the purpose, he must have recourse to a female -catheter, or some other instrument that is nearly -strait, quite smooth and polished, and of about nine -or ten inches long; which will serve the purpose -equally well, if of a proper form and thickness. -This is the method I have made use of upon the -like occasions of late years, without giving any great -degree of pain to the patient, or considerably retarding -the operation.</p> - -<p>Since I have had the opportunity of making the -following observation, as well as a prior observation<span class="pagenum" id="Page_581">[581]</span> - something similar to this, where two rough -stones were extracted by me a few years ago from a -young man’s bladder of 15 years of age, I cannot -help suspecting, that there may have been instances -of one or more stones being left behind in the bladder -at the time of operating, merely from the operator’s -putting too great a confidence in this general -rule. Which suspicion I am led into from having -known people, who have undergone the operation -of cutting for the stone, relapse into the like disorder -in a short time after the healing of their wounds, -attended with such symptoms, as have obliged them -to submit to a second operation; when the stone, -upon being extracted, has appeared of so considerable -a size, as to make it suspicious, that this stone -must probably have been of a much longer growth, -than the short time betwixt the two operations could -admit of. The maxim laid down to us by authors, -of a smooth and polished stone in the bladder being -never there alone, but always accompanied with one -or more stones of the same kind, I know no exception -to. But if this phænomenon should ever occur, -the strict observance of that rule (delivered to us by -judicious writers in surgery) of always searching the -bladder under the like appearances, on presumption -of one or more stones being left behind, cannot be -attended with any future mischief to the patient, -when carefully executed by the methods recommended -above, and undoubtedly should always be -strictly attended to. The smooth and polished appearances -of the surfaces of human <i>calculi</i> are universally -supposed to arise from their rubbing one -against the other; which may with reason be supposed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_582">[582]</span> - to be the case: but I confess this inference is -not satisfactory to me; since it is probable, if this -was the sole cause of their smoothness, the same effect -would probably be always produced, when attended -with the same degree of friction. But as this -may be considered as a matter of mere speculation, -I refer the decision of this point to those of superior -abilities.</p> - -<h3>CASE.</h3> - -<p>Mr. William Woodhams, a gentleman farmer, of -a corpulent habit of body, in the 46th year of his -age, now living in the parish of Udimore, within -three miles of Rye in Sussex, was attacked about -eight years ago with severe complaints in his loins, -accompanied with an incapacity of voiding his urine -without the assistance of proper medicines, which -were administered to him by a neighbouring apothecary -for that purpose. These medicines had the desired -effect: they promoted a secretion, and an evacuation -of urine; which appeared to be loaded with -a considerable quantity of gravelly particles mixed -with a <i>mucus</i> of a whitish colour. In the space of -three weeks he had perfectly recovered from this attack, -and continued well for near five years afterwards, -without any return of his complaint, except -when he rode hard on horseback, or drank more -freely of strong liquors than usual. At the expiration -of five years he was seized with an acute fever, -of which he recovered in a few weeks.</p> - -<p>Very soon after his recovery from this illness, he -began to complain of excessive pain in voiding his -urine, or upon going to stool; which symptoms<span class="pagenum" id="Page_583">[583]</span> -were so greatly increased for many months before he -submitted to the operation, as to quite disable him -from riding, from walking, or from using any kind -of exercise. His urine, of late, was continually and -involuntarily flowing from him in small quantities. -He complained of great pain and soreness in his fundament, -attended with a <i>tenesmus</i>. This account he -delivered to me on the second day after the operation; -and at the same time he very feelingly told me, that -he had enjoyed but very few and short intervals of -ease for the three last years, till since the operation.</p> - -<p>On the 30th of January 1758, I cut him, at his -own house in Sussex, having first prepared him -for the operation in the manner, that is usual upon -the like occasion. In the operation, I extracted -the four stones, which I now have the honour of -laying before the Royal Society. The whole surfaces -of these stones appear to be rough, not having -the least marks of ever having rubbed against each -other during their confinement in the bladder: but -yet I conjecture this must frequently have been the -case, as there was no difficulty in embracing these -<i>calculi</i> with the forceps: for had they been contained -in different cells or pouches in the bladder, -which sometimes have been observed from dissections, -this circumstance would, in all probability, have rendered -it impracticable for me to have so immediately -got at them, if at all.</p> - -<p>The forceps was introduced only three times into -the bladder for effecting the extraction of the three -first stones, and only twice for the extraction of the -fourth stone. Besides these four stones, which I have -presented to the Society for their inspection, I thought<span class="pagenum" id="Page_584">[584]</span> -it not improper to produce, at the same time, some -other human <i>calculi</i>, for their further satisfaction, -each of which was found single in the urinary bladders -of different subjects. The surfaces of these stones -may be observed to be much smoother than the surface -of either of the four stones, that were extracted -from Mr. Woodhams’s bladder in the operation I -have just now recited; and therefore it was more -reasonable to expect to find each of these stones accompanied -with one or more stones in the same -bladder (according to the received opinion), than it -was to find more stones than one in the case of Mr. -Woodhams’s, which has given rise to these observations.</p> - -<p>But as the fact before us does of itself shew the -impropriety and danger of determining from the surfaces -of such extraneous bodies, perhaps it may be -thought needless to enlarge upon this subject, to -strengthen those precautions so reasonable to be observed -in this operation. However, as I have already -taken notice of the smooth and polished appearances -of the surfaces of such stones, as are probably -never found single in the bladder; I have produced -two stones of this kind, that were extracted -from the same bladder, to shew, that these stones -do no more resemble those stones of Mr. Woodhams’s, -than a piece of polished marble can be said -to resemble a rough block of the same species.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p class="hang"><i>P. S.</i> I am informed, by a letter from Sussex, -dated the 18th instant, that Mr. Woodhams is -perfectly well in health; that the whole of his -urine had passed through the urethra for the -last five or six days; and that his wound will, -in all probability, be soon healed.</p> -</div> - -<p class="right"><span class="large">Joseph Warner.</span></p> -<p> -Hatton-Garden, -February 22. 1758. -</p> -<div class="sync"></div> -<div class="figcenter illowp54" id="facing584a" style="max-width: 121.1875em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span><a id="XXII"></a> XXII.(a) <i>p. <a href="#Page_584">584</a></i>.</div> - - <img class="w100" src="images/facing584a.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="hang">Plate <i>is an exact representation of the sizes and external appearances -of the four rough stones described in the preceding paper</i></div> -<div class="right"><i><span class="small">J. Mynde sc.</span></i></div> -</div> -<div class="sync"></div> -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_585">[585]</span></p> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXVII. <i>Observations on the</i> Limax non -cochleata Purpur ferens, <i>The naked Snail -producing Purple. By</i> John Andrew -Peyssonel, <i>M. D. F.R.S. Translated -from the</i> French.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Feb. 23, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">AMONG the fish we meet with in -the seas of the Antilles of America, -we find, that this I am going to describe will appear -precious, from the beautiful purple colour it produces, -in the same manner, that the cuttle-fish produces -its ink, if a means could be found to procure this -liquor in a sufficient quantity to render it an article -of commerce. These fishes are soft, viscous, without -shells, scales, or bones; are of the nature of the -<i>polypi</i>, and such other kinds, without feet, fins, or -any thing to supply their places. Their motion is -vermicular; and, like the slugs, they wreath themselves -up, and when touched make themselves quite -round.</p> - -<p>They fill up certain membranes of the body with -water. Their local motion; <i>antennæ</i>, which they -lengthen and contract; and a great many other properties, -which they have in common with snails, -slugs, and turbinated shell-fish, made me call them -naked snails: and altho’ they have not the most essential<span class="pagenum" id="Page_586">[586]</span> - qualities of snails, I thought I might give -them the name; for they have no particular appellation -in this country. Some call them piss-a beds, -some sea-cats, and others a less modest name, <i>tapecon</i>, -taken from Pliny. The Negroes and country people -disagree upon this subject; and therefore I thought -all their names ought to be rejected, in order to adopt -a more significant one, which I have given them; -and that altho’ they are without shells, a quality essential -to snails, they had a right to that class by their -other properties and qualities.</p> - -<p>This fish is commonly four inches long, and two -thick; of a greenish colour, spotted with black, each -of which forms a circle. The under part is like that -of snails, flat, with kinds of <i>mamillæ</i>, or rugosities, -which are adhesive; by means of which they advance -in a vermicular motion; and when touched -become round, by retracting their neck and head; -and afterwards protrude them considerably, according -to their motion and progression, crawling upon -rocks to seek their food.</p> - -<p>The head of this animal has a flatness, or is inclinable -to a square or parallelogram. On each side -there are membranes or skins, which form kinds of -ears; and under them others, which at times fill -with water, and are then transparent. Under this -thick skin there is a <i>cranium</i>, of a kind of coriaceous -or cartilaginous matter; and in the <i>cranium</i> we find -the brain, which is a white substance, and very firm. -At the basis of the head its oval wide mouth is -placed, being above two lines long, which often discovers -a white hard edge, with which he crops the -fucus’s, and other sea-plants, for his nourishment.</p> - -<p>About half an inch from the ears there are two<span class="pagenum" id="Page_587">[587]</span> -horns, or <i>antennæ</i>, like those of some testaceous animals, -which serve them for eyes; and these <i>antennæ</i> -extend and contract at will, turning to either side -also. The <i>oesophagus</i> begins at the upper and inner -part of the mouth, which is a delicate long tube; -near which there is another thick one, and made -nearly like the colon, which leads to a bag, or the -first stomach, which may be likened to the craw of -a fowl: it is always filled with fucus mixed with -sand. Sometimes this stomach is double, or at least -lengthens itself considerably, and the aliment parts -it, as it were, into two portions. After this craw, or -stomach, we find another, which performs the same -office with the gizzard of fowls. The membranes -are thick, and are set with twelve stones, or horny -pieces, of a bright yellow colour, and as transparent -as fine yellow amber, ending in points like a diamond; -so that the great side, or basis, is set into the -membrane of the gizzard as a diamond in its socket: -others differ in size, having different figures, that in -acting all together they may be able to break and -grind the herbs the animal feeds upon, as well by -the strength of the muscle or gizzard, which puts -them into action, as by the situation of these stones, -assisted by grains of sand found in it, turning the -whole by this trituration into a liquor. Afterwards, -what was thus triturated by the power of the gizzard -passes into a third belly or stomach, which is covered -by a purple body, resembling the <i>parenchyma</i> of the -liver, and nearly of the same consistence: then this -belly turns into a long tube, which surrounds this -<i>parenchyma</i>, and is covered in like manner by a very -fine membrane: it is full of a white liquor, like -chyle, and goes to discharge itself into another reservoir,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_588">[588]</span> - at the side of which is a yellowish gland, like a -<i>pancreas</i>. From these two bodies or glands one of -which may be called hepatic, and the other pancreatic, -two conduits pass out; that of the <i>pancreas</i> -is white, the other of a blackish purple: the first -conducts its chyle, condensed, into a reservoir or -bladder, which may be resembled to the <i>receptaculum -chyli</i> of Pequet, and from thence passes to the -fecal matter: the other conducts to a body made like -the mesentery, but which is always found out of the -common capacity or cavity, in which all the <i>viscera</i> -are contained; which I thus describe:</p> - -<p>This common capacity is very large, beginning at -the head and ending at the tail of the fish: it is -sometimes filled with a yellowish water, and is formed -by the fleshy body of the animal; which is only -a membrane composed of fibres every way interwoven -together, open at the top, where the organs -are situated, which contain the purple juice.</p> - -<p>There is a hollow upon the back of the animal, -where the canal, filled with a reddish juice, passes out, -carrying it to a fringed body like a mesentery; and it -is there the purple juice is brought to perfection; -and afterwards goes to a long sack lying under a kind -of horny plate, not like the bone of the cuttle-fish, -but like the bone of the <i>sepia</i>, or little cuttle-fish, -which we call <i>le couteau</i>. This bone, or horny substance, -is transparent; and is of a triangular figure, -or approaching the form of a bivalve shell. On the -right side it is fastened by a strong cartilaginous muscle, -which binds it to the body of the animal; and on -the left it is open and detached, and easy to be pulled -up: then it is easy to see underneath both the mesenteric -body, and the tube or reservoir of the purple<span class="pagenum" id="Page_589">[589]</span> - juice. This bone, or horny plate, is covered by -a loose membrane, which is by no means attached -to it, but capable of being filled and inflated with -water or wind.</p> - -<p>The whole is covered with two membranes, which -are continuations of the flesh of the fish’s body: the -membranes are loose, and larger than are necessary -to the bone: they are wrinkled or rumpled over one -another, to cover the whole, and to defend the bone -and <i>viscera</i> from all kinds of pressure; but they are -ready to stretch one from the other, and leave the -parts destined for the purple juice uncovered. They -begin a little under the neck, and extend, in the female -animal, to the tail, which is flat; and in the -male they do not go so low, but end at some distance -from the tail.</p> - -<p>The females are oviparous; for eggs are found in -the grand cavity, at the side of the pancreatic body.</p> - -<p>I have already said, that when the animal is touched, -he makes himself round, and throws out his purple -juice, as the cuttle-fish does his ink. This juice is -of a beautiful deep colour: it tinges linen, and the -tincture is difficult to get out. It remains at present -to try if we can collect a sufficient quantity of this -juice, and to find a means of preserving the tincture; -which would then be certainly of great value: to -which purpose I may apply myself.</p> - -<p>When the fish is boiled, or put into spirits, it -shrinks up, and loses two thirds of its size; because -all the water, which is in the interstices of the fibres, -is dissipated, and the dried fibres contract: which -clearly appears from dissecting them.</p> - <p class="right">Peyssonel.</p> -<p> -Dated at Guadaloupe, -20 Mar. 1757. -</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_590">[590]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXVIII. <i>New Observations upon the Worms -that form Sponges. By</i> John Andrew -Peyssonel, <i>M. D. F.R.S. Translated -from the</i> French.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Feb. 23, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">THE existence of the nests of corallines -and lithophyta, and the mechanism -of their polypi, made me conjecture, that -it was the same with respect to sponges; that animals, -nested in the interstices of their fibres, gave -them their origin and growth: but I had not yet -seen nor discovered the insects, nor observed their -work. Sponges appeared to me only as skeletons: -but I at length discovered these worms, which form -sponges, in the four following species:</p> - -<ul><li class="hang">1. <i>Spongia Americana tubo similis</i>; The tube-like -sponge of Plumier. </li> - -<li class="hang">2. <i>Spongia Americana longissima funiculo similis</i>; -The cord-like sponge of Plumier.</li> - -<li class="hang">3. <i>Spongia Americana capitata et digitata</i>; The -fingered sponge of Plumier.</li> - -<li class="hang">4. <i>Spongia Americana favo similis</i>; The honeycomb -sponge of Plumier.</li></ul> - -<p>These four kinds only differ in form: they have -the same qualities, are made by the same kinds of -worm, and what may be said of the one agrees exactly -with all the rest; for I made the same observations -upon them all.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_591">[591]</span></p> - -<p>They may be classed among the <i>spongiæ hyrcinæ</i>, -so called by J. Bauhin, because of the roughness of -their fibres, by a metaphor, from pieces covered -with mud; or among those called by Pliny <i>tragos</i>, -or <i>aphysiæ</i>, being foul, and difficult to cleanse; and -may take the name, which Father Plumier has given -them, drawn from their figure.</p> - -<p>These four kinds of sponges are composed of hard, -firm, dirty fibres, sometimes brittle; separated one -from another, having large hollows, or cylindrical -tubes, dispersed thro’ their substance. These tubes -are smooth within. The interstices of their fibres are -filled with a mucilaginous gluey matter, when the -sponge is just taken out of the sea. The mucilage -is of a blackish colour, soon putrifies in the water, -or falls into dust when dried in the sun.</p> - -<p>When a fresh sponge is squeezed, this mucilage -comes out frothy, by the mixture of the windings -of its fibres: it always issues forth with sand, or little -parcels of shells crushed by the sea. These fibres, -which consist of the twisted doubles of the sponge, -form as it were a labyrinth filled with worms, which -are easily crushed, and their juice is confused with -the mucilage; but having carefully torn the sponges, -and their gross fibres, I discovered the living worms, -such as I shall mention hereafter.</p> - -<p>These species of sponge commonly grow upon -sandy bottoms. At their origins we perceive, as it -were, a nodule of sand, or other matter, almost petrified, -round which the worms begin to work, and -round which they retire, as to their last seat or refuge; -where I had the pleasure of seeing them play, exercise -themselves, and retire, by examining them with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_592">[592]</span> -the microscope; and I have even made my observations -without its assistance.</p> - -<h3><i>A Description of the Worms which form the Sponges.</i></h3> - -<p>The worms I found in these kinds of sponges are -about one-third of a line thick, and two or three -lines in length. They are so transparent, that one -may discern their <i>viscera</i> thro’ their coverings and -substance: the blood may be seen to circulate, and -all their parts to act. They have a conic figure, -with a small black head furnished with two pincers: -the other extremity is almost square, and much larger -than the head. Upon the back may be seen two -white streaks or fillets, as if they contained the chyle: -these two canals are parallel to each other from the -head to the other extremity, where they come together. -In the middle, where the belly and <i>viscera</i> -ought to be placed, a blackish matter is perceivable, -which has a kind of circulation: sometimes it fills all -the body of the worm, sometimes it gathers towards -the head, or at the other end, and sometimes it follows -the motion of the animal. This vermicular motion -or progression begins at the posterior extremity, and -ends at the head, which is pushed, and consequently -advances forward. I kept these worms alive out of -the sponge, quite detached from it, more than an -hour, having examined them thoroughly with a -middling magnifier; for a great magnifier would be -the grave of the insect.</p> - -<p>I was surprised, after having finished my observations, -when I put them near a piece of the fresh -sponge, where the nests were moist, and from which<span class="pagenum" id="Page_593">[593]</span> -I had pulled them, to see them enter into them, and -disappear, being lost in the windings of the tubes. -I thought to have found them again; but it was a -difficult task to search for them. I crushed them, -or they were themselves mashed in the tubes, which -I pressed, and of which I had consequently spoiled -the texture; but I could not find them; and this -happened several times.</p> - -<p>These worms have no particular lodge: they walk -indifferently into the tubular labyrinth. So that, -without offence to Pliny and other naturalists, I do -not see, that it is in their power to dilate and contract -the bodies of the sponges; which always remain in -the same state of magnitude, without being any -way sensible to the touch, or any other motion of -the sea, nor to any other accident <span class="err" title="original: whatesover">whatsoever</span>, being -an inanimate body; for the animal sensitive life, or -whatever you will have it, belongs only to the worms, -that form these bodies, and which are their dwelling-places; -and which, by the slaver or juice they deposit, -make the sponge increase or grow, as bees, -wasps, and especially the wood-lice of America, increase -their nests or cells.</p> - -<p>These sponges, nests, or cells, are attached to some -solid body in the sea. Some kinds are fixed to rocks; -others, as those I am speaking of, are fastened to -heaps of sand, or to pieces of petrified matter, and -even upon sandy bottoms; and the sea putting in -motion the sand, and the little parcels of broken -shells, forces them into the holes of the sponge: -there the sand binds and mixes with mucilaginous -juice, and never is loosed from it but when the -sponge is well dried, or with the mucilage when<span class="pagenum" id="Page_594">[594]</span> -putrified, or in powder; and yet some part will remain, -which it is very difficult to take out from the -twisted canals, especially in those sponges of the <i>tragos</i> -kind, so hard to cleanse. In a word, the blood -or humours, which the ancients have observed, is -no other than the mucilage or juice of the substance -of these worms.</p> - -<p> -Dated at Guadaloupe, -1 March, 1757. -</p> -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXIX. <i>Account of an Experiment, by which -it appears, that Salt of Steel does not enter -the Lacteal Vessels; with Remarks. In a -Letter to the Rev.</i> Tho. Birch, <i>D. D. Secr. -R. S. By</i> Edward Wright, <i>M. D.</i></h2> -</div> - -<p> -SIR, -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read Mar. 2, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">THO’ iron is universally allowed to -be one of the most powerful medicines -now in use, yet many physicians observing, -that the <i>fæces</i> of patients, who used it either in a -metallic or saline form, were tinged of a black colour, -have been led to think, that, in a metallic state, -it could not be reduced into particles fine enough to -be received by the lacteal vessels; and if taken in a -saline form, that it underwent a precipitation in the -intestines, by which, being reduced to an earth or -calx, it was in like manner rendered incapable of -making its way into the blood. But the accurate experiments, -with which Signor Menghini has favoured<span class="pagenum" id="Page_595">[595]</span> -the public in the Memoirs of the Bononian Academy<a id="FNanchor_34" href="#Footnote_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a>, -sufficiently prove, that the ore and filings of -iron, finely levigated, enter the blood in considerable -quantity; as does also the <i>crocus</i>, <i>calx</i>, or earthy part -of the metal, tho’ in less proportion than the two -former, which were found to act with a violent <i>stimulus</i> -on the vessels, and to have dissolved and broke -the <i>crasis</i> of the blood of different animals, that had -used them for some weeks in large doses mixed with -their ordinary food. Tho’ it must be allowed, that -these experiments are very curious, yet the subject -seems to require a further inquiry, viz. <i>Whether iron -is capable of entering the blood in a state of solution, -or under a saline form</i>: for, from the violent <i>stimulus</i>, -as well as from the dissolution of the blood, and -other symptoms brought on by the use of the ore and -filings, these substances (not being properly dissolved) -appear to have acted in a manner so grossly mechanical, -that, whatever Signor Menghini may think, -very little is to be concluded from them, with regard -to the action of iron on the human body, in such -cases, as indicate its use, and where a rational physician -would think proper to prescribe it as a medicine.</p> - -<p>Having read Signor Menghini’s memoir, I recollected, -that in the year 1753 I had, with the assistance -of two friends, made the following experiment, -in order to discover, whether iron, in a saline form, -is capable of entering the lacteals.</p> - -<p>An ounce and a half of salt of steel dissolved in a -sufficient quantity of water, filtrated and mixed with -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_596">[596]</span>about a pound of bread and milk, were forced down -the throat of a dog, that had been kept fasting for -36 hours. An hour after he had swallowed this -mixture, having secured him in a supine posture, as -is usual in such experiments, we opened the abdomen, -and observed the lacteal vessels, like white -threads, running along the mesentery in a very beautiful -manner. Upon slitting open part of the small -guts, we there found a good deal of the mixture, -which appeared frothy, but without any black colour, -or the least sign of the salt being precipitated; -and struck a deep inky colour with infusion of galls. -Tho’ the white colour of the lacteals convinced us, -that they were full of chyle, yet, as it would have -been impossible to have collected a sufficient quantity -of it from them, we found it necessary to open the -thorax, and tie the thoracic duct a little above the -receptacle, which, from the ligature, soon became -turgid, the animal being alive and warm, and the -chyle still continuing its course towards the thoracic -duct. Having cut open the receptacle, we easily -collected a sufficient quantity of chyle, and immediately -mixed therewith, drop by drop, infusion of -galls; a very simple and easy method, by which an -incredibly small quantity of salt of steel may be -discovered in most liquors: but not the smallest -change of colour was observed, tho’ they were -rubbed together for some time, and allowed to stand -several hours. Now had there been a single atom -(so to speak) of the salt in so small a portion of chyle, -as that used in this experiment, which was, as near -as I could guess, some what less than half an ounce, -it is not to be imagined, that it could have failed to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_597">[597]</span> -discover itself by this method of trial; for upon -adding one fourth of a grain of the salt, this mixture -instantly became of a bright purple: and I -have found, by other experiments, that the smallest -quantity of salt of steel shews itself as readily in the -chyle by galls, as in any other liquor of the same -consistence.</p> - -<p>This experiment (which was as fair as could have -been desired), together with another observation I -have made, <i>viz.</i> that neither the blood nor urine of -patients, during the use of salt of steel, in the least -change colour with galls, renders it more than probable, -that this salt <i>does not enter the blood</i>.</p> - -<p>As the salt was found to have undergone no change -in the small guts, it appears, that it is not prevented -from entering the lacteals by its being decomposed or -precipitated, as has been imagined; but, on the contrary, -that what renders it incapable of being received -by these vessels, is its <i>astringency</i>: for the lacteals seem -to be endowed with that admirable faculty of admitting -such particles of pure chyle as they happen to -be in contact with, and of accommodating their -diameters to them, at the same time that by their -natural irritability, and power of constriction they obstinately -exclude such as are astringent; which, were -they to enter the lacteals, would either produce dangerous -obstructions in these vessels, or, if they got -into the blood, would occasion polypous concretions -in the larger vessels, or coagulations incapable of being -transmitted thro’ the minute vessels of the lungs; -the effects of which would be either sudden death, -or at least inflammations and suppurations from obstructions -in the pulmonary vessels; inconveniences,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_598">[598]</span> -which nature, by precluding astringents from entering -the lacteals, has carefully and wisely avoided.</p> - -<p>Salt of steel, taken internally, must retain its -astringency until it be precipitated; which can scarce -ever fail to happen in the great guts, from the putrid -<i>fæces</i> they contain, which are always observed to be -tinged of a black colour from the metallic basis of -the salt, part of which, as it has little or no astringency, -may, no doubt, enter the blood, as Signor -Menghini observed of the <i>crocus</i>, which is the same -substance; and we know, from the experiments of -Lister and Musgrave<a id="FNanchor_35" href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a>, that particles much grosser -than those of the white chyle, provided they be not -astringent, or very acrid, are conveyed by the lacteals. -But the metallic basis being separated from its acid, -and thus reduced to a mere calx or earth, can scarce -be supposed to have any medicinal quality whatsoever, -or at least to have any share in the virtues justly -attributed to salt of steel.</p> - -<p>As this salt is not only astringent, and consequently -a strengthener, but at the same time acts with a gentle -<i>stimulus</i>, all its virtues (which are known to be very -great in diseases, where the fluids are either viscid, -cold, and phlegmatic, or dissolved and watery, from -a laxity of the solids) may be accounted for from its -immediate effects on the stomach and <i>primæ viæ</i>, -and on the system of the solids in general by consent; -which it would be needless to illustrate by similar -examples, because well known to every one the least -versed in medical studies. I shall therefore only beg -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_599">[599]</span>leave, from the obvious qualities of this medicine, -and from what has been observed above, to deduce -the following corollaries.</p> - -<p>1. That salt of steel has no deobstruent or aperient -virtue by any immediate action, that it can possibly -have on the blood, or other animal fluids, as some -have imagined; but that, on the contrary, it owes -this quality to its <i>not entering the blood</i>, which it -would otherwise coagulate, and to <i>its action on the -solids alone</i>.</p> - -<p>2. That in diseases proceeding from a laxity of the -solids, great care ought to be taken to restore and invigorate -the <i>primæ viæ</i>; since a medicine (and this -we may presume not the only one) whose immediate -action is confined to those parts, is yet found by experience -to produce so salutary effects in such diseases.</p> - -<p>3. That as this salt does not enter the blood, and -consequently cannot be in danger of too much stimulating -or constricting the vessels, on which it only acts -by consent, it may, in small doses, be successfully -used in many cases, where it has been imagined to -be hurtful, particularly in consumptions of the lungs, -so frequent and fatal in this island; which are commonly -attended with too great a laxity of the <i>primæ -viæ</i>, and of the solids in general, tho’ they seem -more immediately to proceed from a laxity and weakness -of the pulmonary vessels; in which circumstances -it must be of the utmost consequence to restore the -tone of those principal organs of chylification, the -<i>primæ viæ</i>; as good chyle not only corrects the acrimony -of the blood, which in the advanced stages -of consumptions so much prevails, but likewise saves<span class="pagenum" id="Page_600">[600]</span> -a great deal of labour, which the lungs (already too -much oppressed) must otherwise undergo from a -crude and ill-concocted chyle. Agreeably to this -we find, in the <i>Essays Physical and Literary</i> of Edinburgh<a id="FNanchor_36" href="#Footnote_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a>, -two well-vouched histories of patients far -gone in consumptions, with the usual symptoms of -pain in the breast, cough, gross spitting of fetid matter, -difficulty of breathing, hectic fits, and morning -sweats, perfectly cured in a few weeks, by the use of -the Hartfell-Spaw near Moffat; which, contrary to -what is observed in most natural chalybeat waters, -contains a fixed vitriol of iron.</p> - -<p class="p2">These, Sir, are the few observations I had to -make at present on this subject. I have taken the -liberty to address them to you, in order, if you -shall think proper, to be communicated to your illustrious -Society; which, I hope, will continue to -latest posterity those interesting researches for the advancement -of every branch of natural knowlege, by -which it has already acquired so much and so deserved -honour; and am, with the greatest respect,</p> - -<p class="center"> -SIR,<br /> - -<span class="margin">Your most obedient humble Servant,</span><br /> -<span class="margina"><span class="large">Edward Wright.</span></span></p> -<p>Strand, Feb. 28. 1758. -</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_601">[601]</span></p> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXX. <i>A Dissertation on the Antiquity of -Glass in Windows. In a Letter to the -Rev.</i> Tho. Birch, <i>D. D. Secret. R. S. By -the Rev.</i> John Nixon, <i>M. A. F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - - <p class="right">London, March 2. 1758.</p> -<p> -Dear Sir, -</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Mar. 2, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">I Had the honour last winter to lay before -the Royal Society a few observations -upon some of the curiosities found at Herculaneum, -<i>&c.</i><a id="FNanchor_37" href="#Footnote_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a>. Among other articles, I just mentioned a -piece of a plate of white glass; and now beg leave -to inquire into the uses, to which such plates might -be applied in the early age, to which this fragment -undoubtedly belongs.</p> - -<p>And here a person, who forms his ideas of ancient -customs by what he sees practised in later times, may -be ready to offer several conjectures; in some of -which he will, probably, be mistaken; as in others -he may be justified by the genuine evidences of antiquity.</p> - -<p>And, first, It is obvious to imagine, that such -plates might serve for <i>specula</i>, or looking-glasses. -And, indeed, that <i>specula</i> were anciently made, not -only of metals, and some stones, as the<a id="FNanchor_38" href="#Footnote_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> phengites, -<i>&c.</i> but also of glass, may, I think, be collected -from Pliny, who, having mentioned the city of Sidon -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_602">[602]</span> as formerly famous for glass-houses, adds immediately -afterwards, <i>Siquidem etiam specula excogitaverat</i><a id="FNanchor_39" href="#Footnote_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a>. -But then it is to be observed, that before -the application of quicksilver in the constructing -of these glasses (which, I presume, is of no great antiquity), -the reflection of images by such <i>specula</i> must -have been effected by their being besmeared <i>behind</i>, -or tinged <i>thro’</i> with some dark colour, especially -black, which would obstruct the refraction of the -rays of light<a id="FNanchor_40" href="#Footnote_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a>. Upon these hypotheses (supposing -the tincture to be given after fusion) the <i>lamina</i> before -us may be allowed to be capable of answering -the purpose here assigned.</p> - -<p>It may further be suggested, that plates of this -kind might be intended to be wrought into lens’s, or -convex glasses, either for burning, or magnifying objects -placed in their focus. But this designation cannot -be supported by proper vouchers from antiquity. -On the contrary, we are informed, that the ancients -used either <i>specula</i><a id="FNanchor_41" href="#Footnote_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> of metal, or balls<a id="FNanchor_42" href="#Footnote_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> of glass -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_603">[603]</span>for the former of these purposes; as it is well known, -that glass was not applied to the latter, in optical -uses, till the beginning of the XIIIth century<a id="FNanchor_43" href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a>.</p> - -<p>However, we may with greater probability propose -another use, for which the ancients might employ -such plates of glass, as are now under consideration, -<i>viz.</i> the adorning the walls of their apartments -by way of wainscot. This I take to be the -meaning of the <i>vitreæ cameræ</i> mentioned by Pliny<a id="FNanchor_44" href="#Footnote_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a>; -who intimates, that this fashion took its rise from -glass being used by M. Scaurus<a id="FNanchor_45" href="#Footnote_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> for embellishing -the scene of that magnificent theatre, which he erected -for exhibiting shows to the Roman people in his ædileship<a id="FNanchor_46" href="#Footnote_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a>. -And we may collect from the same author<a id="FNanchor_47" href="#Footnote_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> -(what is further confirmed by his contemporary <a id="FNanchor_48" href="#Footnote_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a>Seneca), -that this kind of ornament had -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_604">[604]</span>been admitted, in his time, into chambers in houses, -baths, <i>&c.</i> Whether the plates used for this purpose -were stained with various colours (as mentioned -above), or had tints of divers kinds applied to the -back part of them, I shall not pretend to determine: -but in either way they would have a very agreeable -effect.</p> - -<p>The last destination, which the obvious congruity -of the thing itself, countenanced by the practice of -many ages past, as well as of the present time, would -induce one to ascribe to such plates of glass, is -that of windows for houses, baths, portico’s, <i>&c.</i> -But I am sensible, that whoever should be hardy -enough to advance such an hypothesis, would be -censured as an innovator, in opposing the general -opinion of the connoisseurs in antiquity. These -gentlemen are almost unanimous in asserting, that -whenever we meet with mention made of <i>specularia</i> -in ancient writers (especially those <i>of</i>, or near <i>to</i>, the -age, to which we must refer this fragment), we are -to understand by that term nothing but fences made -of <i>laminæ</i>, either of a certain stone called from its -transparent quality <i>lapis specularis</i><a id="FNanchor_49" href="#Footnote_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a>, brought first -from Hispania Citerior, and afterwards found in Cyprus, -Cappadocia, Sicily, and Africa; or of another stone -of the same nature, <i>viz.</i> the phengites. These, tho’ -expressly distinguished from each other by Pliny<a id="FNanchor_50" href="#Footnote_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a>, -are yet reckoned by some moderns<a id="FNanchor_51" href="#Footnote_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> as one and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_605">[605]</span>the same thing; and thought to have been nothing -but a kind of white transparent talc, of which (according -to Mons.<a id="FNanchor_52" href="#Footnote_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> Valois) there is found a great -quantity in Moscovy at this day.</p> - -<p>Now that this <i>lapis specularis</i>, or phengites, was -really used for windows by the ancient Romans in their -houses, <i>&c.</i> cannot be denied; since (according to the -opinion of the learned<a id="FNanchor_53" href="#Footnote_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> in antiquity) this usage -is mentioned by Seneca<a id="FNanchor_54" href="#Footnote_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> among other improvements -in luxury introduced in his time. But whether -it was so used exclusive of other materials (particularly -glass), may, I think, admit a doubt. Salmasius -is of opinion<a id="FNanchor_55" href="#Footnote_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a>, that nothing can be determined -upon this point from the word <i>specular</i> itself, -which seems to be a generical term, equally -applicable to windows of all kinds, whether consisting -of the <i>lapis specularis</i>, or any other transparent -substance.</p> - -<p>And as (according to this learned writer) there is -nothing in the term <i>specular</i> itself, which hinders it -from being extended to windows made of other materials -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_606">[606]</span> besides those above-mentioned; so others imagine, -that there are some intimations in ancient authors, -which require, that it should actually be so -extended. Thus Mr. Castells, the ingenious illustrator -of the villa’s of the ancients, thinks<a id="FNanchor_56" href="#Footnote_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a>, that -“if this had not been the case, Palladius would not -have given directions to his husbandman to make -<i>specularia</i> in the <i>olearium</i><a id="FNanchor_57" href="#Footnote_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a>, or store-room, -where the olives were preserved. For it appears -(says this author) from Pliny’s describing a temple<a id="FNanchor_58" href="#Footnote_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> -built of the <i>lapis specularis</i>, or phengites, -as the greatest rarity in his time, and the mention -Plutarch makes of a room in Domitian’s palace -lined with it, that it was not common enough -for husbandmen to purchase;” <i>viz.</i> in such quantities, -as were required for the purposes mentioned -above.</p> - -<p>I shall not take upon me to decide upon the weight -of this argument of Mr. Castells; but only observe, -that if any one should be induced by it to think, that -the use of glass for windows may be of much greater -antiquity than is commonly allowed, or even as old -as the fragment, which occasions these remarks, he -may find other probable reasons to corroborate his -opinion. As, first, that there seems to have been a -natural and obvious transition from the practice of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_607">[607]</span>using glass plates for the ornamenting the walls of -apartments to that of introducing light into those -apartments, (as we find the <i>lapis specularis</i> was in -fact employed at the same time for both those purposes) -and consequently it seems reasonable to suppose, that -the latter of these applications could not be long in -point of time after the former. But it appears from -the authorities produced above, that the former -of these usages did actually subsist in the age<a id="FNanchor_59" href="#Footnote_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> -of Pliny; and therefore before the destruction of -Herculaneum, where he lost his life<a id="FNanchor_60" href="#Footnote_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a>. From -whence we may draw no improbable conclusion, -that the latter destination of plates of glass, (<i>viz.</i> -for window-fences) did likewise precede the same -event.</p> - -<p>Give me leave to add further, that this presumptive -argument in favour of the antiquity of windows -made of plates of glass receives an additional force -from the close relation, which must be allowed to -subsist between them, and those composed of the -<i>lapis specularis</i>. The former must be looked upon -as an improvement upon the other, as they answered -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_608">[608]</span>all the purposes of convenience, and at the same -time were more beautiful; and being the manufacture<a id="FNanchor_61" href="#Footnote_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> -of Italy, might probably be purchased at -a less expence. Upon all which accounts it seems -reasonable to conclude, that one of these inventions -would naturally be introductory to the other: and -consequently, that as window-lights of the <i>lapis specularis</i> -began to be used within the memory of Seneca, -who died<a id="FNanchor_62" href="#Footnote_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> under Nero, about <i>anno Christi</i> -68. (<i>Helvic.</i>), the original of those of glass may have -fair pretensions to a place within the period assigned -in the foregoing paragraph, <i>viz.</i> some years before -the destruction<a id="FNanchor_63" href="#Footnote_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> of Herculaneum, in whose ruins -the plate before us was buried.</p> - -<p class="p2">To conclude: I need not observe to you, that all -the evidence here produced to prove the usage of -glass-windows to have been coæval with the fragment -we are now considering, is of the conjectural -kind only: for, I must confess, I have not been able -to trace it up by any positive authority higher than -about 200 years short of the epocha last mentioned, -<i>viz.</i> to the latter end of the third century<a id="FNanchor_64" href="#Footnote_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a>, when -it is expresly mentioned by Lactantius in these words:—<i>Manifestius -est, mentem esse, quæ per oculos ea, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_609">[609]</span>quæ sunt opposita, transpiciat, quasi per fenestras lucente -vitro aut speculari lapide obductas.</i>—De opificio -Dei, cap. v.</p> - -<p> -I am,</p> -<p class="center"> - -SIR,<br /> - -<span class="margin">Your most obedient humble Servant,</span><br /> - -<span class="margina"><span class="large">J. Nixon.</span></span> -</p> -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXXI. <i>An Account of an extraordinary -Case of the Efficacy of the Bark in the Delirium -of a Fever. By</i> Nicˢ. Munckley, -<i>M. D. Physician to</i> Guy’s-Hospital, <i>and -F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read April 6, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">AS the following case contains some -circumstances, which are curious -in themselves, and which may be of service to be -known, I have thought it proper to be laid before -the Society.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_610">[610]</span></p> - -<p>On Sunday the 5th of March I was sent for to a -gentleman, of about 30 years of age, who had been -for some days ill of a fever. I found him with a -degree of heat considerably above what was natural, -and with a pulse rather low, but quick, and beating, -as measured by a stop-watch, about a hundred strokes -in a minute. In this situation he continued, without -any remarkable alteration, for the two following days; -and, from the appearance of this disease, I imagined, -that it would not be speedily terminated. On Wednesday, -the third day of my seeing him, I found him -however much better; his heat being considerably -abated, and his pulse being more than twenty strokes -in a minute slower than it had been the day before. -On this alteration, so much in his favour, it might -have been thought he was growing well, had it not -been, that there was no appearance either by sweat -or urine, or on the skin, by which it could be imagined -the disease was perfectly judged. On this -account no alteration was made in his treatment -that day: but finding, the next morning, that he -had slept well the preceding night, and that his pulse -continued quiet, being no more than 74 strokes in a -minute, he was allowed to get up in the evening, to -have his bed made; and I should have thought him -well, had not every appearance of a critical separation -been still wanting. On this account, I thought him -to be very liable to a return of his fever; and therefore, -when early the next morning I was informed, -that he had been without any sleep, and quite delirious, -the whole night, I was not greatly alarmed, -as thinking he had a feverish paroxysm, to which the -bark would probably put an end. When I saw him<span class="pagenum" id="Page_611">[611]</span> -that morning, I found him very delirious; but, to -my great surprise, quite free from all kind of fever -whatever; his pulse being then as calm as it had -been the preceding day. In this condition he remained -all that day, and the following night; nothing, -that was attempted to relieve him, having done him -the least service: on the contrary, his delirium increased -so much, as to make it very difficult for the -attendants to keep him in bed. The next morning -he was much as he had been the day before; his -imagination continuing greatly disturbed, and he at -times laughing, and playing antic tricks, and using -gestures the most opposite to his common demeanour -when well; and which, tho’ the pulse had not been -so perfectly quiet, had more the appearance of a -<i>mania</i>, than of the delirium of a fever. In this unhappy -situation, there was but one thing, which -seemed likely to bring the affair to a speedy determination: -this it was proper to attempt, tho’ the -indications for it were very obscure, and the event -perfectly uncertain. On recollecting the time of this -delirium’s coming on, which was about 36 hours -after the pulse had grown quiet; and perceiving, that -one glass of the water, which had been made in the -night, was thick, and seemed disposed to drop a sediment; -there was some reason to suspect, and indeed -to hope, that tho’ the pulse had been perfectly calm -during the whole time of the delirium, there was -something of the fever still at the bottom of this -complaint. From these indications, obscure as they -were, it was judged proper to make a trial of the -bark; which was accordingly ordered to be taken -immediately, and to be repeated every two hours.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_612">[612]</span> -This method succeeded beyond what could have -been imagined; insomuch that it was observable, -even by the attendants on this gentleman, that his -mind came evidently more and more to itself after -every dose: and in the evening, after he had taken -six drachms, his urine grew thick, and dropt a lateritious -sediment; and, excepting the weakness naturally -consequent on such violent emotions as he had -undergone, both of mind and body, he was as well -as ever he had been in his life. He hath repeated -the bark at proper intervals, as is usual after intermittent -fevers, and continues to this day perfectly -well.</p> - -<p>The use of the bark, in the most irregular intermittent -disorders, is very happily so well known in this -island, that it might perhaps have been thought needless -to have recited any case merely in confirmation of -this practice: and I am too well aware of the insufficiency -of every thing, but a number of facts on which -to found any philosophical truth, to presume to rest -any thing on one single instance only. But the case -above related is of so very extraordinary a kind, as -to make it worthy of being mentioned, both on its -own account, and for that analogy, which being -found by experience to subsist between diseases, affords -the surest method of reasoning on practical -subjects. The two remarkable circumstances of this -case are, the delirium’s coming on, and continuing, -without any exacerbation of the pulse; and the -bark’s proving so speedy and effectual a remedy, tho’ -given at a time, when there was no appearance of any -remission of the symptom, which it was intended to -remove. It hath been thought, that a quick pulse is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_613">[613]</span> -so essential to the definition of a fever, as to be a -pathognomonic symptom of it. But experience is -against this notion: perhaps the present case is a -proof of the contrary; however this be, there have -not been wanting instances, in which, towards the -end of a fever, the pulse has grown quiet, without -the abatement of any other symptom, and the patient -hath generally lain comatose, and with the appearance -of one, who hath taken a large quantity of -opium. Galen, in the third book of the Presages of -the Pulse, mentions this symptom, and pronounces -it to be almost a fatal sign: and the same thing hath -happened in more instances than one, which have -come to my knowlege. May not then the above-recited -case lead to this useful inquiry, Whether in -fevers of every kind, when the pulse is quiet, the -bark is not proper to be given, and likely to prove a -remedy? In this case it proved absolutely such: and -that it is at least a safe medicine in all such cases, in -which any practitioner of experience or judgment -would ever think of giving it, is now certainly known. -For my own part, I can safely declare, that in near -ten years experience of it in Guy’s-Hospital, during -which time I find I have given it, on different occasions, -to above five hundred patients in that house -only, I never, from the most accurate observation I -could make, saw it do any harm, or bring on any -bad symptom, even in cases where it did not succeed -according to the intention for which it was ordered; -and (which I have thought worth remarking) in -chronical cases, even in those, where the bark hath -been by many thought the most prejudicial, when, -on the coming on of an intermittent fever, the bark<span class="pagenum" id="Page_614">[614]</span> -hath been necessary to cure this secondary disease, -the original distemper hath gone on, according to -the best judgment I could form of it, exactly in the -same manner, as it would have done had the bark -never been given.</p> -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXXII. <i>An Account of an Earthquake felt -at</i> Lingfield <i>in</i> Surrey, <i>and</i> Edenbridge <i>in</i> -Kent, <i>on the 24th of</i> January 1758. <i>By</i> -James Burrow, <i>Esq., R. S. V. P.</i></h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read April 6, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">IN the London Chronicle, Nº. 181, -published on the 25th of February -1758, in page 185, is the following article: “We -hear, that about two o’clock in the morning of -the 24th of last month” (which was the month -of January), “an Earthquake was felt in the parishes -of Worthe, and East-Grinsted, in Sussex; -Lingfield, in Surrey; and Edenbridge, in Kent; -and other adjacent places: which alarmed several -of the inhabitants very much; but no damage -ensued.”</p> - -<p>Mr. Burrow, having some connection with these -two last parishes of Lingfield and Edenbridge, immediately -wrote to the Rev. Mr. Goodricke of Lingfield, -to inquire into the truth of this report: and -Mr. Goodricke’s answer confirmed the fact of its -being felt there, and at other adjacent places; and -added, “that it shook the beds and windows, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_615">[615]</span> -made the plates rattle; and went off with a noise, -like a small gust of wind.”</p> - -<p>However, Mr. Burrow did not then judge it to be -either regular or proper to trouble the Society with -this account; because Mr. Goodricke only received -it from hearsay and report, he himself happening to -be absent from Lingfield at that time.</p> - -<p>But Mr. Burrow having passed some days, during -the late recess of the Society, at a place called Starborough-castle, -which lies nearly <i>between</i> the two -churches of Lingfield and Edenbridge (scarce four -miles distant from each other), he has had an opportunity -of being more particularly and circumstantially -informed of the fact, as far as relates to those -two parishes: and he is now assured, that it was certainly -and undoubtedly felt and observed by <i>some</i> -persons in each of those two parishes; tho’ (as it -happened in the dead of the night, when most people -were fast asleep) it was not <i>generally</i> perceived: -nor was it much spoken of, even by those, who -were sure they felt it.</p> - -<p>The persons, from whose own mouths he can -authenticate the fact, are James Martin, Adam Killick, -Mrs. Jewell, and Mr. Chapman: and he has -no less doubt as to Mr. Orgles and Mrs. Pigott (who -was waked and much frighted by it), tho’ he did not -indeed personally converse with either of the two last.</p> - -<p>These two, and Mrs. Jewell, all inhabit quite close -to Lingfield church-yard, on different sides of it: -and Chapman lives within a quarter of a mile of it, -to the south-west.</p> - -<p>James Martin lives within a bow-shot of Starborough-castle, -at the eastern edge of the parish of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_616">[616]</span> -Lingfield, where it joins to that of Edenbridge; and -Adam Killick’s habitation is three miles north-east of -Starborough, at the north-western point of the parish -of Edenbridge.</p> - -<p>All these four, with whom Mr. Burrow personally -conversed, agreed as to the <i>time</i> of the concussion; -<i>viz.</i> between one and two in the morning: and they -all agreed as to the <i>shaking</i> of their beds and windows; -and all of them described the <i>continuance</i> of -the shock as not much more than instantaneous: but -they did <i>not</i> all hear the <i>noise</i>, which <i>some</i> of them -observed it to conclude with; particularly Adam -Killick heard <span class="allsmcap">NO</span> <i>noise</i> at all; and yet, he says, he -was broad awake when it first began: and it shook -his house and bed, and made his windows rattle so -much, that he was apprehensive of their being -broken; and even caused one pane of glass (which -was indeed loose before) actually to drop out. But -James Martin, who was likewise fully awake (as was -his wife too), <i>did hear</i> the noise distinctly. He says, -he felt his house and bed shake, heard his windows -rattle, and some earthen ware clatter upon a chest -of drawers; and also heard a noise, like the distant -<span class="err" title="original: dicharge">discharge</span> of a cannon: whereupon he immediately -said to his wife, “Lord! what is <i>that</i>?” but she -happening, at that very instant, either to cough or -sneeze (she cannot recollect which of the two), did -not, tho’ quite awake, perceive any thing at all of -the matter. However, she confirmed her husband’s -asking her this question under an apparent surprize.</p> - -<p>Mr. Burrow had a very particular conversation -with these two separately: and he had also a very -minute detail from Adam Killick (who works for<span class="pagenum" id="Page_617">[617]</span> -him as a sort of gardener at Starborough); who further -added, “that the shock waked and frighted his -wife, tho’ she was fast asleep before.”</p> -<p class="right"><span class="large">James Burrow. </span></p> -<p> -6th April, 1758. -</p> -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXXIII. <i>An Account of the Case of the -First Joint of the Thumb torn off, with the -Flexor Tendon in its whole Extent torn out. -By</i> Robert Home, <i>late Surgeon to the -Thirtieth Regiment of Foot, and Surgeon -at</i> Kingston upon Hull. <i>In a Letter to</i> -John Pringle, <i>M. D. F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<p> -SIR, -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read April 6, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">I Take the liberty of inclosing to you a -case in surgery, which I imagine is -not very common. Marchetis indeed has an observation -of the same kind; and there are several -others collected together by Mons. Morand, in the -second volume of the Memoires of the Royal Academy -of Surgery at Paris: but as I have not heard -of that volume’s being translated into English, and -believe there is no observation of a similar nature in -the Philosophical Transactions, I beg the favour of -you to communicate it to the Royal Society, of -which you are a Fellow; and at the same time to -make them an offer of the joint of the thumb, with -its adherent tendon, which you will receive at the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_618">[618]</span> -same time with this; hoping they will do me the -honour of accepting it, as a testimony (tho’ trifling) -of my great esteem and respect for the most learned -Society in Europe. Your Friend Dr. Knox saw the -patient dressed oftener than once; and Mr. Thornhill, -late Surgeon and Manmidwife in Bristol, saw -it when near healed.</p> - -<p>I beg you will believe me to be, with great truth,</p> - -<p class="center"> -SIR,<br /> - -<span class="margin">Your most obedient,</span><br /> -<span class="margina">and most humble Servant,</span><br /> - -<span class="marginb"><span class="large">Robert Home.</span></span></p> -<p> -Hull, March 17th, -1758. -</p> - -<p class="drop-capi p2">JAnuary 2d, 1758, William Taylor, 17 years of -age, an apprentice to a white-smith in this place, -in endeavouring to make his escape from one, who -was going to correct him, opened the door of a cellar, -and threw himself into it; but in his hurry so -intangled his right thumb with the latch, that the -whole weight of his body was <span class="err" title="original: supended">suspended</span> by it, -until it gave way, and was torn off at the first articulation; -the flexor tendon being at the same time -pulled out in its whole length, having broke when it -became muscular. I was immediately sent for, found -little or no hæmorrhage, and the bone of the second -phalanx safe, and covered with its cartilage, but protruding -considerably, occasioned by part of the skin -belonging to it being irregularly torn off with the -first joint.</p> - -<p>I was doubtful, whether or not I should be obliged, -at last, to make a circular incision, and saw<span class="pagenum" id="Page_619">[619]</span> -the bone even with the skin; but thought it proper -to give him a chance for the use of the whole phalanx.</p> - -<p>He complained only for the first day of a pretty -sharp pain in the course of the tendon; to which -compresses, wrung out of warm brandy, were applied: -but his arm was never swelled; there was no -<i>ecchymosis</i>; nor had he so much fever, as to require -bleeding even once. The cure proceeded happily, -no symptoms arising from the extracted tendon. At -the third dressing the bone was covered; and no -other application but dry lint was necessary during -the whole time. No exfoliation happened; yet it -was twelve weeks before it was intirely cicatrised, -owing to the loss of skin: and he seems to enjoy -the use of the stump as completely, as if that tendon -was not lost.</p> -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXXIV. <i>An Account of the late Discoveries -of Antiquities at</i> Herculaneum, <i>and -of an Earthquake there; in a Letter from</i> -Camillo Paderni, <i>Keeper of the Museum at</i> -Herculaneum, <i>and F.R.S. to</i> Tho. Hollis, -<i>Esq; F.R.S. dated</i> Portici, Feb. 1. 1758.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read April 6, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">WE have been working continually -at Herculaneum, Pompeii, and -Stabiæ, since my last of Dec. 16, 1756. The most -remarkable discoveries made there are these, which -follow.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_620">[620]</span></p> - -<p>February 1757, was found a small and most beautiful -figure of a naked Venus in bronze, the height -of which is six Neapolitan inches. She has silver -eyes, bracelets of gold on her arms, and chains -of the same metal above her feet; and appears in the -attitude of loosening one of her sandals. The base is -of bronze inlaid with foliage of silver, on one side -of which is placed a dolphin.</p> - -<p>In July we met with an inscription, about twelve -Neapolitan palms in length, which I have here -copied.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p class="center">IMP·CAESAR·VESPASIANVS·AVG·PONTIF·MAX</p> - -<p class="center">TRIB·POT·<span class="bt">VII</span>·IMP·<span class="bt">XVII</span>·P·P·COS·<span class="bt">VII</span>·DESIGN·<span class="bt">VIII</span></p> - -<p class="center">TEMPLVM·MATRIS·DEVM·TERRAE·MOTV·CONLAPSVM·RESTITVIT</p> -</div> - -<p>After having found a great number of volumes of -papirus in Herculaneum; many pugillaries, styles, -and stands with ink in them, as formerly mentioned; -at length, in the month of August, upon opening a -small box, we also found, to our exceeding great joy, -the instrument, with which they used to write their -manuscripts. It is made of wood, of an oblong -form, but petrified, and broke into two pieces. There -is no slit in it, that being unnecessary, as the ancients -did not join their letters in the manner we do, but -wrote them separate.</p> - -<p>In September were discovered eight marble busts, -in the form of terms. One of these represents Vitellius, -another Archimedes; and both are of the -finest workmanship. The following characters, in -a black tint, are still legible on the latter, namely, -ΑΡΧΙΜΕΔ which is all the inscription that now -remains.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_621">[621]</span></p> - -<p>In October was dug up a curious bust of a young -person, who has a helmet on his head, adorned with -a civic crown, and cheek-pieces fastened under his -chin. Also another very fine bust of a philosopher, -with a beard, and short thick hair, having a slight -drapery on his left shoulder. Likewise two female -busts; one unknown, in a veil; the other Minerva, -with a helmet; both of middling workmanship.</p> - -<p>In November we met with two busts of philosophers, -of excellent workmanship, and, as may be -easily perceived, of the same artist; but unfortunately, -like many others, without names.</p> - -<p>In January was found a small, but most beautiful -eagle, in bronze. It hath silver eyes, perches -on a <i>praefericulum</i>, and holds a fawn between its -talons.</p> - -<p>In the same month we discovered, at Stabiæ, a -term six palms high, on which is a head of Plato, -in the finest preservation, and performed in a very -masterly manner. Also divers vases, instruments for -sacrificing, scales, balances, weights, and other implements -for domestic uses, all in bronze.</p> - -<p>At length I have finished, with much labour, the -examination and arrangement of the scales, balances, -and weights, which are very numerous in this museum; -and, what is remarkable, many of the former, -with all the weights, exactly answer those now in use -at Naples. At present I am considering the liquid -measures; and also engaged in disposing the paintings -in the new apartment allotted for them. These affairs, -with my usual province of inspecting the workmen, -who are busied in digging; my being obliged -to keep an exact register of every thing, that is discovered;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_622">[622]</span> - besides other daily and accidental occurrences; -employ my time so intirely, that I have not -a moment’s repose, but in my bed.</p> - -<p>The square belonging to the palace, in which the -museum is deposited, will be finished, and completely -ornamented, by Easter. In the center of it I have -placed the bronze horse, which was broken in many -pieces, and restored by me, as mentioned in my last. -In the walls of the colonades are affixed all the inscriptions -hitherto discovered: and I shall yet adorn -them with altars, curule chairs, and other antiquities -proper for such places. The principal entrance into -the museum hath been made to correspond with the -grand stair-case. On the right side of it stands the -consular statue of Marcus Nonius Balbus, the father; -and on the left, that of Marcus Nonius Balbus, the -son; with two inscriptions relating to, and found near -them. Upon the stair-case are placed eight antique -statues in bronze, on beautiful pedestals of polished -marble. In an opening in the center of the right -hand colonade is fixed the statue of the wife of the -elder Balbus, with the antique inscription belonging to -it. At the entrance of the square, a magnificent pair -of iron gates, with palisades, are just put up, ornamented -with many bronzes, which are gilt; and on -the sides of these gates are two other consular statues -of persons unknown.</p> - -<p class="p2">The whole day and night of the 24th of last -month it seemed as if Mount Vesuvius would again -have swallowed up this country. On that day it suffered -two internal fractures, which intirely changed -its appearance within the crater, destroying the little<span class="pagenum" id="Page_623">[623]</span> -mountain, that had been forming within it for some -years, and was risen above the sides; and throwing -up, by violent explosions, immense quantities of -stones, lava, ashes, and fire. At night the flames -burst out with greater vehemence, the explosions -were more frequent and horrible, and our houses -shook continually. Many fled to Naples, and the -boldest persons trembled. For my own part, I resolved -to abide the event here at Portici, on account -of my family, consisting of eight children, and a -very weak and aged mother, whose life must have -been lost by a removal in such circumstances, and -so rigorous a season. But it pleased God to preserve -us; for the mountain having vented itself that night -and the succeeding day, is since become calm, and -throws out only a few ashes.</p> -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXXV. <i>A further Attempt to facilitate -the Resolution of Isoperimetrical Problems. -By Mr.</i> Thomas Simpson, <i>F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read April 13, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">ABOUT three years ago I had the honour -to lay before the Royal Society -the investigation of a general rule for the resolution of -isoperimetrical problems of that kind, wherein one, -only, of the two indeterminate quantities enters along -with the fluxions, into the equations expressing the -conditions of the problem. Under which kind are -included the determination of the greatest figures under -given bounds, lines of the swiftest descent, solids<span class="pagenum" id="Page_624">[624]</span> -of the least resistance, with innumerable other cases. -But altho’ cases of this sort do, indeed, most frequently -occur, and have therefore been chiefly attended -to by mathematicians, others may nevertheless -be proposed, such as actually arise in inquiries -into nature, wherein <i>both</i> the flowing quantities, together -with their fluxions, are jointly concerned. -The investigation of a <i>rule</i> for the resolution of -these, is what I shall in this paper attempt, by -means of the following</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">General Proposition.</span></h3> - -<p class="hang"><i>Let</i> Q, R, S, T, &c. <i>represent any variable quantities, -expressed in terms of</i> x <i>and</i> y (<i>with given coefficients</i>), -<i>and let</i> q, r, s, t, &c. <i>denote as many other -quantities, expressed in terms of</i> ẋ <i>and</i> ẏ; <i>It is -proposed to find an equation for the relation of</i> x -<i>and</i> y, <i>so that the fluent of</i> Qq + Rr + Ss + Tt, -&c. <i>corresponding to a given value of</i> x (<i>or</i> y), <i>may -be a</i> maximum <i>or</i> minimum.</p> -<div class="sync"></div> -<div class="figcenter illowp84" id="image624" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/image624.jpg" alt="" /> -</div> -<div class="sync"></div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_625">[625]</span></p> - -<p>Let <i>A E</i>, <i>A F</i>, and <i>A G</i>, denote any three values -of the quantity <i>x</i>, having indefinitely small <i>equi-differences -E F</i>, <i>F G</i>; and let <i>E L</i>, <i>F M</i>, and <i>G N</i>, -(perpendicular to <i>A G</i>) be the respective values of <i>y</i>, -corresponding thereto; and, supposing <i>EF</i> (= <i>FG</i> = <i>ẋ</i>) -to be denoted by <i>e</i>, let <i>c M</i> and <i>d N</i> (the successive -values of <i>ẏ</i>) be represented by <i>u</i> and <i>w</i>. Moreover, -supposing <i>P´p´</i> and <i>P´´p´´</i> to be ordinates at the middle -points <i>P´ P´´</i>, between <i>E</i>, <i>F</i> and <i>F</i>, <i>G</i>, let the former -(<i>P´p´</i>) be denoted α, and the latter (<i>P´´p´´</i>) by β; putting -<i>A P´</i> = <i>a</i> and <i>A P´´</i> = <i>b</i>. Then, if <i>a</i> and α (the -mean values of <i>x</i> and <i>y</i>, between the ordinates <i>E L</i> -and <i>F M</i>) be supposed to be substituted for <i>x</i> and <i>y</i>, -in the given quantity <i>Qq</i> + <i>Rr</i> + <i>Ss</i> + <i>Tt</i>, <i>&c.</i> and -if, instead of <i>ẋ</i> and <i>ẏ</i>, their equals <i>e</i> and <i>u</i> be also -substituted, and the said (given) quantity, after such -substitution, be denoted by <i>Q´q´</i> + <i>R´r´</i> + <i>S´s´</i> + <i>T´t´</i>, -<i>&c.</i> it is then evident, that this quantity <i>Q´q´</i> + <i>R´r´</i> -+ <i>S´s´</i> + <i>T´t´</i>, <i>&c.</i> will express so much of the whole -required fluent, as is comprehended between the ordinates -<i>E L</i> and <i>F M</i>, or as answers to an increase of -<i>E F</i> in the value of <i>x</i>. And thus, if <i>b</i> and β be -conceived to be wrote for <i>x</i> and <i>y</i>, <i>e</i> for <i>ẋ</i>, and <i>w</i> for -<i>ẏ</i>, and the quantity resulting be denoted by <i>Q´´q´´</i> + -<i>R´´r´´</i> + <i>S´´s´´</i> + <i>T´´t´´</i>, <i>&c.</i> this quantity will, in like -manner, express the part of the required fluent corresponding -to the interval <i>F G</i>. Whence that part answering -to the interval <i>E G</i> will consequently be -equal to <i>Q´q´</i> + <i>R´r´ &c.</i> + <i>Q´´q´´</i> + <i>R´´r´´ &c.</i> -But it is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_626">[626]</span> -manifest, that the whole required fluent cannot be a -<i>maximum</i> or <i>minimum</i>, unless this part, supposing the -bounding ordinates <i>E L</i>, <i>G N</i> to remain the same, is -also a <i>maximum</i> or <i>minimum</i>. Hence, in order to -determine the fluxion of this expression (<i>Q´q´</i> + <i>R´r´ - &c.</i> <i>Q´´q´´</i> + <i>R´´r´´ &c.</i>) which must, of consequence, -be equal to nothing, let the fluxions of <i>Q´</i> and <i>q´</i> -(taking α and <i>u</i> as variable) be denoted by <i><span class="bt">Q</span></i> ̇α and <i><span class="bt">q</span>u⋅</i>; also let <i><span class="bt">R</span></i>ȧ and <i><span class="bt">r</span>u</i> denote the respective fluxions -of <i>R´</i> and <i>r´</i>; and let, in like manner, the fluxions -of <i>Q´´</i>, <i>q´´</i>, <i>R´´</i>, <i>r´´</i>, <i>&c.</i> be represented by <span class="btd">Q</span> ̇β, <i><span class="btd">q</span>ẇ</i>, <i><span class="btd">R</span></i> ̇β <i><span class="btd">r</span>ẇ</i>, <i>&c.</i> respectively. Then, by the common -rule for finding the fluxion of a rectangle, the -fluxion of our whole expression (<i>Q´q´</i> + <i>R´r´</i> <i>&c.</i> + <i>Q´´q´´</i> + <i>R´´r´´</i> <i>&c.</i>) will be given equal to <i>Q´ <span class="bt">q</span>u⋅</i> + -<i>q´<span class="bt">Q</span></i> ̇α + <i>R´<span class="bt">r</span>u⋅</i> + <i>r´<span class="bt">R</span></i> ̇α -<i>&c.</i> + <i>Q´´<span class="btd">q</span>ẇ</i> + <i>q´´</i><span class="btd"><i>Q</i></span> ̇β + R´´<span class="btd">r</span><i>ẇ</i> + r´´<span class="btd">R</span> ̇β <i>&c.</i> = 0.</p> - -<p>But <i>u</i> + <i>w</i> being = <i>GN</i> - <i>EL</i>, and β - α = -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>GN</i> - <i>EL</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span> (a constant quantity), we therefore have -<i>ẇ</i> = -<i>u⋅</i>, and ̇β = ̇α: also <i>u</i> being (= 2<i>rp´</i>) = 2α -- 2<i>EL</i>, thence will <i>u⋅</i> = 2 ̇α: which values being -substituted above, our equation, after the whole is -divided by ̇α, will become</p> - -<p> -2<i>Q´<span class="bt">q</span></i> + <i>q´<span class="bt">Q</span></i> + 2<i>R´<span class="bt">r</span></i> + <i>r´<span class="bt">R</span></i>, <i>&c.</i> - 2<i>Q´´<span class="btd">q</span></i> + <i>q´´<span class="btd"><span class="btd">Q</span></span></i> -- 2<i>R´´<span class="btd">r</span></i> + <i>r´<span class="btd">R</span></i>, <i>&c.</i> = 0;</p> -<p> -or, <i>Q´´<span class="btd">q</span></i> - <i>Q´<span class="bt">q</span></i> + <i>R´´<span class="btd">r</span></i> - <i>R´<span class="bt">r</span></i> <i>&c.</i> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>q´<span class="bt">Q</span></i> + <i>q´´<span class="btd">Q</span></i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span> -+ <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>r´<span class="bt">R</span></i> + <i>r´´<span class="bt">R</span></i></span> <span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span>, <i>&c.</i> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_627">[627]</span></p> - -<p class="noin">But <i>Q´´<span class="btd">q</span></i> - <i>Q´<span class="bt">q</span></i>, the excess of <i>Q´´<span class="btd">q</span></i> above <i>Q´<span class="bt">q</span></i>, is the -increment or fluxion (answering to the increment, -or fluxion, <i>ẋ</i>) arising by substituting <i>b</i> for <i>a</i>, β for α, -and <i>w</i> for <i>u</i>. Moreover, with regard to the quantities -on the other side of the equation, it is plain, seeing -the difference of <i>q´<span class="bt">Q</span></i> and <i>q´´<span class="btd">Q</span></i> is indefinitely little -in comparison of their sum, that <i>q´<span class="bt">Q</span></i> may be substituted -in the room of <span class="fraction"> <span class="fnum"><i>q´<span class="bt">Q</span></i> + <i>q´´<span class="btd">Q</span></i></span> <span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span>, <i>&c.</i> which being -done, our equation will stand thus:</p> - -<p class="center"> -<i>Flux.</i> <i>Q´ <span class="bt">q</span></i> + <i>R´ <span class="bt">r</span></i> <i>&c.</i> = <i>q´ <span class="bt">Q</span></i> + <i>r´ <span class="bt">R</span></i> <i>&c.</i><br /> -</p> - -<p class="noin">But <i>q´ <span class="bt">Q</span></i> + <i>r´ <span class="bt">R</span></i> <i>&c.</i> represents (by the preceding -notation) the fluxion of <i>q´Q´</i> + <i>r´R´</i> <i>&c.</i> (or of <i>Qq</i> -+ <i>Rr &c.</i>) arising by substituting α for <i>y</i>, making α -alone variable, and casting off ̇α. If, therefore, that -fluxion be denoted by ̇υ, we shall have <i>flux.</i> <i>Q´ <span class="bt">q</span></i> + -<i>R´ <span class="bt">r</span> &c.</i> = ̇υ, and consequently <i>Q´ <span class="bt">q</span></i> + <i>R´ <span class="bt">r</span></i> <i>&c.</i> = υ. -But <i>Q´ <span class="bt">q</span></i> + <i>R´ <span class="bt">r</span></i> <i>&c.</i> (by the same notation) appears -to be the fluxion of <i>Q´q´</i> + <i>R´r´</i> <i>&c.</i> (or of <i>Qq</i> + <i>Rr</i> -<i>&c.</i>) arising by substituting <i>u</i> for <i>ẏ</i>, making <i>u</i> alone -variable, and casting off <i> ̇u</i>. Whence the following</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">General Rule</span>.</h3> - -<p class="hang"><i>Take the fluxion of the given expression</i> (<i>whose fluent -is required to be a</i> maximum <i>or</i> minimum) <i>making</i> -ẏ <i>alone variable; and, having divided by</i> ÿ, <i>let the -quotient be denoted by</i> υ: <i>Then take, again, the -fluxion of the same expression, making</i> y <i>alone variable, -which divide by</i> ẏ; <i>and then this last quotient -will be</i> = ̇υ.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_628">[628]</span></p> - -<p>When <i>ẏ</i> is not found in the quantity given, υ will -then be = 0; and, consequently, the expression for ̇υ, equal to nothing also. But if <i>y</i> be absent, then -will ̇υ = 0, and consequently the value of υ = a constant -quantity. It is also easy to comprehend, that, -instead of <i>ẏ</i> and <i>y, ẋ</i> and <i>x</i> may be made successively -variable. Moreover, should the case to be resolved -be confined to other restrictions, besides that of the -<i>maximum</i> or <i>minimum</i>, such as, having a certain -number of other fluents, at the same time, equal to -given quantities, still the same method of solution -may be applied, and that with equal advantage, if -from the particular expressions exhibiting all the -several conditions, one general expression composed -of them all, with unknown (but determinate) coefficients, -be made use of.</p> - -<p>In order to render this matter quite clear, let <i>A, -B, C, D, &c.</i> be supposed to represent any quantities -expressed in terms of <i>x, y</i>, and their fluxions, and -let it be required to determine the relation of <i>x</i> and <i>y</i>, -so that the fluent of <i>Aẋ</i> shall be a <i>maximum</i>, or <i>minimum</i>, -when the cotemporary fluents of <i>Bẋ, Cẋ, Dẋ, -&c.</i> are, all of them, equal to given quantities.</p> - -<p>It is evident, in the first place, that the fluent of -<i>Aẋ</i> + <i>bBẋ</i> + <i>cCẋ</i> + <i>dDẋ, &c.</i> (<i>b, c, d, &c.</i> being -any constant quantities whatever) must be a <i>maximum</i>, -or <i>minimum</i>, in the proposed circumstance: -and, if the relation of <i>x</i> and <i>y</i> be determined (<i>by the -rule</i>), so as to answer this single condition (under all<span class="pagenum" id="Page_629">[629]</span> -possible values of <i>b, c, d, &c.</i>) it will also appear -evident, that such relation will likewise answer and -include all the other conditions propounded. For, -there being in the general expression, thus derived, as -many unknown quantities <i>b, c, d, &c.</i> (to be determined) -as there are equations, by making the fluents -of <i>Bẋ, Cẋ, Dẋ, &c.</i> equal to the values given; those -quantities may be so assigned, or conceived to be -such, as to answer all the conditions of the said -equations. And then, to see clearly that the fluent -of the first expression, <i>Aẋ</i>, cannot be greater than -arises from hence (other things remaining the same) -let there be supposed some other different relation of -<i>x</i> and <i>y</i>, whereby the conditions of all the other -fluents of <i>Bẋ, Cẋ, Dẋ,&c.</i> can be fulfilled; and -let, <i>if possible</i>, this new relation give a greater fluent -of <i>Aẋ</i> than the relation above assigned. Then, because -the fluents <i>bBẋ, cCẋ, dDẋ, &c.