diff options
| author | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-01-21 18:20:12 -0800 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-01-21 18:20:12 -0800 |
| commit | 8e03d2fa4e630642cfee5eca0ef4b71525a2435d (patch) | |
| tree | effb4bf636780719416590bc6b9bf90ffbbeabf3 | |
Initial commit
| -rw-r--r-- | 68412-0.txt | 13416 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 68412-0.zip | bin | 0 -> 252788 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 68412-h.zip | bin | 0 -> 5389040 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 68412-h/68412-h.htm | 18241 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 68412-h/images/cover.jpg | bin | 0 -> 259731 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 68412-h/images/facing525.jpg | bin | 0 -> 259182 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 68412-h/images/facing539.jpg | bin | 0 -> 261275 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 68412-h/images/facing554a.jpg | bin | 0 -> 258184 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 68412-h/images/facing584a.jpg | bin | 0 -> 258932 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 68412-h/images/facing689.jpg | bin | 0 -> 260936 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 68412-h/images/facing692.jpg | bin | 0 -> 259239 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 68412-h/images/facing704-2.jpg | bin | 0 -> 258230 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 68412-h/images/facing704.jpg | bin | 0 -> 254964 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 68412-h/images/facing730-2.jpg | bin | 0 -> 255494 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 68412-h/images/facing730-3.jpg | bin | 0 -> 252651 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 68412-h/images/facing730.jpg | bin | 0 -> 261905 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 68412-h/images/facing779.jpg | bin | 0 -> 246647 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 68412-h/images/facing786.jpg | bin | 0 -> 258104 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 68412-h/images/facing791.jpg | bin | 0 -> 259832 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 68412-h/images/facing805.jpg | bin | 0 -> 258157 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 68412-h/images/facing809.jpg | bin | 0 -> 261282 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 68412-h/images/facing845a.jpg | bin | 0 -> 260214 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 68412-h/images/facing859.jpg | bin | 0 -> 255365 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 68412-h/images/facing860.jpg | bin | 0 -> 255552 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 68412-h/images/image548.jpg | bin | 0 -> 11175 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 68412-h/images/image624.jpg | bin | 0 -> 38628 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 68412-h/images/image706.jpg | bin | 0 -> 3515 bytes |
27 files changed, 31657 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/68412-0.txt b/68412-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c9777c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/68412-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13416 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook of Philosophical transactions,, by Royal
+Society
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
+most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
+of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
+will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
+using this eBook.
+
+Title: Philosophical transactions,
+ Giving some account of the present undertakings, studies, and
+ labours of the ingenious, in many considerable parts of the
+ world. Vol. L. Part II
+
+Author: Various
+
+Compiler: Royal Society
+
+Release Date: June 26, 2022 [eBook #68412]
+
+Language: English
+
+Produced by: Charlene Taylor, Eleni Christofaki and the Online
+ Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+ file was produced from images generously made available by
+ The Internet Archive)
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PHILOSOPHICAL
+TRANSACTIONS, ***
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber’s Note
+
+Variable spelling and hyphenation have been retained. Minor punctuation
+inconsistencies have been silently repaired. The Errata of the original
+edition have been corrected. Other changes made can be found at the end
+of the book. Formatting and special characters are indicated as follows:
+
+ [Sidenotes]
+ _italic_
+ +spaced font+
+ =bold=
+
+
+
+
+ PHILOSOPHICAL
+ TRANSACTIONS,
+ GIVING SOME
+ ACCOUNT
+ OF THE
+ Present Undertakings, Studies, _and_ Labours,
+ OF THE
+ INGENIOUS,
+ IN MANY
+ Considerable Parts of the WORLD.
+
+
+ VOL. L. +PART II.+ For the Year 1758.
+
+ _LONDON_:
+
+ Printed for +L. DAVIS+ and +C. REYMERS+,
+ Printers to the +ROYAL SOCIETY+,
+ against _Gray’s-Inn Gate_, in _Holbourn_.
+
+ M.DCC.LIX.
+
+
+
+
+ THE
+ CONTENTS
+ TO
+ PART II. VOLUME L.
+
+
+ LIX. _AN Account of the Effects of Electricity in paralytic Cases.
+ In a Letter to_ John Pringle, _M. D. F.R.S. from_ Benjamin Franklin,
+ _Esq; F.R.S._ p. 481.
+
+ LX. _Observations on the late Comet in_ September _and_ October
+ _1757; made at the_ Hague _by Mr._ D. Klinkenberg: _In a Letter to
+ the Rev._ James Bradley, _D. D. Astronomer Royal, and F.R.S. and
+ Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences at_ Paris. _Translated from
+ the_ Low Dutch. p. 483.
+
+ LXI. _Remarks on the different Temperature of the Air at_ Edystone,
+ _from that observed at_ Plymouth, _between the 7th and 14th of_ July
+ _1757. By Mr._ John Smeaton, _F.R.S._ p. 488.
+
+ LXII. _An Account of the Earthquake felt in the Island of_ Sumatra,
+ _in the_ East Indies, _in_ November _and_ December _1756. In a
+ Letter from Mr._ Perry _to the Rev. Dr._ Stukeley, _dated at_ Fort
+ Marlborough, _in the Island of_ Sumatra, Feb. _20. 1757. Communicated
+ by the Rev._ Wm. Stukeley, _M. D. F.R.S._ p. 491.
+
+ LXIII. _Concerning the Fall of Water under Bridges. By Mr._ J.
+ Robertson, _F.R.S._ p. 492.
+
+ LXIV. _An Account of the Earthquake in the West Parts of_ Cornwall,
+ July _15th 1757. By the Rev._ William Borlase, _M. A. F.R.S.
+ Communicated by the Rev._ Charles Lyttelton, _LL. D. Dean of_ Exeter,
+ _F.R.S._ p. 499.
+
+ LXV. _Some Observations upon the Sleep of Plants; and an Account
+ of that Faculty, which_ Linnæus _calls_ Vigiliæ Florum; _with an
+ Enumeration of several Plants, which are subject to that Law.
+ Communicated to_ Wm. Watson, _M. D. F.R.S. by Mr._ Richard Pulteney
+ _of_ Leicester. p. 506.
+
+ LXVI. _An Account of the Case of a Boy troubled with convulsive Fits
+ cured by the Discharge of Worms. By the Rev._ Richard Oram, _M. A.
+ Chaplain to the Lord Bishop of_ Ely. p. 518.
+
+ _An Account of the same Subject, in a Letter from Mr._ John Gaze,
+ _of_ Walket, _in the County of_ Norfolk, _to Mr._ Wm. Arderon,
+ _F.R.S. Communicated by Mr._ Henry Baker, _F.R.S._ p. 521.
+
+ LXVII. _An Account of the extraordinary Heat of the Weather in_ July
+ _1757, and of the Effects of it. In a Letter from_ John Huxham, _M.
+ D. F.R.S. to_ Wm. Watson, _M. D. F.R.S._ p. 523.
+
+ LXVIII. _An Account of the fossile Thigh-bone of a large Animal, dug
+ up at_ Stonesfield, _near_ Woodstock, _in Oxfordshire. In a Letter to
+ Mr._ Peter Collinson, _F.R.S. from Mr._ Joshua Platt. p. 524.
+
+ LXIX. _A Discourse of the Usefulness of Inoculation of the horned
+ Cattle to prevent the contagious Distemper among them. In a Letter
+ to the Right Hon._ George _Earl of_ Macclesfield, _P. R. S. from_
+ Daniel Peter Layard, _M. D. F.R.S._ p. 528.
+
+ LXX. _Trigonometry abridged. By the Rev._ Patrick Murdoch, _A. M.
+ F.R.S._ p. 538.
+
+ LXXI. _An Account of Two extraordinary Cases of Gall-Stones. By_
+ James Johnstone, _M. D. of_ Kidderminster. _Communicated by the Rev._
+ Charles Lyttelton, _LL. D. Dean of_ Exeter. p. 543.
+
+ LXXII. _A remarkable Case of Cohesions of all the intestines_, &c.
+ _in a Man of about Thirty-four years of Age who died sometime last
+ Summer, and afterwards fell under the Inspection of Mr._ Nicholas
+ Jenty. p. 550.
+
+ LXXIII. _Of the best Form of Geographical Maps. By the Rev._ Patrick
+ Murdoch, _M. A. F.R.S._ p. 553.
+
+ LXXIV. _A short Dissertation on Maps and Charts: In a Letter to the
+ Rev._ Thomas Birch, _D. D. and Sec. R. S. By Mr._ William Mountaine,
+ _F.R.S._ p. 563.
+
+ LXXV. _Cases of the remarkable Effects of Blisters in lessening the
+ Quickness of the Pulse in Coughs, attended with Infarction of the
+ Lungs and Fever: By_ Robert Whytt, _M. D. F.R.S. Fellow of the Royal
+ College of Physicians, and Professor of Medicine in the University
+ of_ Edinburgh. p. 569.
+
+ LXXVI. _A remarkable Instance of Four rough Stones, that were
+ discovered in an human urinary Bladder, contrary to the received
+ Opinion; and successfully extracted by the lateral Method of Cutting
+ for the Stone. By Mr._ Joseph Warner, _F.R.S. and Surgeon to_
+ Guy’s-Hospital. p. 579.
+
+ LXXVII. _Observations on the_ Limax non cochleata Purpuram ferens,
+ _The naked Snail producing Purple. By_ John Andrew Peyssonel, _M. D.
+ F.R.S. Translated from the_ French. p. 585.
+
+ LXXVIII. _New Observations upon the Worms that form Sponges. By_ John
+ Andrew Peyssonel, _M. D. F.R.S. Translated from the_ French. p. 590.
+
+ LXXIX. _Account of an Experiment, by which it appears, that Salt of
+ Steel does not enter the Lacteal Vessels; with Remarks. In a Letter
+ to the Rev._ Thomas Birch, _D. D. Secret. R. S. By_ Edward Wright,
+ _M. D._ p. 594.
+
+ LXXX. _A Dissertation on the Antiquity of Glass in Windows. In a
+ Letter to the Rev._ Tho. Birch, _D. D. Secret. R. S. By the Rev._
+ John Nixon, _M. A. F.R.S._ p. 601.
+
+ LXXXI. _An Account of an extraordinary Case of the Efficacy of the
+ Bark in the Delirium of a Fever. By_ Nicˢ. Munckley, _M. D. Physician
+ to_ Guy’s-Hospital, _and F.R.S._ p. 609.
+
+ LXXXII. _An Account of an Earthquake felt at_ Lingfield _in_ Surrey,
+ _and_ Edenbridge _in_ Kent, _on the 24th of_ January _1758. By_ James
+ Burrow, _Esq; R. S. V. P._ p. 614.
+
+ LXXXIII. _An Account of the Case of the First Joint of a Thumb torn
+ off, with the Flexor Tendon in its whole Extent torn out. By_ Robert
+ Home, _late Surgeon to the Thirtieth Regiment of Foot, and Surgeon
+ at_ Kingston upon Hull. _In a Letter to_ John Pringle, _M. D. F.R.S._
+ p. 617.
+
+ LXXXIV. _An Account of the late Discoveries of Antiquities at_
+ Herculaneum, _and of an Earthquake there; in a Letter from_ Camillo
+ Paderni, _Keeper of the Museum at_ Herculaneum, _and F.R.S. to_ Tho.
+ Hollis, _Esq; F.R.S. dated_ Portici, Feb. _1. 1758._ p. 619.
+
+ LXXXV. _A further Attempt to facilitate the Resolution of
+ Isoperimetrical Problems. By Mr._ Thomas Simpson, _F.R.S._ p. 623.
+
+ LXXXVI. _Observations on the_ Alga Marina latifolia; _The Sea
+ Alga with broad Leaves. By_ John Andrew Peyssonel, _M. D. F.R.S.
+ Translated from the_ French. p. 631.
+
+ LXXXVII. _An Account of the distilling Water fresh from Sea-Water
+ by Wood-Ashes. By Capt._ William Chapman: _In a Letter to_ John
+ Fothergill, _M. D._ p. 635.
+
+ LXXXVIII. _Observatio Eclipsis Lunaris facta_ Matriti _a Pª._ Joanne
+ Wendlingen, _Societatis_ Jesu, _in Regali Observatorio Collegii
+ Imperialis ejusdem Societatis, Die 30_ Julii _1757_. p. 640.
+
+ _Observatio Eclipsis Lunaris, facta ab eodem, eodem modo, eodem loco,
+ iisdemque instrumentis, Die 24_ Januar. _Anni 1758._ p. 642.
+
+ LXXXIX. _Observations upon a slight Earthquake, tho’ very particular,
+ which may lead to the Knowlege of the Cause of great and violent
+ ones, that ravage whole Countries, and overturn Cities. By_ John
+ Andrew Peyssonel, _M. D. F.R.S. Translated from the_ French. p. 645.
+
+ XC. _A Catalogue of the_ Fifty Plants _from_ Chelsea Garden,
+ _presented to the_ Royal Society _by the worshipful Company of
+ Apothecaries, for the Year 1757, pursuant to the Direction of Sir_
+ Hans Sloane, _Baronet, Med. Reg. & Soc. Reg. nuper Præses, by_ John
+ Wilmer, _M. D. clariss. Societatis Pharmaceut._ Lond. _Socius,
+ Hort._ Chelsean. _Præfectus & Prælector Botanic._ p. 648.
+
+ XCI. _An Historical Memoir concerning a Genus of Plants called_
+ Lichen _by_ Michelli, Haller, _and_ Linnæus; _and comprehended by_
+ Dillenius _under the Terms_ Usnea, Coralloides, _and_ Lichenoides:
+ _Tending principally to illustrate their several Uses. Communicated
+ by_ William Watson, _M. D. F.R.S._ p. 652.
+
+ XCII. _An Account of the fossil Bones of an Allegator, found on
+ the Sea-shore, near_ Whitby _in_ Yorkshire: _In a Letter to_ John
+ Fothergill, _M. D. from Capt._ William Chapman. p. 688.
+
+ XCIII. _De rariori quadam_ Orthoceratitis _Specie, in_ Suecia
+ _reperta, tractatus: in literis a_ Nicholao de Himsel, _M. D._ Riga
+ Livono, _ad_ Gul. Watson, _M. D. R. S. S._ p. 692.
+
+ XCIV. _A further Account of the Effects of Electricity in the Cure of
+ some Diseases: In a Letter from Mr._ Patrick Brydone _to Dr._ Robert
+ Whytt, _Professor of Medicine in the University of_ Edinburgh, _and
+ F.R.S._ p. 695.
+
+ XCV. _An Account of the Black Assize at_ Oxford, _from the Register
+ of_ Merton College _in that University. Communicated by_ John Ward,
+ _LL. D. With some additional Remarks._ p. 699.
+
+ XCVI. _A Description of the Plan of_ Peking, _the Capital of_ China;
+ _sent to the Royal Society by Father_ Gaubil, è Societate Jesu.
+ _Translated from the_ French. p. 704.
+
+ XCVII. _An Attempt to improve the Manner of working the Ventilators
+ by the Help of the Fire-Engine. In a Letter to_ Tho. Birch, _D. D.
+ Secret. R. S. from_ Keane Fitz-Gerald, _Esq; F.R.S._ p. 727.
+
+ XCVIII. _An Account of some Experiments concerning the different
+ Refrangibility of Light. By Mr._ John Dollond. _With a Letter from_
+ James Short, _M. A. F.R.S. Acad. Reg. Suec. Soc._ p. 733.
+
+ XCIX. _An Account of some extraordinary Effects arising from
+ Convulsions; being Part of a Letter to_ John Huxham, _M. D. and
+ F.R.S. from_ William Watson, _M. D. R. S. S._ p. 743.
+
+ C. _An Account of an extraordinary Storm of Hail in_ Virginia. _By_
+ Francis Fauquier, _Esq; Lieutenant Governor of_ Virginia, _and F.R.S.
+ Communicated by_ William Fauquier, _Esq; F.R.S._ p. 746.
+
+ CI. _An Account of an extraordinary Case of a diseased Eye: In a
+ Letter to_ Matthew Maty, _M. D. F.R.S. By_ Daniel Peter Layard, _M.
+ D. F.R.S._ p. 747.
+
+ CII. _An Account of the Heat of the Weather in_ Georgia: _In a Letter
+ from his Excellency_ Henry Ellis, _Esq; Governor of_ Georgia, _and
+ F.R.S. to_ John Ellis, _Esq; F.R.S._ p. 754.
+
+ CIII. _The Invention of a General Method for determining the Sum of
+ every 2d, 3d, 4th, or 5th_, &c. _Term of a Series, taken in order,
+ the Sum of the whole Series being known. By_ Thomas Simpson, _F.R.S._
+ p. 757.
+
+ CIV. _Observatio Eclipsis Lunæ Die 30_ Julii _1757. habita_
+ Olissipone _à_ Joanne Chevalier, _Congregationis Oratorii Presbytero,
+ è Regiâ_ Londinensi _Societate. Communicated by_ Jacob de Castro
+ Sarmiento, _M. D. F.R.S._ p. 769.
+
+ CV. _Singular Observations upon the_ Manchenille Apple. _By_ John
+ Andrew Peyssonel, _M. D. F.R.S. Translated from the_ French. p. 772.
+
+ CVI. _Abstract of a Letter from Mr._ William Arderon, _F.R.S. to Mr._
+ Henry Baker, _F.R.S. on the giving Magnetism and Polarity to Brass.
+ Communicated by Mr._ Baker. p. 774.
+
+ CVII. _An Account of the_ Sea Polypus, _by Mr._ Henry Baker, _F.R.S._
+ p. 777.
+
+ CVIII. _A Description of the fossil Skeleton of an Animal found in
+ the Alum Rock near_ Whitby. _By Mr._ Wooller. _Communicated by_
+ Charles Morton, _M. D. F.R.S._ p. 786.
+
+ CIX. _A Dissertation on the_ Phœnician _Numeral Characters antiently
+ used at_ Sidon. _In a Letter to the Rev._ Tho. Birch, _D. D. Secret.
+ R. S. from the Rev._ John Swinton, _M. A. of_ Christ-Church, Oxon.
+ _F.R.S._ p. 791.
+
+ CX. _Of the Irregularities in the Motion of a Satellite arising from
+ the Spheroidical Figure of its Primary Planet: In a Letter to the
+ Rev._ James Bradley, _D. D. Astronomer Royal, F.R.S. and Member of
+ the Royal Academy of Sciences at_ Paris; _by Mr._ Charles Walmesley,
+ _F.R.S. and Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences at_ Berlin, _and
+ of the Institute at_ Bologna. p. 809.
+
+ CXI. _Some Observations on the History of the_ Norfolk Boy. _By_ J.
+ Wall, _M. D. In a Letter to the Rev._ Charles Lyttelton, _LL. D. Dean
+ of_ Exeter. p. 836.
+
+ CXII. _Observations upon the_ Corona Solis Marina Americana; _The_
+ American Sea-Sun-Crown. _By_ John Andrew Peyssonel, _M. D. F.R.S._
+ p. 843.
+
+ CXIII. _An Account of several rare Species of Barnacles. In a Letter
+ to Mr._ Isaac Romilly, _F.R.S. from_ John Ellis, _Esq; F.R.S._
+ p. 845.
+
+ CXIV. _A further Account of the poisonous Effects of the_ Oenanthe
+ Aquatica Succo viroso crocante _of_ Lobel, _or Hemlock Dropwort. By_
+ W. Watson, _M. D. F.R.S._ p. 856.
+
+ CXV. _Extract of a Letter to_ John Eaton Dodsworth, _Esq; from Dr._
+ George Forbes _of_ Bermuda, _relating to the_ Patella, _or_ Limpet
+ Fish, _found there_. p. 859.
+
+ CXVI. _A Discourse on the_ Cinnamon, Cassia, _or_ Canella. _By_
+ Taylor White, _Esq; F.R.S._ p. 860.
+
+
+
+
+LIX. _An Account of the Effects of Electricity in paralytic Cases. In a
+Letter to_ John Pringle, _M. D. F.R.S. from_ Benjamin Franklin, _Esq;
+F.R.S._
+
+[Read Jan. 12, 1758.]
+
+SIR,
+
+THE following is what I can at present recollect, relating to the
+effects of electricity in paralytic cases, which have fallen under my
+observation.
+
+Some years since, when the news-papers made mention of great cures
+performed in Italy or Germany, by means of electricity, a number of
+paralytics were brought to me from different parts of Pensylvania, and
+the neighbouring provinces, to be electrised; which I did for them at
+their request. My method was, to place the patient first in a chair, on
+an electric stool, and draw a number of large strong sparks from all
+parts of the affected limb or side. Then I fully charged two six-gallon
+glass jars, each of which had about three square feet of surface
+coated; and I sent the united shock of these thro’ the affected limb or
+limbs; repeating the stroke commonly three times each day. The first
+thing observed was an immediate greater sensible warmth in the lame
+limbs, that had received the stroke, than in the others: and the next
+morning the patients usually related, that they had in the night felt
+a pricking sensation in the flesh of the paralytic limbs; and would
+sometimes shew a number of small red spots, which they supposed were
+occasioned by those prickings. The limbs too were found more capable of
+voluntary motion, and seemed to receive strength. A man, for instance,
+who could not the first day lift the lame hand from off his knee, would
+the next day raise it four or five inches, the third day higher; and
+on the fifth day was able, but with a feeble languid motion, to take
+off his hat. These appearances gave great spirits to the patients, and
+made them hope a perfect cure; but I do not remember, that I ever saw
+any amendment after the fifth day: which the patients perceiving, and
+finding the shocks pretty severe, they became discouraged, went home,
+and in a short time relapsed; so that I never knew any advantage from
+electricity in palsies, that was permanent. And how far the apparent
+temporary advantage might arise from the exercise in the patients
+journey, and coming daily to my house, or from the spirits given by the
+hope of success, enabling them to exert more strength in moving their
+limbs, I will not pretend to say.
+
+Perhaps some permanent advantage might have been obtained, if the
+electric shocks had been accompanied with proper medicine and regimen,
+under the direction of a skilful physician. It may be, too, that a few
+great strokes, as given in my method, may not be so proper as many
+small ones; since, by the account from Scotland of a case, in which two
+hundred shocks from a phial were given daily, it seems, that a perfect
+cure has been made. As to any uncommon strength supposed to be in the
+machine used in that case, I imagine it could have no share in the
+effect produced; since the strength of the shock from charged glass is
+in proportion to the quantity of surface of the glass coated; so that
+my shocks from those large jars must have been much greater than any,
+that could be received from a phial held in the hand.
+
+I am, with great respect,
+
+ SIR,
+ Your most obedient Servant,
+ R. Franklin.
+
+London, Dec. 21, 1757.
+
+
+
+
+LX. _Observations on the late Comet in_ September _and_ October 1757;
+_made at the_ Hague _by Mr._ D. Klinkenberg: _In a Letter to the Rev._
+James Bradley, _D. D. Astronomer Royal, and F.R.S. and Member of the
+Royal Academy of Sciences at_ Paris. _Translated from the_ Low Dutch.
+
+[Read Jan. 12, 1758.]
+
+SIR,
+
+I Hope you will be pleased to excuse the liberty, which I take, of
+troubling you with my observations on the comet, which made its
+appearance here, and in other parts of Europe, in the months of
+September and October last; and which, according to the news-papers,
+was first observed the 11th September by Mr. Gartner, at Dorlkeurtz
+near Dresden; then, by me, on the 16th of the said Month, here in the
+Hague; and afterwards in different places. As I find, that you have
+observed the comet, I doubt not but that you have done it in the most
+accurate manner; and my great love for this science induces me to beg,
+that I may have the happiness of knowing some of your observations.
+My good friend Mr. Struyk at Amsterdam wrote me some time ago, that
+he intended to ask the same favour of you; but I have not since heard
+any further from him. I observed this comet from Septemb. 16th in
+the morning, until Octob. the 11th in the morning; and found its
+situations, according to my method, as follows:
+
+ _Longit._ _Latit._
+ 1757. ° ´ ° ´
+ Sept. 16. at 4 h. ante mer. The comet in ♋ 10 15 with 10 10 North.
+ 17 -- 3 -- -- -- -- -- ♋ 14 7 ---- 9 38
+ 18 -- 3¾ -- -- -- -- -- ♋ 18 10 ---- 8 57
+ 19 -- 4 -- -- -- -- -- ♋ 22 1 ---- 8 17
+ 22 -- 2¾ -- -- -- -- -- ♌ 3 46 ---- 6 15
+ 23 -- 4 -- -- -- -- -- ♌ 7 36 ---- 5 24
+ 25 -- 4¼ -- -- -- -- -- ♌ 14 50 ---- 4 6
+ 28 -- 4 -- -- -- -- -- ♌ 24 22 ---- 1 41
+ Oct. 1 -- 4¾ -- -- -- -- -- ♍ 2 46 ---- 0 12 South.
+ 4 -- 4½ -- -- -- -- -- ♍ 9 45 ---- 1 30
+ 9 -- 4½ -- -- -- -- -- ♍ 20 20 ---- 2 40
+ 11 -- 5 -- -- -- -- -- ♍ 24 46 ---- 3 9
+
+But the two last observations will, in my opinion, differ the most;
+because, when I made them, I was in some doubt about the adjustment
+of my instruments; and the comet was then far advanced into the
+morning rays. I have, since the month of February last to the end of
+May, made sundry observations on fixed stars, with a telescope of 16
+inches, made by Mr. Short; and with a pendulum clock, made after the
+manner of Mr. Graham, by Mr. Vryhthoff of this place. In the months
+of February and March, by a medium of eight observations, I found,
+that by the clock, the star Rigel, in every daily revolution, passed
+4 min. 2⁴⁄₉ seconds of time earlier, in the telescope; and in the
+latter end of May I found, by six observations, (the clock not in the
+least changed or altered) on the star Spica Virginis, that that star,
+in every revolution, passed 4 min. 5¹⁄₂₀ sec. earlier, in the same
+telescope; which intervals differ pretty nearly 2⅗ seconds of time from
+one another. Whether this difference arises from any defect in the
+clock, or whether it proceeds from any small difference of velocity
+of the earth’s motion round its axis, I would have been very glad to
+have endeavoured to find out by farther inquiry, had not the death of
+Mr. S. Koenig intervened, and I thereby hindered from continuing my
+observations. The above observations were taken in the observatory of
+his illustrious Highness the minor Prince of Orange and Nassau, _&c.
+&c._ under the direction, and with the approbation of the aforesaid
+Mr. Koenig. After the death of that gentleman, I petitioned her Royal
+Highness the Princess Governess of these Provinces, _&c._ that I might
+have leave to continue my astronomical observations; but as yet I have
+not been able to obtain her Royal Highness’s permission: otherwise I
+would have observed this last comet with more exactness. Had I been
+able to pursue the above-mentioned observations, I would, for the
+greater certainty in regard to the pendulum, have made use of a farther
+precaution. By means of a stove, with the help of a thermometer, I
+would have endeavoured to have kept the room (in which the clock stood)
+in the winter, and at all times, in the same degree of heat it had at
+the time I made the observations in the summer. I would also have daily
+observed and noted the moon’s place, at the time of the observations.
+Tho’ this is but a slight observation of mine; yet I make no doubt, but
+that in case, by the different distances of the earth from the sun,
+and the different distances and situations of the moon with respect
+to the earth, and the respective effects produced by these causes,
+any inequality arises in the velocity of the diurnal motion of the
+earth on its axis, you (who have made the most sublime observations on
+the aberration of the fixed stars, and more than any mortal ever did
+before) must have discovered, and are well acquainted, with the same.
+
+As my above-mentioned observations on the comet appeared too incorrect
+to undertake a calculation for the ascertaining of its path from the
+theory, I contented myself with effecting it by a construction. By this
+means I found, on a figure, whose globular or spherical diameter was
+13½ Rhineland inches, as follows:
+
+That the comet was in its perihelion the 21st of October, at two of the
+clock in the afternoon: the place of the perihelion 3 degrees in Leo.
+The comet’s distance in the perihelion from the sun was about 34 parts,
+whereof 100 make the mean distance between the sun and the earth. The
+inclination of the comet’s orbit with the ecliptic 13 degrees; and the
+southern latitude of the perihelion also 13 decrees: the ascending or
+north node ☊ 4⅓ degrees in Scorpio; and the comet’s motion direct, or
+according to the order of the signs of the zodiac. On this supposition
+I have, for some of the times of observations, estimated the apparent
+places of the comet, and found them as follows:
+
+ _Long._ _Latit._
+ Sept. 18, at 3¾ ante merid. In ♋ 18¹⁄₁₂ and 9 deg. North.
+ 19 -- 4 -- -- -- ♋ 22 ---- 8⅖
+ 22 -- 2¾ -- -- -- ♌ 3⅝ ---- 6¼
+ 23 -- 4 -- -- -- ♌ 7⅗ ---- 5½
+ 25 -- 4¼ -- -- -- ♌ 14⅔ ---- 4
+ 28 -- 4 -- -- -- ♌ 24⅓ ---- 1¾
+ Oct. 4 -- 4½ -- -- -- ♍ 9⅓ ---- 2 ---- South.
+ 9 -- 4¾ -- -- -- ♍ 19⅔ ---- 3⅖
+ 11 -- 5 -- -- -- ♍ 23⅛ ---- 3⅘
+
+The observations, which I have taken, to ground the measurement on, are
+those of the 16th and 23d of September, and of the 1st of October. It
+appears very evident, not only from this rough calculation, but every
+other circumstance of this comet, that it is not the same with that
+in the year 1682: which, on certain accounts, is very desirable to be
+known; for both here, and in other parts of the Netherlands, there
+have been some people, who have published mere conjectures; and have
+ventured (very minutely and exactly, as they pretended) about the time
+that this comet first made its appearance, to predict the return of
+the comet of the year 1682. But by the above, the weakness of their
+pretensions is very evident to all the world: whereas, if this had
+proved to be the expected comet, they would have assumed to themselves
+much undue praise, and have pretended to knowlege even superior to the
+every-where much celebrated Newton and Halley.
+
+It appears also probable to me, that this comet is none of those
+already calculated, or brought upon a list, by Messieurs Halley and
+Struyk. It is somewhat remarkable, that the line of the nodes is
+almost at right angles with the long axis of the ellipsis; which
+corresponds nearly with the comets of the years 1580, 1683, and 1686:
+but those had their perihelions northward of the ecliptic; whereas the
+perihelion of the last, which we have lately seen, was to the southward
+of the ecliptic.
+
+I have the honour to subscribe myself, with the most perfect esteem for
+you, and your sublime studies, very respectfully,
+
+ SIR,
+ Your very humble and obedient Servant,
+ D. Klinkenberg.
+
+Hague, 13th Dec. 1757.
+
+
+
+
+LXI. _Remarks on the different Temperature of the Air at_ Edystone,
+_from that observed at_ Plymouth, _between the 7th and 14th of_ July
+1757. _By Mr._ John Smeaton, _F.R.S._
+
+[Read Jan. 12, 1758.]
+
+SIR,
+
+ON the reading of Dr. Huxham’s letter at the last meeting, some
+observations occurred to me, concerning the different temperature of
+the air, which I had observed at the Edystone, from what had been
+observed by the Doctor at Plymouth, between the 7th and 14th of July
+last: which having been desired by some members to be put into writing,
+I beg leave to trouble you with the following.
+
+Edystone is distant from Plymouth about 16 miles, and without the
+head-lands of the Sound about 11.
+
+The 7th and 8th were not remarkable at Edystone for heat or cold; the
+weather was very moderate, with a light breeze at east; which allowed
+us to work upon the rock both days, when the tide served.
+
+About midnight, between the 8th and 9th, the wind being then fresh at
+east, it was remarkably cold for the season, as I had more particular
+occasion to observe, on account of a ship that was cast away upon the
+rocks. The wind continued cold the 9th all day; which was complained
+of by some of the shipwrecked seamen, who had not time to save their
+cloaths; and so fresh at east, as prevented our going near the rocks,
+or the wreck; and so continued till Sunday the 10th; when, seeing no
+prospect of a sudden alteration of weather, I returned to Plymouth in
+a sailing boat, wrapped up in my thick coat. As soon as we got within
+the headlands, I could perceive the wind to blow considerably warmer;
+but not so warm as to make my great coat uneasy. Having had a quick
+passage, in this manner I went home, to the great astonishment of the
+family to see me so wrapped up, when they were complaining of the
+excessive heat: and indeed, it was not long before I had reason to join
+in their opinion.
+
+This heat I experienced till Tuesday the 12th, when I again went off to
+sea, where I found the air very temperate, rather cool than warm; and
+so continued till Thursday the 14th.
+
+In my journal for Wednesday the 13th I find the following remarks,
+_viz._ “This evening’s tide” (from 6 A. till 12 A.) “the wind at east,
+but moderate, with frequent flashes of lightning to the southward. Soon
+after we got on board the store-vessel, a squall of wind arose from the
+south-west on a sudden, and continued for about a minute; part of which
+time it blew so hard, we expected the masts to go by the board: after
+which it was perfectly calm, and presently after a breeze returned from
+the east.”
+
+And in the journal of the 14th is entered, “This morning’s tide”
+(_viz._ from 1 M. to 1 A.) “the air and sea quite calm.”
+
+Hence it appears, how different the temper of the air may be in a
+small distance; and to what small spaces squalls of wind are sometimes
+confined.
+
+It may not be amiss further to observe upon this head, that once, in
+returning from Edystone, having got within about two miles of the
+Ramhead, we were becalmed; and here we rolled about for at least four
+hours; and yet at the same time saw vessels, not above a league from
+us, going out of Plymouth Sound with a fresh of wind, whose direction
+was towards us, as we could observe from the trim of their sails; and
+as we ourselves experienced, after we got into it by tacking and rowing.
+
+I am, Sir,
+
+ Your most humble Servant,
+ J. Smeaton.
+
+Furnival’s-Inn Court, 12th Jan. 1758.
+
+
+
+
+LXII. _An Account of the Earthquake felt in the Island of_ Sumatra, _in
+the_ East-Indies, _in_ November _and_ December 1756. _In a Letter from
+Mr._ Perry _to the Rev. Dr._ Stukeley, _dated at_ Fort Marlborough, _in
+the Island of_ Sumatra, Feb. 20. 1757. _Communicated by the Rev._ Wm.
+Stukeley, _M. D. F.R.S._
+
+[Read Jan. 12, 1758.]
+
+THE earthquake at Lisbon, which you gave me an account of, was
+certainly the most awful tremendous calamity, that has ever happened
+in the world. Its effects are extremely wonderful and amazing; and it
+seems, as you observe, to have been felt in all parts of the globe.
+On the 3d day of the same month the earthquake of Lisbon happened, I
+felt at Manna[1] a violent shock myself; and from that time to the 3d
+of December following I felt no less than twelve different shocks, all
+which I took an exact account of in my pocket-bock. Since which we have
+had two very severe earthquakes, felt, we believe, throughout this
+island[2]. The walls of[3] Cumberland-house[4] were greatly damaged
+by them. Salop-house[4], my own (formerly Mr. Massey’s), the houses
+of Laye[5] and Manna, were all cracked by them; and the works at the
+sugar-plantation[6] received considerable damage. The ground opened
+near the _qualloe_[7] at Bencoolen, and up the River in several places;
+and there issued therefrom sulphureous earth, and large quantities of
+water, sending forth a most intolerable stench. Poblo Point[8] was much
+cracked at the same time; and some _doosoons_[9] in-land at Manna were
+destroyed, and many people in them.
+
+These are all the ill effects, that have come to our knowlege; but, it
+is reasonable to suppose, not all the damage, that has happened upon
+the island.
+
+
+
+
+LXIII. _Concerning the Fall of Water under Bridges. By Mr._ J.
+Robertson, _F.R.S._
+
+[Read Jan. 19, 1758.]
+
+SOME time before the year 1740, the problem about the fall of water,
+occasioned by the piers of bridges built across a river, was much
+talked of at London, on account of the fall that it was supposed would
+be at the new bridge to be built at Westminster. In Mr. Hawksmore’s
+and Mr. Labelye’s pamphlets, the former published in 1736, and the
+latter in 1739, the result of Mr. Labelye’s computations was given: but
+neither the investigation of the problem, nor any rules, were at that
+time exhibited to the public.
+
+In the year 1742 was published Gardiner’s edition of Vlacq’s Tables;
+in which, among the examples there prefixed to shew some of the
+uses of those tables drawn up by the late William Jones, Esq; there
+are two examples, one shewing how to compute the fall of water at
+London-bridge, and the other applied to Westminster-bridge: but that
+excellent mathematician’s investigation of the rule, by which those
+examples were wrought, was not printed, altho’ he communicated to
+several of his friends copies thereof. Since that time, it seems as
+if the problem had in general been forgot, as it has not made its
+appearance, to my knowlege, in any of the subsequent publications. As
+it is a problem somewhat curious, tho’ not difficult, and its solution
+not generally known (having seen four different solutions, one of them
+very imperfect, extracted from the private books of an office in one of
+the departments of engineering in a neighbouring nation), I thought it
+might give some entertainment to the curious in these matters, if the
+whole process were published. In the following investigation, much the
+same with Mr. Jones’s, as the demonstrations of the principles therein
+used appeared to be wanting, they are here attempted to be supplied.
+
+
+PRINCIPLES.
+
+I. _A heavy body, that in the first second of time has fallen the
+height of a feet, has acquired such a velocity, that, moving uniformly
+therewith, will in the next second of time move the length of 2 a feet._
+
+II. _The spaces run thro’ by falling bodies are proportional to one
+another as the squares of their last or acquired velocities._
+
+ These two principles are demonstrated by the writers on mechanics.
+
+III. _Water forced out of a larger chanel thro’ one or more smaller
+passages, will have the streams thro’ those passages contracted in the
+ratio of 25 to 21._
+
+ This is shewn in the 36th prop. of the 2d book of Newton’s Principia.
+
+IV. _In any stream of water, the velocity is such, as would be acquired
+by the fall of a body from a height above the surface of that stream._
+
+ This is evident from the nature of motion.
+
+V. _The velocities of water thro’ different passages of the same
+height, are reciprocally proportional to their breadths._
+
+ For, at some time, the water must be delivered as fast as it comes;
+ otherwise the bounds would be overflowed.
+
+ At that time, the same quantity, which in any time flows thro’ a
+ section in the open chanel, is delivered in equal time thro’ the
+ narrower passages; or the momentum in the narrow passages must be
+ equal to the momentum in the open chanel; or the rectangle under the
+ section of the narrow passages, by their mean velocity, must be equal
+ to the rectangle under the section of the open chanel by its mean
+ velocity.
+
+ Therefore the velocity in the open chanel is to the velocity in the
+ narrower passages, as the section of those passages is to the section
+ of the open chanel.
+
+ But the heights in both sections being equal, the sections are
+ directly as the breadths;
+
+ Consequently the velocities are reciprocally as the breadths.
+
+VI. _In a running stream, the water above any obstacles put therein
+will rise to such a height, that by its fall the stream may be
+discharged as fast as it comes._
+
+ For the same body of water, which flowed in the open chanel, must
+ pass thro’ the passages made by the obstacles:
+
+ And the narrower the passages, the swifter will be the velocity of
+ the water:
+
+ But the swifter the velocity of the water, the greater is the height,
+ from whence it has descended:
+
+ Consequently the obstacles, which contract the chanel, cause the
+ water to rise against them.
+
+ But the rise will cease, when the water can run off as fast as it
+ comes:
+
+ And this must happen, when, by the fall between the obstacles, the
+ water will acquire a velocity in a reciprocal proportion to that in
+ the open chanel as the breadth of the open chanel is to the breadth
+ of the narrow passages.
+
+VII. _The quantity of the fall caused by an obstacle in a running
+stream is measured by the difference between the heights fallen from
+to acquire the velocities in the narrow passages and open chanel._
+
+ For just above the fall, the velocity of the stream is such, as would
+ be acquired by a body falling from a height higher than the surface
+ of the water:
+
+ And at the fall, the velocity of the stream is such, as would be
+ acquired by the fall of a body from a height more elevated than the
+ top of the falling stream; and consequently the real fall is less
+ than this height.
+
+ Now as the stream comes to the fall with a velocity belonging to a
+ fall above its surface;
+
+ Consequently the height belonging to the velocity at the fall must be
+ diminished by the height belonging to the velocity, with which the
+ stream arrives at the fall.
+
+
+PROBLEM.
+
+_In a chanel of running water, whose breadth is contracted by one or
+more obstacles; the breadth of the chanel, the mean velocity of the
+whole stream, and the breadth of the water-way between the obstacles
+being given; To find the quantity of the fall occasioned by those
+obstacles._
+
+ Let _b_ = breadth of the chanel in feet.
+ _v_ = mean velocity of the water in feet per sec.
+ _c_ = breadth of the water-way between the obstacles.
+
+Now 25: 21∷ _c_: 21 ⁄ 25 _c_ the water-way contracted. _Principle III._
+
+And 21 ⁄ 25 _c_: _b_∷ _v_: 25_b_ ⁄ 21_c_ _v_ the veloc. _per_ sec. in
+the water-way between the obstacles. _Princip. V._
+
+Also (2_a_)²: _vv_∷ _a_: _vv_ ⁄ 4_a_ the height fallen to acquire the
+vel. v. I. & II.
+
+And (2_a_)²: (25_b_ ⁄ 21_c_)² × _vv_∷ _a_: (25_b_ ⁄ 21_c_)² × _vv_ ⁄
+4_a_ the height fallen to acquire the vel. 25_b_ ⁄ 21_c_ _v_. I. & II.
+
+Then (25_b_ ⁄ 21_c_)² x (_vv_ ⁄ 4_a_) - (_vv_ ⁄ 4_a_) is the measure of
+the fall required. VII.
+
+Or ((25_b_ ⁄ 21_c_)² - 1) × _vv_ ⁄ 4_a_ is a rule, by which the fall
+may be readily computed.
+
+Here _a_ = 16,0899 feet and 4_a_ = 64,3596.
+
+
+EXAMPLE I. _For London-Bridge._
+
+By the observations made by Mr. Labelye in 1746,
+
+The breadth of the Thames at London-bridge is 926 feet;
+
+The sum of the water-ways at the time of the greatest fall is 236 feet;
+
+The mean velocity of the stream taken at its surface just above bridge
+is 3⅙ feet _per_ second.
+
+Under almost all the arches there are great numbers of drip-shot piles,
+or piles driven into the bed of the water-way, to prevent it from being
+washed away by the fall. These drip-shot piles considerably contract
+the water-ways, at least ⅙ of their measured breadth, or about 39⅓ feet
+in the whole.
+
+So that the water-way will be reduced to 196⅔ feet.
+
+Now _b_ = 926; _c_ = 196⅔; _v_ = 3⅙; 4_a_ = 64,3596.
+
+Then 25_b_ ⁄ 21_c_ = 23150 ⁄ 4130 = 5,60532.
+
+And 5,60532² = 31,4196; and 31,4196 - 1 = 30,4196 = (25_b_ ⁄ 21_c_)² -
+1.
+
+Also _vv_ = (19 ⁄ 6)² = 361 ⁄ 36; And _vv_ ⁄ 4_a_ = 361 ⁄ (36 ×
+64,3596) = 0,15581.
+
+Then 30,4196 × 0,15581 = 4,739 feet, the fall sought after.
+
+By the most exact observations made about the year 1736, the measure of
+the fall was 4 feet 9 inches.
+
+
+EXAMPLE II. _For Westminster-Bridge._
+
+Altho’ the breadth of the river at Westminster-bridge is 1220 feet;
+yet, at the time of the greatest fall, there is water thro’ only the
+thirteen large arches, which amount to 820 feet: to which adding the
+breadth of the twelve intermediate piers, equal to 174 feet, gives 994
+for the breadth of the river at that time: and the velocity of the
+water just above bridge (from many experiments) is not greater than 2¼
+feet _per_ second.
+
+Here _b_ = 994; _c_ = 820; _v_ = 2¼; 4_a_ = 64,3596.
+
+Now 25_b_ ⁄ 21_c_ = 24850 ⁄ 17220 = 1,443.
+
+And 1,443² = 2,082; And 2,082 - 1 = 1,082 = (25_b_ ⁄ 21_c_)² - 1.
+
+Also _vv_ = (⁹⁄₄)² = ⁸¹⁄₁₆; And _vv_ ⁄ 48 = 81 ⁄ (16 × 64,3696) =
+0,0786.
+
+Then 1,082 × 0,0786 = 0,084 feet, the fall sought.
+
+Which is about 1 inch; and is about half an inch more than the greatest
+fall observed by Mr. Labelye.
+
+
+
+
+LXIV. _An Account of the Earthquake in the West Parts of_ Cornwall,
+July _15th 1757. By the Rev._ William Borlase, _M. A. F.R.S.
+Communicated by the Rev._ Charles Lyttelton, _LL.D. Dean of_ Exeter,
+_F.R.S._
+
+[Read Jan. 26, 1758.]
+
+ON Friday the 15th of July, 1757. a violent shock of an earthquake was
+felt in the western parts of Cornwall.
+
+The thermometer had been higher than usual, and the weather hot, or
+calm, or both, for eight days before; wind east and north-east. On the
+14th in the morning, the wind shifting to the south-west, the weather
+calm and hazy, there was a shower. The afternoon hazy and fair, wind
+north-west. The barometer moderately high, but the mercury remarkably
+variable.
+
+On the 15th in the morning, the wind fresh at north-west, the
+atmosphere hazy. Being on the sands, half a mile east of Penzance, at
+10 A. M. near low water, I perceived on the surface of the sands a
+very unusual inequality: for whereas there are seldom any unevennesses
+there, but what are made by the rippling of the water, I found the
+sands, for above 100 yards square, all full of little tubercles (each
+as large as a moderate mole-hill), and in the middle a black speck on
+the top, as if something had issued thence. Between these convexities
+were hollow basons of an equal diameter. From one of these hollows
+there issued a strong rush of water, about the bigness of a man’s
+wrist, never observed there before nor since.
+
+About a quarter after six, P. M. the sky dusky, the wind being at west
+north-west, it fell quite calm. At half past six, being then in the
+summer-house at Keneggy, the seat of the Hon. J. Harris, Esq; near
+Penzance, with some company, we were suddenly alarmed with a rumbling
+noise, as if a coach or waggon had passed near us over an uneven
+pavement; but the noise was as loud in the beginning and at the end,
+as in the middle; which neither the sound of thunder, or of carriages,
+ever is. The sash-casements jarred: one gentleman thought his chair
+moved under him; and the gardener, then in the dwelling house (about an
+hundred yards distant from us) felt the stone pavement of the room he
+was in move very sensibly.
+
+In what place the shock began, and whether progressive or instantaneous
+in the several places where it was felt, is uncertain, for want of
+accurately determining the precise point of time in distant places.
+
+The shock was not equally loud or violent. Its extent was from the
+isles of Scilly eastward as far as Liskerd, and towards the north as
+far as Camelford; thro’ which district I shall trace it, according to
+the best informations I could procure.
+
+In the island of St. Mary, Scilly, the shock was violent. On the
+shores of Cornwall, opposite to Scilly (in the parish of Senan, near
+the Land’s-end) the noise was heard like that of a spinning-wheel on
+a chamber-floor. Below stairs there was a cry, that the house was
+shaking; and the brass pans and pewter rattled one against another
+in several houses in the same parish. In the adjoining parish of
+St. Just, two young men being then swimming, felt a strong and very
+unusual agitation of the sea. In the town of Penzance, in one house
+the chamber-bell rung; in another the pewter plates, placed edgeways
+on a shelf, shifted, and slid to one end of the shelf: and it was
+every-where perceived more or less, according as people’s attention was
+engaged.
+
+At Trevailer, the seat of William Veale, Esquire, about two miles from
+Penzance, the noise was heard, and thought at first to be thunder:
+the windows shook, and the walls of the parlour, where Mr. Veale
+sat, visibly moved. The jarring of the windows continued near half a
+minute; but the motion of the walls not quite so long: and some masons,
+being at work on a contiguous new building, the upright poles of the
+scaffolds shook so violently, that, for fear of falling, they laid
+hold on the walls, which, to their still greater surprize, they found
+agitated in the same manner. And a person present, who was at London
+at the time of the two shocks in the year 1751, thought this shock to
+resemble the second, both in degree and duration[10].
+
+At Marazion, the next market-town east of Penzance, the houses of
+several persons shook to that degree, that people ran out into the
+street, lest the houses should fall upon them.
+
+In the borough of St. Ives, on the north sea, six miles north of
+Penzance, the shock was so violent, that a gentleman, who had been at
+Lisbon during several shocks, said, that this exceeded all he had met
+with, except that on the 1st of November 1755, so fatal to that city.
+
+At Tehidy, the seat of Francis Basset, Esq; the rooms shook, and
+the grounds without doors were observed to move. The shock was felt
+sensibly at Redruth, St. Columb, Bodman, _&c._ along to Camelford,
+which is about 90 miles from the isle of Scilly. From Marazion eastward
+it was felt at several places in like manner, as far as Lostwythyel;
+but at Liskerd, about ten miles east of Lostwythyel, it was but faintly
+perceived, and that by a few persons. It was still less sensible at Loo
+and Plymouth, “scarcely sufficient to excite curiosity or fear”[11].
+
+The times of its duration were various. At Keneggy we thought the noise
+could not have lasted above six seconds; at Trevailer, not two miles
+distant to the west, it was thought to have lasted near half a minute;
+in the parish of Gwynier half a minute; at Ludgvan, three miles east
+of Penzance, the noise was rather longer than half a minute; but the
+shaking felt in the garden, and observed in the houses, short and
+momentary. In Germo great Pinwork, seven miles east of Penzance, it
+lasted only a few seconds; but in the isles of Scilly it was computed
+at 40 seconds.
+
+Thus was this earthquake felt in towns, houses, and grounds adjacent;
+but still more particularly alarming in our mines, where there is less
+refuge, and consequently a greater dread from the tremors of the earth.
+
+In Carnorth adit, in the parish of St. Just, the shock was sensibly
+felt 18 fathom deep; in the mine called Boscadzhill-downs, more than 30
+fathom.
+
+At Huel-rith mine, in the parish of Lannant, people saw the earth
+move under them, first quick, then in a slower wavy tremor; and
+the stage-boards of the little winds or shafts 20 fathom deep were
+perceived to move.
+
+In Herland mine, commonly called the Manor, in the parish of Gwynier,
+the noise was heard 55 and 60 fathom deep, as if a studdle[12] had
+broke, and the deads[13] were set a running. It was nothing like the
+noise of thunder.
+
+In Chace-water mine the same noise was heard, at least 70 fathom under
+the surface.
+
+At Huel-rith mine, near Godolphin, the noise was seemingly underneath.
+I felt (says the director of the mine) the earth move under me with a
+prodigious swift, and apparently horizontal tremor: its continuance was
+but for a few seconds of time, not like thunder, but rather a dull
+rumbling even sound, like deads running under ground. In the smith’s
+shop the window-leaves shook, and the slating of the house cracked.
+The whim-house shook so terribly, that a man there at work ran out of
+it, concluding it to be falling. Several persons then in the mine,
+working 60 fathom deep, thought they found the earth about them to
+move, and heard an uncommon noise: some heard the noise, and felt no
+tremor; others, working in a mine adjoining called Huel-breag, were
+so frightened, that they called to their companions above to be drawn
+up from the bottoms. Their moor-house was shaken, and the padlock of
+their candle-chest was heard to strike against the staples. To shew,
+that this noise proceeded from below, and not from any concussion in
+the atmosphere above, this very intelligent captain of the mine[14]
+observes, from his own experience, that thunder was never known to
+affect the air at 60 fathoms deep, even in a single shaft pierced into
+the hardest stone; much less could it continue the sound thro’ such
+workings as there are in this mine, impeded in all parts with deads,
+great quantities of timber, various noises, such as the rattling of
+chains, friction of wheels and ropes, and dashing of waters; all which
+must contribute to break the vibrations of the air as they descend: and
+I intirely agree with this gentleman’s conclusion, that thunder, or any
+other noises from above in the atmosphere, could not be heard at half
+the depth of this mine. This therefore could be no other than a real
+tremor of the earth, attended with a noise, owing to a current of air
+and vapour proceeding upwards from the earth.
+
+I do not hear of any person in those parts, who was so fortunate as to
+be near any pool or lake, and had recollection enough to attend to the
+motion of the waters; but it may be taken for granted, that during the
+tremors of the earth the fluids must be more affected than the solids:
+nay, the waters will apparently be agitated, when there is no motion
+of the earth perceptible, as was the case of our ponds and lake-waters
+in most parts of Britain on the 1st of November 1755. Whence this
+happens is difficult to say: whether the earth’s bosom undergoes at
+such times a kind of respiration, and alternately emits and withdraws
+a vapour thro’ its most porous parts sufficient to agitate the waters,
+yet not sufficient to shake the earth; or whether the earth, during the
+agitation of the waters, does rock and vacillate, tho’ not so as to be
+sensible to man; is what I shall leave to future inquiry.
+
+Earthquakes are very rare in Cornwall. This was but of short duration,
+and did no harm any-where, as far as I can learn; and it is to be hoped
+not the sooner forgotten for that reason; but rather remembered with
+all the impressions of gratitude suitable to an incident so alarming
+and dangerous, and yet so inoffensive.
+
+
+
+
+LXV. _Some Observations upon the Sleep of Plants; and an Account
+of that Faculty, which_ Linnæus _calls_ Vigiliæ Florum; _with an
+Enumeration of several Plants, which are subject to that Law.
+Communicated to_ Wm. Watson, _M. D. F.R.S. by Mr._ Richard Pultney _of_
+Leicester.
+
+[Read Jan. 26, 1758.]
+
+ACosta and Prosper Alpinus, who both wrote near the conclusion of the
+XVIth century, are, I believe, the first, who recorded that nocturnal
+change in the leaves of plants, which has since been called _somnus_.
+It is an observation indeed as old as Pliny’s time, that the leaves of
+trefoil assume an erect situation[15] upon the coming of storms. The
+same is observable of our wood-sorrel; and Linnæus adds, of almost all
+plants with declinated stamina[16]. In the _Trifolium pratense album
+C. B._ or common white-flowered meadow trefoil, it is so obvious, that
+the common people in Sweden remark, and prognosticate the coming of
+tempests and rain from it.
+
+The examples of sleeping plants instanced by Alpinus are but few.
+That author says, it was common to several Egyptian species[17];
+but specifies only the Acaciæ, Abrus, Absus, Sesban, and the
+Tamarindtree. Cornutus some time afterwards remarked this property
+in the Pseudo-acacia Americana. From that time it has remained almost
+unnoticed, till Linnæus, ever attentive to nature’s works, discovered
+that the same affair was transacted in many other plants; and his
+observations have furnished us with numerous and obvious examples
+thereof. Mr. Miller mentions it in the _Medicago arborea Lin. Sp. Pl.
+778_. and we may add to the list two other common plants not mentioned
+by Linnæus: these are the _Phaseolus vulgaris_, common kidney-bean;
+and the _Trifolium pratense purpureum majus_, or clover-grass: in both
+which this nocturnal change is remarkably displayed. Doubtless the same
+property exists in numberless other species; and future observation
+will very probably confirm Dr. Hill’s sentiment, that no “plant or tree
+is wholly unaffected by it.”
+
+It is now more than twenty years since Linnæus first attended to this
+quality in plants. In his _Flora Lapponica_, when speaking of the
+_Trifolium pratense album_, as above-mentioned, he remarks, that the
+leaves of the Mimosa, Cassia, Bauhinia, Parkinsonia, Guilandina, and
+others in affinity with them, were subject to this change in the night
+time: and he had then carried his observations so far, as to find, that
+heat and cold were not the cause of this quality; since they were alike
+influenced by it when placed in stoves, where the temperature of the
+air was always the same.
+
+The merit of reviving this subject is therefore due to the illustrious
+Swede; and the naturalist is greatly indebted to him for so far
+extending his observations thereon.
+
+The subject of the _somnus plantarum_ cannot but be highly entertaining
+to the lovers of natural knowlege: and such, I apprehend, cannot be
+less entertained with that faculty, which Linnæus calls _vigiliæ
+florum_; of which we shall give a brief account.
+
+Previous to our explanation of this affair it is proper to observe,
+that the flowers of most plants, after they are once opened, continue
+so night and day, until they drop off, or die away. Several others,
+which shut in the night-time, open in the morning either sooner or
+later, according to their respective situation in the sun or shade,
+or as they are influenced by the manifest changes of the atmosphere.
+There are however another class of flowers, which make the subject of
+these observations, which observe a more constant and uniform law in
+this particular. These open and shut duly and constantly at certain and
+determinate hours, exclusive of any manifest changes in the atmosphere;
+and this with so little variation in point of time, as to render the
+phænomenon well worth the observation of all, whose taste leads them
+this way.
+
+This faculty in the flowers of plants is not altogether a new
+discovery; but we are indebted to the same hand for additional
+observations upon this head likewise. It is so manifest in one of our
+common English plants, the _Tragopogon luteum_, that our country people
+long since called it _John-go-to-bed-at-noon_. Linnæus’s observations
+have extended to near fifty species, which are subject to this law.
+What we find principally upon this subject is in the _Philosophia
+Botanica_, p. 273. We will enumerate these plants, and mention the
+time when the flowers open and shut, that those, who have opportunity
+and inclination, may gratify themselves, and probably at the same time
+extend this branch of botanic knowlege still farther.
+
+It is proper to observe, that as these observations were made by
+Linnæus in the academical garden at Upsal, whoever repeats them in
+this country will very probably find, that the difference of climate
+will occasion a variation in point of time: at least this will obtain
+in some species, as our own observations have taught us; in others the
+time has corresponded very exactly with the account he has given us.
+
+Whether this faculty hath any connexion with the great article of
+fecundation in the oeconomy of flowers, I cannot determine: in the
+mean time it is not improbable. Future and repeated observations, and
+well-adapted experiments, will tend to illustrate this matter, and it
+may be lead the way to a full explanation of the cause.
+
+
+1. Anagallis flore phœniceo C. B. pin. 252. Raii Syn. p. 282. Anagallis
+arvensis Lin. Spec. plant. p. 148. _The Male Pimpernel._ The flowers
+of this plant open about eight o’clock in the morning, and never
+close till past noon. This plant is common in kitchen-gardens and in
+corn-fields, and flowers in June, and continues in flower three months.
+
+2. The Anagallis cærulea foliis binis ternisve ex adverso nascentibus
+C. B. pin. p. 252. Raii Hist. Plant. p. 1024. Anagallis Monelli Sp.
+plant. 148. _Blue-flowered Pimpernel with narrow leaves._ The flowers
+of this plant observe nearly the same time in opening and shutting as
+the foregoing.
+
+3. Convolvulus peregrinus cæruleus folio oblongo C. B. pin. 295.
+Convolvulus tricolor Sp. plant. 158. _Little blue Convolvulus, or
+Bindweed._ This opens its flowers between the hours of five and six in
+the morning, and shuts them in the afternoon.
+
+4. Phalangium parvo flore ramosum C. B. pin. 29. Raii Hist. Pl. 1193.
+_Branched Spiderwort with a small flower._ These open about seven in
+the morning, and close between the hours of three and four in the
+afternoon.
+
+5. Lilium rubrum Asphodeli radice C. B. pin. 80. Hemerocallis fulvus
+Sp. pl. 324. _The Day Lily._ The flowers open about five in the
+morning, and shut at seven or eight in the evening.
+
+6. Plantago aquatica minor. Park. 1245. Raii Syn. 257. Alisma
+ranunculoides Sp. pl. 343. Fl. Suec. 2. Nº. 325. _The lesser
+Water-Plantain_, during its flowering-time, only opens its flowers each
+day about noon.
+
+7. Caryophyllus sylvestris prolifer C. B. pin. 209. Raii Syn. 337.
+Dianthus prolifer Sp. pl. 410. _Proliferous Pink._ The flowers expand
+about eight in the morning, and close again about one in the afternoon.
+
+8. Spergula purpurea J. B. III. 722. Raii Syn. p. 351. Arenaria rubra.
+Sp. pl. 423. _Purple Spurrey._ These expand between nine and ten in the
+morning, and close between two and three in the afternoon. This little
+plant is common among the corn in sandy soils, and flowers in June.
+
+9. Portulaca latifolia sativa C. B. pin. 288. Portulaca oleracea Sp.
+pl. p. 445. _Common Purslain_, opens its flowers about nine or ten in
+the morning, and closes them again in about an hour’s time.
+
+10. Ficoides Africana, folio plantaginis undulato micis argenteis
+adsperso Boerh. Ludg. I. p. 291. Mesembryanthemum chrystallinum Sp. pl.
+480. _Diamond Ficoides._ The flowers of this plant open at nine or ten,
+and close at three or four in the afternoon.
+
+11. Ficoides Africana folio tereti in villos radiatos abeunte. Tourn.
+Mesembryanthemum barbatum Sp. pl. 482. The flowers of this species
+expand at seven or eight in the morning, and close about two in the
+afternoon.
+
+12. Ficoides folio tereti Neapolitana flore candido Herm. Ludg.
+252. Kali Crassulæ minoris foliis C. B. pin. 289. Mesembryanthemum
+nodiflorum Sp. pl. 480. The flowers of this plant open at ten or eleven
+in the morning, and close at three in the afternoon.
+
+13. Mesembryanthemum folio linguiformi latiore Dillen. Hort.
+Elth. Mesembryanthemum linguiforme Sp. pl. 488. _Ficoides with a
+tongue-shaped leaf._ These open at seven or eight in the morning, and
+are closed about three in the afternoon.
+
+14. Nymphæa alba J. B. III. 770. Raii Syn. 368. Nymphæa alba Sp. pl.
+510. Fl. Suec. 2. Nº. 470. _White Water Lily._ This plant grows in
+rivers, ponds, and ditches, and the flowers lie upon the surface of the
+water. At their time of expansion, which is about seven in the morning,
+the stalk is erected, and the flower more elevated above the surface.
+In this situation it continues till about four in the afternoon, when
+the flower sinks to the surface of the water, and closes again.
+
+15. Papaver erraticum nudicaule flore flavo odorato Dillen. Hort. Elth.
+302. Papaver nudicaule Sp. pl. p. 507. _Wild Poppy with a naked stalk
+and a yellow sweet-smelling flower._ The flower of this plant opens at
+five in the morning, and closes at seven in the evening.
+
+16. Alyssoides incanum, foliis sinuatis Tourn. Inst. 213. Alyssum
+sinuatum Sp. pl. 651. _Hoary Madwort with sinuated leaves._ The flowers
+of this plant expand between the hours of six and eight in the morning,
+and close at four in the afternoon.
+
+17. Abutilon repens alceæ foliis, flore helvolo Dillen. Hort. Elth. 5.
+Malva Caroliniana Sp. pl. 688. _Creeping Indian Mallow with leaves like
+Vervain Mallow, and a flesh-coloured flower._ These open at nine or ten
+in the morning, and close at one in the afternoon.
+
+18. Tragopogon luteum Ger. 595. Raii Syn. 171. Tragopogon pratense
+Sp. pl. 789. _Yellow Goats Beard_, or _Go-to-bed-at-noon_. The latter
+of these names was given to this plant long since, on account of this
+remarkable property. The flowers open in general about three or four
+o’clock, and close again about nine or ten, in the morning. These
+flowers will perform their _vigiliæ_, if set in a phial of water,
+within doors for several mornings successively; and I have sometimes
+observed them to be quite closed, from their utmost state of expansion,
+in less than a quarter of an hour. It flowers in June.
+
+19. Tragopogon gramineis foliis, hirsutis. C. B. pin. 275. Raii. Hist.
+Plant. 253. _Rose-coloured Goats Beard._ These open between five and
+six in the morning, and close about eleven. Tragopog. hybridum Sp.
+plant. 789.
+
+20. Tragopogon, calycibus corolla brevioribus inermibus, foliis
+lyrato-sinuatis. Hort. Ups. 244. Sp. pl. 790. Hall. Hort. Gotting. 2.
+p. 419. The flowers of this plant open at six or seven in the morning,
+and shut between the hours of twelve and four in the afternoon.
+
+21. Sonchus Tingitanus papaveris folio. Tourn. Raii Suppl. 137.
+Scorzonera Tingitana Sp. pl. 791. _African Sowthistle with a poppy
+leaf._ This plant opens its flowers between four and six in the
+morning, and closes them in about three hours.
+
+22. Sonchus repens, multis hieracium majus J. B. II. 1017. Raii Syn.
+163. Sonchus arvensis Sp. pl. 793. _Tree Sowthistle._ These flowers
+expand about six or seven, and close between eleven and twelve in the
+forenoon. This is common in corn-fields, and flowers in June, July, and
+August.
+
+23. Sonchus lævis Ger. Raii Syn. 161. Sonchus oleraceus Sp. pl. 794.
+_Smooth or unprickly Sowthistle, Hares Lettuce._ These open about five
+in the morning, and close again at eleven or twelve.
+
+24. Sonchus lævis laciniatus cæruleus C. B. pin. 124. Raii Hist. pl.
+225. Sonchus alpinus Sp. pl. 794. _Blue-flowered Mountain Sowthistle._
+These open about seven, and close about noon.
+
+25. Sonchus tricubitalis, folio cuspidato Merr. pin. Raii Syn. 163.
+Sonchus asper arborescens C. B. pin. 124. Sonchus palustris Sp. pl.
+793. _The greatest Marsh tree Sowthistle._ It expands its flowers about
+six or seven, and closes them about two in the afternoon.
+
+26. Lactuca sativa C. B. pin. 122. Sp. pl. 795. _Garden Lettuce_, opens
+its flowers about seven, and closes them about ten, in the forenoon.
+
+27. Dens leonis Ger. 228. Raii Syn. 170. Leontodon Taraxacum Sp. pl.
+798. _Dandelion._ It expands at five or six, and closes at eight or
+nine, in the forenoon. This flowers early in the spring, and again in
+the autumn.
+
+28. Dens leonis hirsutus leptocaulos, Hieracium dictus. Raii Syn.
+171. Leontodon hispidum Sp. pl. 799. _Rough Dandelion_, or _Dandelion
+Hawkweed_. This plant opens its flower about four in the morning, and
+keeps it expanded till three in the afternoon. In May.
+
+29. Hieracium minus præmorsa radice. Park. 794. Raii Syn. 164.
+Leontodon autumnale. Sp. pl. 799. _Hawkweed with bitten roots_, or
+_Yellow Devil’s-bit_. The flowers open about seven, and keep in an
+expanded state till about three in the afternoon. It flowers in July
+and August.
+
+30. Pilosella repens Ger. 573. Raii Syn. 170. Hieracium Pilosella Sp.
+pl. 800. _Common creeping Mouse-ear._ It opens about eight in the
+morning, and closes about two in the afternoon. Very common on dry
+pastures, flowering in June and July.
+
+31. Hieracium murorum folio pilosissimo C. B. pin. 129. Raii Syn. 168.
+Hieracium murorum Sp. pl. 802. The flowers of this plant expand about
+six or seven, and close about two in the afternoon. Upon old walls,
+flowering in June and July. This is called in English, _French_ or
+_Golden Lungwort_.
+
+32. Hieracium fruticosum angustifolium majus. C. B. pin. 129. Hieracium
+umbellatum Sp. pl. 804. _Narrow-leaved bushy Hawkweed._ The flowers of
+this species expand about six in the morning, and remain open till five
+in the afternoon.
+
+33. Hieracium fruticosum latifolium hirsutum C. B. pin. 129. Raii
+Syn. p. 167. Hieracium sabaudum Sp. pl. 804. _Bushy Hawkweed with
+broad rough leaves._ These flowers are in their expanded state from
+about seven in the morning till one or two in the afternoon. In woods,
+flowering in June and July.
+
+34. Hieracium montanum cichorii folio. Raii. Syn. p. 166. Hieracium
+paludosum Sp. pl. 638. Fl. Suec. 2. Nº. 702. _Succory-leaved Mountain
+Hawkweed._ The flowers expand about six in the morning, and close about
+five in the afternoon.
+
+35. Hieracium hortense floribus atro-purpurascentibus C. B. pin.
+128. Hieracium aurantiacum Sp. pl. 801. _Garden Hawkweed with deep
+purple flowers_, or _Sweet Indian Mouse-ear_. The flowers are in their
+expanded state from six or seven in the morning till three or four in
+the afternoon.
+
+36. Hieracium luteum glabrum, sive minus hirsutum. J. B. Raii Syn. 165.
+Crepis tectorum Sp. pl. 807. _Smooth Succory Hawkweed._ The flowers of
+this plant expand about four in the morning, and close about noon.
+
+37. Hieracium Alpinum Scorzoneræ folio Tourn. Inst. 472. Crepis Alpina
+Sp. pl. 806. _Mountain Hawkweed with a vipers-grass leaf._ These open
+about five or six, and close at eleven in the forenoon.
+
+38. Hieracium dentis leonis folio, flore suave-rubente, C. B. pin. 127.
+Raii hist. pl. 231. Crepis rubra Sp. pl. 806. _Hawkweed of Apulia with
+a flesh-coloured flower._ The flowers remain in their expanded state
+from six or seven in the morning till one or two in the afternoon.
+
+39. Hieracium echioides, capitulis cardui benedicti C. B. pin. 128.
+Raii Syn. 166. Picris echioides Sp. pl. 792. _Lang de bœuf._ On banks
+about hedges, and about the borders of fields, flowering in August.
+These expand about four or five in the morning, and never close before
+noon: sometimes they remain open till nine at night.
+
+40. Hieracium Alpinum latifolium hirsutie incanum flore magno. C.
+B. pin. 128. Raii Syn. p. 167. Hypochæris maculata Sp. pl. 810.
+_Broad-leaved Hungarian Hawkweed._ These flowers are in their
+vigilating state from six in the morning till four in the afternoon.
+
+41. Hieracium ramosum, floribus amplis, calycibus valde hirsutis,
+foliis oblongis obtusis: dentibus majoribus inæqualibus incisis Raii
+Suppl. 144. 76. Hypochæris Achyrophorus Sp. pl. 810. This plant opens
+its flowers about seven or eight in the morning, and closes them about
+two in the afternoon.
+
+42. Hieracium minus dentis leonis folio, oblongo glabro C. B. pin. 127.
+Hypochæris glabra Sp. pl. 811. These expand about nine in the morning,
+and close about twelve or one o’clock.
+
+43. Hieracium falcatum alterum Raii Hist. 256. Lapsana calycibus
+fructus undique patentibus, radiis subulatis, foliis lyratis Hort. Ups.
+245. Sp. pl. 812. The flowers open at five or six, and close between
+the hours of ten and one.
+
+44. Hedypnois annua Tourn. Inst. 478. Hyoseris hedypnois Sp. pl. 809.
+The flowers open at seven or eight, and close again at two in the
+afternoon.
+
+45. Hieracium montanum alterum leptomacrocaulon Col. Raii Hist. 234.
+Lapsana chondrilloides Sp. pl. 812. _Mountain Hawkweed with long
+slender stalks and small flowers._ The flowers are in their expanded or
+vigilating state from five or six in the morning till about ten.
+
+46. Cichoreum sylvestre Ger. em. 284. Raii Syn. 172. Cichorium Intybus
+Sp. pl. 813. _Wild Succory._ On the borders of fields, flowering in
+August and September. The flowers open about eight in the forenoon, and
+keep expanded till about four in the afternoon.
+
+47. Calendula arvensis C. B. pin. 275. Raii Hist. 338. Calendula
+officinalis Sp. pl. 921. _Wild Marigold._ The flowers expand from nine
+in the morning till three in the afternoon.
+
+48. Calendula foliis dentatis Roy. Ludg. 177. Miller, p. 50. Tab. 75.
+f. 1. Calendula pluvialis Sp. pl. 921. _Marigold with indented leaves._
+The flowers expand from seven in the morning till three or four in the
+afternoon. Linnæus observes of this plant, that if its flowers do not
+expand about their usual time in the morning, it will almost assuredly
+rain that day; with this restriction indeed, that the plant is not
+affected by thunder showers. Phil. Bot. 275.
+
+49. Sonchus pedunculis squamatis, foliis lanceolatis indivisis
+sessilibus. Hort. Upsal. 244. Flor. Suec. 2. Nº. 690. Lactuca Salicis
+folio, flore cæruleo. Amman. ruth. 211. Of this plant it is remarked,
+that whenever the flowers are in the expanded state in the night-time,
+the following day generally proves rainy.
+
+
+
+
+LXVI. _An Account of the Case of a Boy troubled with convulsive Fits
+cured by the Discharge of Worms. By the Rev._ Richard Oram, _M. A.
+Chaplain to the Lord Bishop of_ Ely.
+
+[Read Jan. 26, 1758.]
+
+JOseph, son of John and Mary Postle, of Ingham in the county of
+Norfolk, was subject to convulsive fits from his infancy; which were
+common and tolerable till he was about seven years of age. About
+that time they began to attack him in all the varieties that can be
+conceived. Sometimes he was thrown upon the ground; sometimes he was
+twirled round like a top by them; at others he would spring upwards
+to a considerable height, _&c._ and once he leaped over an iron bar,
+that was placed purposely before the fire to prevent his falling into
+it. He was much burned; but was rendered so habitually stupid by his
+fits, that he never expressed the least sense of pain after this
+accident. His intellect was so much impaired, and almost destroyed,
+by the frequency and violence of his fits, that he scarce seemed
+to be conscious of any thing. He did not acknowlege his father or
+mother by any expressions or signs; nor seemed to distinguish them
+from other people. If at any time he escaped out of the house without
+the observation of the family, he had not understanding to find and
+return to it; but would pursue the direction or road he first took,
+and sometimes lose himself. Once he was missing for a whole night; and
+found the next morning in the middle of a fen, stuck fast in mud as
+deep as his breast. He was very voracious, and would frequently call
+for something to eat; which was the only indication he gave of his
+knowing any thing. No kind of filth or nastiness can be conceived,
+which he would not eat or drink without distinction. He appeared to be
+as ill as he really was; for he was become a most shocking spectacle.
+He was so much emaciated, that he seemed to have no flesh upon his
+bones; and his body so distorted, that he was rendered quite a cripple.
+His parents consulted a physician at Norwich, who very judiciously (as
+it will appear) considered his disorder as a worm-case, and prescribed
+for it accordingly; but (being afraid, I presume, to give too violent
+medicines to the boy) without success. In short, he was so singularly
+afflicted, that his parents told me they could not help thinking him
+under some evil influence.
+
+It was observed, that his disorder varied, and grew worse, at certain
+periods of the moon.
+
+In these miserable circumstances the poor boy continued to languish,
+till he was about eleven years of age (July 1757), when he accidentally
+found a mixture of white lead[18] and oil, which had some time before
+been prepared for some purpose of painting, set by on a shelf, and
+placed, as it was thought, out of his reach. There was near half a pint
+of this mixture when he found it; and, as he did not leave much, it is
+thought he swallowed about a quarter of a pint of it. There was also
+some lamp-black in the composition; which was added to give it a proper
+colour for the particular use it was intended for in painting. It was,
+as I suppose it usually is, linseed oil, which had been mixed with the
+lead and lamp-black.
+
+The draught began to operate very soon, by vomiting and purging him for
+near 24 hours in the most violent manner. A large quantity of black
+inky matter was discharged; and an infinite number of worms, almost
+as small as threads, were voided. These operations were so intense,
+that his life was despaired of. But he has not only survived them, but
+experienced a most wonderful change and improvement after them: for his
+parents assured me in November 1757, when I saw him, that he had daily
+grown better from the time of his drinking the mixture, both in body
+and mind. Instead of a skeleton, as he almost was before, he is become
+fat, and rather corpulent: and his appetite is no longer ravenous, but
+moderate and common. His body too is become straight and erect. His
+understanding is at least as much benefited by this peculiar remedy. It
+cannot be expected, that he should already have attained much knowlege,
+as he seemed, before he was so wonderfully relieved, to be almost
+destitute of ideas. But he appeared, when I saw him, to have acquired
+nearly as much knowlege in four months, as children usually do in four
+years; and to reason pretty well on those things, which he knew. He is
+now capable of being employed on many occasions; is often sent a mile
+or two on errands, which he discharges as carefully, and then returns
+as safely, as any person.
+
+It is farther remarkable, that the boy’s mother, her father, and
+sister, are frequently infested with worms. Her father, tho’ about 60
+years of age, is still much troubled with them: the worms, which he
+voids, appear flat, and much larger than those, which his children have
+observed. Her sister is often exceedingly disordered by them. About
+three months since they threw her into violent convulsions, and for
+some time deprived her of her senses. But the mother of the boy has
+been affected in a more extraordinary manner than the rest. About 20
+years ago she voided some worms, which forced their way thro’ the pores
+of the skin, as it is supposed; for they were found in small clusters
+under her arms. As she was very young then, she does not remember
+how she was particularly affected; only, that she suffered violent
+struggles and convulsions. She is still, about five or six times in a
+year, seized with fainting fits, which usually attack her in bed, and
+last three or four minutes; but she cannot certainly say, tho’ there is
+very little reason to doubt, that they are occasioned by worms.
+
+
+_An Account of the same Subject, in a Letter from Mr._ John Gaze, _of_
+Walket, _in the County of_ Norfolk, _to Mr._ Wm. Arderon, _F.R.S.
+Communicated by Mr._ Henry Baker, _F.R.S._
+
+[Read Jan. 26, 1758.]
+
+JOseph Postle, son of John Postle, of Ingham in Norfolk, until about
+the age of seven years was an healthy well-looking child; but about
+that age was afflicted with stoppages, which often threw him into
+convulsive fits, and at last rendered him quite an idiot. He continued
+in this condition for about four years, eating and drinking all that
+time any thing that came in his way, even his own excrements, if
+not narrowly watched. His father took the advice of several eminent
+physicians, both at Norwich and elsewhere; but all their prescriptions
+proved of no service.
+
+About the beginning of August last he happened to get at a
+painting-pot, wherein there was about a pound of white lead and
+lamp-black mixed up with linseed oil. This he eat almost all up
+before he was discovered. It vomited and purged him, and brought away
+prodigious numbers of small worms. In a few days he grew well, his
+senses returned, and he is now able to give as rational answers as can
+be expected from a boy of his age. His appetite is good, he is very
+brisk, and has not had the least return of his former disorder.
+
+I heard of the above by several people; but not being satisfied, got
+my friend to go to Mr. Postle’s house, of whom he had the foregoing
+account.
+
+January 12th, 1758.
+
+
+
+
+LXVII. _An Account of the extraordinary Heat of the Weather in_ July
+1757, _and of the Effects of it. In a Letter from_ John Huxham, _M. D.
+F.R.S. to_ Wm. Watson, _M. D. F.R.S._
+
+[Read Feb. 2, 1758.]
+
+I Find by your letter, that the heat at London was not so great in
+the beginning of July 1757, as at Plymouth by two or three degrees of
+Fahrenheit’s thermometer. We had again, after much rain at the close
+of the month, and in the beginning of August, excessive heat; _viz._
+on the 8th, 9th, and 10th of August; which mounted the mercury in that
+thermometer to 85; nay, on the 9th, to near 86. I never before remember
+the mercury in that thermometer to exceed 84; and that is even here a
+very extraordinary degree of heat.
+
+The consequences of this extremely hot season were hæmorrhages from
+several parts of the body; the nose especially in men and children,
+and the uterus in women. Sudden and violent pains of the head, and
+vertigo, profuse sweats, great debility and oppression of the spirits,
+affected many. There were putrid fevers in great abundance; and a vast
+quantity of fluxes of the belly both bilious and bloody, with which the
+fevers also were commonly attended. These fevers were always ushered
+in by severe pains of the head, back, and stomach; vomitings of green
+and sometimes of black bile, with vast oppression of the _præcordia_,
+continual anxiety, and want of sleep. These were soon succeeded by
+_tremores tendinum_, _subsultus_, delirium, or stupor. The pulse was
+commonly very quick, but seldom tense or strong; was sometimes heavy
+and undose. The blood oftentimes florid, but loose; sometimes livid,
+very rarely sizy: in some however, at the very attack, it was pretty
+dense and florid. The tongue was generally foul, brown, and sometimes
+blackish; and towards the crisis often dry. The urine was commonly high
+coloured, and in small quantity; frequently turbid, and towards the end
+deposed a great deal of lateritious sediment. A vast number were seized
+with this fever, during, and soon after, the excessive heats; tho’ but
+few died in proportion. Long and great heats always very much exalt the
+acrimony of the bilious humours; of which we had this summer abundant
+instances.
+
+Bleeding early was generally beneficial; profuse, always hurtful,
+especially near the state of the fever.
+
+
+
+
+LXVIII. _An Account of the fossile Thigh-bone of a large Animal, dug up
+at_ Stonesfield, _near_ Woodstock, _in_ Oxfordshire. _In a Letter to
+Mr._ Peter Collinson, _F.R.S. from Mr._ Joshua Platt.
+
+[Read Feb. 2, 1758.]
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+ABOUT three years ago I sent you some _vertebræ_ of an enormous size,
+which were found in the slate-stone pit at Stonesfield, near Woodstock,
+in this county.
+
+[Illustration: _Philos. Trans. Vol. L._ TAB. XIX. _p. 525_.
+
+_J. Mynde sc._]
+
+I have lately been so lucky as to procure from the same place the
+thigh-bone of a large animal, which probably belonged to the same
+creature, or one of the same genus, with the _vertebræ_ above-mentioned.
+
+As the bone, and the stone, in which it is bedded, weigh no less than
+two hundred pounds, I have sent you a drawing of it (_See_ TAB. XIX.);
+from which, and the following short description, you may, I hope, form
+some idea of this wonderful fossile.
+
+The bone is 29 inches in length; its diameter, at the extremity of
+the two trochanters, is 8 inches; at the lower extremity the condyles
+form a surface of 6 inches. The lesser trochanter is so well expressed
+in the drawing, that you cannot mistake it; and both the extremities
+appear to be a little rubbed by the fluctuating water, in which I
+apprehend it lay some time before the great jumble obtained, which
+brought it to this place; and from whence I imagine it to have been
+part of a skeleton before the flood. For if it had been corroded by any
+menstruum in the earth, or during the great conflux of water before the
+draining of the earth, it must have suffered in other parts as well as
+at each end: but as the extremities only are injured, we can attribute
+such a partial effect to the motion of the water only, which caused it
+to rub and strike against the sand, _&c._
+
+The small trochanter was broken in lifting it out of the hamper, in
+which it was brought to me; but not unhappily; since all the _cancelli_
+were by that means discovered to be filled with a sparry matter, that
+fixed the stone of the stratum, in which it lay. The outward coat or
+cortex is smooth, and of a dusky brown colour, resembling that of the
+stone, in which it is bedded.
+
+One half of the bone is buried in the stone; yet enough of it is
+exposed to shew, that it is the thigh-bone of an animal of greater bulk
+than the largest ox. I have compared it with the recent thigh-bone of
+an elephant; but could observe little or no resemblance between them.
+If I may be allowed to assume the liberty, in which fossilists are
+often indulged, and to hazard a vague conjecture of my own, I would say
+it may probably have belonged to the hippopotamus, to the rhinoceros,
+or some such large animal, of whose anatomy we have not yet a competent
+knowlege.
+
+The slate-pit, in which this bone was found, is about a quarter of
+a mile north-west from Stonesfield, upon the declivity of a rising
+ground, the upper stratum of which is a vegetable mould about eight
+or ten inches thick: under this is a bed of rubble, with a mixture of
+sand and clay, very coarse, about six feet deep, in which are a great
+number of _anomiæ_ both plain and striated, and many small oblong
+oysters, which the workmen call the sickle-oyster, some of them being
+found crooked, and bearing some resemblance to that instrument; but all
+differing from the _curvi-rostra_[19] of Moreton.
+
+Immediately under this stratum of rubble is a bed of soft grey stone,
+of no use; but containing the _echini ovarii_, with great _mamillæ_,
+the _clypeati_ of different sizes, all well preserved; and also many
+_anomiæ_ and _pectines_. This bed, which is about seven or eight feet
+in depth, lies immediately above the stratum of stone, in which the
+bone was found.
+
+This stratum is never wrought by the workmen, being arenarious, and too
+soft for their use. It is about four or five feet thick, and forms a
+kind of roof to them, as they dig out the stone, of which the slates
+are formed; for they work these pits in the same manner as they do the
+coal-pits, leaving pillars at proper distances to keep their roof from
+falling in.
+
+This last bed of slate-stone is about five feet depth, and lower than
+this they never dig. So that the whole depth of the pit amounts to
+about 24 or 25 feet.
+
+It was by working out the slate-stone, that this bone was discovered
+sticking to the roof of the pit, where the men were pursuing their
+work; and with a great deal of caution, and no less pains, they got it
+down intire, but attached to a large piece of stone; and in this state
+it now remains in my possession.
+
+There is no water in the works, but such as descends from the surface
+thro’ perpendicular fissures; and the whole is spent in forming the
+stalactites and stalagmites, of which there is great variety, and whose
+dimensions are constantly increasing. One of the workmen has been so
+curious, as to mark the time of the growth of some of them for several
+years past.
+
+I am, with the greatest esteem,
+
+ Dear Sir,
+ Your ever obedient,
+ and most humble Servant,
+ Joshua Platt.
+
+Oxon, Jan. 20. 1758.
+
+
+
+
+LXIX. _A Discourse on the Usefulness of Inoculation of the horned
+Cattle to prevent the contagious Distemper among them. In a Letter to
+the Right Hon._ George _Earl of_ Macclesfield, _P. R. S. from_ Daniel
+Peter Layard, _M. D. F.R.S._
+
+[Read Feb. 2, 1758.]
+
+My Lord,
+
+THE honour you have done me, in condescending to peruse my Essay on the
+contagious Distemper among the horned Cattle, claims my most respectful
+thanks; and I am no less obliged to your Lordship for the just remark
+you made, “That before inoculation could be practised on the horned
+Cattle, it is necessary to bring proofs, that this disease is not
+susceptible more than once; and also assurances, that a recovery from
+the distemper by inoculation guards the beast from a second infection.”
+
+An intire conviction of the analogy between this disease and the
+small-pox would not permit me to omit mentioning the great advantages,
+which must arise from inoculation; and therefore, my Lord, I recommend
+its use: nor do I find any reason to alter my opinion, after having
+carefully read over what has been published, and made the strictest
+inquiry I was able in several parts of Great Britain.
+
+I shall, in the concisest manner possible, submit the following
+particulars to your Lordship’s consideration, and the learned Society,
+over which you so deservedly preside.
+
+The Marquis de Courtivron, in two memoirs read before the Royal
+Academy of Sciences in the year 1748, and published by that learned
+body, relates the observations he, together with Monsieur Pelversier
+de Gombeau, formerly surgeon to the regiment de la Sarre, made on
+the rise, progress, and fatality, of the contagious distemper at
+Issurtille, a town in Burgundy; to which are added experiments they
+made, by application, digestion, and inoculation, towards communicating
+the disease; and concludes from the failure of these attempts, that the
+distemper can only be communicated from one beast to another. Besides,
+notwithstanding the Marquis observes[20] the regularity of the illness,
+the critical days, on the seventh and ninth, and particularly that all
+such as recovered had more or fewer pustules broke out in different
+parts of the body; yet[21] he will not allow of Rammazzini’s opinion,
+of the analogy between this distemper and the small-pox, nor that it is
+an eruptive fever; but ranks it as a plague.
+
+But the Marquis goes still farther. He positively say,[22] “That in
+the preceding years, in the provinces of Bresse, Maconnois, and Bugey,
+some private persons had suffered by buying cattle recovered from the
+distemper, which had, at that time, the pustules remaining on them:
+which cattle had the distemper afterwards.” Nay, he adds that “even
+after recovering twice, a third infection has seized and killed many.”
+
+No wonder, my Lord, that such positive assertions should stagger, and
+cause the practice of inoculation not to be received, till the nature
+of the disease be absolutely determined, and facts prove the contrary
+of what has been asserted.
+
+In a matter of so great importance to every nation, it were to
+be wished, that the Marquis de Courtivron had produced attested
+observations of these second and third infections: for tho’ a nobleman
+of his rank, character, and great abilities, would not willingly impose
+upon the world; yet it may happen, that he may have received wrong
+informations.
+
+As to the nature, rise, progress, and fatality, of this distemper
+at Issurtille, it appears to be the same disease as raged in these
+kingdoms. All the symptoms agree, as described by Rammazzini, Lancisi,
+the Marquis, and in my Essay. A distempered beast gave rise to the
+three infections. The illness was every-where the same in Italy,
+France, and Britain; and either terminated _fatally_ on the fourth or
+fifth day, when a scouring prevented the salutary eruptions, or in
+some cases by abortion; and on the seventh or ninth _favourably_, when
+the pustules had regularly taken their course. Tho’ the Marquis did
+not observe, that any particular medicines were of use, he says, that
+in general acids were beneficial, especially poor thin wines somewhat
+sour; and that the distempered beasts were all fond of these acids[23].
+
+The fatality was likewise the same, as will appear from the Marquis’s
+tables. Of 192 head of cattle, 176 died. The mortality was chiefly
+among the fat cattle, cows with calf, and young sucking or yearling
+calves; and of the surviving sixteen, only two calves out of
+seventy-seven lived, and these two, with seven other beasts of the
+sixteen, escaped the infection, tho’ constantly among the diseased: so
+that it is plain,
+
+ Of 192 beasts, 176 died
+ 7 recovered
+ 9 escaped the infection.
+ ---
+ 192
+
+The mortality was as considerable in these kingdoms.
+
+Whoever will compare the appearances, progress, and fatality, of the
+small-pox, with what is remarked by authors of authority, as Rammazzini
+and Lancisi, and other observers, relative to the contagious distemper
+among the horned cattle, will not be at a loss one moment to determine,
+whether this disease be an eruptive fever, like unto the small-pox, or
+not.
+
+Now if, as the Marquis has granted in both his memoirs[24], it be a
+general observation, that an eruption of pustules on some parts of the
+body, regularly thrown out, digested, and dried, is the means used by
+nature to effect the cure; and that in general the morbid matter does
+not affect the parotid, inguinal, or other glands, nor produce large
+carbuncles and abscesses, as the plague does: Nay more, since it is
+observed by the Marquis, that the difference between the contagious
+distemper of 1745 and 1746, and of 1747 and 1748, was, that in the
+former the salutary eruptions appeared, but in the latter were, as he
+justly apprehends, checked by the excessive cold weather; and should
+it appear, that by inoculation the same regular eruptive fever has
+been produced, with every stage, and the same symptoms as arise in the
+small-pox; the nature of this distemper will then be ascertained.
+
+I shall now proceed, my Lord, to lay before your Lordship and the
+Society the accounts I have received relating to the infection
+and inoculation of the cattle, and make some observations on the
+experiments made at Issurtille.
+
+So long, my Lord, as the distemper has raged in Great Britain, not
+one attested proof has been brought of any beast having this disease
+regularly more than once. I make no doubt but these creatures may be
+liable to eruptions of different kinds; but as all sorts of eruptions,
+says Dr. Mead[25], are not the small-pox, nor measles, so every pustule
+is not a sign of the plague. Thro’ ignorance, or fraud, persons may
+have been deceived in purchasing cattle, and have lost them, as well
+in England as in the provinces of France mentioned by the Marquis; but
+until a second infection be proved, the general opinion must prevail in
+this case, as in the small-pox: for tho’ many have insisted on the same
+thing with regard to the small-pox, yet a single instance, properly
+vouched and attested, has never been produced, either after recovery
+from the natural way, or from inoculation; unless what is frequently
+the case with nurses and others attending the small-pox, that is,
+pustules breaking out in their arms and face, be allowed as the signs
+of a second infection.
+
+The farmers and graziers in Huntingdonshire, Cambridgeshire,
+Lincolnshire, Kent, and Yorkshire, from whence I have written
+testimonies, all agree, that they never knew of a beast having the
+contagious distemper more than once. In this county particularly, Mr.
+J. Mehew, the farmer mentioned in my Essay, has now among his stock
+at Godmanchester _eight cows_, which had the contagious distemper the
+first time it appeared in Godmanchester in 1746. It returned in 1749,
+1755, and 1756; the two last not so generally over the town as the two
+former years. All these four times Mr. Mehew suffered by the loss of
+his cattle; yet those _eight cows_, which recovered in 1746, remained
+all the while the distemper was in the farm the three years it raged,
+were in the midst of the sick cattle, lay with them in the same barns,
+eat of the same fodder, nay of such as the distempered beasts had left
+and slabbered upon, drank after them, and constantly received their
+breath and steams, without ever being in the least affected. Is not
+this a convincing proof? If in general the cattle be susceptible of a
+second infection, how comes it, that not one of these _eight_ cows were
+affected?
+
+In the years abovementioned the distemper spared no beast, but such as
+had recovered from that disease: and this is confirmed to me by Mr.
+Mehew’s father and brother, all the chief farmers of Godmanchester, and
+is the opinion of all the farmers and graziers in Huntingdonshire, who
+are so thoroughly convinced of there being no second infection, that
+they are always ready to give an advanced price for such cattle as have
+recovered from the contagious distemper.
+
+The Rev. Mr. Scaife, assistant to the Rev. Dr. Greene, Dean of
+Salisbury, in his parish of Cottenham, Cambridgeshire, acquaints me,
+that the farmers in that neighbourhood lost, in 1746 and 1747, twelve
+hundred head of cattle, in 1751 four hundred and seventy; and tells me,
+that Mr. Ivett, Sayers, Moor, Dent, Lawson, chief farmers at Cottenham,
+Mr. Taylor, Sumpter, and Matthews, of his own parish of Histon, and
+the farmers of Wivelingham alias Willingham, unanimously declare, they
+never had one instance of a beast having the distemper twice.
+
+Mr. Thorpe, a farmer and grazier near Gainsborough in Lincolnshire, has
+had beasts recovered from the distemper, which have herded with cattle
+fallen ill afterwards, and never met with a single instance of a second
+infection.
+
+Mr. Lostie, an eminent surgeon at Canterbury, has inquired for me of
+the farmers and graziers in that part of Kent, and about Romney-Marsh;
+and from whence no belief of a second infection can be had.
+
+The Rev. Dr. Fountayne, Dean of York, writes me word, that no beast has
+been known, in his neighbourhood, to have had the distemper twice. And
+several persons from that county, and others, have told me the same
+thing.
+
+If the above testimony of persons of character and veracity, together
+with the concurrent persuasion of farmers in general, be allowed of, it
+must be determined, that there is no instance of a second infection.
+Supposing now it should appear, that this distemper is regularly, as
+in the natural way, tho’ in a milder manner, produced by inoculation,
+and that inoculation secures a beast also from a second infection; then
+undoubtedly inoculation will be recommendable.
+
+The very few trials made in England, and those not with the greatest
+exactness or propriety, will yet serve to put this matter out of all
+doubt.
+
+The Rev. Dean of York had five beasts inoculated, by means of a skein
+of cotton dipped in the matter, and passed thro’ a hole, like a seaton,
+in the dew-lap. Of these five, one cow near the time of calving died:
+the other four, after going thro’ the several stages of this contagious
+disease, recovered; two of which, being cows young with calf, did not
+slip their calves. All four have herded with distempered cattle a long
+while, and never had the least symptom of a second infection.
+
+Mr. Bewley, a surgeon of reputation in Lincolnshire, inoculated three
+beasts two years old, for Mr. Wigglesworth of Manton, in the dew-lap,
+and with _mucus_ from the nostrils. All three had the regular symptoms
+of the contagious distemper in a mild manner, recovered, and tho’ they
+herded a twelvemonth after with five or six distempered beasts, they
+never were the least affected. Mr. Bewley also declared to Mr. Thorpe,
+that there never was one instance produced, that he knew of, of a
+second infection.
+
+Since it is plain, that notwithstanding neither well-digested _pus_ was
+made use of, nor incisions made in the properest places, and it may be
+supposed few medicines were given; yet inoculation succeeded so as to
+bring on the distemper in a regular and mild manner, as appears by the
+cows with calf not slipping their calves. One may fairly conclude, that
+in this contagious distemper, like unto the small-pox, the practice of
+inoculation is not only warrantable, but much to be recommended.
+
+But how comes it then, that neither by application, digestion, nor
+inoculation, the distemper was not communicated in France?
+
+The Marquis says, that this distemper is not communicated but from
+one beast to another immediately. I must beg leave to say, that to my
+knowlege the distemper in February 1756 was carried from the farm-yard,
+where I visited some distempered cattle, to two other farm-yards, each
+at a considerable distance, without any communication of the cattle
+with each other, and merely by the means of servants going to and fro,
+or of dogs.
+
+The experiments made on four beasts, by tying over their heads part of
+distempered hides, or pieces of linen and woollen cloth or silk, which
+had received the breath and steams of dying cattle, serve to shew, by
+the bullock’s forcing off the cloth tied about him, that the putrid
+stench was disagreeable to him; but that neither his blood, nor that of
+the other three beasts, was then in a state to receive the infection.
+
+With regard to the pustules, which the Marquis relates were mixed
+with oats and bran, or dissolved in white wine; the distempered bile,
+which was mixed with milk; milk taken from diseased cows; water, in
+which part of a distempered hide had been steeped; and the precaution
+taken to force these mixtures into the paunch of calves, by means of
+a funnel, whose end was covered with a piece of raw distempered skin,
+that the beast might both swallow and suck in the disease. All these
+experiments could have no other effect than what followed; which was,
+that the acrimony of the distempered bile created first a _nausea_, and
+then produced a violent scouring, which killed the beast, leaving marks
+of its irritation on the intestines.
+
+The practice of inoculation is but lately followed, and even now but
+little known, in the provinces of France. Its advantages have not long
+since been strangely disputed at Paris. In the case of inoculating
+cattle, instead of a slip of raw hide taken from a beast just dead, or
+putting a pustule into the neck, they should either have passed in the
+dewlap cotton or silk dipped in well-digested _pus_, or have inserted
+in proper incisions cotton-thread or silk soaked with _pus_ either on
+the shoulders or buttocks; the true way of inoculating in the English
+manner. Some persons have indeed thought, that to inoculate with the
+blood of the infected would answer the intention; but most of the
+modern practitioners chuse to depend on digested matter.
+
+Several constitutions will not receive infection, let them be
+inoculated ever so judiciously. A Ranby, a Hawkins, a Middleton, and
+other inoculators, will tell us, that the incisions have sometimes
+suppurated so much, and pustules have appeared round the edges of the
+wound, without any other particular marks of the disease; and yet the
+patient has never had the small-pox afterwards. The Marquis mentions an
+instance somewhat of the same kind in his first Memoir, p. 147.
+
+The examination of these very important and interesting particulars
+has, I observe, drawn me into a prolixity, which I fear may prove
+tedious to your Lordship: but should I have removed all doubts,
+and brought convincing proofs of the absurdity of fearing a second
+infection; should I have shewn inoculation to be a necessary practice,
+and that the contagious distemper may be communicated more ways than
+one; I hope your Lordship will excuse the length of this letter.
+I shall only add my earnest wishes, that the legislature may, by
+effectual means, prevent the importation of distempered cattle
+and hides into these kingdoms; the only means of naturalizing and
+perpetuating a dreadful distemper, now, thank God! much decreased among
+us.
+
+I am, with the greatest respect,
+
+ My Lord,
+ Your Lordship’s
+ Most humble and most obedient Servant,
+ Daniel Peter Layard.
+
+Huntingdon, 26 Nov. 1757.
+
+
+
+
+LXX. _Trigonometry abridged. By the Rev._ Patrick Murdoch, _A. M.
+F.R.S._
+
+[Read Feb. 2, 1758.]
+
+THE cases in trigonometry, that can properly be called different from
+one another are no more than _four_; which may be resolved by _three_
+general rules or theorems, expressed in the sines of arcs only; using
+the supplemental triangle as there is occasion.
+
+[Illustration: _Philos. Trans. Vol. L._ TAB. XX. _p. 539_.
+
+_J. Mynde sc._]
+
+CASE I.
+
+_When of three given parts two stand opposite to each other, and the
+third stands opposite to the part required._
+
+
+THEOREM I.
+
+_The sines of the sides are proportional to the sines of angles
+opposite to them._
+
+
+DEMONSTRATION.
+
+Let QR (TAB. XX. _Fig._ 1.) be the base of a spherical triangle; its
+sides PQ, PR, whose planes cut that of the base in the diameters QC_q_,
+RC_r_. And if, from the angle P, the line PL is perpendicular to the
+plane of the base, meeting it in L, all planes drawn through PL will
+be perpendicular to the same, by 18. _el._ 11. Let two such planes be
+perpendicular likewise to the semicircles of the sides, cutting them in
+the straight lines PG, PH; and the plane of the base in the lines LG,
+LH.
+
+Then the plane of the triangle PGL being perpendicular to the two
+planes, whose intersection is QGC_q_, the angles PGQ LGQ will be right
+angles, by 19. _el._ 11. PG likewise subtends a right angle PLG, and
+the angle PGL measures the inclination of the semicircle QP_q_ to the
+plane of the base (_def._ 6. _el._ 11.) that is (by 16 _el._ 3. and 10
+_el._ 11.) it is equal to the spherical angle PQR: whence PG is to PL
+as the radius to the sine of PQR. The same way PL is to PH as the sine
+of PRQ is to the radius: and therefore, _ex æquo_. PG the sine of the
+side PQ is to PH the sine of PR, as the sine of PRQ is to the sine of
+PQR.
+
+
+CASES II. _and_ III.
+
+_When the three parts are of the same name._
+
+And,
+
+_When two given parts include between them a given part of a different
+name, the part required standing opposite to this middle part._
+
+
+THEOREM II.
+
+_Let_ S _and_ s _be the sines of two sides of a spherical triangle_,
+d _the sine of half the difference of the same sides_, a _the sine of
+half the included angle_, b _the sine of half the base; and writing
+unity for the radius, we have_ Ssa² + d² - b² = 0; _in which_ a _or_ b
+_may be made the unknown quantity, as the case requires_.
+
+
+DEMONSTRATION.
+
+Let PQR (_Fig._ 2.) be a spherical triangle, whose sides are PQ PR,
+the angle included QPR, the base QR, PC the semiaxis of the sphere, in
+which the planes of the sides intersect.
+
+To the pole P, draw the great circle AB, cutting the sides (produced,
+if needful) in M and N; and thro’ Q and R, the lesser circles Q_q_,
+_r_R, cutting off the arcs Q_r_ _q_R equal to the difference of the
+sides; join MN, Q_q_, _r_R, QR, _qr_.
+
+Then the planes of the circles described being parallel (_Theod.
+sphæric._ 2. 2.), and the axis PC perpendicular to them (_10. 1. of
+the same_), their intersections with the planes of the sides, as QT,
+and R_t_, will make right angles with PC; that is, QT and R_t_ are the
+sines (S, _s_.) of the sides PQ PR, and MC NC are whole sines. Now the
+isosceles triangles MCN, QT_q_, _rt_R, being manifestly similar; as
+also MN, the subtense of the arc which measures the angle QPR, being
+equal to (2_a_) twice the sine of half that angle; we shall have MN:
+MC∷ Q_q_: QT∷ _r_R: R_t_; or, in the notation of the theorem, Q_q_ =
+2S_a_, _r_R = 2_sa_. And further, the chords Q_r_ _q_R being equal, and
+equally distant from the center of the sphere, as also equally inclined
+to the axis PC, will, if produced, meet the axis produced, in one point
+Z. Whence the points Q, _q_, R, _r_, are in one plane (2. _el._ 11.),
+and in the circumference in which that plane cuts the surface of the
+sphere: the quadrilateral Q_q_R_r_ is also a segment of the isosceles
+triangle ZQ_q_, cut off by a line parallel to its base, making the
+diagonals QR, _qr_, equal. And therefore, by a known property of the
+circle, Q_q_ × _r_R + (_q_R)² = (QR)²; which, substituting for Q_q_ and
+R_r_ the values found above, 2_d_ for Q_r_, 2_b_ for QR, and taking the
+fourth part of the whole, becomes S_sa_² + _d_² = _b_² the proposition
+that was to be demonstrated.
+
+ _Note_ 1. If this, or the preceding, is applied to a plane triangle,
+ the sines of the sides become the sides themselves; the triangle
+ being conceived to lie in the surface of a sphere greater than any
+ that can be assigned.
+
+ _Note_ 2. If the two sides are equal, _d_ vanishing, the operation
+ is shorter: as it likewise is when one or both sides are quadrants.
+
+ _Note_ 3. By comparing this proposition with that of the Lord
+ Neper[26], which makes the 39th of Keill’s Trigonometry, it appears,
+ that if AC, AM, are two arcs, then sin. (AC + AM) ⁄ 2 × sin. (AC -
+ AM) ⁄ 2 = ((_b_ + _d_) × (_b_ - _d_) =) (sin. ½ AC + sin. ½ AM) ×
+ (sin. ½ AC - sin. ½ AM). And in the solution of Case II. the first of
+ these products will be the most readily computed.
+
+
+CASE IV.
+
+_When the part required stands opposite to a part, which is likewise
+unknown_: Having from the _data_ of Case I. found a fourth part, let
+the sines of the given sides be S, _s_; those of the given angles Σ,
+σ; and the sines of half the unknown parts _a_ and _b_; and we shall
+have, as before, S_sa_² + _d_² - _b_² = 0; and if the equation of the
+supplements be (Σσα² + δ²) - β² = 0; then, because α² = 1 - _b_² = 1 -
+(S_sa_² + _d_²), and β² = 1 - _a_², substituting these values in the
+second equation, we get
+
+THEOREM III.
+
+(1 - Σσ × (1 - _d_²) - δ²) ⁄ (1 - S_s_Σσ) = _a_²; in words thus:
+
+_Multiply the product of the sines of the two known angles by the
+square of the cosine of half the difference of the sides: add the
+square of the sine of half the difference of the angles; and divide the
+complement of this sum to unity, by the like complement of the product
+of the four sines of the sides and angles; and the square root of the
+quotient shall be the sine of half the unknown angle._
+
+If we work by logarithms, the operation will not be very
+troublesome; but the rule needs not be used, unless when a table
+of the trigonometrical analogies is wanting. To supply which, the
+foregoing theorems will be found sufficient, and of ready use; being
+either committed to memory, or noted down on the blank leaf of the
+trigonometrical tables.
+
+ _Note_, The schemes may be better, raised in card-paper, or with bent
+ wires and threads.
+
+
+
+
+LXXI. _An Account of Two extraordinary Cases of Gall-Stones._ By James
+Johnstone, _M. D. of_ Kidderminster. _Communicated by the Rev._ Charles
+Lyttelton, _L. L. D. Dean of_ Exeter.
+
+ _To the Rev. Dr._ Lyttelton, _Dean of_ Exeter.
+[Read Feb. 9, 1758.]
+
+Rev. Sir,
+
+ACcording to promise I send you a short account of the two
+extraordinary cases we talked of, the last time I had the pleasure of
+seeing you at Kidderminster.
+
+The truth of the first narrated case you are already a sufficient judge
+of; and if it is at all necessary to ascertain the second in like
+manner, I can at any time produce the poor woman and her husband before
+you, who will attest the truth of sufferings, which will not easily
+escape their memory.
+
+You are at liberty to dispose of this paper as you shall think proper.
+I am,
+
+ Reverend Sir,
+ Your respectful and most humble Servant,
+ J. Johnstone.
+
+Kidderminster, Sept. 11. 1757.
+
+
+THO’ it is now pretty well known, that colicky and icteric diseases
+often arise from gall-stones generated in the bilious receptacle, and
+obstructing its canals; yet an example of one, of such enormous size,
+voided into the _duodenum_ from the _ductus communis_, as happened in
+the first of the following cases, is a very rare, if not intirely an
+unexampled occurrence. It will encourage us not too easily to despair
+of the expulsion of the largest _calculi_ from the gall-bladder; and
+will teach us, that all violent attacks of pain about the stomach
+are not owing to gout reflected upon that organ: it will make us
+more cautious of giving drastic cathartics, heating and inflaming
+medicines, upon such a vague presumption; and ought to dispose those,
+who are trusted with the lives of their fellow-creatures, to a nicer
+observation of even the minutest symptoms and circumstances, which may
+occur in diseases.
+
+The second case points out, under certain circumstances, the
+practibility of extracting, by incision into the gall-bladder itself,
+those _calculi_, which, from their figure, or other impediments, cannot
+be voided in the natural way. The method of performing this unusual
+operation, and some instances of its success, have already been made
+public in the Memoires de l’Acad. de Chirurg.
+
+
+1. Mrs. F----, a sedentary corpulent old lady, had been much subject
+to colicky complaints, without jaundice, in the vigour of life. The
+seat of the pain was chiefly under the right _hypochondrium_, as high
+as the stomach. She had been tolerably free from it for at least eight
+years past. December 5, 1753, about eleven o’clock in the evening, she
+was suddenly seized with a violent pain, extending from that part of
+the stomach lying under the right side, thro’ to her back. She compared
+it to a sword driven in that direction. This pain continued not only
+with unremitted violence, but even increased, till seven o’clock in the
+morning: all this time she vomited and strained almost incessantly;
+but after her stomach was emptied of its contents, nothing came up
+besides clear slime, streaked with blood. About seven o’clock in the
+morning she felt her pain fall or move lower, as she expressed it,
+and from that time became remarkably easier. Soon after this change,
+she became extremely sick, and vomited up, for the first time, a
+prodigious quantity of greenish yellow bile. She had not before this
+seizure been remarkably costive; and in her pain had a free motion
+to stool with effect; but during the remainder of the (6th) day had
+none, tho’ all this time emollient clysters were injected; and she
+took regularly every two hours a powder of _magnes. alb. terr. fol.
+tartar. tart. vitriol. ana_ ℈j. _ol. nuc. mosch. gutt._ j. with a
+draught of the _succ. limon. & sal. absinth_. But in the middle of the
+night, and all day (the 7th), she had an abundant discharge of loose
+bilious stools. She had continued free from excessive pain since the
+morning of the former day, only now and then complained of uneasiness
+sometimes in one, sometimes in another, part of her bowels. About
+twenty-four hours after her first seizure, she felt a great pain
+striking towards the bottom of her back, and one hour after voided
+the extraordinary _calculus_, of which the figure and description are
+subjoined. Some time after pieces of skins were voided by stool, which
+were evidently of the texture and appearance of the internal villous
+coat of the intestines and gall-bladder. The above medicines were the
+only ones she used, by my direction, under her painful complaint,
+excepting an external fomentation, and bleeding, which the hardness and
+contractedness of her pulse seemed to require. She was ordered to drink
+plentifully of thin broths, and other soft diluent liquors. During the
+course of her disorder she had no appearance of jaundice, nor since;
+and, considering her years, enjoys at present (Sept. 1757) very good
+health.
+
+This _calculus_, as appears by the figure, was of a pyriform shape,
+resembling the form of the _cystis fellea_ itself. Its surface was
+quite smooth and polished, excepting towards the base, at that part
+marked A, where it was scabrous, as if some other substance had lain
+contiguous to it. When broken through, it was composed of concentrical
+laminæ, which were alternately white and ochre-coloured. In length it
+measured one inch and three tenths; its transverse section measured at
+least seven tenths of an inch. It had a saponaceous smoothness, like
+other gall-stones, and floated upon water. It weighed only about 126
+grains.
+
+Tho’ it be difficult to conceive, how so bulky a substance, generated
+in the gall-bladder, could be conveyed along so narrow a passage as
+the common biliary duct, especially considering the obliquity of its
+insertion for near half an inch of length betwixt the coats of the
+_duodenum_; yet there seem sufficient _data_ in the above case to
+prove, that this animal stone was not formed in the alimentary tube,
+but (large as it was) had come into it from the _ductus communis
+choledochus_.
+
+The shape and saponaceous smoothness, and colour of the laminæ, of this
+substance, shew it was moulded in the gall-bladder, and formed from
+bilious particles. The severe pain and torture, and enormous vomiting,
+she underwent, for seven hours after her first seizure, argue, that it
+must then be lodged in some canal much narrower and straighter than the
+alimentary canal; for so soon as it dropped into that, the severe pain
+in a great measure ceased.
+
+But that straight canal, in which it was situated during those
+seven hours of torture, could be no other than the _ductus communis
+choledochus_; for, during this space of time, no bile was emptied
+into the bowels, nor thrown up by the strongest efforts of vomiting.
+But no sooner had she perceived the cause of her pain to move or drop
+downwards (a sensation, which points out the precise moment the stone
+must have dropped into the _duodenum_), than she began to sicken,
+and instantly after vomited up a vast quantity of bilious matter;
+which now, from the de-obstructed duct, began to flow freely into
+the _duodenum_. The obstruction of the _ductus choledochus_ was of
+too short a duration (only three hours) to occasion any observable
+jaundice. And it appears by the bloody flesh-like knots, thrown up
+with phlegm by vomiting, that the passage of the substance was not
+effected without considerable laceration of the small bilious ducts.
+And this easily accounts for the separation of the villous coat, which
+afterwards appeared in this patient’s stools.
+
+[Illustration: This coarse delineation represents the figure and true
+bulk of the _calculus_; which, I believe, is still in my patient’s
+custody.]
+
+2. In February 1752. I was called to relieve a poor woman of this
+place, Sarah Ewdall, aged 30 years and upwards, and the mother of
+several children. She laboured under the jaundice, and complained of
+a severe acute pain striking thro’ from the right _hypochondrium_
+to her back, with frequent vomitings. A præternatural hardness, of
+a compass not exceeding the hollow of the hand, was then plainly to
+be felt at the pit of the stomach, or a little nearer to the right
+_hypochondrium_. When that particular part was pressed, she complained
+of great pain. The pain at this part was always increased by attempting
+to lie upon the left side. She was blooded, fomented externally,
+had emollient saponaceous clysters injected, and a nitrous apozem,
+and pills composed of _galban. & sap. Castillens._ and soon after
+recovered. She had frequent returns of the same complaint after this;
+but I saw her not again till Jan. 1755, when she lay insensible in a
+fit, which for several days deprived her of the use of her speech and
+of all her senses, only she tossed her limbs about. About a quarter of
+a year after she had recovered from this fit, Mr. Cooper of this place,
+her apothecary, informed me, that from a small sore at the pit of her
+stomach, which came since her last illness, she had voided several
+gall-stones. Curiosity prompted me to inquire into the matter of fact
+from herself. She shewed me the sore, which was now almost cicatrized.