</i> are given, -and the same in both cases, it follows, according to -this supposition, that this new relation must give a -greater fluent of <i>Aẋ</i> + <i>bBẋ</i> + <i>cCẋ</i> + <i>dDẋ</i>, <i>&c.</i> -(under all possible values of <i>b, c, d, &c.</i>) than the -former relation gives: <i>which is impossible</i>; because -(whatever values are assigned to <i>b, c, d, &c.</i>) <i>that</i> -fluent will, it is demonstrated, be the greatest possible, -when the relation of <i>x</i> and <i>y</i> is that above determined, -by the General Rule.</p> - -<p>To exemplify, now, by a particular case, the method -of operation above pointed out, let there be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_630">[630]</span> -proposed the fluxionary quantity <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i>ⁿ <i>y</i><sup>m</sup> <i>ẏ</i><sup>p</sup></span> <span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>ẋ</i><sup>p</sup> ⁻ ¹</span></span>; wherein -the relation of <i>x</i> and <i>y</i> is so required, that the -fluent, corresponding to given values of <i>x</i> and <i>y</i>, -shall be a <i>maximum</i>, or <i>minimum</i>. Here, by taking -the fluxion, making <i>ẏ</i> alone variable (<i>according to the -rule</i>) and dividing by <i>ÿ</i>, we shall have -<span class="fraction"> <span class="fnum"><i>px</i>ⁿ <i>y</i><sup>m</sup> <i>ẏ</i><sup>p</sup>⁻ ¹</span> <span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>ẋ</i><sup>p</sup> ⁻ ¹</span></span> -= υ. And, by taking the fluxion a second time, -making <i>y</i> alone variable, and dividing by <i>ẏ</i>, will be -had <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>mx</i>ⁿ <i>y</i><sup>m</sup> ⁻ ¹ <i>ẏ</i><sup>p</sup></span> <span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>ẋ</i><sup>p</sup> ⁻ ¹</span></span> = ̇υ. -Now from these equations to -exterminate υ, let the latter be divided by the former; -so shall <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>mẏ</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>py</i></span></span> =<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"> ̇υ</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">υ</span></span>; - -and therefore <i>ay</i><sup>m ⁄ p</sup> = υ (<i>a</i> being a -constant quantity). From whence <i>y</i><sup>m</sup> ⁄ <sup>p</sup><i>ẏ</i> = (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>a</i> </span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">p</span></span>)¹ ⁄ <sup>p</sup> ⁻ ¹ × -<i>ẋx</i>⁻ⁿ <sup>⁄ p</sup> ⁻ ¹; and consequently <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>p</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>m + p</i></span></span> × <i>y</i><sup>m</sup> ⁺ <sup>p ⁄ p</sup> = (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>a</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">p</span></span>) ¹ ⁄ <sup>p</sup> ⁻ ¹ × -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>p</i> - 1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>p</i> - <i>n</i> - 1</span></span> -× <i>x</i><sup>p</sup> ⁻ ⁿ ⁻ ¹ ⁄ <sup>p</sup> ⁻ ¹.</p> - -<p>Let there be now proposed the two fluxions <i>xⁿy<sup>m</sup>ẋ</i> -and <i>x<sup>p</sup>y<sup>q</sup>ẏ</i>, the fluent of the former being required -to be a <i>maximum</i>, or <i>minimum</i>, and that of the -latter, at the same time, equal to a given quantity. -Then the latter, with the general coefficient <i>b</i> prefixed, -being joined to the former, we shall here have -<i>xⁿy<sup>m</sup>ẋ</i> + <i>bx</i><sup>p</sup>y<sup>q</sup><i>ẏ</i>. From whence, by proceeding as -before, <i>bx</i><sup>p</sup><i>y</i><sup>q</sup> = υ, and <i>mx</i>ⁿ <i>y</i><sup>m</sup> ⁻ ¹ <i>ẋ</i> + <i>qbx</i><sup>p</sup><i>y</i><sup>p</sup> ⁻¹ <i>ẏ</i> = ̇υ. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_631">[631]</span> -From the former of which equations, by taking the -fluxions on both sides, will be had <i>pbx</i><sup>p</sup> ⁻¹ <i>y</i><sup>q</sup><i>ẋ</i> + -<i>qbx</i> <sup>p</sup><i>y</i> <sup>q</sup> ⁻ ¹ <i>ẏ</i> (= ̇υ) = <i>mx</i>ⁿ <i>y</i><sup>m</sup> ⁻ ¹ <i>ẋ</i> + <i>qbx</i><sup>p</sup> <i>y</i><sup>q</sup> ⁻ ¹ <i>ẏ</i>. Whence -<i>pbx</i> <sup>p</sup> ⁻ ¹ <i>y</i><sup>q</sup> = <i>mx</i>ⁿ <i>y</i><sup>m</sup> ⁻ ¹; and therefore <i>pby</i><sup>q ⁻ m</sup> ⁺ ¹ = -<i>mx</i>ⁿ ⁻ <sup>p</sup> ⁺ ¹. And in the same manner proper equations, -to express the relation of <i>x</i> and <i>y</i>, may be derived, -in any other case, and under any number of -limitations.</p> - -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXXVI. <i>Observations on the</i> Alga Marina -latifolia; <i>The Sea Alga with broad Leaves. -By</i> John Andrew Peyssonel, <i>M.D. F.R.S. -Translated from the</i> French.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read April 13, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">HAVING cast anchor at Verdun, the -road at the entrance of the river of -Bourdeaux, I was fishing with a kind of drag-net -upon a bank of sand, which was very fine and -muddy. We collected a number of sea-plants, and -among them the great broad-leaved Alga, which I -did not know: and as the root or pedicle of this -plant appeared to be very particular, I observed it -with attention. The following is its description, -and the detail of my observations.</p> - -<p>From a pedicle, which is sometimes flat, and -sometimes round (for they vary in these plants, and -might be about three lines in diameter, and an inch -high, of a blackish colour, and coriaceous substance, -approaching to the nature of the bodies of lithophyta),<span class="pagenum" id="Page_632">[632]</span> -a single flat leaf arises, about an inch or an inch and -half broad, thick in its middle to about three lines, -ending at the sides in a kind of edge, like a two-edged -sabre, almost like the common Alga, formed -of longitudinal fibres interlaced with other very delicates -ones, and the whole filled with a thick juice, -like the <i>parenchyma</i> of succulent plants, such as the -Sedum, Aloes, and the like, of a clear yellowish -green, and transparent. This first leaf is always -single, and serves instead of a trunk or stem to the -whole plant.</p> - -<p>When it rises to about a foot high, more or less, -it throws out at the sides other leaves formed of a -continuation of the longitudinal fibres; and these -second leaves are of the same thickness and substance -with the first: they are two or three feet long, and -the whole plant is five or six, or more (for one can -hardly tell the length); and is not capable of supporting -itself, but is sustained by the strength of the -waters, in which it floats.</p> - -<p>The substance of the plant is not so solid as that -of the common Alga, which is capable of drying as -it fades, and of being kept: whereas the leaves of -this great Alga shrink and wither in the air, become -of a blackish colour, and very friable, or indeed soon -fall into putrifaction. I never observed, that they -bore any fruit: perhaps this was not the season.</p> - -<p>But what we find particular in this plant is its root -or foot: First, this pedicle extends in ribs, like what -we call the thighs of certain trees: these thighs are -in right lines: perhaps they run in the same direction -or situation, that is, placed north and south, or east -and west; but this I could not observe. They are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_633">[633]</span> -about three or four lines high towards the pedicle, -and, ending, are lost. They flourish and spread at -the bottom, forming an elliptical bladder, like an -egg, flattened above and below, and rounded at the -sides, being intirely empty: it is rough without, and -very smooth within. This egg, or oval bladder, is -exactly round at the ends of the great diameter, but -varies a little in the lesser diameter, and forms itself -like the body of a fiddle. The under part is a -little flattened; and there is a hole, which is very -considerable, in the center of the two diameters. -This hole is about an inch wide, and is quite round: -it gives passage to the root, or pivot, which I shall -by and by mention: the edges appear to turn a little -inward: and it is by this hole that the egg fills with -sea-water. The whole substance of this bladder or -egg is of a coriaceous matter, firm and transparent, -and of a clear green; nor can there be any fibres, -either longitudinal or transverse, observed upon it.</p> - -<p>The vault at the top, surmounted by the thighs, is -as it were granulated; but at the rounding of the -egg it produces a kind of <i>mammæ</i>, or little elevations, -very round and cylindrical, intirely full; of the same -nature and substance with the egg.</p> - -<p>In examining the under part of the egg, we found -a second rank of these <i>mamellæ</i>, somewhat longer -than the first, and at equal distances from one another, -in a circular line; then a third yet longer; -then a fourth, which at the extremities were bifurcated; -and at last a fifth rank, which divided into -three, and sometimes into five, branches: these last, -placed round the hole, were wreathed inwards, and -several were joined together, and only formed a small<span class="pagenum" id="Page_634">[634]</span> -body; and in wreathing themselves thus they close -and embrace the pivot mentioned below. None of -these <i>mamellæ</i> have any apparent opening: their -substance is compact, of the same nature with the -bladder or egg, that produces them.</p> - -<p>Below the trunk and thighs the plant protrudes a -pivot, of a like substance with that of the bladder. -This pivot, which is large at its origin, proceeding -thus from the trunk and thighs, forms something like -the knot of the sea-tree: it descends perpendicularly -to the trunk, diminishing as it lengthens, and as it -grows round; and then divides into a number of -<i>mamellæ</i>, branched and wreathed inwards so firmly, -as not to be retracted; of a coriaceous nature, blackish, -forming a bunch like what we call the Rose -of Jericho. I cannot recollect the name of this plant -or flower.</p> - -<p>This bunch, or wreathed rose, incloses a heap of -gravel, as if petrified or hardened, and ends upon a -level with the hole of the egg, exactly as high as the -last rank of <i>mamellæ</i>, which wreath upon, embrace, -and sustain it, leaving always an empty space to let -the sea-water pass in, which should fill the inside of -the egg or bladder, and even to let in little fishes and -shells.</p> - -<p>I was surprised to find in one little living muscles, -as they always are attached to some solid body by -their beards. Now by what means could they enter -into this egg? I conjectured, that they had their beginning -there, by the seminal matter of muscles carried -in by the sea-water. I also found some small -star-fish, whose rays might be about four or five -lines long.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_635">[635]</span></p> - -<p>If my stay here had been longer, I had continued -my observations; and perhaps should have made some -discoveries. It belongs to the academicians of Bourdeaux -to push these observations further, if they -think proper.</p> - -<p class="hang">From the Entrance of the -river of Bourdeaux, the -4th of August, 1756.</p> - -<p class="right"> -Peyssonel. -</p> -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXXVII. <i>An Account of the distilling Water -fresh from Sea-water by Wood-ashes. -By Capt.</i> William Chapman: <i>In a Letter -to</i> John Fothergill, <i>M. D.</i></h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read April 13, -1758.</div> - -<p class="right"> -Whitby, 10th 2d mo. Feb. 1758. -</p> - -<p class="drop-capi">THY kind acceptance of my last -emboldens me to inform thee, -how, on my return from a voyage to the north part -of Russia, I procured a sufficient quantity of fresh -water from sea-water, without taking with me either -instruments or ingredients expressly for the purpose.</p> - -<p>Some time in September last, when I had been -ten days at sea, by an accident (off the north cape of -Finland) we lost the greatest part of our water. We -had a hard gale of wind at south-west, which continued -three weeks, and drove us into 73° lat. During -this time I was very uneasy, as knowing, if our -passage should hold out long, we must be reduced to -great straits; for we had no rains, but frequent fogs, -which yielded water in very small quantities. I now<span class="pagenum" id="Page_636">[636]</span> -blamed myself for not having a still along with me -(as I had often thought no ship should be without -one). But it was now too late; and there was a necessity -to contrive some means for our preservation.</p> - -<p>I was not a stranger to Appleby’s method: I had -also a pamphlet wrote by Dr. Butler, intituled, <i>An -easy Method of procuring of fresh Water at Sea</i>. -And I imagined, that soap might supply the place -of capital lees, mentioned by him. I now set myself -at work, to contrive a still; and ordered an old -pitch-pot, that held about ten quarts, to be made -clean: my carpenter, by my direction, fitted to it a -cover of fir deal, about two inches thick, very close; -so that it was easily made tight by luting it with -paste. We had a hole thro’ the cover, in which -was fixed a wooden pipe nearly perpendicular. This -I call the still-head: it was bored with an augre of -1½ inch diameter, to within three inches of the top -or extremity, where it was left solid. We made a -hole in this, towards the upper part of its cavity (with -a proper angle) to receive a long wooden pipe, which -we fixed therein, to descend to the tub in which the -worm should be placed. Here again I was at a loss; -for we had no lead pipe, nor any sheet-lead, on -board. I thought, if I could contrive a strait pipe to -go thro’ a large cask of cold water, it might answer -the end of a worm. We then cut a pewter dish, -and made a pipe two feet long; and at three or four -trials (for we did not let a little discourage us) we -made it quite tight. We bored a hole thro’ a cask, -with a proper descent, in which we fixed the pewter -pipe, and made both holes in the cask tight, and -filled it with sea-water: the pipe stuck without the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_637">[637]</span> -cask three inches on each side. Having now got my -apparatus in readiness, I put seven quarts of sea-water, -and an ounce of soap, into my pot, and set -it on the fire. The cover was kept from rising by a -prop of wood to the bow. We fixed on the head, -and into it the long wooden pipe above-mentioned, -which was wide enough to receive the end of the -pewter one into its cavity. We easily made the joint -tight.</p> - -<p>I need not tell thee with what anxiety I waited -for success: but I was soon relieved; for, as soon -as the pot boiled, the water began to run; and in -twenty-eight minutes I got a quart of fresh water. I -tried it with an hydrometer I had on board, and -found it as light as river-water; but it had a rank -oily taste, which I imagine was given it by the soap. -This taste diminished considerably in two or three -days, but not so much as to make it quite palateable. -Our sheep and fowls drank this water very greedily -without any ill effects. We constantly kept our still -at work, and got a gallon of water every two hours; -which, if there had been a necessity to drink it, -would have been sufficient for our ship’s crew.</p> - -<p>I now thought of trying to get water more palateable; -and often perused the pamphlet above-mentioned, -especially the quotation from Sir R. Hawkins’s -voyage, who “with four billets distilled a hogshead -of water wholsome and nourishing.” I concluded -he had delivered this account under a veil, lest his -method should be discovered: for it is plain, that -by four billets he could not mean the fuel, as they -would scarce <i>warm</i> a hogshead of water. When, -ruminating on this, it came into my head, that he<span class="pagenum" id="Page_638">[638]</span> -burnt his four billets to ashes, and with the mixture -of those ashes with sea-water he distilled a hogshead -of fresh water wholsome and nourishing. Pleased -with this discovery, I cut a billet small, and burnt it -to ashes; and after cleaning my pot, I put into it a -spoonful of those ashes, with the usual quantity of -sea-water. The result answered my expectations: -the water came off bright and transparent, with an -agreeable pungent taste, which at first I thought was -occasioned by the ashes, but afterwards was convinced -it received it from the resin or turpentine in the pot, -or pipes annexed to it. I was now relieved from my -fears of being distressed thro’ want of water; yet -thought it necessary to advise my people not to be -too free in the use of this, whilst we had any of our -old stock remaining; and told them, I would make -the experiment first myself; which I did, by drinking -a few glasses every day without any ill effect -whatever. This water was equally light with the -other, and lathered very well with soap. We had -expended our old stock of water before we reached -England; but had reserved a good quantity of that -which we distilled. After my arrival at Shields, I invited -several of my acquaintance on board to taste the -water: they drank several glasses, and thought it nothing -inferior to spring-water. I made them a bowl -of punch of it, which was highly commended.</p> - -<p>I have not the convenience of a still here, or should -have repeated the experiment for the conviction of -some of my friends: for as to myself, I am firmly -persuaded, that wood-ashes mixed with sea-water -will yield, when distilled, as good fresh water as can -be wished for. And I think, if every ship bound a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_639">[639]</span> -long voyage was to take a small still with Dr. Hales’s -improvements, they need never want fresh water. -Wood-ashes may easily be made, whilst there is any -wood in the ship; and the extraordinary expence of -fuel will be trifling, if they contrive so that the still -may stand on the fire along with the ship’s boiler.</p> - -<p>I shall think myself sufficiently recompensed, if -any hints here may tend to the relief of my brother -sailors from the dismal extremity of want of water; -an extremity too little regarded by those, who have -never experienced it.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p class="hang"><i>P. S.</i> During my passage from Russia we very -rarely had any <i>aurora borealis</i>; and those few -we saw were faint, and of short continuance: -at which I was much surprised; for about ten -years ago, being in a high north latitude, we had -very beautiful ones almost every night in the -month of September; which exceeded any I -have seen described in the <i>Philosophical Transactions</i>, -or <i>Memoires de l’Academie Royale</i>.</p> -</div> - -<p class="right"> -<span class="large">Wm. Chapman.</span> -</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_640">[640]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXXVIII. <i>Observatio Eclipsis Lunaris facta</i> -Matriti <i>a Pª.</i> Joanne Wendlingen, <i>Societatis</i> -Jesu, <i>in Regali Observatorio Collegii -Imperialis ejusdem Societatis, Die</i> 30 Julii -1757.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="hang"><i>Quælibet observatio bis instituta fuit, semel interjecto -oculum inter lentemque ocularem vitri clari, -cærulei, plani, ac bene tersi, fragmento. Hæ observationes -notantur hac voce</i> cerul. <i>Telescopium, -quo usus sum, est</i> Gregorianum <i>trium pedum</i> Anglicanorum, -<i>omnino præclarum</i>.</p> - -<p class="center"><i>Communicated by</i> Matthew Maty, <i>M. D. F.R.S.</i></p> - -<p class="center">[Read April 20, 1758.]</p> - -<table class="autotable"> -<tr><td colspan="3" class="br">IMMERSIONES.</td> -<td colspan="2">Tempus</td> <td class="br">verum</td> <td>Differentia</td></tr> - -<tr><td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> <td>h</td> <td>´</td> <td class="br">´´</td> <td> </td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="dropcap">P</span>Rincipium eclipsis,</td> -<td> </td> - <td class="br"><i>clar.</i></td> <td>9</td> -<td>47</td> <td class="br">34</td> <td> </td></tr> -<tr><td>Mare Humorum,</td> <td> </td> -<td class="br"><i>clar.</i></td> -<td>—</td> -<td>52</td> -<td class="br">47</td> <td> </td></tr> - - <tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Grimaldus</td> <td class="bl bt"> </td> -<td class="br"><i>cær.</i></td> - <td>—</td> - <td>54</td> -<td class="br">28</td> - <td>´´</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="bl bb"> </td> <td class="br"><i>clar.</i></td> - <td>—</td> -<td>55</td> -<td class="br">27</td> <td>—— 59</td> -</tr> - -<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Bullialdus</td> -<td class="bl bt"> </td> -<td class="br"><i>cær.</i></td> -<td>10</td> <td>1</td> -<td class="br">21</td> <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 13</td></tr> - - <tr> -<td class="bl bb"> </td> -<td class="br">——</td> <td>10</td> <td>1</td> <td class="br">34</td></tr> - -<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Keplerus</td> -<td class="bl bt"> </td> - <td class="br">——</td> <td>—</td> <td>9</td> <td class="br">35</td> <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 10</td></tr> - <tr> -<td class="bl bb"> </td> -<td class="br">——</td> <td>—</td> <td>9</td> <td class="br">45</td></tr> -<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Copernicus</td><td class="bl bt"> </td> -<td class="br">——</td> <td>—</td> <td>16</td> <td class="br">15</td> <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 12</td></tr> - <tr><td class="bl bb"> </td> -<td class="br">——</td> <td>—</td> <td>16</td> <td class="br">28</td></tr> - -<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Heraclides</td><td class="bl bt"> </td> - <td class="br">——</td> <td>—</td> <td>18</td> <td class="br">14</td> <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 10</td></tr> - <tr><td class="bl bb"> </td> -<td class="br">——</td> <td>—</td> <td>18</td> <td class="br">24</td> </tr> -<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_641">[641]</span> - -Manilius</td> <td class="bl bt"> </td> -<td class="br"><i>clar.</i></td> - <td>10</td> <td>30</td> <td class="br">43</td> <td>´´</td></tr> -<tr> -<td class="bl bb"> </td> -<td class="br"><i>cær.</i></td> <td>10</td> <td>30</td> <td class="br">54</td> <td>—— 11</td></tr> -<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Menelaus</td> <td class="bl bt"> </td> - <td class="br">——</td> - <td>—</td> <td>34</td> <td class="br">11</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 9</td></tr> - <tr> -<td class="bl bb"> </td> -<td class="br">——</td> <td>—</td> <td>34</td> <td class="br">20</td></tr> -<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Promontorium</td> <td class="bl bt"> </td> <td class="br">——</td> - <td>—</td> <td>44</td> <td class="br">49</td> <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 9</td></tr> - -<tr> -<td class="bl bb"> </td> -<td class="br">——</td> <td>—</td> <td>44</td> <td class="br">58</td></tr> - <tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Mare Crisium</td> <td class="bl bt"> </td> - <td class="br">——</td> <td>—</td> - <td>45</td> <td class="br">33</td> <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 11</td></tr> - <tr> -<td class="bl bb"> </td> -<td class="br">——</td> <td>—</td> <td>45</td> <td class="br">44</td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2">Proclus, <i>clar.</i></td> <td> </td> - <td>—</td> <td>46</td> <td class="br">54</td><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Plato</td><td class="bl bt"> </td> -<td class="br">——</td> - <td>—</td> <td>54</td> <td class="br">48</td> <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 14</td></tr> - <tr> -<td class="bl bb"> </td> -<td class="br">——</td> <td>—</td> <td>55</td> <td class="br">2</td></tr> - -<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Langrenus</td> -<td class="bl bt"> </td> -<td class="br">——</td> - <td>11</td> -<td>7</td> -<td class="br">3</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 20</td></tr> - - <tr><td class="bl bb"> </td> -<td class="br">——</td> - <td>11</td> - <td>7</td> - <td class="br">23</td></tr> -</table> -<div class="sync"> </div> -<table class="autotable"> -<tr><td colspan="3" class="br">EMERSIONES.</td> -<td colspan="2">Tempus</td> <td class="br">verum</td> <td>Differentia</td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> <td>h</td> <td>´</td> <td class="br">´´</td> <td> </td></tr> - -<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Plato</td> <td class="bl bt"> </td> - <td class="br"><i>clar.</i></td> - <td>11</td> <td>40</td> <td class="br">34</td> <td>´´</td></tr> -<tr> -<td class="bl bb"> </td> -<td class="br"><i>cær.</i></td> <td>11</td> <td>40</td> <td class="br">48</td> <td> —— 14</td></tr> - -<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Heraclides </td> - <td class="bl bt"> </td> <td class="br">——</td> <td>—</td> <td>41</td> <td class="br">27</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 12</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td> -<td class="br">——</td> <td>—</td> <td>41</td> <td class="br">39</td> </tr> - -<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Grimaldus</td> - <td class="bl bt"> </td> -<td class="br">——</td> -<td>—</td> <td>47</td> <td class="br">57</td> <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td> -<td class="br">——</td> <td>—</td> <td>48</td> <td class="br">4</td></tr> - -<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Keplerus</td> - <td class="bl bt"> </td> -<td class="br">——</td> - <td>—</td> <td>52</td> <td class="br">58</td> <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 10</td></tr> - - <tr><td class="bl bb"> </td> -<td class="br">——</td> <td>—</td> <td>53</td> <td class="br">8</td> </tr> - -<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Copernicus</td> - <td class="bl bt"> </td> -<td class="br">——</td> - <td>12</td> <td>1</td> <td class="br">36</td> <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 12</td></tr> -<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td> -<td class="br">——</td> <td>12</td> <td>1</td> <td class="br">48</td></tr> - -<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Menelaus</td> - <td class="bl bt"> </td> -<td class="br">——</td> - <td>—</td> <td>17</td> <td class="br">18</td> <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 10</td></tr> -<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td> -<td class="br">——</td> <td>—</td> <td>17</td> <td class="br">28</td> </tr> -<tr><td colspan="3">Finis eclipseos, <i>clar.</i></td> - <td class="bl">—</td> <td>52</td> <td class="br">15</td> <td> </td></tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_642">[642]</span></p> - -<h3 class="hang nobreak"><i>Observatio Eclipsis Lunaris, facta ab eodem, eodem -modo, eodem loco, iisdemque instrumentis Die</i> 24 -Januar. <i>Anni</i> 1758.</h3> - -<p class="hang"><i>Ab hora 5<sup>ta</sup> usque ad finem observationis tantum commovebatur -imprægnata plurimum vaporibus athmosphæra, -ut tota lunæ illuminatæ portio præter -morem undulare videretur. Flabat boreas, indicante -thermometro Reaumuriano. 1. grandem infra -aquæ congelationem.</i></p> - -<table class="autotable"> -<tr><td colspan="3" class="br">IMMERSIONES.</td> -<td colspan="2">Tempus</td> <td class="br">verum</td> <td>Differentia</td></tr> - -<tr><td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> <td>h</td> <td>´</td> <td class="br">´´</td> <td> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="br" colspan="3">Principium</td> - <td>4</td> -<td>7</td> -<td class="br">42</td> -<td>´´</td></tr> -<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Grimaldus</td> -<td class="bl bt"> </td> - <td class="br"><i>cær.</i></td> -<td>—</td> -<td>9</td> -<td class="br">55</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="vm"> —— 38</td></tr> -<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td> -<td class="br"><i>clar.</i></td> - <td>—</td> -<td>10</td> -<td class="br">33</td></tr> -<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Aristarchus</td> -<td class="bl bt"> </td> - <td class="br">——</td> - <td>—</td> -<td>15</td> -<td class="br">37</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 34</td></tr> -<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td> - <td class="br">——</td> - <td>—</td> -<td>16</td> -<td class="br">11</td> </tr> -<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Mare Humorum</td> -<td class="bl bt"> </td> - <td class="br">——</td> - <td>—</td> - <td>20</td> -<td class="br">48</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 24</td></tr> -<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td> -<td class="br">——</td> - <td>—</td> -<td>21</td> - <td class="br">12</td> </tr> -<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Copernicus</td> -<td class="bl bt"> </td> - <td class="br">——</td> - <td>—</td> -<td>26</td> -<td class="br">45</td> - - <td rowspan="2" class="vm"> —— 13</td></tr> -<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td> - <td class="br">——</td> - <td>—</td> -<td>26</td> - <td class="br">58</td> </tr> -<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Plato</td> -<td class="bl bt"> </td> - <td class="br">——</td> - <td>—</td> -<td>35</td> - <td class="br">41</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 41</td></tr> -<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td> -<td class="br">——</td> - <td>—</td> - <td>36</td> - <td class="br">22</td> </tr> -<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Tycho </td> -<td class="bl bt"> </td> - <td class="br">——</td> - <td>—</td> -<td>39</td> -<td class="br">31</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 38</td></tr> -<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td> - <td class="br">——</td> - <td>—</td> -<td>40</td> -<td class="br">9</td> </tr> -<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Menelaus</td> -<td class="bl bt"> </td> - <td class="br">——</td> - <td>—</td> -<td>45</td> - <td class="br">43</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 39</td></tr> -<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td> -<td class="br">——</td> - <td>—</td> -<td>46</td> -<td class="br">22</td></tr> -<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Plinius</td> -<td class="bl bt"> </td> - <td class="br">——</td> - <td>—</td> -<td>50</td> -<td class="br">17</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 27</td></tr> -<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td> - <td class="br">——</td> - <td>—</td> <td>50</td> -<td class="br">44</td> </tr> -<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Promontorium Somni</td> -<td class="bl bt"> </td> -<td class="br">——</td> - <td>—</td> -<td>58</td> - <td class="br">15</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 27</td></tr> -<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td> -<td class="br">——</td> - <td>—</td> -<td>58</td> -<td class="br">42</td> </tr> -<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Cleomedes</td> -<td class="bl bt"> </td> - <td class="br">——</td> - <td>5</td> - <td>0</td> -<td class="br">22</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 14</td></tr> -<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td> -<td class="br">——</td> -<td>5</td> -<td>0</td> -<td class="br">36 </td></tr> -<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_643">[643]</span> -Proclus</td> -<td class="bl bt"> </td> - <td class="br"><i>cær.</i> </td> - <td>5</td> -<td>2</td> -<td class="br">9</td> - -<td>´´</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td> -<td class="br"><i>clar.</i></td> - <td>5</td> -<td>2</td> -<td class="br">15</td> -<td class="vm">—— 6</td></tr> - -<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Princip. Maris Crisii</td> -<td class="bl bt"> </td> - <td class="br">——</td> - <td>—</td> -<td>3</td> -<td class="br">6</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 25</td></tr> -<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td> - <td class="br">——</td> - <td>—</td> -<td>3</td> -<td class="br">31</td> </tr> -<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Langrenus</td> -<td class="bl bt"> </td> - <td class="br">——</td> - <td>—</td> - <td>7</td> -<td class="br">40</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 14</td></tr> -<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td> -<td class="br">——</td> - <td>—</td> -<td>7</td> -<td class="br">54</td></tr> -<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Immers. tot. Maris Crisii</td> -<td class="bl bt"> </td> - <td class="br">——</td> -<td>—</td> -<td>8</td> -<td class="br">19</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="vm"> —— 11</td></tr> -<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td> - <td class="br">——</td> - <td>—</td> -<td>8</td> -<td class="br">30</td> </tr> -<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Immersio totalis Lunæ</td> -<td class="bl bt"> </td> - <td class="br">——</td> - <td>—</td> -<td>12</td> -<td class="br">50</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 40</td></tr> -<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td> -<td class="br">——</td> - <td>—</td> -<td>13</td> -<td class="br">30</td> </tr> -</table> - -<p class="noin">In fine cœlum serenum, & athmosphæra quieta.</p> - -<h4>REFLEXIO.</h4> - -<p>Notabilis appulsus umbræ terrestris ad faculas -maculasque lunares differentia, dum partim vitro colore -cæruleo tincto, partim absque eo, observationes -instituuntur, inventa a Dº. de Barros, & tum in observatorio -Parisino tum alibi sæpius confirmata, ad me -duplicem hanc lunæ eclipsim, ea qua vel licuit circumspectione, -instituendam determinavit, spe fretus; -me phænomeni hujus causas, si non veras, veritati -saltem proximas, inventurum; unde in tempore de -vitris planis bene tersis, diametri mediæ lineæ, partim -colore cæruleo claro, partim flavo tinctis mihi -provideram, his tamen ultimis uti non licuit ob nimiam -umbræ penumbræque confusionem.</p> - -<p>Interjecto oculum inter, lentemque ocularem vitri -cærulei fragmento, sequentia observavi. 1. Umbra -terrestris in immersione citius maculam aut faculam -lunarem attigit, & in emersione tardius deseruit,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_644">[644]</span> -quam dum absque eo observationem institui. 2. Claritas -lunæ, alioquin offendens oculum, suavior apparebat. -3. Limites umbræ perfecte terminabantur -excepta secunda eclipsi, in qua (flante borea) ab hora -quinta illuminata lunæ pars undulare videbatur.</p> - -<p>Suppositis his phænomenis, uti et athmosphæra lunari, -de qua vix dubio locus, sequentia intuli: 1. Quo -densior dicta athmosphæra fuerit, major radiorum -portio ab hac in immersam umbræ terrestri lunæ -portionem, limitibus saltem proximam, reflectetur, -eosque reddet dubios, quod quidem contingit, dum -absque adminiculo per nudum telescopium observatio -instituitur, secus vero dum oculum inter, lentemque -ocularem, vitrum cæruleo colore tinctum interjicitur. -Addito secundo, ac tertio phænomeno, nempe -per vitrum cæruleum lumen multum apparere suavius, -infertur, si color cæruleus sufficit ad mitigandam -tantopere eam lunæ illuminatæ portionem, quæ extra -omnem umbram conspicitur, quanto magis sufficit, -ad tollendam omnem claritatem, quæ ab athmosphæra -lunari in hoc corpus reflectitur? & ecce tibi -secundam illationem, nempe limites umbræ facilius -determinari. 3. Diametrum umbræ majorem videri -debere, & vel ideo immersiones macularum aut facularum -lunarium citius, emersiones vero tardius succedere -debere; quæ quidem omnia cum observationibus -congruunt.</p> - -<p>Dixi in prima illatione, reflecti aliquam luminis -portionem a lunæ athmosphæra in ipsam eclipsatam -corporis hujus portionem, non secus, ac in globo -hoc terraqeno accidit, qui post solis occasum aliquo -adhuc tempore illuminatur. Hæc lucis reflexio tanto -erit major, quanto athmosphæra fuerit densior, &<span class="pagenum" id="Page_645">[645]</span> -quia supponere licat, hanc in luna non semper esse -æqualem, infertur, differentiam temporis appulsus -umbræ non in omni eclipsi lunari posse esse æqualem, -quod demum convenire videtur duplici meæ observationi, -ut ex adnotatis temporum differentiis liquet. -Hæc mea est circa propositum phænomenon opinandi -ratio.</p> -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXXIX. <i>Observations upon a slight Earthquake, -tho’ very particular, which may -lead to the Knowlege of the Cause of great -and violent ones, that ravage whole Countries, -and overturn Cities. By</i> John Andrew -Peyssonel, <i>M. D. F.R.S. Translated -from the</i> French.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read April. 20, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">I Went to make my observations upon -the natural history of the sea; and -when I arrived at a place called the Cauldrons of -Lance Caraibe, near Lancebertrand, a part of the -island of Grande Terre Guadaloupe, in which place -the coast runs north-east and south-west, the sea -being much agitated that day flowed from the north-west. -There the coast is furnished with hollow -rocks, and vaults underneath, with chinks and crevices: -and the sea, pushed into these deep caverns -by the force and agitation of the waves, compresses -the air, which, recovering its spring, forces the water -back in the form of the most magnificent fountains;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_646">[646]</span> - which cease, and begin again at every great -pressure. This phænomenon is common to many -places in this island. The explanation of it is easy; -but the following is what I particularly observed.</p> - -<p>As I walked within about forty paces from the -brink of the sea, where the waves broke, I perceived, -in one place, the plants were much agitated by some -cause, that was not yet apparent. I drew near, and -discovered a hole about six feet deep, and half a -foot diameter; and stopping to consider it, I perceived -the earth tremble under my feet. This increased -my attention; and I heard a dull kind of -noise underground, like that which precedes common -earthquakes; which I have observed many a -time. It was followed by a quivering of the earth; -and after this a wind issued out of the hole, which -agitated the plants round about. I watched to see -whether the motion extended to any distance; but -was sensible it did not reach above three or four -paces from the hole, and that no motion was perceived -farther off.</p> - -<p>I further observed, that this phænomenon never -happens till after the seventh wave rolls in; for it is -a common thing in this country to find the sea appear -calm for some time, and then to produce seven -waves, which break upon the coast one after another: -the first is not very considerable; the second -is somewhat stronger; and thus they go on increasing -to the seventh, after which the sea grows -calm again, and retires. This phænomenon of the -seven waves is observed by navigators with great attention, -especially at low water, in order to be the -better able to go in or come out at the very time<span class="pagenum" id="Page_647">[647]</span> -that the sea grows quiet. These seven waves successively -fill the caverns, which are all along the coast; -and when the seventh comes to open itself, the air -at the bottom of the caverns being greatly compressed, -acted by its elasticity, and immediately made -those fountains and gushings I have mentioned; and -the waters continuing in the caverns, up to the very -place of the hole, began to produce that dull noise, -caused the emotion or earthquake, and finished with -the violent wind forced up thro’ the hole; after -which the water retired into the sea, and having no -further impelling cause, on account of the waves, -rendered every thing quiet again.</p> - -<p>I observed, that this phænomenon happened at no -limited time, but according to the approach of the -waves, being strongly put in motion after the seventh. -I remained near half an hour to observe it; -and nearly followed the course of the cavern to its -entrance, directed by the disposition of the coast. I -made my negroes go down where the water broke; -for they doubted the report of the greatness of these -caverns; and when the sea was calm one of them -ventured in, but returned very quickly, or he must -have perished. Therefore I conclude, that these -small earthquakes round the hole, about forty paces -from the wave, were only caused by the compressed -air in some great vault about this place, and that by -its force was driven up the hole that appeared: that -this air in the caverns, compressed to a certain degree, -first caused the dull noise, by the rolling of the -waters, which resisted in the cavern; then acting -more violently, caused the small earthquake, which -ceased when the wind passed out of the hole, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_648">[648]</span> -that the sea retired, and gave liberty to the air, which -was contained and compressed.</p> - -<p>Such are the observations I have made; from -which the learned, who are endeavouring to find the -cause of earthquakes, since that dreadful one, which -destroyed the city of Lisbon, may make such conclusions -as they shall think proper.</p> - -<p class="right"> -Peyssonel. -</p> - -<p>At Guadaloupe, -Jan. 6. 1757.</p> -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">XC. <i>A Catalogue of the</i> Fifty Plants <i>from</i> -Chelsea Garden, <i>presented to the</i> Royal -Society <i>by the worshipful Company of Apothecaries, -for the Year 1757, pursuant to -the Direction of Sir</i> Hans Sloane, <i>Baronet, -Med. Reg. & Soc. Reg. nuper Præses, by</i> -John Wilmer, <i>M. D. clariss. Societatis -Pharmaceut.</i> Lond. <i>Socius, Hort.</i> Chelsean. -<i>Præfectus & Prælector Botanic.</i></h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote"> -Read April 20, -1758.</div> - -<table> -<tr><td>1751</td> <td><span class="dropcap">A</span>Llium sylvestre latifolium. -C. B. P. 74.</td></tr> -<tr><td> </td> -<td>Allium ursin. bifolium vernum sylvatic. J. B. -2. 565.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1752</td> <td>Anacampseros flavo flore Amman. Ruth. 96.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1753</td> <td>Anchusa strigosa, foliis linearibus dentatis, pedicellis -bractea minoribus, calycibus fructiferis -inflatis. Lefl. Linn. Sp. Plant. 133.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1754</td> <td>Asplenium sive Ceterach. J. B. 3. 749. Offic. 121.</td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_649">[649]</span> -1755</td> <td>Bidens calyce oblongo squamoso, feminibus -radii corolla non decidua coronatis, Miller. -Icon.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1756</td> <td>Cactus repens decemangularis Lin. Sp. Pl. 467.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1757</td> <td>Cerasus pumila Canadensis, oblongo angusto -folio, fructu parvo, Du Hamel. Mill. Icons.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1758</td> <td>Ceratocarpus Amæn. Acad. 1. p. 412. Hort. -Ups. 281.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1759</td> <td>Cotula flore luteo, radiato. Tourn. 495. -Buphthalmum Cotulæ folio C. B. P. 134.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1760</td> <td>Cracca minor Rivini. Vicia segetum cum filiquis -plurimis hirsutis C. B. P. 345.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1761</td> <td>Cucubalus calycibus subglobosis glabris reticulato-venosis, -capsulis trilocularibus, corollis -subnudis, Flor. suec. 360.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1762</td> <td>Cucubalus calycibus subglobosis, caule ramoso -patulo, foliis linearibus acutis, Mill. Dict.</td></tr> -<tr><td> </td><td>Lychnis sylvestris quæ Been album vulgo, foliis -angustioribus et acutioribus C. B. P. 205.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1763</td> <td>Cunonia floribus sessilibus, spathis maximis. -Butner Cunonia, tab. 1.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1764</td> <td>Cupressus foliis imbricatis frondibus ancipitibus. -Linn. Spec. Plant. 1003.</td></tr> -<tr><td> </td><td>Cupressus nana Mariana fructu cæruleo parvo. -Pluk. Mantiss. 61.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1765</td> <td>Cyclamen Hederæ folio C. B. P. 308. Offic. 162.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1766</td> <td>Diosma foliis lineari-lanceolatis subtus convexis, -bifariam imbricatis. Linn. Sp. Plant. -198.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1767</td> <td>Euonymoides Canadensis Saraz. Boerh. Ind. -Alt. 237.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1768</td> <td>Filipendula foliis ternatis Hort. Cliff. 191.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1769</td> <td>Filipendula vulgaris, an Molon Plinii C. B. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_650">[650]</span>163. Offic. 197.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1770</td> <td>Heliotropium foliis ovato-lanceolatis, spicis -plurimis confertis, caule fruticoso. Miller’s -Icons.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1771</td> <td> Hieracium fruticosum latifolium hirsutum C. -B. P. 129.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1772</td> <td>Hyoscyamus rubello flore. C. B. P. 169. -Hyoscyamus Syriacus. Cam. Icon. 21. J. B. 3. -628.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1773</td> <td> Hypericum floribus monogynis staminibus corolla -longioribus, calycibus coloratis caule -fruticoso. Miller’s Icons.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1774</td> <td>Hypericum floribus trigynis, calycibus acutis, -staminibus corolla brevioribus, caule fruticoso. -Linn. Hort. Cliff. 380. Miller’s Icons.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1775 </td> <td>Iris corollis barbatis, germinibus trigonis, foliis -ensiformibus longissimis, caule foliis longiore -bifloro. Miller’s Icons.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1776</td> <td>Isatis sativa, sive latifolia. C. B. P. 113. -Glastum sativum. J. B. 2. 909.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1777</td> <td>Juniperus vulgaris fruticosa C. B. 488. Off. 252.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1778</td> <td>Ixia foliis gladiolatis linearibus caule bulbifero. -Miller’s Icons.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1779</td> <td>Ixia foliis gladiolatis glabris, floribus corymbosis -terminalibus. Miller’s Icons.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1780</td> <td>Larix C. B. 493. Officin. 264.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1781</td> <td> Laserpitium foliis amplioribus, semine crispo. -Tourn. 324.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1782</td> <td>Linum calycibus capsulisque obtusis. <i>Sibirian -Flax.</i> Miller’s Icons.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1783</td> <td>Liriodendrum. Hort. Cliff. 223. -Tulipifera arbor Virginiana. Hort. Lugd. Bat. -612.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1784</td> <td>Oenanthe Apii folio C. B. P. 162.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_651">[651]</span></td></tr> -<tr><td>1785</td> <td>Passerina foliis linearibus. Hort. Cliff. 146. -Sp. 1.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1786</td> <td>Platanus Orientalis verus. Park. 1427.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1787</td> <td>Platanus Occidentalis aut Virginiensis. Park. -1427.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1788</td> <td>Platanus Orientalis Aceris folio. T. Cor. 41.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1789</td> <td>Prenanthes foliis integris serratis scabris, radice -repente, flore purpureo cæruleo. Mill. Dict.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1790</td> <td> Ruta sylvestris linifolia; Hispanica Boccon. -Barrel Icon. 1186 H. Mus. p. 2. 82. tab. 73.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1791</td> <td>Saxifraga muscosa; trifido folio. Tourn.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1792</td> <td>Scabiosa Virgæ Pastoris folio. C. B. P. 270. -Scabiosa latifolia peregrina. Tabern. Icon. 160.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1793</td> <td>Thalictrum majus, siliqua angulosa aut striata, -C. B. P. 336.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1794</td> <td>Thalictrum majus non striatum. C. B. P. 336.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1795</td> <td>Thalictrum Canadense majus caulibus viridantibus. -Boerhaav.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1796</td> <td>Thalictrum Alpinum Aquilegiæ foliis. Tourn.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1797</td> <td>Thalictrum minus Asphodeli radice magno -flore. Tourn. 271.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1798</td> <td>Thuya strobilis squarrosis squamis acuminatis -reflexis. Hort. Upsal. 289.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1799</td> <td>Tordylium Narbonense minus. Tourn. 320.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1800</td> <td>Tridax. Hort. Cliff. 418. After American. -procumbens, foliis laciniatis et hirsutis. -Houston.</td></tr> -</table> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_652">[652]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">XCI. <i>An Historical Memoir concerning a -Genus of Plants called</i> Lichen, <i>by</i> Micheli, -Haller, <i>and</i> Linnæus; <i>and comprehended -by</i> Dillenius <i>under the Terms</i> Usnea, -Coralloides, <i>and</i> Lichenoides: <i>Tending -principally to illustrate their several Uses. -Communicated by</i> Wm. Watson, <i>M. D. -F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<p class="hang">——<i>Natura nihil frustra creaverit, posteros tamen tot inventuros -utilitates ex</i> Muscis <i>auguror, quot ex reliquis vegetabilibus</i>.</p> - -<p class="center"> -Cui bono? Amæn. Acad. III. p. 241. -</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Apr. 27 & -May 4, 1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">THE whole class of mosses were -taken but very little notice of by -the revivers of botany in the sixteenth century: they -indeed took some pains to distinguish the particular -species that the ancients had mentioned, but disregarded -almost all the rest. Modern botanists however -suppose, that they were but little successful in -general in their application of the ancient names to -plants: nor is a failure in such attempts to be wondered -at, considering the too great conciseness, and -frequent obscurity, of their descriptions. In the class -of mosses, as in many others, the accounts transmitted -to us are little more than a scene of uncertainty -and confusion.</p> - -<p>It is to the moderns we are indebted for the discovery -of the far greater number of the plants of this<span class="pagenum" id="Page_653">[653]</span> -class. In this branch of botany our own countrymen -Mr. Ray, Buddle, Dale, Doody, Petiver, and -Dr. Morison, Sherard, Richardson, and others, have -distinguished themselves: and amongst foreigners -M. Vaillant, Sig. Micheli, and the very eminent Dr. -Haller: but, beyond all, the late learned and indefatigable -professor at Oxford, Dr. Dillenius, has herein -made the most ample discoveries and improvements, -of which his elaborate history will ever remain -a standing proof.</p> - -<p>The word <i>lichen</i> occurs in the writings of Dioscorides -and Pliny; and tho’ it may be doubtful, -there is nevertheless good reason to apprehend, that -Dioscorides meant to describe under that name the -very plant, or at least one of the same genus, to -which the commentators agreed to affix his description. -Since then the name has been variously applied -by different authors; on which account it is -necessary to premise, that the <i>lichen sive hepatica -Off.</i> or liverwort of the shops, does not fall under -this generical term, as it is now formed by the three -above-named authors. They comprehend under the -term <i>Lichen</i>, and Dillenius under those of <i>Usnea</i>, -<i>Coralloides</i>, and <i>Lichenoides</i>, the hairy tree-moss or -<i>usnea</i> of the shops; the <i>muscus pulmonarius</i>, tree-lungwort, -or oak-lungs; the <i>lichen terrestris cinereus</i>, -or ash-coloured ground liverwort; the coralline-mosses; -the cup-mosses; horned mosses; the <i>orchel</i>, -or Canary-weed; the <i>muscus islandicus</i> of Bartholine; -and a multitude of others found upon trees, walls, -rocks, and stones, in all parts of the world, and in -many parts thereof in very great abundance.</p> - -<p>Caspar Bauhine in his <i>Pinax</i>, John Bauhine, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_654">[654]</span> -countrymen Gerard and Parkinson, and their cotemporaries, -as they wrote before the time that generical -characters in botany were in use, included -these lichens among the other herbaceous mosses, -under the general name of <i>muscus</i>; adding to the -name in general some epithet descriptive of its form, -place of growth, or supposed virtue.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ray, both in his History of Plants, and in -the Supplement, as he was usually averse to the -forming of new names, has interspersed them among -other mosses, under the character of <i>musci steriles -seu aspermi</i>, retaining the synonyms of the two Bauhines, -Gerard, and Parkinson, to the general species.</p> - -<p>Dr. Morison seems to have been the first, who separated -them intirely from the herbaceous mosses; -and, from the analogy he supposed they had with the -fungus tribe, formed them into a genus, under the -name of <i>musco-fungus</i>. He enumerates fifty species -and upwards under this term in the <i>Historia Oxoniensis</i>, -and has divided them into five orders, according -to their different appearances, as follows:</p> - -<ul> -<li>1. <i>Musco-fungi e terra prominentes, latiores.</i> 5.</li> -<li>2. <i>Musco-fungi pixidati.</i> 11.</li> -<li>3. <i>Musco-fungi corniculati.</i> 26. </li> -<li>4. <i>Musco-fungi crustæ modo adnascentes.</i> 37.</li> -<li>5. <i>Musco-fungi corticibus arborum dependentes.</i> 53. </li> -</ul> - -<p class="noin">Table the 7th of his 15th section exhibits several -good figures of some of these lichens.</p> - -<p>Tournefort was the first, who adapted the generical -term <i>lichen</i> to them; but it was in consequence -of his joining them to the lichen of the shops. He -has however excluded the coralline-mosses, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_655">[655]</span> -forms them into a genus, by the name of <i>coralloides</i>; -to which he has connected some plants, properly of -the fungus tribe. In this distinction he is followed -by Dr. Boerhaave in his <i>Index alter Plantarum</i>.</p> - -<p>Dr. Dillenius first called them <i>lichenoides</i>, in the -catalogue of plants growing about Giessen, chusing -to retain the word <i>lichen</i> to the liverwort of the -shops. Under this name however, in this work, he -does not comprehend the <i>usneæ</i>, or hairy tree-mosses, -but refers them to the <i>conservæ</i>, adding the epithet -<i>arborea</i> to each species, to distinguish them from the -water kinds. He enumerates upwards of sixty species -of <i>lichenoides</i>, but has applied few or no synonyms to them.</p> - -<p>Under the same generic term he has introduced -them into the third edition of Ray’s Synopsis of -British Plants, taking in the <i>usneæ</i>, and recounting -upwards of ninety species, all found spontaneously -growing in England. Many of these are undoubtedly -only varieties. They are in this work very naturally -divided into several orders and subdivisions, for the -greater ease of distinguishing them, as follows:</p> - -<table> -<tr> -<td rowspan="11" class="vm"><i>Lichenoides</i> <span class="large">}</span></td> -<td> </td> -<td> </td> -<td> </td> - -</tr> - -<tr> -<td rowspan="5" class="br bl vm"><i>caulifera</i> <span class="large">}</span></td> -<td>1. <i>Capillacea et non tubulosa scutellata.</i></td> - -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> - -<td rowspan="2" class="br vm">2. <i>Coralliformia tuberculosa plerumque.</i> <span class="large">}</span></td> -<td>a. <i>Solida et non tubulosa.</i></td> - -</tr> - -<tr> - -<td>b. <i>Tubulosa.</i></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td>3. <i>Pyxidata.</i></td> - -<td> </td></tr> - -<tr> - -<td>4. <i>Fungiformia.</i></td> - -<td> </td></tr> - -<tr> - -<td rowspan="5" class="br bl vm"><i>cauliculis destituta</i> <span class="large">}</span></td> -<td>1. <i>Mere crustacea.</i></td> - -<td> </td></tr> - -<tr> -<td rowspan="2" class="br vm">2. <i>Crusta foliosa scutellata seu foliis scutellatis arcte adnascentibus</i> - <span class="large">}</span></td> -<td>a. <i>Substantiæ gelatinosæ.</i></td> - -</tr> - -<tr> -<td>b. <i>Substantiæ durioris.</i></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td rowspan="2" class="br vm">3. <i>Foliis magis liberis nec tam arcte adnascentibus</i> <span class="large">}</span></td> -<td>a. <i>Scutellatis et tuberculatis.</i></td> - -</tr> - -<tr> -<td>b. <i>Peltatis.</i></td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>M. Vaillant, in the <i>Botanicon Parisiense</i>, retains -Tournefort’s names. Many of these lichens, as well -as other mosses, are accurately represented in the -elegant tables, which adorn that work. Dr. Haller<span class="pagenum" id="Page_656">[656]</span> -tells us he learnt to distinguish almost all the mosses -solely by the help of these tables, so well are they expressed. -The lovers of botanic science are greatly indebted - to Boerhaave for his publication of that work.</p> - -<p>Micheli, after Tournefort, adopts the term <i>lichen</i>, -and comprehends all the species under it, except one -or two, which he calls <i>lichenoides</i>. This author -however does not take into this genus the liverwort -of the <i>materia medica</i>; he describes the species of -that genus under the name of <i>marchantiæ</i>. Near -twenty of the plates in his <i>Nova Plantarum Genera</i> -are taken up in representing various species of this -genus. In this work they are divided into thirty-eight -orders or subdivisions; a circumstance very necessary -indeed, considering how greatly he has multiplied -the number of the species. It is to be regretted, -that so indefatigable an author, one whose genius -particularly led him to scrutinize the minuter subjects -of the science, should have been so solicitous to increase -the number of species under all his genera: -an error this, which tends to great confusion and embarassment, -and must retard the progress and real improvement -of the botanic science.</p> - -<p>Dr. Haller retains Micheli’s term, and enumerates -160 kinds in his <i>Enumeratio Stirpium Helvetiæ</i>: he -divides them into seven orders, according to the following -titles:</p> - -<ul> -<li>1. <i>Lichenes corniculati & pixidati.</i></li> -<li>2. <i>Lichenes coralloidei.</i></li> -<li>3. <i>Lichenes fruticosi alii.</i></li> -<li>4. <i>Lichenes pulmonarii.</i></li> -<li>5. <i>Lichenes crustacei scutis floralibus ornati.</i></li> -<li>6. <i>Lichenes scutellis ornati.</i></li> -<li>7. <i>Lichenes crustacei non scutati.</i></li> -</ul> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_657">[657]</span></p> - -<p class="noin">The extensive number of the species, and the difficulty -of distinguishing them with a tolerable degree -of certainty, has deterred Dr. Haller from adding so -full and complete a list of synonyms to the plants of -this genus as he has elsewhere done in that splendid -work. Plate the 2d exhibits several elegant sorts of -these lichens.</p> - -<p>Linnæus, and the followers of his method, who -seem to have established their generical character -from Micheli’s discoveries, retain also his generical -title. Micheli’s passion for the multiplication of species -is no-where more conspicuous than in the plants -of this genus, which he has most enormously augmented -to the number of 298 species. The Swedish -professor cannot be charged with this foible: it is -one of the excellencies of his writings, that they inculcate -the reverse. He has so far retrenched this -genus, that in his general enumeration of plants he -recounts only eighty species belonging to it. They -are in this work divided into eight orders, according -to the difference of appearance which they form by -their <i>facies externa</i>, little or no regard being had to -what are usually called the parts of fructification.</p> - -<ul> -<li>1. <i>Lichenes leprosi tuberculati.</i></li> -<li>2. <i>Lichenes leprosi scutellati.</i></li> -<li>3. <i>Lichenes imbricati.</i></li> -<li>4. <i>Lichenes foliacei.</i></li> -<li>5. <i>Lichenes coriacei.</i></li> -<li>6. <i>Lichenes scyphiferi.</i></li> -<li>7. <i>Lichenes fructiculosi.</i></li> -<li>8. <i>Lichenes filamentosi.</i></li> -</ul> - -<p>Dr. Dillenius, in his most elaborate work, intituled, -<i>Historia Muscorum</i>, has divided this Michelian genus -into three, under the names of <i>usnea</i>, <i>coralloides</i>, and -<i>lichenoides</i>. Under the word <i>usnea</i> he comprehends -the hairy tree-mosses, among which are the <i>usnea</i> of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_658">[658]</span> -the shops, and the true <i>usnea</i> of the Arabians. Of -these he describes sixteen species. Under <i>coralloides</i> -he describes thirty-nine species, among which are the -cup-mosses, and many others, disposed according to -the following scheme:</p> - -<p class="noin">Ordo I. <i>Fungiformia, non tubulosa, nec ramosa.</i> 5.</p> - -<p class="noin">Ordo II. <i>Scyphiformia, tubulosa, simplicia et prolifera.</i></p> - -<p> -Series 1. <i>Scyphis perfectioribus.</i> 13. Cup-mosses.</p> -<p>Series 2. <i>Scyphis imperfectis.</i> 20. Horned mosses. -</p> - -<p class="noin">Ordo III. <i>Ramosa fruticuli specie summitatibus acutis -multifariam divisis.</i></p> - -<p> -Series 1. <i>Species tubulosæ.</i> 30. Tubulous coralline -mosses.</p> -<p> -Series 2. <i>Species solidæ.</i> 39. Solid coralline mosses; -among which is the <i>orchel</i>. -</p> - -<p>The genus of <i>lichenoides</i> contains 135 species, disposed -according to the following scheme:</p> - - <table> -<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Ordo I. <i>Species aphyllæ mere crustaceæ.</i> <span class="large">}</span> </td> -<td>1. <i>Tuberculosæ.</i> 8.</td> </tr> - <tr><td>2. <i>Scutellatæ.</i> 18.</td></tr> - -<tr><td rowspan="3" class="vm">Ordo II. <i>Species foliosæ. </i><span class="large">}</span></td> -<td>1. <i>Gelatinosæ tuberculosæ et scutellatæ.</i> 35.</td></tr> - <tr><td>2. <i>Aridiores et exsuccæ, scutellatæ.</i> 100.</td></tr> -<tr><td>3. <i>Aridiores peltatæ et clypeatæ.</i> 121.</td> - </tr> -</table> -<p class="noin">These plants are not only largely described, and accompanied -with the most perfect assemblage of synonyms; -but every species is accurately figured, and -many of them in various views, and at different ages -of their growth; by which this laborious work, notwithstanding -it is conversant upon the minutest, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_659">[659]</span> -consequently the most abstruse parts of botany, may -nevertheless be justly esteemed, without any exaggeration, -one of the most complete works extant of -the kind.</p> - -<p>Dr. Hill, in his History of Plants, has disposed -them into five genera, under the following names: -1. <i>Usnea</i>, comprehending the hairy tree-mosses; -2. <i>Platysma</i>, flat-branched tree-mosses, the lungwort, -and others; 3. <i>Cladonia</i>, containing the orchel and -coralline-mosses; 4. <i>Pyxidium</i>, the cup-mosses; 5. -<i>Placodium</i>, the crustaceous mosses.</p> - -<p>The plants of this extensive genus are very different -in their form, manner of growing, and general -appearance: on which account those authors, -who preserve them under the same name, saw the -propriety and necessity of arranging them into different -orders and subdivisions, that the species might -be distinguished with greater facility. Upon the same -principle Dr. Dillenius and Dr. Hill have formed -them into several genera.</p> - -<p>So far as the parts of fructification are distinguishable -in these plants, they appear in different forms -upon different species: on some, in the form of tubercles; -on others, in the form of little concave -dishes, called <i>scutellæ</i>; on others, of oblong flat -shields or pelts. All these are conceived by Micheli -and Linnæus to be receptacles of male flowers. The -female flowers and seeds are suspected by the same -authors to be dispersed in the form of farina or dust -upon the same plants, and in some instances on separate -ones. Dillenius has not dared to determine -any thing positively with regard to the real parts of -fructification in these lichens: time will hereafter, it -is to be hoped, throw more light upon the subject.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_660">[660]</span></p> - -<p>In order to convey a more distinct idea of the several -plants of this genus, which enter into œconomical -or medical uses in the various parts of the -world, we shall distribute them into several orders, -according to the custom of former writers: and as -is not consistent with our plan to describe each of -these species, we shall refer to the page of the more -modern authors, where they may be found.</p> - -<h3>1. Lichenes filamentosi.</h3> - -<p class="hang"><i>Such as consist of mere solid filaments, of a firm -and solid but flexible texture, having the appearance -of fructification in the form of</i> scutellæ, <i>or -flat round bodies growing from the sides or extremities -of these filaments</i>.</p> - -<p class="p2">This order or division comprehends the hairy tree-mosses, -or <i>usnea</i> of Dillenius and Hill; several of -the species of the fifth order of lichens of Micheli; -and the <i>lichenes filamentosi</i> of Linnæus.</p> - -<p>Dr. Dillenius describes sixteen species under the -term <i>usnea</i>, several of which are found in England, -tho’ some of them, as the common <i>usnea</i> of the shops, -but very sparingly, and none of them in any considerable -plenty. The thick woods in many other -parts of Europe, and the rest of the globe, afford them -in great plenty. They hang from the branches of -various kinds of trees, like large tufts of hair, to a -considerable length: some species grow several feet -long. The rocks on the tops of high mountains -afford several kinds. They are of various colours; -some whitish, ash-coloured, others grey or blackish, -and two or three species have a yellow or orange hue.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_661">[661]</span></p> - -<p>The commentators in general agreed in making -the <i>bryon</i> of<a id="FNanchor_65" href="#Footnote_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> Dioscorides one of these hairy tree-mosses, -which they called <i>usnea</i>. No wonder, therefore, -that at the restoration of letters it became a -matter of controversy, which of them was the <i>usnea</i> -of the ancients. Dioscorides recommends his as an -astringent; and tells us, that “the best grew upon -the cedar; but that from whatever tree it was gathered, -the whitest and most fragrant was preferable -to the black.” The several <i>usneæ</i> would -undoubtedly in different countries be found upon different -trees. In Italy, that of the larch-tree was the -most odoriferous; and on that account Matthiolus<a id="FNanchor_66" href="#Footnote_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> -preferred it to all others. That kind, which at -length obtained a place in the shops as the <i>usnea</i> of -the ancients, was a species commonly found in our -countries on old oaks and other trees, and is called -by Dillenius<a id="FNanchor_67" href="#Footnote_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> stringy tree-moss, or <i>usnea</i> of the -shops. Many excellent virtues have been ascribed to -it, on a supposition of its being the true <i>usnea</i>; but -it does not appear to have deserved them: and the -present practice, at least in England, has quite expunged -it, and that perhaps very justly.</p> - -<p>Dr. Dillenius is evidently of opinion however, that -this common <i>usnea</i>, tho’ it obtained a place in the -shops as such, is not the <i>bryon</i> of Dioscorides and -Pliny, or the <i>phaseon</i> of Theophrastus, since he has -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_662">[662]</span>applied these names from those fathers of botany to -another species, which he calls the <i>beard usnea</i><a id="FNanchor_68" href="#Footnote_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a>. -Nor does either of these species appear to be the true -<i>usnea</i> of the Arabians, whatever title they may seem -to have to it, either from their colour or smell. Bellonius, -as he is quoted by Dr. Dillenius, tells us, -“that the true <i>usnea</i>, or <i>bryon</i>, as he calls it, is sold -at Constantinople under the name of <i>usnech</i>; and -tells us we are deceived in believing ours to be -the true <i>usnea</i>.” Dillenius has therefore described -another species<a id="FNanchor_69" href="#Footnote_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a>, which he received from the East -Indies, from Madagascar, and St. Helen’s, as the -<i>Usnea Arabum</i>. This plant the Indians call <i>saliaga</i>; -and Camelli assures us, that, while fresh, it has a very -fragrant musk-smell. He adds, that he had himself -experienced what Serapio says of it; <i>viz.</i> that a vinous -infusion of it restrains fluxes, stops vomiting, -strengthens the stomach, and induces sleep.</p> - -<p>The common <i>usnea</i> of the shops was said to be -the basis of that fine perfumed powder, which the -French called <i>corps de cypre gris</i>, and which formerly -made a great article of trade at Montpelier. Dr. -Brown hints<a id="FNanchor_70" href="#Footnote_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a>, that the perfumers use it still; but -he does not add, where. John Bauhine gives us the -whole process<a id="FNanchor_71" href="#Footnote_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> for making that power, which was -vended in great quantities to all parts of France. It -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_663">[663]</span>is nevertheless true, that other of the lichens had as -great a share in the competition as the <i>usnea</i>; as the -demand for that powder could not have been answered, -if the makers had confined themselves to -the <i>usnea</i> alone. It was necessary too, inasmuch as -other species are equally well adapted to the same -uses<a id="FNanchor_72" href="#Footnote_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a>.</p> - -<p>This <i>usnea</i> is abundantly plentiful in the woods of -Lapland; and Linnæus<a id="FNanchor_73" href="#Footnote_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> relates, that the inhabitants -apply it to their feet, when they are sore and excoriated -with much walking. The benefit they receive -from it in this case is undoubtedly owing to its styptic -quality, which is remarked by Matthiolus, and by -Mr. Ray<a id="FNanchor_74" href="#Footnote_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> from the German Ephemerides.</p> - -<p>The <i>beard usnea</i> before mentioned, which is abundantly -common upon the trees both in the northern -regions of Europe and America, as well as in the -eastern kingdoms, and is described by Mr. Ray as -hanging to the length of two feet, the filaments of -which are not thicker than a common thread, and -of a greenish white colour, is used by the inhabitants -of Pensylvania to dye an orange colour with. This -information Dillenius received from Mr. Bartram.</p> - -<p>The black <i>mane usnea</i>, which grows in vast quantities -in the Lapland woods, in a defect of the common -coralline moss makes part of the fodder, and is -equally acceptable to the rein-deer in the winter -time<a id="FNanchor_75" href="#Footnote_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_664">[664]</span></p> - -<p>The long beaded <i>usnea</i>, or necklace-moss<a id="FNanchor_76" href="#Footnote_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a>, -enters into the like œconomical uses in Virginia, -where it is very plentiful. The inhabitants find it a -very agreeable fodder in the winter season to both -sheep and cows<a id="FNanchor_77" href="#Footnote_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a>.</p> - -<p>The Norwegians appropriate one of these <i>usnea</i> to -a singular use. Pontoppidan tells us<a id="FNanchor_78" href="#Footnote_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a>, “they -have a certain kind of yellow moss hanging on -the branches of trees of the firs and pines, which -is very venomous, yet applied to a necessary use; -for being mixed in pottage, or with flesh, as a -bait for the wolves, they infallibly die of it.” That -the species here referred to is the brass-wired <i>usnea</i> -of Dillenius<a id="FNanchor_79" href="#Footnote_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a>, or the <i>lichen vulpinus</i> of Linnæus, -cannot be doubted, since this last author mentions<a id="FNanchor_80" href="#Footnote_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a> -the same application of it with very little variation. -In England it is very rare; in Sweden plentiful, -especially in the province of Smoland, where -the natives dye woollen goods yellow with it.</p> - -<p>John Bauhine describes a very beautiful species, -under the name of <i>laricus muscus</i><a id="FNanchor_81" href="#Footnote_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a>, which gives -a very elegant citron colour upon chewing, or upon -maceration in water. Dillenius is doubtful, whether -this is what he has described under the name of the -orange-coloured forked <i>usnea</i><a id="FNanchor_82" href="#Footnote_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_665">[665]</span></p> - -<p>We may here observe by the bye, that the <i>usnea -cranii humani</i>, which thro’ the influence of superstition -formerly obtained a place in the catalogues of -the <i>materia medica</i>, does not belong to this division of -the lichens. The writers of those times distinguished -two kinds of <i>usnea humana</i>, under the names of -<i>crustacea</i> and <i>villosa</i>. Any of the crustaceous lichens, -but more properly the common grey-blue pitted -<i>lichenoides</i> of Dillenius, was used for the former of -these; and, as Dale tells us, was held in most -esteem. The <i>villosa</i> was a species of the genus of -<i>hypnum</i>. Indeed it does not appear, that they were -in those days very curious in determining the exact -kind; and doubtless any moss, which happened to -grow upon an human skull, was sufficient for the -purposes designed.</p> - -<h3>2. Lichenes fruticulosi.</h3> - -<p class="hang"><i>Such as consist of a tough flexible matter, formed -into ramifications, in some species almost simple, -in others resembling small shrubs: in some of the -species the branches are quite solid, in others -tubular.</i></p> - -<p class="p2">This order comprehends the third of Dillenius’s -genus of <i>coralloides</i>; the whole <i>cladonia</i> of Hill; -the second, and several species of the third order of -Haller’s lichens; several species of the fifth, and the -whole sixth, order of Micheli; and the <i>lichenes fruticulosi</i> -of Linnæus.</p> - -<p>The plants of this genus grow principally upon -the ground on heaths, forests, and mountainous barren<span class="pagenum" id="Page_666">[666]</span> - places; except the <i>orcelle</i>, or Canary-weed, which -is found upon the rocks on the sea-coast.</p> - -<p>To this division belongs the horned moss<a id="FNanchor_83" href="#Footnote_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a>. It -is found with us in rocky barren ground, and upon -old walls not uncommon. It was formerly in great -credit as a pectoral; but is now quite in disrepute.</p> - -<p>The common branched coralline-moss<a id="FNanchor_84" href="#Footnote_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> is one -of the most useful plants of all the tribe of lichens. -It is pretty frequent with us on our heaths, forests, -and mountains. The northern regions afford it in -abundance; and there it is peculiarly and singularly -useful. It is indeed the very support and foundation -of all the Lapland œconomy, and without which the -inhabitants could not sustain their rein-deer in the -winter time. Linnæus tells us<a id="FNanchor_85" href="#Footnote_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a>, that Lapland -affords no vegetables in such plenty as this, and other -of the lichens. Plains of several miles extent are totally -covered over with it, as if with snow; and -where no other plant will even take root, this will -thrive and be luxuriant. These dreary and inclement -wastes, these <i>terræ damnatæ</i>, as a foreigner would -readily call them; these, are the Lapland fields and -fertile pastures. On this lichen the rein-deer, those -sources of all their wealth, feed in the winter time, -when it is in its most flourishing condition, and no -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_667">[667]</span>other vegetable is to be had: with this too they will -even become fat. The riches of the Laplanders consist -in their number of these cattle: they are cloathed -with their skins, fed with their flesh, and from their -milk they make both butter and cheese. Nature, -by the inclemency of their seasons, has almost denied -them the cultivation of their earth: they neither -sow nor reap; but live a perpetual migratory life, -tending their flocks of rein-deer, upon which their -whole care is centered and employed.</p> - -<p>The milk of the rein-deer is very remarkably fat -and rich: it tastes indeed like cow’s milk, with -which some butter, and a small quantity of fat or -suet, has been intimately united. Dr. Haller<a id="FNanchor_86" href="#Footnote_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> -suspects, that this richness of the milk is owing to -the animals feeding upon this moss. Most of the -plants of this family are of an astringent quality, -which indeed they manifest to the taste. This astringency -of their food will doubtless contribute -much to that effect.</p> - -<p>The rein-deer are not the only animals that will -feed upon the coralline moss. The Novaccolæ<a id="FNanchor_87" href="#Footnote_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> -gather vast quantities of it to fodder their oxen with -in the winter. They take the opportunity of raking it -together in the rainy seasons, when it is tough; for -in dry weather it easily crumbles into powder. This -they moisten with a little water in the winter season -when they use it, and find it excellent fodder.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_668">[668]</span></p> - -<p>The coralline mosses are subject to great variation: -and altho’ there are several really distinct species, yet -they run so into one another, that it is no easy matter -to fix upon the real specific distinctions, in many -instances. Some species are perfectly white; others -have the extremities of the branches reddish, some -brown, and others almost black. The common coralline -moss in Lapland not unfrequently grows to be -several inches long, and even a foot high.</p> - -<p>The tubular or hollow branched coralline mosses -are not the only kinds upon which the rein-deer will -feed. Almost all the lichens are abundantly more -plentiful in those northern, than in these more southerly -climates. There are several species with solid -branches; one, which Dillenius calls <i>The crisp warty -Alpine coralloides</i><a id="FNanchor_88" href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a>, which is almost as plentiful -as the common sort, and is equally acceptable to -those animals<a id="FNanchor_89" href="#Footnote_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a>. It was before observed, that, in -defect of these mosses, the black <i>mane usnea</i> is a substitute -equally acceptable to those animals.</p> - -<p>Another of the most remarkable and useful plants -of this division is the <i>orchel</i><a id="FNanchor_90" href="#Footnote_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a>, or <i>argol</i>, as it is -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_669">[669]</span>commonly called. This enters more into œconomical -uses among us than any other of the whole genus. -How considerable an article it forms in the dying -trade, in which its uses are various and extensive, is -very well known. Its tinging property has been -known from ancient times; and some of our most -celebrated botanic writers are of opinion, that it was -used as a dye even in the days of Theophrastus. That -father of botany mentions a <i>fucus</i>, which, he says, -grew upon the rocks about the island of Crete; and -that they dyed woollen garments of a purple, or rather -a red colour, with it. It grows on the rocks by -the sea-coast in many parts of the Archipelago, and -in the Canary Islands; from whence we generally -import it, as well as from the Cape Verd, which -afford it in plenty. The demand for <i>orchel</i> is so great, -that Mr. Hellot<a id="FNanchor_91" href="#Footnote_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a>, of the Royal Academy of Sciences, -informs us, they gather yearly, upon an average, -from the isle of Teneriffe 500 quintals, which -amounts to 25 ton weight; from the Canary Islands -400 quintals, from Forteventura 300, from Lancerota -300, the same from Gomera, and from Ferro -800.</p> - -<p>The way of manufacturing the <i>orchel</i> for the uses -of dying, was for a considerable time a secret in few -hands; but it is now done in London, and other -parts of Europe, to great perfection. Mr. Ray, from -Imperatus, gives a brief account of the process<a id="FNanchor_92" href="#Footnote_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a>. -Micheli has since delivered a more exact detail of it. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_670">[670]</span>His, at least, seems to be the method<a id="FNanchor_93" href="#Footnote_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a>, which the -dyers at Florence used. From both these accounts, -urine and pot-ash appear to be the principal ingredients -used in extracting its colour.</p> - -<p>Many other plants of this genus contain the same -tophaceous matter as the <i>orchel</i>; and upon trial have -been found to strike a good colour. Micheli, after -he has related the preparation of the <i>orchel</i>, suggests -the same thing; and M. Hellot, in the treatise -before mentioned, tells us, there are many other -mosses, which will give as good a colour as the -<i>orchel</i>. In fact, he adds, that M. Bernard de Jussieu -brought him some from the forest of Fontainbleau, -which, upon experiments with urine and lime, took -a purple colour. In the sequel of this memoir we -shall point out some of these kinds. M. Hellot has -given us a process, which he made use of for discovering -whether any of these lichens would yield a -red or purple colour. It is as follows: “Put about -two drachms of any of these lichens into a little -glass jar: moisten it well with equal parts of -strong lime-water, and volatile spirit of <i>sal ammoniac</i>; -tie a wet bladder close over the top of the -vessel, and let it stand three or four days. At the -end of this time, if the lichen is likely to answer, -that small quantity of liquor, which you will find -in the glass, will be of a deep crimson red; and -the plant will retain the same colour when the liquor -is all dried up. If neither the liquor nor the -plant have taken any colour, it is needless to make -any further trials with it.” This process is simple -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_671">[671]</span>and easy, and well worth observation by all who are -disposed to prosecute experiments of this nature: -and indeed it is worth the trial, whether several lichens, -which we have plentifully enough in England, -would not answer in this respect.</p> - -<h3>3. Lichenes pyxidati.</h3> - -<p class="hang"><i>Such as consist of a firm tough flexible matter, formed -into simple tubular stalks, whose tops are expanded -into the form of little cups.</i></p> - -<p class="p2">This division contains the cup-mosses of authors; -the second order of <i>coralloides</i> of Dillenius; great -part of the first order of lichens in Haller; the 7th, -8th, 9th, and 10th order in Micheli; and the <i>lichenes -schyphiferi</i> of Linnæus. Dr. Hill has constituted a -genus intirely of these cup-mosses, under the name -of <i>pyxidium</i>.