+She said, that soon after her last illness a little pimple arose upon
+that part of the pit of the stomach, which had been hard ever since she
+had been subject to the jaundice. This pimple broke, ran matter, and at
+different times the _calculi_, which she shewed me, had come out with
+the matter. Her stomach had been somewhat painful before it broke, but
+was now easy. The _calculi_, which she shewed me, had the appearance
+of being fragments of larger ones, and some were almost dust; tho’ she
+assured me they all came from the sore in that condition. Of these
+fragments I have two or three of the largest now in my custody: they
+are light, swim on water, smooth like soap; are of a yellow colour, and
+in some parts brown like snuff; and consist of similar concentrical
+layers. The poor woman has since then been troubled with returns of
+pain and jaundice, in the intervals of which her skin is perfectly
+clear and white. She is still alive, and ready to attest the truth of
+this narrative.
+
+ J. Johnstone.
+
+Kidderminster, Sept. 11th, 1757.
+
+
+
+LXXII. _A remarkable Case of Cohesions of all the Intestines_, &c.
+_in a Man of about Thirty-four Years of Age, who died some time last
+Summer, and afterwards fell under the Inspection of Mr._ Nicholas Jenty.
+
+[Read Feb. 9, 1758.]
+
+THE subject was tall, and partly emaciated. I found nothing externally
+but a wound in the left side, which seemed to me to have been
+degenerated into an ulcer. As I did not know the man when he was alive,
+and had him two days after his decease, I cannot give an immediate
+account of the cause of his death. But in opening his abdomen, I found
+the epiploon adhering close to the intestines, in such a manner, that I
+could not part it without tearing it. It felt rough and dry. And as I
+was going to remove the intestines, to examine the mesentery, I found
+them so coherent one with the other, that it was impossible for me to
+divide them without laceration. Then I inflated the intestinal tube,
+for the inspection of this extraordinary phænomenon; but, to my great
+surprize, all the external parts of the intestines appeared smooth;
+very few of the circumvolutions were seen, occasioned by the strong
+lateral cohesions of their sides with each other. The substance of the
+intestines was rough, and a great many pimples, as big as the head of
+a pin, appeared in them, and were almost free from any moisture. It is
+proper to observe, that these pimples have been taken for glands by the
+late Dr. James Douglas, and others; whereas they are in reality nothing
+else but the orifices of the exhaling vessels obstructed, and are not
+to be met with except in morbid cases.
+
+After having made incisions in that part of the _colon_ next to
+the _rectum_, I found the _peritonæum_, or external membrane which
+invests the intestines, and the _viscera_ of the _abdomen_, to be of
+the thickness of a six-pence; and I fairly drew all the intestines
+from their external membrane without separating their cohesions;
+the _peritonæum_, or external membrane, afterwards appearing like
+another set of intestines. I found a fluid in the intestines; and I
+will not take upon me to say, how the peristaltic motion must have
+been performed. And afterwards I parted the stomach from its external
+tunic, as I had done the intestines. I found no obstruction in the
+mesenteric glands; but every evolution of the mesentery firmly cohered
+together. The liver also adhered closely to the diaphragm, and its
+adjacent parts: and in the _vesicula fellis_ I found the bile pretty
+thick, neither too green nor too yellow, but a tint between both. I
+met with nothing remarkable in the other parts of the _abdomen_. In
+opening the _thorax_, I found the lungs closely adhering to the ribs
+laterally, and posteriorly and interiorly close to the _pericardium_.
+In making an incision to open the _pericardium_, I found it so closely
+adhering to the heart, that I could not avoid wounding that organ, and
+with much difficulty could part it from it. I met with no fluid in the
+_pericardium_. The heart was small; and in the internal side the pores
+of the _pericardium_ appeared so large, that one might have insinuated
+the head of a middling pin into them. They have been described by some
+anatomists, who have met with cases somewhat similar to this, but
+without such universal adhesions; and they have been supposed to have
+been glands. The same pores likewise appeared on the heart; which, in
+my opinion, are nothing but the extremities of the exhaling vessels. In
+removing the heart, I found the _dorsal_, and other lymphatic glands
+above the lungs, quite large, indurated, and of a dark greyish colour.
+Nothing remarkable appeared in the lungs; only, that the portion of
+the _pleura_, which invests the lungs, and is generally thin, was here
+thick and rough; and thro’ a glass it appeared as if covered with
+grains of sand; and might in several places have been easily torn from
+the lungs.
+
+The _aorta_ was pretty large; and in that part of it, which runs on the
+tenth _dorsal vertebra_, I found a _cystis_, as big as an olive, full
+of _pus_; and lower down, immediately before that vessel perforates the
+diaphragm, I found another, something less, full of matter likewise;
+both which portions I have by me. That portion of the _aorta_, where
+the _cystis_ appeared, was rather thicker than the other, and osseous.
+In opening the _cranium_, I found in that part of the _cerebrum_, which
+lies over the _cerebellum_, a table spoonfull of _pus_, of a greenish
+colour; and examining it thro’ a glass, there was an appearance of
+_animalcula_ in it.
+
+
+
+
+LXXIII. _Of the best Form of Geographical Maps. By the Rev._ Patrick
+Murdoch, _M. A. F.R.S._
+
+[Read Feb. 9, 1758.]
+
+I. WHEN any portion of the earth’s surface is projected on a plane,
+or transferred to it by whatever method of description, the real
+dimensions, and very often the figure and position of countries, are
+much altered and misrepresented. In the common projection of the
+two hemispheres, the meridians and parallels of latitude do indeed
+intersect at right angles, as on the globe; but the linear distances
+are every-where diminished, excepting only at the extremity of the
+projection: at the center they are but half their just quantity, and
+thence the superficial dimensions but one-fourth part: and in less
+general maps this inconvenience will always, in some degree, attend the
+_stereographic_ projection.
+
+The _orthographic_, by parallel lines, would be still less exact,
+those lines falling altogether oblique on the extreme parts of the
+hemisphere. It is useful, however, in describing the circum-polar
+regions: and the rules of both projections, for their elegance, as well
+as for their uses in astronomy, ought to be retained, and carefully
+studied. As to Wright’s, or Mercator’s, nautical chart, it does not
+here fall under our consideration: it is perfect in its kind; and will
+always be reckoned among the chief inventions of the last age. If it
+has been misunderstood, or misapplied, by geographers, they only are to
+blame.
+
+
+II. The particular methods of description proposed or used by
+geographers are so various, that we might, on that very account,
+suspect them to be faulty; but in most of their works we actually
+find these two blemishes, _the linear distances visibly false_, and
+_the intersections of the circles oblique_: so that a quadrilateral
+rectangular space shall often be represented by an oblique-angled
+rhomboid figure, whose diagonals are very far from equal; and yet,
+by a strange contradiction, you shall see a fixed scale of distances
+inserted in such a map.
+
+
+III. The only maps I remember to have seen, in which the last of these
+blemishes is removed, and the other lessened, are some of P. Schenk’s
+of Amsterdam, a map of the Russian empire, the Germania Critica of the
+famous Professor Meyer, and a few more[27]. In these the meridians are
+straight lines converging to a point; from which, as a center, the
+parallels of latitude are described: and a rule has been published for
+the drawing of such maps[28]. But as that rule appears to be only an
+easy and convenient approximation, it remains still to be inquired,
+_What is the construction of a particular map, that shall exhibit the
+superficial and linear measures in their truest proportions?_ In order
+to which,
+
+
+IV. Let E_l_LP, in this figure (_See_ TAB. XXI.) be the quadrant of
+a meridian of a given sphere, whose center is C, and its pole P; EL,
+E_l_, the latitudes of two places in that meridian, EM their middle
+latitude. Draw LN, _ln_, cosines of the latitudes, the sine of the
+middle latitude MF, and its cotangent MT. Then writing unity for the
+radius, if in CM we take C_x_ = N_n_ ⁄ (L_l_ × MF × MT), and thro’ _x_
+we draw _x_R, _xr_, equal each to half the arc L_l_, and perpendicular
+to CM; the conical surface generated by the line R_r_, while the figure
+revolves on the axis of the sphere, will be equal to the surface of
+the zone that is to be described in the same time by the arc L_l_; as
+will easily appear by comparing that conical surface with the zone, as
+measured by _Archimedes_.
+
+[Illustration: _Philos. Trans. Vol. L._ TAB. XXI. _p. 554_.
+
+_J. Mynde sc._]
+
+And, lastly, If from the point _t_, in which _r_R produced meets the
+axis, we take the angle C_t_V in proportion to the longitude of the
+proposed map, as MF the sine of the middle latitude is to radius, and
+draw the parallels and meridians as in the figure, the whole space
+SOQV will be the proposed part of the conical surface expanded into a
+plane; in which the places may now be inserted according to their known
+longitudes and latitudes.
+
+
+EXAMPLE.
+
+V. Let L_l_, the breadth of the zone, be 50°, lying between 10° and 60°
+north latitude; its longitude 110°, from 20° east of the Canaries to
+the center of the western hemisphere; comprehending the western parts
+of Europe and Africa, the more known parts of North America, and the
+ocean that separates it from the old continent.
+
+And because C_x_ = N_n_ ⁄ (L_l_ × MF × MT), add these three logarithms.
+
+ Log. 0.8726650 (= 50° to radius 1) -1.9408476
+ Log. MF (sin. 35°) -1.7585913
+ Log. MT (tang. 55°) 0.1547732
+ ----------
+ Take the sum -1.8542121
+ from log. N_n_ (= .6923772) -1.8403427
+ ----------
+ the remainder -1.9861306
+ is the logarithm of C_x_. And because 1:
+ C_x_ ∷ MT : _xt_, to this adding the log. MT 0.1547732
+ ----------
+ The sum 0.1409038
+
+is the log. of _xt_ = 1.383260; and _x_R (= _xr_ = ½ L_l_) being
+.4363325, R_t_ will be 0.9469275, _rt_ = 1.8195925. Whence having fixed
+upon any convenient size for our map, the center _t_ is easily found.
+As, allowing an inch to a degree of a great circle, or 50 inches to the
+line R_r_, R_t_ the semidiameter of the least parallel will be 54.255
+inches, and that of the greatest parallel 104.255 inches.
+
+Again, making as radius to MF so the longitude 110° to the angle S_t_V,
+that angle will be 63° 5´ ⅗. Divide the meridians and parallels, and
+finish the map as usual.
+
+ _Note_, The log. MT being repeated in this computation with a
+ contrary sign, we may find _xt_ immediately by subtracting the sum of
+ the logarithms of L_l_ and MF from the log. of N_n_.
+
+
+VI. A map drawn by this rule will have the following properties:
+
+1. The intersections of the meridians and parallels will be
+rectangular.
+
+2. The distances north and south will be exact; and any meridian will
+serve as a scale.
+
+3. The parallels thro’ _z_ and _y_, where the line R_r_ cuts the arc
+L_l_, or any small distances of places that lie in those parallels,
+will be of their just quantity. At the extreme latitudes they will
+exceed, and in mean latitudes, from _x_ towards _z_ or _y_, they will
+fall short of it. But unless the zone is very broad, neither the excess
+nor the defect will be any-where considerable.
+
+4. The latitudes and the superficies of the map being exact, by the
+construction, it follows, that the excesses and defects of distance,
+now mentioned, compensate each other; and are, in general, of the least
+quantity they can have in the map designed.
+
+5. If a thread is extended on a plane, and fixed to it at its two
+extremities, and afterwards the plane is formed into a pyramidal or
+conical surface, it may be easily shewn, that the thread will pass
+thro’ the same points of the surface as before; and that, _conversely_,
+the shortest distance between two points in a conical surface is
+the right line which joins them, when that surface is expanded into
+a plane. Now, in the present case, the shortest distances on the
+conical surface will be, if not equal, always nearly equal, to the
+correspondent distances on the sphere: and therefore, all rectilinear
+distances on the map, applied to the meridian as a scale, will, nearly
+at least, shew the true distances of the places represented.
+
+6. In maps, whose breadth exceeds not 10° or 15°, the rectilinear
+distances may be taken for sufficiently exact. But we have chosen our
+example of a greater breadth than can often be required, on purpose
+to shew how high the errors can ever arise; and how they may, if it is
+thought needful, be nearly estimated and corrected.
+
+
+Write down, in a vacant space at the bottom of the map, a table of the
+errors of equidistant parallels, as from five degrees to five degrees
+of the whole latitude; and having taken the mean errors, and diminished
+them in the ratio of radius to the sine of the mean inclination of
+the line of distance to the meridian, you shall find the correction
+required; remembering only to distinguish the distance into its parts
+that lie _within_ and _without_ the sphere, and taking the difference
+of the correspondent errors, in _defect_ and in _excess_.
+
+But it was thought needless to add any examples; as, from what has been
+said, the intelligent reader will readily see the use of such a table;
+and chiefly as, whenever exactness is required, it will be more proper,
+and indeed more expeditious, to compute the distances of places by the
+following canon.
+
+_Multiply the product of the cosines of the two given latitudes by
+the square of the sine of half the difference of longitude; and to
+this product add the square of the sine of half the difference of the
+latitudes; the square root of the sum shall be the sine of half the arc
+of a great circle between the two places given._
+
+Thus, if we are to find the true distance from one angle of our map to
+the opposite, that is, from S to Q, the operation will be as follows:
+
+ L. sin. 30° = -1.6989700
+ L. sin. 80° = -1.9933515
+ 2 L. sin. 55° = -1.8267290
+ ----------
+ -1.5190505 = log. of 0.330408
+ and 2 L. sin. 25° = -1.2518966 = log. of 0.178606
+ ---------- --------
+ Log. of the sum 0.509014 is -1.7067297
+ Whose half is -1.8533648
+ the L. sin. of 45° 31´, the double of which is 91° 2´, or 5462
+ geographical miles.
+
+And seeing the lines TS, TQ, reduced to minutes of a degree, are
+6255.189 and 3255.189 respectively, and the angle STV is 63° 5´⅗, the
+right line SQ on the map will be 5594´, exceeding its just value by
+132´ or ¹⁄₄₂ of the whole.
+
+7. The errors on the parallels increasing fast towards the north,
+and the line SQ having, at last, nearly the same direction, it is not
+to be wondered that the errors in our example should amount to ¹⁄₄₂.
+Greater still would happen, if we measured the distance from O to Q
+by a straight line joining those points: for that line, on the conic
+surface, lying every-where at a greater distance from the sphere than
+the points O and Q, must plainly be a very improper measure of the
+distance of their correspondent points on the sphere. And therefore, to
+prevent all errors of that kind, and confine the other errors in this
+part of our map to narrower bounds, it will be best to terminate it
+towards the pole by a straight line KI touching the parallel OQ in the
+middle point K, and on the east and west by lines, as HI, parallel to
+the meridian thro’ K, and meeting the tangent at the middle point of
+the parallel SV in H. By this means too we shall gain more space than
+we lose, while the map takes the usual rectangular form, and the spaces
+GHV remain for the _title_, and other inscriptions.
+
+
+VII. Another, and not the least considerable, property of our map
+is, that it may, without sensible error, be used as a sea-chart; the
+rumb-lines on it being logarithmic spirals to their common pole _t_,
+as is partly represented in the figure: and the arithmetical solutions
+thence derived will be found as accurate as is necessary in the art of
+sailing.
+
+Thus if it were required to find the course a ship is to steer between
+two ports, whose longitudes and latitudes are known, we may use the
+following
+
+RULE.
+
+_To the logarithm of the number of minutes in the difference of
+longitude add the constant logarithm[29] -4.1015105, and to their sum
+the logarithm sine of the mean latitude, and let this last sum be_ S.
+
+_The cotangent of the mean latitude being_ T, _and an arithmetical mean
+between half the difference of latitude and its tangent being called_
+m, _from the logarithm of_ T + m _take the logarithm of_ T - m, _and
+let the logarithm of their difference be_ D; _then shall_ S - D _be
+nearly the logarithm tangent of the angle, in which the ship’s course
+cuts the meridians_.
+
+ _Note_, We ought, in strictness, to use the ratio of _tx_ + _x_R to
+ _tx_ - _x_R instead of T + _m_ to T - _m_; but we substitute this
+ last as more easily computed, and very little different.
+
+
+EXAMPLE 1.
+
+Let the latitudes, on the same side of the equator, be 10° and 60°;
+then the middle latitude and its complement are 35° and 55°, and half
+the difference of the latitudes is 25°: and the difference of longitude
+being 110°, the operation will stand as below.
+
+ Log. 6600´ (in 110°) 3.8195439
+ Constant log. -4.1015105
+ ----------
+ -1.9210544
+ Log. sin. 35° -1.7585913
+ ----------
+ S = ... -1.6796457
+ Again T = 1.4281480
+ _m_ = .4513202
+ ---------
+ Log. (T + _m_) (= 1.8794682) 0.2740350
+ Log. (T - _m_) (= 0.9768278) -1.9898180
+ ----------
+ Log. 0.2842170 = D = -1.4536500
+ ----------
+ S - D (= log. tangent 59° 16´) = 0.2259957
+ agreeing to a minute with the solution by a table of meridional
+ parts.
+
+
+EXAMPLE 2.
+
+The rest remaining, let the difference of longitude be only 40°; then
+
+ Log. 2400´ (in 40°) 3.3802112
+ Constant log. -4.1015105
+ ----------
+ -1.4817217
+ Log. sin. 35° -1.7585913
+ ----------
+ S = -1.2403130
+ D (as before) = -1.4536500
+ ----------
+ S - D (= log. tang. 31° 27´ ½) -1.7866630
+
+
+EXAMPLE 3.
+
+Let the difference of longitude be 40°; but the latitudes 56° and 80°;
+
+ And log. 2400´ }
+ + log. constant } = -1.4817217
+ Log. sin. 68° = -1.9671659
+ ----------
+ S = -1.4488876
+ T (tang. 22°) = .4040262
+ _m_ = .2109980
+ --------
+ Log. (T + _m_) (= .6150242) -1.7888921
+ Log. (T - _m_) (= .1830282) -1.2625181
+ ----------
+ Log. 0.5263740 = D = -1.7212944
+ ----------
+ S - D (= log. tangent 28° 6´) = -1.7275932
+ wanting of the true answer no more than 1° 4´.
+
+And in all cases that can occur, the error of this rule will be
+inconsiderable.
+
+It is not meant, however, that it ought to take place of the easier and
+better computation by a table of meridional parts: but it was thought
+proper to shew, by some examples, how safely the map itself may be
+depended on in the longest voyages; provided it is sufficiently large,
+and the necessary rumb-lines are exactly drawn[30].
+
+
+
+
+LXXIV. _A short Dissertation on Maps and Charts: In a Letter to the
+Rev._ Thomas Birch, _D. D. and Secret. R. S. By Mr._ Wm. Mountaine,
+_F.R.S._
+
+[Read April 6, 1758.]
+
+ London, March 21. 1758.
+
+SIR,
+
+AMONG the several improvements made in arts and sciences by ingenious
+men, the construction of _globes_, _maps_, or _charts_, deserves a
+place: not only on account of the pleasure and satisfaction that
+arises to speculative minds, in surveying the extent and divisions of
+this terraqueous globe, but also for their real use and service to
+navigation, trade, and commerce.
+
+_Globes_ perhaps were first invented, as bearing the nearest semblance
+to the natural form of the earth and sea, with proper circles thereon
+described, and the several empires and kingdoms, according to their
+extent, latitudes, and longitudes, as far as geography and history
+would admit.
+
+But tho’ these convey the most general and truest ideas of the position
+and situation of places; yet, as containing but a small surface, they
+were found not extensive enough to take in particular kingdoms or
+states, with their subdivisions, cities, and rivers, so as to convey
+an adequate and sufficient representation. Besides, they were not so
+portable and commodious in voyages or travels.
+
+_Maps_ and _Charts_ were therefore thought of, as being most convenient
+for both the purposes above-mentioned; the accuracy of which depends
+on representing the meridians and parallels in such manner, that when
+places are laid thereon, according to their latitudes and longitudes,
+they may have such respect to each other, as they have on the globe
+itself; and those are either _globular_ or _rectilinear_.
+
+_Globular_, or _curvilinear_, are either general or particular.
+
+_General_, are the hemispheres; for the most part constructed
+stereographically.
+
+_Particular_, contain only some part of the terraqueous globe; and of
+this sort there are sundry modes of construction, which for the most
+part are defective, so as not to be applied with accuracy and facility
+to the purposes intended, in determining the courses or bearings of
+places, their distances, or both.
+
+_Rectilinear_ were therefore very early adopted, on which the meridians
+were described parallel to each other, and the degrees of latitude and
+longitude every-where equal; the rumbs were consequently right lines;
+and hereby it was thought, that the courses or bearings of places would
+be more easily determined.
+
+But these were found also insufficient and erroneous, the meridians
+being parallel, which ought to converge; and no method or device used
+to accommodate that parallelism.
+
+Notwithstanding the great deficiency in this plane map or chart, it was
+preferred, especially in nautical business; and hath its uses at this
+day in topographic constructions, as in bays, harbours, and very narrow
+zones.
+
+However, the errors herein were sooner discovered than corrected, both
+by mathematicians and mariners, as by Martin Cortese, Petrus Nonius,
+Coigniet, and some say by Ptolemy himself.
+
+The first step towards the improvement of this chart was made by
+Gerardus Mercator, who published a map about the year 1550, wherein the
+degrees of latitude were increased from the equator towards each pole;
+but upon what principles this was constructed, he did not exhibit.
+
+About the year 1590, Mr. Edward Wright, an Englishman, discovered
+the true principles upon which such a chart should be constructed;
+and communicated the same to one Jodocus Hondius, an engraver, who,
+contrary to his honest faith and engagement, published the same as
+his own invention: This occasioned Mr. Wright, in the year 1599, to
+exhibit his method of construction, in his book, intitled, _Correction
+of Errors in Navigation_; in the preface of which book may be seen
+his charge and proof against Hondius; and also how far Mercator has
+any right to share in the honour due for this great improvement in
+geography and navigation.
+
+Blundevill, in his Exercises, page 327, published anno 1594, gives a
+table of meridional parts answering to even degrees, from 1° to 80°
+of latitude, with the sketch of a chart constructed therefrom; but
+this table he acknowledged to have received from Mr. Wright, in the
+following words, page 326, _viz._ “In the mean time to reform the saide
+faults,” (in the plane chart) “Mercator hath in his universal chard or
+mappe made the spaces of the parallels of latitude to bee wider everie
+one than other from the equinoctial towards either of the poles, by
+what rule I know not, unless it be by such a table as my friend Maister
+Wright of Caius-college in Cambridge at my request sent me (I thank
+him) not long since for that purpose, which table with his consent, I
+have plainlie set down,” _&c._
+
+About the year 1720, a globular chart was published, said to be
+constructed by Mr. Henry Wilson; the errors in which were obviated
+by Mr. Thomas Haselden, in a letter to Dr. Halley; who at the same
+time exhibited a new scale, whereby distances on a given course may
+be measured, or laid off, at one extent of the compasses, on Wright’s
+projection; and was intended to render the same as easy in practice as
+the plane chart.
+
+The above chart was published in opposition to Mr. Wright’s, which that
+author charged with imperfections and errors, and that it represented
+places bigger than they are upon the globe.
+
+It is true, the surface is apparently enlarged; but the position of
+places, in respect to one another, are in no wise distorted; and it may
+be asserted, with the same parity of reason, that the lines of sines,
+tangents, and secants, are false, because the degrees of the circle,
+which are equal among themselves, are thereupon represented unequal.
+
+Yet if a map or chart was so constructed, as to shew the situation and
+true extent of countries, _&c. primâ facie_ (if I may be allowed the
+expression), and yet retain all the properties, uses, and simplicity,
+of Wright’s construction, it would be a truly great improvement; but
+this seems to be impossible.
+
+The method exhibited by the Rev. Mr. Murdoch, in his paper, read before
+the Royal Society on the 9th of February last, shews the situation of
+places, and seems better calculated for determining superficial and
+linear measures, than any other that has occurred to me.
+
+This Gentleman illustrates his theory with examples justly intended to
+point out the quantity of error, that will happen in a large extent.
+
+For instance; Between latitudes 10° and 60° N. and containing 110
+degrees difference of longitude, Mr. Murdoch computes the distance at
+5594 miles; which, upon the arc of a great circle, is found to be 5477,
+or by other methods 5462; so that the difference is only 117, or at
+most 132 miles in so great an extent, and to an high latitude; and the
+higher the latitude the greater the error is like to be, where-ever
+middle latitude is concerned.
+
+His courses also agree very nearly with computations made from the
+tables of meridional parts.
+
+In example the first they are the very same:
+
+In example the 2d they agree to half a minute:
+
+In example the 3d they vary 1° 4´, on account of the high latitudes,
+which extend from 56° to 80° N.
+
+However, I do not esteem this method so simple, easy, and concise, in
+the practice of navigation, as Mr. Wright’s construction, especially in
+determining the bearings or courses from place to place: nor will it (I
+presume) admit of a zone containing both north and south latitude.
+
+Of these inconveniences Mr. Murdoch seems to be extremely well
+acquainted, when he expresses himself in the following very candid and
+ingenuous terms, _viz._ “As to Wright’s or Mercator’s nautical chart,
+it does not here fall under our consideration: it is perfect in its
+kind; and will always be reckoned among the chief inventions of the
+last age. If it has been misunderstood or misapplied by geographers,
+they only are to blame.”--And again, at the end of his nautical
+examples, he concludes thus, _viz._ “It is not meant, however, that it
+ought to take place of the easier and better computation by a table of
+meridional parts.”
+
+I have the honour to be, with the greatest respect,
+
+ SIR,
+ The ROYAL SOCIETY’S, and
+ _Your_ most obedient Servant,
+ William Mountaine.
+
+
+ADDENDA _to Mr._ Murdoch_’s Paper_, Nº. LXXIII.
+
+ IF it is required “to draw a map, in which the superficies of a given
+ zone shall be equal to the zone on the sphere, while at the same time
+ the projection from the center is strictly geometrical;” _Take_ Cx
+ _to_ CM _as a geometrical mean between_ CM _and_ Nn, _is to the like
+ mean between the cosine of the middle latitude, and twice the tangent
+ of the semidifference of latitudes_; and project on the conic surface
+ generated by _xt_. But here the degrees of latitude towards the
+ middle will fall short of their just quantity, and at the extremities
+ exceed it: which hurts the eye. Artists may use either rule: or, in
+ most cases, they need only make C_x_ to CM as the arc ML is to its
+ tangent, and finish the map; either by a projection, or, as in the
+ first method, by dividing that part of _xt_ which is intercepted by
+ the secants thro’ L and _l_, into equal degrees of latitude.
+
+ Mr. Mountaine justly observes, “that my rule does not admit of a
+ zone containing N. and S. latitudes.” But the remedy is, _to extend
+ the lesser latitudes to an equality with the greater; that the cone
+ may be changed into a cylinder, and the rumbs into straight lines_.
+
+
+
+
+LXXV. _Cases of the remarkable Effects of Blisters in lessening the
+Quickness of the Pulse in Coughs, attended with Infarction of the
+Lungs and Fever: By_ Robert Whytt, _M. D. F.R.S. Fellow of the Royal
+College of Physicians, and Professor of Medicine in the University of_
+Edinburgh.
+
+[Read Feb. 16, 1758.]
+
+ONE of the most natural effects of blistering plaisters, when applied
+to the human body, is to quicken the pulse, and increase the force
+of the circulation. This effect they produce, not only by means of
+the pain and inflammation they raise in the parts to which they are
+applied, but also because the finer particles of the _cantharides_,
+which enter the blood, render it more apt to stimulate the heart and
+vascular system.
+
+The apprehension, that blisters must in every case accelerate the
+motion of the blood, seems to have been the reason, why some eminent
+physicians have been unwilling to use them in feverish and inflammatory
+disorders, till after the force of the disease was a good deal abated,
+and the pulse beginning to sink. However, an attentive observation
+of the effects, which follow the application of blisters in those
+diseases, will shew, that instead of increasing, they often remarkably
+lessen the frequency of the pulse. This I had occasion formerly to take
+notice of[31], and shall now evince more fully by the following cases.
+
+
+I. A widow lady, aged about 50, was seized (December 1755) with a bad
+cough, oppression about her stomach and breast, and a pain in her
+right side, tho’ not very acute. Her pulse being quick, and skin hot,
+some blood was taken away, which was a good deal sizy: attenuating and
+expectorating medicines were also prescribed. But as her complaints
+did not yield to these remedies, I was called on December 26th, after
+she had been ill about ten days; at which time her pulse beat from 96
+to 100 times in a minute, but was not fuller than natural. I ordered
+her to lose seven or eight ounces more of blood, which, like the
+former, was sizy; and next day, finding no abatement of her complaints,
+I advised a blister to be applied, in the evening, to that part of
+her right side which was pained. Next morning, when the blister was
+removed, the pain of her side was gone, and her pulse beat only 88
+times in a minute, and in two days more it came down to 78. However,
+after the blistered part became dry, the pulse rose in one day’s time
+to 96, and continued between that number and 90 for four days; after
+which I ordered a large blister to be put between her shoulders. When
+this plaister was taken off, her pulse beat under 90 times in a minute;
+and next day it fell to 76, and the day after to 72. The cough and
+other symptoms, which were relieved by the first blister, were quite
+cured by the second.
+
+
+II. John Graham, bookbinder, in Edinburgh, aged 37, of a thin habit
+of body, formerly subject to coughs, and thought to be in danger of
+a _phthisis pulmonalis_, having exposed himself unwarily to cold
+in the night time, was, about the end of January 1756, seized with
+a bad cough and feverishness; for which he was blooded, and had a
+diaphoretic julep, a pectoral decoction, and a mixture with _gum.
+ammoniacum_ and _acetum scilliticum_, given him by Mr. James Russell,
+surgeon-apothecary in this place. On the 12th of February, after he
+had been ill above a fortnight, I was desired to visit him. He seemed
+to be a good deal emaciated; his eyes were hollow, and cheeks fallen
+in: he was almost constantly in a sweat; coughed frequently, and spit
+up a great quantity of tough phlegm, somewhat resembling _pus_: his
+pulse beat from 112 to 116 times in a minute. In this condition I
+ordered immediately a blister to be applied between his shoulders,
+which lessened in some degree his cough and spitting, as well as the
+frequency of his pulse; but the blistered part no sooner began to
+heal, than he became as ill as before, and continued in this bad way
+nine or ten days, gradually wasting, with continued sweats, and a
+great spitting of a thick _mucus_. During this time he used _tinctura
+rosarum_, and the mixture with _gum. ammon._ and _acet. scillit._
+without any sensible benefit, and had six ounces of blood taken away,
+which was very watery, and the _crassamentum_ was of a lax texture.
+In this almost desperate condition, another blister, larger than the
+former, was put between his shoulders, which remarkably lessened his
+cough and spitting, and in two or three days reduced his pulse to
+96 strokes in a minute. After this he continued to recover slowly,
+without the assistance of any other medicine, except the _tinctura
+rosarum_ and the mixture with _gum. ammon._ and _acet. scillit._ and at
+present he enjoys good health.
+
+
+III. Mrs.----, aged upwards of 40, who had for several years been
+subject to a cough and spitting in the winter months, was, in October
+1756, seized with those complaints in a much greater degree than
+usual; to remove which, she was blooded, and got some attenuating and
+pectoral medicines from Mr. John Balfour, surgeon-apothecary in Leith.
+I was called on November 11th, after she had been ill several weeks,
+and found her in a very unpromising condition. She had a frequent
+and severe cough, with great shortness of breath and a wheezing; her
+lungs seemed to be quite stuffed with phlegm, of which she spit a vast
+quantity every day, and of such an appearance, that I was apprehensive
+it was, in part at least, truly purulent. When she sat up in a chair,
+her pulse beat above 130 times in a minute. She had a considerable
+thirst, and her tongue was of a deep red colour, with a beginning
+aphthous crust on some parts of it. She was so weak, and her pulse so
+feeble, that there was no place for further bleeding: a blister was
+therefore applied to her back, November 11th, which somewhat lowered
+her pulse, and lessened the shortness of breathing and quantity of
+phlegm in her lungs. November 16th, a second blister was laid to her
+side, which gave her still more sensible relief than the former, and
+reduced her pulse to 114 strokes in a minute. November 25th, a third
+blister was applied to her back; by which her cough and wheezing were
+rendered considerably easier, and the phlegm, which she spit up, lost
+its purulent appearance, became thinner, more frothy, and was much
+less in quantity. Her pulse beat now only 104 times in a minute. After
+this, her cough and spitting increasing again, she had, on the 20th of
+December, a fourth blister applied to her back, which, like the former,
+did her great service. Her stomach being extremely delicate, I scarce
+ordered any medicines for her all this time, except a cordial julep,
+with _spir. volat. oleos._ tincture of rhubarb as a laxative, and a
+julep of _aqu. rosar. acet. vin. alb._ and _syr. balsam._ of which last
+she took two table spoonfuls twice or thrice a day in a quarter of a
+pint of lintseed tea. After the fourth blister, she drank for some time
+a cupful of _infusum amarum_ twice a day, and continued to recover
+slowly: and tho’ during the remaining part of the winter she was, as
+usually, a good deal troubled with a cough, yet in the spring she got
+free from it, and is now in her ordinary health.
+
+
+IV. Christian Mʿewen, aged 21, had laboured under a cough, thick
+spitting, pain of her breast, and pains in her sides affecting her
+breathing, for about a twelvemonth: and after getting, by proper
+remedies, in a good measure free from those complaints, her cough, from
+catching a fresh cold, increased to a greater degree than ever, became
+hard and dry, and was attended with a constant difficulty of breathing,
+pain in her left side, and head-ach. After having been seven or eight
+days in this condition, she was admitted into the Royal Infirmary,
+January 9th, 1757. As her pulse was small, tho’ very quick, _viz._
+beating 130 in a minute, I thought it unnecessary to bleed her, as
+from former experience I did not doubt but that blistering alone would
+relieve her: I ordered, therefore, a large blister to be applied to her
+left side, where she complained of pain, and prescribed for her the
+following julep:
+
+ ℞ _Aqu. menth. simp. spirit. Minderer. ana_ ℥ iij. _acet. scillit._ ℥
+ i. _sacchar. alb._ ℥ ij. _misce; cap. coch._ ij. _ter in die_.
+
+She was also desired to breathe frequently over the steam of hot water,
+and to drink lintseed tea.
+
+January 10th. Her pulse beat only 112 times in a minute, and was
+somewhat fuller than on the 9th. The blister was not removed till late
+in the evening, and made a plentiful discharge. The cough having been
+so severe last night, as to keep her from sleep, I ordered her the
+following anodyne draught:
+
+ ℞ _Spirit. Minderer._ ℥ ss. _acet. scillit._ ȝ i. _syr. papav. alb._
+ ȝ vi. _misce; cap. hor. somni._
+
+Jan. 11th. The cough easier last night; difficulty of breathing less;
+pulse 108 in a minute. Ordered the anodyne draught to be repeated, and
+the use of the julep, with _acet. scillit._ to be continued.
+
+Jan. 12th. Pulse slower; cough and pain of the side easier; but still
+complains of a head-ach.
+
+Jan. 13th. Pulse 94 in a minute; cough continues easier in the night,
+but is troublesome in the day-time.
+
+Jan. 14th. Every way better; pulse only 80 in a minute. As her cough
+is still bound, ordered her, besides the medicines above-mentioned, a
+pectoral decoction of _rad. alth._ &c.
+
+Jan. 15th. Cough and other complaints in a great measure removed; pulse
+65 in a minute.
+
+From this time her cough gave her little trouble; but on the 18th she
+complained of a pain in the _epigastrium_, with sickness at stomach,
+want of apetite, and a giddiness in her head, which were considerably
+relieved by a vomit, _infusum amarum_, and stomachic purges; and were
+almost wholly cured by the return of her menses on the 5th of February,
+after an interval of eight weeks.
+
+
+V. A girl 21 months old, who had (December 1756) a great load of
+the small-pox, and not of a good kind, with a cough and obstructed
+breathing, was, on the seventh day from the eruption, blistered on the
+back; by which the pulse was lessened from 200 to 156 strokes in a
+minute. Next day her legs were also blistered, and the pulse thereby
+fell to 136. But the child’s lungs being much oppressed, and her throat
+being so full of pustules that she could scarce swallow any thing, she
+died towards the end of the ninth day.
+
+
+I could add several other cases of the remarkable effects of blisters
+in lessening the quickness of the pulse in coughs attended with fever,
+pain in the side, and pituitous infarction of the lungs: but those
+above may be sufficient to put this matter out of doubt, as well as to
+remove any prejudice, that may still remain against the free use of so
+efficacious a remedy.
+
+In a true peripneumony, especially where the inflammation is great,
+repeated bleeding is the principal remedy, and blisters early applied
+are not so proper. But when the peripneumony is of a mixed kind;
+when the lungs are not so much inflamed as loaded with a pituitous
+matter; when bleeding gives but little relief; when the pulse, tho’
+quick, is small; when the patient is little able to bear evacuations,
+and the disease has continued for a considerable time; in all these
+cases blistering will produce remarkable good effects, and, far from
+increasing, will generally lessen the frequency of the pulse, and
+fever, more speedily than any other remedy.
+
+On the other hand, when the fever and frequency of the pulse proceed
+from a true inflammation of the lungs, from large obstructions tending
+to suppuration, or from an open ulcer in them, blisters will be of less
+use, nay, sometimes will do harm, except in the last case, where they,
+as well as issues and setons, are often beneficial, tho’ seldom able
+to compleat a cure. But as in pituitous infarctions of the lungs, with
+cough and fever, repeated blisters applied to the back and sides are
+far preferable to issues or setons, so these last seem most proper in
+an open ulcer of the lungs. The former make a greater and more sudden
+derivation, and are therefore adapted to acute cases; the latter act
+more slowly, but for a much longer time, and are therefore best suited
+to chronic diseases. Further, while blisters evacuate chiefly the
+serous humours, issues and setons generally discharge true purulent
+matter, and on this account may be of greatest service in internal
+ulcers.
+
+In what manner blisters may lessen the fever and frequency of the
+pulse attending internal inflammations, I have elsewhere endeavoured
+to explain[32]; and shall only add here, that in the cases above
+recited, where the quick pulse and feverishness proceeded more from a
+pituitous infarction than a true inflammation of the lungs, blisters,
+by relieving this organ, in some measure, of the load of humours
+oppressing it, would render the circulation through its vessels freer,
+and consequently lessen the quickness of the pulse, and other feverish
+symptoms.
+
+It may not, however, be improper briefly to point out the reason,
+why blisters, which have been observed to be remarkably efficacious,
+even when early applied, in pleurisies[33], are less so in true
+peripneumonies. This difference, I imagine, may be accounted for from
+there being no immediate communication between the pulmonary vessels
+and those of the sides and back, to which the blisters are applied;
+whereas the _pleura_, and intercostal muscles, are furnished with
+blood-vessels from the intercostal arteries, which also supply the
+teguments of the _thorax_: so that while a greater flow of serous
+humours, and also indeed of red blood, is derived into the vessels of
+the external parts, to which the vesicatories are applied, the force
+of the fluids in the vessels of the inflamed _pleura_, or intercostal
+muscles, must be considerably lessened. Further, as the intercostal
+muscles and _pleura_ are, as well as the teguments of the _thorax_,
+supplied with nerves from the _true_ intercostals, blisters applied to
+the back and sides may perhaps, on this account also, have a greater
+effect in relieving inflammations there than in the lungs, which have
+nerves from the eighth pair, and from the _intercostals_ improperly so
+called.
+
+Edinburgh, May 23d, 1757.
+
+
+_Extract of a Letter from Dr._ Whytt, _Professor of Medicine in the
+University of_ Edinburgh, _and F. R. S. to Dr._ Pringle, _F.R.S._
+
+ Edinburgh, 10 Nov. 1757.
+
+WHAT you remark with regard to blisters being freely used by the
+physicians at London, in the cases mentioned in the paper I last sent
+you, is very just, and indeed what I knew; but altho’ their efficacy
+in such circumstances is now generally acknowleged both in England
+and Scotland, yet I do not remember that their remarkable quality in
+lessening the quickness of the pulse has been particularly attended to.
+This, therefore, I thought it might not be amiss to ascertain by a few
+careful observations.
+
+I agree intirely with you, as to the use of blisters in fevers; being
+of opinion, that when there is no particular part obstructed or
+inflamed, they are of little service, and sometimes hurtful, unless
+perhaps towards the end, when the pulse begins to sink. Nay, in fevers,
+where the substance of the brain is affected, and not its membranes,
+I have never found any sensible benefit from blisters: and I always
+suspect the brain itself affected, when a fever and delirium come on
+without any preceding head-ach, or redness in the _tunica albuginea_ of
+the eyes. This kind of fever I have met with several times, and have
+observed it to be generally fatal.
+
+
+
+
+LXXVI. _A remarkable Instance of Four rough Stones, that were
+discovered in an human urinary Bladder, contrary to the received
+Opinion; and successfully extracted by the lateral Method of Cutting
+for the Stone. By Mr._ Joseph Warner, _F. R. S. and Surgeon to_
+Guy’s-Hospital.
+
+[Read Feb. 23, 1758.]
+
+THE favourable reception those few papers have met with from the Royal
+Society, which I have done myself the honour of addressing to them,
+encourages me to take the liberty of offering the following account to
+their consideration: and I am the more immediately induced to submit
+this paper to their perusal, as the fact hereafter related may possibly
+be not esteemed a matter of mere curiosity; since it is probable,
+that the inferences deduced from the history of the subsequent case,
+when attended to, may prove of the greatest consequence to the future
+ease and welfare of the patient, as well as be a means of preventing
+the operator from falling into such errors, as cannot fail of drawing
+an imputation upon his character, in the practice of one of the most
+capital and difficult undertakings in his profession.
+
+It is a maxim laid down by the most judicious and best received writers
+upon operations in surgery, that when the surface of a stone, which
+has been extracted from the bladder, appears to be totally rough, it
+amounts to a proof of its having been there alone. But notwithstanding
+I admit it is from experience found, that the observation is in general
+well grounded, it may nevertheless appear, from the following case,
+that this rule is not unexceptionable: for which reason perhaps it may
+be thought right, that we should not be determined from circumstances
+only; but, on the contrary, that it is necessary for every surgeon to
+take such methods during the operation, as will enable him to judge
+with that degree of certainty, without which he cannot be enabled to do
+so.
+
+The methods I would recommend are these: That after the extraction of
+a stone from the bladder, tho’ the whole of its surface be rough, the
+operator should nevertheless introduce the forefinger of his left or
+right hand thro’ the wound into the cavity of the bladder; by which
+means, if the subject be under twelve years of age, he will be enabled
+to come in contact with every internal part of the bladder with his
+finger: but if the subject be an adult, and of a corpulent habit of
+body, the finger, under these circumstances, not being found to be
+sufficiently long for the purpose, he must have recourse to a female
+catheter, or some other instrument that is nearly strait, quite smooth
+and polished, and of about nine or ten inches long; which will serve
+the purpose equally well, if of a proper form and thickness. This is
+the method I have made use of upon the like occasions of late years,
+without giving any great degree of pain to the patient, or considerably
+retarding the operation.
+
+Since I have had the opportunity of making the following observation,
+as well as a prior observation something similar to this, where two
+rough stones were extracted by me a few years ago from a young man’s
+bladder of 15 years of age, I cannot help suspecting, that there may
+have been instances of one or more stones being left behind in the
+bladder at the time of operating, merely from the operator’s putting
+too great a confidence in this general rule. Which suspicion I am led
+into from having known people, who have undergone the operation of
+cutting for the stone, relapse into the like disorder in a short time
+after the healing of their wounds, attended with such symptoms, as have
+obliged them to submit to a second operation; when the stone, upon
+being extracted, has appeared of so considerable a size, as to make it
+suspicious, that this stone must probably have been of a much longer
+growth, than the short time betwixt the two operations could admit of.
+The maxim laid down to us by authors, of a smooth and polished stone
+in the bladder being never there alone, but always accompanied with
+one or more stones of the same kind, I know no exception to. But if
+this phænomenon should ever occur, the strict observance of that rule
+(delivered to us by judicious writers in surgery) of always searching
+the bladder under the like appearances, on presumption of one or more
+stones being left behind, cannot be attended with any future mischief
+to the patient, when carefully executed by the methods recommended
+above, and undoubtedly should always be strictly attended to. The
+smooth and polished appearances of the surfaces of human _calculi_ are
+universally supposed to arise from their rubbing one against the other;
+which may with reason be supposed to be the case: but I confess this
+inference is not satisfactory to me; since it is probable, if this was
+the sole cause of their smoothness, the same effect would probably be
+always produced, when attended with the same degree of friction. But
+as this may be considered as a matter of mere speculation, I refer the
+decision of this point to those of superior abilities.
+
+
+CASE.
+
+Mr. William Woodhams, a gentleman farmer, of a corpulent habit of body,
+in the 46th year of his age, now living in the parish of Udimore,
+within three miles of Rye in Sussex, was attacked about eight years ago
+with severe complaints in his loins, accompanied with an incapacity of
+voiding his urine without the assistance of proper medicines, which
+were administered to him by a neighbouring apothecary for that purpose.
+These medicines had the desired effect: they promoted a secretion, and
+an evacuation of urine; which appeared to be loaded with a considerable
+quantity of gravelly particles mixed with a _mucus_ of a whitish
+colour. In the space of three weeks he had perfectly recovered from
+this attack, and continued well for near five years afterwards, without
+any return of his complaint, except when he rode hard on horseback, or
+drank more freely of strong liquors than usual. At the expiration of
+five years he was seized with an acute fever, of which he recovered in
+a few weeks.
+
+Very soon after his recovery from this illness, he began to complain
+of excessive pain in voiding his urine, or upon going to stool;
+which symptoms were so greatly increased for many months before he
+submitted to the operation, as to quite disable him from riding, from
+walking, or from using any kind of exercise. His urine, of late, was
+continually and involuntarily flowing from him in small quantities. He
+complained of great pain and soreness in his fundament, attended with
+a _tenesmus_. This account he delivered to me on the second day after
+the operation; and at the same time he very feelingly told me, that he
+had enjoyed but very few and short intervals of ease for the three last
+years, till since the operation.
+
+On the 30th of January 1758, I cut him, at his own house in Sussex,
+having first prepared him for the operation in the manner, that is
+usual upon the like occasion. In the operation, I extracted the four
+stones, which I now have the honour of laying before the Royal Society.
+The whole surfaces of these stones appear to be rough, not having the
+least marks of ever having rubbed against each other during their
+confinement in the bladder: but yet I conjecture this must frequently
+have been the case, as there was no difficulty in embracing these
+_calculi_ with the forceps: for had they been contained in different
+cells or pouches in the bladder, which sometimes have been observed
+from dissections, this circumstance would, in all probability, have
+rendered it impracticable for me to have so immediately got at them, if
+at all.
+
+The forceps was introduced only three times into the bladder for
+effecting the extraction of the three first stones, and only twice for
+the extraction of the fourth stone. Besides these four stones, which
+I have presented to the Society for their inspection, I thought it
+not improper to produce, at the same time, some other human _calculi_,
+for their further satisfaction, each of which was found single in the
+urinary bladders of different subjects. The surfaces of these stones
+may be observed to be much smoother than the surface of either of the
+four stones, that were extracted from Mr. Woodhams’s bladder in the
+operation I have just now recited; and therefore it was more reasonable
+to expect to find each of these stones accompanied with one or more
+stones in the same bladder (according to the received opinion), than it
+was to find more stones than one in the case of Mr. Woodhams’s, which
+has given rise to these observations.
+
+But as the fact before us does of itself shew the impropriety and
+danger of determining from the surfaces of such extraneous bodies,
+perhaps it may be thought needless to enlarge upon this subject, to
+strengthen those precautions so reasonable to be observed in this
+operation. However, as I have already taken notice of the smooth and
+polished appearances of the surfaces of such stones, as are probably
+never found single in the bladder; I have produced two stones of this
+kind, that were extracted from the same bladder, to shew, that these
+stones do no more resemble those stones of Mr. Woodhams’s, than a piece
+of polished marble can be said to resemble a rough block of the same
+species.
+
+ _P. S._ I am informed, by a letter from Sussex, dated the 18th
+ instant, that Mr. Woodhams is perfectly well in health; that the whole
+ of his urine had passed through the urethra for the last five or six
+ days; and that his wound will, in all probability, be soon healed.
+
+ Joseph Warner.
+
+Hatton-Garden, February 22. 1758.
+
+[Illustration: _Philos. Trans. Vol. L._ TAB. XXII.(a) _p. 584_.
+
+Plate _is an exact representation of the sizes and external appearances
+of the four rough stones described in the preceding paper_
+
+_J. Mynde sc._]
+
+
+
+
+LXXVII. _Observations on the_ Limax non cochleata Purpur ferens, _The
+naked Snail producing Purple. By_ John Andrew Peyssonel, _M. D. F.R.S.
+Translated from the_ French.
+
+[Read Feb. 23, 1758.]
+
+AMONG the fish we meet with in the seas of the Antilles of America,
+we find, that this I am going to describe will appear precious, from
+the beautiful purple colour it produces, in the same manner, that the
+cuttle-fish produces its ink, if a means could be found to procure this
+liquor in a sufficient quantity to render it an article of commerce.
+These fishes are soft, viscous, without shells, scales, or bones; are
+of the nature of the _polypi_, and such other kinds, without feet,
+fins, or any thing to supply their places. Their motion is vermicular;
+and, like the slugs, they wreath themselves up, and when touched make
+themselves quite round.
+
+They fill up certain membranes of the body with water. Their local
+motion; _antennæ_, which they lengthen and contract; and a great many
+other properties, which they have in common with snails, slugs, and
+turbinated shell-fish, made me call them naked snails: and altho’ they
+have not the most essential qualities of snails, I thought I might
+give them the name; for they have no particular appellation in this
+country. Some call them piss-a beds, some sea-cats, and others a less
+modest name, _tapecon_, taken from Pliny. The Negroes and country
+people disagree upon this subject; and therefore I thought all their
+names ought to be rejected, in order to adopt a more significant one,
+which I have given them; and that altho’ they are without shells, a
+quality essential to snails, they had a right to that class by their
+other properties and qualities.
+
+This fish is commonly four inches long, and two thick; of a greenish
+colour, spotted with black, each of which forms a circle. The under
+part is like that of snails, flat, with kinds of _mamillæ_, or
+rugosities, which are adhesive; by means of which they advance in a
+vermicular motion; and when touched become round, by retracting their
+neck and head; and afterwards protrude them considerably, according to
+their motion and progression, crawling upon rocks to seek their food.
+
+The head of this animal has a flatness, or is inclinable to a square or
+parallelogram. On each side there are membranes or skins, which form
+kinds of ears; and under them others, which at times fill with water,
+and are then transparent. Under this thick skin there is a _cranium_,
+of a kind of coriaceous or cartilaginous matter; and in the _cranium_
+we find the brain, which is a white substance, and very firm. At the
+basis of the head its oval wide mouth is placed, being above two lines
+long, which often discovers a white hard edge, with which he crops the
+fucus’s, and other sea-plants, for his nourishment.
+
+About half an inch from the ears there are two horns, or _antennæ_,
+like those of some testaceous animals, which serve them for eyes; and
+these _antennæ_ extend and contract at will, turning to either side
+also. The _oesophagus_ begins at the upper and inner part of the mouth,
+which is a delicate long tube; near which there is another thick one,
+and made nearly like the colon, which leads to a bag, or the first
+stomach, which may be likened to the craw of a fowl: it is always
+filled with fucus mixed with sand. Sometimes this stomach is double, or
+at least lengthens itself considerably, and the aliment parts it, as it
+were, into two portions. After this craw, or stomach, we find another,
+which performs the same office with the gizzard of fowls. The membranes
+are thick, and are set with twelve stones, or horny pieces, of a bright
+yellow colour, and as transparent as fine yellow amber, ending in
+points like a diamond; so that the great side, or basis, is set into
+the membrane of the gizzard as a diamond in its socket: others differ
+in size, having different figures, that in acting all together they may
+be able to break and grind the herbs the animal feeds upon, as well by
+the strength of the muscle or gizzard, which puts them into action, as
+by the situation of these stones, assisted by grains of sand found in
+it, turning the whole by this trituration into a liquor. Afterwards,
+what was thus triturated by the power of the gizzard passes into a
+third belly or stomach, which is covered by a purple body, resembling
+the _parenchyma_ of the liver, and nearly of the same consistence: then
+this belly turns into a long tube, which surrounds this _parenchyma_,
+and is covered in like manner by a very fine membrane: it is full
+of a white liquor, like chyle, and goes to discharge itself into
+another reservoir, at the side of which is a yellowish gland, like
+a _pancreas_. From these two bodies or glands one of which may be
+called hepatic, and the other pancreatic, two conduits pass out; that
+of the _pancreas_ is white, the other of a blackish purple: the first
+conducts its chyle, condensed, into a reservoir or bladder, which may
+be resembled to the _receptaculum chyli_ of Pequet, and from thence
+passes to the fecal matter: the other conducts to a body made like the
+mesentery, but which is always found out of the common capacity or
+cavity, in which all the _viscera_ are contained; which I thus describe:
+
+This common capacity is very large, beginning at the head and ending
+at the tail of the fish: it is sometimes filled with a yellowish
+water, and is formed by the fleshy body of the animal; which is only a
+membrane composed of fibres every way interwoven together, open at the
+top, where the organs are situated, which contain the purple juice.
+
+There is a hollow upon the back of the animal, where the canal, filled
+with a reddish juice, passes out, carrying it to a fringed body like a
+mesentery; and it is there the purple juice is brought to perfection;
+and afterwards goes to a long sack lying under a kind of horny plate,
+not like the bone of the cuttle-fish, but like the bone of the _sepia_,
+or little cuttle-fish, which we call _le couteau_. This bone, or
+horny substance, is transparent; and is of a triangular figure, or
+approaching the form of a bivalve shell. On the right side it is
+fastened by a strong cartilaginous muscle, which binds it to the body
+of the animal; and on the left it is open and detached, and easy to be
+pulled up: then it is easy to see underneath both the mesenteric body,
+and the tube or reservoir of the purple juice. This bone, or horny
+plate, is covered by a loose membrane, which is by no means attached to
+it, but capable of being filled and inflated with water or wind.
+
+The whole is covered with two membranes, which are continuations of the
+flesh of the fish’s body: the membranes are loose, and larger than are
+necessary to the bone: they are wrinkled or rumpled over one another,
+to cover the whole, and to defend the bone and _viscera_ from all kinds
+of pressure; but they are ready to stretch one from the other, and
+leave the parts destined for the purple juice uncovered. They begin a
+little under the neck, and extend, in the female animal, to the tail,
+which is flat; and in the male they do not go so low, but end at some
+distance from the tail.
+
+The females are oviparous; for eggs are found in the grand cavity, at
+the side of the pancreatic body.
+
+I have already said, that when the animal is touched, he makes himself
+round, and throws out his purple juice, as the cuttle-fish does his
+ink. This juice is of a beautiful deep colour: it tinges linen, and the
+tincture is difficult to get out. It remains at present to try if we
+can collect a sufficient quantity of this juice, and to find a means of
+preserving the tincture; which would then be certainly of great value:
+to which purpose I may apply myself.
+
+When the fish is boiled, or put into spirits, it shrinks up, and
+loses two thirds of its size; because all the water, which is in
+the interstices of the fibres, is dissipated, and the dried fibres
+contract: which clearly appears from dissecting them.
+
+Dated at Guadaloupe, 20 Mar. 1757.
+
+ Peyssonel.
+
+
+
+
+LXXVIII. _New Observations upon the Worms that form Sponges. By_ John
+Andrew Peyssonel, _M. D. F.R.S. Translated from the_ French.
+
+[Read Feb. 23, 1758.]
+
+THE existence of the nests of corallines and lithophyta, and the
+mechanism of their polypi, made me conjecture, that it was the same
+with respect to sponges; that animals, nested in the interstices of
+their fibres, gave them their origin and growth: but I had not yet seen
+nor discovered the insects, nor observed their work. Sponges appeared
+to me only as skeletons: but I at length discovered these worms, which
+form sponges, in the four following species:
+
+1. _Spongia Americana tubo similis_; The tube-like sponge of Plumier.
+
+2. _Spongia Americana longissima funiculo similis_; The cord-like
+sponge of Plumier.
+
+3. _Spongia Americana capitata et digitata_; The fingered sponge of
+Plumier.
+
+4. _Spongia Americana favo similis_; The honeycomb sponge of Plumier.
+
+These four kinds only differ in form: they have the same qualities, are
+made by the same kinds of worm, and what may be said of the one agrees
+exactly with all the rest; for I made the same observations upon them
+all.
+
+They may be classed among the _spongiæ hyrcinæ_, so called by J.
+Bauhin, because of the roughness of their fibres, by a metaphor, from
+pieces covered with mud; or among those called by Pliny _tragos_, or
+_aphysiæ_, being foul, and difficult to cleanse; and may take the name,
+which Father Plumier has given them, drawn from their figure.
+
+These four kinds of sponges are composed of hard, firm, dirty fibres,
+sometimes brittle; separated one from another, having large hollows,
+or cylindrical tubes, dispersed thro’ their substance. These tubes
+are smooth within. The interstices of their fibres are filled with a
+mucilaginous gluey matter, when the sponge is just taken out of the
+sea. The mucilage is of a blackish colour, soon putrifies in the water,
+or falls into dust when dried in the sun.
+
+When a fresh sponge is squeezed, this mucilage comes out frothy, by
+the mixture of the windings of its fibres: it always issues forth with
+sand, or little parcels of shells crushed by the sea. These fibres,
+which consist of the twisted doubles of the sponge, form as it were a
+labyrinth filled with worms, which are easily crushed, and their juice
+is confused with the mucilage; but having carefully torn the sponges,
+and their gross fibres, I discovered the living worms, such as I shall
+mention hereafter.
+
+These species of sponge commonly grow upon sandy bottoms. At their
+origins we perceive, as it were, a nodule of sand, or other matter,
+almost petrified, round which the worms begin to work, and round which
+they retire, as to their last seat or refuge; where I had the pleasure
+of seeing them play, exercise themselves, and retire, by examining them
+with the microscope; and I have even made my observations without its
+assistance.
+
+
+_A Description of the Worms which form the Sponges._
+
+The worms I found in these kinds of sponges are about one-third of a
+line thick, and two or three lines in length. They are so transparent,
+that one may discern their _viscera_ thro’ their coverings and
+substance: the blood may be seen to circulate, and all their parts to
+act. They have a conic figure, with a small black head furnished with
+two pincers: the other extremity is almost square, and much larger than
+the head. Upon the back may be seen two white streaks or fillets, as if
+they contained the chyle: these two canals are parallel to each other
+from the head to the other extremity, where they come together. In the
+middle, where the belly and _viscera_ ought to be placed, a blackish
+matter is perceivable, which has a kind of circulation: sometimes
+it fills all the body of the worm, sometimes it gathers towards the
+head, or at the other end, and sometimes it follows the motion of the
+animal. This vermicular motion or progression begins at the posterior
+extremity, and ends at the head, which is pushed, and consequently
+advances forward. I kept these worms alive out of the sponge, quite
+detached from it, more than an hour, having examined them thoroughly
+with a middling magnifier; for a great magnifier would be the grave of
+the insect.
+
+I was surprised, after having finished my observations, when I put them
+near a piece of the fresh sponge, where the nests were moist, and from
+which I had pulled them, to see them enter into them, and disappear,
+being lost in the windings of the tubes. I thought to have found them
+again; but it was a difficult task to search for them. I crushed them,
+or they were themselves mashed in the tubes, which I pressed, and of
+which I had consequently spoiled the texture; but I could not find
+them; and this happened several times.
+
+These worms have no particular lodge: they walk indifferently into
+the tubular labyrinth. So that, without offence to Pliny and other
+naturalists, I do not see, that it is in their power to dilate and
+contract the bodies of the sponges; which always remain in the same
+state of magnitude, without being any way sensible to the touch, or
+any other motion of the sea, nor to any other accident whatsoever,
+being an inanimate body; for the animal sensitive life, or whatever
+you will have it, belongs only to the worms, that form these bodies,
+and which are their dwelling-places; and which, by the slaver or juice
+they deposit, make the sponge increase or grow, as bees, wasps, and
+especially the wood-lice of America, increase their nests or cells.
+
+These sponges, nests, or cells, are attached to some solid body in the
+sea. Some kinds are fixed to rocks; others, as those I am speaking of,
+are fastened to heaps of sand, or to pieces of petrified matter, and
+even upon sandy bottoms; and the sea putting in motion the sand, and
+the little parcels of broken shells, forces them into the holes of the
+sponge: there the sand binds and mixes with mucilaginous juice, and
+never is loosed from it but when the sponge is well dried, or with
+the mucilage when putrified, or in powder; and yet some part will
+remain, which it is very difficult to take out from the twisted canals,
+especially in those sponges of the _tragos_ kind, so hard to cleanse.
+In a word, the blood or humours, which the ancients have observed, is
+no other than the mucilage or juice of the substance of these worms.
+
+Dated at Guadaloupe, 1 March, 1757.
+
+
+
+
+LXXIX. _Account of an Experiment, by which it appears, that Salt of
+Steel does not enter the Lacteal Vessels; with Remarks. In a Letter to
+the Rev._ Tho. Birch, _D. D. Secr. R. S. By_ Edward Wright, _M. D._
+
+[Read Mar. 2, 1758.]
+
+SIR,
+
+THO’ iron is universally allowed to be one of the most powerful
+medicines now in use, yet many physicians observing, that the _fæces_
+of patients, who used it either in a metallic or saline form, were
+tinged of a black colour, have been led to think, that, in a metallic
+state, it could not be reduced into particles fine enough to be
+received by the lacteal vessels; and if taken in a saline form, that
+it underwent a precipitation in the intestines, by which, being
+reduced to an earth or calx, it was in like manner rendered incapable
+of making its way into the blood. But the accurate experiments, with
+which Signor Menghini has favoured the public in the Memoirs of the
+Bononian Academy[34], sufficiently prove, that the ore and filings of
+iron, finely levigated, enter the blood in considerable quantity; as
+does also the _crocus_, _calx_, or earthy part of the metal, tho’ in
+less proportion than the two former, which were found to act with a
+violent _stimulus_ on the vessels, and to have dissolved and broke the
+_crasis_ of the blood of different animals, that had used them for some
+weeks in large doses mixed with their ordinary food. Tho’ it must be
+allowed, that these experiments are very curious, yet the subject seems
+to require a further inquiry, viz. _Whether iron is capable of entering
+the blood in a state of solution, or under a saline form_: for, from
+the violent _stimulus_, as well as from the dissolution of the blood,
+and other symptoms brought on by the use of the ore and filings, these
+substances (not being properly dissolved) appear to have acted in a
+manner so grossly mechanical, that, whatever Signor Menghini may think,
+very little is to be concluded from them, with regard to the action of
+iron on the human body, in such cases, as indicate its use, and where a
+rational physician would think proper to prescribe it as a medicine.
+
+Having read Signor Menghini’s memoir, I recollected, that in the year
+1753 I had, with the assistance of two friends, made the following
+experiment, in order to discover, whether iron, in a saline form, is
+capable of entering the lacteals.
+
+An ounce and a half of salt of steel dissolved in a sufficient quantity
+of water, filtrated and mixed with about a pound of bread and milk,
+were forced down the throat of a dog, that had been kept fasting for
+36 hours. An hour after he had swallowed this mixture, having secured
+him in a supine posture, as is usual in such experiments, we opened the
+abdomen, and observed the lacteal vessels, like white threads, running
+along the mesentery in a very beautiful manner. Upon slitting open part
+of the small guts, we there found a good deal of the mixture, which
+appeared frothy, but without any black colour, or the least sign of the
+salt being precipitated; and struck a deep inky colour with infusion
+of galls. Tho’ the white colour of the lacteals convinced us, that
+they were full of chyle, yet, as it would have been impossible to have
+collected a sufficient quantity of it from them, we found it necessary
+to open the thorax, and tie the thoracic duct a little above the
+receptacle, which, from the ligature, soon became turgid, the animal
+being alive and warm, and the chyle still continuing its course towards
+the thoracic duct. Having cut open the receptacle, we easily collected
+a sufficient quantity of chyle, and immediately mixed therewith, drop
+by drop, infusion of galls; a very simple and easy method, by which an
+incredibly small quantity of salt of steel may be discovered in most
+liquors: but not the smallest change of colour was observed, tho’ they
+were rubbed together for some time, and allowed to stand several hours.
+Now had there been a single atom (so to speak) of the salt in so small
+a portion of chyle, as that used in this experiment, which was, as near
+as I could guess, some what less than half an ounce, it is not to be
+imagined, that it could have failed to discover itself by this method
+of trial; for upon adding one fourth of a grain of the salt, this
+mixture instantly became of a bright purple: and I have found, by other
+experiments, that the smallest quantity of salt of steel shews itself
+as readily in the chyle by galls, as in any other liquor of the same
+consistence.
+
+This experiment (which was as fair as could have been desired),
+together with another observation I have made, _viz._ that neither the
+blood nor urine of patients, during the use of salt of steel, in the
+least change colour with galls, renders it more than probable, that
+this salt _does not enter the blood_.
+
+As the salt was found to have undergone no change in the small guts,
+it appears, that it is not prevented from entering the lacteals by its
+being decomposed or precipitated, as has been imagined; but, on the
+contrary, that what renders it incapable of being received by these
+vessels, is its _astringency_: for the lacteals seem to be endowed with
+that admirable faculty of admitting such particles of pure chyle as
+they happen to be in contact with, and of accommodating their diameters
+to them, at the same time that by their natural irritability, and
+power of constriction they obstinately exclude such as are astringent;
+which, were they to enter the lacteals, would either produce dangerous
+obstructions in these vessels, or, if they got into the blood, would
+occasion polypous concretions in the larger vessels, or coagulations
+incapable of being transmitted thro’ the minute vessels of the lungs;
+the effects of which would be either sudden death, or at least
+inflammations and suppurations from obstructions in the pulmonary
+vessels; inconveniences, which nature, by precluding astringents from
+entering the lacteals, has carefully and wisely avoided.
+
+Salt of steel, taken internally, must retain its astringency until it
+be precipitated; which can scarce ever fail to happen in the great
+guts, from the putrid _fæces_ they contain, which are always observed
+to be tinged of a black colour from the metallic basis of the salt,
+part of which, as it has little or no astringency, may, no doubt,
+enter the blood, as Signor Menghini observed of the _crocus_, which
+is the same substance; and we know, from the experiments of Lister
+and Musgrave[35], that particles much grosser than those of the white
+chyle, provided they be not astringent, or very acrid, are conveyed by
+the lacteals. But the metallic basis being separated from its acid, and
+thus reduced to a mere calx or earth, can scarce be supposed to have
+any medicinal quality whatsoever, or at least to have any share in the
+virtues justly attributed to salt of steel.
+
+As this salt is not only astringent, and consequently a strengthener,
+but at the same time acts with a gentle _stimulus_, all its virtues
+(which are known to be very great in diseases, where the fluids are
+either viscid, cold, and phlegmatic, or dissolved and watery, from a
+laxity of the solids) may be accounted for from its immediate effects
+on the stomach and _primæ viæ_, and on the system of the solids in
+general by consent; which it would be needless to illustrate by similar
+examples, because well known to every one the least versed in medical
+studies. I shall therefore only beg leave, from the obvious qualities
+of this medicine, and from what has been observed above, to deduce the
+following corollaries.
+
+1. That salt of steel has no deobstruent or aperient virtue by any
+immediate action, that it can possibly have on the blood, or other
+animal fluids, as some have imagined; but that, on the contrary, it
+owes this quality to its _not entering the blood_, which it would
+otherwise coagulate, and to _its action on the solids alone_.
+
+2. That in diseases proceeding from a laxity of the solids, great care
+ought to be taken to restore and invigorate the _primæ viæ_; since a
+medicine (and this we may presume not the only one) whose immediate
+action is confined to those parts, is yet found by experience to
+produce so salutary effects in such diseases.
+
+3. That as this salt does not enter the blood, and consequently cannot
+be in danger of too much stimulating or constricting the vessels, on
+which it only acts by consent, it may, in small doses, be successfully
+used in many cases, where it has been imagined to be hurtful,
+particularly in consumptions of the lungs, so frequent and fatal in
+this island; which are commonly attended with too great a laxity of
+the _primæ viæ_, and of the solids in general, tho’ they seem more
+immediately to proceed from a laxity and weakness of the pulmonary
+vessels; in which circumstances it must be of the utmost consequence
+to restore the tone of those principal organs of chylification, the
+_primæ viæ_; as good chyle not only corrects the acrimony of the blood,
+which in the advanced stages of consumptions so much prevails, but
+likewise saves a great deal of labour, which the lungs (already too
+much oppressed) must otherwise undergo from a crude and ill-concocted
+chyle. Agreeably to this we find, in the _Essays Physical and Literary_
+of Edinburgh[36], two well-vouched histories of patients far gone in
+consumptions, with the usual symptoms of pain in the breast, cough,
+gross spitting of fetid matter, difficulty of breathing, hectic fits,
+and morning sweats, perfectly cured in a few weeks, by the use of the
+Hartfell-Spaw near Moffat; which, contrary to what is observed in most
+natural chalybeat waters, contains a fixed vitriol of iron.
+
+
+These, Sir, are the few observations I had to make at present on this
+subject. I have taken the liberty to address them to you, in order, if
+you shall think proper, to be communicated to your illustrious Society;
+which, I hope, will continue to latest posterity those interesting
+researches for the advancement of every branch of natural knowlege, by
+which it has already acquired so much and so deserved honour; and am,
+with the greatest respect,
+
+ SIR,
+ Your most obedient humble Servant,
+ Edward Wright.
+
+Strand, Feb. 28. 1758.
+
+
+
+
+LXXX. _A Dissertation on the Antiquity of Glass in Windows. In a Letter
+to the Rev._ Tho. Birch, _D. D. Secret. R. S. By the Rev._ John Nixon,
+_M. A. F.R.S._
+
+[Read Mar. 2, 1758.]
+
+ London, March 2. 1758.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I Had the honour last winter to lay before the Royal Society a few
+observations upon some of the curiosities found at Herculaneum,
+_&c._[37]. Among other articles, I just mentioned a piece of a plate
+of white glass; and now beg leave to inquire into the uses, to which
+such plates might be applied in the early age, to which this fragment
+undoubtedly belongs.
+
+And here a person, who forms his ideas of ancient customs by what
+he sees practised in later times, may be ready to offer several
+conjectures; in some of which he will, probably, be mistaken; as in
+others he may be justified by the genuine evidences of antiquity.
+
+And, first, It is obvious to imagine, that such plates might serve
+for _specula_, or looking-glasses. And, indeed, that _specula_ were
+anciently made, not only of metals, and some stones, as the[38]
+phengites, _&c._ but also of glass, may, I think, be collected from
+Pliny, who, having mentioned the city of Sidon as formerly famous for
+glass-houses, adds immediately afterwards, _Siquidem etiam specula
+excogitaverat_[39]. But then it is to be observed, that before the
+application of quicksilver in the constructing of these glasses (which,
+I presume, is of no great antiquity), the reflection of images by such
+_specula_ must have been effected by their being besmeared _behind_,
+or tinged _thro’_ with some dark colour, especially black, which would
+obstruct the refraction of the rays of light[40]. Upon these hypotheses
+(supposing the tincture to be given after fusion) the _lamina_ before
+us may be allowed to be capable of answering the purpose here assigned.
+
+It may further be suggested, that plates of this kind might be intended
+to be wrought into lens’s, or convex glasses, either for burning, or
+magnifying objects placed in their focus. But this designation cannot
+be supported by proper vouchers from antiquity. On the contrary, we
+are informed, that the ancients used either _specula_[41] of metal, or
+balls[42] of glass for the former of these purposes; as it is well
+known, that glass was not applied to the latter, in optical uses, till
+the beginning of the XIIIth century[43].
+
+However, we may with greater probability propose another use, for
+which the ancients might employ such plates of glass, as are now under
+consideration, _viz._ the adorning the walls of their apartments by
+way of wainscot. This I take to be the meaning of the _vitreæ cameræ_
+mentioned by Pliny[44]; who intimates, that this fashion took its rise
+from glass being used by M. Scaurus[45] for embellishing the scene
+of that magnificent theatre, which he erected for exhibiting shows
+to the Roman people in his ædileship[46]. And we may collect from
+the same author[47] (what is further confirmed by his contemporary
+[48]Seneca), that this kind of ornament had been admitted, in his
+time, into chambers in houses, baths, _&c._ Whether the plates used for
+this purpose were stained with various colours (as mentioned above),
+or had tints of divers kinds applied to the back part of them, I shall
+not pretend to determine: but in either way they would have a very
+agreeable effect.
+
+The last destination, which the obvious congruity of the thing itself,
+countenanced by the practice of many ages past, as well as of the
+present time, would induce one to ascribe to such plates of glass, is
+that of windows for houses, baths, portico’s, _&c._ But I am sensible,
+that whoever should be hardy enough to advance such an hypothesis,
+would be censured as an innovator, in opposing the general opinion of
+the connoisseurs in antiquity. These gentlemen are almost unanimous in
+asserting, that whenever we meet with mention made of _specularia_ in
+ancient writers (especially those _of_, or near _to_, the age, to which
+we must refer this fragment), we are to understand by that term nothing
+but fences made of _laminæ_, either of a certain stone called from its
+transparent quality _lapis specularis_[49], brought first from Hispania
+Citerior, and afterwards found in Cyprus, Cappadocia, Sicily, and
+Africa; or of another stone of the same nature, _viz._ the phengites.
+These, tho’ expressly distinguished from each other by Pliny[50],
+are yet reckoned by some moderns[51] as one and the same thing; and
+thought to have been nothing but a kind of white transparent talc, of
+which (according to Mons.[52] Valois) there is found a great quantity
+in Moscovy at this day.
+
+Now that this _lapis specularis_, or phengites, was really used for
+windows by the ancient Romans in their houses, _&c._ cannot be denied;
+since (according to the opinion of the learned[53] in antiquity) this
+usage is mentioned by Seneca[54] among other improvements in luxury
+introduced in his time. But whether it was so used exclusive of other
+materials (particularly glass), may, I think, admit a doubt. Salmasius
+is of opinion[55], that nothing can be determined upon this point from
+the word _specular_ itself, which seems to be a generical term, equally
+applicable to windows of all kinds, whether consisting of the _lapis
+specularis_, or any other transparent substance.
+
+And as (according to this learned writer) there is nothing in the term
+_specular_ itself, which hinders it from being extended to windows made
+of other materials besides those above-mentioned; so others imagine,
+that there are some intimations in ancient authors, which require, that
+it should actually be so extended. Thus Mr. Castells, the ingenious
+illustrator of the villa’s of the ancients, thinks[56], that “if this
+had not been the case, Palladius would not have given directions to his
+husbandman to make _specularia_ in the _olearium_[57], or store-room,
+where the olives were preserved. For it appears (says this author) from
+Pliny’s describing a temple[58] built of the _lapis specularis_, or
+phengites, as the greatest rarity in his time, and the mention Plutarch
+makes of a room in Domitian’s palace lined with it, that it was not
+common enough for husbandmen to purchase;” _viz._ in such quantities,
+as were required for the purposes mentioned above.
+
+I shall not take upon me to decide upon the weight of this argument of
+Mr. Castells; but only observe, that if any one should be induced by
+it to think, that the use of glass for windows may be of much greater
+antiquity than is commonly allowed, or even as old as the fragment,
+which occasions these remarks, he may find other probable reasons to
+corroborate his opinion. As, first, that there seems to have been a
+natural and obvious transition from the practice of using glass plates
+for the ornamenting the walls of apartments to that of introducing
+light into those apartments, (as we find the _lapis specularis_
+was in fact employed at the same time for both those purposes) and
+consequently it seems reasonable to suppose, that the latter of these
+applications could not be long in point of time after the former.
+But it appears from the authorities produced above, that the former
+of these usages did actually subsist in the age[59] of Pliny; and
+therefore before the destruction of Herculaneum, where he lost his
+life[60]. From whence we may draw no improbable conclusion, that the
+latter destination of plates of glass, (_viz._ for window-fences) did
+likewise precede the same event.
+
+Give me leave to add further, that this presumptive argument in
+favour of the antiquity of windows made of plates of glass receives
+an additional force from the close relation, which must be allowed to
+subsist between them, and those composed of the _lapis specularis_. The
+former must be looked upon as an improvement upon the other, as they
+answered all the purposes of convenience, and at the same time were
+more beautiful; and being the manufacture[61] of Italy, might probably
+be purchased at a less expence. Upon all which accounts it seems
+reasonable to conclude, that one of these inventions would naturally be
+introductory to the other: and consequently, that as window-lights of
+the _lapis specularis_ began to be used within the memory of Seneca,
+who died[62] under Nero, about _anno Christi_ 68. (_Helvic._), the
+original of those of glass may have fair pretensions to a place within
+the period assigned in the foregoing paragraph, _viz._ some years
+before the destruction[63] of Herculaneum, in whose ruins the plate
+before us was buried.
+
+
+To conclude: I need not observe to you, that all the evidence here
+produced to prove the usage of glass-windows to have been coæval
+with the fragment we are now considering, is of the conjectural kind
+only: for, I must confess, I have not been able to trace it up by any
+positive authority higher than about 200 years short of the epocha last
+mentioned, _viz._ to the latter end of the third century[64], when
+it is expresly mentioned by Lactantius in these words:--_Manifestius
+est, mentem esse, quæ per oculos ea, quæ sunt opposita, transpiciat,
+quasi per fenestras lucente vitro aut speculari lapide obductas._--De
+opificio Dei, cap. v.
+
+I am,
+
+ SIR,
+ Your most obedient humble Servant,
+ J. Nixon.
+
+
+
+
+LXXXI. _An Account of an extraordinary Case of the Efficacy of the Bark
+in the Delirium of a Fever. By_ Nicˢ. Munckley, _M. D. Physician to_
+Guy’s-Hospital, _and F.R.S._
+
+[Read April 6, 1758.]
+
+AS the following case contains some circumstances, which are curious in
+themselves, and which may be of service to be known, I have thought it
+proper to be laid before the Society.
+
+On Sunday the 5th of March I was sent for to a gentleman, of about 30
+years of age, who had been for some days ill of a fever. I found him
+with a degree of heat considerably above what was natural, and with a
+pulse rather low, but quick, and beating, as measured by a stop-watch,
+about a hundred strokes in a minute. In this situation he continued,
+without any remarkable alteration, for the two following days; and,
+from the appearance of this disease, I imagined, that it would not be
+speedily terminated. On Wednesday, the third day of my seeing him, I
+found him however much better; his heat being considerably abated, and
+his pulse being more than twenty strokes in a minute slower than it
+had been the day before. On this alteration, so much in his favour,
+it might have been thought he was growing well, had it not been, that
+there was no appearance either by sweat or urine, or on the skin, by
+which it could be imagined the disease was perfectly judged. On this
+account no alteration was made in his treatment that day: but finding,
+the next morning, that he had slept well the preceding night, and that
+his pulse continued quiet, being no more than 74 strokes in a minute,
+he was allowed to get up in the evening, to have his bed made; and I
+should have thought him well, had not every appearance of a critical
+separation been still wanting. On this account, I thought him to be
+very liable to a return of his fever; and therefore, when early the
+next morning I was informed, that he had been without any sleep,
+and quite delirious, the whole night, I was not greatly alarmed, as
+thinking he had a feverish paroxysm, to which the bark would probably
+put an end. When I saw him that morning, I found him very delirious;
+but, to my great surprise, quite free from all kind of fever whatever;
+his pulse being then as calm as it had been the preceding day. In this
+condition he remained all that day, and the following night; nothing,
+that was attempted to relieve him, having done him the least service:
+on the contrary, his delirium increased so much, as to make it very
+difficult for the attendants to keep him in bed. The next morning he
+was much as he had been the day before; his imagination continuing
+greatly disturbed, and he at times laughing, and playing antic tricks,
+and using gestures the most opposite to his common demeanour when
+well; and which, tho’ the pulse had not been so perfectly quiet, had
+more the appearance of a _mania_, than of the delirium of a fever. In
+this unhappy situation, there was but one thing, which seemed likely
+to bring the affair to a speedy determination: this it was proper to
+attempt, tho’ the indications for it were very obscure, and the event
+perfectly uncertain. On recollecting the time of this delirium’s
+coming on, which was about 36 hours after the pulse had grown quiet;
+and perceiving, that one glass of the water, which had been made in
+the night, was thick, and seemed disposed to drop a sediment; there
+was some reason to suspect, and indeed to hope, that tho’ the pulse
+had been perfectly calm during the whole time of the delirium, there
+was something of the fever still at the bottom of this complaint.
+From these indications, obscure as they were, it was judged proper to
+make a trial of the bark; which was accordingly ordered to be taken
+immediately, and to be repeated every two hours. This method succeeded
+beyond what could have been imagined; insomuch that it was observable,
+even by the attendants on this gentleman, that his mind came evidently
+more and more to itself after every dose: and in the evening, after he
+had taken six drachms, his urine grew thick, and dropt a lateritious
+sediment; and, excepting the weakness naturally consequent on such
+violent emotions as he had undergone, both of mind and body, he was
+as well as ever he had been in his life. He hath repeated the bark at
+proper intervals, as is usual after intermittent fevers, and continues
+to this day perfectly well.
+
+The use of the bark, in the most irregular intermittent disorders, is
+very happily so well known in this island, that it might perhaps have
+been thought needless to have recited any case merely in confirmation
+of this practice: and I am too well aware of the insufficiency of
+every thing, but a number of facts on which to found any philosophical
+truth, to presume to rest any thing on one single instance only. But
+the case above related is of so very extraordinary a kind, as to make
+it worthy of being mentioned, both on its own account, and for that
+analogy, which being found by experience to subsist between diseases,
+affords the surest method of reasoning on practical subjects. The two
+remarkable circumstances of this case are, the delirium’s coming on,
+and continuing, without any exacerbation of the pulse; and the bark’s
+proving so speedy and effectual a remedy, tho’ given at a time, when
+there was no appearance of any remission of the symptom, which it
+was intended to remove. It hath been thought, that a quick pulse is
+so essential to the definition of a fever, as to be a pathognomonic
+symptom of it. But experience is against this notion: perhaps the
+present case is a proof of the contrary; however this be, there have
+not been wanting instances, in which, towards the end of a fever, the
+pulse has grown quiet, without the abatement of any other symptom, and
+the patient hath generally lain comatose, and with the appearance of
+one, who hath taken a large quantity of opium. Galen, in the third book
+of the Presages of the Pulse, mentions this symptom, and pronounces
+it to be almost a fatal sign: and the same thing hath happened in
+more instances than one, which have come to my knowlege. May not then
+the above-recited case lead to this useful inquiry, Whether in fevers
+of every kind, when the pulse is quiet, the bark is not proper to be
+given, and likely to prove a remedy? In this case it proved absolutely
+such: and that it is at least a safe medicine in all such cases, in
+which any practitioner of experience or judgment would ever think
+of giving it, is now certainly known. For my own part, I can safely
+declare, that in near ten years experience of it in Guy’s-Hospital,
+during which time I find I have given it, on different occasions, to
+above five hundred patients in that house only, I never, from the
+most accurate observation I could make, saw it do any harm, or bring
+on any bad symptom, even in cases where it did not succeed according
+to the intention for which it was ordered; and (which I have thought
+worth remarking) in chronical cases, even in those, where the bark
+hath been by many thought the most prejudicial, when, on the coming on
+of an intermittent fever, the bark hath been necessary to cure this
+secondary disease, the original distemper hath gone on, according to
+the best judgment I could form of it, exactly in the same manner, as it
+would have done had the bark never been given.
+
+
+
+
+LXXXII. _An Account of an Earthquake felt at_ Lingfield _in_ Surrey,
+_and_ Edenbridge _in_ Kent, _on the 24th of_ January 1758. _By_ James
+Burrow, _Esq., R. S. V. P._
+
+[Read April 6, 1758.]
+
+IN the London Chronicle, Nº. 181, published on the 25th of February
+1758, in page 185, is the following article: “We hear, that about
+two o’clock in the morning of the 24th of last month” (which was the
+month of January), “an Earthquake was felt in the parishes of Worthe,
+and East-Grinsted, in Sussex; Lingfield, in Surrey; and Edenbridge,
+in Kent; and other adjacent places: which alarmed several of the
+inhabitants very much; but no damage ensued.”
+
+Mr. Burrow, having some connection with these two last parishes of
+Lingfield and Edenbridge, immediately wrote to the Rev. Mr. Goodricke
+of Lingfield, to inquire into the truth of this report: and Mr.
+Goodricke’s answer confirmed the fact of its being felt there, and at
+other adjacent places; and added, “that it shook the beds and windows,
+and made the plates rattle; and went off with a noise, like a small
+gust of wind.”
+
+However, Mr. Burrow did not then judge it to be either regular or
+proper to trouble the Society with this account; because Mr. Goodricke
+only received it from hearsay and report, he himself happening to be
+absent from Lingfield at that time.
+
+But Mr. Burrow having passed some days, during the late recess of
+the Society, at a place called Starborough-castle, which lies nearly
+_between_ the two churches of Lingfield and Edenbridge (scarce four
+miles distant from each other), he has had an opportunity of being
+more particularly and circumstantially informed of the fact, as far
+as relates to those two parishes: and he is now assured, that it was
+certainly and undoubtedly felt and observed by _some_ persons in each
+of those two parishes; tho’ (as it happened in the dead of the night,
+when most people were fast asleep) it was not _generally_ perceived:
+nor was it much spoken of, even by those, who were sure they felt it.
+
+The persons, from whose own mouths he can authenticate the fact, are
+James Martin, Adam Killick, Mrs. Jewell, and Mr. Chapman: and he has
+no less doubt as to Mr. Orgles and Mrs. Pigott (who was waked and much
+frighted by it), tho’ he did not indeed personally converse with either
+of the two last.
+
+These two, and Mrs. Jewell, all inhabit quite close to Lingfield
+church-yard, on different sides of it: and Chapman lives within a
+quarter of a mile of it, to the south-west.
+
+James Martin lives within a bow-shot of Starborough-castle, at the
+eastern edge of the parish of Lingfield, where it joins to that of
+Edenbridge; and Adam Killick’s habitation is three miles north-east of
+Starborough, at the north-western point of the parish of Edenbridge.
+
+All these four, with whom Mr. Burrow personally conversed, agreed
+as to the _time_ of the concussion; _viz._ between one and two in
+the morning: and they all agreed as to the _shaking_ of their beds
+and windows; and all of them described the _continuance_ of the
+shock as not much more than instantaneous: but they did _not_ all
+hear the _noise_, which _some_ of them observed it to conclude with;
+particularly Adam Killick heard NO _noise_ at all; and yet, he says,
+he was broad awake when it first began: and it shook his house and
+bed, and made his windows rattle so much, that he was apprehensive of
+their being broken; and even caused one pane of glass (which was indeed
+loose before) actually to drop out. But James Martin, who was likewise
+fully awake (as was his wife too), _did hear_ the noise distinctly. He
+says, he felt his house and bed shake, heard his windows rattle, and
+some earthen ware clatter upon a chest of drawers; and also heard a
+noise, like the distant discharge of a cannon: whereupon he immediately
+said to his wife, “Lord! what is _that_?” but she happening, at that
+very instant, either to cough or sneeze (she cannot recollect which of
+the two), did not, tho’ quite awake, perceive any thing at all of the
+matter. However, she confirmed her husband’s asking her this question
+under an apparent surprize.
+
+Mr. Burrow had a very particular conversation with these two
+separately: and he had also a very minute detail from Adam Killick
+(who works for him as a sort of gardener at Starborough); who further
+added, “that the shock waked and frighted his wife, tho’ she was fast
+asleep before.”
+
+6th April, 1758.
+
+ James Burrow.
+
+
+
+
+LXXXIII. _An Account of the Case of the First Joint of the Thumb torn
+off, with the Flexor Tendon in its whole Extent torn out. By_ Robert
+Home, _late Surgeon to the Thirtieth Regiment of Foot, and Surgeon at_
+Kingston upon Hull. _In a Letter to_ John Pringle, _M. D. F.R.S._
+
+[Read April 6, 1758.]
+
+SIR,
+
+I Take the liberty of inclosing to you a case in surgery, which I
+imagine is not very common. Marchetis indeed has an observation of the
+same kind; and there are several others collected together by Mons.
+Morand, in the second volume of the Memoires of the Royal Academy
+of Surgery at Paris: but as I have not heard of that volume’s being
+translated into English, and believe there is no observation of a
+similar nature in the Philosophical Transactions, I beg the favour of
+you to communicate it to the Royal Society, of which you are a Fellow;
+and at the same time to make them an offer of the joint of the thumb,
+with its adherent tendon, which you will receive at the same time with
+this; hoping they will do me the honour of accepting it, as a testimony
+(tho’ trifling) of my great esteem and respect for the most learned
+Society in Europe. Your Friend Dr. Knox saw the patient dressed oftener
+than once; and Mr. Thornhill, late Surgeon and Manmidwife in Bristol,
+saw it when near healed.
+
+I beg you will believe me to be, with great truth,
+
+ SIR,
+ Your most obedient,
+ and most humble Servant,
+ Robert Home.
+
+Hull, March 17th, 1758.
+
+
+JAnuary 2d, 1758, William Taylor, 17 years of age, an apprentice to a
+white-smith in this place, in endeavouring to make his escape from one,
+who was going to correct him, opened the door of a cellar, and threw
+himself into it; but in his hurry so intangled his right thumb with the
+latch, that the whole weight of his body was suspended by it, until it
+gave way, and was torn off at the first articulation; the flexor tendon
+being at the same time pulled out in its whole length, having broke
+when it became muscular. I was immediately sent for, found little or no
+hæmorrhage, and the bone of the second phalanx safe, and covered with
+its cartilage, but protruding considerably, occasioned by part of the
+skin belonging to it being irregularly torn off with the first joint.
+
+I was doubtful, whether or not I should be obliged, at last, to make a
+circular incision, and saw the bone even with the skin; but thought it
+proper to give him a chance for the use of the whole phalanx.
+
+He complained only for the first day of a pretty sharp pain in the
+course of the tendon; to which compresses, wrung out of warm brandy,
+were applied: but his arm was never swelled; there was no _ecchymosis_;
+nor had he so much fever, as to require bleeding even once. The cure
+proceeded happily, no symptoms arising from the extracted tendon. At
+the third dressing the bone was covered; and no other application but
+dry lint was necessary during the whole time. No exfoliation happened;
+yet it was twelve weeks before it was intirely cicatrised, owing to the
+loss of skin: and he seems to enjoy the use of the stump as completely,
+as if that tendon was not lost.
+
+
+
+
+LXXXIV. _An Account of the late Discoveries of Antiquities at_
+Herculaneum, _and of an Earthquake there; in a Letter from_ Camillo
+Paderni, _Keeper of the Museum at_ Herculaneum, _and F.R.S. to_ Tho.
+Hollis, _Esq; F.R.S. dated_ Portici, Feb. 1. 1758.
+
+[Read April 6, 1758.]
+
+WE have been working continually at Herculaneum, Pompeii, and Stabiæ,
+since my last of Dec. 16, 1756. The most remarkable discoveries made
+there are these, which follow.
+
+February 1757, was found a small and most beautiful figure of a naked
+Venus in bronze, the height of which is six Neapolitan inches. She has
+silver eyes, bracelets of gold on her arms, and chains of the same
+metal above her feet; and appears in the attitude of loosening one of
+her sandals. The base is of bronze inlaid with foliage of silver, on
+one side of which is placed a dolphin.
+
+In July we met with an inscription, about twelve Neapolitan palms in
+length, which I have here copied.
+
+ IMP·CAESAR·VESPASIANVS·AVG·PONTIF·MAX
+
+ TRIB·POT·̅VĪĪ·IMP·X̅VĪĪ·P·P·COS·̅VĪĪ·DESIGN·̅VĪĪĪ
+
+ TEMPLVM·MATRIS·DEVM·TERRAE·MOTV·CONLAPSVM·RESTITVIT
+
+After having found a great number of volumes of papirus in Herculaneum;
+many pugillaries, styles, and stands with ink in them, as formerly
+mentioned; at length, in the month of August, upon opening a small box,
+we also found, to our exceeding great joy, the instrument, with which
+they used to write their manuscripts. It is made of wood, of an oblong
+form, but petrified, and broke into two pieces. There is no slit in it,
+that being unnecessary, as the ancients did not join their letters in
+the manner we do, but wrote them separate.
+
+In September were discovered eight marble busts, in the form of terms.
+One of these represents Vitellius, another Archimedes; and both are
+of the finest workmanship. The following characters, in a black tint,
+are still legible on the latter, namely, ΑΡΧΙΜΕΔ which is all the
+inscription that now remains.
+
+In October was dug up a curious bust of a young person, who has a
+helmet on his head, adorned with a civic crown, and cheek-pieces
+fastened under his chin. Also another very fine bust of a philosopher,
+with a beard, and short thick hair, having a slight drapery on his left
+shoulder. Likewise two female busts; one unknown, in a veil; the other
+Minerva, with a helmet; both of middling workmanship.
+
+In November we met with two busts of philosophers, of excellent
+workmanship, and, as may be easily perceived, of the same artist; but
+unfortunately, like many others, without names.
+
+In January was found a small, but most beautiful eagle, in bronze.
+It hath silver eyes, perches on a _praefericulum_, and holds a fawn
+between its talons.
+
+In the same month we discovered, at Stabiæ, a term six palms high, on
+which is a head of Plato, in the finest preservation, and performed in
+a very masterly manner. Also divers vases, instruments for sacrificing,
+scales, balances, weights, and other implements for domestic uses, all
+in bronze.
+
+At length I have finished, with much labour, the examination and
+arrangement of the scales, balances, and weights, which are very
+numerous in this museum; and, what is remarkable, many of the former,
+with all the weights, exactly answer those now in use at Naples.
+At present I am considering the liquid measures; and also engaged
+in disposing the paintings in the new apartment allotted for them.
+These affairs, with my usual province of inspecting the workmen, who
+are busied in digging; my being obliged to keep an exact register of
+every thing, that is discovered; besides other daily and accidental
+occurrences; employ my time so intirely, that I have not a moment’s
+repose, but in my bed.
+
+The square belonging to the palace, in which the museum is deposited,
+will be finished, and completely ornamented, by Easter. In the center
+of it I have placed the bronze horse, which was broken in many pieces,
+and restored by me, as mentioned in my last. In the walls of the
+colonades are affixed all the inscriptions hitherto discovered: and I
+shall yet adorn them with altars, curule chairs, and other antiquities
+proper for such places. The principal entrance into the museum hath
+been made to correspond with the grand stair-case. On the right side
+of it stands the consular statue of Marcus Nonius Balbus, the father;
+and on the left, that of Marcus Nonius Balbus, the son; with two
+inscriptions relating to, and found near them. Upon the stair-case
+are placed eight antique statues in bronze, on beautiful pedestals
+of polished marble. In an opening in the center of the right hand
+colonade is fixed the statue of the wife of the elder Balbus, with the
+antique inscription belonging to it. At the entrance of the square,
+a magnificent pair of iron gates, with palisades, are just put up,
+ornamented with many bronzes, which are gilt; and on the sides of these
+gates are two other consular statues of persons unknown.
+
+
+The whole day and night of the 24th of last month it seemed as if Mount
+Vesuvius would again have swallowed up this country. On that day it
+suffered two internal fractures, which intirely changed its appearance
+within the crater, destroying the little mountain, that had been
+forming within it for some years, and was risen above the sides; and
+throwing up, by violent explosions, immense quantities of stones, lava,
+ashes, and fire. At night the flames burst out with greater vehemence,
+the explosions were more frequent and horrible, and our houses shook
+continually. Many fled to Naples, and the boldest persons trembled.
+For my own part, I resolved to abide the event here at Portici, on
+account of my family, consisting of eight children, and a very weak
+and aged mother, whose life must have been lost by a removal in such
+circumstances, and so rigorous a season. But it pleased God to preserve
+us; for the mountain having vented itself that night and the succeeding
+day, is since become calm, and throws out only a few ashes.
+
+
+
+
+LXXXV. _A further Attempt to facilitate the Resolution of
+Isoperimetrical Problems. By Mr._ Thomas Simpson, _F.R.S._
+
+[Read April 13, 1758.]
+
+ABOUT three years ago I had the honour to lay before the Royal
+Society the investigation of a general rule for the resolution of
+isoperimetrical problems of that kind, wherein one, only, of the two
+indeterminate quantities enters along with the fluxions, into the
+equations expressing the conditions of the problem. Under which kind
+are included the determination of the greatest figures under given
+bounds, lines of the swiftest descent, solids of the least resistance,
+with innumerable other cases. But altho’ cases of this sort do, indeed,
+most frequently occur, and have therefore been chiefly attended to by
+mathematicians, others may nevertheless be proposed, such as actually
+arise in inquiries into nature, wherein _both_ the flowing quantities,
+together with their fluxions, are jointly concerned. The investigation
+of a _rule_ for the resolution of these, is what I shall in this paper
+attempt, by means of the following
+
+GENERAL PROPOSITION.
+
+_Let_ Q, R, S, T, &c. _represent any variable quantities, expressed in
+terms of_ x _and_ y (_with given coefficients_), _and let_ q, r, s, t,
+&c. _denote as many other quantities, expressed in terms of_ ẋ _and_ ẏ;
+_It is proposed to find an equation for the relation of_ x _and_ y, _so
+that the fluent of_ Qq + Rr + Ss + Tt, &c. _corresponding to a given
+value of_ x (_or_ y), _may be a_ maximum _or_ minimum.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Let _A E_, _A F_, and _A G_, denote any three values of the quantity
+_x_, having indefinitely small _equi-differences E F_, _F G_; and let
+_E L_, _F M_, and _G N_, (perpendicular to _A G_) be the respective
+values of _y_, corresponding thereto; and, supposing _EF_ (= _FG_ =
+_ẋ_) to be denoted by _e_, let _c M_ and _d N_ (the successive values
+of _ẏ_) be represented by _u_ and _w_. Moreover, supposing _P´p´_
+and _P´´p´´_ to be ordinates at the middle points _P´ P´´_, between
+_E_, _F_ and _F_, _G_, let the former (_P´p´_) be denoted α, and the
+latter (_P´´p´´_) by β; putting _A P´_ = _a_ and _A P´´_ = _b_. Then,
+if _a_ and α (the mean values of _x_ and _y_, between the ordinates
+_E L_ and _F M_) be supposed to be substituted for _x_ and _y_, in
+the given quantity _Qq_ + _Rr_ + _Ss_ + _Tt_, _&c._ and if, instead
+of _ẋ_ and _ẏ_, their equals _e_ and _u_ be also substituted, and the
+said (given) quantity, after such substitution, be denoted by _Q´q´_ +
+_R´r´_ + _S´s´_ + _T´t´_, _&c._ it is then evident, that this quantity
+_Q´q´_ + _R´r´_ + _S´s´_ + _T´t´_, _&c._ will express so much of the
+whole required fluent, as is comprehended between the ordinates _E L_
+and _F M_, or as answers to an increase of _E F_ in the value of _x_.
+And thus, if _b_ and β be conceived to be wrote for _x_ and _y_, _e_
+for _ẋ_, and _w_ for _ẏ_, and the quantity resulting be denoted by
+_Q´´q´´_ + _R´´r´´_ + _S´´s´´_ + _T´´t´´_, _&c._ this quantity will,
+in like manner, express the part of the required fluent corresponding
+to the interval _F G_. Whence that part answering to the interval _E
+G_ will consequently be equal to _Q´q´_ + _R´r´ &c._ + _Q´´q´´_ +
+_R´´r´´ &c._ But it is manifest, that the whole required fluent cannot
+be a _maximum_ or _minimum_, unless this part, supposing the bounding
+ordinates _E L_, _G N_ to remain the same, is also a _maximum_ or
+_minimum_. Hence, in order to determine the fluxion of this expression
+(_Q´q´_ + _R´r´ &c. Q´´q´´_ + _R´´r´´ &c._) which must, of consequence,
+be equal to nothing, let the fluxions of _Q´_ and _q´_ (taking α and
+_u_ as variable) be denoted by _̅Q_̇α and _̅qu⋅_; also let _̅R_̇α and
+_̅ru⋅_ denote the respective fluxions of _R´_ and _r´_; and let, in
+like manner, the fluxions of _Q´´, q´´, R´´, r´´, &c._ be represented
+by _̿Q_̇β, _̿q͘w_, _̿R_͘͘β͘ _̿rẇ_, _&c._ respectively. Then, by the
+common rule for finding the fluxion of a rectangle, the fluxion of our
+whole expression (_Q´q´_ + _R´r´ &c._ + _Q´´q´´_ + _R´´r´´ &c._) will
+be given equal to _Q´ ̅qu⋅_ + _q´ ̅Q_̇α + _R´ ̅ru⋅_ + _r´ ̅R_̇α _&c._
++ _Q´´̿qẇ_ + _q´´ ̿Q_̇͘͘͘β + _R´´ ̿r͘w_ + _r´´ ̿R_̇β _&c._ = 0.
+
+But _u_ + _w_ being = _GN_ - _EL_, and β - α = (_GN_ - _EL_) ⁄ 2 (a
+constant quantity), we therefore have _ẇ_ = -_u͘_, and ̇β = ̇α: also
+_u_ being (= 2_rp´_) = 2α - 2_EL_, thence will _u͘_ = 2̇α: which values
+being substituted above, our equation, after the whole is divided by
+̇α, will become
+
+ 2_Q´ ̅q_ + _q´ ̅Q_ + 2_R´ ̅r_ + _r´ ̅R, &c._ - 2_Q´´ ̿q_ + _q´´
+ ̿Q_ - 2_R´´ ̿r_ + _r´ ̿R, &c._ = 0;
+
+ or, _Q´´ ̿q_ - _Q´ ̅q_ + _R´´ ̿r_ - _R´ ̅r &c._ = (_q´ ̅Q_ + _q´´
+ ̿Q_) ⁄ 2 + (_r´ ̅R_ + _r´´ ̿R_) ⁄ 2, _&c._
+
+But _Q´´ ̿q_ - _Q´ ̅q_, the excess of _Q´´ ̿q_ above _Q´ ̅q_, is
+the increment or fluxion (answering to the increment, or fluxion,
+_ẋ_) arising by substituting _b_ for _a_, β for α, and _w_ for _u_.
+Moreover, with regard to the quantities on the other side of the
+equation, it is plain, seeing the difference of _q´ ̅Q_ and _q´´ ̿Q_
+is indefinitely little in comparison of their sum, that _q´ ̅Q_ may be
+substituted in the room of (_q´ ̅Q_ + _q´´ ̿Q_) ⁄ 2, _&c._ which being
+done, our equation will stand thus:
+
+ _Flux. Q´ ̅q_ + _R´ ̅r &c._ = _q´ ̅Q_ + _r´ ̅R &c._
+
+But _q´ ̅Q_ + _r´ ̅R &c._ represents (by the preceding notation) the
+fluxion of _q´Q´_ + _r´R´ &c._ (or of _Qq_ + _Rr &c._) arising by
+substituting α for _y_, making α alone variable, and casting off ̇α.
+If, therefore, that fluxion be denoted by ̇υ, we shall have _flux. Q´
+̅q_ + _R´ ̅r &c._ = ̇υ, and consequently _Q´ ̅q_ + _R´ ̅r &c._ = υ. But
+_Q´ ̅q_ + _R´ ̅r &c._ (by the same notation) appears to be the fluxion
+of _Q´q´_ + _R´r´ &c._ (or of _Qq_ + _Rr &c._) arising by substituting
+_u_ for _ẏ_, making _u_ alone variable, and casting off _̇u_. Whence
+the following
+
+
+GENERAL RULE.
+
+_Take the fluxion of the given expression_ (_whose fluent is required
+to be a_ maximum _or_ minimum) _making_ ẏ _alone variable; and, having
+divided by_ ÿ, _let the quotient be denoted by_ υ: _Then take, again,
+the fluxion of the same expression, making_ y _alone variable, which
+divide by_ ẏ; _and then this last quotient will be_ = ̇υ.
+
+When _ẏ_ is not found in the quantity given, υ will then be = 0; and,
+consequently, the expression for ̇υ, equal to nothing also. But if
+_y_ be absent, then will ̇υ = 0, and consequently the value of υ = a
+constant quantity. It is also easy to comprehend, that, instead of _ẏ_
+and _y, ẋ_ and _x_ may be made successively variable. Moreover, should
+the case to be resolved be confined to other restrictions, besides that
+of the _maximum_ or _minimum_, such as, having a certain number of
+other fluents, at the same time, equal to given quantities, still the
+same method of solution may be applied, and that with equal advantage,
+if from the particular expressions exhibiting all the several
+conditions, one general expression composed of them all, with unknown
+(but determinate) coefficients, be made use of.
+
+In order to render this matter quite clear, let _A, B, C, D, &c._ be
+supposed to represent any quantities expressed in terms of _x, y_, and
+their fluxions, and let it be required to determine the relation of _x_
+and _y_, so that the fluent of _Aẋ_ shall be a _maximum_, or _minimum_,
+when the cotemporary fluents of _Bẋ, Cẋ, Dẋ, &c._ are, all of them,
+equal to given quantities.
+
+It is evident, in the first place, that the fluent of _Aẋ_ + _bBẋ_
++ _cCẋ_ + _dDẋ, &c._ (_b, c, d, &c._ being any constant quantities
+whatever) must be a _maximum_, or _minimum_, in the proposed
+circumstance: and, if the relation of _x_ and _y_ be determined (_by
+the rule_), so as to answer this single condition (under all possible
+values of _b, c, d, &c._) it will also appear evident, that such
+relation will likewise answer and include all the other conditions
+propounded. For, there being in the general expression, thus derived,
+as many unknown quantities _b, c, d, &c._ (to be determined) as there
+are equations, by making the fluents of _Bẋ, Cẋ, Dẋ, &c._ equal to the
+values given; those quantities may be so assigned, or conceived to be
+such, as to answer all the conditions of the said equations. And then,
+to see clearly that the fluent of the first expression, _Aẋ_, cannot
+be greater than arises from hence (other things remaining the same)
+let there be supposed some other different relation of _x_ and _y_,
+whereby the conditions of all the other fluents of _Bẋ, Cẋ, Dẋ, &c._
+can be fulfilled; and let, _if possible_, this new relation give a
+greater fluent of _Aẋ_ than the relation above assigned. Then, because
+the fluents _bBẋ, cCẋ, dDẋ, &c._ are given, and the same in both cases,
+it follows, according to this supposition, that this new relation must
+give a greater fluent of _Aẋ_ + _bBẋ_ + _cCẋ_ + _dDẋ, &c._ (under all
+possible values of _b, c, d, &c._) than the former relation gives:
+_which is impossible_; because (whatever values are assigned to _b,
+c, d, &c._) _that_ fluent will, it is demonstrated, be the greatest
+possible, when the relation of _x_ and _y_ is that above determined, by
+the General Rule.
+
+To exemplify, now, by a particular case, the method of operation above
+pointed out, let there be proposed the fluxionary quantity (_xⁿ yᵐ
+ẏᵖ_) ⁄ _ẋ⁽ᵖ ⁻ ¹⁾_; wherein the relation of _x_ and _y_ is so required,
+that the fluent, corresponding to given values of _x_ and _y_, shall
+be a _maximum_, or _minimum_. Here, by taking the fluxion, making _ẏ_
+alone variable (_according to the rule_) and dividing by _ÿ_, we shall
+have (_pxⁿ yᵐ ẏ⁽ᵖ ⁻ ¹⁾_) ⁄ _ẋ⁽ᵖ ⁻ ¹⁾_ = υ. And, by taking the fluxion
+a second time, making _y_ alone variable, and dividing by _ẏ_, will be
+had (_mxⁿ y⁽ᵐ ⁻ ¹⁾ ẏᵖ_) ⁄ _ẋ⁽ᵖ ⁻ ¹⁾_ = ̇υ. Now from these equations to
+exterminate υ, let the latter be divided by the former; so shall _mẏ_
+⁄ _py_ = ̇υ ⁄ υ; and therefore _ay⁽ᵐ ⁄ ᵖ⁾_ = υ (_a_ being a constant
+quantity). From whence _y⁽ᵐ ⁄ ᵖ⁾ẏ_ = _(a ⁄ p)⁽¹ ⁄ ⁽ᵖ ⁻ ¹⁾⁾_ × _ẋx⁽⁻⁽ⁿ ⁄
+⁽ᵖ ⁻ ¹⁾⁾⁾_; and consequently (_p_ ⁄ (_m + p_)) × _y⁽⁽ᵐ + ᵖ⁾ ⁄ ᵖ⁾_ = _(a
+⁄ p)⁽¹ ⁄ ⁽ᵖ ⁻ ¹⁾⁾_ × (_p_ - 1) ⁄ (_p_ - _n_ - 1) × _x_⁽⁽_ᵖ_ ⁻ _ⁿ_ ⁻ ¹⁾
+⁄ ⁽_ᵖ_ ⁻ ¹⁾⁾.
+
+Let there be now proposed the two fluxions _xⁿyᵐẋ_ and _xᵖy⒬ẏ_, the
+fluent of the former being required to be a _maximum_, or _minimum_,
+and that of the latter, at the same time, equal to a given quantity.
+Then the latter, with the general coefficient _b_ prefixed, being
+joined to the former, we shall here have _xⁿyᵐẋ_ + _bxᵖy⒬ẏ_. From
+whence, by proceeding as before, _bxᵖy⒬_ = υ, and _mxⁿy⁽ᵐ ⁻ ¹⁾ẋ_ +
+_qbxᵖy⁽ᵖ ⁻¹⁾ẏ_ = ̇υ. From the former of which equations, by taking the
+fluxions on both sides, will be had _pbx⁽ᵖ ⁻¹⁾y⒬ẋ_ + _qbxᵖy⁽⒬ ⁻ ¹⁾ẏ_ (=
+̇υ) = _mxⁿy⁽ᵐ ⁻ ¹⁾ẋ_ + _qbxᵖy⁽⒬ ⁻ ¹⁾ẏ_. Whence _pbx⁽ᵖ ⁻ ¹⁾y⒬_ = _mxⁿy⁽ᵐ
+⁻ ¹⁾_; and therefore _pby⁽⒬ ⁻ ᵐ ⁺ ¹⁾_ = _mx⁽ⁿ ⁻ ᵖ ⁺ ¹⁾_. And in the
+same manner proper equations, to express the relation of _x_ and _y_,
+may be derived, in any other case, and under any number of limitations.
+
+
+
+
+LXXXVI. _Observations on the_ Alga Marina latifolia; _The Sea Alga with
+broad Leaves. By_ John Andrew Peyssonel, _M.D. F.R.S. Translated from
+the_ French.
+
+[Read April 13, 1758.]
+
+HAVING cast anchor at Verdun, the road at the entrance of the river of
+Bourdeaux, I was fishing with a kind of drag-net upon a bank of sand,
+which was very fine and muddy. We collected a number of sea-plants,
+and among them the great broad-leaved Alga, which I did not know: and
+as the root or pedicle of this plant appeared to be very particular, I
+observed it with attention. The following is its description, and the
+detail of my observations.
+
+From a pedicle, which is sometimes flat, and sometimes round (for they
+vary in these plants, and might be about three lines in diameter,
+and an inch high, of a blackish colour, and coriaceous substance,
+approaching to the nature of the bodies of lithophyta), a single
+flat leaf arises, about an inch or an inch and half broad, thick in
+its middle to about three lines, ending at the sides in a kind of
+edge, like a two-edged sabre, almost like the common Alga, formed of
+longitudinal fibres interlaced with other very delicates ones, and the
+whole filled with a thick juice, like the _parenchyma_ of succulent
+plants, such as the Sedum, Aloes, and the like, of a clear yellowish
+green, and transparent. This first leaf is always single, and serves
+instead of a trunk or stem to the whole plant.
+
+When it rises to about a foot high, more or less, it throws out at the
+sides other leaves formed of a continuation of the longitudinal fibres;
+and these second leaves are of the same thickness and substance with
+the first: they are two or three feet long, and the whole plant is
+five or six, or more (for one can hardly tell the length); and is not
+capable of supporting itself, but is sustained by the strength of the
+waters, in which it floats.
+
+The substance of the plant is not so solid as that of the common Alga,
+which is capable of drying as it fades, and of being kept: whereas
+the leaves of this great Alga shrink and wither in the air, become
+of a blackish colour, and very friable, or indeed soon fall into
+putrifaction. I never observed, that they bore any fruit: perhaps this
+was not the season.
+
+But what we find particular in this plant is its root or foot: First,
+this pedicle extends in ribs, like what we call the thighs of certain
+trees: these thighs are in right lines: perhaps they run in the same
+direction or situation, that is, placed north and south, or east and
+west; but this I could not observe. They are about three or four
+lines high towards the pedicle, and, ending, are lost. They flourish
+and spread at the bottom, forming an elliptical bladder, like an egg,
+flattened above and below, and rounded at the sides, being intirely
+empty: it is rough without, and very smooth within. This egg, or oval
+bladder, is exactly round at the ends of the great diameter, but varies
+a little in the lesser diameter, and forms itself like the body of a
+fiddle. The under part is a little flattened; and there is a hole,
+which is very considerable, in the center of the two diameters. This
+hole is about an inch wide, and is quite round: it gives passage to
+the root, or pivot, which I shall by and by mention: the edges appear
+to turn a little inward: and it is by this hole that the egg fills
+with sea-water. The whole substance of this bladder or egg is of a
+coriaceous matter, firm and transparent, and of a clear green; nor can
+there be any fibres, either longitudinal or transverse, observed upon
+it.
+
+The vault at the top, surmounted by the thighs, is as it were
+granulated; but at the rounding of the egg it produces a kind of
+_mammæ_, or little elevations, very round and cylindrical, intirely
+full; of the same nature and substance with the egg.
+
+In examining the under part of the egg, we found a second rank of these
+_mamellæ_, somewhat longer than the first, and at equal distances
+from one another, in a circular line; then a third yet longer; then a
+fourth, which at the extremities were bifurcated; and at last a fifth
+rank, which divided into three, and sometimes into five, branches:
+these last, placed round the hole, were wreathed inwards, and several
+were joined together, and only formed a small body; and in wreathing
+themselves thus they close and embrace the pivot mentioned below.
+None of these _mamellæ_ have any apparent opening: their substance is
+compact, of the same nature with the bladder or egg, that produces them.
+
+Below the trunk and thighs the plant protrudes a pivot, of a like
+substance with that of the bladder. This pivot, which is large at its
+origin, proceeding thus from the trunk and thighs, forms something like
+the knot of the sea-tree: it descends perpendicularly to the trunk,
+diminishing as it lengthens, and as it grows round; and then divides
+into a number of _mamellæ_, branched and wreathed inwards so firmly, as
+not to be retracted; of a coriaceous nature, blackish, forming a bunch
+like what we call the Rose of Jericho. I cannot recollect the name of
+this plant or flower.