</p> - -<p>They are common with us on heaths, and other -dry and barren places. Some of them are proliferous, -even to the third degree, and form a very beautiful -appearance. Some have tubercles on the edges of -the cups, of a beautiful scarlet colour.</p> - -<p>The cup-moss<a id="FNanchor_94" href="#Footnote_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> was a long time in great and -established use for coughs, and especially for the -whooping cough in children; for which it was long -accounted a specific. To this end it was given in -various forms. Gerard and Parkinson recommend -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_672">[672]</span>the powder to be taken for several days together. Dr. -Willis was particularly one of its patrons. He has -given us<a id="FNanchor_95" href="#Footnote_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> several forms for its exhibition, as that -of the powder, a decoction, and a syrup from it.</p> - -<p>The present practice has quite exploded it, and -very justly perhaps, as in any degree specific in the -above disorder. Nevertheless, it seems to have sustained -that character with as great a reputation, and perhaps -with as good a title to it, as almost any of the -specifics of that age. It has been observed before, on -another occasion, that this tribe of mosses have in -general an astringent property; as such, the cup-mosses -are consequently of a strengthening nature: -it is no wonder, therefore, that they should be helpful -in this disorder, merely as corroborants. That they -were useful in some measure can scarcely be doubted; -and our very eminent Dr. Huxham<a id="FNanchor_96" href="#Footnote_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a>, in treating -upon this obstinate complaint, seems to allow this of -the cup-moss in preference to other idle specifics. -Happily for us, the Peruvian bark supplies a remedy -of infinitely more use, where such analeptics are required.</p> - -<p>Dr. Lister, in some ingenious observations of his, -printed in the Philosophical Transactions<a id="FNanchor_97" href="#Footnote_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a>, touching -colours and dyes, observes, that the scarlet heads -of these mosses, upon the affusion of lye, will strike -a purple which will stand.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_673">[673]</span></p> -<h3>4. Lichenes crustacei.</h3> - -<p class="hang"><i>Such as consist of a dry and friable matter, more -or less thick, formed into flat crusts, very closely -adhering to whatever they grow upon.</i></p> - -<p class="p2">Some of the species of this division consist of an -exceeding fine thin crustaceous, or rather, as Micheli -calls it, farinaceous matter, the fructifications appearing -in the form of tubercles. Others consist of a -thicker scabrous crust, having the fructifications in -the form of little cups, called <i>scutellæ</i>.</p> - -<p>This division contains the first order of the <i>lichenoides</i> -of Dillenius; the 5th, 6th, and 7th orders of -Haller’s lichens; the <i>lichenes leprosi</i> and <i>crustacei</i> of -Linnæus; and several of the <i>placodium</i> of Hill.</p> - -<p>The species are numerous, and most of them very -common on rocks, stones, old walls, the bark of -trees, old pales, <i>&c.</i> which are commonly covered -over with them, in undisturbed places. They form -a very agreeable variety, and some of them have a -very elegant appearance.</p> - -<p>Dr. Dillenius describes a species of this order, -which he found upon the tops of the mountains in -Caernarvonshire in Wales; and which the inhabitants -told him they used as a red dye, and found it -preferable to the cork, or arcel, which they call <i>kenkerig</i>. -He has intitled it, in English, <i>The white tartareous -scarlet-dying lichenoides</i><a id="FNanchor_98" href="#Footnote_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a>. He is of opinion, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_674">[674]</span> that this is the moss which Martin mentions, -in his account of the Western Islands of Scotland, -under the name of <i>corkir</i>; with which the inhabitants -of the island of Sky dye a scarlet colour. They -prepare it by drying, powdering it, and then steeping -it for three weeks in urine. Linnæus queries whether -this moss be not the same as his <i>lichen calcareus</i><a id="FNanchor_99" href="#Footnote_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a>; -a species so peculiar to limestone rocks, that -where-ever that stone occurs among others, it may be -distinguished at the first view by this moss growing -upon it. This is a singularity which Dr. Dillenius -has not mentioned in his moss: on the other hand, -Linnæus does not mention any tinging property in -his.</p> - -<p>The <i>pérèlle d’Auvergne</i>, or <i>orseille de terre</i>, of the -French, belongs to this order of lichens, and is -called by Dillenius<a id="FNanchor_100" href="#Footnote_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> <i>The crayfish-eye-like lichenoides</i>. -It is gathered in large quantities in the province -of Auvergne, and is used as <i>orchel</i>; to which -however it is greatly inferior. They prepare it with -lime and urine; and were acquainted with its use as -a dye long before the Canary weed was known<a id="FNanchor_101" href="#Footnote_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a> -to them; and it is at this day in more common use -than the <i>orchel</i>. We have it frequent with us upon -old walls, rocks, and stones; but it is to be had in -larger quantities in several other parts of Europe.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_675">[675]</span></p> - -<p>The mealy tartareous <i>lichenoides</i><a id="FNanchor_102" href="#Footnote_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a> with brown -dishes, forms an article of trade with the people of -West Gothland. They manufacture a beautiful red -dye from it, which they sell under the name of <i>byttelet</i><a id="FNanchor_103" href="#Footnote_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a>. -Dr. Hill says we have this moss abundantly -in Leicestershire and Warwickshire.</p> - -<p>The Welch make a red dye, with urine, from another -moss of this order, which Dillenius describes<a id="FNanchor_104" href="#Footnote_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> -by the name of <i>The large leprous lichenoides -with yellow plates</i>. These are not the only species, -which are endowed with a tinging quality: other -kinds have been observed to give a red or purple -colour to paper in which they have occasionally been -inclosed. Doubtless several would, upon sufficient trials, -be found to answer equally well with the <i>orchel</i>.</p> - -<p>With regard to these crustaceous mosses in general, -it is highly worthy our regard, that in the œconomy -of nature they answer singular and important -uses. To an unobserving eye, no class of vegetables -may appear more insignificant, or less adapted to advantageous -purposes in the creation, than these. This -vulgar estimation of things is frequently erroneous; -and it is certainly so in the instance before us. These -minute and seemingly insignificant mosses serve, under -some circumstances, to valuable purposes. No -sooner is a rock left bare by the sea, but these lichens -lay the foundation for its future fertility. Their seeds, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_676">[676]</span>which are presently brought thither by the winds, -soon cover it all over. These corrupting, presently -afford a soil sufficient to nourish other smaller mosses; -which, in their turn, form one deep enough for -larger plants and trees; and thus the rock becomes a -fertile island<a id="FNanchor_105" href="#Footnote_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a>.</p> - -<h3>5. Lichenes foliacei scutellati.</h3> - -<p class="hang"><i>Such as consist of a more lax and flexible matter, -formed into a foliaceous appearance, having the -parts of fructification in the form of</i> scutellæ.</p> - -<p class="p2">Some of the plants of this division are interspersed -with the former in some of the systems of botanic -authors. In general this division contains the whole -first series of the second order of <i>lichenoides</i> in Dillenius; -the first division of the second series, and the -latter part of the second division, of the same: it -comprehends the <i>lichenes imbricati</i> and <i>umbilicati</i> -of Linnæus; and many of the <i>placodium</i> of Hill.</p> - -<p>The plants of this order are many of them not -less common in England than the foregoing, on -rocks, stones, old pales, trees, <i>&c.</i> Some adhere -very closely to what they grow upon, and seem to -be only foliaceous about the edges: others adhere -but loosely, and are much expanded and divaricated, -so as to form something like ramifications.</p> - -<p>It was remarked, from Linnæus’s observation, that -one of the crustaceous lichens was scarcely ever found -growing but upon limestone rocks. On the contrary, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_677">[677]</span>the same author has observed of a foliose lichen belonging -to this order, that it will thrive on all kind -of rocks but limestone rocks. This species<a id="FNanchor_106" href="#Footnote_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> Dillenius -calls <i>The common grey-blue pitted lichenoides</i>. -It is very common with us upon trees, old wooden -pales, <i>&c.</i> as well as upon rocks and stones. It is -the <i>usnea cranii humani</i> of the old <i>materia medica</i>. -Linnæus adds, that it will dye a purplish colour.</p> - -<p>Hither likewise must be referred the cork or arcel<a id="FNanchor_107" href="#Footnote_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a>, -which is used by the Scotch, and others, to -dye a purple or scarlet colour. The preparation of -it is by powdering, and making it into a mass with -urine. Parkinson tells us<a id="FNanchor_108" href="#Footnote_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a> the poor people in Derbyshire -scrape it from the rocks, and make the same -use of it. Mr. Ray<a id="FNanchor_109" href="#Footnote_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> adds to this account, that -the Welch, who call it <i>kenkerig</i>, have long been -acquainted with this property, and have it in common -use. The colour from this moss is but very -dull; but if the same methods were taken to improve -it, as have been with the <i>orchel</i>, it would -undoubtedly be rendered much better, and more -durable. Linnæus relates<a id="FNanchor_110" href="#Footnote_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a>, that there is an immense -quantity of this moss about the rocks of the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_678">[678]</span>isle of Aland in the Baltick; where the good women -themselves make a yellow dye with it from a simple -decoction of the plant, without the addition of any -saline article. He adds, that those, who would -heighten the colour, add a small quantity of <i>roucou</i><a id="FNanchor_111" href="#Footnote_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a> -to the decoction.</p> - -<p>Professor Linnæus tells us, that the Gothlanders -manufacture a yellow dye from the common curled -<i>lichenoides</i> with yellow leaves and plates<a id="FNanchor_112" href="#Footnote_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a>. He -adds, that it is a celebrated medicine in the esteem -of the country people, as a specific in the jaundice<a id="FNanchor_113" href="#Footnote_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a>. -Helwingius, in the Supplement to the <i>Flora Prussica</i>, -affirms, that this moss will tinge paper and linen of -a lively carnation colour, which too will stand the -test of being exposed to the open sun for a long time -without fading. It seems very probable, however, that -he must mean some other plant of this genus, as -Dillenius tells us he made the experiment unsuccessfully.</p> - -<p>Sweden affords a moss of this order, which, as -far as hitherto appears, seems to be unknown to -former botanists, and which Linnæus says will dye a -deep purple colour<a id="FNanchor_114" href="#Footnote_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_679">[679]</span></p> -<h3>6. Lichenes erecti ramosi plani.</h3> - -<p class="hang"><i>Such as consist of a firm tough matter, disposed into -flat and thin ramifications growing erect, and -bearing their scutellæ upon the edges, surfaces, -and at the extremities.</i></p> - -<p class="p2">This division comprehends the flat branched tree-mosses -of authors; many of the fourth order of -Haller’s lichens; the first part of the second division -of series the second in Dillenius; and the <i>platisma</i> -of Hill.</p> - -<p>The plants of this division grow upon old trees, -especially in thick and unfrequented woods; some of -them upon rocks: they are many of them extremely -common in England upon all kinds of trees. As -they were some of the most obvious, so they were -some of the first lichens noticed by the old writers, -by whom they were called <i>lichenes arborum</i>.</p> - -<p>The mosses of this order were substituted in the -room of the <i>usnea</i> in the composition of the <i>pulvis -cyprius</i>. The very species, which was most frequently -used for this purpose, was the channel-leaved <i>lichenoides</i> -of Dillenius<a id="FNanchor_115" href="#Footnote_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a>, on account of its being easily reduced -into a fine powder, of a good white colour. Nevertheless, -others are undoubtedly as well adapted to -the same purposes: and, if it was of importance -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_680">[680]</span>enough to employ them to any purposes of the like -nature in our own country, they might be procured -in sufficient plenty.</p> - -<p>One of the plants of this order is applicable to the -same uses as the Canary-weed, and is reckoned not -much inferior to it; and as it is found in the same -places, it is very often packed up with it in considerable -quantities. Dillenius calls it <i>The flat dyers -lichenoides with longer and sharper horns</i><a id="FNanchor_116" href="#Footnote_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a>. It is -truly and properly a plant of the lichen genus, tho’ -the older writers of the last century called it a fucus. -They were led into this mistake by its having flat -ramifications, and from its growing on the rocks by -the sea side. It is found in the East Indies upon trees, -and is frequent on the coasts of the Mediterranean, -as well as about the Canary Islands.</p> - -<h3>7. Lichenes peltati.</h3> - -<p class="hang"><i>Such as consist of a tough or coriaceous matter, disposed -into a foliaceous appearance; on the edges -of which, in general, the parts of fructification -are placed, in the form of flattish oblong bodies, -in these mosses called</i> shields <i>or</i> pelts.</p> - -<p class="p2">This division contains the third series of the second -order of Dillenius’s <i>lichenoides</i>; the <i>lichenes coriacei</i> -of Linnæus; and several of the <i>placodium</i> of Hill.</p> - -<p>That celebrated and well-known plant, the ash-coloured -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_681">[681]</span> ground liverwort<a id="FNanchor_117" href="#Footnote_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> of Ray belongs to -this order. It is very common all over England on -dry and barren ground; and indeed almost all Europe, -and America too, seems to afford it in sufficient -plenty, as we find it observed by almost all <span class="err" title="original: the the">the</span> - botanic writers since Ray, who was one of the -first that described it.</p> - -<p>The earliest account we have of its use for the bite -of a mad dog is in the Philosophical Transactions<a id="FNanchor_118" href="#Footnote_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a>, -from Mr. Dampier, in whose family it had been a -secret for a number of years. It was communicated -first to Sir Hans Sloane, as a kind of fungus, or Jew’s-ear; -and, at the request of Dr. Mead, was some -years afterwards received into the London dispensatory. -Scarce any of the boasted specifics of former -ages ever acquired so great reputation as this plant -has done in modern times, for its prevalence against -the bite of a mad dog; and the patronage of the -late learned Dr. Mead made it sufficiently known -throughout all the world. Happy would it be indeed, -if it fully deserved the high encomiums, which -have been bestowed upon it. A great and eminent -physician<a id="FNanchor_119" href="#Footnote_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a> has doubted its efficacy at all in such -cases; and it is well known, that Boerhaave even -laughed at it. Dr. Mead had certainly an high opinion -of it: he tells us it never failed, thro’ the course -of thirty years experience, where it was duly given -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_682">[682]</span>before the <i>hydrophobia</i> came on<a id="FNanchor_120" href="#Footnote_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a>. Later instances -have shewn, that it is not infallible; and Dr. Van -Swieten’s supposition is but too likely to prove true. -It must be confessed, that Dr. Mead’s exhibition of -it seems too much complicated with other means to -leave room for judging fully of its real efficacy; and -it may really be questioned, whether bleeding, pepper, -and cold-bathing, have not had more to do in the -case than the lichen.</p> - -<p>The <i>muscus pulmonarius officinarum</i><a id="FNanchor_121" href="#Footnote_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a>, tree-lungwort, -or oak-lungs, belongs to this order. It is -found about old oaks, and upon rocks and stones -overgrown with moss, in many of our thick woods -in England; but not in any great plenty.</p> - -<p>Few, perhaps, of the antiquated simples were in -more repute, in their day, than this plant. It was -celebrated for ages, on account of its supposed prevalence -in pulmonary complaints of almost all kinds; -and yet, upon inquiry into the original of its use in -such cases, it would probably appear, that it arose -more from a fansied resemblance they found in the -plant to the lungs themselves, than from any real -and well-grounded proofs of its efficacy. As a gentle -astringent, like most other species of the family, it -would doubtless contribute to relieve in many cases -where the lungs were affected, as in <i>hæmoptoës</i>, and -some others: but it does not seem, by any means, to -deserve that high character in medicine which has -been given to it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_683">[683]</span></p> - -<p>The people in Herefordshire, where this moss is -called <i>rags</i>, dye their stockings of a brown colour -with it. This is done by a very strong but simple -decoction in water, and the colour stands well<a id="FNanchor_122" href="#Footnote_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a>.</p> - -<p>The fine green <i>lichenoides</i> with black warts<a id="FNanchor_123" href="#Footnote_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a>, -is a celebrated medicine, and in very frequent use, -with the country people about Upsal, for the thrush -in children: to this end they give an infusion of it -in milk. A medicine of this kind is of great importance -in those countries, where that disorder occurs -much more frequently than with us<a id="FNanchor_124" href="#Footnote_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a>. It is -not received into the Swedish dispensatory; but is -known however in the shops, under the name of -<i>muscus cumatilis</i>. We have it not in England; and -Dillenius found it but in one place about Geissen: in -the woods of Sweden it is more plentiful. A singular -case, which is related in the <i>Amænitates Academicæ</i><a id="FNanchor_125" href="#Footnote_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a>, -has given rise to an opinion of its usefulness -in the worms also. The case briefly was -this: A country girl had, for near half a year, complained -of excruciating pains in her stomach and -bowels, which were attended with vomiting, anxiety, -and great watchfulness. All that had been prescribed -for her by Professor Linnæus and others, who -took her case for the worms, proved altogether fruitless. -Being afterwards left to the care of her neighbours -and relations, some good women gave her a -decoction of this moss, which the Uplanders call -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_684">[684]</span><i>elfnefwer</i>. After she had taken it a few days, she -vomited up six or seven roundish worms, and was -cured. These were found, upon examination, to be -the maggots of a kind of brown bee-fly, described -by Mr. Ray<a id="FNanchor_126" href="#Footnote_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a>, and by Linnæus<a id="FNanchor_127" href="#Footnote_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a>.</p> - -<p>However insufficient this history may be, to prove -the usefulness of this plant as a vermifuge, it will at -least serve to exemplify this fact; namely, that other -animals of the insect kind, besides the <i>teniæ</i>, <i>lumbrici</i>, -and <i>ascarides</i>, may subsist a long time in the <i>primæ -viæ</i> of the human body, and be the cause of great -disturbances therein<a id="FNanchor_128" href="#Footnote_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a>.</p> - -<p>Necessity is frequently the parent of the most useful -and important discoveries: and the uses to which -a plant of this order is appropriated by the natives of -Iceland, is a standing proof of the truth of this observation. -That climate will scarcely permit the cultivation -of any kind of grain; but the want of it is -in a great measure happily supplied by the eryngo-leaved -<i>lichenoides</i><a id="FNanchor_129" href="#Footnote_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a>, which is abundant in the -northern regions; and in that island particularly the -natives have long been acquainted with the methods -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_685">[685]</span>of applying it both to the purposes of food and of -physic.</p> - -<p>Ray has long since informed us<a id="FNanchor_130" href="#Footnote_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a>, from Bartholine, -that in the spring time, while it is young, it -will purge; in consequence of which it is used as -common spring physic. This quality it loses in a -short time; and what serves for physic in the spring, -is converted the remaining part of the year into food. -They collect large quantities of it, grind it into meal, -and make both pottage and bread of it. It is in -common use not only with the islanders, but in several -parts of Sweden also, where it is found to be -a very appropriate diet in phthisical cases<a id="FNanchor_131" href="#Footnote_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a>. These -accounts of the excellent use of this lichen correspond -perfectly well with the last accounts of it in -Mr. Horrebow’s Natural History of Iceland, just -published; and which I shall take the liberty of -transcribing as follows: “There is another herb, -called <i>muscus catharticus islandiæ</i>, or mountain-grass, -which they cook up into a delicate dish. I -have often eat of it; at first out of curiosity, but -afterwards for its palateableness and wholesomeness. -The excellent qualities of this herb are described -in the Memoires of the Society of Arts and Sciences -in Sweden. It grows in great abundance; -and those that live near the places, where it is -found, gather great quantities for their own use, -and to send to market. People that live at a - great distance will send and fetch horse-loads -away. Many use no meal or flour at all, when -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_686">[686]</span>they are stocked with this herb, which in every -respect is good and wholesome food”<a id="FNanchor_132" href="#Footnote_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a>.</p> - -<p>This moss is not very common in the southern -countries of Europe. England affords it but very -sparingly. Mr. Newton and Dr. Dillenius found it -in Wales; Sibbald, in Scotland. It is frequent on -the Alps of Switzerland; and Dr. Haller mentions -it in his <i>Iter Hercynium</i>. Sweden and Lapland have -it in plenty: and on account of its great abundance -and usefulness in Iceland, Bartholine, and after him -others, called it <i>muscus islandicus</i>.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Conclusion.</span></h3> - -<p>I cannot help remarking, by way of conclusion, -that we have in this genus of plants a convincing instance -of the utility which may result from the study -of natural science in general, and even of its minuter -and hitherto most neglected branches. From a view -of the foregoing memoir it is evident, I presume, -that the œconomical uses of the lichens, in the various -parts of the world, are already very considerable -and important: and altho’ it does not appear, that -the sensible qualities of any of them, or the experience -of former ages, will warrant our ascertaining -any singular powers to them in a medicinal way, -yet posterity will doubtless find the means of employing -them to many valuable purposes in human -life to us unknown.</p> - -<p>It will at once be acknowleged, that the vegetable -kingdom supplies us with the far greater share of the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_687">[687]</span>necessaries, the conveniences, and even the elegancies, -of life. The cultivation of that knowlege, which -leads to the investigation of its subjects, cannot, -therefore, but be highly useful and necessary: and -altho’ the bare science of natural knowlege is of itself -worthy of applause, yet it ought to be considered, -in reality, as the necessary means only of applying -the subjects of nature’s kingdoms to their true -ends and purposes, the service of mankind. To know -and distinguish, by determined and specific characters, -even but a small share of that amazing multitude -of objects, with which the great Parent of nature -has furnished our globe, is a task far more than -equal to the duration of human life. To investigate -and ascertain their various qualities and uses is equally -arduous and impracticable. While the naturalists, -therefore, are employed in distinguishing the forms -of things, let others exert the united efforts of genius -and application to investigate their various properties -and uses. I need not say the field for both is boundless: -it doubtless will be so for ages yet to come. -The hopes of discovering some latent property, which -may turn out to the advantage of his fellow creatures, -will animate the man, whose mind is truly formed -for relishing the pleasures of natural science; and -however the result may be, the inspection and contemplation -of nature’s productions will ever afford -that satisfaction, which will amply repay him for his -trouble. The minuter, and, as they are commonly -estimated, the most abject and insignificant things -are not beneath our notice; and an attentive mind -will readily conceive how much farther, and more -extensively useful, every branch of nature’s kingdom<span class="pagenum" id="Page_688">[688]</span> -may yet prove in the œconomy of human life. The -man, therefore, whom a genius and love for natural -history has allured into its pursuits, and whose leisure -permits his gratification in such researches, if he is -not happy enough to be crowned with success, at -least deserves it, and merits the thanks of his fellow-creatures -for his application and diligence.</p> -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">XCII. <i>An Account of the fossile Bones of an -Allegator, found on the Sea-shore, near</i> -Whitby <i>in</i> Yorkshire. <i>In a Letter to</i> -John Fothergill, <i>M. D. from Capt.</i> William -Chapman.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="right"> -Whitby, 20th of 1st mo. 1758. -</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Read May. 4, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">A Few days since we discovered on -the sea-shore, about half a mile -from this place, part of the bones of an animal, appearing -as in the annexed figure (<i>See</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a href="#XXII">XXII.</a>). -The ground they laid in is what we call allum-rock; -a kind of black slate, that may be taken up in flakes, -and is continually wearing away by the surf of the -sea, and the washing of stones, sand, <i>&c.</i> over it -every tide.</p> - -<p>The bones were covered five or six feet with the -water every full sea, and were about nine or ten -yards from the cliff, which is nearly perpendicular, -and about sixty yards high, and is continually wearing -away, by the washing of the sea against it; and, -if I may judge by what has happened in my own -memory, it must have extended beyond these bones -less than a century ago. There are several regular -strata or layers of stone, of some yards thickness, -that run along the cliff, nearly parallel to the horizon -and to one another. I mention this to obviate an -objection, that this animal may have been upon the -surface, and in a series of years may have sunk down -to where it lay; which will now appear impossible, -at least when the stones, <i>&c.</i> have had their present -consistence.</p> -<div class="sync"></div> -<div class="figcenter illowp82" id="facing689" style="max-width: 110em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XXIIb"></a>XXII(b) <i>p. <a href="#Page_689">689</a></i>.</div> - <img class="w100" src="images/facing689.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="right"><i><span class="small">J. Mynde sc.</span></i></div> -</div><div class="sync"></div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_689">[689]</span></p> - -<h3><i>References to the Draught.</i></h3> - -<p class="hang"><i>A</i>, <i>B</i>, <i>C</i>, the head and bill, not in the same line or -range with the rest of the bones.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>a</i>, <i>b</i>, A bone, with its processes, which I take to be -similar to that, which includes the brain in -fishes. The part between the bone and outlines -appeared to be a smooth membrane; but -was so thin, that in taking up it broke.</p> - -<p>It is evident this is the upper part of the -head inverted.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>B</i>, <i>C</i>, the superior <i>maxilla</i> intire, and in some places -covered with the inferior one for four or five -inches together. Where this happens, the vacuity -is filled with matter like the rock in -which it lays; and there are large teeth in -each jaw, at such distances, and so posited, -that those in one jaw fill up the vacuities in -the other, and appear like one continued row, -the mouth being shut.</p> - -<p>Where there is only the superior <i>maxilla</i> -remaining, there are no teeth; but the sockets -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_690">[690]</span>are visible and deep, and at the same distances -from each other as the teeth in the other part -of the jaw. The tip or extremity of the bill -was intire for four or five inches, having both -<i>maxillæ</i>, with their teeth, and towards the -point large fangs. Part of the bill and head -were covered with the rock; which was removed -before they appeared as in the figure.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>A</i>, <i>D</i>, <i>F</i>, <i>G</i>, cavities in the rock, about two inches -deep, where, I suppose, the wanting <i>vertebræ</i> -have laid, as they are exactly suited to have -received them.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>D</i>, <i>F</i>, Ten <i>vertebræ</i>, from three to four half inches -in diameter, and about three inches long, some -of them separated in taking up. They were -about two inches in the rock.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>E,</i> Here we observed something like bone to stretch -from the <i>vertebræ</i>, and intending to take it -up whole, begun to cut at what we thought -a proper distance; but found we cut thro’ a -bone; and with the <i>vertebræ</i> brought up -three or four inches of the <i>os femoris</i>, with -the ball, covered with the <i>periosteum</i>: but the -animal has been so crushed hereabouts, that -we could make little of the socket or <i>os innominata</i>. -Several of the ribs came up with -the <i>vertebræ</i>: they were broke, and laid parallel -to the <i>vertebræ</i>; but not quite close, -there being some of the rock between them. -The <i>periosteum</i> is visible on many of the bones.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>G</i>, <i>H</i>, Twelve <i>vertebræ</i> remaining in the rock, with -which they are almost covered, especially towards -the extremity.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_691">[691]</span></p> - -<p>The place, where these bones lay, was frequently -covered with sea-sand, to the depth of two feet, and -seldom quite bare; which was the occasion of their -being rarely seen: but being informed that they had -been discovered by some people two or three years -ago, we had one of them with us upon the spot, -who told us, that when he first saw it, it was intire, -and had two short legs on that part of the <i>vertebræ</i> -wanting towards the head. Altho’ we could not -suspect the veracity of this person, we thought he -was mistaken; for we had hitherto taken it for a -fish. But when we took it up, and found the <i>os femoris</i> -above-mentioned, we had cause to believe his -relation true, and to rank this animal amongst those -of the lizard kind: by the length (something more -than ten feet) it seems to have been an allegator; -but I shall be glad to have thy opinion about it.</p> - -<p class="center"> -I am thy friend,<br /> - -<span class="margin"><span class="large">William Chapman <i>Sen.</i> </span></span> -</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>The bones were sent up, and are herewith presented -to the Royal Society by</i></p> - -<p class="right"> -J. Fothergill. -</p> -</div> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_692">[692]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">XCIII. <i>De rariori quadam</i> Orthoceratitis -<i>Specie, in</i> Suecia <i>reperta, tractatus; in -literis a</i> Nicholao de Himsel, <i>M. D.</i> Riga -Livono, <i>ad</i> Gul. Watson, <i>M. D. R.SS.</i></h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read May 11, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">ORthoceratiti recti in loco quodam -Kelwika dicto, prope Fahlunam in -Dahlia, reperti. Inhærebant lapidi cineracei coloris -calcareo, variæ magnitudinis orthoceratiti, quorum -portiones hic delineatas describo.</p> - -<p class="center p2"><i>Vide</i> <span class="smcap">Tab. <a href="#XXIII">XXIII.</a></span></p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig. A.</i> Orthoceratitis portio, cujus pars inferior saxo -adhuc adhæret; ex lapide calcareo constans -lente in apicem decrescens. Licet ex parvis -ejus fragmentis judicari possit, cylindrum esse -orthoceratitem, ea tamen si conjunguntur, -verum formant conum, et mihi videtur ex -crassitie siphonis, orthoceratitem hunc conicum -duos fere superavisse pedes. Vidi orthoceratitem -in alio lapide calcareo, quem etiam -ibidem loci, Kelwikæ, reperi, longitudine duorum -cum semisse pedum: sed impossibile erat, -integrum eum excutere, nimis enim fragile -erat. Est portio hæc orthoceratitis testa sua -ambiente vestita in <i>a b c</i>. Quinque conspiciuntur -articuli, thalami quondam, arctissime -sibi invicem insidentes, per quos a latere procedit -sipho <i>m n</i> sat crassus, qui in omnibus -fere, quas possideo portionibus orthoceratitarum, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_693">[693]</span> -a centro semper remotus, hic ad peripheriam -positus conspicitur. Sipho admodum -lente decrescit, ex quo etiam de longitudine -coni hujus judicare licet. Crustæ vel testæ -<i>a b c</i> interior pars, quæ articulos tegit, crysstallina -est, ex spati crystallis tenuioribus irregularibus -constans.</p><div class="sync"></div> -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="facing692" style="max-width: 105.6875em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XXIII"></a>XXIII. <i>p. <a href="#Page_692">692</a></i>.</div> - <img class="w100" src="images/facing692.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="right"><i><span class="small">J. Mynde sc.</span></i></div> -</div> -<div class="sync"></div> -<p class="hang"><i>Fig. B.</i> Portio alia, in qua articuli minus crassi; -sipho quoque ad peripheriam positus, testa -sua in <i>a</i> tecta. Conspicitur septum illud testaceum -in <i>b</i>, communi tenuior, quod ab ipso -articulo superiori procedens, siphonis partem -<i>r s</i> investit.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig. B, C.</i> Portio orthoceratitis ex lapide calcareo cineracei -coloris: sipho vero, fluore spatoso -egregie crystallisato, constat.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig. C.</i> Portio alia per axin divisa, cujus pars exterior, -testa quæ striis circularibus levioribus -externe ornata, investita conspicitur.</p> - -<p class="hang">Ex parte interiori <i>Fig. D.</i> confirmatio ejus interna -adparet. Sipho <i>x z</i> gracilior, inter centrum -et peripheriam positus, dimidia parte ambiente -articulo denudatus adparet; dimidia altera, -inferiori articulo <i>c d e</i> tegitur. Articulus -<i>a b</i> spato crystallisato pellucido polygono -repletus est. Articulus <i>c d e</i> vero, saxo -spatoso incarnato paululum repletus est. <i>x</i>. -Siphonis pars superior, ubi radii a peripheria -ad centrum tendentes conspiciuntur. Inter -crystallos spatosos in articulo <i>a b</i> striæ hinc et -inde adparent nigræ, asphalto repletæ; ita -etiam cavitas articuli <i>a b</i>, æque ac superficies -convexa articuli <i>c e</i>, quæ in primam concavam -recipitur, lamina asphalti vestitæ sunt.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_694">[694]</span> -<i>Fig. E.</i> Pars alia orthoceratitis majoris, et quidem -facies exterior.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig. F.</i> Facies ejus interior, in medio divisi, cum -siphone transeunte satis crasso. <i>a b c</i> et reliquæ -striæ leves, sunt diaphragmata, articulos -<i>a b</i> invicem separantia, siphonem proprie constituentia, -siphonisque tenuiorem membranam, -quæ in <i>o</i> et <i>p</i> adhuc conspicitur, ambientia. -Sunt diaphragmata hæc crassiora in -siphonis vestigiis, et sibi invicem ab inferiori -parte insident. Sipho hic inter centrum et -peripheriam positus est.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig. G.</i> Materies calcarea, quæ siphonem replevit -striata, et quidem pars ejus interior, qua centrum -orthoceratitis respicit, peripheriæ opposita.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig. H.</i> Facies posterior, peripheriæ propior.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig. I.</i> Pars concava articuli majoris orthoceratitis, -in qua diaphragmatis testacei jam crystallisati -portiunculæ albicantes <i>m n r</i> conspiciuntur -cum siphone transeunte.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig. K.</i> Portio alia orthoceratitis majoris, ejusque facies -exterior, cum siphone <i>g</i> ad peripheriam -posito. Conspiciuntur his diaphragmata, quæ -ab utroque latere, ab articulis procedunt, se -invicem conjungunt, et siphonem ab exteriori -parte obtegunt. <i>a</i> est testæ satis crassæ portiuncula, -qua portio hæc orthoceratitis vestita -adhuc est.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_695">[695]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">XCIV. <i>A further Account of the Effects of -Electricity in the Cure of some Diseases</i><a id="FNanchor_133" href="#Footnote_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a>: -<i>In a Letter from Mr.</i> Patrick Brydone <i>to -Dr.</i> Robert Whytt, <i>Professor of Medicine -in the University of</i> Edinburgh, <i>and F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<p class="right"> -Coldinghame, January 9th, 1758. -</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Read May 11, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">A Young woman of Aiton, a village -about two miles from this place, -had her right leg drawn back by a contraction of -the muscles that bend the knee, so that she had not -been able to put that foot to the ground for near a -twelvemonth. She had taken the advice of some -Surgeons in the country, and had used several remedies -to no purpose. At last, hearing of the cure of -the paralytic woman, whose case I sent you some -time ago, she insisted on being brought hither; and -underwent a course of electrical shocks for near two -months, receiving every day at least fifty or sixty in -the following manner. She sat close by the machine, -and grasping the phial in her hand, she presented the -wire to the barrel or conductor, and drew the sparks -from it for about half a minute. The phial being -thus charged, she then touched her knee with the wire, -and thereby received such severe strokes, as would -sometimes instantly raise a blister on the part. The -joint was at last so much relaxed, as that she could -walk home with the help of a crutch, tho’ her leg -was so weak, that she had very little use of it. After -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_696">[696]</span>she had continued in this state for some weeks, she -was advised to use the cold bath: but that soon -brought back the contraction; and I have been since -informed that she was worse than ever.</p> - -<p class="p2">A soldier’s wife, a genteel looking woman, of about -30 years of age, was seized with a slight palsy, about -Newcastle, on her way to this country: but before -she got to this place, she had lost all the feeling in -her left side, and so far the power of it, that she -was brought to us in a cart. After receiving 600 -strokes from the electrical machine in the usual way, -and in the space of two days, she recovered the use -of her side, and set out on foot to make out the rest -of her journey. However, for fear of a relapse, I -gave her a recommendatory letter to Mr. Sommer, -Surgeon at Haddington, as she was to pass thro’ that -town, and as I knew that he was likewise provided -with an electrical apparatus.</p> - -<p class="p2">A young woman from <i>Home</i>, a village in this -shire, but at a good distance, complained of a coldness -and insensibility in her left hand and wrist, of -two years standing. When I felt that hand, it was -as cold as a stone, whilst the other was sweating; and -she told me, that it never had been warmer all that -time. I made her draw the sparks from an egg (which -for some other purpose was suspended by a wire -from the conductor) for about half an hour; and at -the end of that time I found the dead hand in a far -greater sweat than the other. She then wrapt it up -in a piece of flannel, as she used to do, and retired. -Next day she told me, that since the operation she -had been able to put off and on her cloaths without<span class="pagenum" id="Page_697">[697]</span> -help, which she had not been able to do for a -twelvemonth before. She was again electrised; and -believing she was then quite well, she went away: -but some weeks after, upon the coldness of her hand -beginning to return, she made me another visit, was -again electrised, and was dismissed a second time -apparently cured. This is about two months ago, -and I have heard nothing of her since.</p> - -<p class="p2">As these two last women are at such a distance, I -cannot pretend to send you their own testimony of -their cure. But for the two cases in the separate -paper, as the persons are inhabitants of this place, I -have taken care that they themselves should sign them, -along with my father; since you have acquainted me, -that accounts of this kind should have the attestation -both of the patients and the minister of the parish.</p> - -<p>I shall only add here, that several persons have -been relieved of rheumatic pains, by electrising the -parts affected. And a woman was cured of a deafness -of six months standing, contracted, as she imagined, -by cold. This woman held the phial in her -hand, whilst another person standing on a cake of -resin gave her the shock, by putting the end of the -wire into her ear. This manner of electrising brought -always on a profuse sweat over the head, which we -encouraged, by wrapping it up in flannel. The first -day she came here, she could scarce hear what was -spoken by those about her; but in five days she -seemed to be perfectly cured.</p> - -<p class="center"> -I am, <i>&c.</i><br /> -<span class="margin"><span class="large">Patrick Brydone.</span> </span> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_698">[698]</span></p> - -<p class="center p2"><i>Copy of the separate Paper before mentioned.</i></p> - -<p>Robert Haigs, of Coldinghame, a labouring man -of about 45, after having been for ten days ill of -a regular tertian ague, at my desire underwent the -electrical shocks in the common way. After having -received about thirty or forty very severe ones, he -grew pale, and staggering for several steps, would -have fallen down, had he not been supported. He -then fell into a sweat, which continued near half an -hour. I desired him to come back the next morning, -immediately before the fit, which he said came -on about ten o’clock. He accordingly came, and -told me he had not the usual symptoms preceding -the fit. He was that day again strongly electrised; -and has been without any aguish symptom ever -since; <i>viz.</i> for the space of four months.</p> - -<p>The truth of this is attested by</p> - -<p class="right"> -<span class="smcap">Robert Haigs</span>, <i>the person cured</i>.</p> -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Rob<sup>t</sup>. Brydone</span>, <i>Minister of Coldinghame</i>. -</p> - -<p class="p2">Ann Torry, of Coldinghame, a young woman of -about 20, had a regular tertian (being the first time -she ever had the ague) for near a fortnight. The fit -came on early in the morning. She was electrised -on her well day in the afternoon; and the next -morning, having had only a slight shivering, she<span class="pagenum" id="Page_699">[699]</span> -was electrised again about ten o’ clock, and has -had no symptom of the ague since; <i>viz.</i> for three -months.</p> - -<p>The above is attested by</p> - -<p class="right"> -<span class="smcap">Ann Torry</span>, <i>the person cured</i>.</p> -<p class="right"> -<span class="smcap">Rob<sup>t</sup>. Brydone</span>, <i>Minister of -Coldinghame</i>. -</p> -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">XCV. <i>An Account of the Black Assize at</i> -Oxford, <i>from the Register of</i> Merton College -<i>in that University. Communicated by</i> -John Ward, <i>LL. D. With some additional -Remarks.</i></h2> -</div> - -<p class="center"><i>Anno nono</i> D. Bickley <i>Custodis</i>, 1577.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Read May 25, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">VIcessimo<a id="FNanchor_134" href="#Footnote_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a> primo Julii in vestiario -Dñus custos et octo Seniores dispensarunt -cum <i>Decreto de concione et appictantia habendis, -die Dominico post festum Sᵗⁱ Petri ad vincula</i>; -ne vocata et conveniente turba, morbus ille, qui ante -quinque dies quamplurimos infestarat, dissipatior et -periculosior fiat. Etenim 15, 16, et 17, hujus Julii -aegrotant plus minus trecenti homines; et infra duodecim -dierum spatium mortui sunt (ne quid errem) -centum scholares, praeter cives non paucos. Tempus -sine dubio calamitosissimum et luctu plenum. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_700">[700]</span>Nam quidam lectos differentes<a id="FNanchor_135" href="#Footnote_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a>, agitati nescio quo -morbi et doloris furore, suos custodes baculis caedunt -et abigunt; alii per areas et plateas insanientium more -circumcursant; alii in profundam aquarum praecipites -insiliunt; nemo tamen, summo Deo gratia, desperanter -perit. Franguntur omnium animi. Fugiunt -medici, non propter necessitatem fratrum, sed -propter se et cistas creati. Relinquuntur miseri. Domini, -doctores, et collegiorum praefecti, ad unum -pene omnes abeunt. Custos noster, longe omnium -vigilantissimus, domi apud nos manet; in aegrotis -omnem curam, laborem, diligentiam impensus<a id="FNanchor_136" href="#Footnote_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a> -collocat; die toto, et nocte etiam intempesta, eos -sedulo invisit. Moriuntur e nostris quinque. Omnis -aula, omne collegium, aut domi, aut in via ad patriam, -suos habet mortuos. Mirari quis posset multitudinem -ad medicastrorum domos cum matulis citato -cursu properantium. Pharmacopolarum etiam -conservata syrupos, olea, aquas dulces, pixides, cujusque -generis confectiones, brevissimo tempore exhausta. -Laborant aegroti vehementissimo tum capitis -tum stomachi dolore; vexantur phrenesi; privantur -intellectu, memoria, visu, auditu, et caeteris etiam -sensibus. Crescente morbo, non capiunt cibos, non -dormiunt, ministros aut custodes non patiuntur. Semper, -vel in ipsa morte, mirae orum strenuitas et corporis -robur; et eo declinante, omnia modis impense -contrariis eveniunt. Nulli complexioni aut constitutioni -parcitur; cholericos tamen praecipue hic morbus -molestos habet; cujus ut causas, sic et curas ignorant -medici. Natum suspicantur multi, vel ex -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_701">[701]</span>foetido et pestilenti furum e carceribus prodeuntium -aëre (quorum duo vel tres sunt ante paucos dies in -vinculis mortui) vel ex artificiosis diabolicis et plane -papisticis flatibus e Lovaniensi barathro excitatis, et -ad nos scelestissime et clam emissis. Nam illi solum -et hic et alibi decumbunt aegroti, qui in castro, et -<i>guilda</i>, quam appellant, aula, quinto et sexto hujus -mensis adsunt<a id="FNanchor_137" href="#Footnote_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a>. Assisiorum judices, dominus -Robertus Bell, capitatis baro scaccarii etc. qualem -hactenus non peperit Anglia; dominus Johannes -Barrham, dominae reginae serviens ad legem; papisticae -pravitatis uterque apertissimi hostes et acerrimi -vindices: vicecomes Oxoniensis comitatis<a id="FNanchor_138" href="#Footnote_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a>, equites -aurati duo, armigeri et pacis justiciarii octo, generosi -plures, horum non pauci famuli, omnes (uno aut -attero exceptis) <i>de grandi</i>, ut loquuntur, <i>jure</i>, statim -post fere relictam Oxoniam mortui sunt. Et ut quisque -fortissimus, ita citissime moritur. Foeminae non -petuntur, nec certe pauperes; neque etiam inficitur -quisquam, qui aegrotorum necessitatibus subministrarit, -aut eos inviserit. Sed ut fuit morbus hic insigniter -violentus, ita neque diu duravit. Nam infra -unius mensis curriculum ad pristinam pene sanitatem -restituuntur omnes; ut jam denuo mirari possis tot -scholares, tot etiam cives, urbem et plateas linteis -capitibus obambulantes, et nomen clementissimi Dei -nostri in omne aevum suspicere<a id="FNanchor_139" href="#Footnote_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a>.</p> - -<p>Vicessimo quarto Julii Joannes May, socius et -artium magister, in collegio vitam finit. Sepelitur -in ecclesia.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_702">[702]</span></p> - -<p>Vicessimo septimo ejusdem Browne clericus moritur -in collegio.</p> - -<p>Vicessimo octavo ejusdem Gaunte portionista moritur -in collegio.</p> - -<p>Vicessimo nono Dnus Lea, electus probationarius -20 Julii, moritur in collegio.</p> - -<h3><i>Additional Remarks, by</i> Tho. Birch, <i>D. D. -Secret. R. S.</i></h3> - -<p class="drop-capi">CAmden, in his Annals of Queen Elizabeth<a id="FNanchor_140" href="#Footnote_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a>, -observes, that almost all, except women and -children, who were present at the assizes at Oxford, -at the tryal of Rowland Jenkes, a Bookseller there, -for seditious words, died, to the number of about -three hundred. Mr. John Stow, in his <i>Chronicle of -England</i><a id="FNanchor_141" href="#Footnote_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a>, enlarges this number, and affirms, that -there died in Oxford three hundred persons, and in -other places two hundred and odd, from the 6th of -July to the 12th of August; <i>after which died not -any of that sickness; for one of them infected not another</i>: -And this historian agrees with Camden, that -not any one woman or child died thereof. Dr. -George Ethryg, a physician, who practised at that -time at Oxford<a id="FNanchor_142" href="#Footnote_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a>, in the 2d book of his <i>Hypomnemata -quædam in aliquot Libros Pauli Æginetæ, seu -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_703">[703]</span>Observationis Medicamentorum, quæ hâc ætate in usu -sunt</i>, printed at London in 1588, in 8vo, mentions, -that on the first night of the appearance of the dissease -about six hundred fell sick of it; and that the -next night an hundred more were seized in the villages -near Oxford. Lord Bacon, in his <i>Natural History</i>, evidently -refers to this, and one or two more instances -of the same kind, in the following passage, <i>Century</i> -X. <i>Nº.</i> 914. “The most pernicious infection next -the plague is the smell of the goal, where prisoners -have been long and close and nastily kept; whereof -we have had in our time experience twice or -thrice, when both the judges, that sat upon the -goal, and numbers of those, that attended the -business, or were present, sickened upon it, and -died. Therefore it were good wisdom, that in -such cases the goal were aired before they be -brought forth.” We have likewise an account in -Mr. Anthony Wood<a id="FNanchor_143" href="#Footnote_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a>, that at the quarter-session -at Cambridge, in Lent in the year 1522, and the -13th of the reign of Henry VIII. the justices, gentlemen, -and bailiffs, with most of the persons present, -were seized with a disease, which proved mortal -to a considerable number of them; those, who -escaped, having been very dangerously sick. With -regard to the unhappy instance of the same kind of -contagion, which happened at the session in the Old -Baily in May 1750, see Dr. Pringle’s excellent work, -intitled, <i>Observations on the Diseases of the Army in -Camp and in Garison</i><a id="FNanchor_144" href="#Footnote_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a>.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_704">[704]</span></p> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">XCVI. <i>A Description of the Plan of</i> Peking, -<i>the Capital of</i> China; <i>sent to the Royal -Society by Father</i> Gaubil, è Societate Jesu. -<i>Translated from the</i> French.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">King che. The Court.</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">Read June 1, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">IN this plan are the inclosures of walls, -which form as it were three cities.</p> - -<div class="sidenoter">Kong tching, -Tse kin.</div> - -<p>The first is the imperial palace, or -imperial city. It is called <i>Kong tching</i> -or <i>Tse kin</i>. The numbers 11, 17, 21, -24, mark the great gates of this inclosure.</p> - -<div class="sidenoter">Hoang tching.</div> - -<p>The second inclosure is <i>Hoang -tching</i>. The numbers 3, 18, 30, 86, -mark four great gates of this inclosure.</p> - -<div class="sidenoter">King tching.</div> - -<p>The third inclosure is <i>King tching</i>, -or Royal City. The numbers 235, -1, 99, 146, 173, 183, 188, 109, 211, -mark nine gates of this inclosure.</p> - -<p>At the four angles east and west of the north and -south walls is a large pavillion in the form of a fortress. -It is a kind of arsenal or magazine of arrows, -bows, guns, bucklers, cuirasses, pikes, small cannon, -<i>&c.</i></p> - -<p>Observe the angle made by the inclosure <i>Hoang -tching</i> on the south of the gate Nº. 84, to the north -of Nº. 260. The inclosure extends to the east, then -to the south, and continues to the east, passing by -Nº. 3.</p> -<div class="sync"> </div> -<div class="figcenter illowp91" id="facing704" style="max-width: 62.5em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XXIV"></a>XXIV. <i>p. <a href="#Page_704">704</a></i>.</div> - <img class="w100" src="images/facing704.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="right"><i><span class="small">J. Mynde sc.</span></i></div> -</div> - -<div class="sync"> </div> -<div class="figcenter illowp61" id="facing704-2" style="max-width: 97.1875em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XXV"></a>XXV. <i>p. <a href="#Page_704">704</a></i>.</div> - <img class="w100" src="images/facing704-2.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="right"><i><span class="small">J. Mynde sc.</span></i></div> -</div> -<div class="sync"> </div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_705">[705]</span></p> - -<p>1. is the great gate <i>Hien men</i>. As you go on to -the north, 2, 143, 214, are three gates of a great -court with magnificent walls. Thro’ the gate 3 you -enter into a court, where is the <i>Tay miao</i> Nº. 7. -There are reposited the tablets of the ancestors of the -reigning emperor, and of the illustrious subjects deceased, -who have served the dynasty. This <i>miao</i> -or palace is a vast one, and well kept. At regular -times the emperor, princes, and great men, go thither -to perform ceremonies.</p> - -<p>Nº. 9 is the <i>Che tsi tan</i>, where are performed, at -regular times, the ceremonies to the ancients, who -have taught the art of agriculture. This palace is a -very beautiful one. 4, 5, 6, are the gates of a court, -where the <i>reguli</i> and princes go frequently to receive -the emperor’s orders. There are halls for their reception. -The mandarins give them tea to drink, -and mark their names in a register. When upon -the fixed days they cannot attend, they are required -to give notice of it. It is in this court, that -the tributary princes, or their envoys, do homage, -and receive the presents of the emperor; which presents -are considered as rewards.</p> - -<p>Nº. 11 is <i>Ou men</i>, the great gate with a beautiful -pavillion of a considerable height, in which is a large -bell<a id="FNanchor_145" href="#Footnote_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a>. This gate, with those marked Nº. 12, 13, -are those of the great court; whence going to the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_706">[706]</span>north, you enter into the beautiful and vast court -<i>Tay ho tien</i>, the gates and galleries of which, with -the balconies, make a fine appearance. In this court, -on the first day of the year, and on other fixed days, -the mandarins, according to their ranks, perform -the ceremony to the emperor, who is seated on his -throne in the hall called <i>Tay ho tien</i>. This hall is a -vast and magnificent one. The princes, ministers, -and great men of the first order, place themselves -there by the emperor. It is in this hall, that the -emperor gives audience to foreign princes and their -ambassadors. You go up to this hall by magnificent -steps.</p> - -<p>To the north of <i>Tay ho tien</i> is a large court, whither -the princes, great men, ministers, and principal mandarins, -go in turns every day, to receive the emperor’s -orders, or to present their petitions. To the north of -this court are the apartments of the emperor, the -empress, the queens, and ladies. The great gate of -the place, where these apartments are, is Nº. 23. -All these apartments are in the space contained within -the walls, which have this figure - <img src="images/image706.jpg" width="100" height="34" alt="figure"/> - -At A is a beautiful gate to the south. The walls of -the inclosure of the apartments of the emperor and -empress are higher than those of the inclosures of the -queens and ladies. In them are orchards, jets d’eau, -flowering shrubs, and a great number of small chambers -for the eunuchs.</p> - -<p>To the west of the court <i>Tay ho tien</i> is the fine -palace <i>Tsi ning kong</i>. The empress-mother lives -there at present. Every thing in this palace is beautiful. -There are little gardens very neat and well<span class="pagenum" id="Page_707">[707]</span> -kept. At the east of the <i>Tay ho tien</i> is likewise a -fine palace, where the prince heir, with his court, -resided in the time of the emperor <i>Kanghi</i>. It is a -very beautiful palace, and highly ornamented.</p> - -<p>In the inclosure of <i>Kong tching</i>, or <i>Tse kin</i>, there -are tribunals, a great number of magazines, manufactures, -the imperial apothecary’s shop and printing-house; -schools for the Chinese and Tartar languages; -and several temples of idols, one of which, lately -made for the lamas, cost immense sums.</p> - -<p>Nº. 26, 28, 29, are the gates of the great inclosure -called <i>Kin chan</i>. It is properly a beautiful pleasure-house, -which the present emperor has caused to be -extremely embellished. There are in it fine gardens -with walks of trees, very rich and elegant apartments, -halls for the musicians and comedians. From the -mountain <i>m</i>, the last emperor of the dynasty <i>Ming</i>, -seeing the city taken by the rebels, hanged himself -on the morning of the 15th of April of the year of -our Lord 1644. On the day before, the 14th of -April, the empress hanged herself in the evening in -the palace. The mountain in <i>Kin chan</i> was made -by art a long time ago.</p> - -<p>At the west of the inclosure <i>Kin chan</i> and <i>Tse kin</i> -observe the great laos. 54 is the <i>peta</i>, or white pyramid. -This pyramid stands on a small mountain, -which makes an island. The present emperor has -built there, in the form of an amphitheatre, I do -not know how many apartments with covered and -open galleries, well built, and in a good taste: the -point of view is charming, and the galleries, which -run over the lake, are extremely beautiful. There -are two or three temples of idols. 53 is a fine<span class="pagenum" id="Page_708">[708]</span> -building with a temple of idols; and in it a statue -of <i>Fo</i> of an extraordinary height. It is of copper, -gilt, and cost great sums. 76 is a very beautiful -palace called <i>Yng tay</i>, with fine gardens, fine halls, -and fine walks.</p> - -<p>55 is the palace, in which is placed the tablet of -the emperor <i>Kang hi</i>, grandfather to the present -emperor, who at regular times goes thither, in order -to honour the memory of that great prince, one of -the most illustrious and fortunate sovereigns of the -empire of China.</p> - -<p>81 is the house and church of the French Jesuits. -The house stands in 39° 55´ of northern latitude, or -possibly some seconds more, and 114° to the east -of the observatory of Paris. This situation, with -regard to latitude and longitude, is founded upon a -considerable number of astronomical observations. -By means of a scale, which may be made, we have -the distance between this house and the other parts -of the city, north and south, east and west; as likewise -the latitude and longitude of all the places in -the city of Peking. 248 is the house and church of -the Portuguese Jesuits; 170 the house and church of -the Portuguese Jesuits<a id="FNanchor_146" href="#Footnote_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a>; 131 the house and church -of the Russians. A little to the east of Nº. 176 is -a small house and chapel for the Russians settled at -Peking for above seventy years past.</p> - -<p>31 is <i>Kou leou</i><a id="FNanchor_147" href="#Footnote_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a>, the Tower of the Drum; 32 is -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_709">[709]</span><i>Tchong leou</i>, the Tower of the Bell; in which is a -very large bell<a id="FNanchor_148" href="#Footnote_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a>.</p> - -<p>179 was formerly the palace of the fourth son of -the emperor <i>Kang hi</i> after the death of <i>Kang hi</i>. -This prince reigned under the name of <i>Yong tching</i>. -His son the present emperor caused this palace to be -demolished, and to be rebuilt with an extraordinary -magnificence. In the hall is the tablet of <i>Yong -tching</i>; and there are in this palace grand apartments -for the emperor, when he goes thither to honour the -memory of his father. The emperor has erected -here a temple of idols for the lama of Thibet; and -there are apartments for above three hundred lama’s. -These have Chinese and Tartar disciples to the number -of two hundred. Here are taught, in the Thibetan -language, called here <i>Tan gout</i>, the sciences, -arts, mathematics, physic, spirituality, and the pagan -religion. In this beautiful inclosure there are statuaries -and painters. This building is not at all inferior -in beauty and magnificence to those of the palace -of Peking, or to those, which the present emperor is -going on to erect in his pleasure-houses.</p> - -<p>180 <i>Koue he kien</i> is the imperial college. The -great hall, where Confucius is honoured, is a very -beautiful one. There are likewise halls for honouring -the disciples of this philosopher and several eminent -Chinese learned men, who have followed his doctrine -with success. The emperor goes thither sometimes -to perform the ceremony to Confucius as master -and instructor to the empire. The avenues, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_710">[710]</span>courts, and apartments, of <i>Koue he kien</i> have a most -majestic appearance.</p> - -<p>70 the smaller observatory.</p> - -<p>108 the imperial observatory, built by <i>Kia hing</i>, -emperor of the last dynasty <i>Ming</i>.</p> - -<p>136 the tribunal of mathematics, <i>Kin tien kien</i>.</p> - -<p>137 the tribunal of mandarins, <i>Ly pou</i>.</p> - -<p>139 the tribunal of rites and ceremonies<a id="FNanchor_149" href="#Footnote_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a>, <i>Ly pou</i>.</p> - -<p>133 <i>Ping pou</i>, the tribunal of war.</p> - -<p>134 <i>Kong pou</i>, the tribunal for public works.</p> - -<p>140 <i>Heu pou</i>, the tribunal for the finances.</p> - -<p>142 the tribunal of princes, <i>Tsong gin fou</i>.</p> - -<p>168 <i>Hing pou</i>, the tribunal for criminal causes.</p> - -<p>144 <i>Li fan yuen</i>, the tribunal for foreign nations, -Thibetans, Eleuthians, Russians, and indeed for all -foreigners, who come by the way of Tartary from -the west.</p> - -<p>369 <i>Tou tcha yuen</i>, the tribunal of the censors of -the empire. It has under it the <i>provosts</i> and <i>mare-chaussée</i>.</p> - -<p>233 the tribunal of <i>Kieou men ti tou</i>, or governor -of the nine gates, that is, the governor of the city.</p> - -<p>185 the tribunal of the judge of the city. This -judge is here called <i>Fou yn</i>. He has under him two -judges named <i>Tchi hyen</i>. One of these is the judge -of the district called <i>Ouang ping hien</i> 193. The -other is called the district of <i>Tay tsing hien</i> 182. These -districts are within the city and without it. What is -called at Peking <i>tou yn</i> is called elsewhere <i>tchi fou</i>.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_711">[711]</span></p> -<p>128 is the tribunal of <i>Han lin</i>, or the chosen -doctors of the empire. This tribunal, called <i>Han -lin yuen</i>, is a very considerable one: it has the care -of the registers for the Chinese history. All the -learned men of the empire, and the colleges and -schools, depend upon this tribunal. Here are chosen -the judges and examiners of the compositions for the -degrees of the learned men; as likewise those, who -are most capable of writing verses and pieces of eloquence -for the use of the palace and emperor.</p> - -<p>107 <i>Kong yuen</i> is the inclosure, where the compositions -are drawn up for the examination of the -learned men. Here are a great number of little -chambers or cells for the composers, and fine apartments -for the mandarins appointed to preserve good -order, and to prevent those, who compose, from -making use of the compositions of others.</p> - -<p>273 <i>Tchoua kou ting</i> is a pavillion, in which is a -drum. Mandarins and soldiers keep guard here day -and night. In ancient times, when any person had -not justice done him, and thought himself oppressed, -he went and beat this drum; at the sound of which -the mandarins ran, and were obliged to carry the -complaint of the party oppressed to the great men or -ministers. Upon which information was taken of -the fact, and justice done. At present the use of -this drum is abolished; but it has been thought proper -to preserve this ancient monument of the Chinese -government.</p> - -<p>217 <i>Ti ouang miao</i> is a palace, wherein are the -tablets of a great number of the ancient emperors of -China. At the time of the equinoxes the emperor -goes thither to perform the ceremonies to these deceased<span class="pagenum" id="Page_712">[712]</span> - emperors. See the notes on the <i>Ti ouang -miao</i>, p. 723.</p> - -<p>92, and the continuation of the buildings to the -north, contain the magazines of gunpowder, salt-petre, -and nitre. In the city are many other magazines. -I do not name them here. They have their -numbers. These magazines are of cloth, mats, skins, -oil, wine, vinegar, wood, coal, porcelain, tea, varnish, -silk, <i>&c.</i></p> - -<p>The city is divided into eight quarters for the -bannieres of the Tartars <i>Mantcheou</i>, the Tartars -<i>Mongou</i>, and the Chinese called <i>Han kun</i>, who follow -the Tartars <i>Mantcheou</i>, and submitted to them -when they entered China. Since that time the Chinese -<i>Han kun</i> are become numerous and powerful. -These eight bannieries are divided by this means as -it were into twenty-four; <i>viz.</i> eight of <i>Mantcheou</i>, -eight of <i>Mongou</i>, and eight of <i>Han kun</i>. Each banniery -has its officers, magazines, and arsenal. These -are pretty spacious inclosures, each of which has <span class="err" title="original: it">its</span> -number.</p> - -<p>94 is an inclosure, in which are kept tygers; and -240 an inclosure, wherein are elephants.</p> - -<p>65 <i>Tsan yuen</i> is an inclosure for silk-worms.</p> - -<p>147, 150, 151, are public granaries, very well -built. Without the gates 146, 173, are many of -these public granaries; as also in the environs of the -city to the north, south, east, and west. The largest -and most magnificent are in the city of <i>Tong tcheou</i>, -four French Leagues to the east of Peking.</p> - -<p>37, 38, 42, 52, 54, 59, 60, 66, 80, 83, 84, 85, -91, 93, 117, 118, 152, 154, 156, 160, 165, 178, -196, 203, 210, 215, 218, 225, 229, 230, 250, 255,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_713">[713]</span> -261, these numbers mark temples of idols. Some -of these numbers mark halls for honouring of illustrious -deceased persons; but of these there are only -a few. There are several small <i>miao</i>, which are not -numbered. In the Chinese city, in the suburbs, are -many temples of idols; and some even in the emperor’s -palace. And almost all the palaces of the -princes have idol temples.</p> - -<p>33, 35, 36, 61, 62, 64, 67, 68, 71, 109, 126, -128, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142, -144, 180, 182, 185, 193, 219, 222, 233, 243, 251, -252, 253, 254, 255, 259, 260, 267, 268, 269, 270, -271, 297, these numbers mark the tribunals, as -well those, which I have already mentioned, as many -other subaltern ones, which depend on them. There -is one for the physicians.</p> - -<p>101, 119, 121, 124, 125, 129, 148, 149, 155, -161, 162, 166, 172, 174, 175, 176, 192, 194, 195, -202, 208, 209, 216, 220, 221, 224, 232, 237, 238, -239, 241, 244, 247, 249, 262, 263, 264, mark the -palaces of the princes of the blood, who are divided -into several classes <i>Tsing ouang</i>, <i>reguli</i> of the first order; -<i>Kun ouang</i>, <i>reguli</i> of the second order; <i>Pey le</i>, -<i>reguli</i> of the third order; <i>Pey tse</i>, <i>reguli</i> of the fourth -order; <i>Kong</i>, or counts, divided still farther into -other classes; and <i>Tsiang kun</i>, or generals of armies, -divided likewise into other classes.</p> - -<p>Some years ago the emperor caused to be measured -the circumference of the walls of <i>King tching</i>, of -<i>Hoang tching</i>, and of <i>He kin</i>, <i>&c.</i> as likewise the -breadth of the streets, the space filled by the <i>miao</i>, -our three churches, that of the Russians, palaces, -<i>&c.</i> The Chinese city was not measured. A drawing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_714">[714]</span> - <i>of all this was made at large, and then reduced</i> -to a smaller scale, as it appears here. I -will not undertake for the perfect exactness of it, -either in the measures or the reduction. All this is -by a Chinese hand. The foot made use of in this -mensuration is to that of France as 1000 to 1016. -1800 of these feet make a <i>ly</i><a id="FNanchor_150" href="#Footnote_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a>. By the scale to be -seen in the small plan, and from the dimensions of -the south and east walls of <i>King tching</i>, may be deduced -all the dimensions. The circumference of -the walls of the Chinese city has been formerly measured, -and well, by several measures; and the result -of them may be seen here by the scale.</p> - -<p>The south wall of <i>King tching</i> is from east to -west eleven <i>ly</i> and near a third. The east wall from -north to south is nine <i>ly</i> and some paces. So that -the city is not square, as several persons have written.</p> - -<p>The persons employed by the emperor to measure -did not think of measuring the space, which contains -the house and church of the congregation <i>de -propagandâ fide</i>. This house and church are situated -to the south between number 207 and a small bridge -to the west of number 201.</p> - -<p>In the accounts sufficient mention has been made -of the walls and gates of the city of <i>King tching</i>; -for which reason it is not necessary for me to say -any thing concerning it.</p> - -<p>In the year of our Lord 1267, the Tartar emperor -<i>Koublay han</i> (in Chinese <i>Yuen chi tsou</i>) built -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_715">[715]</span>the city called <i>Ta tou</i>. It is the principal part of -the present city of <i>King tching</i>. It contained the -<i>Kin chun</i>, a palace <i>Yng tay</i>, <i>Hoang tching</i>, <i>Tse -kin</i>, &c. the walls of the city, an observatory, the -towers of the Drum and the Bell. <i>Yong lo</i>, emperor -of the last dynasty <i>Tay ming</i>, made great alterations -in the city built by <i>Yuen chi tsou</i>.</p> - -<p>In the year 1406 the emperor <i>Yong lo</i> undertook -to build stronger and higher walls, and more magnificent -gates, to the city; to rebuild the <i>Hoang tching</i>, -the emperor and empress’s proper habitation, and -the several parts of <i>Tse kin</i>, the courts, hall of the -throne or of <i>Tay ho tien</i>, the <i>Kou leou</i>, the <i>Tchong -leou</i>. He undertook also to build the <i>Sien nong -tan</i> and <i>Tien tan</i>, which are now in the Chinese city. -On account of the wars with the Tartars, the works -undertaken by <i>Yong lo</i> were not finished till the year -of our Lord 1421. Since that time, in the <i>Kin tchin</i> -some alterations have been made in the palace, and -a good number of new <i>miao</i> and palaces have been -built. The emperor <i>Kia tsing</i> built the Chinese city -in the year of Christ 1544.</p> - -<p>The gates and walls of the Chinese city are not -all equal in beauty to those in the city <i>King tching</i>. -The streets are neither so broad, nor so well kept in -repair. More than a third of the space of the Chinese -city is not inhabited. It consists only of fields and -gardens. The spaces occupied by the <i>Sien nong tan</i> -and the <i>Tien tan</i> are vast; and between these two -there is a very broad road. In this Chinese city are -some mosques for the Mahometans. The inhabited -part of this city is much more so than the city <i>King -tching</i> and <i>Hoang tching</i>. In the Chinese city are -vast inns for those, who come out of the southern<span class="pagenum" id="Page_716">[716]</span> -provinces to Peking. Here are likewise a curious -manufacture of <i>lieou ly</i> or Chinese glass, rich merchants -of women’s ornaments, of gold, of the plant -<i>gin cheng</i> so much esteemed and so dear here, of -varnished furniture, tea, stuffs of value, <i>&c.</i> The -booksellers shops are also in this city. It is to be -remarked, that the walls of the Chinese city and -<i>King tching</i> do not run directly north and south and -east and west, but decline towards the north-west -2° 30´, and as much south-east. It is probable, -that the architects employed in directing the building -of these walls made use of a compass; and that -the declinatiation of the needle was then what is -mentioned above.</p> - -<p>What I have said of the walls of the city is likewise -to be said of the walls of <i>Hoang tching</i> and of -<i>Tse king</i>.</p> - -<p>At the time of building the city <i>King tching</i>, and -the Chinese city, the Chinese astronomers very well -understood, that the north and south of the compass -was not the north and south of the heavens at Peking; -they knew, that the needle declined to the north-west -and south-east; but that this declination was -not considerable.</p> - -<p>Without the gates of the Chinese city, and of -<i>King tching</i>, I mark the suburbs; which are very -full of people and merchants, and like so many cities. -In most of these suburbs there are fine temples of -idols.</p> - -<p>The <i>Sien nong tan</i> in the Chinese city is almost -six <i>ly</i> in circuit. These three words signify, The hill -of the ancient husbandmen.</p> - -<p>The emperor goes thither every year in the spring<span class="pagenum" id="Page_717">[717]</span> -to till the ground, and sacrifices on that hill to heaven. -The emperor’s apartments there have nothing -magnificent in them; but the ceremony of ploughing -is a solemn and curious one, and deserves a particular -description. The emperor tills under a small -covering of mat. When he has ploughed about half -an hour, he ascends a large alcove, from whence he -sees the princes, great men, and mandarins, plough -in the fields, which are not covered with mats. -While the emperor is ploughing, a good number of -peasants sing ancient songs on the importance of -ploughing. The emperor, princes, and great men, -are dressed in the habit of plough-men, and their -instruments of husbandry are very neat, and kept in -a magazine. There are granaries for the grain produced -by this tillage; and it is carefully remarked, -that the grain from the emperor’s tillage is much -better than that from the labour of others. From -this grain are made several cakes for the various sacrifices -to Heaven or <i>Chang ti</i>. The emperor prepares -himself for this ceremony by fasting, prayers -to heaven, and a kind of retreat: and the intention -of it is to keep up a memorial of those times, in -which the princes themselves tilled the ground. This -ceremony is of the highest antiquity in China.</p> - -<p>Over against the <i>Sien nong tan</i> is the <i>Tien tan</i>, or -Hill of Heaven, near ten <i>ly</i> in circuit. Every thing -here is magnificent. The emperor goes thither every -year at the winter solstice to sacrifice to heaven. He -prepares himself three days for this ceremony by -fasting, in a palace of <i>Tien tan</i>, called the <i>palace of -fasting</i>. The hill, on which the emperor sacrifices, -is magnificently adorned. At the four avenues are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_718">[718]</span> -beautiful triumphal arches of fine marble; and the -hill is ascended by elegant steps. In this ceremony -are introduced many usages contrary to the ancient -Chinese doctrine concerning the sacrifice to heaven. -On the day of the winter solstice are added the honours -paid to the five planets, that is, to their spirit. -These ceremonies added to the sacrifice to heaven are -not very ancient. There are likewise honours to the -first founders of the reigning dynasty. At several -other times the emperor goes to <i>Tien tan</i> to perform -a sacrifice to heaven, and to honour his deceased ancestors.</p> - -<p>To the north of the Hill of Heaven is a large and -high terrace, on which is a most magnificent hall in -honour of <i>Chang ti</i>, or the sovereign Lord, and of -his ancestors. On the frontispiece of this hall the -present Tartar emperors have caused an inscription -to be placed to <i>Ap cai han</i>, or the Lord of heaven. -To this Tartar inscription answers the Chinese character -<i>Kien</i>; which has the same meaning as the -character <i>Tien</i>, heaven; and it signifies the <i>Chang -ti</i>, who is intended to be honoured in this hall. The -tablet for the <i>Chang ti</i> is in a place, which shews, -that the honour paid to <i>Chang ti</i> is of a different kind -from the honour paid to ancestors.</p> - -<p>Without the eastern gate of <i>King tching</i>, Nº. 145, -is <i>Ge tan</i>, or Hill of the Sun. At the vernal equinox -the emperor sends hither a prince or great man -to honour the sun, that is, the spirit of the sun. This -inclosure, tho’ elegant enough, has nothing very remarkable; -nor is the ceremony very ancient.</p> - -<p>Without the north gate of <i>King tching</i>, at Nº. -183, is <i>Ti tan</i>, or the Hill of the Earth. At the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_719">[719]</span> -summer solstice the emperor goes thither to sacrifice -to the earth on the hill. Many of the learned men -at present distinguish this sacrifice in the <i>Ti tan</i> from -the sacrifice in the <i>Tien tan</i>. But, according to the -doctrine of Confucius, the sacrifice to the earth has -the same object as the sacrifice to heaven. In both -the supreme Lord <i>Chang ti</i> is to be honoured. I do -not know, whether the emperor adheres to the pure -doctrine of Confucius, and whether he does not pretend -to honour the earth, or spirit of the earth, by -performing a sacrifice, which originally had for its -object the <i>Chang ti</i>, as we are assured by Confucius. -The inclosure of <i>Ti tan</i> is a vast one; but is not at -all equal in beauty to the <i>Tien tan</i>.</p> - -<p>Without the western gate of <i>King tching</i>, Nº. -211, is <i>Yue tan</i>, the Hill of the Moon. At the -autumnal equinox the emperor sends thither a prince -or great man to honour the moon, or spirit of the -moon. This ceremony is not very ancient. This -inclosure is a neat one, and pretty large.</p> - -<p>Between the two north gates of <i>King tching</i>, Nº. -183 and 188, is a vast esplanade for the exercise of -the troops both horse and foot.</p> - -<p>To the north of this esplanade are two beautiful -temples of idols for the lamas. These two monasteries -are very elegant. The emperor and the Tartars -<i>Mon gou</i> lay out great sums on these two monasteries -and the two temples of the lamas.</p> - -<p>In the year 1111 before Christ, <i>Ou ouang</i>, founder -of the dynasty <i>Tcheou</i>, nominated his brother <i>Tchao -kong</i> prince of <i>Yen</i>. <i>Yen</i> is the ancient name of a -pretty extensive country, in which Peking stands. -This prince of <i>Yen</i> built a city there, a league and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_720">[720]</span> -half south-west of the city <i>King tching</i>. This city -was called <i>Yen king</i>, or the court of <i>Yen</i>. It became -afterwards considerable; and the prince of <i>Yen</i> very -powerful in the country of <i>Petcheli</i> and <i>Leao tong</i>. -In the year 222 before Christ the emperor <i>Tsin chi -hoang</i> destroyed the power of the princes of <i>Yen</i>, the -defendants of <i>Tchao kong</i>, and seized their dominions. -The founder of the dynasty <i>Han</i> destroyed -the power of the family of <i>Tsin chi hoang</i>. In the -time of the dynasty <i>Tsin</i>, before the Christian æra, -and of the dynasty <i>Han</i>, the city of <i>Yen</i> was an important -government, on account of the neighbourhood -of the Tartars. Some time after the dynasty <i>Han</i> -several Tartar princes <i>Sien pi</i> made themselves masters -of the country of <i>Yen</i>. During the dynasty of <i>Tang</i> -the city of <i>Yen</i> was still a considerable one. After the -destruction of that dynasty the Tartars <i>Ki tan</i><a id="FNanchor_151" href="#Footnote_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a> made -themselves masters of Tartary, and the provinces of -<i>Chansy</i>, <i>Petcheli</i>, and <i>Leao tong</i>. Their power was -formidable to the Chinese. Their court was in the -city of <i>Yen</i>, which they adorned and inlarged. These -Tartars had, like the Chinese emperors, tribunals; -one for the mathematics, and another for history<a id="FNanchor_152" href="#Footnote_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a>. -They had likewise some illustrious princes, and kept -some correspondence with the Caliphs.</p> - -<p>The Tartars <i>Nuntche</i> destroyed the power of -<i>Leao</i>. Their court was also at <i>Yen</i>; and they made -it as magnificent and large a city as Peking is now. -The Mogol Tartars destroyed the empire of the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_721">[721]</span><i>Nuntche</i> or <i>Kin</i>. Their court was at first at <i>Yen</i>; -but the Tartar Mogol emperor <i>Koublay</i> demolished -that city, and built what is now called <i>King tching</i>: -at least <i>King tching</i> is a good part of the city built -by <i>Koublay</i>, which was some <i>ly</i> larger. The emperor’s -palace was likewise larger.</p> - -<p>This city <i>King tching</i> is that, which Marco Paulo -calls <i>Cambalu</i>. <i>Car</i> is <i>khan</i>, which signifies a <i>king</i>; -and <i>balu</i> is a corruption of an old Mogol word <i>balga</i>, -or <i>balah</i>, which signifies a <i>city</i>: whence is formed -the word <i>balgasan</i> in Mogol or Mongou, which signifies -city. <i>Khan balu</i>, or <i>khan balou</i>, signifies the -royal city. <i>King tching</i>, in the time of Marco Paulo, -was the capital of the empire of China. The Persians -and Arabians, from the Mongou word <i>khan -balou</i>, or <i>khan balgasun</i>, or <i>khan balga</i>, formed the -word <i>khan balik</i> or <i>khan balek</i>, which signifies also -the royal city. This name was given by the eastern -people to the city of <i>Caifong fou</i>, the capital of <i>Honan</i>, -and to that of <i>Nanking</i>, the capital of <i>Kiangnan</i>, at -the time when these cities were the court of princes. -This name was also given to the cities of Tartary, -when some powerful princes kept sometimes their -court there. What I have remarked concerning the -words <i>khan balik</i>, <i>khan balek</i>, <i>khan balga</i>, &c. is to -be applied to the words <i>ordo balik</i>, <i>ordou balik</i>. <i>Ordo</i>, -or <i>ordou</i>, or <i>orto</i>, signifies royal, imperial, in the Mogol -or Mongou language. So <i>ordou balik</i> signifies a -court, a royal city; and these words are in fact the -names of some old cities, where the Mogol or Mongou -kings kept their courts.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_722">[722]</span></p> - -<h3 class="hang"><span class="smcap">Remarks</span> <i>on</i> Nº. 5, <i>Fan king tchang</i>; which is -the place where the foreign classical books are -kept.</h3> - -<p><i>Tchang</i> signifies magazine, or large place, where -any thing is contained. <i>Fan</i> signifies stranger or foreigner; -and <i>king</i> signifies a classical book.</p> - -<p>The Jews of <i>Caifong fou</i>, the capital of <i>Honan</i>, -first told the Jesuit missionaries, that they conceived, -that the Hebrew Bible was preserved at Peking in -the place called <i>Fan king tchang</i>. These first missionaries -neglected to make a search for it at Peking, -or did not think of it. But it did not escape the attention -of Father Bouvet, a French Jesuit, who went -to <i>Fan king tchang</i>. The antient place, where the -foreign books were kept, had been destroyed; and -those books removed into a neighbouring <i>miao</i> where -there were bonzes. Father Bouvet went to this <i>miao</i> -with two other French Jesuits; but they found only -the Koran, fragments of the classical books of the -Indians, and the classical books of the lamas; the -whole in bad condition. Father Bouvet thought, -that he saw in an old coffer Chaldee, Syriac, and -Hebrew characters. The bonze would not shew the -place, where Father Bouvet thought that he had -seen those characters, which, on returning to the -<i>miao</i>, were not found. The emperor had ordered -the bonzes to shew every thing to Father Bouvet. -All the classical books were afterwards removed to -the palace; the <i>miao</i> was demolished; and there -remained nothing but the name of <i>Fan king tchang</i>. -When I passed thro’ <i>Caifong fou</i>, the Jews, in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_723">[723]</span> -presence of Father Gozani, who served me as interpreter, -assured me, that I should find the Bible in -the <i>Fan king tchang</i>. These Jews had not been at -Peking. What they said was in consequence of what -they had been told by old Jews, who were deceased. -When I arrived at Peking, I made inquiries myself, -and caused inquiries to be made by others; but I -could not find the Bible. It is not yet an hundred -years since there were at Peking some Jewish families; -which afterwards turned Mahometans. A -Mahometan, who was a man of parts, assured me -several times, that the Bible was in the possession of -the Mahometans here, whose ancestors were Jews. -But when, in consequence of what he said, inquiries -were made, nothing was found. This Mahometan -informed me likewise, that he had made inquiries; -but if he had done so, his researches proved unsuccessful.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Remarks</span> <i>on the</i> Ti ouang miao, Nº. 217.</h3> - -<p>1. The emperors, whose memory is honoured -there, are</p> - -<p>The emperors <i>Tou hi</i>, <i>Chin Nong</i>, <i>Hoang ti</i>.</p> - -<p>The emperors <i>Chao hao</i>, <i>Tchouen hiu</i>, <i>Ty co</i>, <i>Yao</i>, -<i>Chun</i>.</p> - -<p>The emperor <i>Yu</i>, the founder of the dynasty <i>Hia</i>, -and thirteen other emperors of that dynasty.</p> - -<p>The emperor <i>Tching tang</i>, the founder of the dynasty -<i>Chang</i>, and twenty-five emperors of that dynasty.</p> - -<p>The emperor <i>Ou ouang</i>, the founder of the dynasty -<i>Tcheou</i>, and thirty-one emperors of that dynasty.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_724">[724]</span></p> - -<p>The founder of the dynasty <i>Han</i>, and twenty -emperors of that dynasty, who are called western -<i>Han</i>, eastern <i>Han</i>, and later <i>Han</i>.</p> - -<p>The founder of the dynasty <i>Tang</i>, and fourteen -emperors of that dynasty.</p> - -<p>The founder of the dynasty <i>Song</i>, and thirteen -emperors of that dynasty; which is called the northern -<i>Song</i> and the southern <i>Song</i>.</p> - -<p><i>Gen tchis khan</i>, or <i>Temoug in</i>, the founder of the -dynasty <i>Yuen</i>, is the dynasty of the Mongol or Mogol -Tartars. Besides the founder of this dynasty, -there are ten other emperors of this dynasty, whose -memory is honoured in the <i>Ti ouang miao</i>. The -four first emperors of this dynasty, <i>viz. Gen tchis -khan</i>, <i>Ogo tay</i>, <i>Kouey yevou</i>, and <i>Meng ko</i>, reigned -in the northern provinces, and had not conquered all -China. The emperor <i>Cobilay</i>, or <i>Koublay</i>, in Chinese -<i>Yuen chitsou</i>, completed the conquest of China.</p> - -<p>The founder of the dynasty <i>Ming</i>, and the eleven -emperors of this dynasty.</p> - -<p>The emperor <i>Ogo tay</i>, the second of the dynasty -<i>Yuen</i>, completed the destruction of the dynasty of -the eastern Tartars, called <i>Kin</i>. It reigned to the -north as long as the dynasty <i>Song</i> reigned to the -south. In the <i>Ti ouang miao</i> is honoured the memory -of the founder of this dynasty <i>Kin</i>, and four -other emperors of it.</p> - -<p>The founder of the Tartar dynasty <i>Kin</i> destroyed -the dynasty of the Tartars <i>Ki tan</i>, called <i>Leao</i>, which -conquered a great part of North China and Tartary.</p> - -<p>In the <i>Ti ouang miao</i> is honoured the memory of -this Tartar dynasty <i>Leao</i>, and five other emperors of -the Tartars <i>Ki tan</i>, whose country was in that of -Parin in Tartary, among the Mongou or Mogols.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_725">[725]</span></p> - -<h4><i>Continuation of the Remarks on the</i> Ti ouang miao.</h4> - -<p>2. In the palace of Peking, and elsewhere, there -are great halls, in which honours are paid to the -memory of the deceased emperors of the reigning -dynasty of the <i>Mantcheou</i>. The first and second emperor -reigned in East Tartary. The emperor <i>Chun -tchi</i> began to reign in China. If we reckon the present -emperor in the number, there are six emperors -<i>Mantcheou</i>. Father Couplet, and others, are mistaken -in reckoning one more. This error was occasioned -by the years of the reign of <i>Tay hong</i>, the -second emperor, having had two names. Father -Couplet, and others, took the two names of the -years of the reign for the name or title of the two -emperors.</p> - -<p>3. In the <i>Ti ouang miao</i> is honoured the memory -of some illustrious persons in the different dynasties. -The same is done in the hall, where honour is paid -to the memory of the deceased emperors <i>Montcheou</i>: -and there are there tablets for so many illustrious persons -among those emperors.</p> - -<p>4. In the <i>Ti ouang miao</i> are placed none of the -emperors of the dynasty <i>Hin</i> before Christ, nor any -of those between the dynasties <i>Tang</i> and <i>Han</i>, nor -of those of the five small dynasties after that of -<i>Tang</i>. Besides, in each dynasty there are some emperors, -whose tablets are not placed in the <i>Ti ouang -miao</i>. The reigning dynasty has not thought it a -duty to pay honours to those emperors, but considered -them as unworthy the pompous title of <i>Tin -tse</i>, or <i>Sons of Heaven</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_726">[726]</span></p> - -<p>5. The Tartars <i>Sien pi</i>, who came from the confines -of <i>Leao tong</i> and Mongol or Mogol Tartary, -had hords named <i>To pa</i>. One of these hords made -themselves masters of Tartary <i>Leao tong</i>, and of several -northern provinces of China. This Tartar -power has the Chinese name of <i>Ouey</i>. It has produced -several great princes. The year of Christ 386 -is reckoned the first of that dynasty<a id="FNanchor_153" href="#Footnote_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a>, which reigned -above 180 years. I do not know why the reigning -dynasty has not placed the name of any of these -emperors in the <i>Ti ouang miao</i>.</p> - -<p>6. If we suppose, first, that all the books of the -history of China should be lost, or the contents of -them should not be known in Europe; and secondly, -that the catalogue of the emperors, who are mentioned -in the <i>Ti ouang miao</i>, should fall into the -hands of some European critics; it is probable, that -such a catalogue would occasion many false reasonings -with relation to the succession of the emperors, -who have reigned in China.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_727">[727]</span></p> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">XCVII. <i>An Attempt to improve the Manner -of working the Ventilators by the Help of -the Fire-Engine. In a Letter to</i> Tho. -Birch, <i>D. D. Secret. R. S. from</i> Keane -Fitz-Gerald, <i>Esq; F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> -<p> -SIR, -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read June 8, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">THE reverend and ingenious Dr. -Hales, from whom mankind has -received such benefit by his useful application of -ventilators, being inclined to extend its use to those, -who work in mines at great depths under ground, -where the lives of many are lost by damps and noxious -vapours, occasioned by the want of a free circulation -of air; and finding by experience, that ventilators -worked by wind do not operate above one -third part of the year, and in calm hot weather, -when most wanted, do not operate at all; did me -the honour of applying to me for assistance in contriving -a machine to work the ventilator, by the help -of the fire-engine, which is now generally used in all -mines for drawing off the water; and which I have -accordingly attempted, and hope it will answer the -purpose.</p> - -<p>As the lever of the fire-engine works up and down -alternately, and performs at a common medium about -a dozen strokes in a minute, it was necessary to contrive -some way to make the beam, tho’ moving alternately, -to turn a wheel constantly round one way, -and also to increase the number of strokes to fifty or -sixty in a minute.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_728">[728]</span></p> - -<p>The model of a machine for this purpose is composed -of four wheels of different sizes, two clicks, -three pinions, and a fly; which is put into motion -by the part of a wheel fixed to the arch of the lever -of the fire-engine.</p> - -<p>The wheel, which is turned by the lever, or rather -moved up and down by it, is loose on its arbor; and -likewise one of the rochets, and the wheel next to it. -The outside rochet and outside wheel are fixed on -the arbor.</p> - -<p>There are two pinion-wheels fixed on the arbor; -one on each side, near the edge of the wheel moved -by the lever, which turns them.</p> - -<p>There are also two clicks; one fixed to the great -wheel, the other to the frame. These exclusive of -the wheel that moves the fly.</p> - -<p>The effect is, When the lever moves the wheel -downwards, its click forces the rochet fixed on the -arbor to move along with it, and the other wheels -the same way. When it moves upwards, the click -fixed on the frame stops the larger rochet, and the -wheel next to it, which are pinned together. This -wheel being stopped, and the great wheel carried -upwards by the lever, the pinion towards the edge -of the great wheel is forced round it, and moves -the pinion on the other side the great wheel; which -pinion moves the wheel fixed on the arbor, the contrary -way to the great wheel, which is carried upwards -by the lever. By which means, the arbor is -constantly turned the same way, when the lever of the -fire-engine is moved either upwards, or downwards.</p> - -<p>Upon the arbor there is also another great wheel -fixed, which turns a pinion: on the arbor of which<span class="pagenum" id="Page_729">[729]</span> -pinion is a crank to move the ventilator, and also a -fly fixed to the end, to help the motion of the crank, -which in the model is turned three times for each -stroke of the lever, and may be increased or diminished, -according to the number of teeth in the -pinion.</p> - -<p>The number of teeth in the great wheel moved -by the lever is sixty-six; but need not have teeth -above half way round.</p> - -<p>The wheel fixed to the rochet has thirty-three -teeth, and its pinion eleven.</p> - -<p>The wheel fixed on the arbor, on the outside, has -twenty-four teeth, and its pinion sixteen.</p> - -<p>The wheel, which turns the fly, has ninety teeth, -and the pinion turn’d by this wheel ten.</p> - -<p>The greater the number of teeth in the rochets, -the better.</p> - -<p>This machine may also be applied to other useful -purposes at mines; and it may be easily made to -turn a mill to grind corn; or to turn a wheel to raise -coals, or whatever else is wanted to be raised from -the mines. As I have not met with any thing of -the kind described, I take the liberty of desiring you -to lay it before the Society; and I hope it may be -made some way useful to the public.</p> - -<p class="center"> -I am, Sir,<br /> - -<span class="margin">Your most obedient humble Servant,</span><br /> - -<span class="margina"><span class="large">Kea. Fitz-Gerald. </span></span> -</p> - -<p>Poland-Street, -June 7th, 1758.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_730">[730]</span></p> - -<h3><i>Explanation of the Three Tables.</i></h3> - -<p>The wheel A (<i>Tab. <a href="#XXVI">26.</a></i>), which is turned by the -lever B (<i>Tab. <a href="#XXVII">27.</a></i>), or rather moved up and down -by it, is loose on its arbor; and likewise one of the -rochets C (<i>Tab. <a href="#XXVI">26.</a></i>), and the wheel next to it D. -The outside rochet E, and outside wheel F, are fixed -on the arbor.</p> - -<p>There are two pinion-wheels G and H fixed on -one arbor; one on each side, near the edge of the -wheel A, moved by the lever.</p> - -<p>There are also two clicks <i>a</i> and <i>b</i>; one <i>a</i> fixed to -the great wheel A, the other <i>b</i> fixed to the frame. -These exclusive of the wheel I, that moves the pinion -<i>c</i>, on the arbor of which, the crank <i>d</i>, and fly <i>e</i>, -(<i>Tab. <a href="#XXVII">27.</a></i>) are fixed.</p> - -<p>The effect is, when the lever B moves the wheel -A downwards; its click <i>a</i>, forces the rochet E, fixed -on the arbor K, to move along with it, and the other -wheels the same way. When it moves upwards, the -click <i>b</i> fixed to the frame, stops the larger <span class="err" title="original: rocket C">rochet C</span>, -and the wheel D next to it, which are pinned together; -and as the wheel A is carried upwards by the -lever, the pinion G towards the edge of it, is forced -round the wheel D, and moves the pinion H, on the -other side the great wheel A, which moves the wheel -F fixed on the arbor K, the contrary way to the wheel -A. By which means, the arbor K is constantly turned -the same way, when the lever of the fire-engine moves -either upwards, or downwards.</p> - -<p>The pinion G, by being made proportionally -smaller than the pinion H, keeps the arbor K in the -same swiftness of motion, when the lever is moved -upwards, as downwards.</p> -<div class="sync"> </div> -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="facing730" style="max-width: 144.375em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XXVI"></a>XXVI. <i>p. <a href="#Page_730">730</a></i>.</div> - - <img class="w100" src="images/facing730.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="right"><i><span class="small">J. Mynde sc.</span></i></div> -</div> - -<div class="sync"> </div> -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="facing730-2" style="max-width: 124.3125em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XXVII"></a>XXVII. <i>p. <a href="#Page_730">730</a></i>.</div> - <img class="w100" src="images/facing730-2.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="right"><i><span class="small">J. Mynde sc.</span></i></div> -</div> - -<div class="sync"> </div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp61" id="facing730-3" style="max-width: 160.5em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XXVIII"></a>XXVIII. <i>p. <a href="#Page_730">730</a></i>.</div> - <img class="w100" src="images/facing730-3.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="right"><i><span class="small">J. Mynde sc.</span></i></div> -</div> -<div class="sync"> </div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_731">[731]</span> -The great wheel I, fixed on the arbor K, turns -the pinion <i>c</i>, on the arbor of which the crank <i>d</i> (to -move the ventilator), and the fly <i>e</i> (to help the motion), -are fixed. The pinion <i>c</i>, is turned three times -by each alternate motion of the lever; which may -be increased, or diminished, according to the number -of teeth in the pinion <i>c</i>.</p> - -<p>The number of teeth in the wheel A is sixty-six, -but need not be toothed above half way. Instead -of this wheel there might be a barrel, with a chord -round it, fixed at each end of the arch of the lever, -and projecting somewhat from it; which, by the -motion of the lever, would work in the same manner -in other respects, and be easier made, and at less -expence.</p> - -<p>The wheel D fixed to the rochet C has thirty-three -teeth, and its pinion G eleven.</p> - -<p>The wheel F fixed on the arbor K has twenty-four -teeth, and its pinion H sixteen.</p> - -<p>The greater the number of teeth in the rochets, -the better.</p> - -<p class="p2"><i><a href="#XXVI">Tab. 26.</a></i> contains the plan (in parts) of the whole -machine, except the lever B and fly <i>e</i>, which are in -<i><a href="#XXVII">Tab. 27.</a></i></p> - -<p class="p2"><i><a href="#XXVII">Tab. 27.</a></i> also contains the elevation of the arbor, -with its different fixtures; <i>viz.</i></p> - -<table> -<tr><td><i>Fig. 1.</i></td> <td>The rochet C and wheel D (<i><a href="#XXVI">Tab. 26.</a></i>) fixed -together.</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdr">2.</td> <td>The outside wheel F that works the pinion-wheel - H (<i><a href="#XXVI">Tab. 26</a></i>). </td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdr"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_732">[732]</span> - - 3.</td> <td>The two pinion-wheels H and G (<i><a href="#XXVI">Tab. 26.</a></i>) -fixed on their arbor.</td></tr> - -<tr> <td class="tdr">4.</td> <td>The same fixed to the wheel A (<i><a href="#XXVI">Tab. 26.</a></i>) -by means of two cocks <i>u</i> and <i>w</i> (<i><a href="#XXVI">Tab. 26.</a></i>). </td> -</tr> - <tr><td class="tdr">5.</td> <td>The arbor, with the wheel L and rochet E -fixed; <i>t</i> the place, where the wheel A is -fixed. </td></tr> - - <tr><td class="tdr">6.</td> <td>The elevation of the whole arbor. </td></tr> -</table> - -<p class="p2"><i><a href="#XXVIII">Tab. 28.</a></i> The elevation of the whole machine, the -lever B (<i><a href="#XXVII">Tab. 27.</a></i>) working the wheel A (<i><a href="#XXVI">Tab. 26</a></i>).</p> - -<table> -<tr><td><i>s</i> </td><td>(<i><a href="#XXVI">Tab. 26.</a></i>) a thin piece of metal screwed to the -wheel A, to keep it in its place <i>t</i> on the arbor -K (<i><a href="#XXVII">Tab. 27.</a></i>)</td> -</tr> -<tr><td><i>u</i></td> <td>(<i><a href="#XXVI">Tab. 26.</a></i>) the cock, that fastens the pinion G, to -the inside of the wheel A.</td></tr> - -<tr><td><i>w</i></td> <td>(<i>Tab. 26.</i>) the cock, that fastens the pinion H on -the outside of the wheel A.</td></tr> - -<tr><td><i>x</i></td> <td>(<i><a href="#XXVII">Tab. 27.</a></i>) the arbor, on which the pinions G and -H are fixed.</td></tr> - -<tr><td><i>y</i></td> <td>(<i><a href="#XXVI">Tab. 26.</a></i>) a spring, that keeps the click <i>a</i> in its -place.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>L</td> <td>(<i><a href="#XXVI">Tab. 26.</a></i>) a frame-plate with the centers -marked.</td></tr> - -<tr><td><i>z</i></td> <td>The opposite hole enlarged, to admit the pinion <i>c</i> -to pass through.</td></tr></table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_733">[733]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">XCVIII. <i>An Account of some Experiments -concerning the different Refrangibility of -Light. By Mr.</i> John Dollond. <i>With a -Letter from</i> James Short, <i>M. A. F.R.S. -Acad. Reg. Suec. Soc.</i></h2> -</div> -<p class="center"> -<i>To the Rev. Dr.</i> Birch, <i>Secret. R. S.</i></p> -<p> -Dear Sir, -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read June 8, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">I Have received the inclosed paper from -Mr. Dollond, which he desires may -be laid before the Royal Society. It contains the -theory of correcting the errors arising from the different -refrangibility of the rays of light in the object-glasses -of refracting telescopes; and I have found, -upon examination, that telescopes made according to -this theory are intirely free from colours, and are as -distinct as reflecting telescopes. I am,</p> - -<p class="center"> -Dear Sir,<br /> - -<span class="margin">Your most obedient humble Servant,</span><br /> - -<span class="margina"><span class="large">Ja. Short. </span></span> -</p> - -<p>Surrey-street, -8th June, 1758.</p> - -<p class="drop-capi p2">IT is well known, that a ray of light, refracted -by passing thro’ mediums of different densities, -is at the same time proportionally divided or spread -into a number of parts, commonly called homogeneal -rays, each of a different colour; and that these, after -refraction, proceed diverging; a proof, that they are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_734">[734]</span> -differently refracted, and that light consists of parts -that differ in degrees of refrangibility.</p> - -<p>Every ray of light passing from a rarer into a -denser medium, is refracted towards the perpendicular; -but from a denser into a rarer one, from the perpendicular; -and the sines of the angles of incidence -and refraction are in a given ratio. But light consisting -of parts, which are differently refrangible, -each part of an original or compound ray has a ratio -peculiar to itself; and therefore the more a heterogene -ray is refracted, the more will the colours diverge, -since the ratios of the sines of the homogene -rays are constant; and equal refractions produce -equal divergencies.</p> - -<p>That this is the case when light is refracted by -one given medium only, as suppose any particular -sort of glass, is out of all dispute, being indeed self-evident; -but that the divergency of the colours will -be the same under equal refractions, whatsoever mediums -the light may be refracted by, tho’ generally -supposed, does not appear quite so clearly.</p> - -<p>However, as no medium is known, which will -refract light without diverging the colours, and as -difference of refrangibility seems thence to be a property -inherent in light itself, Opticians have, upon -that consideration, concluded, that equal refractions -must produce equal divergencies in every sort of medium: -whence it should also follow, that equal and -contrary refractions must not only destroy each other, -but that the divergency of the colour from one refraction -would likewise be corrected by the other; -and there could be no possibility of producing any -such thing as refraction, which would not be affected<span class="pagenum" id="Page_735">[735]</span> -by the different <span class="err" title="refrangibilty">refrangibility</span> of light; or, in other -words, that however a ray of light might be refracted -backwards and forwards by different mediums, -as water, glass, <i>&c.</i> provided it was so done, -that the emergent ray should be parallel to the incident -one, it would ever after be white; and, conversely, -if it should come out inclined to the incident, -it would diverge, and ever after be coloured. -From which it was natural to infer, that all spherical -object-glasses of telescopes must be equally affected -by the different refrangibility of light, in proportion -to their apertures, whatever material they may be -formed of.</p> - -<p>But it seems worthy of consideration, that notwithstanding -this notion has been generally adopted -as an incontestable truth, yet it does not seem to -have been hitherto so confirmed by evident experiment, -as the nature of so important a matter justly -demands; and this it was that determined me to -attempt putting the thing to issue by the following -experiment.</p> - -<p>I cemented together two plates of parallel glass at -their edges, so as to form a prismatic or wedge-like -vessel, when stopped at the ends or bases; and its -edge being turned downwards, I placed therein a -glass prism with one of its edges upwards, and -filled up the vacancy with clear water: thus the -refraction of the prism was contrived to be contrary -to that of the water, so that a ray of light transmitted -thro’ both these refracting mediums would -be refracted by the difference only between the two -refractions. Wherefore, as I found the water to refract -more or less than the glass prism, I diminished<span class="pagenum" id="Page_736">[736]</span> -or increased the angle between the glass plates, till I -found the two contrary refractions to be equal; -which I discovered by viewing an object thro’ this -double prism; which, when it appeared neither raised -nor depressed, I was satisfied, that the refractions -were equal, and that the emergent rays were parallel -to the incident.</p> - -<p>Now, according to the prevailing opinion, the object -should have appeared thro’ this double prism -quite of its natural colour; for if the difference of -refrangibility had been equal in the two equal refractions, -they would have rectified each other: but -the experiment fully proved the fallacy of this received -opinion, by shewing the divergency of the -light by the prism to be almost double of that by -the water; for the object, tho’ not at all refracted, -was yet as much infected with prismatic colours, as -if it had been seen thro’ a glass wedge only, whose -refracting angle was near 30 degrees.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p class="hang"><i>N. B.</i> This experiment will be readily perceived -to be the same as that which Sir Isaac Newton -mentions<a id="FNanchor_154" href="#Footnote_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a>; but how it comes to differ so very -remarkably in the result, I shall not take upon -me to account for; but will only add, that I -used all possible precaution and care in the process, -and that I keep the apparatus by me to -evince the truth of what I write, whenever I -may be properly required so to do.</p> -</div> - -<p>I plainly saw then, that if the refracting angle -of the water-vessel could have admitted of a sufficient -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_737">[737]</span>increase, the divergency of the coloured rays would -have been greatly diminished, or intirely rectified; -and there would have been a very great refraction -without colour, as now I had a great discolouring -without refraction: but the inconveniency of so -large an angle, as that of the vessel must have been, -to bring the light to an equal divergency with that -of the glass prism, whose angle was about 60 degrees, -made it necessary to try some experiments of -the same kind, by smaller angles.</p> - -<p>I ground a wedge of common plate glass to an -angle of somewhat less than 9 degrees, which refracted -the mean rays about 5 degrees. I then made -a wedge-like vessel, as in the former experiment, -and filling it with water, managed it so, that it refracted -equally with the glass wedge; or, in other -words, the difference of their refractions was nothing, -and objects viewed thro’ them appeared neither -raised nor depressed. This was done with an -intent to observe the same thing over again in these -small angles, which I had seen in the prism: and it -appeared indeed the same in proportion, or as near as -I could judge; for notwithstanding the refractions -were here also equal, yet the divergency of the colours -by the glass was vastly greater than that by the -water; for objects seen by these two refractions were -very much discoloured. Now this was a demonstration, -that the divergency of the light, by the -different refrangibility, was far from being equal in -these two refractions. I also saw, from the position -of the colours, that the excess of divergency was in -the glass; so that I increased the angle of the water-wedge, -by different trials, till the divergency of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_738">[738]</span> -light by the water was equal to that by the glass; -that is, till the object, tho’ considerably refracted, -by the excess of the refraction of the water, appeared -nevertheless quite free from any colours proceeding -from the different refrangibility of light; and, as -near as I could then measure, the refraction by the -water was about ⁵⁄₄ of that by the glass. Indeed I -was not very exact in taking the measures, because -my business was not at that time about the proportions, -so much as to shew, that the divergency of -the colours, by different substances, was by no means -in proportion to the refractions; and that there was -a possibility of refraction without any divergency of -the light at all.</p> - -<p>Having, about the beginning of the year 1757, -tried these experiments, I soon after set about grinding -telescopic object-glasses upon the new principles -of refractions, which I had gathered from them; -which object-glasses were compounded of two spherical -glasses with water between them. These glasses -I had the satisfaction to find, as I had expected, free -from the errors arising from the different refrangibility -of light: for the refractions, by which the -rays were brought to a focus, were every-where the -differences between two contrary refractions, in the -same manner, and in the same proportions, as in the -experiment with the wedges.</p> - -<p>However, the images formed at the foci of these -object-glasses were still very far from being so distinct -as might have been expected from the removal -of so great a disturbance; and yet it was not very -difficult to guess at the reason, when I considered, -that the radii of the spherical surfaces of those glasses<span class="pagenum" id="Page_739">[739]</span> -were required to be so short, in order to make the -refractions in the required proportions, that they -must produce aberrations, or errors, in the image, as -great, or greater, than those from the different refrangibility -of light. And therefore, seeing no method -of getting over that difficulty, I gave up all -hopes of succeeding in that way.</p> - -<p>And yet, as these experiments clearly proved, that -different substances diverged the light very differently, -in proportion to the refraction; I began to suspect, -that such variety might possibly be found in different -sorts of glass, especially as experience had already -shewn, that some made much better object-glasses, -in the usual way, than others: and as no satisfactory -cause had as yet been assigned for such difference, -there was great reason to presume, that it might be -owing to the different divergency of the light by their -refractions.</p> - -<p>Wherefore, the next business to be undertaken, -was to grind wedges of different kinds of glass, and -apply them together, so that the refractions might -be made in contrary directions, in order to discover, -as in the foregoing experiments, whether the refraction -and divergency of the colours would vanish -together. But a considerable time elapsed before I -could set about that work; for tho’ I was determined -to try it at my leisure, for satisfying my own curiosity, -yet I did not expect to meet with a difference sufficient -to give room for any great improvement of -telescopes; so that it was not till the latter end of -the year that I undertook it, when my first trials -convinced me, that this business really deserved my -utmost attention and application.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_740">[740]</span></p> - -<p>I discovered a difference, far beyond my hopes, -in the refractive qualities of different kinds of glass, -with respect to their divergency of colours. the -yellow or straw-coloured foreign sort, commonly -called Venice glass, and the English crown glass, are -very near alike in that respect, tho’ in general the -crown glass seems to diverge the light rather the -least of the two. The common plate glass made in -England diverges more; and the white crystal or -flint English glass, as it is called, most of all.</p> - -<p>It was not now my business to examine into the -particular qualities of every kind of glass that I could -come at, much less to amuse myself with conjectures -about the cause, but to fix upon such two sorts as -their difference was the greatest; which I soon found -to be the crown, and the white flint or crystal. I -therefore ground a wedge of white flint of about 25 -degrees, and another of crown of about 29 degrees, -which refracted nearly alike; but their divergency of -the colours was very different. I then ground several -others of crown to different angles, till I got -one, which was equal, with respect to the divergency -of the light, to that in the white flint: for when -they were put together, so as to refract in contrary -directions, the refracted light was intirely free from -colour. Then measuring the refractions of each -wedge, I found that of the white glass to be to that -of the crown nearly as 2 to 3; and this proportion -would hold very nearly in all small angles. Wherefore -any two wedges made in this proportion, and -applied together, so as to refract in a contrary direction, -would refract the light without any difference -of refrangibility.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_741">[741]</span></p> - -<p>To make therefore two spherical glasses, that shall -refract the light in contrary directions, it is easy to -understand, that one must be concave, and the other -convex; and as the rays are to converge to a real -focus, the excess of refraction must evidently be in -the convex; and as the convex is to refract most, it -appears from the experiment, that it must be made -with crown glass, and the concave with white flint -glass.</p> - -<p>And further, as the refractions of spherical glasses -are in an inverse ratio of their focal distances; it -follows, that the focal distances of the two glasses -should be inversely as the ratio’s of the fractions of -the wedges: for being thus proportioned, every ray -of light, that passes thro’ this combined glass, at -whatever distance it may pass from its axe, will constantly -be refracted, by the difference between two -contrary refractions, in the proportion required; and -therefore the different refrangibility of the light will -be intirely removed.</p> - -<p>Having thus got rid of the principal cause of the -imperfection of refracting <span class="err" title="original: telelescopes">telescopes</span>, there seemed -to be nothing more to do, but to go to work upon -this principle: but I had not made many attempts, -before I found, that the removal of one impediment -had introduced another equally detrimental (the same -as I had before found in two glasses with water between -them): for the two glasses, that were to be -combined together, were the segments of very deep -spheres; and therefore the aberrations from the spherical -surfaces became very considerable, and greatly -disturbed the distinctness of the image. Tho’ this -appeared at first a very great difficulty, yet I was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_742">[742]</span> -not long without hopes of a remedy: for considering, -the surfaces of spherical glasses admit of great -variations, tho’ the focal distance be limited, and -that by these variations their aberrations may be -made more or less, almost at pleasure; I plainly saw -the possibility of making the aberrations of any two -glasses equal; and as in this case the refractions of -the two glasses were contrary to each other, their -aberrations, being equal, would intirely vanish.</p> - -<p>And thus, at last, I obtained a perfect theory for -making object-glasses, to the apertures of which I -could scarce conceive any limits: for if the practice -could come up to the theory, they must certainly -admit of very extensive ones, and of course bear -very great magnifying powers.</p> - -<p>But the difficulties attending the practice are very -considerable. In the first place, the focal distances, -as well as the particular surfaces, must be very nicely -proportioned to the densities or refracting powers of -the glasses; which are very apt to vary in the same -sort of glass made at different times. Secondly, the -centres of the two glasses must be placed truly on the -common axis of the telescope, otherwise the desired -effect will be in a great measure destroyed. Add to -these, that there are four surfaces to be wrought perfectly -spherical; and any person, but moderately -practised in optical operations, will allow, that there -must be the greatest accuracy throughout the whole -work.</p> - -<p>Notwithstanding so many difficulties, as I have -enumerated, I have, after numerous trials, and a -resolute perseverance, brought the matter at last to -such an issue, that I can construct refracting telescopes,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_743">[743]</span> - with such apertures and magnifying powers, -under limited lengths, as, in the opinion of the best -and undeniable judges, who have experienced them, -far exceed any thing that has been hitherto produced, -as representing objects with great distinctness, -and in their true colours.</p> - -<p class="right"> -<span class="large">John Dollond.</span> -</p> -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">XCIX. <i>An Account of some extraordinary -Effects arising from Convulsions; being -Part of a Letter to</i> John Huxham, <i>M.D. -and F.R.S. from</i> William Watson, <i>M.D. -F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<p class="right"> -6 June, 1758. -</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Read June 15, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">IN the month of January 1757, I -was concerned for a young gentle-woman, -who, if the number, continuance, and frequency -of their returns, be considered, suffered the -most violent and severe convulsions I ever knew. -At some times the muscular spasms were general; at -other times single muscles only, or a number of -them, subservient to some particular purpose in the -animal oeconomy, were affected. And such was -the peculiarity of this case, that after and in proportion -as any single muscle, or any determined -number of muscles, had been in a state of spasm, a -paralytic inability succeeded to those muscles, which -very much disordered and impaired, and several times -even for no small continuance prevented the patient<span class="pagenum" id="Page_744">[744]</span> -from performing, several of her necessary functions. -When the muscles, for instance, subservient to deglutition -had been convulsed, for many hours after -the fits had left her, she has not been able to swallow -a single drop of liquid: so that when attempts have -been made to cause her to drink, unless the liquor -was immediately thrown back, there was imminent -danger of her being strangled. When her eyes have -been affected, several times a compleat <i>gutta serena</i>, -and total blindness, has ensued; the patient being -able to bear the strong day-light with open eyes, -without being sensible of its influence, or in the -least contracting her widely dilated pupils. After -one of these fits the blindness continued full five -days; and I began to be in fear for the return of her -sight.</p> - -<p>You, Sir, who are so excellently well versed in -the animal oeconomy, are not to be informed, that -vocification is performed in the <i>aspera arteria</i>; but -that the articulation of sounds into syllables and words -is modulated principally by the tongue, and muscles -about the larynx. In the case before you, very early -in the disease, the spasms seized the muscles about -the larynx: the consequence of which was, that after -they were over, the patient was unable to utter a -word. This faculty however she again once recovered; -but it continued a very short time, as the -fits returned, which again left her deprived of the -power of speech. After having lost her voice a -second time, her power of speech did not return, -even after she was freed from her convulsions, and -her general health restored. Fourteen months passed, -whilst this patient continued absolutely speechless;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_745">[745]</span> -when, after having violently heated herself by four -hours dancing, on a sudden her power of speech -returned, and it has continued perfectly free ever -since.</p> - -<p>What is still further remarkable in this case is, -that during the whole time of this patient’s continuing -speechless, her life was rendered yet more -uncomfortable by her having, from the injury to her -brain by the spasms, forgot how to write, so as to -express her meaning that way: but upon the recovery -of her speech, this faculty likewise returned, -which she has retained ever since. During the severity -of this disease, which continued several weeks, -almost every day of which, from the number and -violence of the convulsions, I feared would be the -patient’s last, nothing was left unattempted, which -I imagined could tend to prevent the return of the -spasms, or lessen their effects. My endeavours so -far happily succeeded, that her fits did not return; -but the consequences of them continued, more particularly -her inability to speak. After some months -however, when she was recruited in her strength, I -was desirous of trying the effects of electricity, more -particularly applied about her throat. This was accordingly -attempted; but such was the state of her -nerves, and their sensibility to its effects, that electrizing -brought back the fits, which again affected -her sight: so that I was compelled to desist, lest, in -endeavouring to restore her speech, I might not only -fail in this attempt, but might bring possibly on a -permanent blindness. I determined therefore to trust -the whole to time, which has happily removed all -her complaints.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_746">[746]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">C. <i>An Account of an extraordinary Storm -of Hail in</i> Virginia. <i>By</i> Francis Fauquier, -<i>Esq; Lieutenant Governor of</i> Virginia, -<i>and F.R.S. Communicated by</i> William -Fauquier, <i>Esq; F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<p class="center"><i>To the Rev.</i> Tho. Birch, <i>D. D. Secret. R. S.</i></p> - -<p>SIR,</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read Nov. 9, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">IN a letter I received from my brother, -the lieutenant governor of Virginia, -he gives an account of a very remarkable storm of -hail; which, if you think it worth communicating -to the Society, is very much at their service.</p> - -<p>It happened on Sunday the 9th of July, about -four o’clock in the afternoon, and was preceded by -some thunder and lightning. It was a small cloud, -that did not seem to threaten much before its breaking, -and did not extend a full mile in breadth. It -passed over the middle of the town of Williamsburgh, -and the skirts of the town had but little of it. Its -course was from N. by W. to S. by E. The hail-stones, -or rather pieces of ice, were most of them -of an oblong square form; many of them an inch -and half long, and about three fourths of an inch -wide and deep; and from one side of most of them -there proceeded sharp spikes, protuberant at least -half an inch. He says he cooled his wine, and froze -cream, with some of them the next day; and they -were not totally dissolved when he went to bed on<span class="pagenum" id="Page_747">[747]</span> -Monday night. This storm broke every pane of -glass on the north side his house, and destroyed all -his garden things intirely.</p> - -<p>He mentions likewise the heats to have been rather -more than usual in that country this summer; and -particularly on the 9th of August his thermometer -(which is hung on the outside of his house on the -north aspect) was at 97, by Fahrenheit’s graduation, -and some other days as high as 94 or 95. I am,</p> - -<p class="center"> -SIR,<br /> -<span class="margin">Your most obedient humble Servant,</span><br /> - -<span class="margina"><span class="large">Wm. Fauquier. </span></span> -</p> - -<p>Jermyn street, -18 October, 1758.</p> -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">CI. <i>An Account of an extraordinary Case -of a diseased Eye; In a Letter to</i> Matthew -Maty, <i>M. D. F.R.S. By</i> Daniel -Peter Layard, <i>M. D. F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> -<p class="right"> - Huntingdon, 20th May, 1758. -</p> -<p>Dear Sir,</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read Nov. 9. -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">IN October 1755. I communicated to -you, and you inserted in the last volume -of your <i>Journal Britannique</i>, the case of Susannah -Earle, of Hemmingford-Grey in this County, -who, in consequence of the whooping cough, was -afflicted with a protruded eye. The case I now send -you, somewhat similar to that young girl’s in its first -appearance and progress, but by accident attended -with a second disease, will perhaps deserve your attention,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_748">[748]</span> - and not seem unworthy of being presented -to the Royal Society.</p> - -<p>John Law, of Fenny-Stanton, also in the County -of Huntingdon, a strong and robust lad, thirteen -years and six months old, in Easter week 1756, -beating dung about a close with unusual force, on a -sudden felt a violent pain in his left eye. The pain -increased, an inflammation ensued, and the eye grew -daily larger. The poor boy’s mother followed the -directions, which she received, without the least benefit -to her child, after having, besides other expences, -been defrauded by a quack of two guineas; -a great sum for a poor cottager!</p> - -<p>The widow Law, in her distress, heard of Susannah -Earl’s cure. She went to see her; and determined -to bring her son to Huntingdon, for Mr. Hopkins’s -assistance. Accordingly, October the 7th 1756, -she came to Mr. Daniel Hopkins, surgeon, in this -town; and having desired my opinion, we both -examined the eye together.</p> - -<p>The left eye was protruded out of its orbit, and -hung down over the cheek to the upper lip. The -coats were greatly discoloured, all the vessels turgid, -the sight totally lost, and the humours appeared like -fluctuating pus. We saw the necessity of an immediate -extirpation, to save the right eye, already -greatly inflamed; and having apprized the mother -and boy of the state the eye was in, a consultation -was desired with two surgeons of St. Ives. Mr. -Dawkes, who was present with Mr. Skeeles at Susannah -Earle’s operation, being dead since that time, -Mr. Thomas Skeeles and Mr. Thomas Want very -charitably met Mr. Hopkins and me the next day, -October the 8th, at the widow Law’s cottage.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_749">[749]</span></p> - -<p>The eye appeared to these gentlemen as I have -related: and upon Mr. Want’s pressing with his finger -on the pupil, the globe burst at the edge of the -<i>Iris</i>, and discharged pus. The extirpation of the -eye was unanimously agreed upon, and immediately -performed.</p> - -<p>Mr. Hopkins made a puncture with a lancet close -to the external and small canthus of the eye, and -then with a pair of crooked scissars took off all the -distended globe close to the eye-lids. He then -cleaned the cavity of the purulent humours, and -filled it with soft lint, over which he applied bolsters -dipped in warm red wine and water, and the <i>monoculus</i> -bandage to keep on the whole dressings. The -lad was bled in the arm; nitrous medicines, and anodynes, -were prescribed, and a suitable regimen. The -fever, and inflammation of the eye, gradually decreased; -the suppuration of the wound in few days -was good, the distended eye-lids contracted, and -a cure was soon expected.</p> - -<p>But on November the 7th the lad went to open -the street-door, and it being a cold and rainy evening, -he quickly felt the bad effects of the cold wind, -which drove the rain in upon him. That night the -wound became again very painful, the eye-lids puffed -up, and next day appeared much inflamed, as were -all the contents of the orbit. Fungous excrescences -soon followed, and an intermittent fever. An emetic -being improper, he was purged with rhubarb, and -afterwards took the bark infused in red wine. The -fever was removed after some time; but the contents -of the orbit continued increasing, and the fungous -excrescences became so large and spongy, as to be of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_750">[750]</span> -equal bulk with the diseased eye before extirpation. -All topical applications, to contract this fungus, -were ineffectual, and the application of caustics or -escharotics was prudently avoided, lest they should -produce a carcinomatous ulcer. The discharge was -chiefly a purulent serum: on which account, ever -since the beginning of November he was kept upon -a dry diet.</p> - -<p>In February 1757. the remaining coats of the eye -began to appear at the most prominent parts of the -excrescence, and seemed white like a part of the -<i>conjunctiva</i>. On touching it with the finger, a distinct -fluctuation was felt, and an <i>hydrophthalmia</i> -perfectly discovered; but neither the thickness of the -coats, nor the sensibility of the parts, would permit -a puncture to be made, till the cyst, which appeared -formed by the distension of one of the coats of the -eye, was freer from the fungus.</p> - -<p>The cyst continued daily to extend itself, and to -separate the fungous edges; the fluctuation became -more manifest, and the membranes thinner. At -length, on the 15th of June 1757, Mr. Hopkins -opened the cyst with the point of a lancet, and let -out a large cup-full of limpid serum, without smell -or taste. The boy felt very little pain in this operation. -The cavity was filled with dry lint, and compresses -dipt in warm red wine and water were applied -over it. All the night following, and several days -after, a great discharge of serum came away. On -the 19th the fungus was considerably lessened. Mr. -Hopkins then dressed the wound with warm <i>unguentum -é gummi elemi</i>, and washed the fungus -with a lotion of <i>aquarum calcis</i>, <i>rosarum</i>, <i>et tincturæ<span class="pagenum" id="Page_751">[751]</span> - myrrhæ</i>. On the 23d, upon his removing the -dressings, he saw the cyst loose and collapsed; which -he extracted with his forceps, without the least difficulty, -or pain to his patient. The fungus daily -wasted afterwards, the wound digested well, and the -lad was intirely cured on the 7th of August.</p> - -<p>His right eye is perfectly strong, and he has been -free from complaint ever since. The remainder of -the coats of the eye, and of the muscles, bear up -the eye-lids, that when uncovered he only seems to -have closed the left eye: however, he has wore all -the winter a back patch over it, to guard against -fresh cold.</p> - -<p>The cyst, when first taken away, measured three -inches and half in length, one inch and half in diameter, -and contained a large cup-full of water. It -appeared to be the <i>tunica sclerotica</i>, was of a clear -pellucid white, and of so delicate a texture, as scarce -to admit of being touched without tearing; and -when dried with all possible care, became so brittle, -that Mr. Hopkins could hardly preserve it in the -manner I now send it.</p> - -<h3>REMARKS.</h3> - -<p>In both Susannah Earle and John Law’s cases, the -eye was distended by the accumulation of the aqueous -humour, separated in great quantity by the repeated -straining of the blood-vessels in the whooping cough, -which might gradually relax and enlarge the aqueous -ducts of Susannah Earle’s eye; and possibly by the -rupture of those ducts, and of some blood-vessels, at -the time John Law exerted himself violently in beating<span class="pagenum" id="Page_752">[752]</span> - dung about the close: for in either case the <i>impetus</i> -of the blood must have been so violent, as to -produce those effects. However, from the <i>hydrophthalmia</i> -succeeding the operation on John Law, the -fungous excrescence, and continual serous discharge -during several months from the wound, it plainly -appears, that an abundance of aqueous humour was -discharged at first by the distention or laceration of -the aqueous ducts, and latterly for want of a contraction -of those vessels, and of the lymphatics, which -were no longer of use.</p> - -<p>Both these cases shew the necessity of inquiring -particularly into the causes of diseases of the eyes, -as well as of other parts of the body; for by barely -attending to the symptoms, the disease will not be -removed, tho’ the symptoms be alleviated. Bleeding, -and moderate evacuations, would certainly have, at -first, decreased the tension and pain, and assuaged -the inflammation; but both topical applications, and -internal medicines, were properly to be adapted, and -a suitable diet regulated.</p> - -<p>Not to mention the absurd and impertinent abuse -of empirics, what benefit could accrue, in both -these cases, from unctuous, laxative, or emollient -applications, from drastic and mercurial purges? -Tho’ such applications might be well intended, to -take off the tension and inflammation; yet, as -the distension of the blood-vessels only increased -gradually, as the globe of the eye was enlarged; -so whatever application relaxed the coats of the eye, -must infallibly stretch out the vessels yet farther, -and cause a greater pain and inflammation; which -drastic and mercurial purges would also increase.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_753">[753]</span></p> - -<p>The only method then to be pursued in such bad -cases would be at first to endeavour to remove the -fullness of the blood, and make use of such topical -remedies as would contract without irritation. If -the cause remains, as the whooping cough in Susannah -Earle’s case, no amendment of the eye can -be expected, while the patient’s blood-vessels are continually -strained by frequent coughing. This illness -therefore should be attended to, and removed as -soon as possible.</p> - -<p>But should the eye be so enlarged, as to protrude -itself out of the orbit, there seems no other way to -lessen the bulk of the eye, than by making a puncture -with a proper instrument, to let out the aqueous -humour; and then apply such agglutinant and contracting -<i>collyria</i>, as may reduce the distended coats -and vessels to their former size. This operation -should be performed before the humours are vitiated, -the sight lost, the vessels in a state of suppuration, -and the coats of the eye too far extended; for at -that time nothing less than extirpation can be of use.</p> - -<p>Professor Nuck, in his <i>Tractatus de Ductibus Oculorum -Aquosis</i>, p. 120, <i>& seq.</i> relates the success he -had in curing a young man by five repeated punctures, -and a strict observance in a proper use of all -the non-naturals.</p> - -<p>I am, with the greatest regard and esteem,</p> - -<p class="center"> -Dear Sir,<br /> - -<span class="margin">Your most affectionate Brother,</span><br /> -<span class="margina">and very humble Servant,</span><br /> - -<span class="marginb"><span class="large">D. P. Layard.</span></span><br /> -</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_754">[754]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">CII. <i>An Account of the Heat of the Weather -in</i> Georgia: <i>In a Letter from his -Excellency</i> Henry Ellis, <i>Esq; Governor of</i> -Georgia, <i>and F.R.S. to</i> John Ellis, <i>Esq; -F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<p class="right">Georgia, 17 July, 1758.</p> -<p> -Dear Sir, -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read Nov. 16, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">THO’ some weeks have passed since -I wrote to you, yet so little alteration -has happened in the state of our affairs, that -nothing occurs to me relative to them worth committing -to paper. This indeed I need not regret, as -one cannot sit down to any thing, that requires much -application, but with extreme reluctance; for such -is the debilitating quality of our violent heats at this -season, that an inexpressible languor enervates every -faculty, and renders even the thought of exercising -them painful.</p> - -<p>’Tis now about three o’ clock; the sun bears nearly -S. W. and I am writing in a piazza, open at each -end, on the north-east side of my house, perfectly in -the shade: a small breeze at S. E. blows freely -thro’ it; no buildings are nearer, to reflect the heat, -than 60 yards: yet in a thermometer hanging by -me, made by Mr. Bird, and compared by the late -Mr. George Graham with an approved one of his -own, the mercury stands at 102. Twice it has risen -this Summer to the same height; <i>viz.</i> on the 28th of -June, and the 11th of July. Several times it has -been at 100, and for many days successively at 98;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_755">[755]</span> -and did not in the nights sink below 89. I think it -highly probable, that the inhabitants of this town -breathe a hotter air than any other people on the face -of the earth. The greatest heat we had last year -was but 92, and that but once: from 84 to 90 were -the usual variations; but this is reckoned an extraordinary -hot summer. The weather-wise of this -country say it forebodes a hurricane; for it has always -been remarked, that these tempests have been -preceded by continual and uncommon heats. I must -acquaint you, however, that the heats we are subject -to here are more intense than in any other parts of -the province, the town of Savannah being situated -upon a sandy eminence, and sheltered all round with -high woods. But it is very sufficient, that the people -actually breathe so hot an air as I describe; and no -less remarkable, that this very spot, from its height -and dryness, is reckoned equally healthy with any -other in the province.</p> - -<p>I have frequently walked an hundred yards under -an umbrella, with a thermometer suspended from it -by a thread to the height of my nostrils, when the -mercury has rose to 105; which is prodigious. At -the same time I have confined this instrument close -to the hottest part of my body, and have been astonished -to observe, that it has subsided several degrees. -Indeed, I never could raise the mercury above 97 -with the heat of my body.</p> - -<p>You know, dear Sir, that I have traversed a great -part of this globe, not without giving some attention -to the peculiarities of each climate; and I can fairly -pronounce, that I never felt such heats any-where as -in Georgia. I know experiments on this subject are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_756">[756]</span> -extremely liable to error; but I presume I cannot -now be mistaken, either in the goodness of the instrument, -or in the fairness of the trials, which I have -repeatedly made with it. This same thermometer -I have had thrice in the equatorial parts of Africa; -as often at Jamaica, and the West India islands; and, -upon examination of my journals, I do not find, that -the quicksilver ever rose in those parts above the -87th degree, and to that but seldom: its general station -was between the 79th and 86th degree; and -yet I think I have felt those degrees, with a moist -air, more disagreeable than what I now feel.</p> - -<p>In my relation of the late expedition to the north-west, -if I recollect right, I have observed, that all -the changes and variety of weather, that happen in -the temperate zone throughout the year, may be -experienced at the Hudson’s Bay settlements in 24 -hours. But I may now extend this observation; for -in my cellar the thermometer stands at 81, in the -next story at 102, and in the upper one at 105; and -yet these heats, violent as they are, would be tolerable, -but for the sudden changes that succeed them. -On the 10th of December last the mercury was at -86; on the 11th it was so low as 38 of the same -instrument. What havock must this make with an -European constitution? Nevertheless, but few people -die here out of the ordinary course; tho’ indeed one -can scarce call it living, merely to breathe, and trail -about a vigorless body; yet such is generally our condition -from the middle of June to the middle of -September. Dear Sir,</p> - -<p class="center"> -<span class="margin">Yours most affectionately,</span><br /> -<span class="margina"><span class="large">Henry Ellis. </span></span> -</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_757">[757]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">CIII. <i>The Invention of a General Method for -determining the Sum of every 2d, 3d, 4th, -or 5th</i>, &c. <i>Term of a Series, taken in -order; the Sum of the whole Series being -known. By</i> Thomas Simpson, <i>F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Nov. 16, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">AS the doctrine of Series’ is of very -great use in the higher branches -of the mathematics, and their application to nature, -every attempt tending to extend that doctrine may -justly merit some degree of regard. The subject of -the paper, which I have now the honour to lay before -the Society, will be found an improvement of some -consequence in that part of science. And how far -the business of finding fluents may, in some cases, -be facilitated thereby, will appear from the examples -subjoined, in illustration of the general method here -delivered.</p> - -<p>The series propounded, whose sum (<i>S</i>) is supposed -to be given (either in algebraic terms, or by -the measures of angles and ratio’s, <i>&c.</i>) I shall here -represent by <i>a</i> + <i>bx</i> + <i>cx</i>² + <i>dx</i>³ + <i>ex</i>⁴, &c. and -shall first give the solution of that case, where every -third term is required to be taken, or where the series -to be summed is <i>a</i> + <i>dx</i>³ + <i>gx</i>⁶ + <i>kx</i>⁶, &c. By -means whereof, the general method of proceeding, -and the resolution of every other case, will appear -evident.</p> - -<p>Here, then, every <i>third</i> term being required to be -taken, let the series (<i>a</i> + <i>dx</i>³ + <i>gx</i>⁶, &c.), whose<span class="pagenum" id="Page_758">[758]</span> -value is sought, be conceived to be composed of -<i>three</i> others.</p> - -<blockquote class="interlinear"> -<div>⅓ × (<i>a</i> + <i>b</i> × (<i>px</i>) + <i>c</i> × (<i>px</i>)² + <i>d</i> × (<i>px</i>)³ + <i>e</i> × (<i>px</i>)⁴, &c.) -</div> -<div>⅓ × (<i>a</i> + <i>b</i> × (<i>qx</i>) + <i>c</i> × (<i>qx</i>)² + <i>d</i> × (<i>qx</i>)³ + <i>e</i> × (<i>qx</i>)⁴, &c.) -</div> -<div>⅓ × (<i>a</i> + <i>b</i> × (<i>rx</i>) + <i>c</i> × (<i>rx</i>)² + <i>d</i> × (<i>rx</i>)³ + <i>e</i> × (<i>rx</i>)⁴, &c.) -</div></blockquote> - -<p class="noin">having all the <i>same form</i>, and the <i>same coefficients</i> -with the series first proposed, and wherein the converging -quantities <i>px</i>, <i>qx</i>, <i>rx</i>, are also in a determinate -(tho’ yet unknown) ratio to the original converging -quantity <i>x</i>. Now, in order to determine the -quantities of these ratios, or the values of <i>p</i>, <i>q</i>, and <i>r</i>, -let the terms containing the same powers of <i>x</i>, in the -two equal values, be equated in the common way:</p> - -<p>So shall,</p> -<blockquote class="interlinear margin"> - -<div>⅓ <i>b</i> × <i>px</i> + ⅓ <i>b</i> × <i>qx</i> + ⅓ <i>b</i> × <i>rx</i> = 0 -</div> -<div>⅓ <i>c</i> × <i>p</i>²<i>x</i>² + ⅓ <i>c</i> × <i>q</i>²<i>x</i>² + ⅓ <i>c</i> × <i>r</i>²<i>x</i>² = 0 -</div> -<div>⅓ <i>d</i> × <i>p</i>³<i>x</i>³ + ⅓ <i>d</i> × <i>q</i>³<i>x</i>³ + ⅓ <i>d</i> × <i>r</i>³<i>x</i>³ = <i>dx</i>³ -</div> -<div>⅓ <i>e</i> × <i>p</i>⁴<i>x</i>⁴ + ⅓ <i>e</i> × <i>q</i>⁴<i>x</i>⁴ + ⅓ <i>e</i> × <i>r</i>⁴<i>x</i>⁴ = 0 -&c.</div> -</blockquote> - -<p class="noin">And consequently,</p> -<blockquote class="interlinear margina"> - -<div><i>p</i> + <i>q</i> + <i>r</i> = 0 -</div> -<div><i>p</i>² + <i>q</i>² + <i>r</i>² = 0 -</div> -<div><i>p</i>³ + <i>q</i>³ + <i>r</i>³ = 3 -</div> -<div><i>p</i>⁴ + <i>q</i>⁴ + <i>r</i>⁴ = 0, &c. -</div></blockquote> - -<p class="noin">Make, now, <i>p</i>³ = 1, <i>q</i>³ = 1, and <i>r</i>³ = 1; that is, -let <i>p</i>, <i>q</i>, and <i>r</i>, be the three roots of the cubic equation -<i>z</i>³ = 1, or <i>z</i>³ - 1 = 0: then, seeing both the -second and third terms of this equation are wanting,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_759">[759]</span> -not only the sum of all the roots (<i>p</i> + <i>q</i> + <i>r</i>) but -the sum of all their squares (<i>p</i>² + <i>q</i>² + <i>r</i>²) will vanish, -or be equal to nothing (by common algebra), -as they ought, to fulfil the conditions of the two first -equations. Moreover, since <i>p</i>³ = 1, <i>q</i>³ = 1, and -<i>r</i>³ = 1, it is also evident, that <i>p</i>⁴ + <i>q</i>⁴ + <i>r</i>⁴ (= <i>p</i> + <i>q</i> -+ <i>r</i>) = 0, <i>p</i>⁵ + <i>q</i>⁵ + <i>r</i>⁵ (= <i>p</i>² +<i>q</i>² + <i>r</i>²) = 0, <i>p</i>⁶ + -<i>q</i>⁶ + <i>r</i>⁶ (= <i>p</i>³ + <i>q</i>³ + <i>r</i>³) = 3. Which equations being, -in effect, nothing more than the first three repeated, -the values of <i>p</i>, <i>q</i>, <i>r</i>, above assigned, equally -fulfil the conditions of these also: so that the series -arising from the addition of three assumed ones will -agree, in every term, with <i>that</i> whose sum is required: -but those series’ (whereof the quantity in -question is composed) having all of them the <i>same -form</i> and the <i>same <span class="err" title="original: cofficients">coefficients</span></i> with the original series -<i>a</i> + <i>bx</i> + <i>cx</i>² + <i>dx</i>³, &c. (= <i>S</i>), their sums will -therefore be truly obtained, by substituting <i>px</i>, <i>qx</i>, -and <i>rx</i>, successively, for <i>x</i>, in the given value of <i>S</i>. -And, by the very same reasoning, and the process -above laid down, it is evident, that, if every <i>n<sup>th</sup></i> term -(instead of every third term) of the given series be -taken, the values of <i>p</i>, <i>q</i>, <i>r</i>, <i>s</i>, &c. will then be the -roots of the equation <i>zⁿ</i> - 1 = 0<a id="FNanchor_155" href="#Footnote_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a>; and that, the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_760">[760]</span>sum of all the terms so taken, will be truly obtained -by substituting <i>px</i>, <i>qx</i>, <i>rx</i>, <i>sx</i>, &c. successively for <i>x</i>, -in the given value of <i>S</i>, and then dividing the sum -of all the quantities thence arising by the given -number <i>n</i>.</p> - -<p>The same method of solution holds equally, when, -in taking every <i>n</i><sup>th</sup> term of the series, the operation -begins at some term after the first. For all the terms -preceding <i>that</i> may be transposed, and the whole -equation divided by the power of <i>x</i> in the first of the -remaining terms; and then the sum of every <i>n<sup>th</sup></i> -term (beginning at the first) will be found by the -preceding directions; which sum, multiplied by the -power of <i>x</i> that before divided, will evidently give -the true value required to be determined. Thus, for -example, let it be required to find the sum of every -third term of the given series <i>a</i> + <i>bx</i> + <i>cx</i>² + <i>dx</i>³ -+ <i>ex</i>⁴, &c. (= <i>S</i>), beginning with <i>cx</i>². Then, by -transposing the two first terms, and dividing the whole -by <i>x</i>², we shall have <i>c</i> + <i>dx</i> + <i>ex</i>² + <i>fx</i>³, &c. = -<span class="fraction"><span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>S</i> - <i>a</i> - <i>bx</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>xx</i></span></span></span> (= <i>S´</i>). From whence having found the -sum of every third term of the series <i>c</i> + <i>dx</i> + <i>ex</i>² -+ <i>fx</i>³, &c. beginning at the first (<i>c</i>), that sum, -multiplied by <i>x</i>², will manifestly give the true value -sought in the present case.</p> - -<p>And here it may be worth while to observe, that -all the terms preceding <i>that</i> at which the operation -(in any case) begins, may (provided they exceed -not in number the given interval <i>n</i>) be intirely disregarded,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_761">[761]</span> - as having no effect at all in the result. -For if in that part (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">- <i>a</i> - <i>bx</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>xx</i></span></span>) of the value of <i>S´</i>, -above exhibited, in which the first terms, <i>a</i> and <i>bx</i>, -enter, there be substituted <i>px</i>, <i>qx</i>, <i>rx</i>, successively, -for <i>x</i> (according to the <i>prescript</i>) the sum of the -quantities thence arising will be</p> -<blockquote class="interlinear margin"> - -<div>- <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>a</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>p</i>²<i>x</i>²</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>a</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>q</i>²<i>x</i>²</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>a</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>r</i>²<i>x</i>²</span></span> -</div> -<div>- <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>b</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>px</i></span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>b</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>qx</i></span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>b</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>rx</i></span></span> -</div></blockquote> - -<p class="noin">which, because <i>p</i>³ = 1, <i>q</i>³ = 1, &c. (or <i>p</i>² = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>p</i></span></span>, -<i>q</i>² = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>q</i></span></span>, &c.) may be expressed thus;</p> -<blockquote class="interlinear margin"> - -<div>- <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>a</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>xx</i></span></span> × (<i>p</i> + <i>q</i> + <i>r</i>) -</div> -<div>- <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>b</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>x</i></span></span> × (<i>p</i>² + <i>q</i>² + <i>r</i>²) -</div></blockquote> - -<p class="noin">But, that <i>p</i> + <i>q</i> + <i>r</i> = 0, and <i>p</i>² + <i>q</i>² + <i>r</i>² = 0, -hath been already shewn; whence the truth of the -general observation is manifest. Hence it also appears, -that the method of solution above delivered, is not only -general, but includes this singular beauty and advantage, -that in all series’ whatever, whereof the terms are -to be taken according to the same assigned order, the -quantities (<i>p</i>, <i>q</i>, <i>r</i>, &c.), whereby the resolution is -performed, will remain invariably the same. The -greater part of these quantities are indeed <i>imaginary</i> -ones; and so likewise will the quantities be that result -from them, when substitution is made in the -given expression for the value of <i>S</i>. But by adding, -as is usual in like cases, every two corresponding values,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_762">[762]</span> - so resulting together, all marks of <i>impossibility</i> -will disappear.</p> - -<p>If, in the series to be summed, the alternate terms -(<i>viz.</i> the 2d, 4th, 6th, <i>&c.</i>) should be required to be -taken under signs contrary to what they have in the -original series given; the reasoning and result will be -no-ways different; only, instead of making <i>p</i>³ + <i>q</i>³ -+ <i>r</i>³ (or <i>pⁿ</i> + <i>qⁿ</i> + <i>rⁿ</i>, &c.) = +3 (or +<i>n</i>), the -same quantity must, here, be made = -3 (or -<i>n</i>). -From whence, <i>pⁿ</i> being = -1, <i>qⁿ</i> = -1, &c. the -values of <i>p</i>, <i>q</i>, <i>r</i>, &c. will, in this case, be the roots -of the equation <i>zⁿ</i> + 1 = 0.</p> - -<p>It may be proper, now, to put down an example, -or two, of the use and application of the general -conclusions above derived. First, then, supposing -the series, whose sum is given, to be <i>x</i> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x²</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span> + -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x³</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">3</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x⁴</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">4</span></span> ... + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x<sup>m</sup></i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>m</i></span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x<sup>m</sup> ⁺ ¹</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>m</i> + 1</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x<sup>m</sup> ⁺ ²</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>m</i> + 2</span></span> ... -+ <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup> ⁺ ⁿ</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>m</i> + <i>n</i></span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup> ⁺ ⁿ ⁺ ¹</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>m</i> + <i>n</i> + 1</span></span> +, &c. = - H. Log.(1-<i>x</i>) -(= <i>S</i>); let it be required, from hence, to -find the sum of the series (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>m</i></span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup> ⁺ ⁿ</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>m</i> + <i>n</i></span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup> ⁺ ²ⁿ</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>m</i> + 2<i>n</i></span></span> -&c.) arising by taking every <i>n<sup>th</sup></i> term thereof, beginning -with that whose exponent (<i>m</i>) is any integer -less than <i>n</i>. Here, the terms preceding<span class="fraction"> <span class="fnum"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>m</i></span></span> being -transposed, and the whole equation divided by <i>x</i><sup>m</sup>,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_763">[763]</span> -we shall have <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>m</i></span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>m</i> + 1</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i>²</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>m</i> + 2</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i>³</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>m</i> + 3</span></span>, &c. -= - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup></span></span> × H. Log.(1 - <i>x</i>) - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i> + ½<i>x</i>², &c.</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup></span></span>. In -which value, let <i>px</i>, <i>qx</i>, <i>rx</i>, &c. be, successively, -substituted for <i>x</i> (according to prescript) neglecting -intirely the terms <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i> + ½<i>x</i>²</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup></span></span>, as having no effect at all -in the result: from whence we get - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>(px)</i><sup>m</sup></span></span> × Log.(1 - <i>px</i>) -- <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>(qx)</i><sup>m</sup></span></span> × Log.(1 - <i>qx</i>) - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>(rx)</i><sup>m</sup></span></span> × Log.(1 - <i>rx</i>), -&c. Which multiplied by <i>x</i><sup>m</sup> (the quantity -that before divided) gives - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>p</i><sup>m</sup></span></span> × Log.(1 - <i>px</i>) - -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>q</i><sup>m</sup></span></span> × Log.(1 - <i>qx</i>) - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>r</i><sup>m</sup></span></span> × Log.(1 - <i>rx</i>), &c. = -<i>n</i> times the quantity required to be determined.</p> - -<p>But now, to get rid of the imaginary quantities <i>q</i>, -<i>r</i>, &c. by means of their known values α + √<span class="bt">αα - 1</span>, -α - √<span class="bt">αα - 1</span>, &c. it will be necessary to observe, -that, as the product of any two corresponding ones -((α + √<span class="bt">αα - 1</span>) × (α - √<span class="bt">αα - 1</span>)) is equal to unity, -we may therefore write (α - √<span class="bt">αα - 1</span>)<i><sup>m</sup></i> (= <i>r<sup>m</sup></i>) instead -of its equal <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>q</i><sup>m</sup></span></span>, and (α + √<span class="bt">αα - 1</span>)<i><sup>m</sup></i> (= <i>q<sup>m</sup></i>) -instead of its equal <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>r</i><sup>m</sup></span></span>: by which means the two<span class="pagenum" id="Page_764">[764]</span> -terms, wherein these two quantities enter, will -stand thus; - (α - √<span class="bt">αα - 1</span>)<i>ⁿ</i> × Log. (1 - <i>qx</i>) -- (α + √<span class="bt">αα - 1</span>)<i><sup>m</sup></i> × Log. (1 - <i>rx</i>).</p> - -<p>But, if <i>A</i> be assumed to express the co-sine of an -arch (<i>Q</i>), <i>m</i> times as great as that (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">360°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span>) whose co-sine -is here denoted by α; then will <i>A</i> - √<span class="bt"><i>AA</i> - 1</span> -= <a id="FNanchor_156" href="#Footnote_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a>(α - √<span class="bt">αα - 1</span>)<i><sup>m</sup></i>, and <i>A</i> + √<span class="bt"><i>AA</i> - 1</span> = -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_765">[765]</span>(α + √<span class="bt">αα - 1</span>)<i><sup>m</sup></i>: which values being substituted -above, we thence get</p> -<blockquote class="interlinear"> -<div>- <i>A</i> × (log. (1 - <i>qx</i>) + log. (1 - <i>rx</i>))</div> -<div> + √<span class="bt"><i>AA</i> - 1</span> -× (log. (1 - <i>qx</i>) - log. (1 - <i>rx</i>));</div> -</blockquote> -<p class="noin"> -whereof the former part (which, exclusive of the -factor <i>A</i>, I shall hereafter denote by <i>M</i>) is manifestly -equal to - <i>A</i> × log. ((1 - <i>qx</i>) × (1 - <i>rx</i>)) (by the nature -of logarithms) = - <i>A</i> × log. 1 - (<i>q</i> + <i>r</i>).<i>x</i> + -<i>qrx</i>² = - <i>A</i> × log. (1 - 2α<i>x</i> + <i>xx</i>) (by substituting -the values of <i>q</i> and <i>r</i>): which is now intirely free -from imaginary quantities. But, in order to exterminate -them out of the latter part also, put <i>y</i> = -log. (1 - <i>qx</i>) - log. (1 - <i>rx</i>); then will <i>ẏ</i> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">- <i>qẋ</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">1 - <i>qx</i></span></span> -+ <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>rẋ</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">1 - <i>rx</i></span></span> = - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">(<i>q</i> - <i>r</i>) × <i>ẋ</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">1 - (<i>q</i> + <i>r</i>) × <i>x</i> + <i>xx</i></span></span> = - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2√(αα - 1) × <i>ẋ</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">1 - 2α<i>x</i> + <i>xx</i></span></span> -= - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2√-1 × √(1 - αα) × <i>ẋ</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">1 - 2αx + xx</span></span>; where <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">√(1 - αα) × ẋ</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">1 - 2α<i>x</i> + <i>xx</i></span></span> expresseth -the fluxion of a circular arch (<i>N</i>) whose radius -is 1, and sine = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">√(1 - αα) × <i>ẋ</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">1 - 2α<i>x</i> + <i>xx</i></span></span>; consequently <i>y</i> will be -= - 2√-1 × <i>N</i>: which, multiplied by √<span class="bt"><i>AA</i> - 1</span>, -or its equal √-1 × √<span class="bt">1 - <i>AA</i></span>, gives 2√<span class="bt">1 - <i>AA</i></span> × <i>N</i>;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_766">[766]</span> -and, this value being added to that of the former -part (found above), and the whole being divided by -<i>n</i>, we thence obtain <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">- <i>AM</i> + 2√(1 - <i>AA</i>) × <i>N</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span>, or <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span> -× (-co-s. <i>Q</i> × <i>M</i> + sin. <i>Q</i> × 2<i>N</i>) for that part of the -value sought depending on the two terms affected -with <i>q</i> and <i>r</i>. From whence the sum of any other -two corresponding terms will be had, by barely substituting -one letter, or value, for another: So that,</p> -<table> - <tr> -<td rowspan="5" class="br vm"><span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span> × -</td> - <td>-log. (1 - <i>x</i>)</td><td> </td> -</tr> - <tr> -<td>-co-s. <i>Q</i> × <i>M</i></td> -<td> + sin. <i>Q</i> × 2<i>N</i></td> -</tr> - <tr> -<td>-co-s. <i>Q´</i> × <i>M´</i></td> -<td> + sin. <i>Q´</i> × 2<i>N´</i></td> -</tr> - <tr> -<td>-co-s. <i>Q´´</i> × <i>M´´</i></td> -<td>+ sin. <i>Q´´</i> × 2<i>N´´</i></td> -</tr> - <tr> -<td>-&c.