+
+This bunch, or wreathed rose, incloses a heap of gravel, as if
+petrified or hardened, and ends upon a level with the hole of the egg,
+exactly as high as the last rank of _mamellæ_, which wreath upon,
+embrace, and sustain it, leaving always an empty space to let the
+sea-water pass in, which should fill the inside of the egg or bladder,
+and even to let in little fishes and shells.
+
+I was surprised to find in one little living muscles, as they always
+are attached to some solid body by their beards. Now by what means
+could they enter into this egg? I conjectured, that they had their
+beginning there, by the seminal matter of muscles carried in by the
+sea-water. I also found some small star-fish, whose rays might be about
+four or five lines long.
+
+If my stay here had been longer, I had continued my observations;
+and perhaps should have made some discoveries. It belongs to the
+academicians of Bourdeaux to push these observations further, if they
+think proper.
+
+From the Entrance of the river of Bourdeaux, the 4th of August, 1756.
+
+ Peyssonel.
+
+
+
+
+LXXXVII. _An Account of the distilling Water fresh from Sea-water
+by Wood-ashes. By Capt._ William Chapman: _In a Letter to_ John
+Fothergill, _M. D._
+
+[Read April 13, 1758.]
+
+ Whitby, 10th 2d mo. Feb. 1758.
+
+THY kind acceptance of my last emboldens me to inform thee, how, on
+my return from a voyage to the north part of Russia, I procured a
+sufficient quantity of fresh water from sea-water, without taking with
+me either instruments or ingredients expressly for the purpose.
+
+Some time in September last, when I had been ten days at sea, by an
+accident (off the north cape of Finland) we lost the greatest part of
+our water. We had a hard gale of wind at south-west, which continued
+three weeks, and drove us into 73° lat. During this time I was very
+uneasy, as knowing, if our passage should hold out long, we must be
+reduced to great straits; for we had no rains, but frequent fogs, which
+yielded water in very small quantities. I now blamed myself for not
+having a still along with me (as I had often thought no ship should be
+without one). But it was now too late; and there was a necessity to
+contrive some means for our preservation.
+
+I was not a stranger to Appleby’s method: I had also a pamphlet wrote
+by Dr. Butler, intituled, _An easy Method of procuring of fresh Water
+at Sea_. And I imagined, that soap might supply the place of capital
+lees, mentioned by him. I now set myself at work, to contrive a still;
+and ordered an old pitch-pot, that held about ten quarts, to be made
+clean: my carpenter, by my direction, fitted to it a cover of fir deal,
+about two inches thick, very close; so that it was easily made tight by
+luting it with paste. We had a hole thro’ the cover, in which was fixed
+a wooden pipe nearly perpendicular. This I call the still-head: it was
+bored with an augre of 1½ inch diameter, to within three inches of the
+top or extremity, where it was left solid. We made a hole in this,
+towards the upper part of its cavity (with a proper angle) to receive
+a long wooden pipe, which we fixed therein, to descend to the tub in
+which the worm should be placed. Here again I was at a loss; for we
+had no lead pipe, nor any sheet-lead, on board. I thought, if I could
+contrive a strait pipe to go thro’ a large cask of cold water, it might
+answer the end of a worm. We then cut a pewter dish, and made a pipe
+two feet long; and at three or four trials (for we did not let a little
+discourage us) we made it quite tight. We bored a hole thro’ a cask,
+with a proper descent, in which we fixed the pewter pipe, and made
+both holes in the cask tight, and filled it with sea-water: the pipe
+stuck without the cask three inches on each side. Having now got my
+apparatus in readiness, I put seven quarts of sea-water, and an ounce
+of soap, into my pot, and set it on the fire. The cover was kept from
+rising by a prop of wood to the bow. We fixed on the head, and into it
+the long wooden pipe above-mentioned, which was wide enough to receive
+the end of the pewter one into its cavity. We easily made the joint
+tight.
+
+I need not tell thee with what anxiety I waited for success: but I
+was soon relieved; for, as soon as the pot boiled, the water began
+to run; and in twenty-eight minutes I got a quart of fresh water. I
+tried it with an hydrometer I had on board, and found it as light as
+river-water; but it had a rank oily taste, which I imagine was given it
+by the soap. This taste diminished considerably in two or three days,
+but not so much as to make it quite palateable. Our sheep and fowls
+drank this water very greedily without any ill effects. We constantly
+kept our still at work, and got a gallon of water every two hours;
+which, if there had been a necessity to drink it, would have been
+sufficient for our ship’s crew.
+
+I now thought of trying to get water more palateable; and often perused
+the pamphlet above-mentioned, especially the quotation from Sir R.
+Hawkins’s voyage, who “with four billets distilled a hogshead of water
+wholsome and nourishing.” I concluded he had delivered this account
+under a veil, lest his method should be discovered: for it is plain,
+that by four billets he could not mean the fuel, as they would scarce
+_warm_ a hogshead of water. When, ruminating on this, it came into my
+head, that he burnt his four billets to ashes, and with the mixture
+of those ashes with sea-water he distilled a hogshead of fresh water
+wholsome and nourishing. Pleased with this discovery, I cut a billet
+small, and burnt it to ashes; and after cleaning my pot, I put into
+it a spoonful of those ashes, with the usual quantity of sea-water.
+The result answered my expectations: the water came off bright and
+transparent, with an agreeable pungent taste, which at first I thought
+was occasioned by the ashes, but afterwards was convinced it received
+it from the resin or turpentine in the pot, or pipes annexed to it.
+I was now relieved from my fears of being distressed thro’ want of
+water; yet thought it necessary to advise my people not to be too free
+in the use of this, whilst we had any of our old stock remaining; and
+told them, I would make the experiment first myself; which I did, by
+drinking a few glasses every day without any ill effect whatever. This
+water was equally light with the other, and lathered very well with
+soap. We had expended our old stock of water before we reached England;
+but had reserved a good quantity of that which we distilled. After my
+arrival at Shields, I invited several of my acquaintance on board to
+taste the water: they drank several glasses, and thought it nothing
+inferior to spring-water. I made them a bowl of punch of it, which was
+highly commended.
+
+I have not the convenience of a still here, or should have repeated the
+experiment for the conviction of some of my friends: for as to myself,
+I am firmly persuaded, that wood-ashes mixed with sea-water will yield,
+when distilled, as good fresh water as can be wished for. And I think,
+if every ship bound a long voyage was to take a small still with Dr.
+Hales’s improvements, they need never want fresh water. Wood-ashes
+may easily be made, whilst there is any wood in the ship; and the
+extraordinary expence of fuel will be trifling, if they contrive so
+that the still may stand on the fire along with the ship’s boiler.
+
+I shall think myself sufficiently recompensed, if any hints here may
+tend to the relief of my brother sailors from the dismal extremity of
+want of water; an extremity too little regarded by those, who have
+never experienced it.
+
+ _P. S._ During my passage from Russia we very rarely had any _aurora
+ borealis_; and those few we saw were faint, and of short continuance:
+ at which I was much surprised; for about ten years ago, being in a
+ high north latitude, we had very beautiful ones almost every night in
+ the month of September; which exceeded any I have seen described in
+ the _Philosophical Transactions_, or _Memoires de l’Academie Royale_.
+
+ Wm. Chapman.
+
+
+
+
+LXXXVIII. _Observatio Eclipsis Lunaris facta_ Matriti _a Pª._ Joanne
+Wendlingen, _Societatis_ Jesu, _in Regali Observatorio Collegii
+Imperialis ejusdem Societatis, Die_ 30 Julii 1757.
+
+ _Quælibet observatio bis instituta fuit, semel interjecto oculum
+ inter lentemque ocularem vitri clari, cærulei, plani, ac bene tersi,
+ fragmento. Hæ observationes notantur hac voce_ cerul. _Telescopium,
+ quo usus sum, est_ Gregorianum _trium pedum_ Anglicanorum, _omnino
+ præclarum_.
+
+_Communicated by_ Matthew Maty, _M. D. F.R.S._
+
+[Read April 20, 1758.]
+
+ IMMERSIONES. |Tempus verum| Differentia
+ | h ´ ´´ |
+ PRincipium eclipsis, _clar._ | 9 47 34 |
+ Mare Humorum, _clar._ | -- 52 47 |
+ { _cær._ | -- 54 28 | ´´
+ Grimaldus { _clar._| -- 55 27 | ---- 59
+ {_cær._ | 10 1 21 | ---- 13
+ Bullialdus {---- | 10 1 34 |
+ {---- | -- 9 35 | ---- 10
+ Keplerus {---- | -- 9 45 |
+ {---- | -- 16 15 | ---- 12
+ Copernicus {---- | -- 16 28 |
+ {---- | -- 18 14 | ---- 10
+ Heraclides {---- | -- 18 24 |
+
+ Manilius {_clar._ | 10 30 43 | ´´
+ {_cær._ | 10 30 54 | ---- 11
+ Menelaus {---- | -- 34 11 | ---- 9
+ {---- | -- 34 20 |
+ Promontorium {---- | -- 44 49 | ---- 9
+ {---- | -- 44 58 |
+ Mare Crisium {---- | -- 45 33 | ---- 11
+ {---- | -- 45 44 |
+ Proclus, _clar._ | -- 46 54 |
+ {---- | -- 54 48 | ---- 14
+ Plato {---- | -- 55 2 |
+ {---- | 11 7 3 |
+ Langrenus {---- | 11 7 23 | ---- 20
+
+ EMERSIONES. |Tempus verum| Differentia
+ | h ´ ´´ |
+ Plato {_clar._ | 11 40 34 | ´´
+ {_cær._ | 11 40 48 | ---- 14
+ Heraclides {---- | -- 41 27 | ---- 12
+ {---- | -- 41 39 |
+ Grimaldus {---- | -- 47 57 | ---- 7
+ {---- | -- 48 4 |
+ Keplerus {---- | -- 52 58 | ---- 10
+ {---- | -- 53 8 |
+ Copernicus {---- | 12 1 36 | ---- 12
+ {---- | 12 1 48 |
+ Menelaus {---- | -- 17 18 | ---- 10
+ {---- | -- 17 28 |
+ Finis eclipseos, _clar._ | -- 52 15 |
+
+
+_Observatio Eclipsis Lunaris, facta ab eodem, eodem modo, eodem loco,
+iisdemque instrumentis Die_ 24 Januar. _Anni_ 1758.
+
+_Ab hora 5ᵗᵃ usque ad finem observationis tantum commovebatur
+imprægnata plurimum vaporibus athmosphæra, ut tota lunæ illuminatæ
+portio præter morem undulare videretur. Flabat boreas, indicante
+thermometro Reaumuriano. 1. grandem infra aquæ congelationem._
+
+ IMMERSIONES. |Tempus verum| Differentia
+ | h ´ ´´ |
+ Principium | 4 7 42 | ´´
+ Grimaldus {_cær._ | -- 9 55 | ---- 38
+ {_clar._ | -- 10 33 |
+ Aristarchus {---- | -- 15 37 | ---- 34
+ {---- | -- 16 11 |
+ Mare Humorum {---- | -- 20 48 | ---- 24
+ {---- | -- 21 12 |
+ Copernicus {---- | -- 26 45 | ---- 13
+ {---- | -- 26 58 |
+ Plato {---- | -- 35 41 | ---- 41
+ {---- | -- 36 22 |
+ Tycho {---- | -- 39 31 | ---- 38
+ {---- | -- 40 9 |
+ Menelaus {---- | -- 45 43 | ---- 39
+ {---- | -- 46 22 |
+ Plinius {---- | -- 50 17 | ---- 27
+ {---- | -- 50 44 |
+ Promontorium Somni {---- | -- 58 15 | ---- 27
+ {---- | -- 58 42 |
+ Cleomedes {---- | 5 0 22 | ---- 14
+ {---- | 5 0 36 |
+
+ Proclus {_cær._ | 5 2 9 |
+ {_clar._ | 5 2 15 | ---- 6
+ Princip. Maris Crisii {---- | -- 3 6 | ---- 25
+ {---- | -- 3 31 |
+ Langrenus {---- | -- 7 40 | ---- 14
+ {---- | -- 7 54 |
+ Immers. tot. Maris Crisii {---- | -- 8 19 | ---- 11
+ {---- | -- 8 30 |
+ Immersio totalis Lunæ {---- | -- 12 50 | ---- 40
+ {---- | -- 13 30 |
+
+In fine cœlum serenum, & athmosphæra quieta.
+
+
+REFLEXIO.
+
+Notabilis appulsus umbræ terrestris ad faculas maculasque lunares
+differentia, dum partim vitro colore cæruleo tincto, partim absque
+eo, observationes instituuntur, inventa a Dº. de Barros, & tum in
+observatorio Parisino tum alibi sæpius confirmata, ad me duplicem
+hanc lunæ eclipsim, ea qua vel licuit circumspectione, instituendam
+determinavit, spe fretus; me phænomeni hujus causas, si non veras,
+veritati saltem proximas, inventurum; unde in tempore de vitris planis
+bene tersis, diametri mediæ lineæ, partim colore cæruleo claro, partim
+flavo tinctis mihi provideram, his tamen ultimis uti non licuit ob
+nimiam umbræ penumbræque confusionem.
+
+Interjecto oculum inter, lentemque ocularem vitri cærulei fragmento,
+sequentia observavi. 1. Umbra terrestris in immersione citius maculam
+aut faculam lunarem attigit, & in emersione tardius deseruit, quam dum
+absque eo observationem institui. 2. Claritas lunæ, alioquin offendens
+oculum, suavior apparebat. 3. Limites umbræ perfecte terminabantur
+excepta secunda eclipsi, in qua (flante borea) ab hora quinta
+illuminata lunæ pars undulare videbatur.
+
+Suppositis his phænomenis, uti et athmosphæra lunari, de qua vix
+dubio locus, sequentia intuli: 1. Quo densior dicta athmosphæra
+fuerit, major radiorum portio ab hac in immersam umbræ terrestri lunæ
+portionem, limitibus saltem proximam, reflectetur, eosque reddet
+dubios, quod quidem contingit, dum absque adminiculo per nudum
+telescopium observatio instituitur, secus vero dum oculum inter,
+lentemque ocularem, vitrum cæruleo colore tinctum interjicitur. Addito
+secundo, ac tertio phænomeno, nempe per vitrum cæruleum lumen multum
+apparere suavius, infertur, si color cæruleus sufficit ad mitigandam
+tantopere eam lunæ illuminatæ portionem, quæ extra omnem umbram
+conspicitur, quanto magis sufficit, ad tollendam omnem claritatem, quæ
+ab athmosphæra lunari in hoc corpus reflectitur? & ecce tibi secundam
+illationem, nempe limites umbræ facilius determinari. 3. Diametrum
+umbræ majorem videri debere, & vel ideo immersiones macularum aut
+facularum lunarium citius, emersiones vero tardius succedere debere;
+quæ quidem omnia cum observationibus congruunt.
+
+Dixi in prima illatione, reflecti aliquam luminis portionem a lunæ
+athmosphæra in ipsam eclipsatam corporis hujus portionem, non secus,
+ac in globo hoc terraqeno accidit, qui post solis occasum aliquo adhuc
+tempore illuminatur. Hæc lucis reflexio tanto erit major, quanto
+athmosphæra fuerit densior, & quia supponere licat, hanc in luna non
+semper esse æqualem, infertur, differentiam temporis appulsus umbræ non
+in omni eclipsi lunari posse esse æqualem, quod demum convenire videtur
+duplici meæ observationi, ut ex adnotatis temporum differentiis liquet.
+Hæc mea est circa propositum phænomenon opinandi ratio.
+
+
+
+
+LXXXIX. _Observations upon a slight Earthquake, tho’ very particular,
+which may lead to the Knowlege of the Cause of great and violent ones,
+that ravage whole Countries, and overturn Cities. By_ John Andrew
+Peyssonel, _M. D. F.R.S. Translated from the_ French.
+
+[Read April. 20, 1758.]
+
+I Went to make my observations upon the natural history of the sea;
+and when I arrived at a place called the Cauldrons of Lance Caraibe,
+near Lancebertrand, a part of the island of Grande Terre Guadaloupe,
+in which place the coast runs north-east and south-west, the sea being
+much agitated that day flowed from the north-west. There the coast is
+furnished with hollow rocks, and vaults underneath, with chinks and
+crevices: and the sea, pushed into these deep caverns by the force
+and agitation of the waves, compresses the air, which, recovering its
+spring, forces the water back in the form of the most magnificent
+fountains; which cease, and begin again at every great pressure. This
+phænomenon is common to many places in this island. The explanation of
+it is easy; but the following is what I particularly observed.
+
+As I walked within about forty paces from the brink of the sea, where
+the waves broke, I perceived, in one place, the plants were much
+agitated by some cause, that was not yet apparent. I drew near, and
+discovered a hole about six feet deep, and half a foot diameter;
+and stopping to consider it, I perceived the earth tremble under my
+feet. This increased my attention; and I heard a dull kind of noise
+underground, like that which precedes common earthquakes; which I have
+observed many a time. It was followed by a quivering of the earth; and
+after this a wind issued out of the hole, which agitated the plants
+round about. I watched to see whether the motion extended to any
+distance; but was sensible it did not reach above three or four paces
+from the hole, and that no motion was perceived farther off.
+
+I further observed, that this phænomenon never happens till after the
+seventh wave rolls in; for it is a common thing in this country to find
+the sea appear calm for some time, and then to produce seven waves,
+which break upon the coast one after another: the first is not very
+considerable; the second is somewhat stronger; and thus they go on
+increasing to the seventh, after which the sea grows calm again, and
+retires. This phænomenon of the seven waves is observed by navigators
+with great attention, especially at low water, in order to be the
+better able to go in or come out at the very time that the sea grows
+quiet. These seven waves successively fill the caverns, which are all
+along the coast; and when the seventh comes to open itself, the air
+at the bottom of the caverns being greatly compressed, acted by its
+elasticity, and immediately made those fountains and gushings I have
+mentioned; and the waters continuing in the caverns, up to the very
+place of the hole, began to produce that dull noise, caused the emotion
+or earthquake, and finished with the violent wind forced up thro’ the
+hole; after which the water retired into the sea, and having no further
+impelling cause, on account of the waves, rendered every thing quiet
+again.
+
+I observed, that this phænomenon happened at no limited time, but
+according to the approach of the waves, being strongly put in motion
+after the seventh. I remained near half an hour to observe it; and
+nearly followed the course of the cavern to its entrance, directed by
+the disposition of the coast. I made my negroes go down where the water
+broke; for they doubted the report of the greatness of these caverns;
+and when the sea was calm one of them ventured in, but returned very
+quickly, or he must have perished. Therefore I conclude, that these
+small earthquakes round the hole, about forty paces from the wave, were
+only caused by the compressed air in some great vault about this place,
+and that by its force was driven up the hole that appeared: that this
+air in the caverns, compressed to a certain degree, first caused the
+dull noise, by the rolling of the waters, which resisted in the cavern;
+then acting more violently, caused the small earthquake, which ceased
+when the wind passed out of the hole, and that the sea retired, and
+gave liberty to the air, which was contained and compressed.
+
+Such are the observations I have made; from which the learned, who are
+endeavouring to find the cause of earthquakes, since that dreadful one,
+which destroyed the city of Lisbon, may make such conclusions as they
+shall think proper.
+
+At Guadaloupe, Jan. 6. 1757.
+
+ Peyssonel.
+
+
+
+
+XC. _A Catalogue of the_ Fifty Plants _from_ Chelsea Garden, _presented
+to the_ Royal Society _by the worshipful Company of Apothecaries, for
+the Year 1757, pursuant to the Direction of Sir_ Hans Sloane, _Baronet,
+Med. Reg. & Soc. Reg. nuper Præses, by_ John Wilmer, _M. D. clariss.
+Societatis Pharmaceut._ Lond. _Socius, Hort._ Chelsean. _Præfectus &
+Prælector Botanic._
+
+[Read April 20, 1758.]
+
+ 1751 ALlium sylvestre latifolium. C. B. P. 74.
+ Allium ursin. bifolium vernum sylvatic. J. B. 2. 565.
+ 1752 Anacampseros flavo flore Amman. Ruth. 96.
+ 1753 Anchusa strigosa, foliis linearibus dentatis, pedicellis
+ bractea minoribus, calycibus fructiferis inflatis.
+ Lefl. Linn. Sp. Plant. 133.
+ 1754 Asplenium sive Ceterach. J. B. 3. 749. Offic. 121.
+ 1755 Bidens calyce oblongo squamoso, feminibus radii corolla non
+ decidua coronatis, Miller. Icon.
+ 1756 Cactus repens decemangularis Lin. Sp. Pl. 467.
+ 1757 Cerasus pumila Canadensis, oblongo angusto folio, fructu parvo,
+ Du Hamel. Mill. Icons.
+ 1758 Ceratocarpus Amæn. Acad. 1. p. 412. Hort. Ups. 281.
+ 1759 Cotula flore luteo, radiato. Tourn. 495. Buphthalmum Cotulæ
+ folio C. B. P. 134.
+ 1760 Cracca minor Rivini. Vicia segetum cum filiquis plurimis
+ hirsutis C. B. P. 345.
+ 1761 Cucubalus calycibus subglobosis glabris reticulato-venosis,
+ capsulis trilocularibus, corollis subnudis, Flor. suec. 360.
+ 1762 Cucubalus calycibus subglobosis, caule ramoso patulo, foliis
+ linearibus acutis, Mill. Dict.
+ Lychnis sylvestris quæ Been album vulgo, foliis
+ angustioribus et acutioribus C. B. P. 205.
+ 1763 Cunonia floribus sessilibus, spathis maximis.
+ Butner Cunonia, tab. 1.
+ 1764 Cupressus foliis imbricatis frondibus ancipitibus. Linn. Spec.
+ Plant. 1003.
+ Cupressus nana Mariana fructu cæruleo parvo. Pluk. Mantiss. 61.
+ 1765 Cyclamen Hederæ folio C. B. P. 308. Offic. 162.
+ 1766 Diosma foliis lineari-lanceolatis subtus convexis, bifariam
+ imbricatis. Linn. Sp. Plant. 198.
+ 1767 Euonymoides Canadensis Saraz. Boerh. Ind. Alt. 237.
+ 1768 Filipendula foliis ternatis Hort. Cliff. 191.
+ 1769 Filipendula vulgaris, an Molon Plinii C. B. 163. Offic. 197.
+ 1770 Heliotropium foliis ovato-lanceolatis, spicis plurimis
+ confertis, caule fruticoso. Miller’s Icons.
+ 1771 Hieracium fruticosum latifolium hirsutum C. B. P. 129.
+ 1772 Hyoscyamus rubello flore. C. B. P. 169.
+ Hyoscyamus Syriacus. Cam. Icon. 21. J. B. 3. 628.
+ 1773 Hypericum floribus monogynis staminibus corolla longioribus,
+ calycibus coloratis caule fruticoso. Miller’s Icons.
+ 1774 Hypericum floribus trigynis, calycibus acutis, staminibus
+ corolla brevioribus, caule fruticoso. Linn. Hort. Cliff. 380.
+ Miller’s Icons.
+ 1775 Iris corollis barbatis, germinibus trigonis, foliis ensiformibus
+ longissimis, caule foliis longiore bifloro. Miller’s Icons.
+ 1776 Isatis sativa, sive latifolia. C. B. P. 113. Glastum sativum. J.
+ B. 2. 909.
+ 1777 Juniperus vulgaris fruticosa C. B. 488. Off. 252.
+ 1778 Ixia foliis gladiolatis linearibus caule bulbifero.
+ Miller’s Icons.
+ 1779 Ixia foliis gladiolatis glabris, floribus corymbosis
+ terminalibus. Miller’s Icons.
+ 1780 Larix C. B. 493. Officin. 264.
+ 1781 Laserpitium foliis amplioribus, semine crispo. Tourn. 324.
+ 1782 Linum calycibus capsulisque obtusis. _Sibirian Flax._ Miller’s
+ Icons.
+ 1783 Liriodendrum. Hort. Cliff. 223.
+ Tulipifera arbor Virginiana. Hort. Lugd. Bat. 612.
+ 1784 Oenanthe Apii folio C. B. P. 162.
+ 1785 Passerina foliis linearibus. Hort. Cliff. 146. Sp. 1.
+ 1786 Platanus Orientalis verus. Park. 1427.
+ 1787 Platanus Occidentalis aut Virginiensis. Park. 1427.
+ 1788 Platanus Orientalis Aceris folio. T. Cor. 41.
+ 1789 Prenanthes foliis integris serratis scabris, radice repente,
+ flore purpureo cæruleo. Mill. Dict.
+ 1790 Ruta sylvestris linifolia; Hispanica Boccon. Barrel Icon. 1186
+ H. Mus. p. 2. 82. tab. 73.
+ 1791 Saxifraga muscosa; trifido folio. Tourn.
+ 1792 Scabiosa Virgæ Pastoris folio. C. B. P. 270.
+ Scabiosa latifolia peregrina. Tabern. Icon. 160.
+ 1793 Thalictrum majus, siliqua angulosa aut striata, C. B. P. 336.
+ 1794 Thalictrum majus non striatum. C. B. P. 336.
+ 1795 Thalictrum Canadense majus caulibus viridantibus. Boerhaav.
+ 1796 Thalictrum Alpinum Aquilegiæ foliis. Tourn.
+ 1797 Thalictrum minus Asphodeli radice magno flore. Tourn. 271.
+ 1798 Thuya strobilis squarrosis squamis acuminatis reflexis. Hort.
+ Upsal. 289.
+ 1799 Tordylium Narbonense minus. Tourn. 320.
+ 1800 Tridax. Hort. Cliff. 418. After American. procumbens, foliis
+ laciniatis et hirsutis. Houston.
+
+
+
+
+XCI. _An Historical Memoir concerning a Genus of Plants called_ Lichen,
+_by_ Micheli, Haller, _and_ Linnæus; _and comprehended by_ Dillenius
+_under the Terms_ Usnea, Coralloides, _and_ Lichenoides: _Tending
+principally to illustrate their several Uses. Communicated by_ Wm.
+Watson, _M. D. F.R.S._
+
+ ----_Natura nihil frustra creaverit, posteros tamen tot inventuros
+ utilitates ex_ Muscis _auguror, quot ex reliquis vegetabilibus_.
+
+ Cui bono? Amæn. Acad. III. p. 241.
+
+[Read Apr. 27 & May 4, 1758.]
+
+THE whole class of mosses were taken but very little notice of by
+the revivers of botany in the sixteenth century: they indeed took
+some pains to distinguish the particular species that the ancients
+had mentioned, but disregarded almost all the rest. Modern botanists
+however suppose, that they were but little successful in general in
+their application of the ancient names to plants: nor is a failure in
+such attempts to be wondered at, considering the too great conciseness,
+and frequent obscurity, of their descriptions. In the class of mosses,
+as in many others, the accounts transmitted to us are little more than
+a scene of uncertainty and confusion.
+
+It is to the moderns we are indebted for the discovery of the far
+greater number of the plants of this class. In this branch of
+botany our own countrymen Mr. Ray, Buddle, Dale, Doody, Petiver, and
+Dr. Morison, Sherard, Richardson, and others, have distinguished
+themselves: and amongst foreigners M. Vaillant, Sig. Micheli, and
+the very eminent Dr. Haller: but, beyond all, the late learned and
+indefatigable professor at Oxford, Dr. Dillenius, has herein made the
+most ample discoveries and improvements, of which his elaborate history
+will ever remain a standing proof.
+
+The word _lichen_ occurs in the writings of Dioscorides and Pliny;
+and tho’ it may be doubtful, there is nevertheless good reason to
+apprehend, that Dioscorides meant to describe under that name the very
+plant, or at least one of the same genus, to which the commentators
+agreed to affix his description. Since then the name has been variously
+applied by different authors; on which account it is necessary to
+premise, that the _lichen sive hepatica Off._ or liverwort of the
+shops, does not fall under this generical term, as it is now formed by
+the three above-named authors. They comprehend under the term _Lichen_,
+and Dillenius under those of _Usnea_, _Coralloides_, and _Lichenoides_,
+the hairy tree-moss or _usnea_ of the shops; the _muscus pulmonarius_,
+tree-lungwort, or oak-lungs; the _lichen terrestris cinereus_, or
+ash-coloured ground liverwort; the coralline-mosses; the cup-mosses;
+horned mosses; the _orchel_, or Canary-weed; the _muscus islandicus_ of
+Bartholine; and a multitude of others found upon trees, walls, rocks,
+and stones, in all parts of the world, and in many parts thereof in
+very great abundance.
+
+Caspar Bauhine in his _Pinax_, John Bauhine, and countrymen Gerard
+and Parkinson, and their cotemporaries, as they wrote before the time
+that generical characters in botany were in use, included these lichens
+among the other herbaceous mosses, under the general name of _muscus_;
+adding to the name in general some epithet descriptive of its form,
+place of growth, or supposed virtue.
+
+Mr. Ray, both in his History of Plants, and in the Supplement, as
+he was usually averse to the forming of new names, has interspersed
+them among other mosses, under the character of _musci steriles seu
+aspermi_, retaining the synonyms of the two Bauhines, Gerard, and
+Parkinson, to the general species.
+
+Dr. Morison seems to have been the first, who separated them intirely
+from the herbaceous mosses; and, from the analogy he supposed they had
+with the fungus tribe, formed them into a genus, under the name of
+_musco-fungus_. He enumerates fifty species and upwards under this term
+in the _Historia Oxoniensis_, and has divided them into five orders,
+according to their different appearances, as follows:
+
+ 1. _Musco-fungi e terra prominentes, latiores._ 5.
+ 2. _Musco-fungi pixidati._ 11.
+ 3. _Musco-fungi corniculati._ 26.
+ 4. _Musco-fungi crustæ modo adnascentes._ 37.
+ 5. _Musco-fungi corticibus arborum dependentes._ 53.
+
+Table the 7th of his 15th section exhibits several good figures of some
+of these lichens.
+
+Tournefort was the first, who adapted the generical term _lichen_ to
+them; but it was in consequence of his joining them to the lichen
+of the shops. He has however excluded the coralline-mosses, and
+forms them into a genus, by the name of _coralloides_; to which he
+has connected some plants, properly of the fungus tribe. In this
+distinction he is followed by Dr. Boerhaave in his _Index alter
+Plantarum_.
+
+Dr. Dillenius first called them _lichenoides_, in the catalogue of
+plants growing about Giessen, chusing to retain the word _lichen_ to
+the liverwort of the shops. Under this name however, in this work, he
+does not comprehend the _usneæ_, or hairy tree-mosses, but refers them
+to the _conservæ_, adding the epithet _arborea_ to each species, to
+distinguish them from the water kinds. He enumerates upwards of sixty
+species of _lichenoides_, but has applied few or no synonyms to them.
+
+Under the same generic term he has introduced them into the third
+edition of Ray’s Synopsis of British Plants, taking in the _usneæ_, and
+recounting upwards of ninety species, all found spontaneously growing
+in England. Many of these are undoubtedly only varieties. They are in
+this work very naturally divided into several orders and subdivisions,
+for the greater ease of distinguishing them, as follows:
+
+_Lichenoides_
+
+ _caulifera_
+ 1. _Capillacea et non tubulosa scutellata._
+ 2. _Coralliformia tuberculosa plerumque._
+ a. _Solida et non tubulosa._
+ b. _Tubulosa._
+ 3. _Pyxidata._
+ 4. _Fungiformia._
+
+ _cauliculis destituta_
+ 1. _Mere crustacea._
+ 2. _Crusta foliosa scutellata seu foliis scutellatis arcte
+ adnascentibus_ -
+ a. _Substantiæ gelatinosæ._
+ b. _Substantiæ durioris._
+ 3. _Foliis magis liberis nec tam arcte adnascentibus_
+ a. _Scutellatis et tuberculatis._
+ b. _Peltatis._
+
+M. Vaillant, in the _Botanicon Parisiense_, retains Tournefort’s
+names. Many of these lichens, as well as other mosses, are accurately
+represented in the elegant tables, which adorn that work. Dr. Haller
+tells us he learnt to distinguish almost all the mosses solely by the
+help of these tables, so well are they expressed. The lovers of botanic
+science are greatly indebted to Boerhaave for his publication of that
+work.
+
+Micheli, after Tournefort, adopts the term _lichen_, and comprehends
+all the species under it, except one or two, which he calls
+_lichenoides_. This author however does not take into this genus the
+liverwort of the _materia medica_; he describes the species of that
+genus under the name of _marchantiæ_. Near twenty of the plates in his
+_Nova Plantarum Genera_ are taken up in representing various species
+of this genus. In this work they are divided into thirty-eight orders
+or subdivisions; a circumstance very necessary indeed, considering
+how greatly he has multiplied the number of the species. It is to
+be regretted, that so indefatigable an author, one whose genius
+particularly led him to scrutinize the minuter subjects of the science,
+should have been so solicitous to increase the number of species under
+all his genera: an error this, which tends to great confusion and
+embarassment, and must retard the progress and real improvement of the
+botanic science.
+
+Dr. Haller retains Micheli’s term, and enumerates 160 kinds in his
+_Enumeratio Stirpium Helvetiæ_: he divides them into seven orders,
+according to the following titles:
+
+ 1. _Lichenes corniculati & pixidati._
+ 2. _Lichenes coralloidei._
+ 3. _Lichenes fruticosi alii._
+ 4. _Lichenes pulmonarii._
+ 5. _Lichenes crustacei scutis floralibus ornati._
+ 6. _Lichenes scutellis ornati._
+ 7. _Lichenes crustacei non scutati._
+
+The extensive number of the species, and the difficulty of
+distinguishing them with a tolerable degree of certainty, has deterred
+Dr. Haller from adding so full and complete a list of synonyms to the
+plants of this genus as he has elsewhere done in that splendid work.
+Plate the 2d exhibits several elegant sorts of these lichens.
+
+Linnæus, and the followers of his method, who seem to have established
+their generical character from Micheli’s discoveries, retain also his
+generical title. Micheli’s passion for the multiplication of species
+is no-where more conspicuous than in the plants of this genus, which
+he has most enormously augmented to the number of 298 species. The
+Swedish professor cannot be charged with this foible: it is one of the
+excellencies of his writings, that they inculcate the reverse. He has
+so far retrenched this genus, that in his general enumeration of plants
+he recounts only eighty species belonging to it. They are in this work
+divided into eight orders, according to the difference of appearance
+which they form by their _facies externa_, little or no regard being
+had to what are usually called the parts of fructification.
+
+ 1. _Lichenes leprosi tuberculati._
+ 2. _Lichenes leprosi scutellati._
+ 3. _Lichenes imbricati._
+ 4. _Lichenes foliacei._
+ 5. _Lichenes coriacei._
+ 6. _Lichenes scyphiferi._
+ 7. _Lichenes fructiculosi._
+ 8. _Lichenes filamentosi._
+
+Dr. Dillenius, in his most elaborate work, intituled, _Historia
+Muscorum_, has divided this Michelian genus into three, under the names
+of _usnea_, _coralloides_, and _lichenoides_. Under the word _usnea_
+he comprehends the hairy tree-mosses, among which are the _usnea_ of
+the shops, and the true _usnea_ of the Arabians. Of these he describes
+sixteen species. Under _coralloides_ he describes thirty-nine species,
+among which are the cup-mosses, and many others, disposed according to
+the following scheme:
+
+Ordo I. _Fungiformia, non tubulosa, nec ramosa._ 5.
+
+Ordo II. _Scyphiformia, tubulosa, simplicia et prolifera._
+
+ Series 1. _Scyphis perfectioribus._ 13. Cup-mosses.
+ Series 2. _Scyphis imperfectis._ 20. Horned mosses.
+
+Ordo III. _Ramosa fruticuli specie summitatibus acutis multifariam
+divisis._
+
+ Series 1. _Species tubulosæ._ 30. Tubulous coralline mosses.
+ Series 2. _Species solidæ._ 39. Solid coralline mosses; among which is
+ the _orchel_.
+
+The genus of _lichenoides_ contains 135 species, disposed according to
+the following scheme:
+
+ Ordo I. _Species aphyllæ mere crustaceæ._ {1. _Tuberculosæ._ 8.
+ {2. _Scutellatæ._ 18.
+
+ {1. _Gelatinosæ tuberculosæ et
+ scutellatæ._ 35.
+ Ordo II. _Species foliosæ._ {2. _Aridiores et exsuccæ,
+ scutellatæ._ 100.
+ {3. _Aridiores peltatæ et clypeatæ._ 121.
+
+These plants are not only largely described, and accompanied with the
+most perfect assemblage of synonyms; but every species is accurately
+figured, and many of them in various views, and at different ages of
+their growth; by which this laborious work, notwithstanding it is
+conversant upon the minutest, and consequently the most abstruse
+parts of botany, may nevertheless be justly esteemed, without any
+exaggeration, one of the most complete works extant of the kind.
+
+Dr. Hill, in his History of Plants, has disposed them into five
+genera, under the following names: 1. _Usnea_, comprehending the hairy
+tree-mosses; 2. _Platysma_, flat-branched tree-mosses, the lungwort,
+and others; 3. _Cladonia_, containing the orchel and coralline-mosses;
+4. _Pyxidium_, the cup-mosses; 5. _Placodium_, the crustaceous mosses.
+
+The plants of this extensive genus are very different in their form,
+manner of growing, and general appearance: on which account those
+authors, who preserve them under the same name, saw the propriety and
+necessity of arranging them into different orders and subdivisions,
+that the species might be distinguished with greater facility. Upon the
+same principle Dr. Dillenius and Dr. Hill have formed them into several
+genera.
+
+So far as the parts of fructification are distinguishable in these
+plants, they appear in different forms upon different species: on some,
+in the form of tubercles; on others, in the form of little concave
+dishes, called _scutellæ_; on others, of oblong flat shields or pelts.
+All these are conceived by Micheli and Linnæus to be receptacles of
+male flowers. The female flowers and seeds are suspected by the same
+authors to be dispersed in the form of farina or dust upon the same
+plants, and in some instances on separate ones. Dillenius has not
+dared to determine any thing positively with regard to the real parts
+of fructification in these lichens: time will hereafter, it is to be
+hoped, throw more light upon the subject.
+
+In order to convey a more distinct idea of the several plants of this
+genus, which enter into œconomical or medical uses in the various parts
+of the world, we shall distribute them into several orders, according
+to the custom of former writers: and as is not consistent with our plan
+to describe each of these species, we shall refer to the page of the
+more modern authors, where they may be found.
+
+
+1. Lichenes filamentosi.
+
+_Such as consist of mere solid filaments, of a firm and solid but
+flexible texture, having the appearance of fructification in the
+form of_ scutellæ, _or flat round bodies growing from the sides or
+extremities of these filaments_.
+
+This order or division comprehends the hairy tree-mosses, or _usnea_
+of Dillenius and Hill; several of the species of the fifth order of
+lichens of Micheli; and the _lichenes filamentosi_ of Linnæus.
+
+Dr. Dillenius describes sixteen species under the term _usnea_, several
+of which are found in England, tho’ some of them, as the common _usnea_
+of the shops, but very sparingly, and none of them in any considerable
+plenty. The thick woods in many other parts of Europe, and the rest of
+the globe, afford them in great plenty. They hang from the branches of
+various kinds of trees, like large tufts of hair, to a considerable
+length: some species grow several feet long. The rocks on the tops
+of high mountains afford several kinds. They are of various colours;
+some whitish, ash-coloured, others grey or blackish, and two or three
+species have a yellow or orange hue.
+
+The commentators in general agreed in making the _bryon_ of[65]
+Dioscorides one of these hairy tree-mosses, which they called _usnea_.
+No wonder, therefore, that at the restoration of letters it became a
+matter of controversy, which of them was the _usnea_ of the ancients.
+Dioscorides recommends his as an astringent; and tells us, that
+“the best grew upon the cedar; but that from whatever tree it was
+gathered, the whitest and most fragrant was preferable to the black.”
+The several _usneæ_ would undoubtedly in different countries be found
+upon different trees. In Italy, that of the larch-tree was the most
+odoriferous; and on that account Matthiolus[66] preferred it to all
+others. That kind, which at length obtained a place in the shops as the
+_usnea_ of the ancients, was a species commonly found in our countries
+on old oaks and other trees, and is called by Dillenius[67] stringy
+tree-moss, or _usnea_ of the shops. Many excellent virtues have been
+ascribed to it, on a supposition of its being the true _usnea_; but it
+does not appear to have deserved them: and the present practice, at
+least in England, has quite expunged it, and that perhaps very justly.
+
+Dr. Dillenius is evidently of opinion however, that this common
+_usnea_, tho’ it obtained a place in the shops as such, is not the
+_bryon_ of Dioscorides and Pliny, or the _phaseon_ of Theophrastus,
+since he has applied these names from those fathers of botany to
+another species, which he calls the _beard usnea_[68]. Nor does either
+of these species appear to be the true _usnea_ of the Arabians,
+whatever title they may seem to have to it, either from their colour
+or smell. Bellonius, as he is quoted by Dr. Dillenius, tells us, “that
+the true _usnea_, or _bryon_, as he calls it, is sold at Constantinople
+under the name of _usnech_; and tells us we are deceived in believing
+ours to be the true _usnea_.” Dillenius has therefore described another
+species[69], which he received from the East Indies, from Madagascar,
+and St. Helen’s, as the _Usnea Arabum_. This plant the Indians call
+_saliaga_; and Camelli assures us, that, while fresh, it has a very
+fragrant musk-smell. He adds, that he had himself experienced what
+Serapio says of it; _viz._ that a vinous infusion of it restrains
+fluxes, stops vomiting, strengthens the stomach, and induces sleep.
+
+The common _usnea_ of the shops was said to be the basis of that fine
+perfumed powder, which the French called _corps de cypre gris_, and
+which formerly made a great article of trade at Montpelier. Dr. Brown
+hints[70], that the perfumers use it still; but he does not add, where.
+John Bauhine gives us the whole process[71] for making that power,
+which was vended in great quantities to all parts of France. It is
+nevertheless true, that other of the lichens had as great a share in
+the competition as the _usnea_; as the demand for that powder could
+not have been answered, if the makers had confined themselves to the
+_usnea_ alone. It was necessary too, inasmuch as other species are
+equally well adapted to the same uses[72].
+
+This _usnea_ is abundantly plentiful in the woods of Lapland; and
+Linnæus[73] relates, that the inhabitants apply it to their feet,
+when they are sore and excoriated with much walking. The benefit they
+receive from it in this case is undoubtedly owing to its styptic
+quality, which is remarked by Matthiolus, and by Mr. Ray[74] from the
+German Ephemerides.
+
+The _beard usnea_ before mentioned, which is abundantly common upon
+the trees both in the northern regions of Europe and America, as well
+as in the eastern kingdoms, and is described by Mr. Ray as hanging
+to the length of two feet, the filaments of which are not thicker
+than a common thread, and of a greenish white colour, is used by
+the inhabitants of Pensylvania to dye an orange colour with. This
+information Dillenius received from Mr. Bartram.
+
+The black _mane usnea_, which grows in vast quantities in the Lapland
+woods, in a defect of the common coralline moss makes part of the
+fodder, and is equally acceptable to the rein-deer in the winter
+time[75].
+
+The long beaded _usnea_, or necklace-moss[76], enters into the
+like œconomical uses in Virginia, where it is very plentiful. The
+inhabitants find it a very agreeable fodder in the winter season to
+both sheep and cows[77].
+
+The Norwegians appropriate one of these _usnea_ to a singular use.
+Pontoppidan tells us[78], “they have a certain kind of yellow moss
+hanging on the branches of trees of the firs and pines, which is very
+venomous, yet applied to a necessary use; for being mixed in pottage,
+or with flesh, as a bait for the wolves, they infallibly die of it.”
+That the species here referred to is the brass-wired _usnea_ of
+Dillenius[79], or the _lichen vulpinus_ of Linnæus, cannot be doubted,
+since this last author mentions[80] the same application of it with
+very little variation. In England it is very rare; in Sweden plentiful,
+especially in the province of Smoland, where the natives dye woollen
+goods yellow with it.
+
+John Bauhine describes a very beautiful species, under the name of
+_laricus muscus_[81], which gives a very elegant citron colour upon
+chewing, or upon maceration in water. Dillenius is doubtful, whether
+this is what he has described under the name of the orange-coloured
+forked _usnea_[82].
+
+We may here observe by the bye, that the _usnea cranii humani_, which
+thro’ the influence of superstition formerly obtained a place in the
+catalogues of the _materia medica_, does not belong to this division
+of the lichens. The writers of those times distinguished two kinds of
+_usnea humana_, under the names of _crustacea_ and _villosa_. Any of
+the crustaceous lichens, but more properly the common grey-blue pitted
+_lichenoides_ of Dillenius, was used for the former of these; and, as
+Dale tells us, was held in most esteem. The _villosa_ was a species of
+the genus of _hypnum_. Indeed it does not appear, that they were in
+those days very curious in determining the exact kind; and doubtless
+any moss, which happened to grow upon an human skull, was sufficient
+for the purposes designed.
+
+
+2. Lichenes fruticulosi.
+
+_Such as consist of a tough flexible matter, formed into ramifications,
+in some species almost simple, in others resembling small shrubs: in
+some of the species the branches are quite solid, in others tubular._
+
+This order comprehends the third of Dillenius’s genus of _coralloides_;
+the whole _cladonia_ of Hill; the second, and several species of the
+third order of Haller’s lichens; several species of the fifth, and
+the whole sixth, order of Micheli; and the _lichenes fruticulosi_ of
+Linnæus.
+
+The plants of this genus grow principally upon the ground on heaths,
+forests, and mountainous barren places; except the _orcelle_, or
+Canary-weed, which is found upon the rocks on the sea-coast.
+
+To this division belongs the horned moss[83]. It is found with us in
+rocky barren ground, and upon old walls not uncommon. It was formerly
+in great credit as a pectoral; but is now quite in disrepute.
+
+The common branched coralline-moss[84] is one of the most useful
+plants of all the tribe of lichens. It is pretty frequent with us on
+our heaths, forests, and mountains. The northern regions afford it in
+abundance; and there it is peculiarly and singularly useful. It is
+indeed the very support and foundation of all the Lapland œconomy, and
+without which the inhabitants could not sustain their rein-deer in the
+winter time. Linnæus tells us[85], that Lapland affords no vegetables
+in such plenty as this, and other of the lichens. Plains of several
+miles extent are totally covered over with it, as if with snow; and
+where no other plant will even take root, this will thrive and be
+luxuriant. These dreary and inclement wastes, these _terræ damnatæ_,
+as a foreigner would readily call them; these, are the Lapland fields
+and fertile pastures. On this lichen the rein-deer, those sources of
+all their wealth, feed in the winter time, when it is in its most
+flourishing condition, and no other vegetable is to be had: with this
+too they will even become fat. The riches of the Laplanders consist in
+their number of these cattle: they are cloathed with their skins, fed
+with their flesh, and from their milk they make both butter and cheese.
+Nature, by the inclemency of their seasons, has almost denied them
+the cultivation of their earth: they neither sow nor reap; but live a
+perpetual migratory life, tending their flocks of rein-deer, upon which
+their whole care is centered and employed.
+
+The milk of the rein-deer is very remarkably fat and rich: it tastes
+indeed like cow’s milk, with which some butter, and a small quantity of
+fat or suet, has been intimately united. Dr. Haller[86] suspects, that
+this richness of the milk is owing to the animals feeding upon this
+moss. Most of the plants of this family are of an astringent quality,
+which indeed they manifest to the taste. This astringency of their food
+will doubtless contribute much to that effect.
+
+The rein-deer are not the only animals that will feed upon the
+coralline moss. The Novaccolæ[87] gather vast quantities of it to
+fodder their oxen with in the winter. They take the opportunity of
+raking it together in the rainy seasons, when it is tough; for in dry
+weather it easily crumbles into powder. This they moisten with a little
+water in the winter season when they use it, and find it excellent
+fodder.
+
+The coralline mosses are subject to great variation: and altho’ there
+are several really distinct species, yet they run so into one another,
+that it is no easy matter to fix upon the real specific distinctions,
+in many instances. Some species are perfectly white; others have the
+extremities of the branches reddish, some brown, and others almost
+black. The common coralline moss in Lapland not unfrequently grows to
+be several inches long, and even a foot high.
+
+The tubular or hollow branched coralline mosses are not the only
+kinds upon which the rein-deer will feed. Almost all the lichens
+are abundantly more plentiful in those northern, than in these more
+southerly climates. There are several species with solid branches; one,
+which Dillenius calls _The crisp warty Alpine coralloides_[88], which
+is almost as plentiful as the common sort, and is equally acceptable
+to those animals[89]. It was before observed, that, in defect of these
+mosses, the black _mane usnea_ is a substitute equally acceptable to
+those animals.
+
+Another of the most remarkable and useful plants of this division
+is the _orchel_[90], or _argol_, as it is commonly called. This
+enters more into œconomical uses among us than any other of the whole
+genus. How considerable an article it forms in the dying trade, in
+which its uses are various and extensive, is very well known. Its
+tinging property has been known from ancient times; and some of our
+most celebrated botanic writers are of opinion, that it was used as a
+dye even in the days of Theophrastus. That father of botany mentions
+a _fucus_, which, he says, grew upon the rocks about the island of
+Crete; and that they dyed woollen garments of a purple, or rather a red
+colour, with it. It grows on the rocks by the sea-coast in many parts
+of the Archipelago, and in the Canary Islands; from whence we generally
+import it, as well as from the Cape Verd, which afford it in plenty.
+The demand for _orchel_ is so great, that Mr. Hellot[91], of the Royal
+Academy of Sciences, informs us, they gather yearly, upon an average,
+from the isle of Teneriffe 500 quintals, which amounts to 25 ton
+weight; from the Canary Islands 400 quintals, from Forteventura 300,
+from Lancerota 300, the same from Gomera, and from Ferro 800.
+
+The way of manufacturing the _orchel_ for the uses of dying, was for
+a considerable time a secret in few hands; but it is now done in
+London, and other parts of Europe, to great perfection. Mr. Ray, from
+Imperatus, gives a brief account of the process[92]. Micheli has since
+delivered a more exact detail of it. His, at least, seems to be the
+method[93], which the dyers at Florence used. From both these accounts,
+urine and pot-ash appear to be the principal ingredients used in
+extracting its colour.
+
+Many other plants of this genus contain the same tophaceous matter as
+the _orchel_; and upon trial have been found to strike a good colour.
+Micheli, after he has related the preparation of the _orchel_, suggests
+the same thing; and M. Hellot, in the treatise before mentioned, tells
+us, there are many other mosses, which will give as good a colour as
+the _orchel_. In fact, he adds, that M. Bernard de Jussieu brought him
+some from the forest of Fontainbleau, which, upon experiments with
+urine and lime, took a purple colour. In the sequel of this memoir we
+shall point out some of these kinds. M. Hellot has given us a process,
+which he made use of for discovering whether any of these lichens
+would yield a red or purple colour. It is as follows: “Put about two
+drachms of any of these lichens into a little glass jar: moisten it
+well with equal parts of strong lime-water, and volatile spirit of _sal
+ammoniac_; tie a wet bladder close over the top of the vessel, and let
+it stand three or four days. At the end of this time, if the lichen
+is likely to answer, that small quantity of liquor, which you will
+find in the glass, will be of a deep crimson red; and the plant will
+retain the same colour when the liquor is all dried up. If neither the
+liquor nor the plant have taken any colour, it is needless to make any
+further trials with it.” This process is simple and easy, and well
+worth observation by all who are disposed to prosecute experiments of
+this nature: and indeed it is worth the trial, whether several lichens,
+which we have plentifully enough in England, would not answer in this
+respect.
+
+
+3. Lichenes pyxidati.
+
+_Such as consist of a firm tough flexible matter, formed into simple
+tubular stalks, whose tops are expanded into the form of little cups._
+
+This division contains the cup-mosses of authors; the second order of
+_coralloides_ of Dillenius; great part of the first order of lichens in
+Haller; the 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th order in Micheli; and the _lichenes
+schyphiferi_ of Linnæus. Dr. Hill has constituted a genus intirely of
+these cup-mosses, under the name of _pyxidium_.
+
+They are common with us on heaths, and other dry and barren places.
+Some of them are proliferous, even to the third degree, and form a very
+beautiful appearance. Some have tubercles on the edges of the cups, of
+a beautiful scarlet colour.
+
+The cup-moss[94] was a long time in great and established use for
+coughs, and especially for the whooping cough in children; for which
+it was long accounted a specific. To this end it was given in various
+forms. Gerard and Parkinson recommend the powder to be taken for
+several days together. Dr. Willis was particularly one of its patrons.
+He has given us[95] several forms for its exhibition, as that of the
+powder, a decoction, and a syrup from it.
+
+The present practice has quite exploded it, and very justly perhaps, as
+in any degree specific in the above disorder. Nevertheless, it seems to
+have sustained that character with as great a reputation, and perhaps
+with as good a title to it, as almost any of the specifics of that age.
+It has been observed before, on another occasion, that this tribe of
+mosses have in general an astringent property; as such, the cup-mosses
+are consequently of a strengthening nature: it is no wonder, therefore,
+that they should be helpful in this disorder, merely as corroborants.
+That they were useful in some measure can scarcely be doubted; and
+our very eminent Dr. Huxham[96], in treating upon this obstinate
+complaint, seems to allow this of the cup-moss in preference to other
+idle specifics. Happily for us, the Peruvian bark supplies a remedy of
+infinitely more use, where such analeptics are required.
+
+Dr. Lister, in some ingenious observations of his, printed in the
+Philosophical Transactions[97], touching colours and dyes, observes,
+that the scarlet heads of these mosses, upon the affusion of lye, will
+strike a purple which will stand.
+
+
+4. Lichenes crustacei.
+
+_Such as consist of a dry and friable matter, more or less thick,
+formed into flat crusts, very closely adhering to whatever they grow
+upon._
+
+Some of the species of this division consist of an exceeding fine thin
+crustaceous, or rather, as Micheli calls it, farinaceous matter, the
+fructifications appearing in the form of tubercles. Others consist of
+a thicker scabrous crust, having the fructifications in the form of
+little cups, called _scutellæ_.
+
+This division contains the first order of the _lichenoides_ of
+Dillenius; the 5th, 6th, and 7th orders of Haller’s lichens; the
+_lichenes leprosi_ and _crustacei_ of Linnæus; and several of the
+_placodium_ of Hill.
+
+The species are numerous, and most of them very common on rocks,
+stones, old walls, the bark of trees, old pales, _&c._ which are
+commonly covered over with them, in undisturbed places. They form a
+very agreeable variety, and some of them have a very elegant appearance.
+
+Dr. Dillenius describes a species of this order, which he found upon
+the tops of the mountains in Caernarvonshire in Wales; and which the
+inhabitants told him they used as a red dye, and found it preferable
+to the cork, or arcel, which they call _kenkerig_. He has intitled it,
+in English, _The white tartareous scarlet-dying lichenoides_[98]. He
+is of opinion, that this is the moss which Martin mentions, in his
+account of the Western Islands of Scotland, under the name of _corkir_;
+with which the inhabitants of the island of Sky dye a scarlet colour.
+They prepare it by drying, powdering it, and then steeping it for three
+weeks in urine. Linnæus queries whether this moss be not the same as
+his _lichen calcareus_[99]; a species so peculiar to limestone rocks,
+that where-ever that stone occurs among others, it may be distinguished
+at the first view by this moss growing upon it. This is a singularity
+which Dr. Dillenius has not mentioned in his moss: on the other hand,
+Linnæus does not mention any tinging property in his.
+
+The _pérèlle d’Auvergne_, or _orseille de terre_, of the French,
+belongs to this order of lichens, and is called by Dillenius[100] _The
+crayfish-eye-like lichenoides_. It is gathered in large quantities in
+the province of Auvergne, and is used as _orchel_; to which however
+it is greatly inferior. They prepare it with lime and urine; and were
+acquainted with its use as a dye long before the Canary weed was
+known[101] to them; and it is at this day in more common use than
+the _orchel_. We have it frequent with us upon old walls, rocks, and
+stones; but it is to be had in larger quantities in several other parts
+of Europe.
+
+The mealy tartareous _lichenoides_[102] with brown dishes, forms an
+article of trade with the people of West Gothland. They manufacture
+a beautiful red dye from it, which they sell under the name of
+_byttelet_[103]. Dr. Hill says we have this moss abundantly in
+Leicestershire and Warwickshire.
+
+The Welch make a red dye, with urine, from another moss of this order,
+which Dillenius describes[104] by the name of _The large leprous
+lichenoides with yellow plates_. These are not the only species, which
+are endowed with a tinging quality: other kinds have been observed to
+give a red or purple colour to paper in which they have occasionally
+been inclosed. Doubtless several would, upon sufficient trials, be
+found to answer equally well with the _orchel_.
+
+With regard to these crustaceous mosses in general, it is highly
+worthy our regard, that in the œconomy of nature they answer singular
+and important uses. To an unobserving eye, no class of vegetables may
+appear more insignificant, or less adapted to advantageous purposes
+in the creation, than these. This vulgar estimation of things is
+frequently erroneous; and it is certainly so in the instance before
+us. These minute and seemingly insignificant mosses serve, under some
+circumstances, to valuable purposes. No sooner is a rock left bare by
+the sea, but these lichens lay the foundation for its future fertility.