</td> -<td>+ &c.</td> -</tr> - </table> - -<p class="noin">will truly express the sum of the series proposed to -be determined; <i>M</i>, <i>M´</i>, <i>M´´</i> &c. being the hyperbolical -logarithms of 1 - 2α<i>x</i> + <i>xx</i>, 1 - 2β<i>x</i> + <i>xx</i>, -1 - 2γ<i>x</i> + <i>xx</i>, &c. <i>N</i>, <i>N´</i>, <i>N´´</i> &c. the arcs -whose sines are <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i>√(1 - αα)</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">√(1 - 2α<i>x</i> + <i>xx</i>)</span></span>, <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i>√(1 - ββ)</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">√(1 - 2β<i>x</i> + <i>xx</i>)</span></span>, -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i>√(1 - γγ)</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">√(1 - 2γ<i>x</i> + <i>xx</i>)</span></span>, &c. and <i>Q</i>, <i>Q´</i>, <i>Q´´</i>, &c. the measures -of the angles expressed by <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">360°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span> × <i>m</i>, 2 × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><span class="err" title="original: 360">360°</span></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span> × <i>m</i>, -3 × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><span class="err" title="original: 360">360°</span></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span> × <i>m</i>, &c. And here it may not be amiss to take -notice, that the series <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>m</i></span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup> ⁺ ⁿ</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>m</i> + <i>n</i></span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup> ⁺ ²ⁿ</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>m</i> + 2<i>n</i></span></span> + -&c. thus determined, is that expressing the fluent of -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup> ⁻ ¹ẋ</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">1 - <i>xⁿ</i></span></span>; corresponding to one of the two famous<span class="pagenum" id="Page_767">[767]</span> -<i>Cotesian forms</i>. From whence, and the reasoning -above laid down, the fluent of the other <i>form</i>, -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup> ⁻ ¹ẋ</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">1 + <i>xⁿ</i></span></span>, may be very readily deduced. For, since -the series (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>m</i></span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup> ⁺ ⁿ</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>m</i> + <i>n</i></span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup> ⁺ ²</span>ⁿ<span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>m</i> + 2<i>n</i></span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup> ⁺ ³ⁿ</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>m</i> + 3<i>n</i></span></span> -&c.) for this last fluent, is that which arises by -changing the signs of the alternate terms of the -former; the quantities <i>p</i>, <i>q</i>, <i>r</i>, &c. will here (agreeably -to a preceding observation) be the roots of the -equation <i>zⁿ</i> + 1 = 0; and, consequently, α, β, γ, δ, &c. -the co-sines of the arcs <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">180°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span>, 3 × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">180°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span>, 5 × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">180°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span>, &c. -(as appears by the foregoing note). So that, making -<i>Q</i>, <i>Q´</i>, <i>Q´´</i>, &c. equal, here, to the measures of the -angles <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">180°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span> × <i>m</i>, 3 × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">180°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span> × <i>m</i>, 5 × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">180°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span> × <i>m</i>, &c. the -fluent sought will be expressed in the very same manner -as in the preceding case; except that the first -term, -log. (1 - <i>x</i>) (arising from the <i>rational</i> root -<i>p</i> = 1) will here have no place.</p> - -<p>After the same manner, with a small increase of -trouble, the fluent of<span class="fraction"> <span class="fnum"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup> ⁻ ¹ẋ</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">1 ± 2<i>lxⁿ</i> + <i>x</i>²<i>ⁿ</i></span></span> may be derived, -<i>m</i> and <i>n</i> being any integers whatever. But I shall -now put down one example, wherein the impossible -quantities become exponents of the powers, in the -terms where they are concerned.</p> - -<p>The series here given is 1 - <i>x</i> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i>²</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">2</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i>³</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">2.3</span></span> + -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i>⁴</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">2.3.4</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i>⁵</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">2.3.4.5</span></span>, &c. = the number whose hyp. log.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_768">[768]</span> -is -<i>x</i>, and it is required to find the sum of every -<i>n<sup>th</sup></i> term thereof, beginning at the first. Here the -quantity sought will (according to the general rule) -be truly defined by the <i>n</i><sup>th</sup> part of the sum of all -the numbers whose respective logarithms are -<i>px</i>, --<i>qx</i>, -<i>rx</i>, &c.; which numbers, if <i>N</i> be taken -to denote the number whose hyp. log. = 1, will be -truly expressed by <i>N</i>⁻<sup>px</sup>, <i>N</i>⁻<sup>qx</sup>, <i>N</i>⁻<sup>rx</sup>, &c. -From whence, by writing for <i>p</i>, <i>q</i>, <i>r</i>, &c. their equals -1, α + √<span class="bt">αα - 1</span>, α - √<span class="bt">αα - 1</span>, β + √<span class="bt">ββ - 1</span>, -β - √<span class="bt">ββ - 1</span>, &c. and putting α´ = √<span class="bt">1 - αα</span>, -β´ = √<span class="bt">1 - ββ</span>, &c. we shall have <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span> × (<i>N</i>⁻<sup>px</sup> + -<i>N</i>⁻<sup>qx</sup> + <i>N</i>⁻<sup>rx</sup>), &c. = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span> into <i>N⁻ˣ</i> + <i>N⁻ᵃˣ</i> × -(<i>N⁻ᵃ´ˣ</i>√⁻¹ + <i>Nᵃ´ˣ</i>√⁻¹) + <i>N⁻ᵝˣ</i> × (<i>N⁻ᵝ´ˣ√⁻¹</i> + -<i>Nᵝ´ˣ√⁻¹</i>) + &c. But <i>N⁻ᵃ‘ˣ√⁻¹</i> + <i>Nᵃ‘ˣ√⁻¹</i> is -known to express the double of the co-sine of the -arch whose measure (to the radius 1) is α´<i>x</i>. Therefore -we have <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span> into <i>N⁻ˣ</i> + <i>N⁻ᵃˣ</i> × 2 co-s. α´<i>x</i> + -<i>N⁻ᵝˣ</i> × 2 co-s. β´<i>x</i>, &c. for the true sum, or value -proposed to be determined.</p> - -<p>The <span class="err" title="original: soluion">solution</span> of this case, in a manner a little different, -I have given some time since, in another place; -where the principles of the general method, here -extended and illustrated, are pointed out. I shall put -an end to this paper with observing, that if, in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_769">[769]</span> -series given, the even powers of <i>x</i>, or any other -terms whatever, be wanting, their places must be -supplied with cyphers; which, <span class="err" title="original: in order the">in the order</span> of numbering -off, must be reckoned as real terms.</p> -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap"> - -CIV. <i>Observatio Eclipsis Lunæ Die</i> 30 Julii -1757. <i>habita Olissipone à</i> Joanne Chevalier, -<i>Congregationis Oratorii Presbytero, é -Regia</i> Londinensi <i>Societate. Communicated -by</i> Jacob de Castro Sarmiento, <i>M.D. -F.R.S.</i></h2></div> - -<p class="center">Tubo optico 8 pedum.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Nov. 16, -1758.</div> - -<table> -<tr> -<td> </td> -<td>h</td> <td>´</td> <td>´´</td></tr> - -<tr><td><span class="dropcap">I</span>Nitium penumbræ</td> - <td>9</td> <td>15</td> <td class="tdr">18</td></tr> -<tr><td>INitium dubium eclipsis</td> <td>9</td> <td>22</td> <td class="tdr">24</td></tr> -<tr><td>Certo jam incœperat</td> <td>9</td> <td>23</td> <td class="tdr">34</td></tr> -<tr><td>Umbra ad mare humorum observata vitro plano cæruleo</td> <td>9</td> <td>31</td> <td class="tdr">2</td></tr> -<tr><td>Solo tubo optico observata</td> <td>9</td> <td>31</td> <td class="tdr">29</td></tr> -<tr><td>Vitro flavo observata</td> <td>9</td> <td>31</td> <td class="tdr">48</td></tr> -<tr><td>Umbra tangit Grimaldum observata vitro plano cæruleo</td> <td>9</td> <td>31</td> <td class="tdr">20</td></tr> -<tr><td>Solo tubo optico</td> <td>9</td> <td>31</td> <td class="tdr">50</td></tr> -<tr><td>Vitro plano flavo</td> <td>9</td> <td>32</td> <td class="tdr">8</td></tr> -<tr><td>Totus Grimaldus tegitur observatus vitro plano cæruleo</td> <td>9</td> <td>34</td> <td class="tdr">4</td></tr> -<tr><td>Solo tubo optico</td> <td>9</td> <td>34</td> <td class="tdr">28</td></tr> -<tr><td>Vitro flavo</td> <td>9</td> <td>34</td> <td class="tdr">47</td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_770">[770]</span> -Umbra ad Tychonem observata vitro plano cæruleo</td> <td>9</td> <td>38</td> <td class="tdr">25</td></tr> -<tr><td>Solo tubo optico</td> <td>9</td> <td>38</td> <td class="tdr">42</td></tr> -<tr><td>Vitro flavo</td> <td>9</td> <td>38</td> <td class="tdr">59</td></tr> -<tr><td>Umbra ad Harpalum vitro cæruleo observata</td> <td>9</td> <td>55</td> <td class="tdr">6</td></tr> -<tr><td>Solo tubo optico</td> <td>9</td> <td>55</td> <td class="tdr">35</td></tr> -<tr><td>Umbra ad Fracastorium</td> <td>9</td> <td>59</td> <td class="tdr">57</td></tr> -<tr><td>Umbra ad Mare Nectaris</td> <td>10</td> <td>00</td> <td class="tdr">50</td></tr> -<tr><td>Observata vitro flavo</td> <td>10</td> <td class="tdr">1</td> <td class="tdr">8</td></tr> -<tr><td>Umbra ad Dionysium</td> <td>10</td> <td class="tdr">5</td> <td class="tdr">2</td></tr> -<tr><td>Umbra tangit Mare Tranquillitatis </td> <td>10</td> <td class="tdr">5</td> <td class="tdr">50</td></tr> -<tr><td>Umbra ad Mare Serenitatis</td> <td>10</td> <td>10</td> <td class="tdr">16</td></tr> -<tr><td>Umbra tegit Menelaum observata vitro cæruleo</td> <td>10</td> <td>11</td> <td class="tdr">4</td></tr> -<tr><td>Solo tubo optico</td> <td>10</td> <td>11</td> <td class="tdr">29</td></tr> -<tr><td>Vitro flavo</td> <td>10</td> <td>11</td> <td class="tdr">50</td></tr> -<tr><td>Totum Mare Fœcunditatis tegitur</td> <td>10</td> <td>18</td> <td class="tdr">39</td></tr> -<tr><td>Umbra tangit Mare Crisium vitro cæruleo observata</td> <td>10</td> <td>22</td> <td class="tdr">52</td></tr> -<tr><td>Solo tubo optico</td> <td>10</td> <td>23</td> <td>12</td></tr> -<tr><td>Vitro flavo</td> <td>10</td> <td>23 </td> <td>29</td></tr> -<tr><td>Umbra ad Proclum</td> <td>10</td> <td>23</td> <td>33</td></tr> -<tr><td>Possidonius totus tegitur</td> <td>10</td> <td>23</td> <td>50</td></tr> -<tr><td>Totum Mare Serenitatis tegitur</td> <td>10</td> <td>24</td> <td>36</td></tr> -<tr><td>Totum Mare Crisium ab umbra tegitur</td> <td>10</td> <td>30</td> <td>27</td></tr> -<tr><td>Plato tegitur vitro cæruleo observatus</td> <td>10</td> <td>31</td> <td>26</td></tr> -<tr><td>Solo tubo optico</td> <td>10</td> <td>31</td> <td>48</td></tr> -<tr><td>Vitro flavo</td> <td>10</td> <td>32</td> <td class="tdr">4</td></tr> -<tr><td>Obscuratio maxima</td> <td>10</td> <td>55</td> <td>40</td></tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_771">[771]</span></p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Emersiones.</span></p> -<table> -<tr> -<td> </td> -<td>h</td> <td>´</td> <td>´´</td></tr> -<tr><td>Plato emergit observatus vitro flavo </td> <td>11</td> <td>19 </td> <td class="tdr">5</td> -</tr><tr><td>Solo tubo optico</td> <td>11</td> <td>19</td> <td>31</td> -</tr><tr><td>Vitro cæruleo</td> <td>11</td> <td>19</td> <td>50</td></tr> -<tr><td>Aristarchus emergit</td> <td>11</td> <td>21</td> <td class="tdr">3</td></tr> -<tr><td>Gassendus incepit emergere observatus vitro flavo</td> <td>11</td> <td>25</td> <td>36</td></tr> -<tr><td>Observatus solo tubo optico</td> <td>11</td> <td>25</td> <td>52</td></tr> -<tr><td>Observatus vitro cæruleo</td> <td>11</td> <td>26</td> <td>11</td></tr> -<tr><td>Gassendus totus extra umbram</td> <td>11</td> <td>28</td> <td class="tdr">2</td></tr> -<tr><td>Schicardus incipit emergere</td> <td>11</td> <td>45</td> <td>44</td></tr> -<tr><td>Totus extra umbram</td> <td>11</td> <td>47</td> <td>10</td></tr> -<tr><td>Totum Mare Humorum extra umbram</td> <td>11</td> <td>46</td> <td>50</td></tr> -<tr><td>Menelaus extra umbram</td> <td>11</td> <td>55</td> <td>36</td> -</tr><tr><td>Mare Serenitatis extra umbram</td> <td>11</td> <td>59</td> <td>46</td></tr> -<tr><td>Tycho extra umbra observatus vitro flavo</td> <td>12</td> <td>00</td> <td>33</td> -</tr><tr><td>Solo tubo optico</td> <td>12</td> <td>00</td> <td>52</td></tr> -<tr><td>Vitro cæruleo</td> <td>12</td> <td class="tdr">1</td> <td>14</td> -</tr><tr><td>Incipit emergere Mare Crisium</td> <td>12</td> <td class="tdr">8</td> <td>31</td> -</tr><tr><td>Totum Mare Crisium extra umbram</td> <td>12</td> <td>16</td> <td>28</td> -</tr><tr><td>Finis eclipsis</td> <td>12</td> <td>28</td> <td>26</td> -</tr></table> - -<p>Observatio hæc peracta é cœlo claro; umbra autem -terræ ita diluta erat, ut maculæ in ea conditæ -satis dignoscerentur.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_772">[772]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">CV. <i>Singular Observations upon the</i> Manchenille -Apple. <i>By</i> John Andrew Peyssonnel, -<i>M. D. F.R.S. Translated from -the</i> French.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Nov. 16, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">THe cruel effects of the tree called -Manchenille are known to all the -world: its milk, which the savages make use of to -poison their arrows, makes the wounds inflicted with -them mortal. The rain, which washes the leaves -and branches, causes blisters to rise like boiling oil; -even the shade of the tree makes those who repose -under it to swell; and its fruit is esteemed a deadly -poison. I was informed, as a very extraordinary thing, -that a breeding woman was so mad as to eat three of -them, which did her very little harm; and this was -looked upon as a miracle, and a proof of the surprising -effects of the imagination and longings of -women with child.</p> - -<p>But here is a fact, which will scarce be credited -by many persons, who have frequented these Islands: -which I declare to be true.</p> - -<p>One Vincent Banchi, of Turin in Piedmont, a -strong robust man, and an old soldier, of about forty-five -years of age, belonging to the horse, was a -slave with the Turks eleven years, having been taken -prisoner at the siege of Belgrade. He was overseer -of my habitation towards the month of July of the -year 1756. He was one day walking upon the sea -side, and seeing a great number of apples upon the -ground, was charmed with their beautiful colours, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_773">[773]</span> -sweet smell, resembling that of the apple called d’apis: -he took and eat of them, without knowing what they -were; he found they had a subacid taste; and having -eaten a couple of dozen of them, he fill’d his pockets, -and came home, eating the rest as he came. -The Negroes, that saw him eat this cruel fruit, told -him it was mortal; upon which he ceased to eat them, -and threw away the rest.</p> - -<p>About four in the afternoon, <i>viz.</i> an hour after this -repast, his belly swelled considerably, and he felt as -it were a consuming fire in his bowels. He could -not keep himself upright; and at night the swelling -of his belly increased, with the burning sensation of -his bowels. His lips were ulcerated with the milk of -the fruit, and he was seized with cold sweats; but my -principal Negro made him a decoction of the leaves of -a <i>Ricinus</i><a id="FNanchor_157" href="#Footnote_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a> in water, and made him drink plentifully -of it, which brought on a vomiting, followed by a -violent purging; both which continued for four hours, -during which it was thought he would die. At length -these symptoms grew less; and my Negroes made him -walk, and stir about by degrees; and soon after they -were stopped. Rice-gruel, which they gave him, -put an end to all these disorders; and in four-and-twenty -hours he had no more ailments nor pain; the -swelling of his belly diminished in proportion to his -evacuations upwards and downwards, and he has continued -his functions without being any more sensible -of the poison. We see by this, that the effects of the -poison of the <span class="err" title="original: Manchinelle">Manchenille</span> are different from those of -the fish at Guadaloupe, which I mentioned.</p> - -<p class="margin">Dec. 2. 1756.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_774">[774]</span></p> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">CVI. <i>Abstract of a Letter from Mr.</i> William -Arderon, <i>F.R.S. to Mr.</i> Henry Baker, -<i>F.R.S. on the giving Magnetism and -Polarity to Brass. Communicated by Mr.</i> -Baker.</h2> -</div> -<p> -Dear Sir, -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read Nov. 16, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">FOR some time past I have been -making experiments on the magnetism -of brass, and amongst many pieces that I have -tried, find several that readily attract the needle; but -whether they have had this property originally, or -have received it by hammering, filing, clipping, or -any other such-like cause, I cannot yet determine.</p> - -<p>I have a very handsome compass-box made of pure -brass, as far as I can judge: the needle being taken -out, and placed upon a pin fixed properly in a board, -and clear of all other magnetics, the box will attract -this needle at half an inch distance; and, if suffered -to touch, will draw it full 90 degrees from the north -or south points; and I think those parts of the box -marked north and south attract the strongest. The -cover of the box also attracts the needle nearly as much -as the box itself.</p> - -<p>As to your supposition, that iron may be mixed -with the brass, I do not know; but I have been informed -it cannot be, as brass fluxes with a much less -degree of heat than iron, and iron naturally swims on -fluid brass. Besides, many of the specimens of brass -I have tried were new as they came from the mill, -where they were wrought into plates, and I presume<span class="pagenum" id="Page_775">[775]</span> -were not mixed<a id="FNanchor_158" href="#Footnote_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a>; yet these I have given the magnetic -virtue to, when they had it not; and some pieces -of brass, which naturally attract the needle, seem to -the eye as fine a bright yellow as any other, and are -as malleable as any I ever met with.</p> - -<p>Pieces of brass without any magnetic power, by -properly hammering and giving them the double -touch, after Mr. Mitchel’s method, I have made attract -and repel the needle, as a magnet does, having -two regular poles: and I now send you one such piece -of brass, which I have thus made magnetical. You -will also receive a couple of needles, which I made -myself after the late Zachary Williams’s method, and -a little stand whereon to place them, the better to -shew how this magnetic bar attracts and repels the -needle when properly applied; for it must be noted, -that in making these experiments it is necessary to employ -a very good needle, about 3-½ inches long, well -and tenderly set, and not covered with glass.</p> - -<p>You will observe, when you try this bar, that the -same poles repel each other, and the contrary poles -attract; which proves this piece of brass to be indued -with true magnetic virtue and polarity. However it -must be noted, that though the same poles repel each -other, yet, like natural magnets, in contact, or nearly -so, they attract each other; therefore when you -would shew the repelling power of this brass bar, you -must not bring it nearer the needle than ²⁄₁₀ of an inch.</p> - -<p>Magnetic brass does not attract iron, not even the -least particle, so far as I can find: whether this is -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_776">[776]</span>owing to the weakness of magnetism in the brass, or -to some other cause, I don’t pretend to know.</p> - -<p>I have tried to infuse magnetic virtue into several -pieces of copper, lead and pewter; but all my endeavours -have not been able to make them attract the -needle at all. Indeed, when I have held a piece of -pewter, that I have tryed to make magnetical, to the -needle, the needle would tremble, but not approach -the pewter.</p> - -<p>I send you another piece of brass, whose either end -attracts either of the poles; this I have infused the -magnetic virtue into, and can at any time, so as to -attract and repel the needle; but, like steel that is set -a low blue, it loseth that polarity in a few hours; -which may arise for its being too short for its weight, -or from its different temper of hardness or softness.</p> - -<p>A third piece I also send you, which with all my -endeavours I cannot make attract the needle in the -least; and yet I can perceive no difference between -the appearance of this piece and that of those which -do.</p> - -<p>Would some ingenious man pursue these experiments, -perhaps we might have needles made of brass -to act as strongly as steel ones do, which would have -the advantage of being less liable to rust at sea than -steel ones are.</p> - -<p>But my whole design was to shew, that brass is -by no means a proper metal to make compass-boxes -of, or to be employed in any instrument where magnetism -is concerned. For as it is demonstrable, beyond -all contradiction, that some brass is found endued -with a power of attracting the magnetic needle; -that other pieces are capable of receiving it either by<span class="pagenum" id="Page_777">[777]</span> -accident or design, (let it be from its being mixed -with iron, or any other cause whatever) brass must -be a very improper metal for compass-boxes, as it -may occasion many sad and fatal accidents.</p> - -<p>Norwich, Octob. 20th, 1758.</p> - -<p>It is well known, that brass has been sometimes -found to affect and disturb the magnetic needle; but, -to give magnetism and polarity to brass, has not, that -I have yet heard, been before attempted. I therefore -have taken the liberty to lay the above account -before this Royal Society, and have also brought the -pieces of brass mentioned therein, which have been -thus made magnetical.</p> -<p class="right"><span class="large">H. Baker.</span></p> -<p> -London, -Nov. 15. 1759. -</p> -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">CVII. <i>An Account of the</i> Sea Polypus, <i>by -Mr.</i> Henry Baker, <i>F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<p class="center"><i>To the Right Honourable the</i> <span class="smcap">Earl</span> <i>of</i> <span class="smcap">Macclesfield</span>, -President <i>of the</i> Royal Society.</p> -<p> -My Lord, -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read Nov. 23, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">I now return the marine animal your -Lordship did me the honour to recommend -to my examination; which I find to be a -species of one kind of the Sea Polypi, mentioned by -naturalists; but I think not very accurately described.</p> - -<p class="p2">The kinds of Sea Polypi are understood to be,</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_778">[778]</span></p> - -<p><i>First</i>, The Polypus, particularly so called, the Octopus, -Preke, or Pour-contrel: to which kind our -subject belongs.</p> - -<p><i>Secondly</i>, The Sepia, or Cuttle-fish.</p> - -<p><i>Thirdly</i>, The Loligo, or Calamary. And each of -these has its different species and varieties<a id="FNanchor_159" href="#Footnote_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a>. The ancients -add the Nautilus; and some sorts of Star-fish -might perhaps be not improperly ranged among them.</p> - -<p>All of the first kind have eight arms, placed at -equal distances round the head; below the arms are -two eyes, and the body is short and thick.</p> - -<p>The Cuttle-fish, and the Calamary, have each of -them ten arms; of which eight are shorter ones, tapering -gradually to a point from the head, where they -all rise, to their extremities: the other two (frequently -called Tentacula) are three or four times as long, -perfectly round, slender, and of an equal thickness -for above two thirds of their whole length; then -spreading into a form nearly like that of the shorter -arms. Great numbers of <i>acetabula</i>, or suckers, are -placed somewhat irregularly on each of the shorter -arms, and on the spreading parts of the Tentacula, -where some of the suckers are a great deal larger than -the rest.</p> - -<p>The body of the Cuttle-fish is broad and flat, having -within it a broad friable white bone; that of the -Calamary is a sort of cartilaginous case holding the -intestines, of a roundish oblong shape, furnished with -two fins, and having within it a thin transparent elastic -substance like Isinglass.</p> -<div class="sync"> </div> -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="facing779" style="max-width: 109.0625em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XXIX"></a>XXIX. <i>p. <a href="#Page_779">779</a></i></div> - <img class="w100" src="images/facing779.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><i>G. Edwards delin AD. 1758</i> <span class="marginsec"><span class="small"><i>J. Mynde sc.</i></span></span></div> -</div> -<div class="sync"> </div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_779">[779]</span></p> - -<p>The mouth of the Pour-contrel, Cuttle-fish, and -Calamary, is placed in the fore-part of the head, between -the arms, having an horny beak, hard and -hooked like a parrot’s, which some writers call the -teeth. The eyes of them all are nearly in the same -position.</p> - -<p>As the subject under examination resembles in -some particulars all the above kinds of Polypi, this -short account of them may, it is hoped, render the -following description of it the more intelligible: and -with the same view, Mr. George Edwards, Fellow of -the Royal Society, has been so obliging as to make -drawings of the animal itself, in four different positions, -and of the natural size; which drawings are -herewith presented to your Lordship.</p> - -<p>Our Polypus is of the Pour-contrel kind, and I believe -of that species called Bolytæna; which is said -to have a musky smell; but if ours had such a smell, -the spirits wherein it lies have taken it quite away.</p> - -<p>In the drawing [<i>See</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a href="#XXIX">XXIX.</a> <i>Fig.</i> 1.] is shewn -the anterior part of this animal, which has much the -appearance of a Star-fish. Here are eight arms about -three inches in length, united at their roots, and placed -circularly at equal distances in the same plane, -which has a considerable sinking towards the center. -These arms diminish from their rise to their extremities, -and end exceedingly small. Near the head they -are quadrilateral, but the under-side contracting gradually -to an edge, they become towards the ends trilateral. -On the upper side of each arm are two rows -of <i>acetabula</i>, or suckers, standing in a beautiful order, -as close as they can well be placed, and beginning -from the center of all the arms. These suckers<span class="pagenum" id="Page_780">[780]</span> -are perfectly circular, with edges flat on the top, and -a round cavity in the middle of each. They are -largest in the widest part of the arm, and lessen as -the arm diminishes, till they become so small as hardly -to be discernable. It is very difficult to tell their -number: I counted as far as fifty in a row, but am -certain there are many more; and I don’t imagine -the eight arms have so few as a thousand on them. -They rise some height above the surface of the skin; -and wherever they are not, the skin of the arms (unless -on the under-side) is granulated like shagreen<a id="FNanchor_160" href="#Footnote_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a>.</p> - -<p>As in the other kinds of Polypi the mouth is placed -between the arms conspicuously enough, I expected -to find it so in this; but the spirits had contracted it -so much, that I could discern no opening at all where -I thought the mouth must be; and therefore could -not say, with assurance, that the mouth was placed -there. Under this difficulty I applied to Sir Hans -Sloane’s most valuable collection of natural history in -the British Musæum, where I found several species -of this kind of Polypi, and amongst the rest a small -dried specimen of the same species as ours, and a -much larger one in spirits, of a species that comes very -near it.</p> - -<p>This large specimen afforded the information I -stood in need of: for though here also the mouth was -closed, and the beak drawn down into the center between -the arms, so as not to be seen at all; yet, by -the help of Dr. Morton and Mr. Empson, I had the -satisfaction to see the mouth opened, and the beak in -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_781">[781]</span>the same situation, and of the same form and substance, -as in the other kinds of Polypi. Having -gained this knowledge, by applying the point of a -bodkin, I easily felt the beak in our Polypus; but in -so small a subject it cannot be brought to view without -dissection, which is the reason it does not appear -in these drawings.</p> - -<p><i><a href="#XXIX">Fig. 2.</a></i> represents the Polypus so placed as to shew -the situation of the eyes and the form of its body, -and also in what manner the arms are turned back in -the specimen before us; but we may suppose them -thus disposed merely in the act of dying, and that -when alive they are moveable in all directions.</p> - -<p>On that side of the body opposite to the eyes, and -which therefore may be termed the belly-part, there -appears a transverse slit or opening in the skin, not in -a strait line, but a little semicircular; from the anterior -part whereof a tube or pipe proceeds, about -one third of an inch in length, smaller at the extremity, -where it opens with a round orifice, than at -the base, and reaching to within a small distance of -the arms. As both the Cuttle-fish and Calamary -have a pipe nearly in the same situation, though somewhat -different in figure, through which they occasionally -discharge an inky liquor, and some writers -say the fæces also, it is probable the pipe in this animal -may serve to a like purpose; and as the body -of the Calamary is included in a case, the slit across -the body of this animal shews its belly part to have -also a sort of case, though on its back there is no separation -as in the Calamary.</p> - -<p>Out of the aforesaid slit or opening a bag issues -with a very slender neck, extending towards the tail,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_782">[782]</span> -and enlarging gradually to its end. This bag is -above half the length of the body, and appears like -another body appendant thereto. I should be intirely -at a loss concerning this bag, did not some passages -in Mr. Turberville Needham’s curious observations -on the milt vessels of the Calamary enable me -to form some conjectures about its use.</p> - -<p>Having dissected several Calamaries on the coast -of Portugal, without the least indication of milt or -roe, and consequently without knowing which were -male or female, he was much surprised (about the -middle of the month of December) to find a new -vessel forming itself in an obvious part, and replete -with a milky juice. This was an oval bag, in which -the milt vessels formed themselves gradually, the -bag unfolding as these framed and disposed themselves -in bundles. Before that time he had observed -two collateral tubes, which are alike in both sexes; -but a regular progress in the expansion of the -milt-bag and formation of the milt-vessels had not -presented itself before. Those tubes till then appeared -open at one extremity, much resembling the -female parts of generation in a snail, but did not -terminate in a long oval bag extending in a parallel -with the stomach more than half the length of the -fish, as he found them afterwards when the milt vessels -that filled the whole cavity were ripe for ejection. -The same ducts without the bag are found in the female -also, perhaps for the deposition of the spawn. -Vid. <i>Needham’s Microscopical Discoveries, cap.</i> v.</p> - -<p>It appears from this account that the male Calamary -(at a certain time of the year only) has a bag -wherein the milt-vessels are contained, and that the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_783">[783]</span> -female has no such bag. Since therefore the bag of -our Polypus is found in the same situation as that of -the Calamary, (which is also a kind of Polypus) we -may suppose it to be the milt bag, and that our Polypus -is a male, taken at a time when the milt was -ready for ejection. In the dried specimen at the -British Museum, and also in the other specimens, -there is the same opening, with the pipe that rises -above it towards the arms, but not the least appearance -of the bag in question: they are therefore probably -females, or if males, were caught before such -bag was formed.</p> - -<p><i><a href="#XXIX">Fig. 3.</a></i> presents another view of this Polypus, its -arms extended circularly with their under-sides next -the eye, and the body so disposed as to shew the -transverse opening <i>a</i>, the oval bag issuing therefrom <i>b</i>, -and the pipe rising upwards towards the arms <i>c</i>.</p> - -<p><i><a href="#XXIX">Fig. 4.</a></i> shews the Polypus with its transverse opening -and the pipe rising therefrom, but without the oval -bag; it is figured thus by Rondeletius and Gesner, -and the specimen at the British Museum has also this -appearance. It is here shewn with the arms extended -forwards. K is a magnified figure of one of the -<i>acetabula</i>, or suckers; of which there are two rows -on each arm of this Polypus, as before described.</p> - -<p>Mr. Needham, in his description of the suckers of -the Calamary, (which he had many opportunities of -examining whilst alive, and whose mechanism is probably -the same as in those of our Polypus) informs -us, “that the action of the suckers depends partly -on their shape, which, when they are extended -resembles nearly that of an acorn-cup, and partly -upon a deep circular cartilaginous ring, armed with -small hooks, which is secured in a thin membrane<span class="pagenum" id="Page_784">[784]</span> -something transparent, by the projection of a ledge -investing the whole circumference about the middle -of its depth, and not to be extracted without some -force. That each sucker is fastened by a tendinous -stem to the arm of the animal: which stem, -together with part of the membrane that is below -the circumference of the cartilaginous ring, rises -into and fills the whole cavity when the animal -contracts the sucker for action. In this state -whatever touches it is first held by the minute -hooks, and then drawn up to a closer adhesion by -the retraction of the stem and inferior part of the -membrane, much in the same manner as a sucker -of wet leather sustains the weight of a small stone.” -Vid. <i>Microscopical Discoveries</i>, p. 22.</p> - -<p>M shews one of the cartilaginous rings armed with -small hooks, of its real size. The ring this is drawn -from was taken out of a large sucker of a larger Polypus, -and is presented herewith.</p> - -<p>By these suckers the Polypus can fix itself to rocks, -and prevent its being tossed about in storms and tempests; -but their principal use must undoubtedly be to -seize and hold its prey: and to this purpose they are -most admirably adapted; for when they are all applied -and act together, unless the Polypus pleases to -withdraw them, nothing can get from it whose -strength is insufficient to tear off its arms. Something -like these suckers is found by the microscope -in the minute fresh water Polype, whereby it is able -to bind down and manage a worm much larger and -seemingly stronger than itself<a id="FNanchor_161" href="#Footnote_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a>. In like manner the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_785">[785]</span><i>stella arborescens</i> (which may also be called a Polypus), -though it has not suckers, yet by the hooks along its -arms, and the multiplicity of their branchings, which -have been counted as far as 80,000, it can, by spreading -its arms abroad like a net, so fetter and entangle -the prey they inclose when they are drawn together, -as to render it incapable of exerting its strength: -for however feeble these branches or arms may singly -be, their power united becomes surprising. And we -are assured nature is so kind to all these animals, that -if in their struggles any of their arms are broken off, -after some time they will grow again; of which a -specimen at the British Museum is an undoubted -proof; for a little new arm is there seen sprouting -forth in the room of a large one that had been lost.</p> - -<p>It is evident from what has been said, that the Sea -Polypus must be terrible to the inhabitants of the -waters, in proportion to its size (and Pliny mentions -one whose arms were thirty feet in length); for the -close embraces of its arms and the adhesion of its suckers -must render the efforts of its prey ineffectual either -for resistance or escape, unless it be endued with -an extraordinary degree of strength.</p> - -<p>Sea Polypi are frequent in the Mediterranean: but -Mr. Haviland of Bath, to whom we are obliged for -this, which is of a different species, thinks it came -from the West Indies, where it is called a Cat-fish. -That like it in the British Museum also came from -thence.</p> - -<p>As the Polypus I have endeavoured to describe is -much contracted by lying long in spirits, and dissection -would destroy a specimen well worth preserving, -I hope to be excused if this account should be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_786">[786]</span> -found deficient in several particulars, or chargeable -with some mistakes.</p> - -<p>Permit me the honour to be,</p> - -<p class="center"> -My <span class="smcap">Lord</span>,<br /> - -<span class="margin">Your Lordship’s</span><br /> -<span class="margina">Most humble and obedient Servant,</span><br /> - -<span class="marginb"><span class="large">H. Baker.</span></span></p> -<p> -Strand, -Nov. 23d, 1758. -</p> -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">CVIII. <i>A Description of the fossil Skeleton -of an Animal found in the Alum Rock near</i> -Whitby. <i>By Mr.</i> Wooller. <i>Communicated -by</i> Charles Morton, <i>M. D. F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Nov. 23, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">IT is in this rock, that the Ammonitæ, -or Snake-stones, as they are commonly -called, are found, which have undoubtedly been -formed in the <i>exuviæ</i> of fishes of that shape; and -though none of that species are now to be met with -in the seas thereabouts, yet they in many particulars -resemble the Nautilus, which is well known. The -internal substance of those stones, upon a section -thereof, appears to be a stony concretion, or muddy -sparr. Stones of the same matter or substance, in -the shape of muscles, cockles, &c. of various sizes, -are also found therein, and now and then pieces of -wood hardened and crusted over with a stony substance -are likewise found in it.</p> -<div class="sync"> </div> -<div class="figcenter illowp62" id="facing786" style="max-width: 93.75em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XXX"></a>XXX. <i>p. <a href="#Page_787">787</a></i>.</div> -<p class="noin"><i>Part of the Fossil Skeleton of an Animal as it appeared on and -united to the Allom Rock near</i> Whitby, <i>Jan. 3. 1758</i>.</p> -<p class="right"> -a. a. <i>&c. The Ammonitæ or Snake Stones</i>. -</p> - <img class="w100" src="images/facing786.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="right"><i><span class="small">J. Mynde sc.</span></i></div> -</div><div class="sync"> </div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_787">[787]</span></p> - -<p>Many naturalists have already observed, that among -the vast variety of extraneous substances found at several - depths in the earth, where it is impossible they -should have been bred, there are not so many productions -of the earth as of the sea; and it appears -by the accounts of authors both ancient and modern, -that bones, teeth, and sometimes entire skeletons of -men and animals, have been dug up or discovered in -all ages, and the most remarkable for size commonly -the most taken notice of. In the first particular this -skeleton will most probably appear to have belonged -to an animal of the lizard kind, quadruped and amphibious; -and as to its size, much larger than any -thing of that kind ever met with or found in this -part of the world; though, from the accounts of travellers, -something similar is still to be met with in -many of the rivers, lakes, &c. of the other three.</p> - -<p>When the annexed drawing thereof was taken -January 5, 1758. [<i>See</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a href="#XXX">XXX.</a>] there remained no -more of the <i>vertebræ</i> than is therein expressed; that -is, 10 between D and F, and 12 between G and H: -but when it was first discovered, about 10 years ago, -they were compleat; and there was besides the appearance -of what was then thought to have been -fins, near the back part of the head at A, the same -as appeared further backward at E, when this design -was made. The <i>vertebræ</i>, &c. now wanting -having been either dug up by curious persons, or -washed away by the violence of the waves at high -water, and the accidental beating about of stones, -sand, &c. during that time; the water covering this -skeleton several feet at high water in spring tides; -the cavities in the rock still remaining as in the design.</p> - -<p>The substance of the bones, with their <i>periostium</i>, -on the covered or under side, in most parts remains<span class="pagenum" id="Page_788">[788]</span> -intire, and their native colour in some places in a -good measure preserved, and the teeth with their -smooth polish plainly to be discovered. Part of the -mandible near the extremity was covered with a shelf -of the rock about three inches thick; which being -cut away and removed, both the mandibles appeared -under it compleat, with the teeth of the upper and -under one, plainly locking or passing by each other. -These appeared to be of the <i>dentes exerti</i> or fang -kind, as well as all the others in the narrow part of -the mandible, and further backwards they were not -observed. From this ledge or shelf the mandible -towards B is single, and appears to be the upper one -of the living animal; and from the head not being -exactly in the line of the body, that part has been -inverted, or quite turned over, and the body itself, as -appears from the transverse processes of the <i>vertebræ</i>, -lies on the right side. There appears one row of -teeth only on each side of the mandible, and they -are about ¾ of an inch asunder.</p> - -<p>The mandible B A, the <i>cranium g h</i>, and the <i>vertebræ</i> -from D to F, were attempted to be taken up -whole; but the bones being rendered extremely brittle, -and the rock in which they were fixed being a brittle -blackish slate, with joints or fissures running in every -direction, would not hold together: the whole therefore -fell in many pieces, the <i>vertebræ</i> in the joints -only, which makes them easy to join together again, -and besides shows very plainly the transverse and spinal -processes thereof, with the foramen in the latter -for the spinal marrow. It was now that a piece of -the <i>os femoris</i>, about four inches long, shewed itself -in the sparry concreted substance at E, together with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_789">[789]</span> -a piece of the <i>os innominatum</i>, to which it had been -articulated or joined. This, with what has been before -remarked, will sufficiently prove this to have been -an animal of the quadruped, and probably, from -the shape of the cranium peculiar to fishes, of the -amphibious kind. At the same time many pieces of -the <i>costæ</i> or ribs, as broke and crushed up against -the <i>vertebræ</i>, were plainly visible. The cavities of all -the bones were filled with a substance, which appeared -the same as the rock itself; and the substance on -each side the <i>vertebræ</i>, as they laid, was a mixture -of sparry concreted matter with that of the rock itself, -which is a blackish slate. The animal, when -living, must have been at least 12 or 14 feet long. -And the dimensions of the whole, or particular parts -of the skeleton, may be measured from the scale annexed -thereto.</p> - -<p>This skeleton lay about six yards from the foot -of the cliff, which is about sixty yards in perpendicular -height, and must have been covered by it -probably not much more than a century ago. The -cliff there is composed of various <i>strata</i>, beginning -from the top, of earth, clay, marle, stones both hard -and soft, of various thicknesses, and intermixed with -each other, till it comes down to the black slate or -alum rock, and about 10 or 12 feet deep in this -rock, this skeleton laid horizontally, and exactly as -designed. The probability, that this cliff has formerly -covered this animal, and extended much more into the -sea, is not in the least doubted of by those that know -it. The various <i>strata</i>, of which it is composed, are daily -mouldering and falling down; and the bottom, being -the slaty alum rock, is also daily beat, washed, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_790">[790]</span> -wore away, and the upper parts undermined, whence -many thousand tuns often tumble down together. -Many antient persons now living, whose testimony -can be no way doubted of, remember this very cliff -extending in some places twenty yards further out -than it does at present. In short there is sufficient -evidence, that at the beginning it must have extended -near a mile further down to the sea than it does -at present; and so much the sea has there gained of -the land.</p> - -<p>These are the principal facts and circumstances attending -the situation and discovery of this skeleton; -which from the condition it is in, and from the particular -disposition of the <i>strata</i> above the place where -it is found, seem clearly to establish the opinion, and -almost to a demonstration, that the animal itself must -have been antediluvian, and that it could not have -been buried or brought there any otherwise than by -the force of the waters of the universal deluge. The -different <i>strata</i> above this skeleton never could have -been broken through at any time, in order to bury it, -to so great a depth as upwards of 180 feet; and consequently -it must have been lodged there, if not before, -at least at the time when those <i>strata</i> were formed, -which will not admit of a later date than that -above-mentioned.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p class="hang"><i>P. S.</i> In the xlixth vol. page 639, of the <i>Philosophical -Transactions</i>, an animal is described by Mr. Edwards, -which was brought from the Ganges, and -resembles this in every respect. He calls it <i>Lacerta -(crocodilus) ventre marsupio donato, faucibus -Merganseris rostrum æmulantibus</i>.</p> -</div> -<div class="sync"> </div> -<div class="sync"> </div> -<div class="figcenter illowp42" id="facing791" style="max-width: 104.5em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XXXI"></a>XXXI. <i>p. <a href="#Page_791">791</a></i>.</div> -<p class="center">PHŒNICIAN Coins.</p> - <img class="w100" src="images/facing791.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="right"><i><span class="small">J. Mynde sc.</span></i></div> -</div> -<div class="sync"> </div> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_791">[791]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">CIX. <i>A Dissertation upon the</i> Phœnician -<i>Numeral Characters antiently used at</i> Sidon. -<i>In a Letter to the Rev.</i> Thomas -Birch, <i>D. D. Secret. R. S. from the Rev.</i> -John Swinton, <i>M. A. of</i> Christ-Church, -<span class="err" title="original: Oxon,">Oxon.</span> <i>F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> -<p> -Reverend Sir, -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read Dec. 7, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">HAVING, by the assistance of the -Palmyrene numeral characters, -lately made a discovery, which may perhaps hereafter -be of considerable service to chronology; I -could not longer defer, though now deeply engaged -in other matters, communicating it to the Royal -Society. Nor will the memoir containing this, I -flatter myself, be deemed altogether unworthy the -attention of that learned and illustrious body. For, -unless I am greatly deceived, it will bid fair to ascertain, -with a sufficient degree of precision, the Phœnician -dates of several antient Sidonian coins, one of -which was struck above a century before the birth -of <span class="smcap">Christ</span>, hitherto utterly unknown; and evince -the notation of the Phœnicians, at least those of Sidon, -when they first appeared, to have been extremely -similar to, if not nearly the same with, that -of the Palmyrenes.</p> - -<h3>I.</h3> - -<p>A small brass coin of Sidon<a id="FNanchor_162" href="#Footnote_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a>, now in my possession, -exhibits on the reverse three Phœnician letters, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_792">[792]</span> that form the word SIDON, over the prow of -a ship, the usual symbol of the city wherein it was -struck. This coin, which is in good conservation, -I formerly<a id="FNanchor_163" href="#Footnote_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a> published and explained. The characters -however in the exergue, which I could then -make nothing of, were not with sufficient accuracy -described. This has induced me to transmit you -another draught of the same medal, wherein proper -care has been taken to remedy that defect. The two -first of those characters, though somewhat imperfect, -appear manifestly enough to be <i>Schin</i> and <i>Tzade</i>; as -the former occurs on the Palmyrene<a id="FNanchor_164" href="#Footnote_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a> marbles, -and the latter on several very valuable<a id="FNanchor_165" href="#Footnote_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a> Phœnician -coins. The others so nearly resemble the numeral -characters of the Palmyrenes, that they may undoubtedly -be considered as pointing out to us a date. -Which if we admit, the <i>Schin</i> and <i>Tzade</i> will seem -to be the initial letters of the words צה שנת, THE -YEAR OF SIDON, or IN THE YEAR OF -SIDON; as the elements <i>Pe</i> and <i>Schin</i> apparently -denote שנת פסח, THE PASCHA OF THE YEAR, -or IN THE BEGINNING OF THE YEAR, on -the reverse of the famous Samaritan coin of Bologna, -published by Sig. Bianconi<a id="FNanchor_166" href="#Footnote_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a> not many years since. -Nor can the phrase, THE YEAR OF SIDON, or -IN THE YEAR OF SIDON, intimating the year -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_793">[793]</span>of the proper æra of that city, be looked upon as -repugnant either to the Jewish or Phœnician genius; -a similar expression having been used, both in their -writings<a id="FNanchor_167" href="#Footnote_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a> and on their coins<a id="FNanchor_168" href="#Footnote_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a>, about the time -that the Phœnician medal before me was struck, by -the Jews. That the first of the numeral characters -here stands for TWENTY, we may infer from the -correspondent one of the Palmyrenes, to the form -of which it is by no means unlike. This will likewise -be confirmed by the dates preserved on other -Phœnician coins, which will be immediately produced. -The next, denoting a lesser number, and -not representing FIVE, which we find always expressed -by minute right lines on the Sidonian medals, -must indubitably occupy the place of TEN. The -six following strokes, after what has been just observed, -will be acknowleged to add SIX to the foregoing -numbers; so that the inscription in the exergue -will no longer remain a mystery, the whole only importing, -IN THE YEAR OF SIDON XXXVI.</p> - -<h3>II.</h3> - -<p>I have three other coins of Sidon<a id="FNanchor_169" href="#Footnote_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a>, of almost intirely -the same type; only one of them exhibits a date in -Greek numerals, and two bear Phœnician dates. The -Greek numerals are EOT, CCCLXXV; and the Phœnician -correspond with the numbers CXX, CXXVII, -to both of which are prefixed the above-mentioned -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_794">[794]</span>initial letters. We meet with draughts of two similar -medals in<a id="FNanchor_170" href="#Footnote_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a> Arigoni, adorned with characters, expressing -the numbers CXXVIII, CXXX. All these -coins present to our view a turrited head and a branch -of palm, pointing out to us the country to which -they belong, and on the reverse the usual symbol of -Sidon. The year handed down to us by the Greek -date EOT, is the 375th of the æra of Seleucus; -and those denoted by the Phœnician numerals answer -to the 120th, 127th, 128th, and 130th, of the proper -æra of Sidon, as will be hereafter more fully -evinced. Hence we may certainly collect, that these -pieces were struck at Sidon in the years of <span class="smcap">Christ</span> -11, 18, 19, 21, and 64.</p> - -<h3>III.</h3> - -<p>Three coins of Sidon, different from the former, -occur in<a id="FNanchor_171" href="#Footnote_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a> Sig. Haym, and seven<a id="FNanchor_172" href="#Footnote_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a> more in my -little cabinet, whose type is altogether the same, with -Phœnician dates, preceded by the two aforesaid initial -letters, upon them. To which we may add five, -preserved in the noble<a id="FNanchor_173" href="#Footnote_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a> cabinet bequeathed to -Christ-Church, Oxon. by Archbishop Wake, and -another in the valuable collection of the Rev. Dr. -Barton<a id="FNanchor_174" href="#Footnote_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a>, Canon of the said collegiate church, -and a worthy member of this Society. On one side -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_795">[795]</span>these medals all exhibit the head of Jupiter, and on -the reverse the prow of a ship, the common symbol -of Sidon. Most of them had various Phœnician -letters at first imprest on the upper part of the reverse, -and one of them (which is pretty remarkable) nearly -the same characters there that appear in the exergue. -The first of the coins mentioned here was struck in -the year of Sidon 5. This has been perfectly well -preserved, and is more curious than any of the rest; -which were emitted from the mint at Sidon in various -years of the proper æra of that city, <i>viz.</i> the 107th, -108th, 110th, 111th, 112th, 114th, 115th, 116th, -117th, and 119th. We meet on none of these medals -with the figure denoting TWENTY, used by the -Sidonians, during the period I am now upon. It not -a little resembles that which prevailed at Tadmor<a id="FNanchor_175" href="#Footnote_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a> -in the reign of the emperor Claudius, about forty-nine -years after the birth of <span class="smcap">Christ</span>. The most -antient of the Phœnician coins I am now considering -preceded the commencement of the Christian æra -104 years, and is consequently 153 years older than -the earliest Palmyrene inscription that has hitherto -come to our hands<a id="FNanchor_176" href="#Footnote_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a>.</p> - -<h3>IV.</h3> - -<p>Some years since I published a small brass medal -of Sidon<a id="FNanchor_177" href="#Footnote_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a>, with the heads of Jupiter and Juno -on one side, and the prow of a ship on the reverse; -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_796">[796]</span>but did not accurately enough describe the numeral -characters, and two initial letters, in the exergue. -I therefore take the liberty to send<a id="FNanchor_178" href="#Footnote_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a> you a new -draught, perfectly well done, of that inscription. -Two more coins of the same type I have since acquired, -and another may be seen in<a id="FNanchor_179" href="#Footnote_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a> Sig. Haym. -These four pieces only exhibit the years of Sidon -125 and 132.</p> - -<h3>V.</h3> - -<p>My small collection likewise affords two<a id="FNanchor_180" href="#Footnote_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a> other -Phœnician medals of Sidon,<a id="FNanchor_181" href="#Footnote_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a> and Archbishop -Wake’s noble cabinet one, of the same type, with -different Phœnician dates in the exergue. To these -may be added five, with the publication of which -the learned world has been obliged by Sig. Arigoni<a id="FNanchor_182" href="#Footnote_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a>. -The anterior faces of these coins are adorned -with a veiled head, representing the genius of the -city wherein they were struck; and the reverses with -a human figure leaning upon a pillar, and holding a -branch of palm in its right hand. Several Phœnician -letters also there appear, which may perhaps at first -sight seem to render it somewhat doubtful, whether -the medals belong to Sidon or not. But every suspicion -arising from hence must immediately vanish, -when we cast our eyes upon the two initial elements, -and the numeral characters, in the exergue; which -clearly enough indicate the pieces to have been struck -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_797">[797]</span>at Sidon, in the 83d, 87th, 95th, 105th, 106th, 108th, -114th, and 116th years of the æra peculiar to that city. -A Phœnician coin of Sidon likewise occurs in one<a id="FNanchor_183" href="#Footnote_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a> -of Sig. Arigoni’s plates, and another<a id="FNanchor_184" href="#Footnote_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a> in my collection, -with the turrited head and branch of palm -visible on three of the<a id="FNanchor_185" href="#Footnote_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a> medals above described, -which indisputably appertain to that city, together -with the very Phœnician letters and symbol imprest -on the Sidonian coins now before me. This, exclusive -of other considerations, that might be offered, -must set the point I am here insisting upon beyond -dispute.</p> - -<h3>VI.</h3> - -<p>I have another brass Phœnician medal of Sidon<a id="FNanchor_186" href="#Footnote_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a>, -not a little resembling those above-mentioned, -both in workmanship and size, presenting to our view -on one side the head of Jupiter, and on the other a -human figure with a lance in its right hand. This -coin, which has never yet been published, is adorned -with a Phœnician legend on the reverse, different -from those of all the others that have hitherto appeared. -I therefore judged that a draught of it would -not be unacceptable, though the date imprest originally -in the exergue (answering to the 26th year of -Sidon) has a little suffered from the injuries of time.</p> - -<h3>VII.</h3> - -<p>The next Phœnician medal of Sidon, which I -shall take the liberty here to describe, is a small brass -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_798">[798]</span>one<a id="FNanchor_187" href="#Footnote_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a>, now in my hands, with a veiled head on -the anterior face, and the prow of a ship on the reverse. -M. Bouterouë<a id="FNanchor_188" href="#Footnote_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a>, who has published it, -rightly asserts it to be a Phœnician coin. The year -of Sidon, preserved in the exergue of mine, is 74; -and that in the exergue of M. Bouterouë’s, 73, though -the first numeral character of the latter is somewhat -deformed.</p> - -<h3>VIII.</h3> - -<p>The last Phœnician medals I shall at present produce, -in order to settle the point in view, are<a id="FNanchor_189" href="#Footnote_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a> -two in my possession, intirely agreeing both in type -and form, as remarkable as any of the others here -touched upon. A similar coin has been published -by Sig. Arigoni<a id="FNanchor_190" href="#Footnote_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a>, and another<a id="FNanchor_191" href="#Footnote_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a> by M. Bouterouë; -both of which, on several accounts, merit -the attention of the learned. They exhibit on one -side the head of Jupiter laureated, with a beard; and -on the reverse a double cornucopia, together with -three or four Phœnician elements, one or two of -which are in a great measure defaced. A brass medal -of Sidon occurs in Archbishop Wake’s<a id="FNanchor_192" href="#Footnote_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a> collection, -as well as one in<a id="FNanchor_193" href="#Footnote_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a> mine, with the head of -Jupiter done exactly after the same manner as that on -the pieces before me, and Europa carried by a bull -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_799">[799]</span>on the reverse; which, exclusive of the inscriptions -in the exergue, demonstrate the latter to belong to -Sidon. The first of mine was struck in the 143d -year of the proper æra of that city, and the second -five years after. They correct the barbarous date -assigned by Sig. Arigoni to his coin. M. Bouterouë -has not favoured the learned world with an explication -of the medal, of which he has given us a draught. -Nor has M. l’Abbé Barthelemy, who likewise mentions -this very coin, informed us to what place it appertains; -but contented himself with barely<a id="FNanchor_194" href="#Footnote_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a> observing, -that the letters preserved on the reverse are -Phœnician. I flatter myself therefore that I shall -not be charged with plagiarism by this celebrated -antiquary, in case what is here submitted to the consideration -of the Royal Society should be so happy -as to meet with the approbation of that learned and -illustrious body; not even by <i>only</i> acquainting the -public, with a sort of <i>politesse</i> so peculiar to his countrymen, -that it is now become one of the most distinguishing -characteristics of their nation<a id="FNanchor_195" href="#Footnote_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a>, “that -a certain Oxford doctor has done him the honour -to <i>adopt</i> the explication he had given.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_800">[800]</span></p> -<h3>IX.</h3> - -<p>For the farther illustration of what has been here -advanced, it will be requisite to observe, that two -æra’s were antiently followed at Sidon; the æra of -Seleucus, and another peculiar to the inhabitants of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_801">[801]</span> -that city<a id="FNanchor_196" href="#Footnote_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a>. On the Greek brass coins of Sidon, -according to F. Frœlich<a id="FNanchor_197" href="#Footnote_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a>, both these epochs seem -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_802">[802]</span>to have been used. However, the supputation pointed -out to us by the date on the Greek medal above-mentioned -was undoubtedly made according to the -æra of Seleucus; since otherwise the year exhibited -by that date must have been nearly coincident with -the 266th of <span class="smcap">Christ</span>, which by those versed in this -kind of literature will never be allowed. For had -the piece presented to our view so recent a date, as -Sidon first became a Roman colony in the reign of -Elagabalus<a id="FNanchor_198" href="#Footnote_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a>, above forty years before; the reverse -ought to have been adorned with some other letters -intimating this, as were those of the Sidonian<a id="FNanchor_199" href="#Footnote_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a> -coins posterior to that event. As certain is it that all -the Phœnician medals of Sidon, whose numeral characters -have been interpreted here, acknowledge no -other epoch than the proper one of that city, which -commenced in the year<a id="FNanchor_200" href="#Footnote_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a> of Rome 643. This, -I flatter myself, from the following considerations, -exclusive of others that might, with equal facility, -be offered, will even to demonstration appear.</p> - -<p>1. The fifth year mentioned by the oldest of these -coins cannot be the fifth year of the æra of Seleucus, -because the Sidonians were then subject to Antigonus<a id="FNanchor_201" href="#Footnote_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a>, -in whose territories the supputation according -to that epoch did not take place; and consequently -the piece itself must have been struck in the fifth -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_803">[803]</span>year of the proper æra of Sidon, nearly coincident -with the 648th of Rome<a id="FNanchor_202" href="#Footnote_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a>.</p> - -<p>2. No dates ever occurred upon the medals of -the Syrian kings presiding over the people of Sidon, -either to F. Frœlich or Dr. Vaillant<a id="FNanchor_203" href="#Footnote_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a>, who -have so eminently distinguished themselves in this -branch of literature, before the year of Seleucus 112; -and therefore neither the Phœnician dates preserved -on the aforesaid Sidonian coins whose numeral characters -do not amount to 112, nor the Greek dates -on others falling short of that number, can rationally -be supposed to bear any relation to the æra of that -prince. This certainly must be considered as a strong -presumption, or rather an incontestable proof, that the -last-mentioned Phœnician dates were deduced from -the commencement of the proper Sidonian epoch, as -from their genuine cardinal point. Which reasoning -will by analogy extend, as the numeral characters -exhibited by all the coins here explained are of the -same kind, to every one of the rest.</p> - -<p>3. None of the medals of the Syrian kings, with -Phœnician letters upon them<a id="FNanchor_204" href="#Footnote_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a>, hitherto published, -bear any Phœnician dates. This, after what has -been said, renders it extremely probable, that the -pieces of Sidon I am considering were posterior to -those coins; and even that their Phœnician dates referred -to an æra different from that of Seleucus, followed -by the Greek dates on the medals of the Syrian -kings. Which if we admit, this æra could have been -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_804">[804]</span>no other than the new one of the Sidonians, that commenced -in the seventh century of Rome.</p> - -<p>4. That the dates visible on these coins were supputed -according to the latter epoch of Sidon, will -be manifest from an examination of the Greek and -Phœnician brass medals of that city explained, in<a id="FNanchor_205" href="#Footnote_205" class="fnanchor">[205]</a> -the beginning of this paper; whose type and workmanship -are extremely similar, if not almost intirely -the same. For this circumstance is to me an evident -proof, that they could not have been struck at very -distant times. Now if we take the Greek coin to -have followed the æra of Seleucus, as was undoubtedly -the case, and the others that peculiar to Sidon; -the first of the Phœnician dates<a id="FNanchor_206" href="#Footnote_206" class="fnanchor">[206]</a> will not be prior -to the Greek one above fifty-three years, nor the last -of them precede it above forty-three years. Whereas -if we suppose the numeral inscriptions in the exergues -of the Phœnician Sidonian coins to have been supputed -according to the Seleucian epoch, the difference between -the aforesaid dates will be five times as much; -which with the similarity of workmanship and type, -already observed, will be altogether incompatible.</p> - -<p>5. As the Jews<a id="FNanchor_207" href="#Footnote_207" class="fnanchor">[207]</a>, about the time that the first -of our medals was struck, denominated the æra of -Seleucus, THE ÆRA OF THE KINGDOM OF -THE GREEKS; we cannot well doubt but it went -amongst the Sidonians, who were neighbours to the -Jews, under the same denomination. From whence -it will follow, that the epoch styled by them emphatically, -THE ÆRA OF SIDON, must have -been different from the æra of Seleucus; and consequently -that which, after the 643d year of Rome, -was peculiar to them.</p> -<div class="sync"> </div> -<div class="figcenter illowp54" id="facing805" style="max-width: 133.5625em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XXXII"></a>XXXII. <i>p. <a href="#Page_804">804</a></i></div> -<p class="center">PHŒNICIAN Numerals antiently used at SIDON, -from <i>One</i> to a <i>Thousand</i>.</p> - <img class="w100" src="images/facing805.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="right"><i><span class="small">J. Mynde sc.</span></i></div> -</div> -<div class="sync"> </div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_805">[805]</span></p> - -<p>The powers of the Phœnician numeral characters -antiently used at Sidon, which I flatter myself are -now discovered, having been for many ages unknown; -the Society will perhaps not be displeased to see accurate -draughts of the principal Phœnician medals, -from whence they are deduced. I have therefore -taken the liberty to transmit them<a id="FNanchor_208" href="#Footnote_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a> such draughts, -which may be intirely depended upon. I have also -constructed a table<a id="FNanchor_209" href="#Footnote_209" class="fnanchor">[209]</a> of the numeral characters -themselves, from <span class="smcap">Unity to A Thousand</span>; which -will demonstrate, in the clearest manner possible, the -great affinity between them and those of the Palmyrenes.</p> - -<p>1. From this table it plainly appears, that the -people of Sidon had no particular character to denote -Five, whilst the Phœnician numerals here explained -were in vogue amongst them; that they expressed -TWENTY by a character, during that period, not -very different from the correspondent one used at Tadmor; -and that in all other respects the Phœnician notation -then prevailing at Sidon was, in a manner, the -same with that of the<a id="FNanchor_210" href="#Footnote_210" class="fnanchor">[210]</a> Palmyrenes.</p> - -<p>2. It may not be improper to observe, that two -of the Sidonian coins I have been considering<a id="FNanchor_211" href="#Footnote_211" class="fnanchor">[211]</a> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_806">[806]</span>exhibit the Phœnician word מא, equivalent to the -Hebrew מאה, and Syriac מאא, AN HUNDRED, -instead of the centenary numeral character. This, -in conjunction with the appearance of that character, -occupying the very place of the term אמ, on others -of those coins, first induced me to believe, that the -inscription preserved by every one of them in the -exergue could be nothing else but a date.</p> - -<p>3. I shall beg leave farther to remark, that none -of the indubitable medals of Tyre, adorned with -Phœnician letters, as far as I have been able to discover, -present to our view any Phœnician dates at all. -This still more clearly evinces the second element -prefixed to the Phœnician numerals in the exergue -to point out to us the city of Sidon, and not that of -Tyre; which<a id="FNanchor_212" href="#Footnote_212" class="fnanchor">[212]</a>, indeed, seems already to have -been sufficiently proved.</p> - -<p>4. From the foregoing observations we may likewise -collect, that the coin assigned to Demetrius III. by -Mr. Masson, F. Frœlich<a id="FNanchor_213" href="#Footnote_213" class="fnanchor">[213]</a>, and Sig. Haym, exhibiting -a Phœnician legend, without a Phœnician date, -in the exergue, ought in reality to be attributed to -Demetrius I. Those three learned men therefore -have been guilty of a mistake in this particular. -Nor can the head on this medal be denied to bear -some resemblance to that of Demetrius I.<a id="FNanchor_214" href="#Footnote_214" class="fnanchor">[214]</a> -with a moderate beard, as it appears on a coin published -by Dr. Vaillant, and in one of F. Frœlich’s -plates. That the letters A K, behind the head, indicate -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_807">[807]</span> the piece to have been struck in the twenty-first -year of the proper Sidonian æra<a id="FNanchor_215" href="#Footnote_215" class="fnanchor">[215]</a>, as Mr. -Masson and F. Frœlich are pleased to assert, can never -be proved. On the contrary, the improbability of -such a notion may be inferred from two similar letters, -behind the turrited head of the <i>Dea Syria</i><a id="FNanchor_216" href="#Footnote_216" class="fnanchor">[216]</a>, -on a Phœnician coin, which Mr. Masson makes to -point out the forty-first year of the proper epoch of -Sidon; whereas, in truth, that piece seems to have -been struck either in the reign of Demetrius I. or Antiochus -IV.<a id="FNanchor_217" href="#Footnote_217" class="fnanchor">[217]</a> many years before. Nay, that it -was actually struck when Demetrius I. sat upon the -Syrian throne, is rendered almost incontestable by a -medal of that prince now in my possession, with a -<i>Beta</i> behind the head on the anterior part, and the -very reverse of the last-mentioned coin. From the -former of which circumstances it farther appears, -that the alphabetic characters MA, supposed by -Mr. Masson to denote 41, are by no means to be -taken for a date. To which we may add, that -the head on a Phœnician medal, with the two -Greek elements AK behind it, published by Mr. -Reland<a id="FNanchor_218" href="#Footnote_218" class="fnanchor">[218]</a>, is apparently that of Demetrius I.; -and that the posterior part of this coin is nearly the -same, in all respects, with the reverse of that supposed -to<a id="FNanchor_219" href="#Footnote_219" class="fnanchor">[219]</a> appertain to Demetrius III. by Mr. Masson -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_808">[808]</span> and Sig. Haym. But to wave all other considerations, -relative to the point in view, that may occur, -the features and turns of the face on the medals of -Demetrius III. are so different<a id="FNanchor_220" href="#Footnote_220" class="fnanchor">[220]</a>, that no inference -of any validity can be drawn from the pretended -identity or similitude of them, in support of Mr. Masson’s -opinion.</p> - -<p>5. The Palmyrene and Phœnician numerals, deduced -from coins and inscriptions, may perhaps be -thought not unworthy a place amongst the arithmetical -characters of various nations, formerly<a id="FNanchor_221" href="#Footnote_221" class="fnanchor">[221]</a> collected -by Bishop Beveridge; and consequently may be -allowed to render somewhat more complete the chronological -institutions, or rather the chronological -arithmetic, of that learned and judicious author.</p> - -<p>You will pardon the prolixity of this letter, which -the novelty of the subject may perhaps render a little -more excusable than it would otherwise have been; -and believe me to be, with the most perfect consideration -and esteem,</p> - -<p class="center"> -SIR,<br /> -<span class="margin">Your most obedient humble Servant,</span><br /> - -<span class="margina"><span class="large">J. Swinton.</span></span></p> -<p> -Christ Church, Oxon. -Nov. 17. 1758. -</p> -<div class="sync"> </div> -<div class="figcenter illowp53" id="facing809" style="max-width: 136.9375em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XXXIII"></a>XXXIII. <i>p. <a href="#Page_809">809</a></i>.</div> - <img class="w100" src="images/facing809.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="right"><i><span class="small">J. Mynde sc.</span></i></div> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_809">[809]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">CX. <i>Of the Irregularities in the Motion of a -Satellite arising from the spheroidical Figure -of its Primary Planet: In a Letter -to the Rev.</i> James Bradley <i>D. D. Astronomer -Royal, F.R.S. and Member of the Royal -Academy of Sciences at</i> Paris; <i>by Mr.</i> -Charles Walmesley, <i>F.R.S. and Member -of the Royal Academy of Sciences at</i> Berlin, -<i>and of the Institute of</i> Bologna.</h2> -</div> -<p> -Reverend Sir, -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read Dec. 14, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">SINCE the time that astronomers have -been enabled by the perfection of their -instruments to determine with great accuracy the motions -of the celestial bodies, they have been solicitous -to separate and distinguish the several inequalities discovered -in these motions, and to know their cause, -quantity, and the laws according to which they are -generated. This seems to furnish a sufficient motive -to mathematicians, wherever there appears a cause -capable of producing an alteration in those motions, -to examine by theory what the result may amount -to, though it comes out never so small: for as one -can seldom depend securely upon mere guess for the -quantity of any effect, it must be a blameable neglect -entirely to overlook it without being previously -certain of its not being worth our notice.</p> - -<p>Finding therefore it had not been considered what -effect the figure of a planet differing from that of a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_810">[810]</span> -sphere might produce in the motion of a satellite revolving -about it, and as it is the case of the bodies -of the Earth and Jupiter which have satellites about -them, not to be spherical but spheroidical, I thought -it worth while to enter upon the examination of such -a problem. When the primary planet is an exact -globe, it is well known that the force by which the -revolving satellite is retained in its orbit, tends to the -center of the planet, and varies in the inverse ratio of -the square of the distance from it; but when the primary -planet is of a spheroidical figure, the same -rule then no longer holds: the gravity of the satellite -is no more directed to the center of the planet, nor -does it vary in the proportion above-mentioned; and -if the plane of the satellite’s orbit be not the same -with the plane of the planet’s equator, the protuberant -matter about the equator will by a constant effort -of its attraction endeavour to make the two planes -coincide. Hence the regularity of the satellite’s motion -is necessarily disturbed, and though upon examination -this effect is found to be but small in the -moon, the figure of the earth differing so little from -that of a sphere, yet in some cases it may be thought -worth notice; if not, it will be at least a satisfaction -to see that what is neglected can be of no consequence. -But however inconsiderable the change may -be with regard to the moon, it becomes very sensible -in the motions of the satellites of Jupiter both on account -of their nearer distances to that planet when -compared with its semidiameter, as also because the -figure of Jupiter so far recedes from that of a sphere. -This I have shewn and exemplified in the fourth satellite; -in which case indeed the computation is more<span class="pagenum" id="Page_811">[811]</span> -exact than it would be for the other satellites: for as -my first design was to examine only how far the -moon’s motion could be affected by this cause, I supposed -the satellite to revolve at a distance somewhat -remote from the primary planet, and the difference -of the equatoreal diameter and the axis of the planet -not to be very considerable. There likewise arises -this other advantage from the present theory, that it -furnishes means to settle more accurately the proportion -of the different forces which disturb the celestial -motions, by assigning the particular share of influence -which is to be ascribed to the figure of the central -bodies round which those motions are performed.</p> - -<p>I have added at the end a proposition concerning -the diurnal motion of the earth. This motion has -been generally esteemed to be exactly uniform; but -as there is a cause that must necessarily somewhat alter -it, I was glad to examine what that alteration -could amount to. If we first suppose the globe of -the earth to be exactly spherical, revolving about its -axis in a given time, and afterwards conceive that by -the force of the sun or moon raising the waters its -figure be changed into that of a spheroid, then according -as the axis of revolution becomes a different diameter -of the spheroid, the velocity of the revolution -must increase or diminish: for, since some parts of the -terraqueous globe are removed from the axis of revolution -and others depressed towards it, and that in a -different proportion as the sun or moon approaches to -or recedes from the equator, when the whole quantity -of motion which always remains the same is distributed -through the spheroid, the velocity of the diurnal -rotation cannot be constantly the same. This<span class="pagenum" id="Page_812">[812]</span> -variation however will scarce be observable, but as it -is real, it may not be thought amiss to determine -what its precise quantity is.</p> - -<p>I am sensible the following theory, as far as it relates -to the motion of Jupiter’s satellites, is imperfect -and might be prosecuted further; but being hindered -at present from such pursuit by want of health and -other occupations, I thought I might send it you in -the condition it has lain by me for some time. You -can best judge how far it may be of use, and what -advantage might arise from further improvements in -it. I am glad to have this opportunity of giving a -fresh testimony of that regard which is due to your -distinguished merit, and of professing myself with the -highest esteem,</p> - -<p class="center"> -Reverend Sir,<br /> -<span class="margin">Your very humble Servant,</span><br /> - -<span class="margina"><span class="large">C. Walmesley.</span></span></p> -<p> -Bath, Oct. 21. -1758. -</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Lemma I.</span></h3> - -<p class="hang"><i>Invenire gravitatem corporis longinqui ad circumferentiam -circuli ex particulis materiæ in duplicatâ -ratione distantiarum inversè attrahentibus constantem.</i></p> - -<p class="drop-capi">ES<span class="smcap">to</span> NIK (<i>Vid.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a href="#XXXIII">xxxiii.</a> <i>Fig.