+Their seeds, which are presently brought thither by the winds, soon
+cover it all over. These corrupting, presently afford a soil sufficient
+to nourish other smaller mosses; which, in their turn, form one deep
+enough for larger plants and trees; and thus the rock becomes a fertile
+island[105].
+
+
+5. Lichenes foliacei scutellati.
+
+_Such as consist of a more lax and flexible matter, formed into a
+foliaceous appearance, having the parts of fructification in the form
+of_ scutellæ.
+
+Some of the plants of this division are interspersed with the former
+in some of the systems of botanic authors. In general this division
+contains the whole first series of the second order of _lichenoides_
+in Dillenius; the first division of the second series, and the latter
+part of the second division, of the same: it comprehends the _lichenes
+imbricati_ and _umbilicati_ of Linnæus; and many of the _placodium_ of
+Hill.
+
+The plants of this order are many of them not less common in England
+than the foregoing, on rocks, stones, old pales, trees, _&c._ Some
+adhere very closely to what they grow upon, and seem to be only
+foliaceous about the edges: others adhere but loosely, and are much
+expanded and divaricated, so as to form something like ramifications.
+
+It was remarked, from Linnæus’s observation, that one of the
+crustaceous lichens was scarcely ever found growing but upon limestone
+rocks. On the contrary, the same author has observed of a foliose
+lichen belonging to this order, that it will thrive on all kind of
+rocks but limestone rocks. This species[106] Dillenius calls _The
+common grey-blue pitted lichenoides_. It is very common with us upon
+trees, old wooden pales, _&c._ as well as upon rocks and stones. It is
+the _usnea cranii humani_ of the old _materia medica_. Linnæus adds,
+that it will dye a purplish colour.
+
+Hither likewise must be referred the cork or arcel[107], which is
+used by the Scotch, and others, to dye a purple or scarlet colour.
+The preparation of it is by powdering, and making it into a mass with
+urine. Parkinson tells us[108] the poor people in Derbyshire scrape
+it from the rocks, and make the same use of it. Mr. Ray[109] adds to
+this account, that the Welch, who call it _kenkerig_, have long been
+acquainted with this property, and have it in common use. The colour
+from this moss is but very dull; but if the same methods were taken
+to improve it, as have been with the _orchel_, it would undoubtedly
+be rendered much better, and more durable. Linnæus relates[110], that
+there is an immense quantity of this moss about the rocks of the isle
+of Aland in the Baltick; where the good women themselves make a yellow
+dye with it from a simple decoction of the plant, without the addition
+of any saline article. He adds, that those, who would heighten the
+colour, add a small quantity of _roucou_[111] to the decoction.
+
+Professor Linnæus tells us, that the Gothlanders manufacture a yellow
+dye from the common curled _lichenoides_ with yellow leaves and
+plates[112]. He adds, that it is a celebrated medicine in the esteem
+of the country people, as a specific in the jaundice[113]. Helwingius,
+in the Supplement to the _Flora Prussica_, affirms, that this moss
+will tinge paper and linen of a lively carnation colour, which too
+will stand the test of being exposed to the open sun for a long time
+without fading. It seems very probable, however, that he must mean some
+other plant of this genus, as Dillenius tells us he made the experiment
+unsuccessfully.
+
+Sweden affords a moss of this order, which, as far as hitherto appears,
+seems to be unknown to former botanists, and which Linnæus says will
+dye a deep purple colour[114].
+
+
+6. Lichenes erecti ramosi plani.
+
+_Such as consist of a firm tough matter, disposed into flat and thin
+ramifications growing erect, and bearing their scutellæ upon the edges,
+surfaces, and at the extremities._
+
+This division comprehends the flat branched tree-mosses of authors;
+many of the fourth order of Haller’s lichens; the first part of the
+second division of series the second in Dillenius; and the _platisma_
+of Hill.
+
+The plants of this division grow upon old trees, especially in thick
+and unfrequented woods; some of them upon rocks: they are many of them
+extremely common in England upon all kinds of trees. As they were some
+of the most obvious, so they were some of the first lichens noticed by
+the old writers, by whom they were called _lichenes arborum_.
+
+The mosses of this order were substituted in the room of the _usnea_
+in the composition of the _pulvis cyprius_. The very species, which
+was most frequently used for this purpose, was the channel-leaved
+_lichenoides_ of Dillenius[115], on account of its being easily reduced
+into a fine powder, of a good white colour. Nevertheless, others are
+undoubtedly as well adapted to the same purposes: and, if it was of
+importance enough to employ them to any purposes of the like nature in
+our own country, they might be procured in sufficient plenty.
+
+One of the plants of this order is applicable to the same uses as
+the Canary-weed, and is reckoned not much inferior to it; and as it
+is found in the same places, it is very often packed up with it in
+considerable quantities. Dillenius calls it _The flat dyers lichenoides
+with longer and sharper horns_[116]. It is truly and properly a plant
+of the lichen genus, tho’ the older writers of the last century
+called it a fucus. They were led into this mistake by its having flat
+ramifications, and from its growing on the rocks by the sea side. It is
+found in the East Indies upon trees, and is frequent on the coasts of
+the Mediterranean, as well as about the Canary Islands.
+
+
+7. Lichenes peltati.
+
+_Such as consist of a tough or coriaceous matter, disposed into a
+foliaceous appearance; on the edges of which, in general, the parts of
+fructification are placed, in the form of flattish oblong bodies, in
+these mosses called_ shields _or_ pelts.
+
+This division contains the third series of the second order of
+Dillenius’s _lichenoides_; the _lichenes coriacei_ of Linnæus; and
+several of the _placodium_ of Hill.
+
+That celebrated and well-known plant, the ash-coloured ground
+liverwort[117] of Ray belongs to this order. It is very common all over
+England on dry and barren ground; and indeed almost all Europe, and
+America too, seems to afford it in sufficient plenty, as we find it
+observed by almost all the botanic writers since Ray, who was one of
+the first that described it.
+
+The earliest account we have of its use for the bite of a mad dog is in
+the Philosophical Transactions[118], from Mr. Dampier, in whose family
+it had been a secret for a number of years. It was communicated first
+to Sir Hans Sloane, as a kind of fungus, or Jew’s-ear; and, at the
+request of Dr. Mead, was some years afterwards received into the London
+dispensatory. Scarce any of the boasted specifics of former ages ever
+acquired so great reputation as this plant has done in modern times,
+for its prevalence against the bite of a mad dog; and the patronage
+of the late learned Dr. Mead made it sufficiently known throughout
+all the world. Happy would it be indeed, if it fully deserved the
+high encomiums, which have been bestowed upon it. A great and eminent
+physician[119] has doubted its efficacy at all in such cases; and
+it is well known, that Boerhaave even laughed at it. Dr. Mead had
+certainly an high opinion of it: he tells us it never failed, thro’
+the course of thirty years experience, where it was duly given before
+the _hydrophobia_ came on[120]. Later instances have shewn, that it is
+not infallible; and Dr. Van Swieten’s supposition is but too likely
+to prove true. It must be confessed, that Dr. Mead’s exhibition of it
+seems too much complicated with other means to leave room for judging
+fully of its real efficacy; and it may really be questioned, whether
+bleeding, pepper, and cold-bathing, have not had more to do in the case
+than the lichen.
+
+The _muscus pulmonarius officinarum_[121], tree-lungwort, or oak-lungs,
+belongs to this order. It is found about old oaks, and upon rocks and
+stones overgrown with moss, in many of our thick woods in England; but
+not in any great plenty.
+
+Few, perhaps, of the antiquated simples were in more repute, in their
+day, than this plant. It was celebrated for ages, on account of its
+supposed prevalence in pulmonary complaints of almost all kinds; and
+yet, upon inquiry into the original of its use in such cases, it would
+probably appear, that it arose more from a fansied resemblance they
+found in the plant to the lungs themselves, than from any real and
+well-grounded proofs of its efficacy. As a gentle astringent, like most
+other species of the family, it would doubtless contribute to relieve
+in many cases where the lungs were affected, as in _hæmoptoës_, and
+some others: but it does not seem, by any means, to deserve that high
+character in medicine which has been given to it.
+
+The people in Herefordshire, where this moss is called _rags_, dye
+their stockings of a brown colour with it. This is done by a very
+strong but simple decoction in water, and the colour stands well[122].
+
+The fine green _lichenoides_ with black warts[123], is a celebrated
+medicine, and in very frequent use, with the country people about
+Upsal, for the thrush in children: to this end they give an infusion
+of it in milk. A medicine of this kind is of great importance in those
+countries, where that disorder occurs much more frequently than with
+us[124]. It is not received into the Swedish dispensatory; but is known
+however in the shops, under the name of _muscus cumatilis_. We have it
+not in England; and Dillenius found it but in one place about Geissen:
+in the woods of Sweden it is more plentiful. A singular case, which
+is related in the _Amænitates Academicæ_[125], has given rise to an
+opinion of its usefulness in the worms also. The case briefly was this:
+A country girl had, for near half a year, complained of excruciating
+pains in her stomach and bowels, which were attended with vomiting,
+anxiety, and great watchfulness. All that had been prescribed for her
+by Professor Linnæus and others, who took her case for the worms,
+proved altogether fruitless. Being afterwards left to the care of her
+neighbours and relations, some good women gave her a decoction of this
+moss, which the Uplanders call _elfnefwer_. After she had taken it a
+few days, she vomited up six or seven roundish worms, and was cured.
+These were found, upon examination, to be the maggots of a kind of
+brown bee-fly, described by Mr. Ray[126], and by Linnæus[127].
+
+However insufficient this history may be, to prove the usefulness of
+this plant as a vermifuge, it will at least serve to exemplify this
+fact; namely, that other animals of the insect kind, besides the
+_teniæ_, _lumbrici_, and _ascarides_, may subsist a long time in the
+_primæ viæ_ of the human body, and be the cause of great disturbances
+therein[128].
+
+Necessity is frequently the parent of the most useful and important
+discoveries: and the uses to which a plant of this order is
+appropriated by the natives of Iceland, is a standing proof of the
+truth of this observation. That climate will scarcely permit the
+cultivation of any kind of grain; but the want of it is in a great
+measure happily supplied by the eryngo-leaved _lichenoides_[129], which
+is abundant in the northern regions; and in that island particularly
+the natives have long been acquainted with the methods of applying it
+both to the purposes of food and of physic.
+
+Ray has long since informed us[130], from Bartholine, that in the
+spring time, while it is young, it will purge; in consequence of which
+it is used as common spring physic. This quality it loses in a short
+time; and what serves for physic in the spring, is converted the
+remaining part of the year into food. They collect large quantities
+of it, grind it into meal, and make both pottage and bread of it. It
+is in common use not only with the islanders, but in several parts
+of Sweden also, where it is found to be a very appropriate diet in
+phthisical cases[131]. These accounts of the excellent use of this
+lichen correspond perfectly well with the last accounts of it in Mr.
+Horrebow’s Natural History of Iceland, just published; and which I
+shall take the liberty of transcribing as follows: “There is another
+herb, called _muscus catharticus islandiæ_, or mountain-grass, which
+they cook up into a delicate dish. I have often eat of it; at first out
+of curiosity, but afterwards for its palateableness and wholesomeness.
+The excellent qualities of this herb are described in the Memoires
+of the Society of Arts and Sciences in Sweden. It grows in great
+abundance; and those that live near the places, where it is found,
+gather great quantities for their own use, and to send to market.
+People that live at a great distance will send and fetch horse-loads
+away. Many use no meal or flour at all, when they are stocked with this
+herb, which in every respect is good and wholesome food”[132].
+
+This moss is not very common in the southern countries of Europe.
+England affords it but very sparingly. Mr. Newton and Dr. Dillenius
+found it in Wales; Sibbald, in Scotland. It is frequent on the Alps of
+Switzerland; and Dr. Haller mentions it in his _Iter Hercynium_. Sweden
+and Lapland have it in plenty: and on account of its great abundance
+and usefulness in Iceland, Bartholine, and after him others, called it
+_muscus islandicus_.
+
+
+CONCLUSION.
+
+I cannot help remarking, by way of conclusion, that we have in this
+genus of plants a convincing instance of the utility which may
+result from the study of natural science in general, and even of
+its minuter and hitherto most neglected branches. From a view of
+the foregoing memoir it is evident, I presume, that the œconomical
+uses of the lichens, in the various parts of the world, are already
+very considerable and important: and altho’ it does not appear, that
+the sensible qualities of any of them, or the experience of former
+ages, will warrant our ascertaining any singular powers to them in a
+medicinal way, yet posterity will doubtless find the means of employing
+them to many valuable purposes in human life to us unknown.
+
+It will at once be acknowleged, that the vegetable kingdom supplies
+us with the far greater share of the necessaries, the conveniences,
+and even the elegancies, of life. The cultivation of that knowlege,
+which leads to the investigation of its subjects, cannot, therefore,
+but be highly useful and necessary: and altho’ the bare science of
+natural knowlege is of itself worthy of applause, yet it ought to
+be considered, in reality, as the necessary means only of applying
+the subjects of nature’s kingdoms to their true ends and purposes,
+the service of mankind. To know and distinguish, by determined and
+specific characters, even but a small share of that amazing multitude
+of objects, with which the great Parent of nature has furnished our
+globe, is a task far more than equal to the duration of human life. To
+investigate and ascertain their various qualities and uses is equally
+arduous and impracticable. While the naturalists, therefore, are
+employed in distinguishing the forms of things, let others exert the
+united efforts of genius and application to investigate their various
+properties and uses. I need not say the field for both is boundless:
+it doubtless will be so for ages yet to come. The hopes of discovering
+some latent property, which may turn out to the advantage of his
+fellow creatures, will animate the man, whose mind is truly formed for
+relishing the pleasures of natural science; and however the result may
+be, the inspection and contemplation of nature’s productions will ever
+afford that satisfaction, which will amply repay him for his trouble.
+The minuter, and, as they are commonly estimated, the most abject and
+insignificant things are not beneath our notice; and an attentive mind
+will readily conceive how much farther, and more extensively useful,
+every branch of nature’s kingdom may yet prove in the œconomy of
+human life. The man, therefore, whom a genius and love for natural
+history has allured into its pursuits, and whose leisure permits his
+gratification in such researches, if he is not happy enough to be
+crowned with success, at least deserves it, and merits the thanks of
+his fellow-creatures for his application and diligence.
+
+
+
+
+XCII. _An Account of the fossile Bones of an Allegator, found on
+the Sea-shore, near_ Whitby _in_ Yorkshire. _In a Letter to_ John
+Fothergill, _M. D. from Capt._ William Chapman.
+
+ Whitby, 20th of 1st mo. 1758.
+
+[Read May. 4, 1758.]
+
+A Few days since we discovered on the sea-shore, about half a mile from
+this place, part of the bones of an animal, appearing as in the annexed
+figure (_See_ TAB. XXII.). The ground they laid in is what we call
+allum-rock; a kind of black slate, that may be taken up in flakes, and
+is continually wearing away by the surf of the sea, and the washing of
+stones, sand, _&c._ over it every tide.
+
+The bones were covered five or six feet with the water every full
+sea, and were about nine or ten yards from the cliff, which is nearly
+perpendicular, and about sixty yards high, and is continually wearing
+away, by the washing of the sea against it; and, if I may judge by
+what has happened in my own memory, it must have extended beyond
+these bones less than a century ago. There are several regular strata
+or layers of stone, of some yards thickness, that run along the cliff,
+nearly parallel to the horizon and to one another. I mention this to
+obviate an objection, that this animal may have been upon the surface,
+and in a series of years may have sunk down to where it lay; which will
+now appear impossible, at least when the stones, _&c._ have had their
+present consistence.
+
+[Illustration: _Philos. Trans. Vol. L._ TAB. XXII(b) _p. 689_.
+
+_J. Mynde sc._]
+
+
+_References to the Draught._
+
+_A_, _B_, _C_, the head and bill, not in the same line or range with
+the rest of the bones.
+
+_a_, _b_, A bone, with its processes, which I take to be similar to
+that, which includes the brain in fishes. The part between the bone and
+outlines appeared to be a smooth membrane; but was so thin, that in
+taking up it broke.
+
+ It is evident this is the upper part of the head inverted.
+
+_B_, _C_, the superior _maxilla_ intire, and in some places covered
+with the inferior one for four or five inches together. Where this
+happens, the vacuity is filled with matter like the rock in which it
+lays; and there are large teeth in each jaw, at such distances, and so
+posited, that those in one jaw fill up the vacuities in the other, and
+appear like one continued row, the mouth being shut.
+
+ Where there is only the superior _maxilla_ remaining, there are
+ no teeth; but the sockets are visible and deep, and at the same
+ distances from each other as the teeth in the other part of the jaw.
+ The tip or extremity of the bill was intire for four or five inches,
+ having both _maxillæ_, with their teeth, and towards the point large
+ fangs. Part of the bill and head were covered with the rock; which
+ was removed before they appeared as in the figure.
+
+_A_, _D_, _F_, _G_, cavities in the rock, about two inches deep, where,
+I suppose, the wanting _vertebræ_ have laid, as they are exactly suited
+to have received them.
+
+_D_, _F_, Ten _vertebræ_, from three to four half inches in diameter,
+and about three inches long, some of them separated in taking up. They
+were about two inches in the rock.
+
+_E,_ Here we observed something like bone to stretch from the
+_vertebræ_, and intending to take it up whole, begun to cut at what
+we thought a proper distance; but found we cut thro’ a bone; and with
+the _vertebræ_ brought up three or four inches of the _os femoris_,
+with the ball, covered with the _periosteum_: but the animal has been
+so crushed hereabouts, that we could make little of the socket or _os
+innominata_. Several of the ribs came up with the _vertebræ_: they were
+broke, and laid parallel to the _vertebræ_; but not quite close, there
+being some of the rock between them. The _periosteum_ is visible on
+many of the bones.
+
+_G_, _H_, Twelve _vertebræ_ remaining in the rock, with which they are
+almost covered, especially towards the extremity.
+
+The place, where these bones lay, was frequently covered with sea-sand,
+to the depth of two feet, and seldom quite bare; which was the occasion
+of their being rarely seen: but being informed that they had been
+discovered by some people two or three years ago, we had one of them
+with us upon the spot, who told us, that when he first saw it, it
+was intire, and had two short legs on that part of the _vertebræ_
+wanting towards the head. Altho’ we could not suspect the veracity of
+this person, we thought he was mistaken; for we had hitherto taken
+it for a fish. But when we took it up, and found the _os femoris_
+above-mentioned, we had cause to believe his relation true, and to rank
+this animal amongst those of the lizard kind: by the length (something
+more than ten feet) it seems to have been an allegator; but I shall be
+glad to have thy opinion about it.
+
+ I am thy friend,
+ William Chapman _Sen._
+
+_The bones were sent up, and are herewith presented to the Royal
+Society by_
+
+ J. Fothergill.
+
+
+
+
+XCIII. _De rariori quadam_ Orthoceratitis _Specie, in_ Suecia _reperta,
+tractatus; in literis a_ Nicholao de Himsel, _M. D._ Riga Livono, _ad_
+Gul. Watson, _M. D. R.SS._
+
+[Read May 11, 1758.]
+
+ORthoceratiti recti in loco quodam Kelwika dicto, prope Fahlunam in
+Dahlia, reperti. Inhærebant lapidi cineracei coloris calcareo, variæ
+magnitudinis orthoceratiti, quorum portiones hic delineatas describo.
+
+
+_Vide_ TAB. XXIII.
+
+_Fig. A._ Orthoceratitis portio, cujus pars inferior saxo adhuc
+adhæret; ex lapide calcareo constans lente in apicem decrescens.
+Licet ex parvis ejus fragmentis judicari possit, cylindrum esse
+orthoceratitem, ea tamen si conjunguntur, verum formant conum, et mihi
+videtur ex crassitie siphonis, orthoceratitem hunc conicum duos fere
+superavisse pedes. Vidi orthoceratitem in alio lapide calcareo, quem
+etiam ibidem loci, Kelwikæ, reperi, longitudine duorum cum semisse
+pedum: sed impossibile erat, integrum eum excutere, nimis enim fragile
+erat. Est portio hæc orthoceratitis testa sua ambiente vestita in _a b
+c_. Quinque conspiciuntur articuli, thalami quondam, arctissime sibi
+invicem insidentes, per quos a latere procedit sipho _m n_ sat crassus,
+qui in omnibus fere, quas possideo portionibus orthoceratitarum, a
+centro semper remotus, hic ad peripheriam positus conspicitur. Sipho
+admodum lente decrescit, ex quo etiam de longitudine coni hujus
+judicare licet. Crustæ vel testæ _a b c_ interior pars, quæ articulos
+tegit, crysstallina est, ex spati crystallis tenuioribus irregularibus
+constans.
+
+[Illustration: _Philos. Trans. Vol. L._ TAB. XXIII. _p. 692_.
+
+_J. Mynde sc._]
+
+_Fig. B._ Portio alia, in qua articuli minus crassi; sipho quoque ad
+peripheriam positus, testa sua in _a_ tecta. Conspicitur septum illud
+testaceum in _b_, communi tenuior, quod ab ipso articulo superiori
+procedens, siphonis partem _r s_ investit.
+
+_Fig. B, C._ Portio orthoceratitis ex lapide calcareo cineracei
+coloris: sipho vero, fluore spatoso egregie crystallisato, constat.
+
+_Fig. C._ Portio alia per axin divisa, cujus pars exterior, testa quæ
+striis circularibus levioribus externe ornata, investita conspicitur.
+
+ Ex parte interiori _Fig. D._ confirmatio ejus interna adparet. Sipho
+_x z_ gracilior, inter centrum et peripheriam positus, dimidia parte
+ambiente articulo denudatus adparet; dimidia altera, inferiori articulo
+_c d e_ tegitur. Articulus _a b_ spato crystallisato pellucido polygono
+repletus est. Articulus _c d e_ vero, saxo spatoso incarnato paululum
+repletus est. _x_. Siphonis pars superior, ubi radii a peripheria ad
+centrum tendentes conspiciuntur. Inter crystallos spatosos in articulo
+_a b_ striæ hinc et inde adparent nigræ, asphalto repletæ; ita etiam
+cavitas articuli _a b_, æque ac superficies convexa articuli _c e_, quæ
+in primam concavam recipitur, lamina asphalti vestitæ sunt.
+
+_Fig. E._ Pars alia orthoceratitis majoris, et quidem facies exterior.
+
+_Fig. F._ Facies ejus interior, in medio divisi, cum siphone transeunte
+satis crasso. _a b c_ et reliquæ striæ leves, sunt diaphragmata,
+articulos _a b_ invicem separantia, siphonem proprie constituentia,
+siphonisque tenuiorem membranam, quæ in _o_ et _p_ adhuc conspicitur,
+ambientia. Sunt diaphragmata hæc crassiora in siphonis vestigiis, et
+sibi invicem ab inferiori parte insident. Sipho hic inter centrum et
+peripheriam positus est.
+
+_Fig. G._ Materies calcarea, quæ siphonem replevit striata, et quidem
+pars ejus interior, qua centrum orthoceratitis respicit, peripheriæ
+opposita.
+
+_Fig. H._ Facies posterior, peripheriæ propior.
+
+_Fig. I._ Pars concava articuli majoris orthoceratitis, in qua
+diaphragmatis testacei jam crystallisati portiunculæ albicantes _m n r_
+conspiciuntur cum siphone transeunte.
+
+_Fig. K._ Portio alia orthoceratitis majoris, ejusque facies
+exterior, cum siphone _g_ ad peripheriam posito. Conspiciuntur his
+diaphragmata, quæ ab utroque latere, ab articulis procedunt, se invicem
+conjungunt, et siphonem ab exteriori parte obtegunt. _a_ est testæ
+satis crassæ portiuncula, qua portio hæc orthoceratitis vestita adhuc
+est.
+
+
+
+
+XCIV. _A further Account of the Effects of Electricity in the Cure of
+some Diseases[133]: In a Letter from Mr._ Patrick Brydone _to Dr._
+Robert Whytt, _Professor of Medicine in the University of_ Edinburgh,
+_and F.R.S._
+
+ Coldinghame, January 9th, 1758.
+
+[Read May 11, 1758.]
+
+A Young woman of Aiton, a village about two miles from this place, had
+her right leg drawn back by a contraction of the muscles that bend the
+knee, so that she had not been able to put that foot to the ground
+for near a twelvemonth. She had taken the advice of some Surgeons in
+the country, and had used several remedies to no purpose. At last,
+hearing of the cure of the paralytic woman, whose case I sent you
+some time ago, she insisted on being brought hither; and underwent a
+course of electrical shocks for near two months, receiving every day
+at least fifty or sixty in the following manner. She sat close by the
+machine, and grasping the phial in her hand, she presented the wire to
+the barrel or conductor, and drew the sparks from it for about half a
+minute. The phial being thus charged, she then touched her knee with
+the wire, and thereby received such severe strokes, as would sometimes
+instantly raise a blister on the part. The joint was at last so much
+relaxed, as that she could walk home with the help of a crutch, tho’
+her leg was so weak, that she had very little use of it. After she had
+continued in this state for some weeks, she was advised to use the cold
+bath: but that soon brought back the contraction; and I have been since
+informed that she was worse than ever.
+
+
+A soldier’s wife, a genteel looking woman, of about 30 years of age,
+was seized with a slight palsy, about Newcastle, on her way to this
+country: but before she got to this place, she had lost all the feeling
+in her left side, and so far the power of it, that she was brought to
+us in a cart. After receiving 600 strokes from the electrical machine
+in the usual way, and in the space of two days, she recovered the use
+of her side, and set out on foot to make out the rest of her journey.
+However, for fear of a relapse, I gave her a recommendatory letter
+to Mr. Sommer, Surgeon at Haddington, as she was to pass thro’ that
+town, and as I knew that he was likewise provided with an electrical
+apparatus.
+
+
+A young woman from _Home_, a village in this shire, but at a good
+distance, complained of a coldness and insensibility in her left hand
+and wrist, of two years standing. When I felt that hand, it was as cold
+as a stone, whilst the other was sweating; and she told me, that it
+never had been warmer all that time. I made her draw the sparks from
+an egg (which for some other purpose was suspended by a wire from the
+conductor) for about half an hour; and at the end of that time I found
+the dead hand in a far greater sweat than the other. She then wrapt
+it up in a piece of flannel, as she used to do, and retired. Next day
+she told me, that since the operation she had been able to put off and
+on her cloaths without help, which she had not been able to do for a
+twelvemonth before. She was again electrised; and believing she was
+then quite well, she went away: but some weeks after, upon the coldness
+of her hand beginning to return, she made me another visit, was again
+electrised, and was dismissed a second time apparently cured. This is
+about two months ago, and I have heard nothing of her since.
+
+
+As these two last women are at such a distance, I cannot pretend to
+send you their own testimony of their cure. But for the two cases in
+the separate paper, as the persons are inhabitants of this place, I
+have taken care that they themselves should sign them, along with my
+father; since you have acquainted me, that accounts of this kind should
+have the attestation both of the patients and the minister of the
+parish.
+
+I shall only add here, that several persons have been relieved of
+rheumatic pains, by electrising the parts affected. And a woman
+was cured of a deafness of six months standing, contracted, as she
+imagined, by cold. This woman held the phial in her hand, whilst
+another person standing on a cake of resin gave her the shock, by
+putting the end of the wire into her ear. This manner of electrising
+brought always on a profuse sweat over the head, which we encouraged,
+by wrapping it up in flannel. The first day she came here, she could
+scarce hear what was spoken by those about her; but in five days she
+seemed to be perfectly cured.
+
+ I am, _&c._
+ Patrick Brydone.
+
+
+_Copy of the separate Paper before mentioned._
+
+Robert Haigs, of Coldinghame, a labouring man of about 45, after having
+been for ten days ill of a regular tertian ague, at my desire underwent
+the electrical shocks in the common way. After having received about
+thirty or forty very severe ones, he grew pale, and staggering for
+several steps, would have fallen down, had he not been supported. He
+then fell into a sweat, which continued near half an hour. I desired
+him to come back the next morning, immediately before the fit, which
+he said came on about ten o’clock. He accordingly came, and told me he
+had not the usual symptoms preceding the fit. He was that day again
+strongly electrised; and has been without any aguish symptom ever
+since; _viz._ for the space of four months.
+
+The truth of this is attested by
+
+ ROBERT HAIGS, _the person cured_.
+ ROBᵗ. BRYDONE, _Minister of Coldinghame_.
+
+
+Ann Torry, of Coldinghame, a young woman of about 20, had a regular
+tertian (being the first time she ever had the ague) for near a
+fortnight. The fit came on early in the morning. She was electrised on
+her well day in the afternoon; and the next morning, having had only a
+slight shivering, she was electrised again about ten o’ clock, and has
+had no symptom of the ague since; _viz._ for three months.
+
+The above is attested by
+
+ ANN TORRY, _the person cured_.
+ ROBᵗ. BRYDONE, _Minister of Coldinghame_.
+
+
+
+
+XCV. _An Account of the Black Assize at_ Oxford, _from the Register of_
+Merton College _in that University. Communicated by_ John Ward, _LL. D.
+With some additional Remarks._
+
+_Anno nono_ D. Bickley _Custodis_, 1577.
+
+[Read May 25, 1758.]
+
+VIcessimo[134] primo Julii in vestiario Dñus custos et octo Seniores
+dispensarunt cum _Decreto de concione et appictantia habendis, die
+Dominico post festum Sᵗⁱ Petri ad vincula_; ne vocata et conveniente
+turba, morbus ille, qui ante quinque dies quamplurimos infestarat,
+dissipatior et periculosior fiat. Etenim 15, 16, et 17, hujus Julii
+aegrotant plus minus trecenti homines; et infra duodecim dierum spatium
+mortui sunt (ne quid errem) centum scholares, praeter cives non paucos.
+Tempus sine dubio calamitosissimum et luctu plenum. Nam quidam
+lectos differentes[135], agitati nescio quo morbi et doloris furore,
+suos custodes baculis caedunt et abigunt; alii per areas et plateas
+insanientium more circumcursant; alii in profundam aquarum praecipites
+insiliunt; nemo tamen, summo Deo gratia, desperanter perit. Franguntur
+omnium animi. Fugiunt medici, non propter necessitatem fratrum, sed
+propter se et cistas creati. Relinquuntur miseri. Domini, doctores,
+et collegiorum praefecti, ad unum pene omnes abeunt. Custos noster,
+longe omnium vigilantissimus, domi apud nos manet; in aegrotis omnem
+curam, laborem, diligentiam impensus[136] collocat; die toto, et nocte
+etiam intempesta, eos sedulo invisit. Moriuntur e nostris quinque.
+Omnis aula, omne collegium, aut domi, aut in via ad patriam, suos habet
+mortuos. Mirari quis posset multitudinem ad medicastrorum domos cum
+matulis citato cursu properantium. Pharmacopolarum etiam conservata
+syrupos, olea, aquas dulces, pixides, cujusque generis confectiones,
+brevissimo tempore exhausta. Laborant aegroti vehementissimo tum
+capitis tum stomachi dolore; vexantur phrenesi; privantur intellectu,
+memoria, visu, auditu, et caeteris etiam sensibus. Crescente morbo,
+non capiunt cibos, non dormiunt, ministros aut custodes non patiuntur.
+Semper, vel in ipsa morte, mirae orum strenuitas et corporis robur;
+et eo declinante, omnia modis impense contrariis eveniunt. Nulli
+complexioni aut constitutioni parcitur; cholericos tamen praecipue
+hic morbus molestos habet; cujus ut causas, sic et curas ignorant
+medici. Natum suspicantur multi, vel ex foetido et pestilenti furum e
+carceribus prodeuntium aëre (quorum duo vel tres sunt ante paucos dies
+in vinculis mortui) vel ex artificiosis diabolicis et plane papisticis
+flatibus e Lovaniensi barathro excitatis, et ad nos scelestissime et
+clam emissis. Nam illi solum et hic et alibi decumbunt aegroti, qui in
+castro, et _guilda_, quam appellant, aula, quinto et sexto hujus mensis
+adsunt[137]. Assisiorum judices, dominus Robertus Bell, capitatis baro
+scaccarii etc. qualem hactenus non peperit Anglia; dominus Johannes
+Barrham, dominae reginae serviens ad legem; papisticae pravitatis
+uterque apertissimi hostes et acerrimi vindices: vicecomes Oxoniensis
+comitatis[138], equites aurati duo, armigeri et pacis justiciarii
+octo, generosi plures, horum non pauci famuli, omnes (uno aut attero
+exceptis) _de grandi_, ut loquuntur, _jure_, statim post fere relictam
+Oxoniam mortui sunt. Et ut quisque fortissimus, ita citissime moritur.
+Foeminae non petuntur, nec certe pauperes; neque etiam inficitur
+quisquam, qui aegrotorum necessitatibus subministrarit, aut eos
+inviserit. Sed ut fuit morbus hic insigniter violentus, ita neque diu
+duravit. Nam infra unius mensis curriculum ad pristinam pene sanitatem
+restituuntur omnes; ut jam denuo mirari possis tot scholares, tot
+etiam cives, urbem et plateas linteis capitibus obambulantes, et nomen
+clementissimi Dei nostri in omne aevum suspicere[139].
+
+Vicessimo quarto Julii Joannes May, socius et artium magister, in
+collegio vitam finit. Sepelitur in ecclesia.
+
+Vicessimo septimo ejusdem Browne clericus moritur in collegio.
+
+Vicessimo octavo ejusdem Gaunte portionista moritur in collegio.
+
+Vicessimo nono Dnus Lea, electus probationarius 20 Julii, moritur in
+collegio.
+
+
+_Additional Remarks, by_ Tho. Birch, _D. D. Secret. R. S._
+
+CAmden, in his Annals of Queen Elizabeth[140], observes, that almost
+all, except women and children, who were present at the assizes at
+Oxford, at the tryal of Rowland Jenkes, a Bookseller there, for
+seditious words, died, to the number of about three hundred. Mr.
+John Stow, in his _Chronicle of England_[141], enlarges this number,
+and affirms, that there died in Oxford three hundred persons, and in
+other places two hundred and odd, from the 6th of July to the 12th of
+August; _after which died not any of that sickness; for one of them
+infected not another_: And this historian agrees with Camden, that not
+any one woman or child died thereof. Dr. George Ethryg, a physician,
+who practised at that time at Oxford[142], in the 2d book of his
+_Hypomnemata quædam in aliquot Libros Pauli Æginetæ, seu Observationis
+Medicamentorum, quæ hâc ætate in usu sunt_, printed at London in 1588,
+in 8vo, mentions, that on the first night of the appearance of the
+dissease about six hundred fell sick of it; and that the next night
+an hundred more were seized in the villages near Oxford. Lord Bacon,
+in his _Natural History_, evidently refers to this, and one or two
+more instances of the same kind, in the following passage, _Century_
+X. _Nº._ 914. “The most pernicious infection next the plague is the
+smell of the goal, where prisoners have been long and close and nastily
+kept; whereof we have had in our time experience twice or thrice, when
+both the judges, that sat upon the goal, and numbers of those, that
+attended the business, or were present, sickened upon it, and died.
+Therefore it were good wisdom, that in such cases the goal were aired
+before they be brought forth.” We have likewise an account in Mr.
+Anthony Wood[143], that at the quarter-session at Cambridge, in Lent in
+the year 1522, and the 13th of the reign of Henry VIII. the justices,
+gentlemen, and bailiffs, with most of the persons present, were seized
+with a disease, which proved mortal to a considerable number of them;
+those, who escaped, having been very dangerously sick. With regard to
+the unhappy instance of the same kind of contagion, which happened at
+the session in the Old Baily in May 1750, see Dr. Pringle’s excellent
+work, intitled, _Observations on the Diseases of the Army in Camp and
+in Garison_[144].
+
+
+
+
+XCVI. _A Description of the Plan of_ Peking, _the Capital of_ China;
+_sent to the Royal Society by Father_ Gaubil, è Societate Jesu.
+_Translated from the_ French.
+
+KING CHE. THE COURT.
+
+[Read June 1, 1758.]
+
+IN this plan are the inclosures of walls, which form as it were three
+cities.
+
+[Kong tching, Tse kin.]
+
+The first is the imperial palace, or imperial city. It is called _Kong
+tching_ or _Tse kin_. The numbers 11, 17, 21, 24, mark the great gates
+of this inclosure.
+
+[Hoang tching.]
+
+The second inclosure is _Hoang tching_. The numbers 3, 18, 30, 86, mark
+four great gates of this inclosure.
+
+[King tching.]
+
+The third inclosure is _King tching_, or Royal City. The numbers 235,
+1, 99, 146, 173, 183, 188, 109, 211, mark nine gates of this inclosure.
+
+At the four angles east and west of the north and south walls is a
+large pavillion in the form of a fortress. It is a kind of arsenal
+or magazine of arrows, bows, guns, bucklers, cuirasses, pikes, small
+cannon, _&c._
+
+Observe the angle made by the inclosure _Hoang tching_ on the south of
+the gate Nº. 84, to the north of Nº. 260. The inclosure extends to the
+east, then to the south, and continues to the east, passing by Nº. 3.
+
+[Illustration: _Philos. Trans. Vol. L._ TAB. XXIV. _p. 704_.
+
+_J. Mynde sc._ ]
+
+[Illustration: _Philos. Trans. Vol. L._ TAB. XXV. _p. 704_.
+
+_J. Mynde sc._]
+
+1. is the great gate _Hien men_. As you go on to the north, 2, 143,
+214, are three gates of a great court with magnificent walls. Thro’ the
+gate 3 you enter into a court, where is the _Tay miao_ Nº. 7. There are
+reposited the tablets of the ancestors of the reigning emperor, and of
+the illustrious subjects deceased, who have served the dynasty. This
+_miao_ or palace is a vast one, and well kept. At regular times the
+emperor, princes, and great men, go thither to perform ceremonies.
+
+Nº. 9 is the _Che tsi tan_, where are performed, at regular times, the
+ceremonies to the ancients, who have taught the art of agriculture.
+This palace is a very beautiful one. 4, 5, 6, are the gates of a court,
+where the _reguli_ and princes go frequently to receive the emperor’s
+orders. There are halls for their reception. The mandarins give them
+tea to drink, and mark their names in a register. When upon the fixed
+days they cannot attend, they are required to give notice of it. It is
+in this court, that the tributary princes, or their envoys, do homage,
+and receive the presents of the emperor; which presents are considered
+as rewards.
+
+Nº. 11 is _Ou men_, the great gate with a beautiful pavillion of a
+considerable height, in which is a large bell[145]. This gate, with
+those marked Nº. 12, 13, are those of the great court; whence going
+to the north, you enter into the beautiful and vast court _Tay ho
+tien_, the gates and galleries of which, with the balconies, make a
+fine appearance. In this court, on the first day of the year, and on
+other fixed days, the mandarins, according to their ranks, perform the
+ceremony to the emperor, who is seated on his throne in the hall called
+_Tay ho tien_. This hall is a vast and magnificent one. The princes,
+ministers, and great men of the first order, place themselves there
+by the emperor. It is in this hall, that the emperor gives audience
+to foreign princes and their ambassadors. You go up to this hall by
+magnificent steps.
+
+To the north of _Tay ho tien_ is a large court, whither the princes,
+great men, ministers, and principal mandarins, go in turns every day,
+to receive the emperor’s orders, or to present their petitions. To the
+north of this court are the apartments of the emperor, the empress, the
+queens, and ladies. The great gate of the place, where these apartments
+are, is Nº. 23. All these apartments are in the space contained within
+the walls, which have this figure
+
+ +----- -----+
+ | 23 |.
+ +----- A -----+
+
+At A is a beautiful gate to the south. The walls of the inclosure of
+the apartments of the emperor and empress are higher than those of the
+inclosures of the queens and ladies. In them are orchards, jets d’eau,
+flowering shrubs, and a great number of small chambers for the eunuchs.
+
+To the west of the court _Tay ho tien_ is the fine palace _Tsi ning
+kong_. The empress-mother lives there at present. Every thing in this
+palace is beautiful. There are little gardens very neat and well kept.
+At the east of the _Tay ho tien_ is likewise a fine palace, where
+the prince heir, with his court, resided in the time of the emperor
+_Kanghi_. It is a very beautiful palace, and highly ornamented.
+
+In the inclosure of _Kong tching_, or _Tse kin_, there are tribunals, a
+great number of magazines, manufactures, the imperial apothecary’s shop
+and printing-house; schools for the Chinese and Tartar languages; and
+several temples of idols, one of which, lately made for the lamas, cost
+immense sums.
+
+Nº. 26, 28, 29, are the gates of the great inclosure called _Kin chan_.
+It is properly a beautiful pleasure-house, which the present emperor
+has caused to be extremely embellished. There are in it fine gardens
+with walks of trees, very rich and elegant apartments, halls for the
+musicians and comedians. From the mountain _m_, the last emperor of the
+dynasty _Ming_, seeing the city taken by the rebels, hanged himself
+on the morning of the 15th of April of the year of our Lord 1644. On
+the day before, the 14th of April, the empress hanged herself in the
+evening in the palace. The mountain in _Kin chan_ was made by art a
+long time ago.
+
+At the west of the inclosure _Kin chan_ and _Tse kin_ observe the
+great laos. 54 is the _peta_, or white pyramid. This pyramid stands
+on a small mountain, which makes an island. The present emperor has
+built there, in the form of an amphitheatre, I do not know how many
+apartments with covered and open galleries, well built, and in a good
+taste: the point of view is charming, and the galleries, which run
+over the lake, are extremely beautiful. There are two or three temples
+of idols. 53 is a fine building with a temple of idols; and in it a
+statue of _Fo_ of an extraordinary height. It is of copper, gilt, and
+cost great sums. 76 is a very beautiful palace called _Yng tay_, with
+fine gardens, fine halls, and fine walks.
+
+55 is the palace, in which is placed the tablet of the emperor _Kang
+hi_, grandfather to the present emperor, who at regular times goes
+thither, in order to honour the memory of that great prince, one of the
+most illustrious and fortunate sovereigns of the empire of China.
+
+81 is the house and church of the French Jesuits. The house stands in
+39° 55´ of northern latitude, or possibly some seconds more, and 114°
+to the east of the observatory of Paris. This situation, with regard
+to latitude and longitude, is founded upon a considerable number of
+astronomical observations. By means of a scale, which may be made, we
+have the distance between this house and the other parts of the city,
+north and south, east and west; as likewise the latitude and longitude
+of all the places in the city of Peking. 248 is the house and church
+of the Portuguese Jesuits; 170 the house and church of the Portuguese
+Jesuits[146]; 131 the house and church of the Russians. A little to the
+east of Nº. 176 is a small house and chapel for the Russians settled at
+Peking for above seventy years past.
+
+31 is _Kou leou_[147], the Tower of the Drum; 32 is _Tchong leou_, the
+Tower of the Bell; in which is a very large bell[148].
+
+179 was formerly the palace of the fourth son of the emperor _Kang hi_
+after the death of _Kang hi_. This prince reigned under the name of
+_Yong tching_. His son the present emperor caused this palace to be
+demolished, and to be rebuilt with an extraordinary magnificence. In
+the hall is the tablet of _Yong tching_; and there are in this palace
+grand apartments for the emperor, when he goes thither to honour the
+memory of his father. The emperor has erected here a temple of idols
+for the lama of Thibet; and there are apartments for above three
+hundred lama’s. These have Chinese and Tartar disciples to the number
+of two hundred. Here are taught, in the Thibetan language, called here
+_Tan gout_, the sciences, arts, mathematics, physic, spirituality, and
+the pagan religion. In this beautiful inclosure there are statuaries
+and painters. This building is not at all inferior in beauty and
+magnificence to those of the palace of Peking, or to those, which the
+present emperor is going on to erect in his pleasure-houses.
+
+180 _Koue he kien_ is the imperial college. The great hall, where
+Confucius is honoured, is a very beautiful one. There are likewise
+halls for honouring the disciples of this philosopher and several
+eminent Chinese learned men, who have followed his doctrine with
+success. The emperor goes thither sometimes to perform the ceremony to
+Confucius as master and instructor to the empire. The avenues, courts,
+and apartments, of _Koue he kien_ have a most majestic appearance.
+
+70 the smaller observatory.
+
+108 the imperial observatory, built by _Kia hing_, emperor of the last
+dynasty _Ming_.
+
+136 the tribunal of mathematics, _Kin tien kien_.
+
+137 the tribunal of mandarins, _Ly pou_.
+
+139 the tribunal of rites and ceremonies[149], _Ly pou_.
+
+133 _Ping pou_, the tribunal of war.
+
+134 _Kong pou_, the tribunal for public works.
+
+140 _Heu pou_, the tribunal for the finances.
+
+142 the tribunal of princes, _Tsong gin fou_.
+
+168 _Hing pou_, the tribunal for criminal causes.
+
+144 _Li fan yuen_, the tribunal for foreign nations, Thibetans,
+Eleuthians, Russians, and indeed for all foreigners, who come by the
+way of Tartary from the west.
+
+369 _Tou tcha yuen_, the tribunal of the censors of the empire. It has
+under it the _provosts_ and _mare-chaussée_.
+
+233 the tribunal of _Kieou men ti tou_, or governor of the nine gates,
+that is, the governor of the city.
+
+185 the tribunal of the judge of the city. This judge is here called
+_Fou yn_. He has under him two judges named _Tchi hyen_. One of these
+is the judge of the district called _Ouang ping hien_ 193. The other is
+called the district of _Tay tsing hien_ 182. These districts are within
+the city and without it. What is called at Peking _tou yn_ is called
+elsewhere _tchi fou_.
+
+128 is the tribunal of _Han lin_, or the chosen doctors of the empire.
+This tribunal, called _Han lin yuen_, is a very considerable one: it
+has the care of the registers for the Chinese history. All the learned
+men of the empire, and the colleges and schools, depend upon this
+tribunal. Here are chosen the judges and examiners of the compositions
+for the degrees of the learned men; as likewise those, who are most
+capable of writing verses and pieces of eloquence for the use of the
+palace and emperor.
+
+107 _Kong yuen_ is the inclosure, where the compositions are drawn up
+for the examination of the learned men. Here are a great number of
+little chambers or cells for the composers, and fine apartments for the
+mandarins appointed to preserve good order, and to prevent those, who
+compose, from making use of the compositions of others.
+
+273 _Tchoua kou ting_ is a pavillion, in which is a drum. Mandarins
+and soldiers keep guard here day and night. In ancient times, when any
+person had not justice done him, and thought himself oppressed, he went
+and beat this drum; at the sound of which the mandarins ran, and were
+obliged to carry the complaint of the party oppressed to the great
+men or ministers. Upon which information was taken of the fact, and
+justice done. At present the use of this drum is abolished; but it has
+been thought proper to preserve this ancient monument of the Chinese
+government.
+
+217 _Ti ouang miao_ is a palace, wherein are the tablets of a great
+number of the ancient emperors of China. At the time of the equinoxes
+the emperor goes thither to perform the ceremonies to these deceased
+emperors. See the notes on the _Ti ouang miao_, p. 723.
+
+92, and the continuation of the buildings to the north, contain the
+magazines of gunpowder, salt-petre, and nitre. In the city are many
+other magazines. I do not name them here. They have their numbers.
+These magazines are of cloth, mats, skins, oil, wine, vinegar, wood,
+coal, porcelain, tea, varnish, silk, _&c._
+
+The city is divided into eight quarters for the bannieres of the
+Tartars _Mantcheou_, the Tartars _Mongou_, and the Chinese called _Han
+kun_, who follow the Tartars _Mantcheou_, and submitted to them when
+they entered China. Since that time the Chinese _Han kun_ are become
+numerous and powerful. These eight bannieries are divided by this
+means as it were into twenty-four; _viz._ eight of _Mantcheou_, eight
+of _Mongou_, and eight of _Han kun_. Each banniery has its officers,
+magazines, and arsenal. These are pretty spacious inclosures, each of
+which has its number.
+
+94 is an inclosure, in which are kept tygers; and 240 an inclosure,
+wherein are elephants.
+
+65 _Tsan yuen_ is an inclosure for silk-worms.
+
+147, 150, 151, are public granaries, very well built. Without the gates
+146, 173, are many of these public granaries; as also in the environs
+of the city to the north, south, east, and west. The largest and most
+magnificent are in the city of _Tong tcheou_, four French Leagues to
+the east of Peking.
+
+37, 38, 42, 52, 54, 59, 60, 66, 80, 83, 84, 85, 91, 93, 117, 118, 152,
+154, 156, 160, 165, 178, 196, 203, 210, 215, 218, 225, 229, 230, 250,
+255, 261, these numbers mark temples of idols. Some of these numbers
+mark halls for honouring of illustrious deceased persons; but of
+these there are only a few. There are several small _miao_, which are
+not numbered. In the Chinese city, in the suburbs, are many temples
+of idols; and some even in the emperor’s palace. And almost all the
+palaces of the princes have idol temples.
+
+33, 35, 36, 61, 62, 64, 67, 68, 71, 109, 126, 128, 133, 134, 135,
+136, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142, 144, 180, 182, 185, 193, 219, 222, 233,
+243, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 259, 260, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 297,
+these numbers mark the tribunals, as well those, which I have already
+mentioned, as many other subaltern ones, which depend on them. There is
+one for the physicians.
+
+101, 119, 121, 124, 125, 129, 148, 149, 155, 161, 162, 166, 172, 174,
+175, 176, 192, 194, 195, 202, 208, 209, 216, 220, 221, 224, 232,
+237, 238, 239, 241, 244, 247, 249, 262, 263, 264, mark the palaces
+of the princes of the blood, who are divided into several classes
+_Tsing ouang_, _reguli_ of the first order; _Kun ouang_, _reguli_ of
+the second order; _Pey le_, _reguli_ of the third order; _Pey tse_,
+_reguli_ of the fourth order; _Kong_, or counts, divided still farther
+into other classes; and _Tsiang kun_, or generals of armies, divided
+likewise into other classes.
+
+Some years ago the emperor caused to be measured the circumference of
+the walls of _King tching_, of _Hoang tching_, and of _He kin_, _&c._
+as likewise the breadth of the streets, the space filled by the _miao_,
+our three churches, that of the Russians, palaces, _&c._ The Chinese
+city was not measured. A drawing of all this was made at large,
+and then reduced to a smaller scale, as it appears here. I will not
+undertake for the perfect exactness of it, either in the measures or
+the reduction. All this is by a Chinese hand. The foot made use of in
+this mensuration is to that of France as 1000 to 1016. 1800 of these
+feet make a _ly_[150]. By the scale to be seen in the small plan, and
+from the dimensions of the south and east walls of _King tching_, may
+be deduced all the dimensions. The circumference of the walls of the
+Chinese city has been formerly measured, and well, by several measures;
+and the result of them may be seen here by the scale.
+
+The south wall of _King tching_ is from east to west eleven _ly_ and
+near a third. The east wall from north to south is nine _ly_ and some
+paces. So that the city is not square, as several persons have written.
+
+The persons employed by the emperor to measure did not think of
+measuring the space, which contains the house and church of the
+congregation _de propagandâ fide_. This house and church are situated
+to the south between number 207 and a small bridge to the west of
+number 201.
+
+In the accounts sufficient mention has been made of the walls and gates
+of the city of _King tching_; for which reason it is not necessary for
+me to say any thing concerning it.
+
+In the year of our Lord 1267, the Tartar emperor _Koublay han_ (in
+Chinese _Yuen chi tsou_) built the city called _Ta tou_. It is the
+principal part of the present city of _King tching_. It contained the
+_Kin chun_, a palace _Yng tay_, _Hoang tching_, _Tse kin_, &c. the
+walls of the city, an observatory, the towers of the Drum and the
+Bell. _Yong lo_, emperor of the last dynasty _Tay ming_, made great
+alterations in the city built by _Yuen chi tsou_.
+
+In the year 1406 the emperor _Yong lo_ undertook to build stronger and
+higher walls, and more magnificent gates, to the city; to rebuild the
+_Hoang tching_, the emperor and empress’s proper habitation, and the
+several parts of _Tse kin_, the courts, hall of the throne or of _Tay
+ho tien_, the _Kou leou_, the _Tchong leou_. He undertook also to build
+the _Sien nong tan_ and _Tien tan_, which are now in the Chinese city.
+On account of the wars with the Tartars, the works undertaken by _Yong
+lo_ were not finished till the year of our Lord 1421. Since that time,
+in the _Kin tchin_ some alterations have been made in the palace, and a
+good number of new _miao_ and palaces have been built. The emperor _Kia
+tsing_ built the Chinese city in the year of Christ 1544.
+
+The gates and walls of the Chinese city are not all equal in beauty to
+those in the city _King tching_. The streets are neither so broad, nor
+so well kept in repair. More than a third of the space of the Chinese
+city is not inhabited. It consists only of fields and gardens. The
+spaces occupied by the _Sien nong tan_ and the _Tien tan_ are vast;
+and between these two there is a very broad road. In this Chinese
+city are some mosques for the Mahometans. The inhabited part of this
+city is much more so than the city _King tching_ and _Hoang tching_.
+In the Chinese city are vast inns for those, who come out of the
+southern provinces to Peking. Here are likewise a curious manufacture
+of _lieou ly_ or Chinese glass, rich merchants of women’s ornaments,
+of gold, of the plant _gin cheng_ so much esteemed and so dear here,
+of varnished furniture, tea, stuffs of value, _&c._ The booksellers
+shops are also in this city. It is to be remarked, that the walls of
+the Chinese city and _King tching_ do not run directly north and south
+and east and west, but decline towards the north-west 2° 30´, and
+as much south-east. It is probable, that the architects employed in
+directing the building of these walls made use of a compass; and that
+the declinatiation of the needle was then what is mentioned above.
+
+What I have said of the walls of the city is likewise to be said of the
+walls of _Hoang tching_ and of _Tse king_.
+
+At the time of building the city _King tching_, and the Chinese city,
+the Chinese astronomers very well understood, that the north and south
+of the compass was not the north and south of the heavens at Peking;
+they knew, that the needle declined to the north-west and south-east;
+but that this declination was not considerable.
+
+Without the gates of the Chinese city, and of _King tching_, I mark the
+suburbs; which are very full of people and merchants, and like so many
+cities. In most of these suburbs there are fine temples of idols.
+
+The _Sien nong tan_ in the Chinese city is almost six _ly_ in circuit.
+These three words signify, The hill of the ancient husbandmen.
+
+The emperor goes thither every year in the spring to till the ground,
+and sacrifices on that hill to heaven. The emperor’s apartments there
+have nothing magnificent in them; but the ceremony of ploughing is a
+solemn and curious one, and deserves a particular description. The
+emperor tills under a small covering of mat. When he has ploughed
+about half an hour, he ascends a large alcove, from whence he sees
+the princes, great men, and mandarins, plough in the fields, which
+are not covered with mats. While the emperor is ploughing, a good
+number of peasants sing ancient songs on the importance of ploughing.
+The emperor, princes, and great men, are dressed in the habit of
+plough-men, and their instruments of husbandry are very neat, and
+kept in a magazine. There are granaries for the grain produced by
+this tillage; and it is carefully remarked, that the grain from the
+emperor’s tillage is much better than that from the labour of others.
+From this grain are made several cakes for the various sacrifices to
+Heaven or _Chang ti_. The emperor prepares himself for this ceremony by
+fasting, prayers to heaven, and a kind of retreat: and the intention
+of it is to keep up a memorial of those times, in which the princes
+themselves tilled the ground. This ceremony is of the highest antiquity
+in China.
+
+Over against the _Sien nong tan_ is the _Tien tan_, or Hill of Heaven,
+near ten _ly_ in circuit. Every thing here is magnificent. The emperor
+goes thither every year at the winter solstice to sacrifice to heaven.
+He prepares himself three days for this ceremony by fasting, in a
+palace of _Tien tan_, called the _palace of fasting_. The hill, on
+which the emperor sacrifices, is magnificently adorned. At the four
+avenues are beautiful triumphal arches of fine marble; and the hill is
+ascended by elegant steps. In this ceremony are introduced many usages
+contrary to the ancient Chinese doctrine concerning the sacrifice to
+heaven. On the day of the winter solstice are added the honours paid
+to the five planets, that is, to their spirit. These ceremonies added
+to the sacrifice to heaven are not very ancient. There are likewise
+honours to the first founders of the reigning dynasty. At several other
+times the emperor goes to _Tien tan_ to perform a sacrifice to heaven,
+and to honour his deceased ancestors.
+
+To the north of the Hill of Heaven is a large and high terrace, on
+which is a most magnificent hall in honour of _Chang ti_, or the
+sovereign Lord, and of his ancestors. On the frontispiece of this hall
+the present Tartar emperors have caused an inscription to be placed
+to _Ap cai han_, or the Lord of heaven. To this Tartar inscription
+answers the Chinese character _Kien_; which has the same meaning as
+the character _Tien_, heaven; and it signifies the _Chang ti_, who is
+intended to be honoured in this hall. The tablet for the _Chang ti_ is
+in a place, which shews, that the honour paid to _Chang ti_ is of a
+different kind from the honour paid to ancestors.
+
+Without the eastern gate of _King tching_, Nº. 145, is _Ge tan_, or
+Hill of the Sun. At the vernal equinox the emperor sends hither a
+prince or great man to honour the sun, that is, the spirit of the sun.
+This inclosure, tho’ elegant enough, has nothing very remarkable; nor
+is the ceremony very ancient.