</i> 1.) circumferentia -circuli, in cujus puncta omnia gravitet corpus -longinquum S locatum extra planum circuli. In hoc -planum agatur linea perpendicularis SH, et per circuli -centrum X ducatur recta HXK secans circulum -in I et K, et SR parallela ad HX: producatur autem -SH ad distantiam datam SD, et agantur rectæ<span class="pagenum" id="Page_813">[813]</span> -DC, XC, ipsis HX, SD, parallelæ. Tum ductâ -chordâ quavis MN ad diametrum IK normali eamque -secante in L, ex punctis M, N, demittantur in -SR perpendiculares MR, NR, concurrentes in R; -junctisque SM, SN, erit SM = SN, MR = NR, -SR = HL. Dicantur jam SD, <i>k</i>; HX sive DC, <i>h</i>; -XL, <i>x</i>; CX, <i>z</i>; XI, <i>r</i>; eritque HL = <i>h</i> - <i>x</i>, et -SH = <i>k</i> - <i>z</i>. Est autem SM ad SH ut attractio -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">(SM)²</span></span> corporis S versus particulam M in directione -SM ad ejusdem corporis attractionem in directione -SH, quæ proinde erit <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">SH</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">(SM)³</span></span>: -sed est SR = HL, et (SM)² = (SR)² + (MR)² = (SR)² + (SH)² + (ML)²; unde sit -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">SH</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">(SM)³</span></span> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">SH</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">((HL)² + (SH)² + (ML)²)³⁄ ²</span></span>, et ductâ <i>mn</i> parallelâ -ad MN, vis qua corpus S attrahitur ad arcus quàm -minimos M<i>m</i>, N<i>n</i>, exponitur per <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">SH × 2M<i>m</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">(SM)³</span></span> = -SH × 2M<i>m</i> × ((HL)² + (SH)² + (ML)²) ⁻³⁄ ². Est autem -(HL)² + (SH)² + (ML)² = <i>kk</i> - 2<i>kz</i> + <i>zz</i> + <i>hh</i> - 2<i>hx</i> + <i>rr</i>, -hincque ponendo <i>kk</i> + <i>hh</i> = <i>ll</i>, ((HL)² + (SH)² = (ML)²)⁻³⁄² = -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>l</i>³</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>kz</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁵</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>hx</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁵</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>rr</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">2<i>l</i>⁵</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>zz</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">2<i>l</i>⁵</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">15<i>kkzz</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">2<i>l</i>⁷</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">15<i>khzx</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">2<i>l</i>⁷</span></span> + -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">15<i>hhxx</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">2<i>l</i>⁷</span></span>, neglectis terminis ulterioribus ob longinquitatem -quam supponimus corporis S. Quarè, si scribatur -<i>d</i> pro circumferentiâ IMKN, gravitas corporis -S ad totam illam circumferentiam secundum SH, -sive fluens fluxionis SH × 2M<i>m</i> × ((HL)² + (SH)² + (ML)²) ⁻³⁄ ² -evadit (<i>k</i> - <i>z</i>) × <i>d</i> in <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>³</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>kz</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁵</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>rr</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">2<i>l</i>⁵</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>zz</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">2<i>l</i>⁵</span></span> + -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_814">[814]</span> -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">15<i>kkzz</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span><span class="fden"> 2<i>l</i>⁷</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">15<i>hhrr</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">4<i>l</i>⁷</span></span>. Simili modo obtinebitur gravitas -ejusdem corporis S secundum SR. <i>Q. E. I.</i></p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Lemma II.</span></h3> - -<p class="center"><i>Corporis longinqui gravitatem ad Sphæroidem oblatam -determinare.</i></p> - -<p>Retentis iis quæ sunt in lemmate superiori demonstrata; -esto C centrum sphæroidis, cujus æquatori -parallelus sit circulus IMK. Sphæroidis hujus semiaxis -major sit <i>a</i>, semiaxis minor <i>b</i>, eorum differentia -<i>c</i>, quam exiguam esse suppono; et dicatur D circumferentia -æquatoris. Centro C et radio æquali -semiaxi minori describi concipiatur circulus qui secet -IK in <i>i</i>, eritque gravitas in directione SD, qua urgetur -corpus S versus materiam sitam inter circumferentiam -IMKN et circumferentiam centro X et -radio X<i>i</i> descriptam, æqualis gravitati in lemmate -præcedenti definitæ ductæ in rectam I<i>i</i>. Sed est -I<i>i</i>. <i>c</i>∷ IX. <i>a</i>, atque <i>d</i>. D∷ IX. <i>a</i>; unde I<i>i</i> × <i>d</i>. -D × <i>c</i>∷ (IX)². <i>aa</i>, hoc est, ex naturâ ellipseos, ob -CX = <i>z</i>, et IX = <i>r</i>, I<i>i</i> × <i>d</i>. D × <i>c</i>∷ <i>bb</i> - <i>zz</i>. <i>bb</i>, -adeoque I<i>i</i> × <i>d</i> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">D × <i>c</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>bb</i></span></span> × (<i>bb</i> - <i>zz</i>), atque <i>rr</i> = <i>aa</i> -- <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>aazz</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>bb</i></span></span>; scribi autem potest in sequenti calculo -<i>bb</i> - <i>zz</i> pro <i>rr</i> ob parvitatem differentiæ semiaxium -in quam omnes termini ducuntur. Gravitas igitur -corporis S in materiam inter circumferentias supradictas -consistentem exprimetur per <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">D × <i>c</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>bb</i></span></span> × (<i>bb</i> - <i>zz</i>) -× (<i>k</i> - <i>z</i>) in <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>³</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>kz</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁵</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>bb</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">2<i>l</i>⁵</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">15<i>zz</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">4<i>l</i>⁵</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">15<i>bbhh</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄ </span><span class="fden">4<i>l</i>⁷</span></span> + -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">45<i>kkzz</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">4<i>l</i>⁷</span></span>. Et si addatur gravitas in similem materiam<span class="pagenum" id="Page_815">[815]</span> -ex alterâ parte centri C ad æqualem à centro distantiam, -quia tunc CX sive <i>z</i> evadit negativa, gravitas -corporis S in hanc duplicem materiam erit <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">D × <i>c</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>bb</i></span></span> × -(<i>bb</i> - <i>zz</i>) in <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>k</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>³</span></span> - <span class="fraction"> <span class="fnum">6<i>kzz</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁵</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>kbb</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁵</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">15<i>k</i>³<i>zz</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁷</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">15<i>hhkbb</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">2<i>l</i>⁷</span></span> - -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">15<i>hhkzz</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">2<i>l</i>⁷</span></span>. Ducatur jam gravitas hæc in <i>ż</i>, et sumptâ -gravitatum omnium summâ, factâ <i>z</i> = <i>b</i>, gravitatio -tota corporis S in totam materiam globo interiori superiorem -secundum directionem SD æquatori perpendicularem -prodit (D × <i>c</i>) × (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>kb</i> </span><span class="bar"><span class="bar">⁄</span></span> <span class="fden">3<i>l</i>³</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>kb</i>³</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>⁵</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>khhb</i>³</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁷</span></span>). -Simili ratiocinio gravitatio corporis S in eamdem -materiam secundum directionem SR æquatori parallelam -invenitur æqualis D × <i>c</i> × (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>hb</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">3<i>l</i>³</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>hb</i>³</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>⁵</span></span> - -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>hkkb</i>³</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁷</span></span>). Tum si addatur gravitatio corporis S in -globum interiorem, ex unâ parte scilicet <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>b</i>³<i>k</i>D</span> <span class="bar">⁄ </span><span class="fden">3<i>al</i>³</span></span>, et -ex alterâ <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>b</i>³<i>h</i>D</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">3<i>al</i>³</span></span>, habebitur gravitas corporis S in totum -sphæroidem. <i>Q. E. I.</i></p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Coroll.</span></h4> - -<p>Igitur gravitas corporis S secundum SD est ad ejusdem -gravitatem secundum SR sive DC in materiam -sphæroidis globo interiori incumbentem ut <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>k</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">3</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>kb</i>²</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span> -+ <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>khhb</i>²</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁴</span></span> ad <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>h</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">3</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>hb</i>²</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>hkkb</i>²</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁴</span></span>, adeoque si gravitas prior -exponatur per <i>k</i>, posterior exprimetur per <i>h</i> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>hb</i>²</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span> -quamproximè. Unde cum sit DC = <i>h</i>, patet gravitatem -corporis S in sphæroidem oblatam non tendere<span class="pagenum" id="Page_816">[816]</span> -ad centrum C, sed ad punctum <i>c</i> rectæ DC in plano -æquatoris jacentis vicinius puncto D.</p> - -<h3>PROPOSITIO I.</h3> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Problema.</span></h4> - -<p class="center"><i>Vires determinare quibus perturbatur motus Satellitis -circa Primarium suum revolventis.</i></p> - -<p>Exhibeat jam sphærois prædicta planetam quemvis -figurâ hac donatum, et corpus S satellitem circa planetam -tanquàm primarium gyrantem. Quantitas -materiæ globo sphæroidis interiori incumbentis æqualis -est <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>bbc</i>D</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">3<i>a</i></span></span> sive <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>bc</i>D</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">3</span></span> proximè, et si materia illa locaretur -in centro sphæroidis C, attraheret satellitem -S secundum SC vi <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>bc</i>D</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">3<i>l</i>²</span>,</span> quæ reducta ad directionem -SD fit <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>bck</i>D</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span><span class="fden"> 3<i>l</i>³</span></span>, et ad directionem DC fit <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>bch</i>D</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">3<i>l</i>³</span></span>. Cum -igitur vis <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>bc</i>D</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">3<i>l</i>²</span></span> non turbat motum satellitis, utpote -quæ tendat ad centrum motûs et quadrato distantiæ -ab eodem centro sit reciprocè proportionalis, vires -illæ <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>bck</i>D</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">3<i>l</i>³</span></span>, <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>bch</i>D </span><span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">3<i>l</i>³</span></span>, in quas resolvitur, etiam motum non -turbabunt. Itaque ex vi D × <i>c</i> × (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>kb</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">3<i>l</i>³</span></span> - <span class="fraction"> <span class="fnum">4<i>kb</i>³</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>⁵</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>khhb</i>³</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁷</span></span>) -auferatur vis <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>bck</i>D</span> <span class="bar">⁄ </span><span class="fden">3<i>l</i>³</span></span>, et ex vi D × <i>c</i> × (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>hb</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">3<i>l</i>³</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>hb</i>³</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>⁵</span></span> - -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>hkkb</i>³</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁷</span></span>) auferatur <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>bch</i>D</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">3<i>l</i>³</span></span>, et remanebunt vires D × <i>c</i> × -- (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>kb</i>³</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>⁵</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>khhb</i>³</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁷</span></span>), D × <i>c</i> × (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>hb</i>³</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>⁵</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>hkkb</i>³</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁷</span></span>), motuum -satellitis S perturbatrices. Designetur vis D × <i>c</i> ×<span class="pagenum" id="Page_817">[817]</span> -(<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>hb</i>³</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>⁵</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>hhkb</i>³</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁷</span></span>) per rectam S<i>r</i> (<i>Fig. 2.</i>) ac resolvatur in -vim S<i>q</i> tendentem ad centrum planetæ primarii C et ob -triangula similia S<i>rq</i>, SDC, æqualem D × <i>c</i> × (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>b</i>³</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>⁴</span></span> - -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>kkb</i>³</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁶</span></span>), existentibus ut priùs, SD = <i>k</i>, DC = <i>h</i>, SC = <i>l</i>; -et in vim <i>rq</i> rectæ SD parallelam et æqualem D × <i>c</i> × -(<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>kb</i>³</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>⁵</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>k</i>³<i>b</i>³</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁷</span></span>); atque hæc vis posterior subducta ex vi -D × <i>c</i> × - (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>kb</i>³</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>⁵</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>khhb</i>³</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁷</span></span>) relinquet D × <i>c</i> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>kb</i>³</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>⁵</span></span> pro -vi perturbatrice in directione SD. Unde cum massa -tota planetæ sit <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>ab</i>D</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">3</span></span>, gravitas satellitis tota in planetam -erit <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>ab</i>D</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">3<i>l</i>²</span></span> proximé, vel etiam <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>bb</i>D </span><span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">3<i>l</i>²</span></span>, et hæc gravitas -est ad vim D × <i>c</i> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>kb</i>³</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>⁵</span></span> ut 1 ad <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">6<i>kbc</i> </span><span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>³</span></span>.</p> - -<p>Deinde vis illius D × <i>c</i> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>kb</i>³</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span><span class="fden">5<i>l</i>⁵</span></span> secundum SD pars -ea quæ agit in directione SC est D × <i>c</i> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>kkb</i>³</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">5<i>l</i>⁶</span></span>, quæ -addita vi Sq dat D × <i>c</i> × (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>b</i>³</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>⁴</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">6<i>kkb</i>³</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>⁶</span></span>) vim perturbatricem -tendentem ad centrum planetæ primarii, atque hæc -vis est ad satellitis gravitatem <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>bb</i>D</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">3<i>l</i>²</span></span> in primarium ut -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>bc</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">9<i>kkbc</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>⁴</span></span> ad 1. <i>Q. E. I.</i></p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Coroll.</span></h5> - -<p>Designet CK (<i>Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXIII">3.</a>) lineam intersectionis planorum -æquatoris planetæ et orbitæ satellitis, et resolvatur -vis SD = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">6<i>kbc</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>³</span></span>, quæ agit perpendiculariter ad -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_818">[818]</span> -planum æquatoris, in vim DR perpendicularem ad -planum orbitæ satellitis, et in vim SR jacentem in -eodem plano. Producatur SR donec occurrat CK -in K, eritque SK normalis ad CK, et planum SDK -normale ad planum orbis satellitis; ac proptereà ob -similia triangula SDK, SRD, si <i>m</i> denotet sinum ad -radium 1 et <i>n</i> cosinum anguli SKD, inclinationis -scilicet orbitæ satellitis ad æquatorem planetæ, erit -DR = SD × <i>n</i> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">6<i>kbcn</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>³</span></span>, et SR = SD × <i>m</i> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">6<i>kbcm</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>³</span></span>, -existente 1 gravitate totâ satellitis in primarium suum. -Jam quoniam vis SR jacet in plano orbitæ satellitis, -hujus plani situm non mutat; accelerat quidem vel -retardat motum satellitis revolventis, sed hæc acceleratio -vel retardatio ob brevitatem temporis ad quantitatem -sensibilem non exurgit: vis DR eidem plano -perpendicularis continuò mutat ejus situm, et motum -nodi generat, quem sequenti propositione definiemus.</p> - -<h3>PROPOSITIO II.</h3> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Problema.</span></h4> - -<p class="center"><i>Invenire motum nodi ex prædictâ causâ oriundum.</i></p> - -<p>Per motum nodi in hac propositione intelligo motum -intersectionis planorum æquatoris planetæ et orbitæ -satellitis; orbitam autem satellitis quamproximé -circularem suppono. Esto S locus satellitis in orbe -suo SN cujus centrum C, (<i>Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXIII">4</a>.) SF arcus centro -C descriptus perpendicularis in circulum æquatoris -planetæ FN; SB arcus eodem centro descriptus perpendicularis -ad orbem SN, atque in SB sumatur -lineola S<i>r</i> æqualis duplo spatio, quod satelles percurrere -posset impellente vi DR in Coroll. præced.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_819">[819]</span> -determinatâ, quo tempore in orbe suo describeret -arcum quàm minimum <i>p</i>S: per puncta <i>r</i>, <i>p</i>, describatur -centro C circulus <i>rpn</i> secans equatorem in <i>n</i>, -qui exhibebit situm orbitæ satellitis post illam particulam -temporis, nodo N translato in <i>n</i>. Agantur -SC, CN, et SH perpendicularis in lineam nodorum -CN, et N<i>m</i> perpendicularis in <i>rpn</i>. Jam cum sint -lineolæ S<i>r</i>, N<i>m</i>, ut sinus arcuum S<i>p</i>, SN, erit S<i>p</i>. -S<i>r</i> ∷ SH. N<i>m</i>; deinde in triangulo rectangulo -N<i>mn</i> habetur <i>m</i>. 1 ∷ N<i>m</i>. N<i>n</i>; unde per compositionem -rationum S<i>p</i> × <i>m</i>. S<i>r</i> ∷ SH. N<i>n</i> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">S<i>r</i> × SH</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">S<i>p</i> × <i>m</i></span></span>: -dato igitur arcu S<i>p</i>, est N<i>n</i> sive motus nodi ut S<i>r</i> × -SH. In triangulo sphærico rectangulo SFN est sinus -anguli N, hoc est, anguli inclinationis orbitæ satellitis -ad æquatorem planetæ, ad sinum arcûs SF, ut radius -ad sinum arcûs SN, id est, <i>m</i>. <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>k</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i></span></span> ∷ 1. SH, adeoque -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>k</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i></span></span> = <i>m</i> × SH; est igitur <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>k</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i></span></span> ut SH. Vis autem S<i>r</i> per -Coroll. Prop. præced. est ut <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>k</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i></span></span>, adeoque ut SH; -quamobrem est S<i>r</i> × SH, proindeque et N<i>n</i>, ut (SH)², -hoc est, motus horarius nodi vi præfatâ genitus est -in duplicatâ ratione distantiæ satellitis à nodo. Et -quoniam summa omnium (SH)², quo tempore satelles -periodum suam absolvit, est dimidium summæ totidem -(SC)², ideò motus periodicus est subduplus ejus -qui, si satelles in declinatione suâ maximâ ab æquatore -planetæ continuò perstaret, eodem tempore generari -posset. Sit igitur satelles in maximâ suâ declinatione -sive in quadraturâ cum nodo, eritque SN quadrans -circuli, et N<i>m</i> mensura anguli N<i>pm</i> sive S<i>pr</i>, -eritque in hoc casu N<i>n</i> sive motus horarius nodi -ad N<i>m</i>, hoc est, ad angulum S<i>pr</i>, ut 1 ad <i>m</i>;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_820">[820]</span> -est autem angulus S<i>pr</i> ad duplum angulum, quem -subtendit sinus versus arcûs S<i>p</i> satellitis gravitate -in primarium eodem tempore descripti, id est, -ad angulum SC<i>p</i> qui est motus horarius satellitis -circa primarium, ut vis S<i>r</i> ad gravitatem satellitis in -primarium, hoc est (per Coroll. Prop. I.), ut <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">6<i>kbcn</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>³</span></span> -ad 1, sive, quia est in hoc casu <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>k</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span><span class="fden"> <i>l</i></span></span> = <i>m</i>, ut <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">6<i>bcmn</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄ </span><span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span> ad -1. Unde conjunctis rationibus est motus horarius -nodi ad motum horarium satellitis ut <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">6<i>bcn</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span> ad 1; et si -S denotet tempus periodicum solis apparens, et L tempus -periodicum satellitis circa primarium suum, cum -sit motus horarius satellitis ad motum horarium solis -ut S ad L, erit motus horarius nodi ad motum horarium -solis ut <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">6<i>bcn</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span> </span>× <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">S</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">L</span></span> ad 1, et in eadem ratione erit -motus nodi annuus ad motum solis annuum, hoc est, -ad 360°. Quarè, si satelles maneret toto anno in -maximâ suâ declinatione ab æquatore primarii, vis -prædicta ex figurâ sphæroidicâ planetæ primarii proveniens -generaret eodem tempore motum nodi æqualem -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">6<i>bcn</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">S</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">L</span></span> × 360°, et ex supradictis motus verus -nodi annuus erit hujus subduplus, nempe <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>bcn</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">S</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">L</span></span> × -360°. <i>Q. E. I.</i></p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Coroll.</span></h5> - -<p>Si computatio instituatur pro lunâ, assumendo -mediocrem ejus orbitæ inclinationem ad æquatorem -terrestrem, erit <i>n</i> cosinus anguli 23° 28´½; et posito -semiaxi terræ <i>b</i> = 1, erit distantia lunæ à centro terræ -mediocris <i>l</i> = 60 circiter, indeque in hypothesi quod<span class="pagenum" id="Page_821">[821]</span> -sit differentia semiaxium <i>c</i> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">229</span></span>, erit <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>bcn</i> </span><span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">S</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">L</span></span> × -360° = 11´´ ½; et si fuerit <i>c</i> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">177</span></span>, manente terrâ -uniformiter densâ, erit ille motus = 15´´. Hic erit -motus nodorum annuus lunæ regressivus in plano -æquatoris terrestris, qui reductus ad eclipticam, uti -posteà docebitur, pro vario nodorum situ evadet -multò velocior.</p> - -<p>Notabilis multò magis erit motus intersectionis orbitarum -satellitum Jovis in plano æquatoris Jovialis; et computabitur -satis accuratè per formulam suprà traditam, modò satelles non sit -Jovi nimis vicinus. Sic pro satellite extimo erit L = 16ᵈ 16ʰ 32´, -<i>b</i> = 1, <i>l</i> = 25,299 circiter, semiaxium Jovis differentia -<i>c</i> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span> <span -class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">13</span></span>; et positâ -orbis hujus satellitis inclinatione ad æquatorem Jovis æquali 3°, -erit <i>n</i> cosinus hujus inclinationis, atque inde prodibit -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>bcn</i></span> <span -class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span> -× <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">S</span> <span -class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">L</span></span> × 360° = 34´ -circiter, motus scilicet nodorum annuus satellitis quarti in plano -æquatoris Jovis in antecedentia. Si minùs vel magìs inclinatur orbis ad -Jovis æquatorem, augeri vel minui debet hic motus in ratione cosinûs -hujus inclinationis.</p> - -<p>Cæterùm patet motum hunc nodorum in plano -æquatoris planetæ primarii, æstimando distantiam satellitis -in semidiametris primarii, generatìm esse, dato -tempore, in ratione compositâ, ex ratione directâ differentiæ -semiaxium planetæ et cosinûs inclinationis -orbis satellitis ad planetæ æquatorem, conjunctìm; -et ex ratione inversâ temporis periodici satellitis et -quadrati distantiæ satellitis à centro planetæ, item -conjunctìm.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_822">[822]</span></p> - -<h3>PROPOSITIO III.</h3> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Problema.</span></h4> - -<p class="center"><i>Motum nodorum Lunæ supra determinatum ad -Eclipticam reducere.</i></p> - -<p>Sunto NAD (<i>Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXIII">5</a>.) æquator, AGE ecliptica -secans æquatorem in A, E æquinoctium vernum, -A autumnale, LGN orbis lunæ secans eclipticam in -G et æquatorem in N, LD circulus maximus perpendicularis -in æquatorem; et sunto DN, LN, quadrantes -circuli. Tempore dato vi prædictâ transferratur -intersectio N in <i>n</i>, et describatur circulus L<i>gn</i> -exhibens situm orbis lunaris post illud tempus, secetque -eclipticam in <i>g</i>. Ut autem intersectiones N et -G sine verborum ambagibus distinguantur, priorem -in posterum vocabo <i>Nodum Æquatorium</i>, posteriorem -<i>Nodum Eclipticum</i>. Ductis itaque N<i>m</i>, G<i>d</i>, perpendicularibus -in orbem lunæ, est N<i>n</i>: N<i>m</i> ∷ 1: -sin. GNA, et N<i>m</i> : G<i>d</i> ∷ 1 : sin. LG, itemque -G<i>d</i>: G<i>g</i> ∷ sin. G<i>gd</i>: 1; unde conjunctis rationibus -provenit N<i>n</i>: G<i>g</i>∷ sin. G<i>gd</i> : sin. GNA × sin. LG, -adeoque G<i>g</i> = N<i>n</i> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">sin. GNA × sin. LG</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">sin. G<i>gd</i></span></span>. Scribantur -<i>s</i> pro sinu et <i>t</i> pro cosinu anguli G<i>gd</i>, inclinationis -scilicet orbitæ lunaris ad eclipticam, ad radium 1, <i>v</i> -pro sinu et <i>u</i> pro cosinu arcûs EG, <i>p</i> pro sinu et <i>q</i> pro -cosinu obliquitatis eclipticæ; atque per resolutionem -trianguli sphærici GAN, habebitur cos. GNA = <i>n</i> = -<i>qt</i> + <i>psu</i>, indeque sin. GNA = √<span class="bt">1 - <i>qqtt</i> - -2<i>pqstu</i> - <i>p</i>² <i>s</i>² <i>u</i>²</span>; sed scribi potest 1 pro <i>t</i>, et rejici -terminus <i>p</i>² <i>s</i>² <i>u</i>² ob exiguitatem sinûs <i>s</i> anguli<span class="pagenum" id="Page_823">[823]</span> -5° 8´ ½, proindeque erit sin. GNA = √<span class="bt"><i>pp</i> - 2<i>pqsu</i></span>; -prætereà est sin. GNA: sin. GA sive <i>v</i> ∷ sin. GAN -sive <i>p</i>: sin. GN, ideoque sin. GN sive cos. LG = -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>pv</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span><span class="fden"> sin. GNA</span></span>, et sin. LG = <i>u</i> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>qsvv</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>p</i></span></span>, ac sin GNA × -sin. LG = pu - qs quamproximé. Quarè fit Gg -= Nn × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>pu</i> - <i>qs</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>s</i></span></span>, atque hic est motus nodorum lunarium -tempore dato in plano eclipticæ: quod si -tempus illud datum sit annus solaris, habetur N<i>n</i> = -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>bcn</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">S</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">L</span></span> × 360°, unde motus ille eclipticus nodorum -annuus, nullâ habitâ ratione mutationis sitûs nodorum -ex aliâ causâ per id temporis factæ, fiet <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>bc</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span> × (<i>qt</i> + <i>psu</i>) -× <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>pu</i> - <i>qs</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>s</i></span></span> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">S</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">L</span></span> × 360°, vel etiam <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>bcq</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>pu</i> - <i>qs</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>s</i></span></span> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">S</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">L</span></span> × -360° proximé. <i>Q. E. I.</i></p> - -<p>Quo motum nodi lunaris in hac propositione ad -eclipticam reduximus, eodem prorsùs ratiocinio motus -nodi satellitis cujusvis ad orbitam planetæ primarii -reducetur.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Coroll. I.</span></h5> - -<p>Exinde liquet nullum esse hunc motum nodi, ubi -sin. LG = 0, vel etiam ubi <i>pu</i> = <i>qs</i>, quod contingit -ubi orbitæ lunaris arcus GN eclipticam et æquatorem -æqualis est 90°, sive ubi nodi lunares versantur -in punctis declinationis lunaris maximæ, sive ubi -arcus AG, cujus cosinus est <i>u</i>, evadit æqualis 78° 5´, -id est, ubi nodus ascendens lunæ versatur in 11° 55´ -Cancri, vel 18° 5´ Sagittarii. Eritque progressivus -hic motus, id est, fiet secundum seriem signorum, -dum nodus ascendens lunæ transit retrocedendo ab<span class="pagenum" id="Page_824">[824]</span> -18° 5´ Sagittarii ad 11° 55´ Cancri, regressivus autem -in reliquâ parte revolutionis; et maximus evadit -motus regressivus, ubi <i>u</i> = -1, id est, ubi nodus -ascendens versatur in principio Arietis; et maximus -progressivus, ubi <i>u</i> = 1, id est, ubi idem nodus occupat -initium Libræ. Itaque cùm motus ille nodorum -annuus, de quo hîc agitur, universaliter sit -æqualis <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>bcq</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>pu</i> - <i>qs</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>s</i></span></span> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">S</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">L</span></span> × 360°, hoc est, per Coroll. -Prop. 2. æqualis 11´´ ½ × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>pu</i> - <i>qs</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>s</i></span></span> vel 15´´ × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>pu</i> - <i>qs</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>s</i></span></span> -prout differentia semiaxium terræ fuerit <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span> <span class="bar">⁄ </span><span class="fden">229</span></span> vel <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">177</span></span>, -existentibus scilicet <i>p</i> sinu et <i>q</i> cosinu anguli 23° 28´ ½, -atque <i>s</i> sinu anguli 5° 8´ ½; eo anno, in cujus medio -circiter nodus lunæ ascendens tenuerit principium -Arietis, motus nodorum regressivus, qui et maximus, -erit 1´ 2´´ vel 1´ 20´´; ubi verò idem nodus subierit -signum Libræ, motus maximus progressivus erit 41´´ -vel 53´´. In aliis nodorum positionibus eodem modo -computabitur.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Coroll. II.</span></h5> - -<p>Si desideretur excessus regressûs nodi supra progressum -in integrâ nodi revolutione, sequenti ratione -investigabitur. Jungantur equinoctia diametro EA, -in quam demittatur perpendiculum GK, et sumpto -arcu G<i>h</i> quem describit nodus eclipticus G quo tempore -nodus equatorius N describit arcum N<i>n</i>, ducatur -<i>hc</i> perpendicularis in GK. Per hanc propositionem -est G<i>g</i>. N<i>n</i> ∷ <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>pu</i> - <i>qs</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>s</i></span></span>. 1, sive, quia est 1. <i>u</i> -∷ G<i>h</i>. G<i>c</i>, fit G<i>g</i>. N<i>n</i> ∷ <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>p</i> × G<i>c</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>s</i></span></span> - <i>q</i> × G<i>h</i>. G<i>h</i>; -adeoque summa omnium G<i>g</i> erit ad summam omnium<span class="pagenum" id="Page_825">[825]</span> -N<i>n</i>, hoc est, motus nodi ecliptici in integrâ -sui revolutione erit ad motum nodi æquatorii eodem -tempore factum, ut summa omnium in circulo -quantitatum <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>p</i> × G<i>c</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>s</i></span></span> - <i>q</i> × G<i>h</i> ad summam totidem -arcuum G<i>h</i>, hoc est, ut - <i>q</i> ad 1. Signum autem—denotat -motum fieri in antecedentia sive regressum -nodi excedere ejusdem progressum. Unde cum motus -nodi æquatorii N fit 11´´ ½ vel 15´´ quo tempore -nodus eclipticus describit 19° 20´ ½, motus ille nodi -æquatorii tempore nodi ecliptici periodico evadit 11´´ ½ -× <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">360°</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">19° 20´ ½</span></span> = 3´ 34´´ vel 15´´ × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">360°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">19° 20´ ½</span></span> = 4´ 39´´; quo -pacto prodit motus nodi ecliptici præfatus æqualis -<i>q</i> × 3´ 34´´ vel <i>q</i> × 4´ 39´´, proindeque <i>est radius ad -cosinum obliquitatis eclipticæ ut</i> 3´ 34´´ <i>vel</i> 4´ 39´´ <i>ad -motum quæsitum</i>, nempe 3´ 16´´, existente <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">229</span></span> differentiâ -axium terræ, vel 4´ 16´´ eâ existente <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">177</span></span>: atque -hic est excessus regressûs nodi supra progressum -in integrâ nodi revolutione vi prædictâ genitus. Excessu -igitur hoc minuatur motus nodi lunaris periodicus -360°, et remanebit motus ille quem generat vis -solis.</p> - -<h3>PROPOSITIO IV.</h3> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Problema.</span></h4> - -<p class="hang"><i>Variationem inclinationis orbis lunaris ad planum -eclipticæ ex figurâ terræ spheroidicâ ortam determinare.</i></p> - -<p>Esto ANH (<i>Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXIII">6</a>.) æquator, AG ecliptica, et -A punctum æquinoctii autumnalis: fit NGRM orbis -lunæ secans eclipticam in G et æquatorem in N, in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_826">[826]</span> -quo sumantur arcus NL, GR, æquales quadrantibus -circuli. Jam si nodus æquatorius N per temporis -particulam vi prædictâ transferri intelligatur in <i>n</i>, et -per punctum L describatur circulus <i>n</i>L<i>r</i>, exhibebit -hic situm orbis lunæ post tempus elapsum, et si in -eumdem demittantur perpendicula N<i>m</i> et R<i>r</i>, posterius -R<i>r</i> designabit variationem inclinationis orbitæ -lunaris ad eclipticam eodem tempore genitam. Est -autem N<i>n</i> : N<i>m</i> ∷ 1: <i>m</i>, itemque N<i>m</i>: R<i>r</i>∷ 1: -sin. LR; sed ob NL = GR, est NG = LR; unde -conjunctis rationibus est N<i>n</i>: R<i>r</i>∷ 1: <i>m</i> × sin. NG; -ex quo patet variationem inclinationis momentaneam -esse proportionalem sinui distantiæ nodi lunaris ecliptici -à nodo æquatorio. Ad diametrum NM demittatur -perpendiculum GK, et existente G<i>h</i> decremento arcûs -NG facto quo tempore nodus æquatorius N describit -arcum N<i>n</i>, agatur <i>hk</i> parallela ipsi GK, eritque 1: -GK sive sin. NG∷ G<i>h</i>. K<i>k</i>; proindeque jam erit -N<i>n</i>: R<i>r</i> ∷ G<i>h</i> : <i>m</i> × K<i>k</i>, adeoque summa omnium -variationum R<i>r</i>, quo tempore nodus eclipticus G -descripsit arcum MG, genitarum erit ad summam -totidem motuum N<i>n</i>, hoc est, ad motum nodi æquatorii -N eodem tempore factum, ut summa omnium -K<i>k</i> ducta in <i>m</i>, ad summam totidem arcuum G<i>h</i>, id -est, ut <i>m</i> × MK ad MG. Sit NH motus nodi N -tempore revolutionis nodi G ab uno equinoctio ad -alterum, eritque variatio inclinationis eodem tempore -genita, hoc est, variatio tota æqualis <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>m</i> × NH</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">MGN</span></span>. -Unde cùm <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">NH</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">MGN</span></span> exprimat rationem motûs nodi -æquatorii ad motum nodi ecliptici, prodit theorema -sequens: <i>Est motus nodi lunaris ecliptici ad motum -nodi æquatorii, ut sinus duplicatus inclinationis mediocris<span class="pagenum" id="Page_827">[827]</span> -orbitæ lunaris ad æquatorem, ad sinum variationis -totius inclinationis ejusdem orbitæ ad eclipticam.</i></p> - -<p>In hoc computo inclinationem mediocrem orbis lunaris -ad æquatorem, nempe 23° 28´ ½, usurpo, cum in -revolutione nodi tantum ex unâ parte augetur, quantum -ex alterâ minuitur, et omnes minutias hîc expendere -supervacaneum foret. Motus autem nodi lunaris ecliptici -est ad motum nodi lunaris æquatorii ut 19° 20´ ½ -ad 11´´ ½ vel 15´´, sive ut 6055 vel 4642 ad 1, unde -per theorema supra traditum prodit variatio inclinationis -tota æqualis 27´´ vel 35´´, prout differentia axium -terræ statuitur <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">229</span></span> vel <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">177</span></span>. Hac igitur quantitate -augetur inclinatio orbis lunaris ad eclipticam in -transitu nodi ascendentis lunæ ab æquinoctio vernali -ad autumnale, et tantumdem minuitur in alterâ medietate -revolutionis nodi. In loco quolibet G inter -æquinoctia variatio inclinationis est ad variationem -totam ut sinus versus arcûs MG ad diametrum, ut -patet; sive differentia inter semissem variationis totius -et variationem quæsitam est ad ipsam semissem variationis -totius ut cosinus arcûs MG ad radium, hoc est, -ut <i>u</i> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>qsvv</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>p</i></span></span> ad 1. <i>Q. E. I.</i></p> - -<h3>PROPOSITIO V.</h3> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Problema.</span></h4> - -<p class="hang"><i>Motum apsidum in orbe satellitis quamproximé circulari, -quatenùs ex figurâ planetæ primarii sphæroidicâ -oritur, investigare.</i></p> - -<p>Per propositionem primam vis perturbatrix, quâ -trahitur satelles ad centrum planetæ primarii, est ad<span class="pagenum" id="Page_828">[828]</span> -satellitis gravitatem in ipsum primarium, ut <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>bc</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span> - -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">9<i>kkbc</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>⁴</span></span> ad 1, sive, quia per Prop. 2. est <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>k</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i></span></span> = <i>m</i> × SH -(<i>Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXIII">4</a>.) ponendo scilicet <i>m</i> pro sinu inclinationis -orbitæ satellitis ad æquatorem primarii, et scribendo -<i>y</i> pro SH, ut <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>bc</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span> × (1 - 3<i>m</i>²<i>y</i>²) ad 1; et summa -harum virium in totâ circumferentiâ cujus radius est -1, est ad gravitatem satellitis toties sumptam ut <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>bc</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span> × -(1 - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>m</i>²</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span>) ad 1. Vis igitur mediocris, quæ uniformiter -agere in satellitem supponi potest, dum revolutionem -suam in orbitâ propemodùm circulari absolvit, -est ad ejus gravitatem in primarium ut <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>bc</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span> × -(1 - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>m</i>²</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span>) ad 1; atque hac vi movebuntur apsides, si -nulla habeatur ratio vis alterius quæ orbis radio est -perpendicularis et per medietatem revolutionis satellitis -in unum sensum tendit, per alteram medietatem -in contrarium. Jam quia ex demonstratis in hac et -primâ propositione sequitur gravitatem satellitis circa -planetam, cujus figura est sphærois oblata, revolventis -in distantiâ <i>l</i> generaliter esse ad ejusdem gravitatem in -majori distantiâ L, ut <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>²</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">B</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁴</span></span> × (1 - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>m</i>²</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span>) ad <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">L²</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">B</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">L⁴</span></span> × -(1 - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>m</i>²</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span>), existente B quantitate datâ exigui valoris, -sive ut <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>²</span></span> ad <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">L²</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">B</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>²L²</span></span> × (1 - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>m</i>²</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span>) + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">B</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">L⁴</span></span> × (1 - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>m</i>²</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span>) -quamproximé, ideò gravitas satellitis diminuitur in -majori quam duplicatâ ratione distantiæ auctæ quoties -<i>m</i> minor est quantitate √⅔ id est, ubi inclinatio -orbitæ satellitis ad planetæ æquatorem non attingit 54°<span class="pagenum" id="Page_829">[829]</span> -44´; diminuitur autem in minori ratione, quoties est -<i>m</i> major quàm √⅔, id est, ubi illa inclinatio superat -54° 44´; adeoque in priore casu progrediuntur apsides -orbis satellitis, in posteriori regrediuntur. Quantitas -autem hujus progressûs vel regressûs sic innotescet.</p> - -<p>Per exemplum tertium prop. 45 lib. 1. <i>Princ. -Math. Newt.</i> si vi centripetæ, quæ est ut <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>²</span></span>, addatur -vis altera ut <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>e</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁴</span></span>, hoc est, quæ sit ad vim centripetam -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span> <span class="bar">⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>l</i>²</span></span> ut <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>e</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>²</span></span> ad 1, angulus revolutionis ab apside unâ ad -eamdem erit 360° √<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1 + <i>e</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">1 - <i>e</i></span></span> vel <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">360°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">1 - <i>e</i></span></span> quamproximé, -existente <i>e</i> quantitate valdé minutâ. Porrò cum sit -motus satellitis in orbitâ suâ revolventis ad motum -apsidis ut <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">360°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">1 - <i>e</i></span></span> ad <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">360°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">1 - <i>e</i></span></span> - 360°, hoc est, ut 1 ad <i>e</i>, -erit motus apsidis tempore revolutionis satellitis ad -fidera æqualis 360° × <i>e</i>, et hic motus apsidis erit ad -ejusdem motum tempore alio quovis dato ut tempus -periodicum satellitis ad tempus datum. Est autem -in hac nostrâ propositione <i>e</i> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>bc</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span> × 1 - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>m</i>²</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span>; unde -datur motus apsidum quæsitus. <i>Q. E. I.</i></p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Coroll.</span></h5> - -<p>Si ad lunam referatur hæc determinatio, habebuntur -<i>b</i> = 1, <i>l</i> = 60, <i>m</i> = sinui anguli 23° 28´ ½, et si -fuerit <i>c</i> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">229</span></span>, erit <i>e</i> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">1803203</span></span>, atque motus apogæi -lunæ spatio centum annorum æqualis 16´ proximé -in consequentia; si fuerit <i>c</i> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">177</span></span>, erit <i>e</i> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">1393742</span></span>, -et motus apogæi æqualis 20´, 7. Hac igitur quantitate -minuendus est motus medius apogæi lunæ<span class="pagenum" id="Page_830">[830]</span> -prout observationibus determinatur, ut habeatur motus -ille quem generat vis solis.</p> - -<p>Pro quarto autem Jovis satellite, erunt <i>b</i> = 1, -<i>l</i> = 25,299, <i>c</i> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">13</span></span>, <i>m</i> = sinui anguli 3°, <i>e</i> = <span class="fraction"> <span class="fnum">1</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">13924,7</span></span>; -hincque motus apsidis spatio unius anni solaris prodit -33´, 95 vel ferè 34´ in consequentia, qui tempore -annorum decem fit 5° 40´. Insuper autem notandum -est vi solis perturbari motum satellitis simili -modo quo perturbatur motus lunæ; ideoque, quoniam -vis solis, quâ perturbatur motus lunæ est ad -lunæ gravitatem in terram in duplicatâ ratione temporis -periodici lunæ circa terram ad tempus periodicum -terræ circa solem, hoc est, ut 1 ad 178,725; -pariter vis solis, qua perturbatur motus satellitis Jovialis, -est ad ipsius satellitis gravitatem in Jovem in duplicatâ -ratione temporum periodicorum satellitis circa -Jovem et Jovis circa solem, hoc est, ut 1 ad 67394,6: -vires igitur, quibus perturbantur motus lunæ et satellitis, -sunt ad se invicem, relativé ad eorum gravitates -in planetas suos primarios ut <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">178,725</span></span> ad <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span><span class="fden"> 67394,6</span></span> -sive ut 37,708 ad 1. Unde cum viribus similibus -proportionales sunt motus his viribus dato tempore -geniti, si vis prior vel ejusdem vis pars quælibet motum -apsidis generat æqualem 40° 40´ ½ in orbe lunari annuatìm, -vis posterior vel ejusdem pars similis et proportionalis -motum apsidis eodem tempore generabit -æqualem 6´ ½ in orbe satellitis, atque decem annorum -spatio 1° 5´ in consequentia. Addatur 1° 5´ ad 5° 40´, -et motus apsidum totus in orbe satellitis extimi Jovialis -ex duabus prædictis causis oriundus spatio decem annorum -erit 6° 45´ in consequentia. Observationibus -Astronomicis collegit Ill. <i>Bradleius</i> hunc motum -tempore prædicto esse quasi 6°; differentia illa qualiscumque<span class="pagenum" id="Page_831">[831]</span> -45´ inter motum observatum et computatum -actionibus satellitum interiorum debebit ascribi.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Scholium.</span></h5> - -<p>Ex præcedentibus colligere licet motuum lunarium -inæqualitates originem suam omnem non ducere ex -vi solis, sed earum partem aliquam deberi actioni -Telluris quatenùs induitur figurâ sphæroidicâ. Sufficiat -hîc illarum computasse valorem, et legem, quâ -generantur, demonstrasse: utrum autem hujusmodi -correctiones tales sint ut tabulis Astronomicis inscribi -mereantur, dijudicent Astronomi.</p> - -<p>Item manifestum est præter inæqualitates eas, quæ -in motibus satellitum Jovialium ex vi solis et actionibus -satellitum in se invicem nascuntur, oriri alias ex -figurâ Jovis sphæroidicâ ita notabiles ut Observationes -Astronomicas continuò afficere debeant.</p> - -<p class="center"><i>De Variatione motûs Terræ diurni.</i></p> - -<p>Si terra globus esset omninò sphæricus quicumque -foret revolutionis axis, manente eâdem in globo -motûs quantitate, eadem maneret rotationis velocitas: -secùs autem est, ubi ob vires solis et lunæ terra induit -formam sphæroidis oblongæ per aquarum ascensum. -Hîc enim non considero figuram telluris oblatam -ob materiæ in æquatore redundantiam, sed -sphæricam suppono nisi quatenùs per aquarum elevationem -et depressionem in sphæroidicam mutatur. -Jam verò in sphæroide hujusmodi, quamvis eadem -maneat motûs quantitas, mutatâ inclinatione axis -transversi ad axem revolutionis, mutabitur revolutionis -velocitas, uti satis manifestum est: cùm autem axis<span class="pagenum" id="Page_832">[832]</span> -transversus transit semper per solem vel lunam, singulis -momentis mutabit situm suum respectu axis revolutionis -ob motum quo hi duo planetæ recedunt -ab æquatore terrestri et ad eum vicissìm accedunt.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Problema.</span></h4> - -<p class="center"><i>Variationem motûs terræ diurni ex prædictâ causâ -oriundam investigare.</i></p> - -<p>Exhibeat sphærois oblonga ADC<i>d</i> (<i>Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXIII">7</a>.) terram -fluidam, cujus centrum T, AC axis transversus jungens -centra terræ et solis vel lunæ, D<i>d</i> axis minor, -EO diameter æquatoris, et XZ axis motûs diurni. -Centro T et radio TD describatur circulus BD<i>d</i> secans -axem transversum AC in B, et agatur BK perpendicularis -in TE: tum ex quovis circuli puncto P -ductâ PM ad axem XZ normali quæ secet TA in H, -sit P<i>pr</i> circumferentia circuli quam punctum P rotatione -suâ diurnâ describit, ad cujus quodvis punctum -<i>p</i> ducatur T<i>p</i> et producatur donec occurrat superficiei -sphæroidis in <i>q</i>; deinde demissâ <i>p</i>G perpendiculari in -PM, et GF perpendiculari in TA, si per puncta A<i>q</i>C -transire intelligatur ellipsis ellipsi ADC similis et -æqualis, erit ex naturâ curvæ, quia sphærois nostra -parùm admodùm differt à sphærâ, <i>pq</i> = AB × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">(TF)²</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">(TP)²</span></span> -quamproximé. Jam designet U velocitatem particulæ -in terræ æquatore revolventis motu diurno circum -axem XZ ad distantiam semidiametri TP, eritque -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">U × PM</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">TP</span></span> velocitas particulæ P circulum P<i>pr</i> describentis, -et cum sit TF =<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">(GM - HM) × TK</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">TP</span></span> + TH, erit<span class="pagenum" id="Page_833">[833]</span> -motus totius lineolæ <i>pq</i> æqualis <i>pq</i> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">U × PM</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">TP</span></span> = -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">U × AB × PM</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">(TP)³</span></span> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">((GM - HM) × (TK)²)</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">TP</span></span> + TH, adeoque -summa horum motuum in circuitu circuli P<i>pr</i>, hoc est, -motus superficiei inter circulum P<i>pr</i> et sphæroidem in -directione T<i>p</i> contentæ, æquabitur circumferentiæ hujus -circuli ductæ in <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">U × AB × PM </span><span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">(TP)³</span></span> × (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">(TK)² × (PM)²</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">2(TP)²</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">(TK)² × (HM)²</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">(TP)²</span></span> -- <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2TK × HM × TH</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">TP</span></span> + (TH)²) sive quia est HM. TM -∷ TK. BK, et TH. HM∷ TP. TK, scribendo D -pro circumferentiâ circuli BD<i>d</i>, æquabitur ille motus -quantitati <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">U × AB × D </span><span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">2(TP)⁶</span></span> × ((TK)² × (PM)⁴ + 2(BK)² × (TM)² × (PM)²). -Deinde horum motuum summa in toto circuitu -globi collecta, hoc est, motus totius materiæ globo -BD<i>d</i> incumbentis prodibit æqualis <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">U × AB × DD</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">32</span></span> x -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3(TP)² - (BK)²</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">(TP)²</span></span>. Ubi planeta in plano æquatoris consistit, -fit BK = 0, et motus prædictus æqualis -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">U × 3AB × DD</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">32</span></span>. Motus autem globi QPR circa eumdem -axem est (uti facilé demonstratur) <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">U × TP × DD</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">16</span></span>, -adeoque motus terræ totius fit <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">U × TP × DD</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">16</span></span> + -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">U × AB × DD</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">32</span></span> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3(TP)² - (BK)²</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">(TP)²</span></span>, qui cum idem semper -manere debeat, denotet V velocitatem in superficie -æquatoris terrestris ubi planeta versatur in plano -æquatoris, eritque <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">U × TP × DD</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">16</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">U × 3AB × DD</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">32</span></span> =<span class="pagenum" id="Page_834">[834]</span> -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">U × TP × DD</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">16</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">U × AB × DD</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">32</span></span> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3(TP)² - (BK)²</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">(TP)²</span></span>; unde -scribendo 1 pro TP quatenùs est radius ad sinum -BK anguli BTK, habetur V. U∷ TP + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3AB</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span> - -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">AB × (BK)²</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span>. TP + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3AB</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span>, indeque, quia minima est -altitudo AB respectu semidiametri TP, U - V. V∷ -AB × (BK)². 2TP, et U - V = V × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">AB × (BK)²</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">2TP</span></span>: pro -V autem patet scribi posse velocitatem angularem -terræ mediocrem quia ab eâ differt quam minimé et -ducitur in quantitatem perexiguam <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">AB × (BK)²</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">2TP</span></span>, et -quia tempora revolutionum terræ circa centrum suum -sint reciprocé ut motus angulares U, V, fiet differentia -revolutionum terræ ubi planeta æquatorem tenet -et ubi ab æquatore distat angulo BTK, æqualis 23ʰ -56´ × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">AB × (BK)²</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">2TP</span></span>. Quoniam igitur est acceleratio horaria -ad motum terræ horarium mediocrem circa centrum -suum ut AB × (BK)² ad 2 TP sive (quia est sinus -<i>p</i> inclinationis eclipticæ ad æquatorem ad radium 1 -ut sinus BK ad sinum distantiæ planetæ ab æquinoctio, -quem sinum dico K) ut AB × <i>p</i>² × K² ad 2 TP; -adeoque acceleratio horaria rotationis terræ crescit in -ratione duplicatâ sinûs distantiæ planetæ à puncto -æquinoctii, et summa omnium illarum accelerationum, -quo tempore transit planeta ab æquinoctio ad -solstitium, est ad summam totidem motuum horariorum -mediocrium, hoc est, acceleratio tota eo tempore -genita est ad tempus illud ut summa quantitatum -omnium AB × <i>p</i>² × K² in circuli quadrante ad summam<span class="pagenum" id="Page_835">[835]</span> -totidem 2TP, id est, quia summa omnium -K² in circuli quadrante dimidium est summæ totidem -quadratorum radii, ut AB × <i>p</i>² ad 4 TP. Quamobrèm, -si denotet P quartam partem temporis planetæ -periodici circa terram, erit acceleratio tota motûs -terræ circum axem suum in transitu planetæ ab æquinoctio -ad solstitium genita æqualis <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">AB × P × <i>p</i>²</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">4TP</span></span>, atque -eadem erit retardatio in transitu planetæ à solstitio -ad æquinoctium. Unde sponte nascitur hoc Theorema: -<i>Est quadratum diametri ad quadratum sinûs -obliquitatis eclipticæ ut quarta pars temporis periodici -solis vel lunæ ad tempus aliud</i>; deinde, <i>est semidiameter -terræ ad differentiam semiaxium ut tempus -mox inventum ad accelerationem quæsitam</i>.</p> - -<p>Ascensus aquæ AB vi solis debitus est duorum pedum -circiter, existente semidiametro terræ mediocri -TP = 19615800, unde prodit per theorema acceleratio -terræ circa centrum suum gyrantis facta quo -tempore incedit sol ab æquinoctio ad solstitium, -æqualis 1´´´ 55ⁱᵛ in partibus temporis; et si vi lunæ ascendunt -aquæ ad altitudinem octo pedum, acceleratio -revolutionis terræ inde orta, quo tempore luna transit -ab æquatore ad declinationem suam maximam, erit -34ⁱᵛ: et summa harum accelerationum, quæ obtinet -ubi hi duo planetæ in punctis solstitialibus versantur, -cum non superet duo minuta tertia temporis cum semisse -sive 37 minuta tertia gradûs, vix observabilis -erit. <i>Q. E. I.</i></p> - -<p>Cùm igitur tantilla fit hujusmodi variatio in hypothesi -sphæricitatis terræ; qualis evaderet, terrâ existente -sphæroide oblatâ, frustrà quis inquireret.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_836">[836]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">CXI. <i>Some Observations on the History of -the</i> Norfolk <i>Boy. By</i> J. Wall, <i>M. D. -In a Letter to the Rev.</i> Charles Lyttelton, -<i>LL.D. Dean of</i> Exeter.</h2> -</div> -<p> -SIR, -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read Dec. 14, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">THE history of the Norfolk Boy, -which, you inform me, has been -communicated to the Royal Society, seems to deserve -a place in the memoirs of that illustrious body, as -well on account of its utility, as its singularity.</p> - -<p>The symptoms in this case most evidently arose -from worms in the intestines; which often occasion -unaccountable complaints, and frequently elude the -most powerful medicines, as they did in the instance -before us, till at last they were dislodged by the enormous -quantity of oil-paint, which the poor boy devoured; -and the cause being thus removed, all the -effects ceased.</p> - -<p>At first sight it appears wonderful, that this immense -quantity of white lead did not prove fatal; -and that it was not so, could be owing to nothing but -the oil, by which it was enveloped, and its contact -and immediate action on the coats of the intestines -thereby prevented. But the oil did not only obviate -the dangerous effects of this mixture, but appears, to -me at least, to have been the chief cause of the success, -with which it was happily attended. I speak this -with some restriction, because the lead, as its stypticity -was thus covered, might, by its weight, assist in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_837">[837]</span> -removing the verminous filth, especially as the bowels -were made slippery by the oil.</p> - -<p>Oil has long been observed to be noxious to insects -of all kinds, so that not only those, which survive after -being cut into several pieces, but those also, which live -long with very little air, and those, which revive by -warmth after submersion in water, die irrecoverably, -if they are immerged in, or covered with oil. Rhedi -and Malpighi have made many experiments to this -purpose; and account for the event very rationally -from the oil stopping up all the air-vessels, which in -these animalcula are very numerous, and distributed -almost over their whole bodies.</p> - -<p>On this account oil has been recommended as a -vermifuge both by Andry and Hoffmann, though I -believe it has been seldom used in practice in that intention; -or at least has not been given in quantities -sufficient to answer it. Indeed Hoffmann<a id="FNanchor_222" href="#Footnote_222" class="fnanchor">[222]</a> himself -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_838">[838]</span>seems not to lay much stress on it as an anthelmintic, -recommending it only as serving to line the inside of -the intestines, and to relax spasms in them; and therefore -as a proper preparative to be given before any -acrid purgatives are ventured on.</p> - -<p>The medicines commonly prescribed, and most -depended on, are either of a virulent and drastic nature, -or such as are supposed to be able to destroy -those animals by some mechanical qualities <i>e. g.</i> to -cut, tear, or otherwise affect their tender bodies, and -yet not have force enough to lacerate or injure the -stomach or intestines. Of the former kind are the -leaves and juice of helleboraster, the bark of the Indian -cabbage-tree, coloquintida, resin of jalap, glass -of antimony, and the like; the effects of which are -commonly violent and dangerous, and sometimes -fatal. Of the latter class are crude mercury, and the -milder preparations of that mineral, aloes and other -bitters, tin filings, neutral salts, and vitriolic acids. -Every one conversant in practice too well knows, how -often these medicines are administred ineffectually. -When I had therefore attentively considered the -history of the Norfolk Boy, I determined to try the -efficacy of oil in such cases, as it seemed capable of -producing great effects, and yet could not be attended -with any hazard or danger.</p> - -<p>The first person, to whom it was given, with this -view, was —— ——, a patient of our Infirmary,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_839">[839]</span> -who was judged to have worms, but had taken several -approved medicines for a considerable time without -success. In a consultation with the other physicians, -the following form was prescribed.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p class="hang">℞. <i>Ol. Oliv. lb.ss. Sp. vol. aromat. ʒij M. cap. -Cochl. iii. mane et H. S.</i></p> -</div> - -<p class="noin">The volatile spirit was added here to make the oil -saponaceous, and by that means more easily miscible -with the juices in the stomach and <i>primæ viæ</i>. This -medicine answered our expectations, and in a few -days brought away several worms.</p> - -<p>—— Lacy, a poor boy of the parish of Feckenham -in this county, aged 13 years, was, as I was -informed, about three or four years ago seized with -convulsive fits, which gradually deprived him of his -senses, and reduced him to a state of idiocy. He had -taken several anthelmintics and purgatives, particularly -the <i>Pulv. Cornachin.</i> but never had voided any -worms, though all the symptoms seemed plainly to -shew, that they were the cause of his disorder. As -he greedily swallowed any thing, which was offered -him, without distinction, I at first ordered him a mixture -of linseed oil ℥vij <i>Tinct. sacr.</i> ℥j: of which he -took four large spoonfuls night and morning. He persisted -in the use of this one whole week without at -all nauseating it, towards the latter end of which time -he voided one round worm of a great length. He now -began to shew much aversion to the medicine; on -which account the <i>Tinctur. sacr.</i> was omitted, and he -was ordered to take the oil alone in the same quantities. -This he continued to do a fortnight longer, -during which time he voided 60 more worms, and in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_840">[840]</span> -a great measure recovered the use of his reason<a id="FNanchor_223" href="#Footnote_223" class="fnanchor">[223]</a>. -This account I had from the Apothecary, who, by -my directions, supplied him with the medicines.</p> - -<p>Soon after this I ordered the same medicine to be -given to Elizabeth Abell, a poor girl in the same -neighbourhood, reduced by epileptic fits to such a state -of idiocy, as to eat her own excrements. It caused -her to void several worms, but she did not recover -her senses.</p> - -<p>Since this time I have given the oil to several persons -with good success, and therefore I cannot but -recommend a further tryal of it; since it is a remedy, -which may be used with safety in almost any -quantity; a character, which very few of the anthelmintic -medicines deserve.</p> - -<p>It is probable, that some oils are more destructive to -worms than others. Andry (<i>Traité de la Generation -des Vers, cap. 8</i>) prefers nut oil, and tells us, that a human -worm, voided alive, being put into that oil, died -instantly; whereas another worm, voided at the same -time, lived several hours in oil of sweet almonds, -though in a languishing state. This difference he -afterwards (<i>Cap. 9</i>) endeavours to account for, by -supposing, that the oil of almonds is more porous, -and consequently less able to preclude the entrance of -air into the worms. And indeed there is some reason -to conclude, that oils, which dry in the open air, such -as nut and linseed oils, are of a closer texture, less -mixed with water, and consequently more anthelmintic, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_841">[841]</span> than those oils, which freeze by cold, and will -not dry in the open air;<a id="FNanchor_224" href="#Footnote_224" class="fnanchor">[224]</a> such as those from olives or -almonds. Andry tells us, that at Milan the mothers -have a custom to give their children once or twice a -week toasts dipt in nut oil, with a little wine, to kill -the worms: and I know a lady in the country, who -gives the poor children in her neighbourhood the same -oil with great success.</p> - -<p>I would recommend this remedy to be used in as -large doses as the stomach will well bear: to which -purpose it may be adviseable to join it either with aromatics, -bitters, or essential oils, such as the case may -require. Andry orders the oil to be taken fasting, -assigning this for a reason, that the stomach being -then most empty, it more readily embraces and stifles -the worms. During this course it will be necessary, -at proper intervals, to give rhubarb, mercurial or aloetic -medicines.</p> - -<p>I cannot close this paper without observing, that, -from the history of the Norfolk Boy, we may learn, -in similar cases, where the head is not idiopathic, -never to despair absolutely of a cure, notwithstanding -the disease has been of very long standing. For in -this boy, though the oppression in the brain and -nerves had continued many years, and had been so -violent, as to deprive him not only of his intellectual -faculties, but almost all his sensations; yet were not -the organs much impaired thereby, but he recovered -all his senses again, as soon as the irritation and spasms -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_842">[842]</span>in the intestines, which first caused all these terrible -symptoms, were removed. The same thing in a less -degree was observable in the Feckenham Boy, mentioned -before; and we have had two remarkable instances -of the same kind at the Worcester Infirmary; -where a boy and his sister, of the name of Moyses, -received a perfect cure, and recovered the entire use -of their senses, after having been rendered idiots -(though not in so high a degree as the Norfolk Boy) -for more than two years, by epileptic fits proceeding -from worms.</p> -<p class="right"><span class="large">J. Wall.</span></p> -<p> -Worcester -Dec. 7, 1748. -</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p class="hang"><i>P. S.</i> As the following history has some analogy with -the subject we are now upon, I beg leave to subjoin -it by way of <span class="err" title="original: postcript">postscript</span>.</p> - -<p>A young girl of the name of Lowbridge, at Ledbury, -in Herefordshire, nine years old, had been -long troubled with a gnawing pain at the stomach, -which growing gradually more violent, I was at -last called to her. About a quarter of an hour -before I reached the house, she was seized with a -violent vomiting, whereby she brought up an -amazing number of living animals supposed, to be -upwards of a thousand, together with a vast quantity -of clear viscid phlegm. In shape they exactly -resembled millepedes, except that some of them, -being examined by a magnifying glass, appeared -to have a small filament, which arose from the -middle of the belly, and might probably have -served to fix them to their nidus. They were of different -sizes, from that of the largest millepede, to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_843">[843]</span> -some, that were scarce perceptible; so that they appeared -to have been generated at different times, -and grown in the stomach. As the child was suddenly -seized with this effort to vomit, she discharged -her stomach on the floor of the parlour where -she was sitting. The millepedes, they told me, were -at first very lively, and crept briskly different ways; -but they did not live long in the open air. They -were lying in the slime when I came to her, so -that I could not be imposed on as to the verity of -the fact. After this evacuation, the child’s stomach -grew perfectly easy, and continued so.</p> -</div> -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">CXII. <i>Observations upon the</i> Corona Solis -Marina Americana; <i>The</i> American Sea-Sun-Crown. -<i>By</i> John Andrew Peyssonel, -<i>M.D. F.R.S. Translated from the</i> French.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Dec. 14, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">I Shall call this insect by this name, because -of the resemblance it bears to -the flower called <i>Corona Solis</i>; since it is, like this, -open and spread.</p> - -<p>This insect adheres to the rocks by its basis, which -is flat and round; and tho’ this roundness is sometimes -mis-shapen, it is only occasioned by the inequalities -of the rocks, to which it sticks. Its diameter -is about two or three inches, bearing, from the -center, certain rays, like white nerves, upon a moist -flesh, of a livid violet colour. These rays or nerves -pass from the centre to the circumference; they, too,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_844">[844]</span> -consist of a soft fleshy substance, which resembles -bowels or intestines; the whole length of which is -covered with glandulous bodies of a dirty grey colour; -and all these glands filled up the middle of the fish, -making the flowrets, or petals, that form the disk of -the flowers. There is an infinite number of these -glands attached to those filets or nerves, all very distinct -from one another: these filets are well ranged -when viewed downwards; but the upper part is covered -by these glands, which are placed in a confused -manner. These filets pass to the circumference, forming -an edge full of rugosities, which leaves the body -of the animal full of flaws. These hard bodies, upon -which it lives, are not always permanent in the same -place, but capable of changing their places from this -edge or circumference; like a skin or texture of fibres -or flesh, such as the body of the sea snail I have already -described; of the same thickness, of a greenish -colour, and sometimes of a greenish spotted grey, -without shell, bone, or stay. The body or muscular -fleshy skin raises itself up perpendicularly to three -inches; rounds itself at the top, when it is touched; -but it leaves a hole like a sphincter, formed by the -reunion of the fleshy body, which enlarges itself again. -The base opens to the whole extent of the bottom, -makes a reversed prepuce, and immediately brings to -view three rows of <i>papillæ</i>, which are of a conical -figure, of one or two lines long, resembling the glands -under the tongues of oxen, and which may here be -compared to the demi-flowers or radiated flowers of -the <i>Corona Solis</i>.</p> - -<p>After this threefold ray of conical pointed <i>papillæ</i>, -there appears a body of a livid violet colour; I took -it for a particular substance or body; but having examined -it, I observed it was only a pellicle, or membrane, -that covered a part of the <i>papillæ</i> I mentioned. -This membrane has sixteen separations, which form -kinds of purses, and yet leave, in the center of the -animal, an empty space, wherein several glands are -brought in view. I do not know, whether, in the -natural state, these membranes do not retire to the -circumference, in order to discover the glands within, -which they usually hide, and which fill up all the -middle of the crown; but when the fleshy body is -gone up again, it covers all the interior parts, closes -them in, and preserves them from the touch of any -extraneous body. I cannot tell how these fishes live, -or what is their mechanism; for I could not distinguish -either a mouth, or any <i>viscera</i>, nor any other -organ serving to their nourishment.</p> -<div class="sync"> </div> -<div class="figcenter illowp50" id="facing845a" style="max-width: 94.25em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XXXIV"></a>XXXIV. <i>p. <a href="#Page_845">845</a></i>.</div> - <img class="w100" src="images/facing845a.jpg" alt="" /> -</div> -<div class="nobreak"> -<div class="left"> -<ul> -<li class="center caption"><b>Lepades Pedatæ.</b></li> -<li class="caption">1. <i>Lepas nuda carnosa aurita</i></li> -<li class="caption">1 a. <i>Ejusdem pars superior interna</i></li> -<li class="caption">1 b <i>Foramen auris internum</i></li> -<li class="caption">1 c <i>Currhi</i> (1.d) <i>Proboscis et</i> (1.c) <i>Os</i></li> -<li class="caption">1 f <i>Dens terratus quorum octo sunt</i></li> -<li class="caption">1 g. <i>Idem per. Microscopium visus</i></li> -<li class="caption">1 h. <i>Scapus longitudinatiter dessectus</i></li> -<li class="caption">2 <i>Scalpellum Norwegicum Keratophytium</i> -</li> -<li class="caption">2 a. <i>Idem per. Microscopium visum</i></li> -<li class="caption">3 <i>Scalpellum ex mare Britannico</i></li> -<li class="caption">4. <i>Cornu copia Poussepieda Gallorum</i></li> -<li class="caption">5. <i>Concha Anatifera vulgaris</i></li> -<li class="caption">6. <i>Concha Anatifera prolifera</i></li> -<li class="caption"><span class="allsmcap">A.</span> <i>Animal Lepadis sen Triton Linnæi</i></li></ul> -</div> -<div class="rightcol"><ul> -<li class="center caption"><b>Barnicles <i>with Stems</i>.</b></li> - -<li class="caption">1. <i>Naked fleshy Barnicle with Ears</i></li> -<li class="caption">1 a. <i>The inside of the upper part of the same</i></li> -<li class="caption">1 b. <i>The internal opening of the Ear</i></li> -<li class="caption">1 c. <i>The Plumes</i> (e. d) <i>trunck</i> (e. e) <i>and mouth</i></li> -<li class="caption">1 f. <i>A saw edg’d tooth of which there are 8</i></li> -<li class="caption">1 g. <i>The same magnified</i></li> -<li class="caption">1 h. <i>The Stem cut in two lengthways</i></li> -<li class="caption">2. <i>The Norway Seafan Penknife.</i></li> -<li class="caption">2 a. <i>The same magnified.</i></li> -<li class="caption">3. <i>The British Channel Penknife.</i></li> -<li class="caption">4. <i>The Horn of plenty or French Poussepieds</i></li> -<li class="caption">5. <i>The common Duckbearing Barnicle</i></li> -<li class="caption">6. <i>The branch’d Duckbearing Barnicle</i></li> -<li class="caption"><span class="allsmcap">A.</span> <i>Animal of the Barnicle or Linnaeus’s Triton</i> -</li></ul></div> -<div class="sync"></div> -<div class="left"> -<ul> - -<li class="caption center"><b>Lepades Sessiles Balani dictæ.</b></li> - -<li class="caption">7. <i>Pediculus Ceti</i> (7.a). <i>Idem reversus</i></li> -<li class="caption">8. <i>Calyciformis Orientalis</i></li> -<li class="caption">9. <i>Tintinabuliformis.</i></li> -<li class="caption">10. <i>Tulipiformis ex Corallio rubro</i></li> -<li class="caption">11. <i>Fistulosa conica</i> (11.a) <i>eadem reversa</i></li> -<li class="caption">12. <i>Verrum Testudinaria</i> (12.a) <i>eadem reversa</i></li> -<li class="caption">13. <i>Verrum Canesti Americani</i> (13.a) <i>eisdem statere</i></li> -<li class="caption">14. <i>Lapensis ore obliquo</i> (14.a) <i>cum opserastis cornutis</i></li> -<li class="caption">15. <i>Subovatis crassa ore minore</i></li> -<li class="caption">16. <i>Cornulacensis conicas ore minores</i></li> -<li class="caption">17. <i>Anglica vulgaris ore patulo</i></li> -<li class="caption">18. <i>Aretica Patelliformis</i></li> -<li class="caption">19. <i>Calceolus</i> (19.a) <i>Idem. hierophylis involutus</i></li> -<li class="caption">20. <i>Diadema Persarum</i></li> - -</ul> -</div> -<div class="rightcol"><ul> - -<li class="caption center"><b>Barnicles <i>adhering by the base of these Shells</i>.</b></li> - -<li class="caption">7. <i>The Whales. Louse</i> (7.a) <i>The underside</i></li> -<li class="caption">8. <i>The East India cup shap’d Barnicle</i></li> -<li class="caption">9. <i>The Bell shap’d Barnicle</i></li> -<li class="caption">10. <i>The Red Coral Tulip Barnicle</i></li> -<li class="caption">11. <i>The pipy conical Barnicle</i> (11.a) <i>The underside</i></li> -<li class="caption">12. <i>The Tortoise Wart</i> (12. a) <i>The underside</i></li> -<li class="caption">13. <i>The American Crabs Wart</i> (13.a) <i>The same sideways</i></li> -<li class="caption">14. <i>The Cape sidemouth Barnicle</i> (14.a) <i>with</i> oblique edge</li> -<li class="caption">15. <i>The Eggshap’d thick Barnicle with a small mouth</i></li> -<li class="caption">16. <i>The Cornish cone Barnicle with a small</i> edge</li> -<li class="caption">17. <i>The common English Barnicle with a</i> wide mouth</li> -<li class="caption">18. <i>The Greenland Limpet shap’d Barnicle</i></li> -<li class="caption">19. <i>The Slipper</i> (19.a) <i>The same cover’d with hierophylis</i></li> -<li class="caption">20. <i>The Persian Crown</i></li> -</ul> -</div> -</div> -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_845">[845]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">CXIII. <i>An Account of several rare Species -of Barnacles. In a Letter to Mr.</i> Isaac -Romilly, <i>F.R.S. from</i> John Ellis, <i>Esq; -F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> -<p class="right">London, Dec. 21. 1758.</p> -<p> -Dear Sir, -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read Dec. 21, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">THOSE rare and very extraordinary -new species of Barnacles, which -you have lately received from abroad, are so different -from any of the common species, that I have seen, -that I was resolved to inquire into the nature of an -animal, which, like a Proteus, appears in so many<span class="pagenum" id="Page_846">[846]</span> -different shapes or coverings in different parts of <span class="err" title="original: the the">the</span> - world. For this end I have consulted that excellent -collection in the British Museum, and some -others in the cabinets of my curious friends.</p> - -<p>In this inquiry I met with some very rare ones, -which have not yet been described, as you will observe -in the annexed plate [<i>See</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a href="#XXXIV">XXXIV.</a>], -where I have given exact drawings of yours, as well -as the other species of this genus.</p> - -<p>This marine animal is called, by writers on natural -history, Balanus, and Concha Anatifera: but the -celebrated Professor at Upsal, Dr. Linnæus, calls the -internal active part, or fish, the Animal Triton, and -the covering or testaceous habitation Lepas, which -he says is a multivalved shell, composed of unequal -valves. The Animal Triton he describes, as having -an oblong body, a mouth with a tongue in it, twisted -about in a spiral manner; sixteen tentacula or claws: -six of the hinder ones on each side, he says, are -cheliferous.</p> - -<p>This account differing from that given by the ingenious -Mr. Turberville Needham, F.R.S. in his -Microscopical Essays, I shall give the character of -this animal, as it appeared to me from the many -observations I made on it, while alive in salt water; -and these I compared not only with many dried specimens -of other varieties, but likewise with some of -yours, that were preserved in spirits; and I found -that the parts of the animal agree in all the species.