+
+Without the north gate of _King tching_, at Nº. 183, is _Ti tan_, or
+the Hill of the Earth. At the summer solstice the emperor goes thither
+to sacrifice to the earth on the hill. Many of the learned men at
+present distinguish this sacrifice in the _Ti tan_ from the sacrifice
+in the _Tien tan_. But, according to the doctrine of Confucius, the
+sacrifice to the earth has the same object as the sacrifice to heaven.
+In both the supreme Lord _Chang ti_ is to be honoured. I do not know,
+whether the emperor adheres to the pure doctrine of Confucius, and
+whether he does not pretend to honour the earth, or spirit of the
+earth, by performing a sacrifice, which originally had for its object
+the _Chang ti_, as we are assured by Confucius. The inclosure of _Ti
+tan_ is a vast one; but is not at all equal in beauty to the _Tien tan_.
+
+Without the western gate of _King tching_, Nº. 211, is _Yue tan_, the
+Hill of the Moon. At the autumnal equinox the emperor sends thither a
+prince or great man to honour the moon, or spirit of the moon. This
+ceremony is not very ancient. This inclosure is a neat one, and pretty
+large.
+
+Between the two north gates of _King tching_, Nº. 183 and 188, is a
+vast esplanade for the exercise of the troops both horse and foot.
+
+To the north of this esplanade are two beautiful temples of idols for
+the lamas. These two monasteries are very elegant. The emperor and the
+Tartars _Mon gou_ lay out great sums on these two monasteries and the
+two temples of the lamas.
+
+In the year 1111 before Christ, _Ou ouang_, founder of the dynasty
+_Tcheou_, nominated his brother _Tchao kong_ prince of _Yen_. _Yen_ is
+the ancient name of a pretty extensive country, in which Peking stands.
+This prince of _Yen_ built a city there, a league and half south-west
+of the city _King tching_. This city was called _Yen king_, or the
+court of _Yen_. It became afterwards considerable; and the prince of
+_Yen_ very powerful in the country of _Petcheli_ and _Leao tong_. In
+the year 222 before Christ the emperor _Tsin chi hoang_ destroyed the
+power of the princes of _Yen_, the defendants of _Tchao kong_, and
+seized their dominions. The founder of the dynasty _Han_ destroyed the
+power of the family of _Tsin chi hoang_. In the time of the dynasty
+_Tsin_, before the Christian æra, and of the dynasty _Han_, the city
+of _Yen_ was an important government, on account of the neighbourhood
+of the Tartars. Some time after the dynasty _Han_ several Tartar
+princes _Sien pi_ made themselves masters of the country of _Yen_.
+During the dynasty of _Tang_ the city of _Yen_ was still a considerable
+one. After the destruction of that dynasty the Tartars _Ki tan_[151]
+made themselves masters of Tartary, and the provinces of _Chansy_,
+_Petcheli_, and _Leao tong_. Their power was formidable to the Chinese.
+Their court was in the city of _Yen_, which they adorned and inlarged.
+These Tartars had, like the Chinese emperors, tribunals; one for the
+mathematics, and another for history[152]. They had likewise some
+illustrious princes, and kept some correspondence with the Caliphs.
+
+The Tartars _Nuntche_ destroyed the power of _Leao_. Their court was
+also at _Yen_; and they made it as magnificent and large a city as
+Peking is now. The Mogol Tartars destroyed the empire of the _Nuntche_
+or _Kin_. Their court was at first at _Yen_; but the Tartar Mogol
+emperor _Koublay_ demolished that city, and built what is now called
+_King tching_: at least _King tching_ is a good part of the city built
+by _Koublay_, which was some _ly_ larger. The emperor’s palace was
+likewise larger.
+
+This city _King tching_ is that, which Marco Paulo calls _Cambalu_.
+_Car_ is _khan_, which signifies a _king_; and _balu_ is a corruption
+of an old Mogol word _balga_, or _balah_, which signifies a _city_:
+whence is formed the word _balgasan_ in Mogol or Mongou, which
+signifies city. _Khan balu_, or _khan balou_, signifies the royal
+city. _King tching_, in the time of Marco Paulo, was the capital of
+the empire of China. The Persians and Arabians, from the Mongou word
+_khan balou_, or _khan balgasun_, or _khan balga_, formed the word
+_khan balik_ or _khan balek_, which signifies also the royal city.
+This name was given by the eastern people to the city of _Caifong
+fou_, the capital of _Honan_, and to that of _Nanking_, the capital of
+_Kiangnan_, at the time when these cities were the court of princes.
+This name was also given to the cities of Tartary, when some powerful
+princes kept sometimes their court there. What I have remarked
+concerning the words _khan balik_, _khan balek_, _khan balga_, &c. is
+to be applied to the words _ordo balik_, _ordou balik_. _Ordo_, or
+_ordou_, or _orto_, signifies royal, imperial, in the Mogol or Mongou
+language. So _ordou balik_ signifies a court, a royal city; and these
+words are in fact the names of some old cities, where the Mogol or
+Mongou kings kept their courts.
+
+
+REMARKS _on_ Nº. 5, _Fan king tchang_; which is the place where the
+foreign classical books are kept.
+
+_Tchang_ signifies magazine, or large place, where any thing is
+contained. _Fan_ signifies stranger or foreigner; and _king_ signifies
+a classical book.
+
+The Jews of _Caifong fou_, the capital of _Honan_, first told the
+Jesuit missionaries, that they conceived, that the Hebrew Bible was
+preserved at Peking in the place called _Fan king tchang_. These first
+missionaries neglected to make a search for it at Peking, or did not
+think of it. But it did not escape the attention of Father Bouvet,
+a French Jesuit, who went to _Fan king tchang_. The antient place,
+where the foreign books were kept, had been destroyed; and those books
+removed into a neighbouring _miao_ where there were bonzes. Father
+Bouvet went to this _miao_ with two other French Jesuits; but they
+found only the Koran, fragments of the classical books of the Indians,
+and the classical books of the lamas; the whole in bad condition.
+Father Bouvet thought, that he saw in an old coffer Chaldee, Syriac,
+and Hebrew characters. The bonze would not shew the place, where Father
+Bouvet thought that he had seen those characters, which, on returning
+to the _miao_, were not found. The emperor had ordered the bonzes
+to shew every thing to Father Bouvet. All the classical books were
+afterwards removed to the palace; the _miao_ was demolished; and there
+remained nothing but the name of _Fan king tchang_. When I passed thro’
+_Caifong fou_, the Jews, in the presence of Father Gozani, who served
+me as interpreter, assured me, that I should find the Bible in the _Fan
+king tchang_. These Jews had not been at Peking. What they said was in
+consequence of what they had been told by old Jews, who were deceased.
+When I arrived at Peking, I made inquiries myself, and caused inquiries
+to be made by others; but I could not find the Bible. It is not yet an
+hundred years since there were at Peking some Jewish families; which
+afterwards turned Mahometans. A Mahometan, who was a man of parts,
+assured me several times, that the Bible was in the possession of the
+Mahometans here, whose ancestors were Jews. But when, in consequence of
+what he said, inquiries were made, nothing was found. This Mahometan
+informed me likewise, that he had made inquiries; but if he had done
+so, his researches proved unsuccessful.
+
+
+REMARKS _on the_ Ti ouang miao, Nº. 217.
+
+1. The emperors, whose memory is honoured there, are
+
+The emperors _Tou hi_, _Chin Nong_, _Hoang ti_.
+
+The emperors _Chao hao_, _Tchouen hiu_, _Ty co_, _Yao_, _Chun_.
+
+The emperor _Yu_, the founder of the dynasty _Hia_, and thirteen other
+emperors of that dynasty.
+
+The emperor _Tching tang_, the founder of the dynasty _Chang_, and
+twenty-five emperors of that dynasty.
+
+The emperor _Ou ouang_, the founder of the dynasty _Tcheou_, and
+thirty-one emperors of that dynasty.
+
+The founder of the dynasty _Han_, and twenty emperors of that dynasty,
+who are called western _Han_, eastern _Han_, and later _Han_.
+
+The founder of the dynasty _Tang_, and fourteen emperors of that
+dynasty.
+
+The founder of the dynasty _Song_, and thirteen emperors of that
+dynasty; which is called the northern _Song_ and the southern _Song_.
+
+_Gen tchis khan_, or _Temoug in_, the founder of the dynasty _Yuen_,
+is the dynasty of the Mongol or Mogol Tartars. Besides the founder
+of this dynasty, there are ten other emperors of this dynasty, whose
+memory is honoured in the _Ti ouang miao_. The four first emperors of
+this dynasty, _viz. Gen tchis khan_, _Ogo tay_, _Kouey yevou_, and
+_Meng ko_, reigned in the northern provinces, and had not conquered all
+China. The emperor _Cobilay_, or _Koublay_, in Chinese _Yuen chitsou_,
+completed the conquest of China.
+
+The founder of the dynasty _Ming_, and the eleven emperors of this
+dynasty.
+
+The emperor _Ogo tay_, the second of the dynasty _Yuen_, completed
+the destruction of the dynasty of the eastern Tartars, called _Kin_.
+It reigned to the north as long as the dynasty _Song_ reigned to the
+south. In the _Ti ouang miao_ is honoured the memory of the founder of
+this dynasty _Kin_, and four other emperors of it.
+
+The founder of the Tartar dynasty _Kin_ destroyed the dynasty of the
+Tartars _Ki tan_, called _Leao_, which conquered a great part of North
+China and Tartary.
+
+In the _Ti ouang miao_ is honoured the memory of this Tartar dynasty
+_Leao_, and five other emperors of the Tartars _Ki tan_, whose country
+was in that of Parin in Tartary, among the Mongou or Mogols.
+
+
+_Continuation of the Remarks on the_ Ti ouang miao.
+
+2. In the palace of Peking, and elsewhere, there are great halls, in
+which honours are paid to the memory of the deceased emperors of the
+reigning dynasty of the _Mantcheou_. The first and second emperor
+reigned in East Tartary. The emperor _Chun tchi_ began to reign in
+China. If we reckon the present emperor in the number, there are six
+emperors _Mantcheou_. Father Couplet, and others, are mistaken in
+reckoning one more. This error was occasioned by the years of the
+reign of _Tay hong_, the second emperor, having had two names. Father
+Couplet, and others, took the two names of the years of the reign for
+the name or title of the two emperors.
+
+3. In the _Ti ouang miao_ is honoured the memory of some illustrious
+persons in the different dynasties. The same is done in the hall, where
+honour is paid to the memory of the deceased emperors _Montcheou_: and
+there are there tablets for so many illustrious persons among those
+emperors.
+
+4. In the _Ti ouang miao_ are placed none of the emperors of the
+dynasty _Hin_ before Christ, nor any of those between the dynasties
+_Tang_ and _Han_, nor of those of the five small dynasties after that
+of _Tang_. Besides, in each dynasty there are some emperors, whose
+tablets are not placed in the _Ti ouang miao_. The reigning dynasty has
+not thought it a duty to pay honours to those emperors, but considered
+them as unworthy the pompous title of _Tin tse_, or _Sons of Heaven_.
+
+5. The Tartars _Sien pi_, who came from the confines of _Leao tong_ and
+Mongol or Mogol Tartary, had hords named _To pa_. One of these hords
+made themselves masters of Tartary _Leao tong_, and of several northern
+provinces of China. This Tartar power has the Chinese name of _Ouey_.
+It has produced several great princes. The year of Christ 386 is
+reckoned the first of that dynasty[153], which reigned above 180 years.
+I do not know why the reigning dynasty has not placed the name of any
+of these emperors in the _Ti ouang miao_.
+
+6. If we suppose, first, that all the books of the history of China
+should be lost, or the contents of them should not be known in Europe;
+and secondly, that the catalogue of the emperors, who are mentioned
+in the _Ti ouang miao_, should fall into the hands of some European
+critics; it is probable, that such a catalogue would occasion many
+false reasonings with relation to the succession of the emperors, who
+have reigned in China.
+
+
+
+
+XCVII. _An Attempt to improve the Manner of working the Ventilators by
+the Help of the Fire-Engine. In a Letter to_ Tho. Birch, _D. D. Secret.
+R. S. from_ Keane Fitz-Gerald, _Esq; F.R.S._
+
+[Read June 8, 1758.]
+
+SIR,
+
+THE reverend and ingenious Dr. Hales, from whom mankind has received
+such benefit by his useful application of ventilators, being inclined
+to extend its use to those, who work in mines at great depths under
+ground, where the lives of many are lost by damps and noxious vapours,
+occasioned by the want of a free circulation of air; and finding by
+experience, that ventilators worked by wind do not operate above one
+third part of the year, and in calm hot weather, when most wanted, do
+not operate at all; did me the honour of applying to me for assistance
+in contriving a machine to work the ventilator, by the help of the
+fire-engine, which is now generally used in all mines for drawing off
+the water; and which I have accordingly attempted, and hope it will
+answer the purpose.
+
+As the lever of the fire-engine works up and down alternately, and
+performs at a common medium about a dozen strokes in a minute, it
+was necessary to contrive some way to make the beam, tho’ moving
+alternately, to turn a wheel constantly round one way, and also to
+increase the number of strokes to fifty or sixty in a minute.
+
+The model of a machine for this purpose is composed of four wheels of
+different sizes, two clicks, three pinions, and a fly; which is put
+into motion by the part of a wheel fixed to the arch of the lever of
+the fire-engine.
+
+The wheel, which is turned by the lever, or rather moved up and down
+by it, is loose on its arbor; and likewise one of the rochets, and the
+wheel next to it. The outside rochet and outside wheel are fixed on the
+arbor.
+
+There are two pinion-wheels fixed on the arbor; one on each side, near
+the edge of the wheel moved by the lever, which turns them.
+
+There are also two clicks; one fixed to the great wheel, the other to
+the frame. These exclusive of the wheel that moves the fly.
+
+The effect is, When the lever moves the wheel downwards, its click
+forces the rochet fixed on the arbor to move along with it, and the
+other wheels the same way. When it moves upwards, the click fixed on
+the frame stops the larger rochet, and the wheel next to it, which are
+pinned together. This wheel being stopped, and the great wheel carried
+upwards by the lever, the pinion towards the edge of the great wheel
+is forced round it, and moves the pinion on the other side the great
+wheel; which pinion moves the wheel fixed on the arbor, the contrary
+way to the great wheel, which is carried upwards by the lever. By which
+means, the arbor is constantly turned the same way, when the lever of
+the fire-engine is moved either upwards, or downwards.
+
+Upon the arbor there is also another great wheel fixed, which turns
+a pinion: on the arbor of which pinion is a crank to move the
+ventilator, and also a fly fixed to the end, to help the motion of the
+crank, which in the model is turned three times for each stroke of the
+lever, and may be increased or diminished, according to the number of
+teeth in the pinion.
+
+The number of teeth in the great wheel moved by the lever is sixty-six;
+but need not have teeth above half way round.
+
+The wheel fixed to the rochet has thirty-three teeth, and its pinion
+eleven.
+
+The wheel fixed on the arbor, on the outside, has twenty-four teeth,
+and its pinion sixteen.
+
+The wheel, which turns the fly, has ninety teeth, and the pinion turn’d
+by this wheel ten.
+
+The greater the number of teeth in the rochets, the better.
+
+This machine may also be applied to other useful purposes at mines; and
+it may be easily made to turn a mill to grind corn; or to turn a wheel
+to raise coals, or whatever else is wanted to be raised from the mines.
+As I have not met with any thing of the kind described, I take the
+liberty of desiring you to lay it before the Society; and I hope it may
+be made some way useful to the public.
+
+I am, Sir,
+
+ Your most obedient humble Servant,
+ Kea. Fitz-Gerald.
+
+Poland-Street, June 7th, 1758.
+
+
+_Explanation of the Three Tables._
+
+The wheel A (_Tab. 26._), which is turned by the lever B (_Tab. 27._),
+or rather moved up and down by it, is loose on its arbor; and likewise
+one of the rochets C (_Tab. 26._), and the wheel next to it D. The
+outside rochet E, and outside wheel F, are fixed on the arbor.
+
+There are two pinion-wheels G and H fixed on one arbor; one on each
+side, near the edge of the wheel A, moved by the lever.
+
+There are also two clicks _a_ and _b_; one _a_ fixed to the great wheel
+A, the other _b_ fixed to the frame. These exclusive of the wheel I,
+that moves the pinion _c_, on the arbor of which, the crank _d_, and
+fly _e_, (_Tab. 27._) are fixed.
+
+The effect is, when the lever B moves the wheel A downwards; its click
+_a_, forces the rochet E, fixed on the arbor K, to move along with it,
+and the other wheels the same way. When it moves upwards, the click _b_
+fixed to the frame, stops the larger rochet C, and the wheel D next to
+it, which are pinned together; and as the wheel A is carried upwards
+by the lever, the pinion G towards the edge of it, is forced round the
+wheel D, and moves the pinion H, on the other side the great wheel A,
+which moves the wheel F fixed on the arbor K, the contrary way to the
+wheel A. By which means, the arbor K is constantly turned the same way,
+when the lever of the fire-engine moves either upwards, or downwards.
+
+The pinion G, by being made proportionally smaller than the pinion H,
+keeps the arbor K in the same swiftness of motion, when the lever is
+moved upwards, as downwards.
+
+[Illustration: _Philos. Trans. Vol. L._ TAB. XXVI. _p. 730_.
+
+_J. Mynde sc._]
+
+[Illustration: _Philos. Trans. Vol. L._ TAB. XXVII. _p. 730_.
+
+_J. Mynde sc._]
+
+[Illustration: _Philos. Trans. Vol. L._ TAB. XXVIII. _p. 730_.
+
+_J. Mynde sc._]
+
+The great wheel I, fixed on the arbor K, turns the pinion _c_, on the
+arbor of which the crank _d_ (to move the ventilator), and the fly
+_e_ (to help the motion), are fixed. The pinion _c_, is turned three
+times by each alternate motion of the lever; which may be increased, or
+diminished, according to the number of teeth in the pinion _c_.
+
+The number of teeth in the wheel A is sixty-six, but need not be
+toothed above half way. Instead of this wheel there might be a barrel,
+with a chord round it, fixed at each end of the arch of the lever, and
+projecting somewhat from it; which, by the motion of the lever, would
+work in the same manner in other respects, and be easier made, and at
+less expence.
+
+The wheel D fixed to the rochet C has thirty-three teeth, and its
+pinion G eleven.
+
+The wheel F fixed on the arbor K has twenty-four teeth, and its pinion
+H sixteen.
+
+The greater the number of teeth in the rochets, the better.
+
+_Tab. 26._ contains the plan (in parts) of the whole machine, except
+the lever B and fly _e_, which are in _Tab. 27._
+
+_Tab. 27._ also contains the elevation of the arbor, with its different
+fixtures; _viz._
+
+_Fig. 1._ The rochet C and wheel D (_Tab. 26._) fixed together.
+
+ 2. The outside wheel F that works the pinion-wheel H (_Tab. 26_).
+
+ 3. The two pinion-wheels H and G (_Tab. 26._) fixed on their arbor.
+
+ 4. The same fixed to the wheel A (_Tab. 26._) by means of two cocks
+ _u_ and _w_ (_Tab. 26._).
+
+ 5. The arbor, with the wheel L and rochet E fixed; _t_ the place,
+ where the wheel A is fixed.
+
+ 6. The elevation of the whole arbor.
+
+_Tab. 28._ The elevation of the whole machine, the lever B (_Tab. 27._)
+working the wheel A (_Tab. 26_).
+
+ _s_ (_Tab. 26._) a thin piece of metal screwed to the wheel A, to
+ keep it in its place _t_ on the arbor K (_Tab. 27._)
+
+ _u_ (_Tab. 26._) the cock, that fastens the pinion G, to the inside
+ of the wheel A.
+
+ _w_ (_Tab. 26._) the cock, that fastens the pinion H on the outside
+ of the wheel A.
+
+ _x_ (_Tab. 27._) the arbor, on which the pinions G and H are fixed.
+
+ _y_ (_Tab. 26._) a spring, that keeps the click _a_ in its place.
+
+ L (_Tab. 26._) a frame-plate with the centers marked.
+
+ _z_ The opposite hole enlarged, to admit the pinion _c_ to pass
+ through.
+
+
+
+
+XCVIII. _An Account of some Experiments concerning the different
+Refrangibility of Light. By Mr._ John Dollond. _With a Letter from_
+James Short, _M. A. F.R.S. Acad. Reg. Suec. Soc._
+
+[Read June 8, 1758.]
+
+ _To the Rev. Dr._ Birch, _Secret. R. S._
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I Have received the inclosed paper from Mr. Dollond, which he desires
+may be laid before the Royal Society. It contains the theory of
+correcting the errors arising from the different refrangibility of
+the rays of light in the object-glasses of refracting telescopes; and
+I have found, upon examination, that telescopes made according to
+this theory are intirely free from colours, and are as distinct as
+reflecting telescopes. I am,
+
+ Dear Sir,
+ Your most obedient humble Servant,
+ Ja. Short.
+
+Surrey-street, 8th June, 1758.
+
+
+IT is well known, that a ray of light, refracted by passing thro’
+mediums of different densities, is at the same time proportionally
+divided or spread into a number of parts, commonly called homogeneal
+rays, each of a different colour; and that these, after refraction,
+proceed diverging; a proof, that they are differently refracted, and
+that light consists of parts that differ in degrees of refrangibility.
+
+Every ray of light passing from a rarer into a denser medium, is
+refracted towards the perpendicular; but from a denser into a rarer
+one, from the perpendicular; and the sines of the angles of incidence
+and refraction are in a given ratio. But light consisting of parts,
+which are differently refrangible, each part of an original or compound
+ray has a ratio peculiar to itself; and therefore the more a heterogene
+ray is refracted, the more will the colours diverge, since the ratios
+of the sines of the homogene rays are constant; and equal refractions
+produce equal divergencies.
+
+That this is the case when light is refracted by one given medium only,
+as suppose any particular sort of glass, is out of all dispute, being
+indeed self-evident; but that the divergency of the colours will be
+the same under equal refractions, whatsoever mediums the light may be
+refracted by, tho’ generally supposed, does not appear quite so clearly.
+
+However, as no medium is known, which will refract light without
+diverging the colours, and as difference of refrangibility seems thence
+to be a property inherent in light itself, Opticians have, upon that
+consideration, concluded, that equal refractions must produce equal
+divergencies in every sort of medium: whence it should also follow,
+that equal and contrary refractions must not only destroy each other,
+but that the divergency of the colour from one refraction would
+likewise be corrected by the other; and there could be no possibility
+of producing any such thing as refraction, which would not be affected
+by the different refrangibility of light; or, in other words, that
+however a ray of light might be refracted backwards and forwards by
+different mediums, as water, glass, _&c._ provided it was so done, that
+the emergent ray should be parallel to the incident one, it would ever
+after be white; and, conversely, if it should come out inclined to the
+incident, it would diverge, and ever after be coloured. From which it
+was natural to infer, that all spherical object-glasses of telescopes
+must be equally affected by the different refrangibility of light, in
+proportion to their apertures, whatever material they may be formed of.
+
+But it seems worthy of consideration, that notwithstanding this notion
+has been generally adopted as an incontestable truth, yet it does not
+seem to have been hitherto so confirmed by evident experiment, as the
+nature of so important a matter justly demands; and this it was that
+determined me to attempt putting the thing to issue by the following
+experiment.
+
+I cemented together two plates of parallel glass at their edges, so as
+to form a prismatic or wedge-like vessel, when stopped at the ends or
+bases; and its edge being turned downwards, I placed therein a glass
+prism with one of its edges upwards, and filled up the vacancy with
+clear water: thus the refraction of the prism was contrived to be
+contrary to that of the water, so that a ray of light transmitted thro’
+both these refracting mediums would be refracted by the difference only
+between the two refractions. Wherefore, as I found the water to refract
+more or less than the glass prism, I diminished or increased the angle
+between the glass plates, till I found the two contrary refractions to
+be equal; which I discovered by viewing an object thro’ this double
+prism; which, when it appeared neither raised nor depressed, I was
+satisfied, that the refractions were equal, and that the emergent rays
+were parallel to the incident.
+
+Now, according to the prevailing opinion, the object should have
+appeared thro’ this double prism quite of its natural colour; for
+if the difference of refrangibility had been equal in the two equal
+refractions, they would have rectified each other: but the experiment
+fully proved the fallacy of this received opinion, by shewing the
+divergency of the light by the prism to be almost double of that by
+the water; for the object, tho’ not at all refracted, was yet as much
+infected with prismatic colours, as if it had been seen thro’ a glass
+wedge only, whose refracting angle was near 30 degrees.
+
+ _N. B._ This experiment will be readily perceived to be the same as
+ that which Sir Isaac Newton mentions[154]; but how it comes to differ
+ so very remarkably in the result, I shall not take upon me to account
+ for; but will only add, that I used all possible precaution and care
+ in the process, and that I keep the apparatus by me to evince the
+ truth of what I write, whenever I may be properly required so to do.
+
+I plainly saw then, that if the refracting angle of the water-vessel
+could have admitted of a sufficient increase, the divergency of
+the coloured rays would have been greatly diminished, or intirely
+rectified; and there would have been a very great refraction without
+colour, as now I had a great discolouring without refraction: but the
+inconveniency of so large an angle, as that of the vessel must have
+been, to bring the light to an equal divergency with that of the glass
+prism, whose angle was about 60 degrees, made it necessary to try some
+experiments of the same kind, by smaller angles.
+
+I ground a wedge of common plate glass to an angle of somewhat less
+than 9 degrees, which refracted the mean rays about 5 degrees. I then
+made a wedge-like vessel, as in the former experiment, and filling it
+with water, managed it so, that it refracted equally with the glass
+wedge; or, in other words, the difference of their refractions was
+nothing, and objects viewed thro’ them appeared neither raised nor
+depressed. This was done with an intent to observe the same thing over
+again in these small angles, which I had seen in the prism: and it
+appeared indeed the same in proportion, or as near as I could judge;
+for notwithstanding the refractions were here also equal, yet the
+divergency of the colours by the glass was vastly greater than that
+by the water; for objects seen by these two refractions were very
+much discoloured. Now this was a demonstration, that the divergency
+of the light, by the different refrangibility, was far from being
+equal in these two refractions. I also saw, from the position of the
+colours, that the excess of divergency was in the glass; so that I
+increased the angle of the water-wedge, by different trials, till the
+divergency of the light by the water was equal to that by the glass;
+that is, till the object, tho’ considerably refracted, by the excess
+of the refraction of the water, appeared nevertheless quite free from
+any colours proceeding from the different refrangibility of light;
+and, as near as I could then measure, the refraction by the water was
+about ⁵⁄₄ of that by the glass. Indeed I was not very exact in taking
+the measures, because my business was not at that time about the
+proportions, so much as to shew, that the divergency of the colours, by
+different substances, was by no means in proportion to the refractions;
+and that there was a possibility of refraction without any divergency
+of the light at all.
+
+Having, about the beginning of the year 1757, tried these experiments,
+I soon after set about grinding telescopic object-glasses upon the
+new principles of refractions, which I had gathered from them;
+which object-glasses were compounded of two spherical glasses with
+water between them. These glasses I had the satisfaction to find,
+as I had expected, free from the errors arising from the different
+refrangibility of light: for the refractions, by which the rays were
+brought to a focus, were every-where the differences between two
+contrary refractions, in the same manner, and in the same proportions,
+as in the experiment with the wedges.
+
+However, the images formed at the foci of these object-glasses were
+still very far from being so distinct as might have been expected
+from the removal of so great a disturbance; and yet it was not very
+difficult to guess at the reason, when I considered, that the radii of
+the spherical surfaces of those glasses were required to be so short,
+in order to make the refractions in the required proportions, that
+they must produce aberrations, or errors, in the image, as great, or
+greater, than those from the different refrangibility of light. And
+therefore, seeing no method of getting over that difficulty, I gave up
+all hopes of succeeding in that way.
+
+And yet, as these experiments clearly proved, that different substances
+diverged the light very differently, in proportion to the refraction;
+I began to suspect, that such variety might possibly be found in
+different sorts of glass, especially as experience had already shewn,
+that some made much better object-glasses, in the usual way, than
+others: and as no satisfactory cause had as yet been assigned for such
+difference, there was great reason to presume, that it might be owing
+to the different divergency of the light by their refractions.
+
+Wherefore, the next business to be undertaken, was to grind wedges
+of different kinds of glass, and apply them together, so that the
+refractions might be made in contrary directions, in order to discover,
+as in the foregoing experiments, whether the refraction and divergency
+of the colours would vanish together. But a considerable time elapsed
+before I could set about that work; for tho’ I was determined to try
+it at my leisure, for satisfying my own curiosity, yet I did not
+expect to meet with a difference sufficient to give room for any great
+improvement of telescopes; so that it was not till the latter end of
+the year that I undertook it, when my first trials convinced me, that
+this business really deserved my utmost attention and application.
+
+I discovered a difference, far beyond my hopes, in the refractive
+qualities of different kinds of glass, with respect to their divergency
+of colours. the yellow or straw-coloured foreign sort, commonly called
+Venice glass, and the English crown glass, are very near alike in that
+respect, tho’ in general the crown glass seems to diverge the light
+rather the least of the two. The common plate glass made in England
+diverges more; and the white crystal or flint English glass, as it is
+called, most of all.
+
+It was not now my business to examine into the particular qualities of
+every kind of glass that I could come at, much less to amuse myself
+with conjectures about the cause, but to fix upon such two sorts
+as their difference was the greatest; which I soon found to be the
+crown, and the white flint or crystal. I therefore ground a wedge of
+white flint of about 25 degrees, and another of crown of about 29
+degrees, which refracted nearly alike; but their divergency of the
+colours was very different. I then ground several others of crown to
+different angles, till I got one, which was equal, with respect to the
+divergency of the light, to that in the white flint: for when they were
+put together, so as to refract in contrary directions, the refracted
+light was intirely free from colour. Then measuring the refractions
+of each wedge, I found that of the white glass to be to that of the
+crown nearly as 2 to 3; and this proportion would hold very nearly in
+all small angles. Wherefore any two wedges made in this proportion,
+and applied together, so as to refract in a contrary direction, would
+refract the light without any difference of refrangibility.
+
+To make therefore two spherical glasses, that shall refract the light
+in contrary directions, it is easy to understand, that one must be
+concave, and the other convex; and as the rays are to converge to a
+real focus, the excess of refraction must evidently be in the convex;
+and as the convex is to refract most, it appears from the experiment,
+that it must be made with crown glass, and the concave with white flint
+glass.
+
+And further, as the refractions of spherical glasses are in an inverse
+ratio of their focal distances; it follows, that the focal distances
+of the two glasses should be inversely as the ratio’s of the fractions
+of the wedges: for being thus proportioned, every ray of light, that
+passes thro’ this combined glass, at whatever distance it may pass from
+its axe, will constantly be refracted, by the difference between two
+contrary refractions, in the proportion required; and therefore the
+different refrangibility of the light will be intirely removed.
+
+Having thus got rid of the principal cause of the imperfection of
+refracting telescopes, there seemed to be nothing more to do, but to go
+to work upon this principle: but I had not made many attempts, before
+I found, that the removal of one impediment had introduced another
+equally detrimental (the same as I had before found in two glasses with
+water between them): for the two glasses, that were to be combined
+together, were the segments of very deep spheres; and therefore the
+aberrations from the spherical surfaces became very considerable, and
+greatly disturbed the distinctness of the image. Tho’ this appeared
+at first a very great difficulty, yet I was not long without hopes
+of a remedy: for considering, the surfaces of spherical glasses admit
+of great variations, tho’ the focal distance be limited, and that by
+these variations their aberrations may be made more or less, almost at
+pleasure; I plainly saw the possibility of making the aberrations of
+any two glasses equal; and as in this case the refractions of the two
+glasses were contrary to each other, their aberrations, being equal,
+would intirely vanish.
+
+And thus, at last, I obtained a perfect theory for making
+object-glasses, to the apertures of which I could scarce conceive any
+limits: for if the practice could come up to the theory, they must
+certainly admit of very extensive ones, and of course bear very great
+magnifying powers.
+
+But the difficulties attending the practice are very considerable.
+In the first place, the focal distances, as well as the particular
+surfaces, must be very nicely proportioned to the densities or
+refracting powers of the glasses; which are very apt to vary in the
+same sort of glass made at different times. Secondly, the centres
+of the two glasses must be placed truly on the common axis of the
+telescope, otherwise the desired effect will be in a great measure
+destroyed. Add to these, that there are four surfaces to be wrought
+perfectly spherical; and any person, but moderately practised in
+optical operations, will allow, that there must be the greatest
+accuracy throughout the whole work.
+
+Notwithstanding so many difficulties, as I have enumerated, I have,
+after numerous trials, and a resolute perseverance, brought the matter
+at last to such an issue, that I can construct refracting telescopes,
+with such apertures and magnifying powers, under limited lengths, as,
+in the opinion of the best and undeniable judges, who have experienced
+them, far exceed any thing that has been hitherto produced, as
+representing objects with great distinctness, and in their true colours.
+
+ John Dollond.
+
+
+
+
+XCIX. _An Account of some extraordinary Effects arising from
+Convulsions; being Part of a Letter to_ John Huxham, _M.D. and F.R.S.
+from_ William Watson, _M.D. F.R.S._
+
+ 6 June, 1758.
+
+[Read June 15, 1758.]
+
+IN the month of January 1757, I was concerned for a young gentle-woman,
+who, if the number, continuance, and frequency of their returns,
+be considered, suffered the most violent and severe convulsions I
+ever knew. At some times the muscular spasms were general; at other
+times single muscles only, or a number of them, subservient to some
+particular purpose in the animal oeconomy, were affected. And such
+was the peculiarity of this case, that after and in proportion as
+any single muscle, or any determined number of muscles, had been in
+a state of spasm, a paralytic inability succeeded to those muscles,
+which very much disordered and impaired, and several times even for no
+small continuance prevented the patient from performing, several of
+her necessary functions. When the muscles, for instance, subservient to
+deglutition had been convulsed, for many hours after the fits had left
+her, she has not been able to swallow a single drop of liquid: so that
+when attempts have been made to cause her to drink, unless the liquor
+was immediately thrown back, there was imminent danger of her being
+strangled. When her eyes have been affected, several times a compleat
+_gutta serena_, and total blindness, has ensued; the patient being able
+to bear the strong day-light with open eyes, without being sensible of
+its influence, or in the least contracting her widely dilated pupils.
+After one of these fits the blindness continued full five days; and I
+began to be in fear for the return of her sight.
+
+You, Sir, who are so excellently well versed in the animal oeconomy,
+are not to be informed, that vocification is performed in the _aspera
+arteria_; but that the articulation of sounds into syllables and words
+is modulated principally by the tongue, and muscles about the larynx.
+In the case before you, very early in the disease, the spasms seized
+the muscles about the larynx: the consequence of which was, that after
+they were over, the patient was unable to utter a word. This faculty
+however she again once recovered; but it continued a very short time,
+as the fits returned, which again left her deprived of the power
+of speech. After having lost her voice a second time, her power of
+speech did not return, even after she was freed from her convulsions,
+and her general health restored. Fourteen months passed, whilst this
+patient continued absolutely speechless; when, after having violently
+heated herself by four hours dancing, on a sudden her power of speech
+returned, and it has continued perfectly free ever since.
+
+What is still further remarkable in this case is, that during the whole
+time of this patient’s continuing speechless, her life was rendered yet
+more uncomfortable by her having, from the injury to her brain by the
+spasms, forgot how to write, so as to express her meaning that way: but
+upon the recovery of her speech, this faculty likewise returned, which
+she has retained ever since. During the severity of this disease, which
+continued several weeks, almost every day of which, from the number
+and violence of the convulsions, I feared would be the patient’s last,
+nothing was left unattempted, which I imagined could tend to prevent
+the return of the spasms, or lessen their effects. My endeavours so far
+happily succeeded, that her fits did not return; but the consequences
+of them continued, more particularly her inability to speak. After some
+months however, when she was recruited in her strength, I was desirous
+of trying the effects of electricity, more particularly applied about
+her throat. This was accordingly attempted; but such was the state of
+her nerves, and their sensibility to its effects, that electrizing
+brought back the fits, which again affected her sight: so that I was
+compelled to desist, lest, in endeavouring to restore her speech, I
+might not only fail in this attempt, but might bring possibly on a
+permanent blindness. I determined therefore to trust the whole to time,
+which has happily removed all her complaints.
+
+
+
+
+C. _An Account of an extraordinary Storm of Hail in_ Virginia. _By_
+Francis Fauquier, _Esq; Lieutenant Governor of_ Virginia, _and F.R.S.
+Communicated by_ William Fauquier, _Esq; F.R.S._
+
+_To the Rev._ Tho. Birch, _D. D. Secret. R. S._
+
+[Read Nov. 9, 1758.]
+
+SIR,
+
+IN a letter I received from my brother, the lieutenant governor of
+Virginia, he gives an account of a very remarkable storm of hail;
+which, if you think it worth communicating to the Society, is very much
+at their service.
+
+It happened on Sunday the 9th of July, about four o’clock in the
+afternoon, and was preceded by some thunder and lightning. It was a
+small cloud, that did not seem to threaten much before its breaking,
+and did not extend a full mile in breadth. It passed over the middle of
+the town of Williamsburgh, and the skirts of the town had but little of
+it. Its course was from N. by W. to S. by E. The hail-stones, or rather
+pieces of ice, were most of them of an oblong square form; many of them
+an inch and half long, and about three fourths of an inch wide and
+deep; and from one side of most of them there proceeded sharp spikes,
+protuberant at least half an inch. He says he cooled his wine, and
+froze cream, with some of them the next day; and they were not totally
+dissolved when he went to bed on Monday night. This storm broke every
+pane of glass on the north side his house, and destroyed all his garden
+things intirely.
+
+He mentions likewise the heats to have been rather more than usual in
+that country this summer; and particularly on the 9th of August his
+thermometer (which is hung on the outside of his house on the north
+aspect) was at 97, by Fahrenheit’s graduation, and some other days as
+high as 94 or 95. I am,
+
+ SIR,
+ Your most obedient humble Servant,
+ Wm. Fauquier.
+
+Jermyn street, 18 October, 1758.
+
+
+
+
+CI. _An Account of an extraordinary Case of a diseased Eye; In a Letter
+to_ Matthew Maty, _M. D. F.R.S. By_ Daniel Peter Layard, _M. D. F.R.S._
+
+[Read Nov. 9. 1758.]
+
+ Huntingdon, 20th May, 1758.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+IN October 1755. I communicated to you, and you inserted in the last
+volume of your _Journal Britannique_, the case of Susannah Earle, of
+Hemmingford-Grey in this County, who, in consequence of the whooping
+cough, was afflicted with a protruded eye. The case I now send you,
+somewhat similar to that young girl’s in its first appearance and
+progress, but by accident attended with a second disease, will perhaps
+deserve your attention, and not seem unworthy of being presented to
+the Royal Society.
+
+John Law, of Fenny-Stanton, also in the County of Huntingdon, a strong
+and robust lad, thirteen years and six months old, in Easter week
+1756, beating dung about a close with unusual force, on a sudden felt
+a violent pain in his left eye. The pain increased, an inflammation
+ensued, and the eye grew daily larger. The poor boy’s mother followed
+the directions, which she received, without the least benefit to her
+child, after having, besides other expences, been defrauded by a quack
+of two guineas; a great sum for a poor cottager!
+
+The widow Law, in her distress, heard of Susannah Earl’s cure. She
+went to see her; and determined to bring her son to Huntingdon, for
+Mr. Hopkins’s assistance. Accordingly, October the 7th 1756, she came
+to Mr. Daniel Hopkins, surgeon, in this town; and having desired my
+opinion, we both examined the eye together.
+
+The left eye was protruded out of its orbit, and hung down over the
+cheek to the upper lip. The coats were greatly discoloured, all the
+vessels turgid, the sight totally lost, and the humours appeared like
+fluctuating pus. We saw the necessity of an immediate extirpation, to
+save the right eye, already greatly inflamed; and having apprized the
+mother and boy of the state the eye was in, a consultation was desired
+with two surgeons of St. Ives. Mr. Dawkes, who was present with Mr.
+Skeeles at Susannah Earle’s operation, being dead since that time, Mr.
+Thomas Skeeles and Mr. Thomas Want very charitably met Mr. Hopkins and
+me the next day, October the 8th, at the widow Law’s cottage.
+
+The eye appeared to these gentlemen as I have related: and upon Mr.
+Want’s pressing with his finger on the pupil, the globe burst at the
+edge of the _Iris_, and discharged pus. The extirpation of the eye was
+unanimously agreed upon, and immediately performed.
+
+Mr. Hopkins made a puncture with a lancet close to the external and
+small canthus of the eye, and then with a pair of crooked scissars took
+off all the distended globe close to the eye-lids. He then cleaned the
+cavity of the purulent humours, and filled it with soft lint, over
+which he applied bolsters dipped in warm red wine and water, and the
+_monoculus_ bandage to keep on the whole dressings. The lad was bled
+in the arm; nitrous medicines, and anodynes, were prescribed, and a
+suitable regimen. The fever, and inflammation of the eye, gradually
+decreased; the suppuration of the wound in few days was good, the
+distended eye-lids contracted, and a cure was soon expected.
+
+But on November the 7th the lad went to open the street-door, and
+it being a cold and rainy evening, he quickly felt the bad effects
+of the cold wind, which drove the rain in upon him. That night the
+wound became again very painful, the eye-lids puffed up, and next
+day appeared much inflamed, as were all the contents of the orbit.
+Fungous excrescences soon followed, and an intermittent fever. An
+emetic being improper, he was purged with rhubarb, and afterwards took
+the bark infused in red wine. The fever was removed after some time;
+but the contents of the orbit continued increasing, and the fungous
+excrescences became so large and spongy, as to be of equal bulk with
+the diseased eye before extirpation. All topical applications, to
+contract this fungus, were ineffectual, and the application of caustics
+or escharotics was prudently avoided, lest they should produce a
+carcinomatous ulcer. The discharge was chiefly a purulent serum: on
+which account, ever since the beginning of November he was kept upon a
+dry diet.
+
+In February 1757. the remaining coats of the eye began to appear at
+the most prominent parts of the excrescence, and seemed white like a
+part of the _conjunctiva_. On touching it with the finger, a distinct
+fluctuation was felt, and an _hydrophthalmia_ perfectly discovered; but
+neither the thickness of the coats, nor the sensibility of the parts,
+would permit a puncture to be made, till the cyst, which appeared
+formed by the distension of one of the coats of the eye, was freer from
+the fungus.
+
+The cyst continued daily to extend itself, and to separate the fungous
+edges; the fluctuation became more manifest, and the membranes thinner.
+At length, on the 15th of June 1757, Mr. Hopkins opened the cyst
+with the point of a lancet, and let out a large cup-full of limpid
+serum, without smell or taste. The boy felt very little pain in this
+operation. The cavity was filled with dry lint, and compresses dipt in
+warm red wine and water were applied over it. All the night following,
+and several days after, a great discharge of serum came away. On the
+19th the fungus was considerably lessened. Mr. Hopkins then dressed
+the wound with warm _unguentum é gummi elemi_, and washed the fungus
+with a lotion of _aquarum calcis_, _rosarum_, _et tincturæ myrrhæ_.
+On the 23d, upon his removing the dressings, he saw the cyst loose
+and collapsed; which he extracted with his forceps, without the least
+difficulty, or pain to his patient. The fungus daily wasted afterwards,
+the wound digested well, and the lad was intirely cured on the 7th of
+August.
+
+His right eye is perfectly strong, and he has been free from complaint
+ever since. The remainder of the coats of the eye, and of the muscles,
+bear up the eye-lids, that when uncovered he only seems to have closed
+the left eye: however, he has wore all the winter a back patch over it,
+to guard against fresh cold.
+
+The cyst, when first taken away, measured three inches and half in
+length, one inch and half in diameter, and contained a large cup-full
+of water. It appeared to be the _tunica sclerotica_, was of a clear
+pellucid white, and of so delicate a texture, as scarce to admit of
+being touched without tearing; and when dried with all possible care,
+became so brittle, that Mr. Hopkins could hardly preserve it in the
+manner I now send it.
+
+
+REMARKS.
+
+In both Susannah Earle and John Law’s cases, the eye was distended by
+the accumulation of the aqueous humour, separated in great quantity
+by the repeated straining of the blood-vessels in the whooping cough,
+which might gradually relax and enlarge the aqueous ducts of Susannah
+Earle’s eye; and possibly by the rupture of those ducts, and of some
+blood-vessels, at the time John Law exerted himself violently in
+beating dung about the close: for in either case the _impetus_ of the
+blood must have been so violent, as to produce those effects. However,
+from the _hydrophthalmia_ succeeding the operation on John Law, the
+fungous excrescence, and continual serous discharge during several
+months from the wound, it plainly appears, that an abundance of aqueous
+humour was discharged at first by the distention or laceration of the
+aqueous ducts, and latterly for want of a contraction of those vessels,
+and of the lymphatics, which were no longer of use.
+
+Both these cases shew the necessity of inquiring particularly into
+the causes of diseases of the eyes, as well as of other parts of the
+body; for by barely attending to the symptoms, the disease will not
+be removed, tho’ the symptoms be alleviated. Bleeding, and moderate
+evacuations, would certainly have, at first, decreased the tension and
+pain, and assuaged the inflammation; but both topical applications, and
+internal medicines, were properly to be adapted, and a suitable diet
+regulated.
+
+Not to mention the absurd and impertinent abuse of empirics, what
+benefit could accrue, in both these cases, from unctuous, laxative,
+or emollient applications, from drastic and mercurial purges? Tho’
+such applications might be well intended, to take off the tension
+and inflammation; yet, as the distension of the blood-vessels only
+increased gradually, as the globe of the eye was enlarged; so whatever
+application relaxed the coats of the eye, must infallibly stretch out
+the vessels yet farther, and cause a greater pain and inflammation;
+which drastic and mercurial purges would also increase.
+
+The only method then to be pursued in such bad cases would be at first
+to endeavour to remove the fullness of the blood, and make use of such
+topical remedies as would contract without irritation. If the cause
+remains, as the whooping cough in Susannah Earle’s case, no amendment
+of the eye can be expected, while the patient’s blood-vessels are
+continually strained by frequent coughing. This illness therefore
+should be attended to, and removed as soon as possible.
+
+But should the eye be so enlarged, as to protrude itself out of the
+orbit, there seems no other way to lessen the bulk of the eye, than
+by making a puncture with a proper instrument, to let out the aqueous
+humour; and then apply such agglutinant and contracting _collyria_, as
+may reduce the distended coats and vessels to their former size. This
+operation should be performed before the humours are vitiated, the
+sight lost, the vessels in a state of suppuration, and the coats of the
+eye too far extended; for at that time nothing less than extirpation
+can be of use.
+
+Professor Nuck, in his _Tractatus de Ductibus Oculorum Aquosis_, p.
+120, _& seq._ relates the success he had in curing a young man by five
+repeated punctures, and a strict observance in a proper use of all the
+non-naturals.
+
+I am, with the greatest regard and esteem,
+
+ Dear Sir,
+ Your most affectionate Brother,
+ and very humble Servant,
+ D. P. Layard.
+
+
+
+
+CII. _An Account of the Heat of the Weather in_ Georgia: _In a Letter
+from his Excellency_ Henry Ellis, _Esq; Governor of_ Georgia, _and
+F.R.S. to_ John Ellis, _Esq; F.R.S._
+
+[Read Nov. 16, 1758.]
+
+ Georgia, 17 July, 1758.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+THO’ some weeks have passed since I wrote to you, yet so little
+alteration has happened in the state of our affairs, that nothing
+occurs to me relative to them worth committing to paper. This indeed
+I need not regret, as one cannot sit down to any thing, that requires
+much application, but with extreme reluctance; for such is the
+debilitating quality of our violent heats at this season, that an
+inexpressible languor enervates every faculty, and renders even the
+thought of exercising them painful.
+
+’Tis now about three o’ clock; the sun bears nearly S. W. and I am
+writing in a piazza, open at each end, on the north-east side of my
+house, perfectly in the shade: a small breeze at S. E. blows freely
+thro’ it; no buildings are nearer, to reflect the heat, than 60 yards:
+yet in a thermometer hanging by me, made by Mr. Bird, and compared by
+the late Mr. George Graham with an approved one of his own, the mercury
+stands at 102. Twice it has risen this Summer to the same height;
+_viz._ on the 28th of June, and the 11th of July. Several times it has
+been at 100, and for many days successively at 98; and did not in the
+nights sink below 89. I think it highly probable, that the inhabitants
+of this town breathe a hotter air than any other people on the face of
+the earth. The greatest heat we had last year was but 92, and that but
+once: from 84 to 90 were the usual variations; but this is reckoned
+an extraordinary hot summer. The weather-wise of this country say it
+forebodes a hurricane; for it has always been remarked, that these
+tempests have been preceded by continual and uncommon heats. I must
+acquaint you, however, that the heats we are subject to here are more
+intense than in any other parts of the province, the town of Savannah
+being situated upon a sandy eminence, and sheltered all round with high
+woods. But it is very sufficient, that the people actually breathe so
+hot an air as I describe; and no less remarkable, that this very spot,
+from its height and dryness, is reckoned equally healthy with any other
+in the province.
+
+I have frequently walked an hundred yards under an umbrella, with a
+thermometer suspended from it by a thread to the height of my nostrils,
+when the mercury has rose to 105; which is prodigious. At the same
+time I have confined this instrument close to the hottest part of my
+body, and have been astonished to observe, that it has subsided several
+degrees. Indeed, I never could raise the mercury above 97 with the heat
+of my body.
+
+You know, dear Sir, that I have traversed a great part of this globe,
+not without giving some attention to the peculiarities of each climate;
+and I can fairly pronounce, that I never felt such heats any-where as
+in Georgia. I know experiments on this subject are extremely liable to
+error; but I presume I cannot now be mistaken, either in the goodness
+of the instrument, or in the fairness of the trials, which I have
+repeatedly made with it. This same thermometer I have had thrice in the
+equatorial parts of Africa; as often at Jamaica, and the West India
+islands; and, upon examination of my journals, I do not find, that the
+quicksilver ever rose in those parts above the 87th degree, and to that
+but seldom: its general station was between the 79th and 86th degree;
+and yet I think I have felt those degrees, with a moist air, more
+disagreeable than what I now feel.
+
+In my relation of the late expedition to the north-west, if I
+recollect right, I have observed, that all the changes and variety of
+weather, that happen in the temperate zone throughout the year, may be
+experienced at the Hudson’s Bay settlements in 24 hours. But I may now
+extend this observation; for in my cellar the thermometer stands at 81,
+in the next story at 102, and in the upper one at 105; and yet these
+heats, violent as they are, would be tolerable, but for the sudden
+changes that succeed them. On the 10th of December last the mercury was
+at 86; on the 11th it was so low as 38 of the same instrument. What
+havock must this make with an European constitution? Nevertheless, but
+few people die here out of the ordinary course; tho’ indeed one can
+scarce call it living, merely to breathe, and trail about a vigorless
+body; yet such is generally our condition from the middle of June to
+the middle of September. Dear Sir,
+
+ Yours most affectionately,
+ Henry Ellis.
+
+
+
+
+CIII. _The Invention of a General Method for determining the Sum of
+every 2d, 3d, 4th, or 5th_, &c. _Term of a Series, taken in order; the
+Sum of the whole Series being known. By_ Thomas Simpson, _F.R.S._
+
+[Read Nov. 16, 1758.]
+
+AS the doctrine of Series’ is of very great use in the higher branches
+of the mathematics, and their application to nature, every attempt
+tending to extend that doctrine may justly merit some degree of regard.
+The subject of the paper, which I have now the honour to lay before the
+Society, will be found an improvement of some consequence in that part
+of science. And how far the business of finding fluents may, in some
+cases, be facilitated thereby, will appear from the examples subjoined,
+in illustration of the general method here delivered.
+
+The series propounded, whose sum (_S_) is supposed to be given (either
+in algebraic terms, or by the measures of angles and ratio’s, _&c._)
+I shall here represent by _a_ + _bx_ + _cx_² + _dx_³ + _ex_⁴, &c. and
+shall first give the solution of that case, where every third term is
+required to be taken, or where the series to be summed is _a_ + _dx_³ +
+_gx_⁶ + _kx_⁶, &c. By means whereof, the general method of proceeding,
+and the resolution of every other case, will appear evident.
+
+Here, then, every _third_ term being required to be taken, let the
+series (_a_ + _dx_³ + _gx_⁶, &c.), whose value is sought, be conceived
+to be composed of _three_ others.
+
+ ⅓ × (_a_ + _b_ × (_px_) + _c_ × (_px_)² + _d_ × (_px_)³ + _e_ ×
+ (_px_)⁴, &c.)
+
+ ⅓ × (_a_ + _b_ × (_qx_) + _c_ × (_qx_)² + _d_ × (_qx_)³ + _e_ ×
+ (_qx_)⁴, &c.)
+
+ ⅓ × (_a_ + _b_ × (_rx_) + _c_ × (_rx_)² + _d_ × (_rx_)³ + _e_ ×
+ (_rx_)⁴, &c.)
+
+having all the _same form_, and the _same coefficients_ with the series
+first proposed, and wherein the converging quantities _px_, _qx_, _rx_,
+are also in a determinate (tho’ yet unknown) ratio to the original
+converging quantity _x_. Now, in order to determine the quantities
+of these ratios, or the values of _p_, _q_, and _r_, let the terms
+containing the same powers of _x_, in the two equal values, be equated
+in the common way:
+
+So shall,
+
+ ⅓ _b_ × _px_ + ⅓ _b_ × _qx_ + ⅓ _b_ × _rx_ = 0
+ ⅓ _c_ × _p_²_x_² + ⅓ _c_ × _q_²_x_² + ⅓ _c_ × _r_²_x_² = 0
+ ⅓ _d_ × _p_³_x_³ + ⅓ _d_ × _q_³_x_³ + ⅓ _d_ × _r_³_x_³ = _dx_³
+ ⅓ _e_ × _p_⁴_x_⁴ + ⅓ _e_ × _q_⁴_x_⁴ + ⅓ _e_ × _r_⁴_x_⁴ = 0
+ &c.
+
+And consequently,
+
+ _p_ + _q_ + _r_ = 0
+ _p_² + _q_² + _r_² = 0
+ _p_³ + _q_³ + _r_³ = 3
+ _p_⁴ + _q_⁴ + _r_⁴ = 0, &c.
+
+Make, now, _p_³ = 1, _q_³ = 1, and _r_³ = 1; that is, let _p_, _q_,
+and _r_, be the three roots of the cubic equation _z_³ = 1, or _z_³ -
+1 = 0: then, seeing both the second and third terms of this equation
+are wanting, not only the sum of all the roots (_p_ + _q_ + _r_) but
+the sum of all their squares (_p_² + _q_² + _r_²) will vanish, or be
+equal to nothing (by common algebra), as they ought, to fulfil the
+conditions of the two first equations. Moreover, since _p_³ = 1, _q_³
+= 1, and _r_³ = 1, it is also evident, that _p_⁴ + _q_⁴ + _r_⁴ (= _p_
++ _q_ + _r_) = 0, _p_⁵ + _q_⁵ + _r_⁵ (= _p_² +_q_² + _r_²) = 0, _p_⁶
++ _q_⁶ + _r_⁶ (= _p_³ + _q_³ + _r_³) = 3. Which equations being, in
+effect, nothing more than the first three repeated, the values of
+_p_, _q_, _r_, above assigned, equally fulfil the conditions of these
+also: so that the series arising from the addition of three assumed
+ones will agree, in every term, with _that_ whose sum is required: but
+those series’ (whereof the quantity in question is composed) having
+all of them the _same form_ and the _same coefficients_ with the
+original series _a_ + _bx_ + _cx_² + _dx_³, &c. (= _S_), their sums
+will therefore be truly obtained, by substituting _px_, _qx_, and _rx_,
+successively, for _x_, in the given value of _S_. And, by the very same
+reasoning, and the process above laid down, it is evident, that, if
+every _nᵗʰ_ term (instead of every third term) of the given series be
+taken, the values of _p_, _q_, _r_, _s_, &c. will then be the roots of
+the equation _zⁿ_ - 1 = 0[155]; and that, the sum of all the terms so
+taken, will be truly obtained by substituting _px_, _qx_, _rx_, _sx_,
+&c. successively for _x_, in the given value of _S_, and then dividing
+the sum of all the quantities thence arising by the given number _n_.
+
+The same method of solution holds equally, when, in taking every _n_ᵗʰ
+term of the series, the operation begins at some term after the first.
+For all the terms preceding _that_ may be transposed, and the whole
+equation divided by the power of _x_ in the first of the remaining
+terms; and then the sum of every _nᵗʰ_ term (beginning at the first)
+will be found by the preceding directions; which sum, multiplied by
+the power of _x_ that before divided, will evidently give the true
+value required to be determined. Thus, for example, let it be required
+to find the sum of every third term of the given series _a_ + _bx_ +
+_cx_² + _dx_³ + _ex_⁴, &c. (= _S_), beginning with _cx_². Then, by
+transposing the two first terms, and dividing the whole by _x_², we
+shall have _c_ + _dx_ + _ex_² + _fx_³, &c. = (_S_ - _a_ - _bx_) ⁄
+(_xx_) (= _S´_). From whence having found the sum of every third term
+of the series _c_ + _dx_ + _ex_² + _fx_³, &c. beginning at the first
+(_c_), that sum, multiplied by _x_², will manifestly give the true
+value sought in the present case.