</p> - -<p>The experiments, that I made, were on the common -English Barnacle, which is very frequently met -with, at this time of the year, on oysters and other -shell-fish. The microscope, that I made use of to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_847">[847]</span> -observe it, was Mr. Cuff’s aquatic one; where the animal, -when taken out of the shell, may be put into the -watch-glass with salt water, or spread on the round -glass plate on the stage of the microscope, and kept -moist with a hair pencil and salt water during the -time of observation: this will keep the claws and -proboscis alive and in motion for many hours together.</p> - -<p>This animal has 24 claws, or cirrhi (<i>See Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXIV">A</a>), -which are disposed in the following manner: the -12 longest stand erect, arising from the back part of -the animal: they are all joined in pairs near the bottom, -and inserted in one common base. These appear -like so many yellow curled feathers: they are -clear, horny, and articulated. Every joint is furnished -with two rows of hairs on the concave side. -The animal, in order to catch its prey, is continually -extending and contracting these arched hairy claws, -which serve it for a net.</p> - -<p>The 12 smallest claws are placed next to these, -six on each side: these are divided into pairs; that -is, two claws to one stem, like the chelæ or claws -of the crab. These are more pliable, and fuller of -hairs, than the others, and seem to do the office of -hands for the animal.</p> - -<p>The whole number of claws lessen in size gradually -each way, from the tallest in the back, to the -last but one of each side in the front; which last -two are of the middle size.</p> - -<p>The proboscis, or trunk, rises from the middle of -the base of the larger claws, and is longer than any -of them: this the animal moves about in any direction -with great agility: it is of a tubular figure,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_848">[848]</span> -transparent, composed of rings lessening gradually to -the extremity, where it is surrounded with a circle -of small bristles, which likewise are moveable at the -will of the animal. These, with other small hairs -on the trunk, disappear when it dies.</p> - -<p>Along the inside of this transparent proboscis the -spiral dark-coloured tongue appears very plain: this -the animal contracts and extends at pleasure.</p> - -<p>The mouth appears like that of a contracted -purse, and is placed in front, between the fore claws. -In the folds of this membraneous substance are six or -eight horny laminæ or teeth standing erect, each -having a tendon proper to direct its motion. Some -of these teeth are serrated, others have tufts of sharp -hairs instead of indentations on the convex side, that -point down into the mouth; so that no animalcule -that becomes their prey can escape back.</p> - -<p>Under the mouth lie the stomach, intestines, and -the tendons by which they adhere to the shell.</p> - -<p>This then is the general character of the animal of -the whole genus, whether with stems or without.</p> - -<p>I shall now give you a short description of the several -kinds I have met with, besides those of your -own, and shall divide them into two kinds; those -that have stems, and those that adhere by their shelly -bases.</p> - -<p>The first and most remarkable of those that have -stems is the Barnacle, <a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 1.</a> This differs from the -Lepas of Linnæus in not having a testaceous, only a -cartilaginous or fleshy covering. On the top of it -are two erect tubular figures like ears: these have a -communication with the internal parts of the animal -(<a href="#XXXIV"><i>See Fig. 1. b</i></a>). These inner parts agree with the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_849">[849]</span> -general character already given. The stem, which -is here dissected, was full of a soft spongy yellow -substance, which appeared, when magnified, to consist -of regular oval figures, connected together by -many small fibres, and no doubt are the spawn of -the animal.</p> - -<p>This extraordinary animal (of which there were -seven together) was found sticking to the Whale -Barnacle (<a href="#XXXIV"><i>See fig.</i> 1. & 7.</a>), by Mr. Smith of Stavenger -in Norway, who cut both kinds together off a -whale’s lip, that was thrown upon that coast last -year, 1757, and immediately immersed them in spirits -of wine; by which means we have been able -more exactly to describe them.</p> - -<p>I have called this animal the Naked Fleshy Barnacle -with Ears; but it appears to claim the name -of Triton rather than Lepas, according to Linnæus, -as having no shelly habitation.</p> - -<p><a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 2.</a> is the next animal of this class: this is not -yet described. I found several of them sticking to -the Warted Norway Sea Fan, which Dr. Pantoppidan, -the Bishop of North Bergen, sent you: from -its appearance, I have called it the Norway Sea Fan -Penknife. The stem of this is covered with little -testaceous scales. The upper part of the animal is -inclosed in thirteen distinct shells, six on each side, -besides the hinge-shell at the back, which is common -to both sides: these are connected together by -a membrane that lines the whole inside. One of -these is magnified a little at <a href="#XXXIV">fig. 2. <i>a</i></a>, in order to express -the figure and situation of each shell the better.</p> - -<p><a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 3.</a> is taken from D’Argentville’s <i>Lithologie, -Pl. 30. fig.</i> H, who says it is found in the British<span class="pagenum" id="Page_850">[850]</span> -channel sticking to sea plants; and that these shells -consist of five pieces. This, from its appearance, I -have called the British Channel Penknife, to distinguish -it from the other.</p> - -<p><a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 4.</a> is a species of Barnacle called Poussepieds -by the French, and described by Rondeletius as commonly -found adhering to rocks on the coast of Brittany. -He says the people there boil and eat the stem, -which is first of a mouse-colour, and afterwards becomes -red like our prawns. There are many heads, -that arise out of one stem, each of which consists of -two shells, in which are the same parts of the animal -as in the other species. This I have called the -Cornucopia Barnacle. Some of the shells of this -Barnacle were drawn from a specimen in the British -Museum. This Lepas is the Mitella of Linnæus.</p> - -<p><a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 5. and 6.</a> are the Barnacles called Conchæ -Anatiferæ: these are the sorts so well known to -sailors, and formerly supposed to produce a large -species of duck called a Barnacle. These consist of -five shells. The tube, that supports one of these -kinds, branches out like some species of corallines, -bearing a shelled animal at the end of each branch. -They are generally found adhering to pieces of wood -in the sea, and most ships have some of them sticking -to their bottoms. Those of the southern and -warmer climates are generally of a larger kind than -those of the colder and more northern climates.</p> - -<p>The next division of these animals is, those that -adhere by the base of their shells, having no stems.</p> - -<p>Here I must observe, that the bottoms of the several -species of this division conform in shape to the -substances they adhere to, or grasp them in such a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_851">[851]</span> -peculiar manner, as to render their situation secure -from the violence of the element they live in. Another -provision of nature for the security of these -animals are the four opercula, which, upon their retreating -into the great shell, they can draw to so close -after them, as to secure themselves from outward -danger.</p> - -<p><a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 7.</a> represents the Whale Barnacle, called Pediculus -Ceti, just as it was cut off the whale’s lip, with -the seven naked Barnacles with ears, already described. -<a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 7.a</a> is the bottom of the shell. This -has the appearance of the gills of a mushroom. All -the spaces between these laminæ were filled with the -blubber of the whale: by this means they adhere to -the gristly skin of the fish. The narrow cavities between -the branched laminæ are the places where the -ligaments or tendons, that move the opercula, are -inserted.</p> - -<p><a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 8.</a> is the Cup Barnacle, taken off an East India -ship from Sumatra. The testaceous flat bottom of -this was marked with the seams and lines of the -sheathing, and with the rust of the nails. In one -of these shells the animal is represented protruding -his claws thro’ the opercula.</p> - -<p><a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 9.</a> is called the Bell-shaped Barnacle. This -was taken off the bottom of a ship from Jamaica, -and had its flat testaceous base marked as the former.</p> - -<p><a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 10.</a> This represents part of a most elegant -specimen in the curious collection of Dr. John Fothergill. -It is called the Tulip Barnacle, and very -properly, as well from the shape of its shell, as the -beautiful stripes of red mixt with white. It adheres -to a piece of the true red coral, and was fished up<span class="pagenum" id="Page_852">[852]</span> -near Leghorn, on the coast of Italy. It is not improbable, -but that these groups of Barnacles, growing -at the same time with the animals that formed -the red coral, may have received an addition to their -fine red colour from the coral.</p> - -<p><a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 11.</a> is a group of Barnacles of a conical form, -composed of purplish tubes like small quills. <a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> -11.a</a> represents one of the same, with a view of its -base, from the collection of Mr. Peter Collinson, -F.R.S. This was brought from the East Indies. -The insides of these shells have the appearance of -the spongy parts of bones.</p> - -<p><a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 12.</a> is called the Tortoise-wart Barnacle, being -often found upon that animal. This shell is of a -plano-convex shape, and looks like polished ivory. -The divisions between the valves represent a star with -six points. If these shells are put into soap lees, they -will in a few hours separate into six pieces or valves, -each shelly valve having two ears, like the scallop-shell: -so that this species has its valves connected by -membranes, instead of testaceous sutures, as most -of the others have. <i><a href="#XXXIV">Fig. 12. a</a></i> represents the under -part of the same shell.</p> - -<p><a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 13.</a> This shell is marked with six rays like a -star, as the former; but is much deeper in proportion -to its diameter. Several of this kind were found -sticking to a crab, that was lately brought from the -island of Nevis; from whence I have called it the -American Crabs-wart.</p> - -<p><a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 14.</a> is called the Side-mouth Barnacle. This -was found on the southern coast of Africa, near the -Cape of Good Hope, where it adheres to a particular -species of striated purple muscle. <a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 14.a</a> represents<span class="pagenum" id="Page_853">[853]</span> - two of the opercula of this Barnacle remarkably -horned. The shell of this is very thin; but its obliquity -may probably be owing to its situation.</p> - -<p><a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 15.</a> This egg-shaped Barnacle with a small -mouth is found in clusters sticking to the Buccinum -tribe of shells in the West Indies.</p> - -<p><a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 16.</a> is the Cornish Barnacle, shaped like a -cone, and with a small mouth. This is described -and figured by the Revᵈ. Mr. William Borlase, F.R.S. -in his Natural History of Cornwall, lately published.</p> - -<p><a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 17.</a> This is the common English Barnacle, -that is found in such plenty upon all rocks and shells -round this island. From the animal of this, examined -in the microscope, I have taken the character -of the fish of the Barnacle genus.</p> - -<p><a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 18.</a> This I have called the Limpet-shaped -Barnacle, from its likeness to some species of that -shell. I am indebted to our late worthy member, -Mr. Arthur Pond, for this shell, who assured me it -was brought to him from Greenland. It was, with -several more, found sticking to a very large species -of muscle.</p> - -<p><a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 19.a.</a> This Sea-Fan, with the Barnacles inclosed -in it, was brought from Gibraltar. I have -called it the Slipper Barnacle, from its shape. <i>See</i> -<a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 19.</a> These shell-fish adhere, while they are -young, to the slender branches, which are produced -by the animals that compose this species of Sea-fan; -and as the next succession of young animals of this -sea-fan creep up its sides, to increase the bulk and -extension of these first-formed ramifications, they inclose -the shells all round, leaving only their mouths -or apertures open, for the Barnacles to procure their<span class="pagenum" id="Page_854">[854]</span> -food. But it frequently happens, that the animals -of the Sea-fans destroy these Barnacles, by overrunning -and involving them in the very center of their -stems. These small Barnacles, interspersed here and -there on the branches, have been taken for fruit or -berries by some gentlemen, who look upon the internal -or horny part of the Sea-fans to be vegetables.</p> - -<p><a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 20.</a> is a very curious Barnacle, taken from an -elegant specimen in the British Museum; which, -from its figure, I have called the Persian Crown.</p> - -<p class="p2">I shall now add some further observations on the -nature of these animals.</p> - -<p>Upon opening the shells of many of the common -English Barnacles (<a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 1.</a>) while they were alive, -I found the lower part of the shell, which contained -a cavity equal to two thirds of the whole, full of -spawn; so that the Barnacles, which adhere by the -base of their shells, as well as those that are supported -by fleshy tubes, are propagated by eggs, which they -send forth in inconceivable numbers; as appears by -the clusters of young shells, which we find adhering -not only to the parent animals, but to all hard substances -near them.</p> - -<p>The bottom shell of these animals, as well as -their upper shells, vary in form according to their -situation, which occasions some difficulty in determining -their several species with exactness. The -form of the base shell of our common English Barnacle, -is the flat radiated figure represented adhering -to a scallop shell in the front of a group of them at -<a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 17.</a> The Barnacles at <a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 8. 9. 14. 15. and -20.</a> have the same kind of base.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_855">[855]</span> - -I have very lately observed a singular kind of flat -Balanus, on a white Mandrepora coral from the coast -of Italy, in the possession of Mr. Mendez D’Acosta, -F.R.S. whose base appears sunk into the coral, and -of the form of an inverted cone, bending a little to -one side. The inward surface of this conical base -shell appears curiously striated with tubular radii, -which terminate on the surface of the coral, to receive -the extremities of the six valves, that compose -the upper shell. This peculiar form of the base -seems owing to the animals of the coral and of the -Barnacle growing up together, the latter keeping -possession of its proper space, while the former grew -close about it.</p> - -<p>The bottom shell of the Barnacle like a Limpet, -at <a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 18.</a> increases from a small point by many -thin shelly margins, which exactly correspond to the -indentations which we observe on the base of the -outward shell; so that it appears not unlike the -drawing of a fortification in miniature.</p> - -<p> -I am,</p> -<p class="center"> -Dear Sir,<br /> -<span class="margin">Your most affectionate Friend,</span><br /> - -<span class="margina"><span class="large">John Ellis.</span></span> -</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p class="hang"><i>P. S.</i> The Rev. Mr. William Borlase is now of -opinion, that the Cornish Barnacle at <i>Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXIV">16.</a> -which he has described in his History of Cornwall, -is rather a Limpet or Patella.</p> -</div> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_856">[856]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">CXIV. <i>A further Account of the poisonous -Effects of the</i> Oenanthe Aquatica Succo -viroso crocante <i>of</i> Lobel, <i>or</i> Hemlock -Dropwort, <i>by</i> W. Watson, <i>M.D. F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<p class="center"><i>To the</i> <span class="smcap">Royal Society</span>.</p> -<p> -Gentlemen, -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read Dec. 21, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">IN the month of June 1746. I communicated -to you some observations -concerning the <i>Oenanthe aquatica Succo viroso crocante</i> -of Lobel, in relation to its poisonous effects upon -some French prisoners at Pembroke. These observations -were afterwards published in the <i>Philosophical -Transactions</i><a id="FNanchor_225" href="#Footnote_225" class="fnanchor">[225]</a>, with an accurate representation of -the plant itself, from an original drawing by that -compleat artist Mr. Ehret. This at that time I -thought the more necessary, as it was of no small -importance to the public, to be well acquainted with -a plant, the effects of which, when taken into our -bodies, were so much to be dreaded. This account -of mine, as well as the representation of the plant, -were republished from the Transactions into the periodical -works of that time; from whence a more -extensive knowlege of and acquaintance with this -plant might have been hoped for. A late instance -however has evinced, that these endeavours have not -had their full effect, as the plant in question is not -yet sufficiently known, and attended to.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_857">[857]</span></p> -<p>John Midlane, a cabinet-maker of Havant in -Hampshire, aged about 58, and of a gross habit of -body, was advised to make use of the water parsnep, -as a remedy for a severe scorbutic disorder, which -he had long been troubled with; and for which he -had taken a variety of medicines. Instead of the water -parsnep, which he purposed to take, there were gathered -for him some roots of the <i>oenanthe</i> above -mentioned; a large one of which was pounded in a -mortar, and the juice thereof squeezed through a -linen cloth, and amounted to about five spoonfuls. -This was suffered to stand all night, and the next -morning (Mar. 31. 1758.), at about half an hour past -five, he drank the whole quantity, except the sediment.</p> - -<p>In about an hour and half after he had taken this -juice, he walked about the town upon some business; -and a little before seven, upon his return home, -about an hundred yards from his own house, he -first complained that he was ill; and having walked -about thirty yards further, was so bad as to go into -a neighbour’s house to rest himself. He was soon -led from thence to his own house by two men, and -told them, that he was affected as though he had -lost the use of his limbs. When he was placed -in his chair, he complained greatly of pain all over -him; but particularly in his head. His stomach was -immediately after affected, and he had great reachings -to vomit. At the second attempt he threw up about -half a pint of a clear watry liquor; at the first and -third attempt he discharged scarce any thing. He -was then seized with a great propensity to go to stool, -which went off in about three minutes. After this,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_858">[858]</span> -he with the greatest difficulty was conducted upstairs - to bed, where he pulled off part of his cloaths -himself. When he was put to bed, he was attacked -with very severe convulsions, which in about a -quarter of an hour deprived him of his senses; and -continued, with a few intermissions, till he died, a -little before nine o’clock; which was about three -hours and half after the juice had been taken. A profuse -sweat accompanied the whole of these symptoms: -he foamed considerably at the mouth, and his belly -swelled greatly. He purged very much soon after -he was dead, but not before.</p> - -<p>As this poor man had taken this dose before his -family were up, no one could imagine from whence -his disorder arose; and consequently the apothecary, -who was called to him, was able to form a judgment -of his case only from the symptoms; as on his coming -he found his patient senseless, and who had not, -while his mind was undisturbed, told any one the -probable cause of his complaints. He took from -him however about ten ounces of blood, and endeavoured -to get some <i>vinum ipecacuanhæ</i> into his -mouth: but his jaws were closed so fast, not above -a spoonful passed, and that by the accident of his -mouth opening of itself.</p> - -<p>The symptoms, with which the person above-mentioned -was attacked, were much the same as -those which were observed in the French prisoners, -who were poisoned by the same root at Pembroke. -In both instances occurred those severe muscular -spasms, which kept the under jaw so close to the -upper, that, while the spasm continued, scarce any -force could separate them. In both instances likewise - a considerable time passed before the persons, -who had eaten of this root, though they had taken -enough of it to destroy them, perceived themselves -disordered by it.</p> -<div class="sync"> </div> -<div class="figcenter illowp96" id="facing859" style="max-width: 89.9375em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XXXV"></a>XXXV. <i>p. <a href="#Page_859">859</a></i>.</div> - <img class="w100" src="images/facing859.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="right"><i><span class="small">J. Mynde sc.</span></i></div> -</div><div class="sync"> </div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_859">[859]</span></p> - -<p>I am obliged for this communication to Richard -Warner, Esq; of Woodford, a gentleman of great -merit, whose zeal for the promotion of useful knowlege -I have many times experienced.</p> - -<p>The expediency of laying before you observations -of this sort, which may tend, by making people -careful of what they take, to the saving the lives of -many, makes no apology necessary for so doing. I -am, with all possible regard,</p> - -<p class="center"> -Gentlemen,<br /> -<span class="margin">Your most obedient humble Servant,</span><br /> - -<span class="margina"><span class="large">W. Watson.</span></span></p> -<p> -Lincoln’s-Inn-Fields, -20 Dec. 1758. -</p> -<hr /> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">CXV. <i>Extract of a Letter to</i> John Eaton -Dodsworth, <i>Esq; from Dr.</i> George Forbes -<i>of</i> Bermuda, <i>relating to the</i> Patella, <i>or</i> -Limpet Fish, <i>found there</i>.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="right"> -2 April, 1758. -</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Dec. 21, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">AS a curiosity for your esteemed -friend Mr. Theobald, the Captain -will deliver you two fishes, intirely singular here, -and never before observed amongst us. The one is -of the shell kind, and changed its figure so often, -that it was difficult to make a drawing. However<span class="pagenum" id="Page_860">[860]</span> -I got a young man to take it in two different positions, -and have sent the drawings with the fish. <i>See</i> -<span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a href="#XXXV">XXXV.</a></p> - -<p>The small one may be called the sea-batt; and in -some sort resembles that species of animals when it -is swimming.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><i>Additional Remark by</i> Charles Morton, <i>M.D. F.R.S.</i></p> - -<p>The Patella, or Limpet Fish, whose generic characters, -as enumerated by Bishop Wilkins, are, that -it is an exanguious testaceous animal, not turbinated; -an univalve, or having but one shell; being unmoved; -sticking fast to rocks or other things; the convexity -of whose shell doth somewhat resemble a short obtuse-angled -cone, having no hole on the top.</p> -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">CXVI. <i>A Discourse on the</i> Cinnamon, Cassia, -<i>or</i> Canella. <i>By</i> Taylor White, <i>Esquire, -F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Dec. 21, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">THE Cinnamon, Cassia, or Canella, -are shrubs of no great height: -they grow in Ceylon, Malabar, Java, Sumatra, and -other places in the East Indies; as I think, in the island -of St. Thomas, and on the coast of Coromandel.</p> - -<p>They are described by Mr. Ray, in his <i>History of -Plants</i>, vol. ii. f. 1559. under the title <i>de Arboribus -Pruniferis</i>.</p><div class="sync"> </div> -<div class="figcenter illowp56" id="facing860" style="max-width: 152.375em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XXXVI"></a>XXXVI. <i>p. <a href="#Page_860">860</a></i>.</div> - <img class="w100" src="images/facing860.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="right"><i><span class="small">J. Mynde. sc.</span></i></div> -</div> -<div class="sync"> </div> -<p>Linnæus, in his <i>Species Plantarum</i>, places them -under the title <i>Enneandria Monogynia</i>, by the name -Laurus.</p> - -<p>The leaf, flower, and fruit, of this plant, are particularly -described by Mr. Ray.</p> - -<p>The leaf is smooth and shining; has one large -vein running thro’ the midst, and a remarkable one -on each side; the middle one generally running near -the length of the leaf.</p> - -<p>The leaves differ in shape, some being more acute, -others more oval or obtuse.</p> - -<p>The flowers grow in an umbel, somewhat like the -Laurus Tinus; but they are small, consisting of one -petal, of a tubular form at the bottom, and divided -at the top into six segments in the form of a star.</p> - -<p>The flowers are succeeded by berries growing out -of a capsula, like acorns in shape; which berries -contain a shining seed.</p> - -<p>The description of Mr. Ray of the flower, in his -description of the Cinnamon of Malabar, is extremely -accurate; as is also the figure in the <i>Hortus -Malabaricus</i>, Nº. 54. and the description, fol. 107. -under the name Carua. I shall therefore refer to -those.</p> - -<p>I shall not trouble you with the question debated -by Mr. Ray, whether the Cinnamon and Cassia of -the ancients were, or were not, the same with those -so called by the moderns? whether the Cinnamon -of the ancients was the twigs of the tree bearing -cloves, or any plant now unknown to us? Mr. Ray -has largely treated on this subject; and to him I refer -such as are curious to be informed on this subject.</p> - -<p>But as the Cinnamon and Cassia of the ancients -are said to have been used as perfumes, and to make<span class="pagenum" id="Page_862">[862]</span> -perfumed ointments, I think they must have differed -from ours, whose smell is not very fragrant, nor is -emitted to any great distance.</p> - -<p>The matter of the present inquiry is, whether the -Cinnamon of Ceylon is the same sort of plant with -that growing in Malabar, Sumatra, <i>&c.</i> differing only -by the soil or climate, in which it grows, which is the -opinion of Garcias; or from the culture or manner -of curing the plant, as I am inclined to believe; or -whether it is really a different genus or species of -plant, as many people believe, and some botanical -writers seem to indicate.</p> - -<p>I shall endeavour to explain this matter by producing, -1st, The descriptions of the most celebrated -authors:</p> - -<p>2dly, By producing the most accurate figures of -the plants of Sumatra and Ceylon: [<i>See Tab.</i> <a href="#XXXVI">xxxvi.</a>]</p> - -<p>3dly, By shewing the specimen of the leaves and -branches brought from Sumatra.</p> - -<p>I have no specimen from Ceylon; but have carefully -examined the specimens kept in the British Museum, -with the assistance of Dr. Maty and Mr. Empson, -and compared them with the specimens I have -from Sumatra; from whence I traced exactly the -figures brought herewith: which specimens are undoubtedly -brought from Ceylon, and were the collections -of Boerhaave, Courteen, Plukenet, and Petiver.</p> - -<p>But, previous to this inquiry, I would premise, -that the writers, who give the description of the -Cinnamon of Ceylon, were probably not acquainted -with that of Malabar at the time of their publishing -their works.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_863">[863]</span></p> - -<p>Mr. Ray also, who so accurately describes the -flower of the Cinnamon of Malabar, seems not so -well acquainted with its fruit; and probably had -then never seen the specimens of the Cinnamon from -Ceylon; for his description is plainly borrowed from -others, and not his own. Tho’ I have reason to -think he afterwards saw the specimens of Mr. Courteen, -and was convinced, that the plants were the -same.</p> - -<p>In his description of the Cinnamon of Ceylon, he -supposes differences in the manner of veining the -leaf, which are not found in the leaves themselves. -He supposes, that the Cinnamon of Ceylon differs -from that of Malabar by its berries growing in cups -like acorns; which is apparently the same in both, -as may be seen in its figure in the <i>Hortus Malabaricus</i>.</p> - -<p>The other differences taken notice of by the botanic -writers are as follow:</p> - -<p>In the <i>Flora Zeylanica</i>, p. 545. and in the <i>Materia -Medica</i>, 190. the Cinnamon of Ceylon is called -<i>Laurus foliis trinerviis ovato-oblongis nervis unientibus</i>: -which description is adhered to in the <i>Hortus -Cliffordiensis</i>, p. 154. under the name <i>Laurus foliis -oblongo-ovatis nitidis planis</i>. And Burman, in his -<i>Flora Zeylanica</i>, 62. T. 27. calls it <i>Cinamomum foliis -latis ovatis</i>. Whereas the Cassia of Sumatra is distinguished -by these writers: that in <i>Flora Zeyl.</i> 146. -and in <i>Materia Medica</i>, 191. is called <i>Laurus foliis -trinerviis lanceolatis nervis supra basin unitis</i>: and -Burman, <i>Zeylan.</i> 63. T. 28. calls it <i>Cinamomum perpetuo -florens folio tenuiore acuto</i>.</p> - -<p>The distinction therefore, which these writers would -make us believe there is between these plants, consists<span class="pagenum" id="Page_864">[864]</span> -in the leaves of the one being oval, the other sharp-pointed; -and that the nerves are limited at the bottom -in the Cinnamon, but not so in the Cassia: for as to -the <i>semper florens</i>, mentioned by Burman, that must -undoubtedly be common to both.</p> - -<p>Now as to the different shape of the leaves, we -know how often this happens by seminal varieties, -and from the age of plants, as in the leaves of holly -and ivy; and that even the shapes of leaves vary -greatly on the very same plant, and sometimes on -the same branch; as in the ash, and many other -plants, the leaves of the young shoots are more oval -than those on the old boughs, which are generally -more pointed. But this variety is much more frequent -in the plants of warm countries. In the sassafras, -part of the leaves generally near the bottom of -the plant are plain, whilst the other leaves are divided -into three lobes or segments. I have observed -great difference also in the leaves of almost every -one of the American oaks.</p> - -<p>In the Virginian cedar, the berries of the same plant -produce some plants with juniper leaves, and others -with leaves like the savin; and some plants with -both leaves growing on the same plant.</p> - -<p>I must observe that Burman has, in his figures -of the two plants before mentioned, made them -extremely different. In that of Ceylon he has made -all the leaves oval; and, to make the difference -greater, has drawn the rudiments of the berries; to -which he has added the flower, or part of it, at the -top of the style or rudiment of the fruit: and in -that of Malabar he has drawn the flower growing in -the umbel.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_865">[865]</span></p> - -<p>On these drawings I must observe, that his drawing -of the Cinnamon of Ceylon agrees with no one -specimen in the British Museum; and scarcely is -one leaf to be found of the shape, which he gives.</p> - -<p>The first figure, which I shall produce, is a drawing -which I procured from the ingenious Mr. Ehret -in the year 1754: which, as I am informed by Mr. -Empson, was from a specimen, given to Mr. Ehret -by him in that year, of the Cinnamon of Ceylon. -<i>See Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXVI">1.</a></p> - -<p>This agrees in every thing with the drawing of the -Cinnamon of Malabar in the <i>Hort. Malab.</i> fig. 54. -fol. 107. and there called Carua; except that it -wants the fruit: but that defect is supplied by Mr. -Ray’s description of the Cinnamon of Ceylon above -mentioned. <i>See fig. of the fruit, Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXVI">2.</a></p> - -<p>In the figure in the <i>Hort. Malabar.</i> it may be observed, -that the nerves do not go quite to the bottom -of the leaf. But this is merely accidental, as -will appear by the leaves of the same plant brought -from Sumatra, which I shall produce; in which, part -of the leaves have veins going quite to the bottom, -and united there, and the others not so. <i>See Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXVI">3.</a></p> - -<p>The next drawing I shall produce contains that -of the leaves of the Cinnamon plant, from specimens -in the British Museum.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXVI">4</a>. A specimen, with the flower, from the -collection of Mr. Courteen, who lived long in -Ceylon. These leaves were more pointed, but -were broke at the end.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXVI">5</a>. A whole leaf, with its point, in the same -collection, growing on a branch, on which are -the rudiments of the fruit.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_866">[866]</span></p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXVI">6</a>. A leaf in Plukenet’s specimens.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXVI">7</a>. Another leaf of the same collection, and -of the same plant.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXVI">8</a>. A leaf of a large specimen from Boerhaave’s -collection.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXVI">9</a>. Another leaf on the same branch.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXVI">10</a>. A specimen from Petiver’s collection. -The points of the leaves are broken off.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXVI">11</a>. The flower of the first specimen.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXVI">12</a>. In the rudiment of the seed before formed, -in the state given in Burman’s first drawing.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Note</i>, It is to be observed also, that the specimens -of the Cinnamon of Ceylon are probably of -cultivated plants.</p> -</div> - -<p>From all these specimens it plainly appears, that -the distinction of <i>foliis ovatis & lanceolatis</i> does not -appear well founded.</p> - -<p>But were it otherwise, and that the leaves of the -plants differed, it would by no means be a proof of -any material difference in the nature or quality of the -plants; as is well known to persons conversant in -natural history.</p> - -<p>Before I leave this subject of the description of the -plant, it may be proper to mention, that Bauhin -calls the one of these plants <i>Cinnamomum</i> or <i>Canella -Malabarica & Javanensis</i>, and the other <i>Cinnamomum -Canella Zeylanica</i>, Bauhin. <i>pinax</i> 408 and 409; but -neither from these names, nor from his description, -can any conclusive argument be formed: and that -Herman, in his <i>Hort. Lugd. Batav.</i> 129. t. 1655. -calls this Cinnamon of Ceylon <i>Cassia Cinnamonia</i>.</p> - -<p>If any conjecture can arise from hence, it may be, -that the Cinnamon of Ceylon was formerly, as well<span class="pagenum" id="Page_867">[867]</span> -as that of Sumatra and Malabar, called Cassia; but -that the Dutch writers, being acquainted with the -excellent qualities, which the ancients ascribed to their -Cinnamon, chose to add the name Cinnamon to that -of Cassia: and in process of time they have found -the name of Cinnamon more profitable than that of -Cassia, by which we chuse to call our Canella, to -our national loss of many thousands a year.</p> - -<p>Having now given an account of the figure of -these plants, and in what respect they are said herein -to differ; I shall proceed to consider the pretended -differences in the Canella itself; which are supposed -not to be in form only, but substantial and material; -and are generally understood to be so by persons supposed -to be acquainted with the subject.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ray states this matter fully in his <i>Hist. Plant.</i> -vol. ii. p. 1560. in these words: <i>Officinæ nostræ Cassiam -ligneam a Cinnamomo seu Canella distinctam faciunt, -Cassiam Cinnamomo crassiorem plerumque esse, -colore rubicundiorem, substantiâ duriorem, solidiorem -& compactiorem, gustu magis glutinoso, odore quidem -& sapore Cinnamomum aptius referre, tamen Cinnamomo -imbecilliorum & minus vegetam esse, ex accurata -observatione Tho. Johnson.</i></p> - -<p>From these reasons Mr. Ray draws a conclusion -(I must own not very instructive), that the Cinnamon -of Ceylon is Cinnamon; and the Cinnamon of -Malabar, &c. is the Cassia of the shops.</p> - -<p>From the specimens I shall now produce, it will -most plainly appear, that these differences are merely -accidents arising from the age of the Canella, the -part of the tree from whence it is gathered, and -from the manner of cultivating and curing it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_868">[868]</span></p> - -<p>In the <i>Philosoph. Transact.</i> Nº. 278. p. 1099. in -Mr. Strachan’s account of Ceylon, which is abridged -by Eames and Martyn, vol. ii. p. 183. he says, that -there are two sorts of Cinnamon-trees, of which the -tree, which is esteemed the best, has a leaf much -larger and thicker than the other; but otherwise no -difference is to be perceived.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>Note</i>, Here is no mention of the <i>folio ovato</i>.</p> -</div> - -<p>I remember, in an account given some years ago -to the Royal Society, three or four sorts were mentioned; -and it was said the best sort was cut every -three or four years.</p> - -<p>This superiority I then guessed (as well as the difference -of leaves mentioned by Mr. Strachan) to -arise from the cutting the tree down every three or -four years; which occasioned it to produce strong -and vigorous shoots, thicker and larger leaves, as -well as greater quantity of bark, and of a superior -quality.</p> - -<p>A large shoot or sucker of this plant was produced -in the year 1750. or 51. by my worthy friend Dr. -William Watson, together with an account of the -Cinnamon-tree; which is published in the <i>Philosoph. -Transact.</i> vol. xlvii. p. 301. This shoot was a plain -proof to me, that the Cinnamon was frequently cut -down, and that this shoot arose from the root of a -plant so cut; for it was of the size of a walking-cane; -and no shrub could have produced such a -shoot, unless a strong plant cut down.</p> - -<p>This method of treating this plant accounts for -the mistake of Garcias, mentioned by Mr. Ray; <i>viz. -Quæ Garcias habet de duplice hujus arboris cortice -ad modum suberis, nobis suspecta sunt, quæque de deliberatione<span class="pagenum" id="Page_869">[869]</span> - semel triennio facta; non enim puto renascitur -cortex semel detractus.</i></p> - -<p>This shews, that the bark was gathered every -three years: but Mr. Ray was not acquainted, that -the plant was cut down, in order to take off the -bark, once in three years.</p> - -<p>In the account above mentioned to be given to the -Society by Dr. Watson, no descriptions are given -either of the plants of Ceylon, or Malabar; but he -quotes Burman, who says, that he had nine different -sorts of Cinnamon from Ceylon, of which that, -which is the best, is brought to us, and called by -the name <i>Rasse Coronde</i>.</p> - -<p>What the differences between these sorts were, -does not appear; whether in leaf or bark, or manner -of culture. And I must observe, that in all the -specimens in the British Museum I could observe -no difference of species. But this is to be understood, -that every sort coming from Ceylon is, by the -Dutch and by the shops, called Cinnamon; and that -of our own growth is by them always called Cassia. -The reason is obvious.</p> - -<p>The specimens, which I now produce, of the -Canella or bark of the Cinnamon of Sumatra, I procured -in the year 1755. from Mr. Tho. Combes, a -gentleman then in the service of the East India -Company in Sumatra, by means of a friend.</p> - -<p>I was then attempting to form a society for the -carrying on a General Natural History, to try proper -experiments, and to employ proper painters and engravers -suitable to the importance of the subject; and -therefore attempted to establish a correspondence in -those parts, whose productions are as yet little known -to the public.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_870">[870]</span></p> - -<p>I mention this design, because it would not be possible -else to explain what Mr. Combes means by -the word <i>Society</i>, which he so often mentions in his -letter; of which I shall produce an extract, so far -as it relates to the present inquiry.</p> - -<p>It seemed to me very improbable (as the same -plants are generally found in the same latitude and -soil), that the spices now in the possession of the -Dutch should grow only in that small tract of land, -which is in their possession. And I had many credible -informations, that, whatever they may pretend to the -contrary, this is only a pretence.</p> - -<p>I therefore desired to obtain the best information -of the nature and culture of the plants producing -spices, as well as of many other things, which are -foreign from this inquiry.</p> - -<p>I desired to know, how the spices were dried and -cured; and that different specimens might be sent -me of the plants, their seed, flower, leaf, and bark, -and properly cured and prepared.</p> - -<p>This produced the answer I lay before you herewith, -together with the specimens now produced.</p> - -<p>You see hereby, that the Dutch dry their Cinnamon -in sand; probably to take away that viscosity, -which is complained of in the Cassia.</p> - -<p>And you will observe also, that the specimen -produced dried and cured is also as free from any -viscosity, as the Cinnamon of Ceylon: That it agrees -also with the Cinnamon in every other quality, and -in colour; and that none of the distinctions mentioned -by Mr. Ray can be found herein; but that -they may arise from the part of the tree, from whence -the bark was taken; the inner bark of the large -wood being red, as you see by the other specimen<span class="pagenum" id="Page_871">[871]</span> -produced. And the common Cassia taken from the -larger branches, and not cured, has the viscosity -complained of in some degree, tho’ much less than -it had four years since, when I received it.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ray says, that one is weaker in taste, as he -supposes, than the other. That may be so from its -manner of drying, or keeping of it. Dried in large -quantities, and by a stronger heat, it will probably -be stronger, than if it is dried in a lesser quantity, and -slower.</p> - -<p>As for the viscosity, the glutinous part is found -in every plant in some degree, as well as in every -animal. It preserves the parts from moisture; but -will be consumed by heat or time; and it will be a -preservative to the plant, till it is destroyed; which -was the reason, as I suppose, that Mr. Ray mentions -Cassia to have kept good thirty years, the viscosity -not having been destroyed by drying.</p> - -<p>I suppose the reason, which the Dutch have to -dry it, is to make it sooner fit for the market, and -possibly fitter for distillation.</p> - -<p>You will see from Mr. Combes’s letters and specimens, -that he thinks there may be two sorts of -Cassia or Cinnamon in Sumatra: possibly there may -be the same difference in Ceylon; but, if so, I suspect -them both to be only seminal varieties, and that their -virtues are the same.</p> - -<p>Mr. Barlow, some time since a Surgeon in the -service of the India company, made a considerable -quantity of oil of the Cassia of Sumatra, which was -very little, if any thing, inferior to that drawn from -Cinnamon; and it was sold to great profit.</p> - -<p>If these plants are really the same, or if they are -of equal goodness, supposing there was a small difference<span class="pagenum" id="Page_872">[872]</span> - in the form of the leaf, it might be well -worth the attention of the East India company to try -to cultivate these plants in the manner they do in -Ceylon; that is, to make plantations in a proper -soil; and to have regard to the proper distance from -the sea of the place, where they try the experiment: -for some plants require to be near the sea, and others -far from it, in Sumatra; which is the case of the -Mango, and Mangosteen; the one of which must -be near the sea, the other at a distance from it.</p> - -<p>I think the plants should be suffered to grow -strong, to be six or seven years old, and then cut -every three years, the bark peel’d off and dried in -hot sand, and packed close and kept dry. This I -take to be all necessary to be done, to try, if our -Cinnamon will not produce as good a price as that -of the Dutch.</p> - -<p>Perhaps the plants need not stand so long before -cut; for the vegetation of plants in hot countries is -very great.</p> - -<p>There are many other most valuable vegetables in -Sumatra, which might be made staple commodities, as -sagoe, camphire, several sorts of ginger, rice, and many -other, which are foreign to the present inquiry.</p> - -<p>But it may not be amiss to recommend it to the -traders to Sumatra to bring some quantity of the -twig-bark of the true Cassia, well cured; and also -to the company, to have a chemist at Sumatra, to -extract carefully the oil of Cassia; which is best, and -in greatest quantities, produced from the bark of the -body, and of the larger branches of the tree: and -also that the company would procure an exemption -of all customs or duties on Cassia, or on the oil of -Cassia, for some time: and also that the college of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_873">[873]</span> -physicians in their dispensatory would direct Cassia -or Cinnamon of Malabar or Sumatra to be used, -instead of the Cinnamon of Ceylon; and that the -same should be used by apothecaries and distillers, -and in all simple and compound waters, in which -Cinnamon is used.</p> - -<p class="center p2"><i>Extract of a Letter from Mr.</i> <span class="smcap">Thomas Combes</span>, -<i>dated</i> Fort Marlborough, 5 Jan. 1755.</p> - -<p class="drop-capi">IN regard to the first article of your paper, now -before me, which is the inquiry desired to be -made concerning the spices, I am of opinion, that -the true Cinnamon grows no-where but on the island -of Ceylon, unless Cassia be allowed to be the same -tree, which I am inclined to think.</p> - -<p>Nº. 9. contains seeds of the Cassia or wild Cinnamon-tree. -As for the seeds of the true Cinnamon-tree, -I believe they are very difficult to be got; for -as the Dutch are the sole masters of this spice, and -get a good deal of money by it, I fancy, according -to their usual custom, they have very well guarded -against the transplantation of it. I hope however, -that these seeds will not be unacceptable to the society, -as Cassia itself is of some value; and as I am -very doubtful, whether this tree is not the same with -the true Cinnamon, being of opinion, that the difference -observed in them arises from the different -method of curing their barks, or from the taking -the bark from different parts of the tree, or at different -seasons, or of different ages, or perhaps all -these.</p> - -<p>I have made inquiry concerning this from some -very intelligent persons, and found them to be of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_874">[874]</span> -opinion, that the Cassia and Cinnamon-tree were of -the same genus. I have inquired further concerning -the method of curing it at Ceylon; but as this is done -by the natives, the Dutch are not very well acquainted -with it; nor could I obtain any good account of it, -different people giving me different relations. Some -said, it was the inner bark, some the middle, and -some the outer; tho’ of the young branches, they -seemed in general to agree, that it was gathered at a -certain season of the year, and that one part of the -cure was burying it in sand for some time. This -may be tried with Cassia, and may perhaps take away -that viscosity or glutinous quality observed by chewing -it, and which is the principal mark for distinguishing -it from Cinnamon. As to their chemical -oils, I have heard many people say, that they are -not distinguishable otherwise, than that from Cinnamon -is generally better, or, as it may be called, -stronger, than that from Cassia; and accordingly -bears a better price. But the Dutch company’s -chemist at Batavia, if I may give him this title, informed -me, that they are essentially different, and -plainly distinguishable. But I must confess myself -very doubtful of the knowlege or veracity of this -chemist, and strongly suspect, that they are no otherwise -different than in goodness, as many other oils -drawn from the same subject are.</p> - -<p>I observe the price of Cassia is greatly risen in -England within these two or three years; but whether -this be owing to an increase in the consumption, -or a decrease in the importation of this commodity, -I cannot say.</p> - -<p>The Dutch government of Batavia has this year, -in some new regulations of their trade, prohibited to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_875">[875]</span> -all persons the dealing in any of the fine quilled sort -of Cassia, and declared the same to be contraband, -and reserved for their company only; and put it -upon the same footing as their Cinnamon.</p> - -<p>What reasons induced them to this, I am yet a -stranger to; but it makes me suspect, that the rise -of this commodity in Europe is owing to some other -cause than a deficiency in the importation thereof. -Perhaps some discovery has been made rendering -Cassia equal to Cinnamon.</p> - -<p>In Persia, I think, they make not so great a difference -between them as elsewhere; and I myself, for -want of Cinnamon here for some months past, made -use of the fine quilled Cassia; and the difference I -observe between them I imagine to arise rather from -the greenness and want of dryness in the Cassia, than -any thing else, or perhaps from the method of curing -it: for if there happens to be a little too much Cassia -put into my chocolate (and other things I use in it), -a little bitterish taste arises, something like what we -meet with in most barks; tho’ I do not remember -to have observed this of Cinnamon: but as to its -boiling to a jelly, as Quincy mentions, I find no -such thing, and think it bears boiling as well as -Cinnamon. Nor do I think its distilled water more -subject to an empyreuma than that of Cinnamon.</p> - -<p>I have inquired of the country people here, who -bring it us, and they tell me the finest sort is the -inner bark of the small branches; and indeed that it -is the inner bark, I think, is evident in Cinnamon as -well as Cassia; no outer bark of the youngest branches -of any tree having, in my opinion, that smooth surface -observable in both these barks.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_876">[876]</span></p> - -<p>I once thought, that it was better to take the bark -from the body of the tree than from the branches, -imagining that the bark from the trunk or body of -all trees must in general be stronger, let its natural -taste be what it will, than from its branches. This -I find to be so in Cassia; and I have been informed, -that the large ligneous pieces of Cassia have afforded -rather more oil in distillation than the fine quilled -sort, their weight being equal; but upon trial I could -not make the bark from the trunk curl or roll up, as -it ought to do, owing, as I suppose, to my unskilfulness, -or to rigidity, or the natural position of its fibres; -for the bark of the younger branches curled of itself, -wanting hardly any other assistance than the -sun.</p> - -<p>I have already observed, that Cassia is found in -chewing to have a viscidness, which Cinnamon has -not. I have endeavoured to remove this in a little I -send you, marked B: pray let me know, if it answers; -and be assured, it was taken from the younger -branches of the tree, of which I send you the seeds.</p> - -<p>I send you also, marked C, some of the bark -taken from the same tree; as also some of the leaves, -marked D.</p> - -<p>I have sent you also a little of the bark of the -trunk of a tree, which, tho’ called Cassia, seems not -to be so, marked E; and also the leaves of the same -tree, marked F.</p> - -<p class="center p2">END <i>of the</i> <span class="smcap">Fiftieth Volume</span>.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_877">[877]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="AN"><small>AN</small> -<br /> - INDEX -<br /> - TO THE<br /> - FIFTIETH VOLUME -<br /> - OF THE -<br /> - <span class="smcap">Philosophical Transactions</span>, -<br /> - For the <span class="smcap">Years</span> 1757 and 1758.</h2> - -</div> -<ul class="hang"> -<li class="center">A</li> - -<li><span class="dropcap"><i>A</i></span><i>IR</i>, Remarks on the heat of it in July 1757, by Dr. J. Huxham; with some additional ones by Dr. W. Watson, page <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_428">428</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— on its different temperature at Edystone from that observed at Plymouth, between July 7 and 14, 1757, p. <a href="#Page_488">488</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Akenside</i>, Mark, M. D. his observations on the origin and use of the lymphatic vessels in animals, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_322">322</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Alga Marina latifolia</i>, observations on it, p. <a href="#Page_631">631</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Allegator</i>, the fossil bones of one, found on the sea-shore near Whitby, p. <a href="#Page_688">688</a>. -</li> -<li><i>America</i>, North, account of an earthquake felt in it Nov. 18. 1755. p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_1">1</a>. -</li> -<li><i>American</i> Sea Sun-Crown, observations on it, p. <a href="#Page_843">843</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Antiquities</i>, accounts of the late discoveries of some at Herculaneum, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_49">49</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_88">88</a>. <a href="#Page_619">619</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_878">[878]</span> -</li> -<li><i>Aneurism</i>, remarkable case of one in the principal artery of the thigh, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_363">363</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Apple</i>, the Manchenille, singular observations upon it, p. <a href="#Page_772">772</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Arderon</i>, Mr. William, abstract of a letter on giving magnetism and polarity to brass, p. <a href="#Page_774">774</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Assize</i>, the Black, at Oxford, account of it, p. <a href="#Page_699">699</a>. -</li> - -<li class="p2 center">B</li> - -<li><i>Baker</i>, Mr. Henry, his account of the Opuntia, or Prickly Pear, and of the Indigo plant, in colouring the juices of living animals, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_296">296</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— —— of the Sea Polypus, p. <a href="#Page_777">777</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Bark</i>, remarkable case of its efficacy in a mortification, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_379">379</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— —— —— in the delirium of a fever, p. <a href="#Page_609">609</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Barnacles</i>, an account of several rare species, p. <a href="#Page_845">845</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Baster</i>, Job. observationes de corallinis, iisque insidentibus Polypis, aliisque animalculis marinis, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_258">258</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Bladder</i>, human urinary, four rough stones extracted from it by the lateral method of cutting for the stone, p. <a href="#Page_579">579</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Blisters</i>, remarkable effects of them in lessening the quickness of the pulse in coughs attended with infarction of the lungs, p. <a href="#Page_569">569</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Bones</i>, some fossil ones of an allegator, found on the sea-shore near Whitby, p. <a href="#Page_688">688</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Borlase</i>, Rev. Mr. Wm. his account of some trees discovered under-ground on the sea-shore at Mount’s-Bay in Cornwall, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_51">51</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— —— —— of an earthquake in the west parts of Cornwall, July 15. 1757, p. <a href="#Page_499">499</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Bradley</i>, James, D. D. his observations on the comet of Sept. and Oct. 1757, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_408">408</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Brakenridge</i>, Rev. Wm. D. D. his answer to the Rev. Mr. Forster’s letter concerning the numbers and increase of the people of England, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_465">465</a>. -</li><li><span class="pagenum" id="Page_879">[879]</span> -<i>Brass</i>, abstract of a letter on giving magnetism and polarity to it, p. <a href="#Page_774">774</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Bridges</i>, concerning the fall of water under them, p. <a href="#Page_492">492</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Brydone</i>, Mr. Patrick, his account of a paralytic patient cured by electricity, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_392">392</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Burrow</i>, James, Esq; his account of an earthquake felt at Linfield in Surrey, and at Edenbridge in Kent, Jan. 24. 1758, p. <a href="#Page_614">614</a>. -</li> - -<li class="p2 center">C</li> - -<li><i>Carlsbad</i> mineral waters, account of them, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_25">25</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— their lithontriptic virtue, with lime-water and soap, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_386">386</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Case</i> of Lord Horace Walpole; being a sequel to that in Phil. Trans. vol. xlvii. p. 43 and 47,—p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_205">205</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Cassia</i>, or <i>Canella</i>, a discourse on it, by Taylor White, Esq.; p. <a href="#Page_860">860</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Cavendish</i>, Lord Charles, his description of some thermometers for particular uses, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_300">300</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Chapman</i>, Capt. Wm. his account of a method of distilling fresh water from sea-water by wood-ashes, p. <a href="#Page_635">635</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— —— —— of the fossil bones of an allegator found on the sea-shore near Whitby in Yorkshire, p. <a href="#Page_688">688</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Characters</i>, Phœnician Numeral, antiently used at Sidon, dissertation upon them, p. <a href="#Page_791">791</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Charts</i> and Maps, a short dissertation on them, p. <a href="#Page_563">563</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Chevalier</i>, Joan. observatio eclipsis lunæ die 27 Martii 1755, Olissipone habita, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_374">374</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— —— —— die 30 Julii 1757, Olissipone habita, p. <a href="#Page_769">769</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— observationes eclipsium satellitum Jovis, Olissipone habitæ, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_377">377</a>. -</li> -<li>—— ——, &c. observationes eclipsium satellitum Jovis, anno 1757, Olissipone habitæ, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_378">378</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— et Theodor. de Almeida, observationes eclipsis lunæ die 4 Feb. ann. 1757, Olissipone habitæ, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_376">376</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_880">[880]</span> -</li> -<li><i>Cinnamon</i>, a discourse on it, by Taylor White, Esq; p. <a href="#Page_860">860</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Coin</i>, a Parthian, with a Greek and Parthian legend, some remarks on it, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_175">175</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Collet</i>, John, M. D. his letter concerning the peat-pit near Newbury in Berkshire, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_109">109</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Comet</i>, observations on that of Sept. and Oct. 1757, made at the Royal Observatory, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_408">408</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— made at the Hague, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_438">438</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Convulsive Fits</i>, case of a boy troubled with them, cured by the discharge of worms, p. <a href="#Page_518">518</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Convulsions</i>, some extraordinary effects arising from them, p. <a href="#Page_743">743</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Coral</i>, Red, a very singular kind from the Indies, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_159">159</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Corallinis</i> de, iisque insidentibus polypis, aliisque animalculis marinis observationes, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_258">258</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Cornwall</i>, account of an earthquake in the west parts of it, July 15, 1757, p. <a href="#Page_499">499</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Corona</i> Solis Marina Americana, observations on it, p. <a href="#Page_843">843</a>. -</li> - -<li class="p2 center">D</li> - -<li><i>Da Costa</i>, Emanuel Mendez, his account of the impressions of plants on the slates of coals, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_228">228</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Darwin</i>, Erasmus, M.D. his remarks on the opinion of Henry Eles, Esq; concerning the ascent of vapour, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_240">240</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Delirium</i>, of a fever, an extraordinary case of the efficacy of the bark in one, p. <a href="#Page_609">609</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Diseases</i>, effects of electricity in the cure of some particular ones, p. <a href="#Page_695">695</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Dodson</i> and Mountaine, tables of the variation of the magnetic needle by them, adapted to every 5 degrees of lat. and long. in the more frequented oceans, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_329">329</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Dollond</i>, Mr. John, his account of some experiments concerning the different refrangibility of light, p. <a href="#Page_733">733</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Dust</i>, Black, an extraordinary shower, which fell in the island of Zetland, Oct. 20. 1755, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_297">297</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_881">[881]</span> -</li> - -<li class="p2 center">E</li> - -<li><i>Earthquake</i>, account of one in the island of Sumatra, in the East Indies, Nov. and Dec. 1756, p. <a href="#Page_491">491</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— —— in the west parts of Cornwall, July 15, 1757, p. <a href="#Page_499">499</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— —— at Lingfield in Surrey, and Edenbridge in Kent, Jan. 24, 1758, p. <a href="#Page_614">614</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— —— at Herculaneum, p. <a href="#Page_619">619</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— —— in New England, and the neighbouring parts of America, Nov. 18, 1755, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_1">1</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— observations upon a very particular tho’ slight one, p. <a href="#Page_645">645</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Eclipsis</i> lunaris facta Matriti, a P. Joanne Wendlingen, die 30 Julii, 1757, p. <a href="#Page_640">640</a>. -</li> -<li>—— lunæ observatio, die 30 Julii, 1757, Olissipone habita, p. <a href="#Page_769">769</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— —— die 27 Martii, 1755, Olissipone habita, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_374">374</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— —— die 4 Februarii, 1757, Olissipone habita, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_376">376</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Eclipsium</i> satellitum Jovis observationes, Olissipone habitæ, anno 1757, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_378">378</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— —— observationes, Olissipone habitæ, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_377">377</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Edystone</i>, remarks on the different temperature of the air there from that observed at Plymouth, between July 7 and 14, 1757, p. <a href="#Page_488">488</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Edenbridge</i>, account of an earthquake felt there, Jan. 24. 1758, p. <a href="#Page_614">614</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Edwards</i>, Mr. Geo. his observations on an evening, or rather nocturnal, solar Iris, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_293">293</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— —— account of a new-discovered species of snipe, or tringa, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_255">255</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Eles</i>, Henry, Esq; remarks on his opinion concerning the ascent of vapour, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_240">240</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Electricity</i>, the effects of it in paralytic cases, p. <a href="#Page_481">481</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_882">[882]</span> -</li> -<li>—— further account of its effects in curing some diseases, p. <a href="#Page_695">695</a>. -</li> -<li>—— its virtue in the cure of a palsey, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_392">392</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Ellis</i>, Mr. John, his account of a red coral from the East Indies, of a very singular kind, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_189">189</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— remarks on Dr. Job. Baster’s observationes de corallinis, &c. p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_280">280</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— answer to the remarks upon his letter to Philip Carteret Webb, Esq; p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_441">441</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— account of several rare species of Barnacles, p. <a href="#Page_845">845</a>. -</li> -<li>——, Henry, Esq; his account of the heat of the weather in Georgia, p. <a href="#Page_754">754</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Equator</i>, Terrestrial, resolution of a general proposition for determining the horary alteration of the position of it, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_416">416</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Eye</i>, diseased, an extraordinary case of one, p. <a href="#Page_747">747</a>. -</li> - -<li class="p2 center">F</li> - -<li><i>Fauquier</i>, Francis, Esq; his account of an extraordinary storm of hail in Virginia, p. <a href="#Page_746">746</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Fire-Engine</i>, further experiments for increasing the quantity of steam in it, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_370">370</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— attempt to improve the manner of working ventilators by the help of it, p. <a href="#Page_727">727</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Fitz-Gerald</i>, Keane, Esq; his further experiments for increasing the quantity of steam in a fire-engine, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_370">370</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— experiments on applying Dr. Hales’s method of distilling salt water to the steam-engine, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_53">53</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— concerning an attempt to improve the manner of working ventilators by the assistance of the fire-engine, p. <a href="#Page_727">727</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Flexor</i> tendon, an account of one torn out in its whole extent, together with the first joint of the thumb, p. <a href="#Page_617">617</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Forbes</i>, Dr. George, his letter concerning the Patella, or Limpet-Fish, found at Bermuda, p. <a href="#Page_859">859</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_883">[883]</span> -</li> -<li><i>Forster</i>, Rev. Mr. Richard, his extract of the register of the parish of Great Shefford, with observations, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_356">356</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— —— his letter concerning the number of the people of England, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_457">457</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Fruits</i>, fossil, and other bodies, account of some found in the island of Shepey, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_396">396</a>. -</li> - -<li class="p2 center">G</li> - -<li><i>Gaze</i>, Mr. John, his account of a boy cured of convulsive fits by the discharge of worms, p. <a href="#Page_521">521</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Gall-stones</i>, two extraordinary cases relating to them, p. <a href="#Page_543">543</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Gaubil</i>, F. his description of the plan of Peking, p. <a href="#Page_704">704</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Georgia</i>, account of the heat of the weather there, p. <a href="#Page_754">754</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Glass</i>, in windows, dissertation on the antiquity of it, p. <a href="#Page_601">601</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Gravity</i>, Specific, of living men, essay towards ascertaining it, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_30">30</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Grindall</i>, Mr. Richard, his account of the efficacy of the bark in a mortification, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_379">379</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Guadaloupe</i>, Isle of, account of a visitation of the leprous persons there, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_38">38</a>. -</li> - -<li class="p2 center">H</li> - -<li><i>Hague</i>, state of thermometer there, Jan. 9, 1757, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_148">148</a>. -</li> -<li>—— observations there on the comet in Sept. and Oct. 1757, p. <a href="#Page_483">483</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Hail</i>, an extraordinary storm in Virginia, p. <a href="#Page_746">746</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Herculaneum</i>, accounts of the late discoveries of antiquities made there, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_619">619</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Heat</i> of the air, July 1757, remarks on it by Dr. Huxham and Dr. Watson, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_428">428</a>. -</li> -<li>—— of the weather, account of that in July 1757, by Dr. Huxham, p. <a href="#Page_523">523</a>. -</li> -<li>—— of the weather in Georgia, account of it, p. <a href="#Page_754">754</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Hemlock Dropwort</i>, further account of its poisonous effects, p. <a href="#Page_556">556</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Himsel de</i>, Nicholai, M. D. de rariori quadam specie, in Suecia reperta, tractatus, p. <a href="#Page_692">692</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_884">[884]</span> -</li> -<li><i>Home</i>, Robert, Surgeon, his account of the flexor tendon torn out in its whole extent, and the first joint of the thumb torn off, p. <a href="#Page_617">617</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Horned Cattle</i>, the usefulness of inoculation to prevent the contagious distemper among them, p. <a href="#Page_528">528</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Huxham</i>, John, M. D. his remarks on the heat of the air, July 1757, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_428">428</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— —— —— on the extraordinary heat of the weather in July 1757, p. <a href="#Page_523">523</a>. -</li> - -<li class="p2 center">I</li> - -<li><i>Jenty</i>, Nicholas, his account of a man, whose intestines, &c. all cohered, and who after death fell under his inspection, p. <a href="#Page_550">550</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Ileum</i>, the gut, cut thro’ by a knife, instance of the successful treatment of it, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_35">35</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Indigo</i> plant, effects of it, and of the opuntia, or prickly pear, in colouring the juices of living animals, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_296">296</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Inoculation</i>, its usefulness on horned cattle, to prevent the contagious distemper among them, p. <a href="#Page_528">528</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Intestines</i>, remarkable case of the cohesions of all of them in a man, p. <a href="#Page_550">550</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Johnstone</i>, James, M. D. his account of two extraordinary cases of gall-stones, p. <a href="#Page_543">543</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Iris</i>, solar, observations on an evening, or rather nocturnal one, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_293">293</a>. -</li> - -<li class="p2 center">K</li> - -<li><i>Klinkenberg</i>, Mr. D. his observations upon the comet in Sept. and Oct. 1757, p. <a href="#Page_483">483</a>. -</li> - -<li class="p2 center">L</li> - -<li><i>Lacteals</i>, experiment to prove that salt of steel does not enter them, p. <a href="#Page_594">594</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Lanreath</i>, effects of a storm of thunder and lightning there, June 27, 1756, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_104">104</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Layard</i>, Daniel Peter, M. D. his account of an extraordinary case of a diseased eye, p. <a href="#Page_747">747</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_885">[885]</span> -</li> -<li>—— Daniel Peter, M. D. his discourse on the usefulness of inoculating the horned cattle, p. <a href="#Page_528">528</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Leprous</i> persons in the isle of Guadaloupe, account of a visitation of them, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_38">38</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Lestwithiel</i>, in Cornwall, effects of lightning upon the church and steeple there, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_198">198</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Lewis</i>, William, M. B. his experimental examination of Platina, Paper V. and VI. p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_156">156</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Lichen</i>, memoir concerning it, p. <a href="#Page_652">652</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Light</i>, some experiments concerning its different refrangibility, p. <a href="#Page_733">733</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Lightning</i>, its effects upon the church and steeple of Lestwithiel in Cornwall, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_198">198</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Limax</i> non cochleata, observations on it, p. <a href="#Page_585">585</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Lime-water</i>, its lithontriptic virtue, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_386">386</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Limpet-Fish</i>, found at Bermuda, account of it, p. <a href="#Page_859">859</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Linnæus</i>, his account of the faculty called Vigiliæ Florum, with an enumeration of several plants subject to that law, p. <a href="#Page_506">506</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Lingfield</i>, in Surry, account of an earthquake felt there, Jan. 24, 1758, p. <a href="#Page_614">614</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Looe</i>, effects of a storm of thunder and lightning there, June 27, 1756, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_104">104</a>. -</li> - -<li class="p2 center">M</li> - -<li><i>Maps</i>, Geographical, the best form of them, p. <a href="#Page_553">553</a>. -</li> -<li>—— and Charts, a short dissertation on them, p. <a href="#Page_563">563</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Magnetism</i>, and Polarity, given to brass, p. <a href="#Page_774">774</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Malverne</i> waters, their good effects, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_23">23</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Memoir</i>, an historical one on the genus of plants called Lichen, Usnea, Coralloides, and Lichenoides, p. <a href="#Page_652">652</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Men</i>, living, essay towards ascertaining their specific gravity, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_30">30</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Milles</i>, Jeremiah, D. D. letters to him, with accounts of the effects of thunder and lightning at Looe and Lanreath, June 27, 1756, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_104">104</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— his account of the Carlsbad mineral waters in Bohemia, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_25">25</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_886">[886]</span> -</li> -<li><i>Miller</i>, Mr. Philip, concerning the effects of a storm at Wigton in Cumberland, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_194">194</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— his remarks on a letter of Mr. John Ellis to P. C. Webb, Esq; printed in Phil. Trans. vol. xlix. part ii. p. <a href="#Page_806">806</a>.—p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_430">430</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Mitchell</i>, Sir Andrew, his account of an extraordinary shower of black dust, that fell in the Island of Zetland, Oct. 20, 1755, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_297">297</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Mixtures</i>, effervescent, strange effects of some, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_19">19</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Moffat</i>, in Annandale, a new medicinal well lately discovered there, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_117">117</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Mortification</i>, remarkable efficacy of the bark in one, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_379">379</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Mount’s-Bay</i>, account of some trees discovered underground on the shore there, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_51">51</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Mounsey</i>, James, M. D. his account of the strange effects of some effervescent mixtures, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_19">19</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Mountaine</i> and Dodson, tables of the variation of the magnetic needle by them, adapted to every five degrees of lat. and long. in the more frequented oceans, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_329">329</a>. -</li> -<li>—— Wm. his dissertation on maps and charts, p. <a href="#Page_563">563</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Murdoch</i>, Patrick, his description of the best form of geographical maps, p. <a href="#Page_553">553</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— his trigonometry abridged, p. <a href="#Page_538">538</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Munckley</i>, Nich. M. D. his account of the extraordinary efficacy of the bark in the delirium of a fever, p. <a href="#Page_609">609</a>. -</li> - -<li class="p2 center">N</li> - -<li><i>Needle</i>, magnetic, its variation, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_329">329</a>. -</li> -<li><i>New England</i>, account of an earthquake felt there, Nov. 18, 1755. p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_1">1</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Newbury</i>, in Berkshire, account of the peat-pit near it, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_109">109</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Nightshade</i>, deadly, botanical and medical history of it, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_62">62</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Nixon</i>, Rev. John, A. M. his account of some of the antiquities discovered at Herculaneum, &c. p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_88">88</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_887">[887]</span> -</li> -<li>—— —— —— —— his account of the temple of Serapis at Pozzuoli in Naples, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_166">166</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— —— his dissertation on the antiquity of glass in windows, p. <a href="#Page_601">601</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Norfolk</i> Boy, observations on the case of one, who was cured of convulsive fits by the discharge of worms, p. <a href="#Page_836">836</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Number</i> of the people of England, observations on it, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_465">465</a>. -</li> - -<li class="p2 center">O</li> - -<li><i>Observationes</i> anatomico-medicæ de monstro bicorporeo virgineo, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_311">311</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Oenanthe</i> aquatica succo viroso crocante of Lobel, farther account of its poisonous effects, p. <a href="#Page_856">856</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Oil</i>, its efficacy, taken as a vermifuge, p. <a href="#Page_837">837</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Operation</i>, an extraordinary one performed in the dock-yard at Portsmouth, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_288">288</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Opuntia</i>, or prickly pear, effects of it, and of the Indigo plant, in colouring the juices of living animals, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_296">296</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Orthoceratitis</i>, de rariori quadam specie, in Suecia reperta, tractatus, p. <a href="#Page_692">692</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Oram</i>, Rev. Richard, his account of a boy cured of convulsive fits by the discharge of worms, p. <a href="#Page_518">518</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Oxford</i>, account of the black assize there, p. <a href="#Page_699">699</a>. -</li> - -<li class="p2 center">P</li> - -<li><i>Paderni</i>, Camillo, his account of the late discoveries at Herculaneum, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_49">49</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— —— of an earthquake at Herculaneum, and of some late discoveries there, p. <a href="#Page_619">619</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Palsey</i>, instance of the cure of it by electricity, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_392">392</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Pantheon</i>, at Rome, account of the alterations making in it, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_115">115</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Parsons</i>, James, M. D. his account of some extraordinary tumours upon the head of a man in St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_350">350</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_888">[888]</span> -</li> -<li>—— —— —— his account of fossil fruits, and other bodies, found in the island of Shepey, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_396">396</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Paralytic</i> cases, the effects of electricity in them, p. <a href="#Page_481">481</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Patella</i>, or Limpet-Fish, found at Bermuda, account of it, p. <a href="#Page_859">859</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Peyssonel</i>, John Andrew, M. D. his account of a visitation of the leprous persons in the isle of Guadaloupe, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_38">38</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— —— his observations on the worms that form sponges, p. <a href="#Page_590">590</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— —— observations on the Limax non cochleata purpur ferens, p. <a href="#Page_585">585</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— —— observations on the Alga marina latifolia, p. <a href="#Page_631">631</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— —— observations on a slight but very particular earthquake, p. <a href="#Page_645">645</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— —— observations on the Manchenille apple, p. <a href="#Page_772">772</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— —— observations on the Corona Solis Marina Americana, or American Sea-Sun-Crown, p. <a href="#Page_843">843</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Peat-pit</i>, account of one near Newbury in Berkshire, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_109">109</a>. -</li> -<li><i>People</i> of England, concerning the number of them, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_457">457</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— an answer to Mr. Forster’s letter, concerning their number and increase, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_465">465</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Peking</i>, a description of the plan of it, p. <a href="#Page_704">704</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Perry</i>, Mr. his letter to Dr. Stukeley, concerning the Earthquake at Sumatra in Nov. and Dec. 1756, p. <a href="#Page_491">491</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Phœnician</i> numeral characters anciently used at Sidon, dissertation on them, p. <a href="#Page_791">791</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Plants</i>, impressions of them on the slates of coals, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_228">228</a>. -</li> -<li>—— catalogue of the fifty from Chelsea Garden, for 1756, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_236">236</a>. -</li> -<li>—— observations on the sleep of them, p. <a href="#Page_506">506</a>. -</li> -<li>—— catalogue of the fifty from Chelsea Garden, for 1757, p. <a href="#Page_648">648</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_889">[889]</span> -</li> -<li><i>Platina</i>, experimental examination of it, Paper V. and VI. p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_156">156</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Platt</i>, Mr. Joshua, his account of the fossil thigh-bone of an animal dug up at Stonesfield, near Woodstock, p. <a href="#Page_524">524</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Polarity</i> and Magnetism, communicated to brass, p. <a href="#Page_774">774</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Polypus</i>, Sea, account of it, p. <a href="#Page_777">777</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Pozzuoli</i>, account of the temple of Serapis there, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_166">166</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Postscript</i> to Dr. Whytt’s observations on Lord Walpole’s case, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_385">385</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Pringle</i>, John, M. D. on the virtues of soap in dissolving the stone, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_221">221</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— —— his account of the effects of electricity in paralytic cases, p. <a href="#Page_481">481</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Problems</i>, isoperimetrical, a further attempt to facilitate the solution of them, p. <a href="#Page_623">623</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Pulteney</i>, M. Richard, his botanical and medical history of the Solanum Lethale, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_62">62</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— his observations on the sleep of plants, p. <a href="#Page_506">506</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Pulse</i>, quickness of it in coughs, attended with infarction of the lungs, lessened by blisters, p. <a href="#Page_569">569</a>. -</li> - -<li class="p2 center">R</li> - -<li><i>Register</i>, Parish, extract of that in Great Shefford in Berkshire, with observations, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_356">356</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Remarks</i> on Dr. Job Baster’s Observationes de corallinis, &c. p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_280">280</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Robertson</i>, Mr. John, his essay towards ascertaining the specific gravity of living men, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_30">30</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— —— account of an extraordinary operation performed in Portsmouth dock-yard, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_288">288</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— —— —— of the fall of water under bridges, p. <a href="#Page_492">492</a>. -</li> - -<li class="p2 center">S</li> - -<li><i>Salt-water</i>, experiments on applying Dr. Hales’s method of distilling it to the steam-engine, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_53">53</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_890">[890]</span> -</li> -<li><i>Satellite</i>, concerning the irregularities in the motion of one, arising from the spheroidical figure of its primary planet, p. <a href="#Page_807">807</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Sea-water</i>, method of making it fresh with wood-ashes, p. <a href="#Page_635">635</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Sea Alga</i> with broad leaves, observations on it, p. <a href="#Page_631">631</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Series</i>, invention of a general method for determining the sum of every 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, &c. term of one, taken in order, p. <a href="#Page_757">757</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Serapis</i>, Temple of, at Pozzuoli, account of it, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_166">166</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Shepey</i> Island, account of fossil fruits, and other bodies, found there, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_396">396</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Short</i>, James, M. A. his account of some experiments concerning the different refrangibility of light by Mr. John Dollond, p. <a href="#Page_733">733</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Shefford</i>, Great, extract of the parish register there, with observations, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_356">356</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Simpson</i>, Mr. Tho. his resolution of a general proposition for determining the horary alteration of the terrestrial equator, &c. p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_416">416</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— —— further attempt to facilitate the resolution of isoperimetrical problems, p. <a href="#Page_623">623</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— —— invention of a general method for determining the sum of every 2d, 3d, 4th, or 5th, &c. term of a series, taken in order, p. <a href="#Page_757">757</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Skeleton</i> of an animal, description of a fossil one found in the alum rock near Whitby, p. <a href="#Page_786">786</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Slates</i> of Coals, account of the impressions of plants on some, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_228">228</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Sleep</i> of plants, observations on it, p. <a href="#Page_506">506</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Smeaton</i>, Mr. John, concerning the effects of lightning upon the church and steeple of Lestwithiel in Cornwall, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_198">198</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— his remarks on the different temperature of the air at Edystone, from that observed at Plymouth, between July 7th and 14th, 1757, p. <a href="#Page_488">488</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Snail</i>, the naked, producing purple, observations on it, p. <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_891">[891]</span> -</li> -<li><i>Snipe</i>, or Tringa, a new-discovered species of it, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_255">255</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Solanum</i> Lethale, Bella-Donna, or Deadly Nightshade, brief botanical and medical history of it, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_62">62</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Soap</i>, its virtues in dissolving the stone, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_386">386</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Sponges</i>, formed by worms, new observations on them, p. <a href="#Page_590">590</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Steam-Engine</i>, experiments on applying Dr. Hales’s method of distilling salt-water to it, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_53">53</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Steam</i>, farther experiments for increasing the quantity of it in a fire-engine, p. <a href="#Page_570">570</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Stone</i>, the virtues of soap in dissolving it, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_221">221</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Stones</i>, remarkable instance of four rough ones discovered in an human urinary bladder, extracted by the lateral method of cutting for the stone, p. <a href="#Page_579">579</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Storm</i>, effects of one at Wigton in Cumberland, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_194">194</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— —— at Looe and Lanreath, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_104">104</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Stonesfield</i>, account of the fossil thigh-bone of an animal dug up there, p. <a href="#Page_524">524</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Sumatra</i>, Island of, account of an earthquake felt there in Nov. and Dec. 1756, p. <a href="#Page_491">491</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Swinton</i>, the Rev. John, his remarks on a Parthian coin with a Greek and Parthian legend, never before published, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_175">175</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— —— —— dissertation upon the Phœnician numeral characters antiently used at Sidon, p. <a href="#Page_791">791</a>. -</li> - -<li class="p2 center">T</li> - -<li><i>Tables</i> of the variation of the magnetic needle, a sett, which exhibit the result of upwards of fifty thousand observations, adapted to every five degrees of lat. and long. in the more frequented oceans, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_329">329</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Tendon</i>, Flexor, one torn out in its whole extent, and the first joint of the thumb torn off, p. <a href="#Page_617">617</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Thermometer</i>, state of it at the Hague, Jan. 9, 1757. p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_148">148</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Thermometers</i>, description of some for particular uses, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_300">300</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_892">[892]</span> -</li> -<li><i>Thigh-bone</i> of a large animal, a fossil one dug up at Stonesfield, near Woodstock, in Oxfordshire, p. <a href="#Page_524">524</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Thunder</i> and Lightning, the effects of them in the parishes of Looe and Lanreath, June 27th, 1756, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_104">104</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Torkos</i>, Just. Joan. observationes anatomico-medicæ de monstro bicorporeo virgineo, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_311">311</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Travers</i>, Mr. Peter, his successful treatment of the gut ileum cut thro’ by a knife, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_35">35</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Trees</i>, some discovered under-ground on the shore at Mount’s-Bay in Cornwall, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_51">51</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Trembley</i>, Mr. Abraham, extract of a letter from him on several curious subjects of natural history, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_58">58</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— his state of the thermometer at the Hague, Jan. 9, 1757, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_148">148</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Trigonometry</i>, abridgement of it, p. <a href="#Page_538">538</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Tumours</i>, some extraordinary ones upon the head of a man in St. Bartholomew’s-Hospital, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_350">350</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Tringa</i>, or Snipe, account of a new-discovered species, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_255">255</a>. -</li> - -<li class="p2 center">V</li> - -<li><i><a id="Vapour"></a>Vapour</i>, remarks on the opinion of <span class="err" title="original: Henry Eeles">Henry Eles</span>, Esq; concerning the ascent of it, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_240">240</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Ventilators</i>, attempt to improve the manner of working them by the help of a fire-engine, p. <a href="#Page_727">727</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Vessels</i>, lymphatic, of animals, observations on their origin and use, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_322">322</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Vigiliæ florum</i>, account of that faculty, p. <a href="#Page_506">506</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Virginia</i>, remarkable storm of hail there, p. <a href="#Page_746">746</a>. -</li> - -<li class="p2 center">W</li> - -<li><i>Wall</i>, John, M.D. concerning the good effects of Malverne waters, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_23">23</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— his observations on the case of the Norfolk Boy cured of convulsions by the discharge of worms, p. <a href="#Page_836">836</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Walmesley</i>, Mr. Charles, his letter on the irregular motions of a satellite, p. <a href="#Page_807">807</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_893">[893]</span> -</li> -<li><i>Walker</i>, Mr. John, his account of a new medicinal well lately discovered at Moffat in Annandale, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_117">117</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Walpole</i>, Lord Horace, sequel to his account of his own case (Phil. Trans. vol. xlvii. p. 43 & 472.) p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_205">205</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Ward</i>, John, LL.D. letter communicated by him, with an account of the alterations making in the Pantheon at Rome, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_115">115</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— his account of the black assize at Oxford, p. <a href="#Page_699">699</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Warner</i>, Jos. Surgeon, his account of a remarkable case of an aneurism, &c. p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_363">363</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— —— instance of four rough stones extracted from the urinary bladder of a man, by the lateral method of cutting for the stone, p. <a href="#Page_579">579</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Water</i>, account of its fall under bridges, p. <a href="#Page_492">492</a>. -</li> -<li>—— fresh, method of procuring it from salt water with wood-ashes, p. <a href="#Page_635">635</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Waters</i>, the Carlsbad mineral, account of them, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_25">25</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— —— their lithontriptic virtue with lime-water and soap, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_386">386</a>. -</li> -<li>—— Malverne, the good effects of them, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_23">23</a>. -</li> -<li>—— medicinal, at Moffat in Annandale, account of them, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_117">117</a>. - Various experiments on them, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_121">121</a>.</li> - -<li><i>Watson</i>, William, M. D. memoir concerning a genus of plants called Lichen, &c. p. <a href="#Page_652">652</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— his account of some extraordinary effects arising from convulsions, p. <a href="#Page_743">743</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— his further account of the poisonous effects of the Oenanthe aquatica succo viroso crocanthe of Lobel, or Hemlock Dropwort, p. <a href="#Page_856">856</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Well</i>, medicinal, a new one discovered near Moffat in Annandale, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_117">117</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Weather</i>, extraordinary heat of it in July 1757, p. <a href="#Page_523">523</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— —— —— in Georgia, p. <a href="#Page_754">754</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Wendlingen</i>, P. Joan. observatio eclipsis lunaris facta Matriti, die 30 Julii 1757, p. <a href="#Page_640">640</a>. -</li> -<li><i>White</i>, Taylor, Esq; his discourse on the Cinamon, Cassia, or Canella, p. <a href="#Page_860">860</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_894">[894]</span> -</li> -<li><i>Whytt</i>, Robert, M. D. his account of the lithontriptic virtue of the Carlsbad waters, lime-water and soap, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_386">386</a>. -</li> -<li>—— —— —— concerning the remarkable effects of blisters in lessening the quickness of the pulse in coughs attended with infarction of the lungs, p. <a href="#Page_569">569</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Wigton</i>, in Cumberland, effects of a storm there, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_194">194</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Winthrop</i>, Mr. Professor, concerning an earthquake felt in New England, and the neighbouring parts of America, Nov. 18, 1755, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_1">1</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Windows</i>, dissertation on the antiquity of glass in them, p. <a href="#Page_601">601</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Wright</i>, Edward, M.D. his account of an experiment, whereby it appears that salt of steel does not enter the lacteals, p. <a href="#Page_594">594</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Wood-ashes</i>, their use in distilling fresh water from sea-water, p. <a href="#Page_635">635</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Wooller</i>, Mr. his description of the fossil skeleton of an animal found in the alum rock near Whitby, p. <a href="#Page_786">786</a>. -</li> -<li><i>Worms</i>, account of a boy cured of convulsive fits by the discharge of some, p. <a href="#Page_518">518</a>. - Other cases of the like nature, p. <a href="#Page_839">839</a>. -</li> -<li>—— that form sponges, new observations on them, p. <a href="#Page_590">590</a>. -</li> - -<li class="p2 center">Z</li> - -<li><i>Zetland</i>, island of, account of an extraordinary shower of black dust which fell there, Oct. 20, 1755, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_297">297</a>. -</li></ul> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak">ERRATA.</h2> -</div> - -<p><i>P.</i> <a href="#Page_769">769</a>. <i>l.</i> 3. <i>read</i> the order of</p> - -<p><i>P.</i> <a href="#Page_791">791</a>. <i>l.</i> 6. <i>for</i> Oxon, <i>with a comma, read</i> Oxon. <i>with -a full-point</i>.</p> - -<p><i>P.</i> <a href="#Page_792">792</a>. <i>l.</i> 5. <i>of the quotations, for</i> Froel. <i>read</i> Frœl.</p> - -<p><i>In the Contents to Part</i> I. <i>of this Vol. Page</i> 5. <i>l.</i> 21. <i>for</i> 115. -<i>read</i> 117.</p> - -<div class="footnote"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> Manna lies about 50 miles to the southward of Marlborough.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">[2]</a> The island of Sumatra is between 7 and 800 miles long -from north to south.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">[3]</a> Cumberland-house is a new well-built house for the governor -of the place.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">[4]</a> <i>N. B. Both these are contiguous to the fort.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="label">[5]</a> Laye house or factory is about 30 miles to the northward of -Marlborough, and Manna house or factory fifty miles to the southward.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6" class="label">[6]</a> The sugar-plantation is five or six miles from Marlborough.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7" class="label">[7]</a> The <i>qualloe</i> is the country word for a river’s mouth.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8" class="label">[8]</a> Poblo Point lies about three leagues to the southward of -Marlborough.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9" class="label">[9]</a> <i>Doosoons</i> are villages.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10" class="label">[10]</a> Letter from William Veale, Esq;</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11" class="label">[11]</a> Letter from John Trehawk, Esq;</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12" class="label">[12]</a> A timber support of the deads.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13" class="label">[13]</a> Loose rubbish and broken stones of the mine.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_14" href="#FNanchor_14" class="label">[14]</a> Mr. J. Nantcarrow.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_15" href="#FNanchor_15" class="label">[15]</a> Trifolium quoque inhorrescere et folia contra tempestatem -subrigere certum est. Hist. Nat. lib. xviii. cap. 35.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_16" href="#FNanchor_16" class="label">[16]</a> Flor. Lappon. p. 222.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_17" href="#FNanchor_17" class="label">[17]</a> Prosp. Alpin. de plantis Ægypti, cap. 10.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_18" href="#FNanchor_18" class="label">[18]</a> It is not improbable, that a considerable portion of whiting -might be used instead of pure white lead, which is frequently -done: and this supposition is favoured by the mixture’s not proving -fatal to the boy, as such a quantity of white lead in all probability -would.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_19" href="#FNanchor_19" class="label">[19]</a> What Lhwyd calls <i>ostreum minus falcatum</i>, Nº. 451.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_20" href="#FNanchor_20" class="label">[20]</a> Memoires de l’Acad. des Sciences, anno 1748. p. 326.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_21" href="#FNanchor_21" class="label">[21]</a> Ibid. p. 338.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_22" href="#FNanchor_22" class="label">[22]</a> Ibid. p. 337.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_23" href="#FNanchor_23" class="label">[23]</a> See my Essay on the contagious Distemper, p. 70.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_24" href="#FNanchor_24" class="label">[24]</a> Pag. 143 and 338.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_25" href="#FNanchor_25" class="label">[25]</a> Essay on the Plague.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_26" href="#FNanchor_26" class="label">[26]</a> See Logarith. Canon. deser. <i>Edinb.</i> 1614. p. 48.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_27" href="#FNanchor_27" class="label">[27]</a> <i>Senex</i> drew several of that form.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_28" href="#FNanchor_28" class="label">[28]</a> See the Preface to the small Berlin Atlas.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_29" href="#FNanchor_29" class="label">[29]</a> This constant logarithm contains the reduction of the diff. -of longitude to parts of radius unity, and to <i>Briggs</i>’s Modulus.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_30" href="#FNanchor_30" class="label">[30]</a> See <i>Cotesii</i> Logometr. prop. 6.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_31" href="#FNanchor_31" class="label">[31]</a> Physiological Essays, p. 69.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_32" href="#FNanchor_32" class="label">[32]</a> Physiological Essays, p. 69.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_33" href="#FNanchor_33" class="label">[33]</a> Dr. Pringle’s Observations on the Diseases of the Army, -part iii. chap. 2.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_34" href="#FNanchor_34" class="label">[34]</a> Vincentius Menghinus <i>de Ferrearum particularum progressu -in Sanguinem. Comment. Acad. Bonon.</i> T. II. P. 2. pag. 475.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_35" href="#FNanchor_35" class="label">[35]</a> Phil. Transact. by Lowthorpe, vol. iii. p. 102. edit. 1749. -the same by Jones, vol. v. p. 259.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_36" href="#FNanchor_36" class="label">[36]</a> Vol. I. art. xii. p. 364.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_37" href="#FNanchor_37" class="label">[37]</a> In a paper read Feb. 24. 1757. See Art. xiii. p. 88.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_38" href="#FNanchor_38" class="label">[38]</a> <i>Porticuum, in quibus spatiari consueverat (Domitianus) parietes -phengite lapide distinxit, e cujus splendore per imagines quicquid -a tergo fieret, provideret.</i> Sueton. Domit. c. 14.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_39" href="#FNanchor_39" class="label">[39]</a> Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. xxxvi. c. 26. §. 66.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_40" href="#FNanchor_40" class="label">[40]</a> Pliny mentions a kind of glass or jet called <i>obsidianum</i>:—<i>nigerrimi -coloris, aliquando et translucidi, crassiore visu, atque in -speculis parietum pro imagine umbras reddente</i>. Nat. Hist. lib. xxxvi. -c. 26. §. 67.</p> - -<p>And that the practice of staining glass was known in his time, -appears from what he says concerning the <i>obsidianum</i> mentioned -above:—<i>Fit et genere tincturæ—totum rubens vitrum, atque non -translucidum</i>. Ibid.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_41" href="#FNanchor_41" class="label">[41]</a> Panciroll. Rer. Mem. p. 288.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_42" href="#FNanchor_42" class="label">[42]</a> These glass balls had sometimes water within them: <i>Cùm -additâ aquâ vitreæ pilæ sole adverso in tantum excandescant, ut vestes -exurant</i>. Plin. lib. xxxvi. c. 22. §. 45.</p> - -<p><i>Invenio medicos, quæ sunt urenda corporum, non alitèr utilius id -fieri putare, quam crystallinâ pilâ adversis positâ solis radiis.</i> Plin. -Nat. Hist. lib. xxxvii. c. 6. §. 10.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_43" href="#FNanchor_43" class="label">[43]</a> Vid. Mons. Renaudot Memoires de l’Acad. des Inscript. -tom. I.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_44" href="#FNanchor_44" class="label">[44]</a> Vid. infra, not. 11.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_45" href="#FNanchor_45" class="label">[45]</a> <i>Theatrum Scauri</i>——<i>scena ei triplex in altitudinem</i> <span class="allsmcap">CCCLX</span> -<i>columnarum</i>.——<i>Ima pars scenæ e marmore fuit</i>: media e vitro: -<i>summa e tabulis inauratis</i>. Nat. Hist. lib. xxxvi. c. 15.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_46" href="#FNanchor_46" class="label">[46]</a> A. V. 678. Hard. not. Plin. lib. xxxvi. c. 8.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_47" href="#FNanchor_47" class="label">[47]</a> <i>Agrippa in thermis, quas Romæ fecit, figlinum opus encausto -pinxit, in reliquis albaria adornavit: non dubiè</i> vitreas facturus cameras, -si prius inventum id fuisset, <i>aut a parietibus scenæ—Scauri -pervenisset in cameras</i>. Lib. xxxvi. c. 25. §. 64.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_48" href="#FNanchor_48" class="label">[48]</a> Seneca, exposing the luxury of the Romans with regard to -their baths, says, <i>Pauper sibi videtur ac sordidus, nisi parietes -magnis ac pretiosis orbibus refulserint—nisi</i> vitro absconditur camera.—Ep. -86.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_49" href="#FNanchor_49" class="label">[49]</a> Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. xxxvi. c. 22. §. 45.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_50" href="#FNanchor_50" class="label">[50]</a> Nat. Hist. lib. xxxvi. c. 22. §. 45.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_51" href="#FNanchor_51" class="label">[51]</a> Vid. Salmasius in a passage to be produced hereafter.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_52" href="#FNanchor_52" class="label">[52]</a> Hist. de l’Acad. des Inscrip. tom. I.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_53" href="#FNanchor_53" class="label">[53]</a> Montfauc. Antiq. vol. III. part i. lib. iii. c. 4. Lipsius in -loc. <i>&c.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_54" href="#FNanchor_54" class="label">[54]</a> <i>Quædam nostrâ demum prodiisse memoriâ scimus; ut speculariorum -usum, perlucente testâ, clarum transmittentium lumen.</i> Sen. -ep. 90.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_55" href="#FNanchor_55" class="label">[55]</a> <i>Quod fenestris obducebatur ad translucendum, ac lucem admittendam</i> -specular <i>vetens Latini vocârunt. Idque ex speculari lapide, -quí est</i> φεγγιτης, <i>aut</i> ex vitro <i>fiebat, aut aliâ translucidâ materiâ. -Nam</i> specular dictum, non quod ex speculari lapide <i>factum -esset, sed quod visum transmitteret, ac per id</i> speculari <i>liceret</i>. Salm. -Exerc. Plin. in Solin. tom. II. p. 771.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_56" href="#FNanchor_56" class="label">[56]</a> Villa’s of the Anc. illustrated, p. iv.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_57" href="#FNanchor_57" class="label">[57]</a> One of Pliny’s cautions for preserving apples is—<i>Austros -specularibus arcere</i>. Nat. Hist. lib. xv. c. 16.</p> - -<p>Martial further informs us, that the Romans used to screen their -orchards of choice fruit-trees with <i>specularia</i>. Lib. viii. epig. 14.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_58" href="#FNanchor_58" class="label">[58]</a> I suppose he means that of Fortuna Seia. Lib. xxxvi. -c. 22.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_59" href="#FNanchor_59" class="label">[59]</a> Salmasius, speaking of the custom of adorning chambers -with glass, says—<i>Quod proximè ætatem suam incepisse fieri narrat -Plinius. Quum M. Scaurus</i>——Ex. Plin. tom. II. p. 854.</p> - -<p>I do not find this expresly asserted by Pliny: but it might have -been so in fact. This fashion indeed was not begun till after -Agrippa had built his <i>thermæ</i>: but if we suppose that to have been -even as late as his third consulship, <i>viz. ante Christ.</i> 27. (<i>Helvicus</i>), -when he erected the Pantheon (or at least its portico), near -adjoining to those <i>thermæ</i>, there would have been sufficient room, -from that period to the birth of Pliny (<i>viz. anno Christi</i> 24), for -the introduction of this usage.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_60" href="#FNanchor_60" class="label">[60]</a> Plin. Ep. V. I. 111.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_61" href="#FNanchor_61" class="label">[61]</a> Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. xxxvi. c. 26. §. 66.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_62" href="#FNanchor_62" class="label">[62]</a> Vid. supra.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_63" href="#FNanchor_63" class="label">[63]</a> Anno Christi 80.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_64" href="#FNanchor_64" class="label">[64]</a> In order to justify my placing the testimony of this Father -so high, I would observe, that St. Jerome (<i>De Scriptor. Eccles.</i>) -says, that Lactantius—<i>Extremâ senectute magister Cæsaris Crispi -filii Constantini in Gallia fuit</i>. He must probably have exercised this charge between <i>anno Christi</i> 309, when Constantine began to -reign, and 320. If he was then of a great age, he might have -composed the treatise, out of which this authority is produced, and -which was one of the earliest of his works, that are extant (<i>Vid. -Sparkii præf. ad Lactant.</i>), 40 years before, <i>viz.</i> about <i>anno Christi</i> -280; which brings us up to 200 years after the overthrow of Herculaneum, -as above.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_65" href="#FNanchor_65" class="label">[65]</a> Lib. i. c. 20. See this subject largely discussed in Bodæus -à Stapel Comment. in Theoph. p. 156. et seq.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_66" href="#FNanchor_66" class="label">[66]</a> Opera omnia à C. B. edit. 1598. p. 64.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_67" href="#FNanchor_67" class="label">[67]</a> <i>Usnea vulgaris loris longis implexis</i> Hist. Musc. p. 56. <i>Lichen -plicatus</i> Lin. Sp. Pl. 1154. <i>Muscus arboreus: Usnea</i> Officin. -C. B. Raii Syn. III. p. 64.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_68" href="#FNanchor_68" class="label">[68]</a> <i>Usnea barbata loris tenuibus fibrosis</i> Hist. Musc. p. 63. <i>Lichen -barbatus</i> Lin. Sp. Pl. 1155. <i>Quercus excrementum villosum</i> -C. B. p. 422. Bauhine took this to be the true <i>Usnea Arabum</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_69" href="#FNanchor_69" class="label">[69]</a> <i>Usnea ceratoides candicans glabra et odorata</i> Hist. Musc. p. 71. -<i>Muscus arboreus candicans et odorifer</i> Camelli Raii Hist. III. Append. -p. 3.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_70" href="#FNanchor_70" class="label">[70]</a> Civil and Natural History of Jamaica, p. 80.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_71" href="#FNanchor_71" class="label">[71]</a> Hist. Plant. I. par. ii. p. 88.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_72" href="#FNanchor_72" class="label">[72]</a> Flor. Lap. p. 342. Ɛ. Flor. Suec. Ed. II. p. 416.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_73" href="#FNanchor_73" class="label">[73]</a> Flor. Lap. p. 348.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_74" href="#FNanchor_74" class="label">[74]</a> Hist. Plant. I. p. 115.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_75" href="#FNanchor_75" class="label">[75]</a> <i>Usnea jubata nigricans.</i> Dillen. Hist. Musc. p. 64. <i>Lichen -jubatus</i> Lin. Sp. Pl. 1155. <i>Muscus corallinis saxatilis fæniculaceus</i>, -Rock-hair. Raii Syn. III. p. 65. n. 7.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_76" href="#FNanchor_76" class="label">[76]</a> <i>Usnea capillacea et nodosa</i> Dillen. Hist. Musc. 60. <i>Muscus -arboreus nodosus</i> C. B. p. 361. Raii Syn. III. p. 65. n. 4.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_77" href="#FNanchor_77" class="label">[77]</a> Raii Hist. Pl. III. p. 28.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_78" href="#FNanchor_78" class="label">[78]</a> Natural History of Norway, p. 148.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_79" href="#FNanchor_79" class="label">[79]</a> <i>Usnea capillacea citrina frutriculi specie.</i> Hist. Musc. p. 73. -<i>Muscus aureus tenuissimus</i> Merret. Pin. p. 79. Raii syn. p. 65. nº. 8.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_80" href="#FNanchor_80" class="label">[80]</a> Flor. Suec. Ed. II. p. 427.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_81" href="#FNanchor_81" class="label">[81]</a> Hist. Plant. III. P. ii. lib. 9. p. 273.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_82" href="#FNanchor_82" class="label">[82]</a> <i>Usnea dichotoma compressa segmentis capillaceis teretibus.</i> Hist. -Musc. 72. <i>Muscus arboreus aurantiacus flaminibus tenuissimis</i> Pluk. -Alm. p. 254. Raii Hist. III. 28.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_83" href="#FNanchor_83" class="label">[83]</a> <i>Coralloides corniculis longioribus et rarioribus.</i> Dillen. Hist. -Musc. p. 103. <i>Muscus corniculatus</i> Ger. p. 1372. Park. 1308. -Raii Hist. I. p. 112. III. p. 28. <i>Lichenoides tubulosum cinereum -minus crustaceum minusque ramosum</i> Raii Syn. 3. p. 67.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_84" href="#FNanchor_84" class="label">[84]</a> <i>Coralloides montanum fruticuli specie ubique candicans</i> Hist. -Musc. p. 107. <i>Lichen rangiferinus</i> Lin. Sp. Pl. 1153. <i>Muscus -corallinus.</i> Tab. Ger. em.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_85" href="#FNanchor_85" class="label">[85]</a> Flor. Lappon. p. 332.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_86" href="#FNanchor_86" class="label">[86]</a> Enum. Stirp. Helv. p. 69. Nº. 38.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_87" href="#FNanchor_87" class="label">[87]</a> The Novaccolæ are a people originally sprung from the -Finlanders: they fixed themselves in Lapland not long since, and -traffick with the old inhabitants.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_88" href="#FNanchor_88" class="label">[88]</a> <i>Coralloides crispum et botryforme Alpinum</i> Hist. Musc. p. 114. -<i>Lichen paschalis</i> Lin. Sp. Pl. <i>Lichenoides non tubulum cinereum ramosum -totum crustaceum</i> Raii Syn. III. 66. N. 11. This moss is -not common in England. Dr. Dillenius found it upon some of -the mountains in Wales. It is found in many places on Charley-forest, -Leicestershire.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_89" href="#FNanchor_89" class="label">[89]</a> Flor. Lappon. Nº. 489.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_90" href="#FNanchor_90" class="label">[90]</a> <i>Coralloides corniculatum fasciculare tinctorium fuci teretis facie</i> -Dillen. Hist. Musc. p. 120. <i>Cladonia tophacea</i> Hill. Hist. Pl. p. 93. -<i>Fucus capillaris tinctorius</i> Raii Hist. I. p. 74. <i>Lichen (Rocelia) fruticulosus -solidus aphyllus subramosus tuberculis alternis</i> Lin. Sp. Pl. -1154.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_91" href="#FNanchor_91" class="label">[91]</a> L’Art de la Teinture des lains et des Etoffes de lain; Paris -1750, p. 543.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_92" href="#FNanchor_92" class="label">[92]</a> Raii Hist. Plant. I. p. 74.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_93" href="#FNanchor_93" class="label">[93]</a> Nova Plant. Gener. p. 78.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_94" href="#FNanchor_94" class="label">[94]</a> <i>Coralloides schyphiforme tuberculis fuscis</i> Hist. Musc. 79. -<i>Lichenoides tubulosum pyxidatum cinereum.</i> Raii Syn. III. p. 68. -<i>Pyxidium margine leviter serrato.</i> Hill. Hist. Plant. p. 94.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_95" href="#FNanchor_95" class="label">[95]</a> Willis Pharm. Rational. sect. I. cap. 6. <i>de tussi puerorum -convulsiva</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_96" href="#FNanchor_96" class="label">[96]</a> De Aëre et Morbis epidemicis, p. 76, 77. vol. I.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_97" href="#FNanchor_97" class="label">[97]</a> Lowthorp’s Abridgment, vol. II. p. 660.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_98" href="#FNanchor_98" class="label">[98]</a> <i>Lichenoides tartareum tinctorium candidum tuberculis atris.</i> -Hist. Musc. p. 128.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_99" href="#FNanchor_99" class="label">[99]</a> <i>Lichen (calcareus) leprosus candidus tuberculis atris</i> Spec. -Plant. 1140.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_100" href="#FNanchor_100" class="label">[100]</a> <i>Lichenoides leprosum tinctorium scutellis lapidum Caneri figura</i> -Hist. Musc. 130. <i>Lichenoides crustaceum et leprosum scutellare cinereum.</i> -Raii Syn. p. 70.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_101" href="#FNanchor_101" class="label">[101]</a> Tournefort’s Voyage to the Levant, Eng. edit. Lond. -1741. in 8º, vol. I. p. 248.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_102" href="#FNanchor_102" class="label">[102]</a> <i>Lichenoides tartareum farinaceum scutellarum umbone fusco.</i> -Hist. Musc. 132. <i>Placodium bracteis majusculis limbo albo cinctis</i> -Hill. Hist. Pl. p. 97.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_103" href="#FNanchor_103" class="label">[103]</a> Flor. Suec. Ed. II. p. 407.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_104" href="#FNanchor_104" class="label">[104]</a> <i>Lichenoides crustaceum et leprosum acetabulis majoribus luteis -limbis argenteis</i> Raii Syn. p. 71. N. 46. Hist. Musc. p. 132.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_105" href="#FNanchor_105" class="label">[105]</a> <i>Vide</i> Œconom. Natur. in Amœn. Acad. vol. II. p. 17.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_106" href="#FNanchor_106" class="label">[106]</a> <i>Lichenoides vulgatissimum cinereo-glaucum lacunosum et cirrosum</i> -Hist. Musc. p. 88. <i>Lichenoides crusta foliosa superne cinereo-glauca, -inferne nigra et cirrosa scutellis nigricantibus.</i> R. Syn. p. 72.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_107" href="#FNanchor_107" class="label">[107]</a> <i>Lichenoides saxatile tinctorium foliis pilosis purpureis</i> Raii -Syn. p 74. Nº. 70. Hist. Musc. p. 185. <i>Lichen petræus purpureus -Derbiensis</i> Park. Theat. p. 1315. <i>Lichen omphalodes</i> Lin. Spec. -Pl. 1143.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_108" href="#FNanchor_108" class="label">[108]</a> Park. Theat. Botan. p. 1315.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_109" href="#FNanchor_109" class="label">[109]</a> Raii Hist. Plant. p. 116.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_110" href="#FNanchor_110" class="label">[110]</a> Flor. Lappon. p. 343. V.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_111" href="#FNanchor_111" class="label">[111]</a> Otherwise called <i>arnotto</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_112" href="#FNanchor_112" class="label">[112]</a> <i>Lichenoides vulgare sinuosum foliis et scutellis luteis.</i> Hist. -Musc. p. 180. <i>Lichenoides crusta foliosa scutellata flavescens.</i> Raii -Syn. p. 72. Nº. 59.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_113" href="#FNanchor_113" class="label">[113]</a> Flor. Suec. Ed. II. p. 416. Nº. 1093.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_114" href="#FNanchor_114" class="label">[114]</a> Linnæus has intitled this moss <i>Lichen (stygius) imbricatus, -folio is palmatis incurvis atris</i>. Fl. Suec. I. 949. Spec. Plant. 1143. -Fl. Suec. II. Nº. 1079.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_115" href="#FNanchor_115" class="label">[115]</a> <i>Lichenoides coralliforme rostratum et canaliculatum.</i> Hist. -Musc. 170. <i>Lichenoides arboreum ramosum angustioribus cinereo-virescentibus -ramulis.</i> Raii Syn. 75. <i>Lichen calicaris</i> Lin. Spec. -Plant. 1146.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_116" href="#FNanchor_116" class="label">[116]</a> <i>Lichenoides fuciforme tinctorium corniculis longioribus et acutioribus.</i> -Hist. Musc. 168. <i>Platysma corniculatum.</i> Hill Hist. Plant. -90. <i>Lichen fuciformis</i> Lin. Sp. Pl. 1147.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_117" href="#FNanchor_117" class="label">[117]</a> <i>Lichenoides digitatum cinereum lactucæ foliis sinuosis</i> Dillen. -Hist. Musc. 200. <i>Platysma sinuosum scutellis ovato-rotundis</i> Hill -Hist. Pl. 89. <i>Lichen caninus</i> Lin. Sp. Pl. 1149.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_118" href="#FNanchor_118" class="label">[118]</a> See Lowthorp’s Abridgment, vol. III. p. 284.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_119" href="#FNanchor_119" class="label">[119]</a> Dr. Van Swieten. See Comment. in Boerh. Aphor. §. 1147.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_120" href="#FNanchor_120" class="label">[120]</a> Mechanical Account of Poisons, ed. 4th, p. 156.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_121" href="#FNanchor_121" class="label">[121]</a> <i>Lichenoides pulmonium reticulatum vulgare marginibus peltiferis</i> -Dill. Hist. Musc. 212. <i>Lichenoides peltatum arboreum maximum.</i> -Raii Syn. p. 76. <i>Musc. pulmonarius</i> C. B.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_122" href="#FNanchor_122" class="label">[122]</a> Dillen. Hist. Musc. p. 213.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_123" href="#FNanchor_123" class="label">[123]</a> <i>Lichenoides digitatum læte virens verrucis nigris notatum.</i> -Ibid. p. 207.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_124" href="#FNanchor_124" class="label">[124]</a> Boerhaav. Aphorism. §. 982.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_125" href="#FNanchor_125" class="label">[125]</a> Vol. II, p. 69. <i>De Tœnia.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_126" href="#FNanchor_126" class="label">[126]</a> <i>Musca apiformis, tota fusca, cauda obtusa, ex ejula caudata -in latrinis degente orta.</i> Raii Hist. Insect, p. 272.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_127" href="#FNanchor_127" class="label">[127]</a> Faun. Suecica, Nº. 1084.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_128" href="#FNanchor_128" class="label">[128]</a> See two cases nearly of this kind observed by Dr. Lister. -Lowthorp’s Abridgment, vol. III. p. 135.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_129" href="#FNanchor_129" class="label">[129]</a> <i>Lichenoides rigidum eryngii folia referens</i> Dillen. Hist. Musc. -p. 209. Raii Syn. p. 77. <i>Lichen foliis oblongis laciniatis marginibus -conniventibus ciliaribus.</i> Flor. Lappon. Hall. Helv. 75. <i>Lichen -(islandicus) foliaceus adscendens laciniatus marginibus elevatis ciliaribus</i> -Lin. Flor. Suec. I. 959. II. 1085. Mat. Med. Nº. 493. Spec. -Plant. 1145.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_130" href="#FNanchor_130" class="label">[130]</a> Raii Hist. Plant. p. 114.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_131" href="#FNanchor_131" class="label">[131]</a> Flor. Lappon. Nº. 445.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_132" href="#FNanchor_132" class="label">[132]</a> Horrebow’s Natural History of Iceland, p. 36.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_133" href="#FNanchor_133" class="label">[133]</a> For the first account, see part first, <a href="https://gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_392">p. 392</a>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_134" href="#FNanchor_134" class="label">[134]</a> Sic in regist. et postea haud semel.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_135" href="#FNanchor_135" class="label">[135]</a> Sic in regist.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_136" href="#FNanchor_136" class="label">[136]</a> Sic in regist.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_137" href="#FNanchor_137" class="label">[137]</a> Sic in regist.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_138" href="#FNanchor_138" class="label">[138]</a> Sic in regist.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_139" href="#FNanchor_139" class="label">[139]</a> Sic in regist.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_140" href="#FNanchor_140" class="label">[140]</a> Page 285. edit. Lugd. Batav. 1625.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_141" href="#FNanchor_141" class="label">[141]</a> Page 681. edit. London, 1631.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_142" href="#FNanchor_142" class="label">[142]</a> Wood Hist. et Antiqu. Universit. Oxon. lib. i. p. 295. and -Athen. Oxon. vol. I. col. 237.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_143" href="#FNanchor_143" class="label">[143]</a> Hist. & Antiquit. Universit. Oxon. ubi supra.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_144" href="#FNanchor_144" class="label">[144]</a> Page 290, 2d edit.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_145" href="#FNanchor_145" class="label">[145]</a> When the emperor goes out or comes into the palace, this -bell is rung.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_146" href="#FNanchor_146" class="label">[146]</a> In these two houses are Jesuits of other nations. They are -stiled Portuguese, because these houses and churches depend on -the mission of the Jesuits founded by the king of Portugal.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_147" href="#FNanchor_147" class="label">[147]</a> There are beaten there the five watches of the night. The -sound is heard thro’ the whole city.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_148" href="#FNanchor_148" class="label">[148]</a> <i>Yong lo</i>, emperor of the last dynasty <i>Ming</i>, built these two -towers.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_149" href="#FNanchor_149" class="label">[149]</a> The tribunals of the ministers and grand masters of the emperor’s -house are in the inclosure <i>Tse kin</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_150" href="#FNanchor_150" class="label">[150]</a> The feet are different in China; but 1800 feet always make -a <i>ly</i>. According to the measure of the foot the <i>ly</i> will be greater -or less.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_151" href="#FNanchor_151" class="label">[151]</a> This power is called in China the dynasty <i>Leao</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_152" href="#FNanchor_152" class="label">[152]</a> There is extant, in the Chinese and Tartar <i>Mantcheou</i> languages, -an history of the dynasty of <i>Ki tan</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_153" href="#FNanchor_153" class="label">[153]</a> Of which dynasty there is extant a very curious history.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_154" href="#FNanchor_154" class="label">[154]</a> Book I. Part ii. Prop. 3. Experiment 8. of his Optics.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_155" href="#FNanchor_155" class="label">[155]</a> -If α, β, γ, δ, <i>&c.</i> be supposed to represent the co-sines of the angles -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">360°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span>, 2 × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">360°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span>, 3 × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">360°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span>, <i>&c.</i> (the radius being unity); then the -roots of the equation <i>zⁿ</i> - 1 = 0 (expressing the several values of <i>p</i>, <i>q</i>, -<i>r</i>, <i>s</i>, <i>&c.</i>) will be truly defined by 1, α + √<span class="bt">αα - 1</span>, α - √<span class="bt">αα - 1</span>, -β + √<span class="bt">ββ - 1</span>, β - √<span class="bt">ββ - 1</span>, <i>&c.</i> The demonstration of this -will be given farther on.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_156" href="#FNanchor_156" class="label">[156]</a> -Because <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">-<i>ẋ</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">√(1 - <i>xx</i>)</span></span> -and <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">-<i>Ẋ</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">√(1 - <i>XX</i>)</span></span> are known to express the -fluxions of the circular arcs whose co-sines are <i>x</i> and <i>X</i>, it is evident, -if those arcs be supposed in any constant ratio of 1 to <i>n</i>, that -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>nẋ</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">√(1 - <i>xx</i>)</span></span> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>Ẋ</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">√(1 - <i>XX</i>)</span></span>, and consequently that <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>nẋ</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">√(<i>xx</i> - 1)</span></span> -(= <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>nẋ</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">√-1 × √(1 - <i>xx</i>)</span></span> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>Ẋ</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">√-1 × √(1 - <i>XX</i>)</span></span>) = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>Ẋ</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">√(<i>XX</i> - 1)</span></span>. -From whence, by taking the fluents, <i>n</i> × Log. (<i>x</i> + √<span class="bt"><i>xx</i></span> - 1) (or Log. -(<i>x</i> + √<span class="bt"><i>xx</i></span> - 1)<i>ⁿ</i>) = Log. <i>X</i> + √<span class="bt"><i>XX</i> - 1</span>; and consequently -(<i>x</i> + √<span class="bt"><i>xx</i> - 1</span>)<i>ⁿ</i> = <i>X</i> + √<span class="bt"><i>XX</i> - 1</span>: whence also, seeing <i>x</i> - √<span class="bt"><i>xx</i> - 1</span> -is the reciprocal of <i>x</i> + √<span class="bt"><i>xx</i> - 1</span>, and <i>X</i> - √<span class="bt"><i>XX</i> - 1</span> of <i>X</i> + -√<span class="bt"><i>XX</i> - 1</span>, it is likewise evident, that (<i>x</i> - √<span class="bt"><i>xx</i></span> - 1)<i>ⁿ</i> = <i>X</i> - √<span class="bt"><i>XX</i> - 1</span>. -Hence, not only the truth of the above assumption, but what has been -advanced in relation to the roots of the equation <i>zⁿ</i> - 1 = 0, will appear -manifest. For if <i>x</i> ± √<span class="bt"><i>xx</i> - 1</span> be put = <i>z</i>, then will <i>zⁿ</i> (= (<i>x</i> ± √<span class="bt"><i>xx</i> - 1</span>)<i>ⁿ</i>) = <i>X</i> ± √<span class="bt"><i>XX</i> - 1</span>: -where, assuming <i>X</i> = 1 = co-s. 0 = co-s. 360° = co-s. 2 × 360° = co-s. 3 × 360°, <i>&c.</i> the equation -will become <i>zⁿ</i> = 1, or <i>zⁿ</i> - 1 = 0; and the different values of <i>x</i>, -in the expression (<i>x</i> ± √<span class="bt"><i>xx</i> - 1</span>) for the root <i>z</i>, will consequently be -the co-sines of the arcs, <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">0</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span>, <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">360°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span>, <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2 × 360°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span>, <i>&c.</i> these arcs being - the corresponding <i>submultiples</i> of those above, answering to the co-sine -<i>X</i> (= 1).——In the same manner, if <i>X</i> be taken = -1 = -co-s. 180° = co-s. 3 × 180° = co-s. 5 × 180°, <i>&c.</i> then will <i>zⁿ</i> = -1, -or <i>zⁿ</i> + 1 = 0; and the values of <i>x</i> will, in this case, be the co-sines -of <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">180°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span>, 3 × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">180°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span>, 5 × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">180°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span>, <i>&c.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_157" href="#FNanchor_157" class="label">[157]</a> <i>Avellana purgatrix</i>; in French, <i>medicinier</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_158" href="#FNanchor_158" class="label">[158]</a> This refers to Mr. Baker’s having supposed, that old iron -and old brass may be mixt sometimes, and melted down together.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_159" href="#FNanchor_159" class="label">[159]</a> Vide Wilkins’s real Character, p. 131. Bellon. aquat. p. 330.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_160" href="#FNanchor_160" class="label">[160]</a> Some of the Pour-contrel kind have but one row of suckers on -the arms: such an one I have seen, whose arms were thirty inches -long.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_161" href="#FNanchor_161" class="label">[161]</a> Of this I gave an account some years ago, in my attempt -towards a Natural History of the Polype, chap. v.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_162" href="#FNanchor_162" class="label">[162]</a> See Plate <a href="#XXXI">xxxi</a>. Fig. 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_163" href="#FNanchor_163" class="label">[163]</a> <i>De Num. quibusd. Sam. et Phœn. &c. Dissert.</i> p. 56-59. -& Tab. II. Oxon. 1750.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_164" href="#FNanchor_164" class="label">[164]</a> <i>Marm. Palmyren. a Cl.</i> Dawk. <i>edit.</i> pass.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_165" href="#FNanchor_165" class="label">[165]</a> Vid. Hadr. Reland. <i>Palæst. Illustrat.</i> p. 1014. Traject. -Batavor. 1714. Erasm. <span class="err" title="original: Froel">Frœl.</span> ad <i>Annal. Compendiar. Reg. & Rer. -Syr.</i> Tab. VIII. &c. Viennæ, 1754.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_166" href="#FNanchor_166" class="label">[166]</a> <i>De Antiq. Hebræor. et Græcor. Lit. Libel.</i> Joan. Baptist. -Biancon. p. 31, 32. Bononiæ, 1748.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_167" href="#FNanchor_167" class="label">[167]</a> 1. Maccab. i. 10.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_168" href="#FNanchor_168" class="label">[168]</a> Hadr. Reland. <i>De Num. Vet. Hebr.</i> pass. Trajecti ad <i>Rhenum</i>, -1709.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_169" href="#FNanchor_169" class="label">[169]</a> See Plate <a href="#XXXI">xxxi</a>. Fig. 2.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_170" href="#FNanchor_170" class="label">[170]</a> Honor. Arigon. <i>Num. Phœnic.</i> Tab. I. Num. 3, 6. Tarvisii, -1745.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_171" href="#FNanchor_171" class="label">[171]</a> Nicol. Haym Roman. <i>Del Tesor. Britan.</i> Vol. i. p. 106. -In Londra, 1719.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_172" href="#FNanchor_172" class="label">[172]</a> See Plate <a href="#XXXI">xxxi</a>. Fig. 3.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_173" href="#FNanchor_173" class="label">[173]</a> See Plate <a href="#XXXI">xxxi</a>. Fig. 3.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_174" href="#FNanchor_174" class="label">[174]</a> See Plate <a href="#XXXI">xxxi</a>. Fig. 3.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_175" href="#FNanchor_175" class="label">[175]</a> See the Phœnician Numerals in Plate <a href="#XXXII">xxxii</a>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_176" href="#FNanchor_176" class="label">[176]</a> <i>Philosoph. Transact.</i> Vol. xlviii. Par. ii. p. 726.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_177" href="#FNanchor_177" class="label">[177]</a> <i>De Num. quibusd. Sam. et Phœn. &c. Dissert.</i> p. 59-61. -& Tab. II. Oxon. 1750.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_178" href="#FNanchor_178" class="label">[178]</a> See Plate <a href="#XXXI">xxxi</a>. Fig. 4.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_179" href="#FNanchor_179" class="label">[179]</a> Haym, ubi sup. p. 107.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_180" href="#FNanchor_180" class="label">[180]</a> See Plate <a href="#XXXI">xxxi</a>. Fig. 5.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_181" href="#FNanchor_181" class="label">[181]</a> See Plate <a href="#XXXI">xxxi</a>. Fig. 5.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_182" href="#FNanchor_182" class="label">[182]</a> Honor. Arigon. <i>Num. Phœnic.</i> Tab. I, II. Tarvisii, 1745.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_183" href="#FNanchor_183" class="label">[183]</a> Id. ibid. Tab. I. N. 5.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_184" href="#FNanchor_184" class="label">[184]</a> See Plate <a href="#XXXI">xxxi</a>. Fig. 6.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_185" href="#FNanchor_185" class="label">[185]</a> See p. <a href="#Page_793">793</a>, <a href="#Page_794">794</a>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_186" href="#FNanchor_186" class="label">[186]</a> See plate <a href="#XXXI">xxxi</a>. Fig. 7.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_187" href="#FNanchor_187" class="label">[187]</a> See Plate <a href="#XXXI">xxxi</a>. Fig. 8.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_188" href="#FNanchor_188" class="label">[188]</a> <i>Recherches Curieuses des Monoyes de France &c. Par</i> -Claude Bouterouë, p. 33. A Paris, 1666.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_189" href="#FNanchor_189" class="label">[189]</a> See Plate <a href="#XXXI">xxxi</a>. Fig. 9.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_190" href="#FNanchor_190" class="label">[190]</a> Honor. Arigon. ubi sup. Tab. I. Num. 2.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_191" href="#FNanchor_191" class="label">[191]</a> Claud. Bouterouë, ubi sup. p. 24.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_192" href="#FNanchor_192" class="label">[192]</a> See Plate <a href="#XXXI">xxxi</a>. Fig. 9.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_193" href="#FNanchor_193" class="label">[193]</a> See Plate <a href="#XXXI">xxxi</a>. Fig. 9.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_194" href="#FNanchor_194" class="label">[194]</a> <i>Mémoires de Litterature, tirés des Registres &c.</i> Tom. xxiv. -p. 64. A Paris, 1756.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_195" href="#FNanchor_195" class="label">[195]</a> The whole note, here referred to, in the original runs thus. -“J’avois lû ce Mémoire à l’Académie en 1749, je le communiquai -dans le même temps à un étranger qui se trouvoit alors à -Paris, & qui ayant passé tout de suite en Angleterre, fit part à -un docteur d’Oxford de l’explication que j’avois donnée de la -médaille de Jonathan. Ce dernier <i>m’a fait l’honneur de l’adopter</i> -dans une savante Dissertation imprimée a Oxford en 1750, à -la suite d’une autre Dissertation sur deux inscriptions Phéniciennes.” <i>Mémoires de Litterature, tirés des Registres de l’Académie -Royale des Inscriptions & Belles-Lettres, &c.</i> Tom. xxiv. p. 60. -A Paris, 1756.</p> - -<p>For the better understanding of this note, it will be proper to -observe, that the stranger therein mentioned was M. Brucker, -Professor of History in the University of Basil; with whom I contracted -an acquaintance when at Oxford, towards the close of -March 1750. This gentleman then informed me, that M. l’Abbé -Barthelemy communicated to him draughts of three Samaritan -coins of Jonathan, prince and high-priest of the Jews. He added, -that one of these exhibited the words ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ; -which, according to him, M. l’Abbé Barthelemy interpreted of -Alexander the Great, taking the piece to have been twice struck. -This M. Brucker afterwards in a great measure confirmed, by a -letter he wrote to me at Oxford; which I published intire in 1750, -and endeavoured to prove, that the foregoing inscription was to be -understood of Alexander I. king of Syria, and not of Alexander -the Great. The Samaritan inscription, which M. Brucker only -just touched upon, as is manifest from his letter, I likewise attempted -to explain; producing proper vouchers, in support of what -I advanced. Thus stands the fact, which seems to have given some -offence to M. l’Abbé, stated in the most concise manner possible; -and from it, thus stated, as I apprehend, are naturally deducible -the following observations.</p> - -<p>1. As I differed in opinion from M. l’Abbé, with regard to the -words ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ, as well as in several other respects, -and supported by indisputable authorities what I in all points -advanced, without receiving from any person whatsoever the least -information relative thereto; it very evidently appears, that I did -not <i>adopt</i> M. l’Abbé’s explication of the coin in question.</p> - -<p>2. By publishing M. Brucker’s letter, which I have still by me, -intire, I both did him justice, and clearly acknowledged M. l’Abbé -to have first discovered the medals it treats of to belong to Jonathan, prince and high-priest of the Jews; and therefore have by -no means endeavoured, as he would insinuate, to rob him of the -glory of such a discovery.</p> - -<p>3. As M. l’Abbé in effect owns himself to have seen my dissertation, -and has (if M. Brucker rightly informed me) since the reading -of his memoir, substituted my notion, relating to the words, -ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ, in the room of his own; some people -may perhaps imagine, that I have at least as much reason to -recriminate on this occasion, as he had to charge me with the <i>adoption</i> -of his explication. Nay, as he expresly acquaints the public, -that M. Brucker imparted to me the very interpretation of the -coin he (M. l’Abbé) had before communicated to him, and as -this interpretation most evidently makes it to have been first struck -in the reign of Alexander the Great; every unprejudiced person, -unacquainted with the elevated genius and extensive erudition of -M. l’Abbé, will be strongly induced to believe, that there would -be no great injustice in a recrimination. But far be it from me to -retort the accusation upon M. l’Abbé. His uncommon learning, -his singular modesty, his strict honour, his utter contempt of vanity -and ostentation in every shape, so conspicuous to all the world, -must set him infinitely above the reach of such an imputation. -However, notwithstanding the superior merit and exalted abilities -of M. l’Abbé, notwithstanding the known aversion of the French -writers to the practice here hinted at, and their most generous and -candid treatment hitherto of those belonging to the British nation, -it will perhaps hereafter be thought expedient, by the <span class="smcap">Academy -of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres</span>, not frequently to -suffer an interval of seven years to elapse, between the reading and -publication of their memoirs. For by such unaccountable delays, -if often repeated, a handle may possibly be given to many of the -<i>haughty islanders</i> of reflecting upon, or at least entertaining unfavourable -sentiments of, some of the members of that illustrious -body.</p> - -<p>See <i>De Num. quibusd. Sam. & Phœn. &c. Dissert.</i> p. 61-72. -Oxon. 1750.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_196" href="#FNanchor_196" class="label">[196]</a> F. Henric. Nor. Veronens. <i>An. et Epoch. Syromaced. &c.</i> p. -414-424. Lipsiæ, 1696.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_197" href="#FNanchor_197" class="label">[197]</a> Erasm. Frœl. <i>Annal. Compend. Reg. et Rer. Syr.</i> p. 113. -Viennæ, 1754.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_198" href="#FNanchor_198" class="label">[198]</a> Joan. Harduin. <i>Op. Select.</i> p. 155, 156. Amst. 1709. -Joan. Foy-Vaillant Bellovac. <i>Numismat. Ær. Imperator. &c. Par. -Alt.</i> p. 97. Parisiis, 1695.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_199" href="#FNanchor_199" class="label">[199]</a> Iidem ibid. & alib.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_200" href="#FNanchor_200" class="label">[200]</a> F. Henr. Nor. Veronens. ubi sup.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_201" href="#FNanchor_201" class="label">[201]</a> Diod. Sic. lib. xix. Plutarch. in <i>Demetr.</i> Appian. in <i>Syriac</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_202" href="#FNanchor_202" class="label">[202]</a> F. Henr. Nor. Veronens. ubi sup.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_203" href="#FNanchor_203" class="label">[203]</a> Erasm. Frœl. ubi sup. p. 39. Joan. Foy-Vaill. <i>Seleucidar, -Imper.</i> p. 1-150. Lutet. Parisior. 1681.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_204" href="#FNanchor_204" class="label">[204]</a> Joan. Foy-Vaill. Erasm. Frœl. Nicol. Haym Roman. &c.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_205" href="#FNanchor_205" class="label">[205]</a> See above, p. <a href="#Page_793">793</a>, <a href="#Page_794">794</a>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_206" href="#FNanchor_206" class="label">[206]</a> Erasm. Frœl. ubi sup. p. 101.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_207" href="#FNanchor_207" class="label">[207]</a> 1. Maccab. i. 10.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_208" href="#FNanchor_208" class="label">[208]</a> See Plate <a href="#XXXI">xxxi</a>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_209" href="#FNanchor_209" class="label">[209]</a> See Plate <a href="#XXXII">xxxii</a>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_210" href="#FNanchor_210" class="label">[210]</a> It may not however be amiss to remark, that most of the -forms of the Phœnician centenary and decimal numeral characters -rather resemble the correspondent Palmyrene numerals of Gruter -than those of Mr. Dawkins; as will be obvious to every one, who -shall think proper to compare all those different characters one with -another. <i>Philosoph. Transact.</i> Vol. xlviii. Par. ii. p. 721, 741.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_211" href="#FNanchor_211" class="label">[211]</a> See Plate <a href="#XXXI">xxxi</a>. Fig. 5. & Arigon. Tab. II. Num. 11.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_212" href="#FNanchor_212" class="label">[212]</a> See above, p. <a href="#Page_791">791</a>, <a href="#Page_792">792</a>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_213" href="#FNanchor_213" class="label">[213]</a> Nicol. Haym Roman. ubi sup. p. 100. Erasm. Frœl. ubi -sup. p. 111. Tab. XV.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_214" href="#FNanchor_214" class="label">[214]</a> Joan. Foy-Vaill. ubi sup. p. 238. Erasm. Frœl. ubi sup. -p. 57. Tab. VII. Num. 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_215" href="#FNanchor_215" class="label">[215]</a> Nicol. Haym Roman. ubi sup. p. 101. Erasm. Frœl. ubi -sup. p. 111.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_216" href="#FNanchor_216" class="label">[216]</a> Nicol. Haym Roman. ubi sup. p. 105, 106.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_217" href="#FNanchor_217" class="label">[217]</a> Joan. Foy-Vaill. ubi sup. p. 200. Erasm. Frœl. ubi sup. -p. 63. Tab. VIII. Num. 30.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_218" href="#FNanchor_218" class="label">[218]</a> Hadr. Reland. <i>Palæst. Illustrat.</i> p. 1014.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_219" href="#FNanchor_219" class="label">[219]</a> Nicol. Haym Roman. ubi sup. p. 100, 101.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_220" href="#FNanchor_220" class="label">[220]</a> Joan. Foy-Vaill. ubi sup. p. 375, 378. Haym, ubi sup. -p. 100. Erasm. Frœl. ubi sup. p. 111. Tab. XV.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_221" href="#FNanchor_221" class="label">[221]</a> Gul. Bevereg. <i>Institut. Chronologic.</i> p. 278-331. Eond. -1721.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_222" href="#FNanchor_222" class="label">[222]</a> Oleosis magna tribuitur efficacia, quæ maxime experimento -Fr. Rhedi videtur confirmata, dum muscas et alia insecta variis -liquoribus immersa in vivis permansisse refert, exceptis aliis oleo -perunctis et infusis, quæ invicem mortua vitam non receperunt, licet -radiis solaribus fuerint exposita. Equidem libenter concedo hæc -omnia veritati esse consona, atque etiam oleosa, ut ol. oliv. rapar. -et amygd. dulc. non sine fructu adhiberi: sed scire licet minime -illa eo unquam scopo posse offerri, ut vermes enecent, quia admodum -magna oleorum copia requireretur, si immediatè vermes per totum -intestinorum volumen dispersos deberent extinguere. Multo magis -oleosa in gravibus a lumbricis symptomatibus ideo censerem utilia, -quia sensibiles intestinorum tunicas spasmo constrictas relaxant, et -mucilagine quasi obliniunt atque defendunt, ut postea acriora quaædam -et purgantia remedia magis secure et sine læsione exhiberi possint. -Ita ego sæpius mirabili cum effectu ad vermes enecandos et -symptomata lenienda ol. amygd. d. ad aliquot cochlearia, imo ℥j - vel ℥ij circa lecti introitum vel summo mane pueris præscripsi sumendum, -subjungendo aliquot horas post pilulas ex extracto panchymagogo -Crollii, resina jalappæ, et mercurio dulci paratas.</p> - -<p class="margin hang"> -<i>Hoffmann. Supplement. ad Med. Systemat. de Infant. Morb. -cap. 10. de Vermibus.</i> -</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_223" href="#FNanchor_223" class="label">[223]</a> I have since been informed, that the boy’s parents being extremely -poor, the medicines were left off as soon as he began to -recover; and that, upon their disuse for some time, he was again -attacked with the same fits as before.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_224" href="#FNanchor_224" class="label">[224]</a> All oils dry more readily after they have been boiled; by -which the superfluous aqueous parts are carried off. Drying oils -are also made by the addition of such substances, as absorb humidities.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_225" href="#FNanchor_225" class="label">[225]</a> See Phil. Trans. Nº. 480. p. 227.</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="transnote"> -<h3 class="nobreak" id="Corrections">Corrections</h3> -<p><a href="#CXVI">Contents</a></p> -<ul><li>CVI. A Discourse on the Cinnamon</li> -<li><span class="u">CXVI.</span> A Discourse on the Cinnamon</li></ul> -<p>p. <a href="#Page_593">593</a></p> - -<ul><li>the sea, nor to any other accident whatesover,</li> - -<li>the sea, nor to any other accident<span class="u"> whatsoever</span>,</li></ul> - -<p>p. <a href="#Page_616">616</a></p> - -<ul><li>and also heard a noise, like the distant -dicharge of a cannon: </li> - -<li>and also heard a noise, like the distant -<span class="u">discharge</span> of a cannon: </li></ul> - -<p>p. <a href="#Page_618">618</a></p> - -<ul><li>that the -whole weight of his body was supended by it,</li> - -<li>that the -whole weight of his body was <span class="u">suspended</span> by it,</li></ul> - -<p>p. <a href="#Page_681">681</a></p> - -<ul><li>by almost all the -the botanic writers</li> - -<li>by almost <span class="u">all the - botanic</span> writers</li></ul> - -<p>p. <a href="#Page_712">712</a></p> - -<ul><li>are pretty spacious inclosures, each of which has it -number.</li> - -<li>are pretty spacious inclosures, each of which has <span class="u">its</span> -number.</li></ul> - -<p>p. <a href="#Page_730">730</a></p> - -<ul><li>When it moves upwards, the -click <i>b</i> fixed to the frame, stops the larger rocket C,</li> - -<li>When it moves upwards, the -click <i>b</i> fixed to the frame, stops the larger <span class="u">rochet</span> C,</li> -</ul> -<p>p. <a href="#Page_735">735</a></p> - -<ul><li>which would not be affected -by the different refrangibilty of light;</li> - -<li>which would not be affected -by the different <span class="u">refrangibility</span> of light;</li></ul> - -<p>p. <a href="#Page_741">741</a></p> - -<ul><li>Having thus got rid of the principal cause of the -imperfection of refracting telelescopes</li> - -<li>Having thus got rid of the principal cause of the -imperfection of refracting <span class="u">telescopes</span></li> -</ul> -<p>p. <a href="#Page_759">759</a></p> - -<ul><li>and the <i>same cofficients</i> with the original series</li> - -<li>and the <i>same <span class="u">coefficients</span></i> with the original series</li></ul> - -<p>p. <a href="#Page_766">766</a></p> -<ul><li> -the measures -of the angles expressed by -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">360°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span> × <i>m</i>, -2 × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">360</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span> × <i>m</i>, -3 × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">360</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span> × <i>m</i>, &c. -</li> - -<li>the measures -of the angles expressed by <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">360°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span> × <i>m</i>, -2 × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">360<span class="u">°</span></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span> × <i>m</i>, -3 × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">360<span class="u">°</span></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span> × <i>m</i>, &c. -</li></ul> - -<p>p. <a href="#Page_768">768</a></p> - -<ul><li>The soluion of this case, in a manner a little different,</li> - -<li>The <span class="u">solution</span> of this case, in a manner a little different,</li></ul> - -<p>p. <a href="#Page_773">773</a></p> - -<ul><li>We see by this, that the effects of the -poison of the Manchinelle are different</li> - -<li>We see by this, that the effects of the -poison of the <span class="u">Manchenille</span> are different</li></ul> - -<p>p. <a href="#Page_842">842</a></p> - -<ul><li>I beg leave to subjoin -it by way of postcript.</li> - -<li>I beg leave to subjoin -it by way of <span class="u">postscript</span>.</li></ul> - -<p>p. <a href="#Page_846">846</a></p> - -<ul><li>coverings in different parts of the -the world.</li> - -<li>coverings in different parts <span class="u">of the -world.</span></li></ul> -<p><a href="#Vapour">Index</a></p> - -<ul><li><i>Vapour</i>, remarks on the opinion of Henry Eeles, Esq; concerning the ascent of it, p. 240.</li> - -<li><i>Vapour</i>, remarks on the opinion of <span class="u">Henry Eles</span>, Esq; concerning the ascent of it, p. 240.</li> -</ul> -<h4><a id="Errata"></a>Errata</h4> - -<p>p. <a href="#Page_497">497</a></p> -<p> -Also (2<i>a</i>)²: <i>vv</i>∷ <i>a</i>: <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>vv</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">4<i>a</i></span></span> -</p> - -<p>should be</p> - -<p>Also <span class="u">(2<i>a</i>)²: <i>vv</i>∷ <i>a</i>: (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">25b</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">21c</span></span>)² × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>vv</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">4<i>a</i></span></span></span> -</p> - -<p>p. <a href="#Page_542">542</a></p> -<p>sin. <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">AC + AM</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span> × sin. -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">AC - AM</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span> = ((<i>b</i> + <i>d</i>) × (<i>b</i> - <i>d</i>) =) -(sin. ½ AC + -sin. ½ AM) × (sin. ½ AC - sin. ½ AM).</p> - -<p>should be</p> -<p>sin. <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">AC + AM</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span> × sin. -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">AC - AM</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span> = ((<i>b</i> + <i>d</i>) × (<i>b</i> - <span class="u"><i>d</i>)) =</span> -(sin. ½ AC + -sin. ½ AM) × (sin. ½ AC - sin. ½ AM).</p> -<p>p. <a href="#Page_830">830</a></p> -<p> -hincque motus apsidis spatio unius anni solaris prodit -33´, 95 vel ferè 34´ in consequentia, qui tempore</p> - -<p>should be</p> - -<p>hincque motus apsidis spatio unius anni solaris prodit -33´, <span class="u">95’’ vel ferè</span> 34´ in consequentia, qui tempore</p> -</div> -<div style='display:block; 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