+
+And here it may be worth while to observe, that all the terms preceding
+_that_ at which the operation (in any case) begins, may (provided they
+exceed not in number the given interval _n_) be intirely disregarded,
+as having no effect at all in the result. For if in that part ((-_a_ -
+_bx_) ⁄ _xx_) of the value of _S´_, above exhibited, in which the first
+terms, _a_ and _bx_, enter, there be substituted _px_, _qx_, _rx_,
+successively, for _x_ (according to the _prescript_) the sum of the
+quantities thence arising will be
+
+ - _a_ ⁄ (_p_²_x_²) - _a_ ⁄ (_q_²_x_²) - _a_ ⁄ (_r_²_x_²)
+ - _b_ ⁄ _px_ - _b_ ⁄ _qx_ - _b_ ⁄ _rx_
+
+which, because _p_³ = 1, _q_³ = 1, &c. (or _p_² = 1 ⁄ _p_, _q_² = 1 ⁄
+_q_, &c.) may be expressed thus;
+
+ - _a_ ⁄ _xx_ × (_p_ + _q_ + _r_)
+ - _b_ ⁄ _x_ × (_p_² + _q_² + _r_²)
+
+But, that _p_ + _q_ + _r_ = 0, and _p_² + _q_² + _r_² = 0, hath been
+already shewn; whence the truth of the general observation is manifest.
+Hence it also appears, that the method of solution above delivered,
+is not only general, but includes this singular beauty and advantage,
+that in all series’ whatever, whereof the terms are to be taken
+according to the same assigned order, the quantities (_p_, _q_, _r_,
+&c.), whereby the resolution is performed, will remain invariably the
+same. The greater part of these quantities are indeed _imaginary_ ones;
+and so likewise will the quantities be that result from them, when
+substitution is made in the given expression for the value of _S_. But
+by adding, as is usual in like cases, every two corresponding values,
+so resulting together, all marks of _impossibility_ will disappear.
+
+If, in the series to be summed, the alternate terms (_viz._ the 2d,
+4th, 6th, _&c._) should be required to be taken under signs contrary to
+what they have in the original series given; the reasoning and result
+will be no-ways different; only, instead of making _p_³ + _q_³ + _r_³
+(or _pⁿ_ + _qⁿ_ + _rⁿ_, &c.) = +3 (or +_n_), the same quantity must,
+here, be made = -3 (or -_n_). From whence, _pⁿ_ being = -1, _qⁿ_ = -1,
+&c. the values of _p_, _q_, _r_, &c. will, in this case, be the roots
+of the equation _zⁿ_ + 1 = 0.
+
+It may be proper, now, to put down an example, or two, of the use and
+application of the general conclusions above derived. First, then,
+supposing the series, whose sum is given, to be _x_ + _x²_ ⁄ 2 + _x³_
+⁄ 3 + _x⁴_ ⁄ 4 ... + _xᵐ_ ⁄ _m_ + _xᵐ ⁺ ¹_) ⁄ (_m_ + 1) + _xᵐ ⁺ ²_ ⁄
+(_m_ + 2) ... + _xᵐ ⁺ ⁿ_ ⁄ (_m_ + _n_) + _xᵐ ⁺ ⁿ ⁺ ¹_ ⁄ (_m_ + _n_ + 1)
++, &c. = - H. Log.(1-_x_) (= _S_); let it be required, from hence, to
+find the sum of the series (_xᵐ_ ⁄ _m_ + _xᵐ ⁺ ⁿ_ ⁄ (_m_ + _n_) + _xᵐ
+⁺ ²ⁿ_ ⁄ (_m_ + 2_n_) &c.) arising by taking every _nᵗʰ_ term thereof,
+beginning with that whose exponent (_m_) is any integer less than _n_.
+Here, the terms preceding _xᵐ_ ⁄ _m_ being transposed, and the whole
+equation divided by _xᵐ_, we shall have 1 ⁄ _m_ + _x_ ⁄ (_m_ + 1) +
+_x_² ⁄ (_m_ + 2) + _x_³ ⁄ (_m_ + 3), &c. = -(1 ⁄ _xᵐ_) × H. Log.(1 -
+_x_) - (_x_ + ½_x_², &c.) ⁄ _xᵐ_. In which value, let _px_, _qx_, _rx_,
+&c. be, successively, substituted for _x_ (according to prescript)
+neglecting intirely the terms (_x_ + ½_x_²) ⁄ _xᵐ_, as having no effect
+at all in the result: from whence we get -1 ⁄ (_(px)ᵐ_) × Log.(1 -
+_px_) - (1 ⁄ _(qx)ᵐ_) × Log.(1 - _qx_) - (1 ⁄ _(rx)ᵐ_) × Log.(1 -
+_rx_), &c. Which multiplied by _xᵐ_ (the quantity that before divided)
+gives -1 ⁄ (_pᵐ_) × Log.(1 - _px_) - 1 ⁄ (_qᵐ_) × Log.(1 - _qx_) - 1 ⁄
+(_rᵐ_) × Log.(1 - _rx_), &c. = _n_ times the quantity required to be
+determined.
+
+But now, to get rid of the imaginary quantities _q_, _r_, &c. by means
+of their known values α + √(αα - 1), α - √(αα - 1), &c. it will be
+necessary to observe, that, as the product of any two corresponding
+ones (α + √(αα - 1) × (α - √(αα - 1)) is equal to unity, we may
+therefore write (α - √(αα - 1))_ᵐ_ (= _rᵐ_) instead of its equal 1
+⁄ (_qᵐ_), and (α + √(αα - 1))_ᵐ_ (= _qᵐ_) instead of its equal 1 ⁄
+(_rᵐ_): by which means the two terms, wherein these two quantities
+enter, will stand thus; -(α - √(αα - 1))_ⁿ_ × Log. (1 - _qx_) - (α +
+√(αα - 1))_ᵐ_ × Log. (1 - _rx_).
+
+But, if _A_ be assumed to express the co-sine of an arch (_Q_), _m_
+times as great as that (360° ⁄ _n_) whose co-sine is here denoted by α;
+then will _A_ - √(_AA_ - 1) = [156](α - √(αα - 1))_ᵐ_, and _A_ + √(_AA_
+- 1) = (α + √(αα - 1))_ᵐ_: which values being substituted above, we
+thence get
+
+ -_A_ × (log. (1 - _qx_) + log. (1 - _rx_)) + √(_AA_
+ - 1) × (log. (1 - _qx_) - log. (1 - _rx_));
+
+
+whereof the former part (which, exclusive of the factor _A_, I shall
+hereafter denote by _M_) is manifestly equal to -_A_ × log. ((1 - _qx_)
+× (1 - _rx_)) (by the nature of logarithms) = -_A_ × log. 1 - (_q_ +
+_r_)._x_ + _qrx_² = -_A_ × log. (1 - 2α_x_ + _xx_) (by substituting
+the values of _q_ and _r_): which is now intirely free from imaginary
+quantities. But, in order to exterminate them out of the latter part
+also, put _y_ = log. (1 - _qx_) - log. (1 - _rx_); then will _ẏ_ =
+-_qẋ_ ⁄ (1 - _qx_) + _rẋ_ ⁄ (1 - _rx_) = -((_q_ - _r_) × _ẋ_) ⁄ (1 -
+(_q_ + _r_) × _x_ + _xx_) = -(2√(αα - 1) × _ẋ_) ⁄ (1 - 2α_x_ + _xx_)
+= -(2√(-1) × √(1 - αα) × _ẋ_) ⁄ (1 - 2αx + xx); where (√(1 - αα) × ẋ)
+⁄ (1 - 2α_x_ + _xx_) expresseth the fluxion of a circular arch (_N_)
+whose radius is 1, and sine = (√(1 - αα) × _ẋ_) ⁄ (1 - 2α_x_ + _xx_);
+consequently _y_ will be = -2√(-1) × _N_: which, multiplied by √(_AA_ -
+1), or its equal √(-1) × √(1 - _AA_), gives 2√(1 - _AA_) × _N_; and,
+this value being added to that of the former part (found above), and
+the whole being divided by _n_, we thence obtain (-_AM_ + 2√(1 - _AA_)
+× _N_) ⁄ _n_, or 1 ⁄_n_ × (-co-s. _Q_ × _M_ + sin. _Q_ × 2_N_) for that
+part of the value sought depending on the two terms affected with _q_
+and _r_. From whence the sum of any other two corresponding terms will
+be had, by barely substituting one letter, or value, for another: So
+that,
+
+ { -log. (1 - _x_)
+ { -co-s. _Q_ × _M_ + sin. _Q_ × 2_N_
+ (1 ⁄ _n_) × { -co-s. _Q´_ × _M´_ + sin. _Q´_ × 2_N´_
+ { -co-s. _Q´´_ × _M´´_ + sin. _Q´´_ × 2_N´´_
+ { -&c. + &c.
+
+will truly express the sum of the series proposed to be determined;
+_M_, _M´_, _M´´_ &c. being the hyperbolical logarithms of 1 - 2α_x_ +
+_xx_, 1 - 2β_x_ + _xx_, 1 - 2γ_x_ + _xx_, &c. _N_, _N´_, _N´´_ &c. the
+arcs whose sines are _x_√(1 - αα) ⁄ √(1 - 2α_x_ + _xx_), _x_√(1 - ββ) ⁄
+√(1 - 2β_x_ + _xx_), _x_√(1 - γγ) ⁄ √(1 - 2γ_x_ + _xx_), &c. and _Q_,
+_Q´_, _Q´´_, &c. the measures of the angles expressed by (360° ⁄ _n_)
+× _m_, 2 × (360° ⁄ _n_) × _m_, 3 × (360° ⁄ _n_) × _m_, &c. And here it
+may not be amiss to take notice, that the series _xᵐ_ ⁄ _m_ + _xᵐ ⁺ ⁿ_
+⁄ (_m_ + _n_) + _xᵐ ⁺ ²ⁿ_ ⁄ (_m_ + 2_n_) + &c. thus determined, is that
+expressing the fluent of (_xᵐ ⁻ ¹ẋ_) ⁄ (1 - _xⁿ_); corresponding to one
+of the two famous _Cotesian forms_. From whence, and the reasoning
+above laid down, the fluent of the other _form_, _xᵐ ⁻ ¹ẋ_ ⁄ (1 +
+_xⁿ_), may be very readily deduced. For, since the series (_xᵐ_ ⁄ _m_ -
+_xᵐ ⁺ ⁿ_ ⁄ (_m_ + _n_) + _xᵐ ⁺ ²ⁿ_ ⁄ (_m_ + 2_n_) - _xᵐ ⁺ ³ⁿ_ ⁄ (_m_ +
+3_n_) &c.) for this last fluent, is that which arises by changing the
+signs of the alternate terms of the former; the quantities _p_, _q_,
+_r_, &c. will here (agreeably to a preceding observation) be the roots
+of the equation _zⁿ_ + 1 = 0; and, consequently, α, β, γ, δ, &c. the
+co-sines of the arcs 180° ⁄ _n_, 3 × 180° ⁄ _n_, 5 × 180° ⁄ _n_, &c.
+(as appears by the foregoing note). So that, making _Q_, _Q´_, _Q´´_,
+&c. equal, here, to the measures of the angles (180° ⁄ _n_) × _m_, 3 ×
+(180° ⁄ _n_) × _m_, 5 × (180° ⁄ _n_) × _m_, &c. the fluent sought will
+be expressed in the very same manner as in the preceding case; except
+that the first term, -log. (1 - _x_) (arising from the _rational_ root
+_p_ = 1) will here have no place.
+
+After the same manner, with a small increase of trouble, the fluent of
+_xᵐ ⁻ ¹ẋ_ ⁄ (1 ± 2_lxⁿ_ + _x_²_ⁿ_) may be derived, _m_ and _n_ being
+any integers whatever. But I shall now put down one example, wherein
+the impossible quantities become exponents of the powers, in the terms
+where they are concerned.
+
+The series here given is 1 - _x_ + _x_² ⁄ 2 + _x_³ ⁄ (2.3) + _x_⁴
+⁄ (2.3.4) - _x_⁵ ⁄ (2.3.4.5), &c. = the number whose hyp. log. is
+-_x_, and it is required to find the sum of every _nᵗʰ_ term thereof,
+beginning at the first. Here the quantity sought will (according to the
+general rule) be truly defined by the _nᵗʰ_ part of the sum of all the
+numbers whose respective logarithms are -_px_, -_qx_, -_rx_, &c.; which
+numbers, if _N_ be taken to denote the number whose hyp. log. = 1,
+will be truly expressed by _N⁻ᵖˣ_, _N⁻⒬ˣ_, _N⁻ʳˣ_, &c. From whence, by
+writing for _p_, _q_, _r_, &c. their equals 1, α + √(αα - 1), α - √(αα
+- 1), β + √(ββ - 1), β - √(ββ - 1), &c. and putting α´ = √(1 - αα), β´
+= √(1 - ββ), &c. we shall have 1 ⁄ _n_ × (_N⁻ᵖˣ_ + _N⁻⒬ˣ_ + _N⁻ʳˣ_),
+&c. = 1 ⁄ _n_ into _N⁻ˣ_ + _N⁻ᵃˣ_ × (_N⁻ᵃ‘ˣ_√⁻¹) + (_Nᵃ‘ˣ_√⁻¹) + _N⁻ᵝˣ_
+× (_N⁻ᵝ‘ˣ√⁻¹_) + _Nᵝ‘ˣ√⁻¹_) + &c. But _N⁻ᵃ‘ˣ√⁻¹_ + _Nᵃ‘ˣ√⁻¹_ is known
+to express the double of the co-sine of the arch whose measure (to the
+radius 1) is α´_x_. Therefore we have 1 ⁄ _n_ into _N⁻ˣ_ + _N⁻ᵃˣ_ × 2
+co-s. α´_x_ + _N⁻ᵝˣ_ × 2 co-s. β´_x_, &c. for the true sum, or value
+proposed to be determined.
+
+The solution of this case, in a manner a little different, I have
+given some time since, in another place; where the principles of the
+general method, here extended and illustrated, are pointed out. I shall
+put an end to this paper with observing, that if, in the series given,
+the even powers of _x_, or any other terms whatever, be wanting, their
+places must be supplied with cyphers; which, in the order of numbering
+off, must be reckoned as real terms.
+
+
+
+CIV. _Observatio Eclipsis Lunæ Die_ 30 Julii 1757. _habita Olissipone
+à_ Joanne Chevalier, _Congregationis Oratorii Presbytero, é Regia_
+Londinensi _Societate. Communicated by_ Jacob de Castro Sarmiento,
+_M.D. F.R.S._
+
+Tubo optico 8 pedum.
+
+[Read Nov. 16, 1758.]
+
+ h ´ ´´
+ Initium penumbræ 9 15 18
+ Initium dubium eclipsis 9 22 24
+ Certo jam incœperat 9 23 34
+ Umbra ad mare humorum observata vitro plano cæruleo 9 31 2
+ Solo tubo optico observata 9 31 29
+ Vitro flavo observata 9 31 48
+ Umbra tangit Grimaldum observata vitro plano cæruleo 9 31 20
+ Solo tubo optico 9 31 50
+ Vitro plano flavo 9 32 8
+ Totus Grimaldus tegitur observatus vitro plano cæruleo 9 34 4
+ Solo tubo optico 9 34 28
+ Vitro flavo 9 34 47
+ Umbra ad Tychonem observata vitro plano cæruleo 9 38 25
+ Solo tubo optico 9 38 42
+ Vitro flavo 9 38 59
+ Umbra ad Harpalum vitro cæruleo observata 9 55 6
+ Solo tubo optico 9 55 35
+ Umbra ad Fracastorium 9 59 57
+ Umbra ad Mare Nectaris 10 00 50
+ Observata vitro flavo 10 1 8
+ Umbra ad Dionysium 10 5 2
+ Umbra tangit Mare Tranquillitatis 10 5 50
+ Umbra ad Mare Serenitatis 10 10 16
+ Umbra tegit Menelaum observata vitro cæruleo 10 11 4
+ Solo tubo optico 10 11 29
+ Vitro flavo 10 11 50
+ Totum Mare Fœcunditatis tegitur 10 18 39
+ Umbra tangit Mare Crisium vitro cæruleo observata 10 22 52
+ Solo tubo optico 10 23 12
+ Vitro flavo 10 23 29
+ Umbra ad Proclum 10 23 33
+ Possidonius totus tegitur 10 23 50
+ Totum Mare Serenitatis tegitur 10 24 36
+ Totum Mare Crisium ab umbra tegitur 10 30 27
+ Plato tegitur vitro cæruleo observatus 10 31 26
+ Solo tubo optico 10 31 48
+ Vitro flavo 10 32 4
+ Obscuratio maxima 10 55 40
+
+EMERSIONES.
+
+ h ´ ´´
+ Plato emergit observatus vitro flavo 11 19 5
+ Solo tubo optico 11 19 31
+ Vitro cæruleo 11 19 50
+ Aristarchus emergit 11 21 3
+ Gassendus incepit emergere observatus vitro flavo 11 25 36
+ Observatus solo tubo optico 11 25 52
+ Observatus vitro cæruleo 11 26 11
+ Gassendus totus extra umbram 11 28 2
+ Schicardus incipit emergere 11 45 44
+ Totus extra umbram 11 47 10
+ Totum Mare Humorum extra umbram 11 46 50
+ Menelaus extra umbram 11 55 36
+ Mare Serenitatis extra umbram 11 59 46
+ Tycho extra umbra observatus vitro flavo 12 00 33
+ Solo tubo optico 12 00 52
+ Vitro cæruleo 12 1 14
+ Incipit emergere Mare Crisium 12 8 31
+ Totum Mare Crisium extra umbram 12 16 28
+ Finis eclipsis 12 28 26
+
+Observatio hæc peracta é cœlo claro; umbra autem terræ ita diluta erat,
+ut maculæ in ea conditæ satis dignoscerentur.
+
+
+
+
+CV. _Singular Observations upon the_ Manchenille Apple. _By_ John
+Andrew Peyssonnel, _M. D. F.R.S. Translated from the_ French.
+
+[Read Nov. 16, 1758.]
+
+THe cruel effects of the tree called Manchenille are known to all the
+world: its milk, which the savages make use of to poison their arrows,
+makes the wounds inflicted with them mortal. The rain, which washes
+the leaves and branches, causes blisters to rise like boiling oil;
+even the shade of the tree makes those who repose under it to swell;
+and its fruit is esteemed a deadly poison. I was informed, as a very
+extraordinary thing, that a breeding woman was so mad as to eat three
+of them, which did her very little harm; and this was looked upon as a
+miracle, and a proof of the surprising effects of the imagination and
+longings of women with child.
+
+But here is a fact, which will scarce be credited by many persons, who
+have frequented these Islands: which I declare to be true.
+
+One Vincent Banchi, of Turin in Piedmont, a strong robust man, and an
+old soldier, of about forty-five years of age, belonging to the horse,
+was a slave with the Turks eleven years, having been taken prisoner at
+the siege of Belgrade. He was overseer of my habitation towards the
+month of July of the year 1756. He was one day walking upon the sea
+side, and seeing a great number of apples upon the ground, was charmed
+with their beautiful colours, and sweet smell, resembling that of the
+apple called d’apis: he took and eat of them, without knowing what they
+were; he found they had a subacid taste; and having eaten a couple of
+dozen of them, he fill’d his pockets, and came home, eating the rest as
+he came. The Negroes, that saw him eat this cruel fruit, told him it
+was mortal; upon which he ceased to eat them, and threw away the rest.
+
+About four in the afternoon, _viz._ an hour after this repast, his
+belly swelled considerably, and he felt as it were a consuming fire
+in his bowels. He could not keep himself upright; and at night the
+swelling of his belly increased, with the burning sensation of his
+bowels. His lips were ulcerated with the milk of the fruit, and he was
+seized with cold sweats; but my principal Negro made him a decoction of
+the leaves of a _Ricinus_[157] in water, and made him drink plentifully
+of it, which brought on a vomiting, followed by a violent purging;
+both which continued for four hours, during which it was thought he
+would die. At length these symptoms grew less; and my Negroes made him
+walk, and stir about by degrees; and soon after they were stopped.
+Rice-gruel, which they gave him, put an end to all these disorders; and
+in four-and-twenty hours he had no more ailments nor pain; the swelling
+of his belly diminished in proportion to his evacuations upwards and
+downwards, and he has continued his functions without being any more
+sensible of the poison. We see by this, that the effects of the poison
+of the Manchenille are different from those of the fish at Guadaloupe,
+which I mentioned.
+
+Dec. 2. 1756.
+
+
+
+
+CVI. _Abstract of a Letter from Mr._ William Arderon, _F.R.S. to Mr._
+Henry Baker, _F.R.S. on the giving Magnetism and Polarity to Brass.
+Communicated by Mr._ Baker.
+
+[Read Nov. 16, 1758.]
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+FOR some time past I have been making experiments on the magnetism of
+brass, and amongst many pieces that I have tried, find several that
+readily attract the needle; but whether they have had this property
+originally, or have received it by hammering, filing, clipping, or any
+other such-like cause, I cannot yet determine.
+
+I have a very handsome compass-box made of pure brass, as far as I can
+judge: the needle being taken out, and placed upon a pin fixed properly
+in a board, and clear of all other magnetics, the box will attract this
+needle at half an inch distance; and, if suffered to touch, will draw
+it full 90 degrees from the north or south points; and I think those
+parts of the box marked north and south attract the strongest. The
+cover of the box also attracts the needle nearly as much as the box
+itself.
+
+As to your supposition, that iron may be mixed with the brass, I do not
+know; but I have been informed it cannot be, as brass fluxes with a
+much less degree of heat than iron, and iron naturally swims on fluid
+brass. Besides, many of the specimens of brass I have tried were new
+as they came from the mill, where they were wrought into plates, and
+I presume were not mixed[158]; yet these I have given the magnetic
+virtue to, when they had it not; and some pieces of brass, which
+naturally attract the needle, seem to the eye as fine a bright yellow
+as any other, and are as malleable as any I ever met with.
+
+Pieces of brass without any magnetic power, by properly hammering and
+giving them the double touch, after Mr. Mitchel’s method, I have made
+attract and repel the needle, as a magnet does, having two regular
+poles: and I now send you one such piece of brass, which I have thus
+made magnetical. You will also receive a couple of needles, which I
+made myself after the late Zachary Williams’s method, and a little
+stand whereon to place them, the better to shew how this magnetic bar
+attracts and repels the needle when properly applied; for it must be
+noted, that in making these experiments it is necessary to employ a
+very good needle, about 3-½ inches long, well and tenderly set, and not
+covered with glass.
+
+You will observe, when you try this bar, that the same poles repel each
+other, and the contrary poles attract; which proves this piece of brass
+to be indued with true magnetic virtue and polarity. However it must be
+noted, that though the same poles repel each other, yet, like natural
+magnets, in contact, or nearly so, they attract each other; therefore
+when you would shew the repelling power of this brass bar, you must not
+bring it nearer the needle than ²⁄₁₀ of an inch.
+
+Magnetic brass does not attract iron, not even the least particle, so
+far as I can find: whether this is owing to the weakness of magnetism
+in the brass, or to some other cause, I don’t pretend to know.
+
+I have tried to infuse magnetic virtue into several pieces of copper,
+lead and pewter; but all my endeavours have not been able to make them
+attract the needle at all. Indeed, when I have held a piece of pewter,
+that I have tryed to make magnetical, to the needle, the needle would
+tremble, but not approach the pewter.
+
+I send you another piece of brass, whose either end attracts either of
+the poles; this I have infused the magnetic virtue into, and can at any
+time, so as to attract and repel the needle; but, like steel that is
+set a low blue, it loseth that polarity in a few hours; which may arise
+for its being too short for its weight, or from its different temper of
+hardness or softness.
+
+A third piece I also send you, which with all my endeavours I cannot
+make attract the needle in the least; and yet I can perceive no
+difference between the appearance of this piece and that of those which
+do.
+
+Would some ingenious man pursue these experiments, perhaps we might
+have needles made of brass to act as strongly as steel ones do, which
+would have the advantage of being less liable to rust at sea than steel
+ones are.
+
+But my whole design was to shew, that brass is by no means a proper
+metal to make compass-boxes of, or to be employed in any instrument
+where magnetism is concerned. For as it is demonstrable, beyond
+all contradiction, that some brass is found endued with a power of
+attracting the magnetic needle; that other pieces are capable of
+receiving it either by accident or design, (let it be from its being
+mixed with iron, or any other cause whatever) brass must be a very
+improper metal for compass-boxes, as it may occasion many sad and fatal
+accidents.
+
+Norwich, Octob. 20th, 1758.
+
+
+It is well known, that brass has been sometimes found to affect and
+disturb the magnetic needle; but, to give magnetism and polarity
+to brass, has not, that I have yet heard, been before attempted. I
+therefore have taken the liberty to lay the above account before this
+Royal Society, and have also brought the pieces of brass mentioned
+therein, which have been thus made magnetical.
+
+ H. Baker.
+
+London, Nov. 15. 1759.
+
+
+
+
+CVII. _An Account of the_ Sea Polypus, _by Mr._ Henry Baker, _F.R.S._
+
+_To the Right Honourable the_ EARL _of_ MACCLESFIELD, President _of
+the_ Royal Society.
+
+[Read Nov. 23, 1758.]
+
+My Lord,
+
+I now return the marine animal your Lordship did me the honour to
+recommend to my examination; which I find to be a species of one kind
+of the Sea Polypi, mentioned by naturalists; but I think not very
+accurately described.
+
+
+The kinds of Sea Polypi are understood to be,
+
+_First_, The Polypus, particularly so called, the Octopus, Preke, or
+Pour-contrel: to which kind our subject belongs.
+
+_Secondly_, The Sepia, or Cuttle-fish.
+
+_Thirdly_, The Loligo, or Calamary. And each of these has its different
+species and varieties[159]. The ancients add the Nautilus; and some
+sorts of Star-fish might perhaps be not improperly ranged among them.
+
+All of the first kind have eight arms, placed at equal distances round
+the head; below the arms are two eyes, and the body is short and thick.
+
+The Cuttle-fish, and the Calamary, have each of them ten arms; of which
+eight are shorter ones, tapering gradually to a point from the head,
+where they all rise, to their extremities: the other two (frequently
+called Tentacula) are three or four times as long, perfectly round,
+slender, and of an equal thickness for above two thirds of their whole
+length; then spreading into a form nearly like that of the shorter
+arms. Great numbers of _acetabula_, or suckers, are placed somewhat
+irregularly on each of the shorter arms, and on the spreading parts of
+the Tentacula, where some of the suckers are a great deal larger than
+the rest.
+
+The body of the Cuttle-fish is broad and flat, having within it a broad
+friable white bone; that of the Calamary is a sort of cartilaginous
+case holding the intestines, of a roundish oblong shape, furnished with
+two fins, and having within it a thin transparent elastic substance
+like Isinglass.
+
+[Illustration: _Philos. Trans. Vol. L._ TAB. XXIX. _p. 779_
+
+ _G. Edwards delin AD. 1758_ _J. Mynde sc._]
+
+The mouth of the Pour-contrel, Cuttle-fish, and Calamary, is placed in
+the fore-part of the head, between the arms, having an horny beak, hard
+and hooked like a parrot’s, which some writers call the teeth. The eyes
+of them all are nearly in the same position.
+
+As the subject under examination resembles in some particulars all the
+above kinds of Polypi, this short account of them may, it is hoped,
+render the following description of it the more intelligible: and
+with the same view, Mr. George Edwards, Fellow of the Royal Society,
+has been so obliging as to make drawings of the animal itself, in
+four different positions, and of the natural size; which drawings are
+herewith presented to your Lordship.
+
+Our Polypus is of the Pour-contrel kind, and I believe of that species
+called Bolytæna; which is said to have a musky smell; but if ours had
+such a smell, the spirits wherein it lies have taken it quite away.
+
+In the drawing [_See_ TAB. XXIX. _Fig._ 1.] is shewn the anterior part
+of this animal, which has much the appearance of a Star-fish. Here
+are eight arms about three inches in length, united at their roots,
+and placed circularly at equal distances in the same plane, which has
+a considerable sinking towards the center. These arms diminish from
+their rise to their extremities, and end exceedingly small. Near the
+head they are quadrilateral, but the under-side contracting gradually
+to an edge, they become towards the ends trilateral. On the upper side
+of each arm are two rows of _acetabula_, or suckers, standing in a
+beautiful order, as close as they can well be placed, and beginning
+from the center of all the arms. These suckers are perfectly circular,
+with edges flat on the top, and a round cavity in the middle of each.
+They are largest in the widest part of the arm, and lessen as the arm
+diminishes, till they become so small as hardly to be discernable. It
+is very difficult to tell their number: I counted as far as fifty in a
+row, but am certain there are many more; and I don’t imagine the eight
+arms have so few as a thousand on them. They rise some height above the
+surface of the skin; and wherever they are not, the skin of the arms
+(unless on the under-side) is granulated like shagreen[160].
+
+As in the other kinds of Polypi the mouth is placed between the arms
+conspicuously enough, I expected to find it so in this; but the spirits
+had contracted it so much, that I could discern no opening at all
+where I thought the mouth must be; and therefore could not say, with
+assurance, that the mouth was placed there. Under this difficulty
+I applied to Sir Hans Sloane’s most valuable collection of natural
+history in the British Musæum, where I found several species of this
+kind of Polypi, and amongst the rest a small dried specimen of the same
+species as ours, and a much larger one in spirits, of a species that
+comes very near it.
+
+This large specimen afforded the information I stood in need of: for
+though here also the mouth was closed, and the beak drawn down into
+the center between the arms, so as not to be seen at all; yet, by the
+help of Dr. Morton and Mr. Empson, I had the satisfaction to see the
+mouth opened, and the beak in the same situation, and of the same form
+and substance, as in the other kinds of Polypi. Having gained this
+knowledge, by applying the point of a bodkin, I easily felt the beak
+in our Polypus; but in so small a subject it cannot be brought to view
+without dissection, which is the reason it does not appear in these
+drawings.
+
+_Fig. 2._ represents the Polypus so placed as to shew the situation of
+the eyes and the form of its body, and also in what manner the arms
+are turned back in the specimen before us; but we may suppose them
+thus disposed merely in the act of dying, and that when alive they are
+moveable in all directions.
+
+On that side of the body opposite to the eyes, and which therefore may
+be termed the belly-part, there appears a transverse slit or opening
+in the skin, not in a strait line, but a little semicircular; from the
+anterior part whereof a tube or pipe proceeds, about one third of an
+inch in length, smaller at the extremity, where it opens with a round
+orifice, than at the base, and reaching to within a small distance of
+the arms. As both the Cuttle-fish and Calamary have a pipe nearly in
+the same situation, though somewhat different in figure, through which
+they occasionally discharge an inky liquor, and some writers say the
+fæces also, it is probable the pipe in this animal may serve to a like
+purpose; and as the body of the Calamary is included in a case, the
+slit across the body of this animal shews its belly part to have also
+a sort of case, though on its back there is no separation as in the
+Calamary.
+
+Out of the aforesaid slit or opening a bag issues with a very slender
+neck, extending towards the tail, and enlarging gradually to its end.
+This bag is above half the length of the body, and appears like another
+body appendant thereto. I should be intirely at a loss concerning
+this bag, did not some passages in Mr. Turberville Needham’s curious
+observations on the milt vessels of the Calamary enable me to form some
+conjectures about its use.
+
+Having dissected several Calamaries on the coast of Portugal, without
+the least indication of milt or roe, and consequently without knowing
+which were male or female, he was much surprised (about the middle
+of the month of December) to find a new vessel forming itself in an
+obvious part, and replete with a milky juice. This was an oval bag, in
+which the milt vessels formed themselves gradually, the bag unfolding
+as these framed and disposed themselves in bundles. Before that time
+he had observed two collateral tubes, which are alike in both sexes;
+but a regular progress in the expansion of the milt-bag and formation
+of the milt-vessels had not presented itself before. Those tubes till
+then appeared open at one extremity, much resembling the female parts
+of generation in a snail, but did not terminate in a long oval bag
+extending in a parallel with the stomach more than half the length of
+the fish, as he found them afterwards when the milt vessels that filled
+the whole cavity were ripe for ejection. The same ducts without the bag
+are found in the female also, perhaps for the deposition of the spawn.
+Vid. _Needham’s Microscopical Discoveries, cap._ v.
+
+It appears from this account that the male Calamary (at a certain time
+of the year only) has a bag wherein the milt-vessels are contained,
+and that the female has no such bag. Since therefore the bag of our
+Polypus is found in the same situation as that of the Calamary, (which
+is also a kind of Polypus) we may suppose it to be the milt bag, and
+that our Polypus is a male, taken at a time when the milt was ready for
+ejection. In the dried specimen at the British Museum, and also in the
+other specimens, there is the same opening, with the pipe that rises
+above it towards the arms, but not the least appearance of the bag in
+question: they are therefore probably females, or if males, were caught
+before such bag was formed.
+
+_Fig. 3._ presents another view of this Polypus, its arms extended
+circularly with their under-sides next the eye, and the body so
+disposed as to shew the transverse opening _a_, the oval bag issuing
+therefrom _b_, and the pipe rising upwards towards the arms _c_.
+
+_Fig. 4._ shews the Polypus with its transverse opening and the pipe
+rising therefrom, but without the oval bag; it is figured thus by
+Rondeletius and Gesner, and the specimen at the British Museum has also
+this appearance. It is here shewn with the arms extended forwards. K
+is a magnified figure of one of the _acetabula_, or suckers; of which
+there are two rows on each arm of this Polypus, as before described.
+
+Mr. Needham, in his description of the suckers of the Calamary,
+(which he had many opportunities of examining whilst alive, and whose
+mechanism is probably the same as in those of our Polypus) informs
+us, “that the action of the suckers depends partly on their shape,
+which, when they are extended resembles nearly that of an acorn-cup,
+and partly upon a deep circular cartilaginous ring, armed with small
+hooks, which is secured in a thin membrane something transparent,
+by the projection of a ledge investing the whole circumference about
+the middle of its depth, and not to be extracted without some force.
+That each sucker is fastened by a tendinous stem to the arm of the
+animal: which stem, together with part of the membrane that is below
+the circumference of the cartilaginous ring, rises into and fills
+the whole cavity when the animal contracts the sucker for action. In
+this state whatever touches it is first held by the minute hooks, and
+then drawn up to a closer adhesion by the retraction of the stem and
+inferior part of the membrane, much in the same manner as a sucker of
+wet leather sustains the weight of a small stone.” Vid. _Microscopical
+Discoveries_, p. 22.
+
+M shews one of the cartilaginous rings armed with small hooks, of its
+real size. The ring this is drawn from was taken out of a large sucker
+of a larger Polypus, and is presented herewith.
+
+By these suckers the Polypus can fix itself to rocks, and prevent its
+being tossed about in storms and tempests; but their principal use
+must undoubtedly be to seize and hold its prey: and to this purpose
+they are most admirably adapted; for when they are all applied and act
+together, unless the Polypus pleases to withdraw them, nothing can get
+from it whose strength is insufficient to tear off its arms. Something
+like these suckers is found by the microscope in the minute fresh water
+Polype, whereby it is able to bind down and manage a worm much larger
+and seemingly stronger than itself[161]. In like manner the _stella
+arborescens_ (which may also be called a Polypus), though it has not
+suckers, yet by the hooks along its arms, and the multiplicity of
+their branchings, which have been counted as far as 80,000, it can, by
+spreading its arms abroad like a net, so fetter and entangle the prey
+they inclose when they are drawn together, as to render it incapable of
+exerting its strength: for however feeble these branches or arms may
+singly be, their power united becomes surprising. And we are assured
+nature is so kind to all these animals, that if in their struggles any
+of their arms are broken off, after some time they will grow again; of
+which a specimen at the British Museum is an undoubted proof; for a
+little new arm is there seen sprouting forth in the room of a large one
+that had been lost.
+
+It is evident from what has been said, that the Sea Polypus must be
+terrible to the inhabitants of the waters, in proportion to its size
+(and Pliny mentions one whose arms were thirty feet in length); for the
+close embraces of its arms and the adhesion of its suckers must render
+the efforts of its prey ineffectual either for resistance or escape,
+unless it be endued with an extraordinary degree of strength.
+
+Sea Polypi are frequent in the Mediterranean: but Mr. Haviland of Bath,
+to whom we are obliged for this, which is of a different species,
+thinks it came from the West Indies, where it is called a Cat-fish.
+That like it in the British Museum also came from thence.
+
+As the Polypus I have endeavoured to describe is much contracted by
+lying long in spirits, and dissection would destroy a specimen well
+worth preserving, I hope to be excused if this account should be found
+deficient in several particulars, or chargeable with some mistakes.
+
+Permit me the honour to be,
+
+ My LORD,
+ Your Lordship’s
+ Most humble and obedient Servant,
+ H. Baker.
+
+Strand, Nov. 23d, 1758.
+
+
+
+
+CVIII. _A Description of the fossil Skeleton of an Animal found in the
+Alum Rock near_ Whitby. _By Mr._ Wooller. _Communicated by_ Charles
+Morton, _M. D. F.R.S._
+
+[Read Nov. 23, 1758.]
+
+IT is in this rock, that the Ammonitæ, or Snake-stones, as they are
+commonly called, are found, which have undoubtedly been formed in the
+_exuviæ_ of fishes of that shape; and though none of that species
+are now to be met with in the seas thereabouts, yet they in many
+particulars resemble the Nautilus, which is well known. The internal
+substance of those stones, upon a section thereof, appears to be
+a stony concretion, or muddy sparr. Stones of the same matter or
+substance, in the shape of muscles, cockles, &c. of various sizes,
+are also found therein, and now and then pieces of wood hardened and
+crusted over with a stony substance are likewise found in it.
+
+[Illustration: _Philos. Trans. Vol. L._ TAB. XXX. _p. 787_.
+
+_Part of the Fossil Skeleton of an Animal as it appeared on and united
+to the Allom Rock near_ Whitby, _Jan. 3. 1758_.
+
+a. a. _&c. The Ammonitæ or Snake Stones_.
+
+_J. Mynde sc._]
+
+Many naturalists have already observed, that among the vast variety
+of extraneous substances found at several depths in the earth, where
+it is impossible they should have been bred, there are not so many
+productions of the earth as of the sea; and it appears by the accounts
+of authors both ancient and modern, that bones, teeth, and sometimes
+entire skeletons of men and animals, have been dug up or discovered
+in all ages, and the most remarkable for size commonly the most taken
+notice of. In the first particular this skeleton will most probably
+appear to have belonged to an animal of the lizard kind, quadruped and
+amphibious; and as to its size, much larger than any thing of that kind
+ever met with or found in this part of the world; though, from the
+accounts of travellers, something similar is still to be met with in
+many of the rivers, lakes, &c. of the other three.
+
+When the annexed drawing thereof was taken January 5, 1758. [_See_
+TAB. XXX.] there remained no more of the _vertebræ_ than is therein
+expressed; that is, 10 between D and F, and 12 between G and H: but
+when it was first discovered, about 10 years ago, they were compleat;
+and there was besides the appearance of what was then thought to have
+been fins, near the back part of the head at A, the same as appeared
+further backward at E, when this design was made. The _vertebræ_, &c.
+now wanting having been either dug up by curious persons, or washed
+away by the violence of the waves at high water, and the accidental
+beating about of stones, sand, &c. during that time; the water covering
+this skeleton several feet at high water in spring tides; the cavities
+in the rock still remaining as in the design.
+
+The substance of the bones, with their _periostium_, on the covered
+or under side, in most parts remains intire, and their native colour
+in some places in a good measure preserved, and the teeth with their
+smooth polish plainly to be discovered. Part of the mandible near the
+extremity was covered with a shelf of the rock about three inches
+thick; which being cut away and removed, both the mandibles appeared
+under it compleat, with the teeth of the upper and under one, plainly
+locking or passing by each other. These appeared to be of the _dentes
+exerti_ or fang kind, as well as all the others in the narrow part of
+the mandible, and further backwards they were not observed. From this
+ledge or shelf the mandible towards B is single, and appears to be the
+upper one of the living animal; and from the head not being exactly
+in the line of the body, that part has been inverted, or quite turned
+over, and the body itself, as appears from the transverse processes of
+the _vertebræ_, lies on the right side. There appears one row of teeth
+only on each side of the mandible, and they are about ¾ of an inch
+asunder.
+
+The mandible B A, the _cranium g h_, and the _vertebræ_ from D to F,
+were attempted to be taken up whole; but the bones being rendered
+extremely brittle, and the rock in which they were fixed being a
+brittle blackish slate, with joints or fissures running in every
+direction, would not hold together: the whole therefore fell in many
+pieces, the _vertebræ_ in the joints only, which makes them easy to
+join together again, and besides shows very plainly the transverse and
+spinal processes thereof, with the foramen in the latter for the spinal
+marrow. It was now that a piece of the _os femoris_, about four inches
+long, shewed itself in the sparry concreted substance at E, together
+with a piece of the _os innominatum_, to which it had been articulated
+or joined. This, with what has been before remarked, will sufficiently
+prove this to have been an animal of the quadruped, and probably, from
+the shape of the cranium peculiar to fishes, of the amphibious kind. At
+the same time many pieces of the _costæ_ or ribs, as broke and crushed
+up against the _vertebræ_, were plainly visible. The cavities of all
+the bones were filled with a substance, which appeared the same as the
+rock itself; and the substance on each side the _vertebræ_, as they
+laid, was a mixture of sparry concreted matter with that of the rock
+itself, which is a blackish slate. The animal, when living, must have
+been at least 12 or 14 feet long. And the dimensions of the whole,
+or particular parts of the skeleton, may be measured from the scale
+annexed thereto.
+
+This skeleton lay about six yards from the foot of the cliff, which is
+about sixty yards in perpendicular height, and must have been covered
+by it probably not much more than a century ago. The cliff there
+is composed of various _strata_, beginning from the top, of earth,
+clay, marle, stones both hard and soft, of various thicknesses, and
+intermixed with each other, till it comes down to the black slate or
+alum rock, and about 10 or 12 feet deep in this rock, this skeleton
+laid horizontally, and exactly as designed. The probability, that this
+cliff has formerly covered this animal, and extended much more into
+the sea, is not in the least doubted of by those that know it. The
+various _strata_, of which it is composed, are daily mouldering and
+falling down; and the bottom, being the slaty alum rock, is also daily
+beat, washed, and wore away, and the upper parts undermined, whence
+many thousand tuns often tumble down together. Many antient persons now
+living, whose testimony can be no way doubted of, remember this very
+cliff extending in some places twenty yards further out than it does at
+present. In short there is sufficient evidence, that at the beginning
+it must have extended near a mile further down to the sea than it does
+at present; and so much the sea has there gained of the land.
+
+These are the principal facts and circumstances attending the situation
+and discovery of this skeleton; which from the condition it is in, and
+from the particular disposition of the _strata_ above the place where
+it is found, seem clearly to establish the opinion, and almost to a
+demonstration, that the animal itself must have been antediluvian,
+and that it could not have been buried or brought there any otherwise
+than by the force of the waters of the universal deluge. The different
+_strata_ above this skeleton never could have been broken through at
+any time, in order to bury it, to so great a depth as upwards of 180
+feet; and consequently it must have been lodged there, if not before,
+at least at the time when those _strata_ were formed, which will not
+admit of a later date than that above-mentioned.
+
+ _P. S._ In the xlixth vol. page 639, of the _Philosophical
+ Transactions_, an animal is described by Mr. Edwards, which was
+ brought from the Ganges, and resembles this in every respect. He
+ calls it _Lacerta (crocodilus) ventre marsupio donato, faucibus
+ Merganseris rostrum æmulantibus_.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Philos. Trans. Vol. L._ TAB. XXXI. _p. 791_.
+
+PHŒNICIAN Coins.
+
+_J. Mynde sc._]
+
+
+
+
+CIX. _A Dissertation upon the_ Phœnician _Numeral Characters antiently
+used at_ Sidon. _In a Letter to the Rev._ Thomas Birch, _D. D. Secret.
+R. S. from the Rev._ John Swinton, _M. A. of_ Christ-Church, Oxon.
+_F.R.S._
+
+[Read Dec. 7, 1758.]
+
+Reverend Sir,
+
+HAVING, by the assistance of the Palmyrene numeral characters, lately
+made a discovery, which may perhaps hereafter be of considerable
+service to chronology; I could not longer defer, though now deeply
+engaged in other matters, communicating it to the Royal Society. Nor
+will the memoir containing this, I flatter myself, be deemed altogether
+unworthy the attention of that learned and illustrious body. For,
+unless I am greatly deceived, it will bid fair to ascertain, with a
+sufficient degree of precision, the Phœnician dates of several antient
+Sidonian coins, one of which was struck above a century before the
+birth of CHRIST, hitherto utterly unknown; and evince the notation of
+the Phœnicians, at least those of Sidon, when they first appeared, to
+have been extremely similar to, if not nearly the same with, that of
+the Palmyrenes.
+
+
+I.
+
+A small brass coin of Sidon[162], now in my possession, exhibits on the
+reverse three Phœnician letters, that form the word SIDON, over the
+prow of a ship, the usual symbol of the city wherein it was struck.
+This coin, which is in good conservation, I formerly[163] published and
+explained. The characters however in the exergue, which I could then
+make nothing of, were not with sufficient accuracy described. This has
+induced me to transmit you another draught of the same medal, wherein
+proper care has been taken to remedy that defect. The two first of
+those characters, though somewhat imperfect, appear manifestly enough
+to be _Schin_ and _Tzade_; as the former occurs on the Palmyrene[164]
+marbles, and the latter on several very valuable[165] Phœnician coins.
+The others so nearly resemble the numeral characters of the Palmyrenes,
+that they may undoubtedly be considered as pointing out to us a date.
+Which if we admit, the _Schin_ and _Tzade_ will seem to be the initial
+letters of the words צה שנת, THE YEAR OF SIDON, or IN THE YEAR OF
+SIDON; as the elements _Pe_ and _Schin_ apparently denote שנת פסח, THE
+PASCHA OF THE YEAR, or IN THE BEGINNING OF THE YEAR, on the reverse of
+the famous Samaritan coin of Bologna, published by Sig. Bianconi[166]
+not many years since. Nor can the phrase, THE YEAR OF SIDON, or IN THE
+YEAR OF SIDON, intimating the year of the proper æra of that city, be
+looked upon as repugnant either to the Jewish or Phœnician genius; a
+similar expression having been used, both in their writings[167] and
+on their coins[168], about the time that the Phœnician medal before
+me was struck, by the Jews. That the first of the numeral characters
+here stands for TWENTY, we may infer from the correspondent one of the
+Palmyrenes, to the form of which it is by no means unlike. This will
+likewise be confirmed by the dates preserved on other Phœnician coins,
+which will be immediately produced. The next, denoting a lesser number,
+and not representing FIVE, which we find always expressed by minute
+right lines on the Sidonian medals, must indubitably occupy the place
+of TEN. The six following strokes, after what has been just observed,
+will be acknowleged to add SIX to the foregoing numbers; so that the
+inscription in the exergue will no longer remain a mystery, the whole
+only importing, IN THE YEAR OF SIDON XXXVI.
+
+
+II.
+
+I have three other coins of Sidon[169], of almost intirely the same
+type; only one of them exhibits a date in Greek numerals, and two bear
+Phœnician dates. The Greek numerals are EOT, CCCLXXV; and the Phœnician
+correspond with the numbers CXX, CXXVII, to both of which are prefixed
+the above-mentioned initial letters. We meet with draughts of two
+similar medals in[170] Arigoni, adorned with characters, expressing the
+numbers CXXVIII, CXXX. All these coins present to our view a turrited
+head and a branch of palm, pointing out to us the country to which they
+belong, and on the reverse the usual symbol of Sidon. The year handed
+down to us by the Greek date EOT, is the 375th of the æra of Seleucus;
+and those denoted by the Phœnician numerals answer to the 120th, 127th,
+128th, and 130th, of the proper æra of Sidon, as will be hereafter more
+fully evinced. Hence we may certainly collect, that these pieces were
+struck at Sidon in the years of CHRIST 11, 18, 19, 21, and 64.
+
+
+III.
+
+Three coins of Sidon, different from the former, occur in[171] Sig.
+Haym, and seven[172] more in my little cabinet, whose type is
+altogether the same, with Phœnician dates, preceded by the two
+aforesaid initial letters, upon them. To which we may add five,
+preserved in the noble[173] cabinet bequeathed to Christ-Church,
+Oxon. by Archbishop Wake, and another in the valuable collection of
+the Rev. Dr. Barton[174], Canon of the said collegiate church, and a
+worthy member of this Society. On one side these medals all exhibit
+the head of Jupiter, and on the reverse the prow of a ship, the common
+symbol of Sidon. Most of them had various Phœnician letters at first
+imprest on the upper part of the reverse, and one of them (which is
+pretty remarkable) nearly the same characters there that appear in
+the exergue. The first of the coins mentioned here was struck in the
+year of Sidon 5. This has been perfectly well preserved, and is more
+curious than any of the rest; which were emitted from the mint at Sidon
+in various years of the proper æra of that city, _viz._ the 107th,
+108th, 110th, 111th, 112th, 114th, 115th, 116th, 117th, and 119th. We
+meet on none of these medals with the figure denoting TWENTY, used
+by the Sidonians, during the period I am now upon. It not a little
+resembles that which prevailed at Tadmor[175] in the reign of the
+emperor Claudius, about forty-nine years after the birth of CHRIST. The
+most antient of the Phœnician coins I am now considering preceded the
+commencement of the Christian æra 104 years, and is consequently 153
+years older than the earliest Palmyrene inscription that has hitherto
+come to our hands[176].
+
+
+IV.
+
+Some years since I published a small brass medal of Sidon[177], with
+the heads of Jupiter and Juno on one side, and the prow of a ship
+on the reverse; but did not accurately enough describe the numeral
+characters, and two initial letters, in the exergue. I therefore take
+the liberty to send[178] you a new draught, perfectly well done,
+of that inscription. Two more coins of the same type I have since
+acquired, and another may be seen in[179] Sig. Haym. These four pieces
+only exhibit the years of Sidon 125 and 132.
+
+
+V.
+
+My small collection likewise affords two[180] other Phœnician medals
+of Sidon,[181] and Archbishop Wake’s noble cabinet one, of the same
+type, with different Phœnician dates in the exergue. To these may be
+added five, with the publication of which the learned world has been
+obliged by Sig. Arigoni[182]. The anterior faces of these coins are
+adorned with a veiled head, representing the genius of the city wherein
+they were struck; and the reverses with a human figure leaning upon
+a pillar, and holding a branch of palm in its right hand. Several
+Phœnician letters also there appear, which may perhaps at first sight
+seem to render it somewhat doubtful, whether the medals belong to
+Sidon or not. But every suspicion arising from hence must immediately
+vanish, when we cast our eyes upon the two initial elements, and the
+numeral characters, in the exergue; which clearly enough indicate the
+pieces to have been struck at Sidon, in the 83d, 87th, 95th, 105th,
+106th, 108th, 114th, and 116th years of the æra peculiar to that city.
+A Phœnician coin of Sidon likewise occurs in one[183] of Sig. Arigoni’s
+plates, and another[184] in my collection, with the turrited head and
+branch of palm visible on three of the[185] medals above described,
+which indisputably appertain to that city, together with the very
+Phœnician letters and symbol imprest on the Sidonian coins now before
+me. This, exclusive of other considerations, that might be offered,
+must set the point I am here insisting upon beyond dispute.
+
+
+VI.
+
+I have another brass Phœnician medal of Sidon[186], not a little
+resembling those above-mentioned, both in workmanship and size,
+presenting to our view on one side the head of Jupiter, and on the
+other a human figure with a lance in its right hand. This coin, which
+has never yet been published, is adorned with a Phœnician legend
+on the reverse, different from those of all the others that have
+hitherto appeared. I therefore judged that a draught of it would not
+be unacceptable, though the date imprest originally in the exergue
+(answering to the 26th year of Sidon) has a little suffered from the
+injuries of time.
+
+
+VII.
+
+The next Phœnician medal of Sidon, which I shall take the liberty here
+to describe, is a small brass one[187], now in my hands, with a veiled
+head on the anterior face, and the prow of a ship on the reverse.
+M. Bouterouë[188], who has published it, rightly asserts it to be a
+Phœnician coin. The year of Sidon, preserved in the exergue of mine,
+is 74; and that in the exergue of M. Bouterouë’s, 73, though the first
+numeral character of the latter is somewhat deformed.
+
+
+VIII.
+
+The last Phœnician medals I shall at present produce, in order to
+settle the point in view, are[189] two in my possession, intirely
+agreeing both in type and form, as remarkable as any of the others here
+touched upon. A similar coin has been published by Sig. Arigoni[190],
+and another[191] by M. Bouterouë; both of which, on several accounts,
+merit the attention of the learned. They exhibit on one side the
+head of Jupiter laureated, with a beard; and on the reverse a double
+cornucopia, together with three or four Phœnician elements, one or
+two of which are in a great measure defaced. A brass medal of Sidon
+occurs in Archbishop Wake’s[192] collection, as well as one in[193]
+mine, with the head of Jupiter done exactly after the same manner
+as that on the pieces before me, and Europa carried by a bull on
+the reverse; which, exclusive of the inscriptions in the exergue,
+demonstrate the latter to belong to Sidon. The first of mine was struck
+in the 143d year of the proper æra of that city, and the second five
+years after. They correct the barbarous date assigned by Sig. Arigoni
+to his coin. M. Bouterouë has not favoured the learned world with an
+explication of the medal, of which he has given us a draught. Nor has
+M. l’Abbé Barthelemy, who likewise mentions this very coin, informed
+us to what place it appertains; but contented himself with barely[194]
+observing, that the letters preserved on the reverse are Phœnician. I
+flatter myself therefore that I shall not be charged with plagiarism
+by this celebrated antiquary, in case what is here submitted to the
+consideration of the Royal Society should be so happy as to meet with
+the approbation of that learned and illustrious body; not even by
+_only_ acquainting the public, with a sort of _politesse_ so peculiar
+to his countrymen, that it is now become one of the most distinguishing
+characteristics of their nation[195], “that a certain Oxford doctor has
+done him the honour to _adopt_ the explication he had given.”
+
+
+IX.
+
+For the farther illustration of what has been here advanced, it will
+be requisite to observe, that two æra’s were antiently followed at
+Sidon; the æra of Seleucus, and another peculiar to the inhabitants
+of that city[196]. On the Greek brass coins of Sidon, according to
+F. Frœlich[197], both these epochs seem to have been used. However,
+the supputation pointed out to us by the date on the Greek medal
+above-mentioned was undoubtedly made according to the æra of Seleucus;
+since otherwise the year exhibited by that date must have been nearly
+coincident with the 266th of CHRIST, which by those versed in this kind
+of literature will never be allowed. For had the piece presented to
+our view so recent a date, as Sidon first became a Roman colony in the
+reign of Elagabalus[198], above forty years before; the reverse ought
+to have been adorned with some other letters intimating this, as were
+those of the Sidonian[199] coins posterior to that event. As certain
+is it that all the Phœnician medals of Sidon, whose numeral characters
+have been interpreted here, acknowledge no other epoch than the proper
+one of that city, which commenced in the year[200] of Rome 643. This, I
+flatter myself, from the following considerations, exclusive of others
+that might, with equal facility, be offered, will even to demonstration
+appear.
+
+1. The fifth year mentioned by the oldest of these coins cannot be
+the fifth year of the æra of Seleucus, because the Sidonians were
+then subject to Antigonus[201], in whose territories the supputation
+according to that epoch did not take place; and consequently the piece
+itself must have been struck in the fifth year of the proper æra of
+Sidon, nearly coincident with the 648th of Rome[202].
+
+2. No dates ever occurred upon the medals of the Syrian kings presiding
+over the people of Sidon, either to F. Frœlich or Dr. Vaillant[203],
+who have so eminently distinguished themselves in this branch of
+literature, before the year of Seleucus 112; and therefore neither
+the Phœnician dates preserved on the aforesaid Sidonian coins whose
+numeral characters do not amount to 112, nor the Greek dates on others
+falling short of that number, can rationally be supposed to bear any
+relation to the æra of that prince. This certainly must be considered
+as a strong presumption, or rather an incontestable proof, that the
+last-mentioned Phœnician dates were deduced from the commencement of
+the proper Sidonian epoch, as from their genuine cardinal point. Which
+reasoning will by analogy extend, as the numeral characters exhibited
+by all the coins here explained are of the same kind, to every one of
+the rest.
+
+3. None of the medals of the Syrian kings, with Phœnician letters
+upon them[204], hitherto published, bear any Phœnician dates. This,
+after what has been said, renders it extremely probable, that the
+pieces of Sidon I am considering were posterior to those coins; and
+even that their Phœnician dates referred to an æra different from that
+of Seleucus, followed by the Greek dates on the medals of the Syrian
+kings. Which if we admit, this æra could have been no other than the
+new one of the Sidonians, that commenced in the seventh century of Rome.
+
+4. That the dates visible on these coins were supputed according to
+the latter epoch of Sidon, will be manifest from an examination of
+the Greek and Phœnician brass medals of that city explained, in[205]
+the beginning of this paper; whose type and workmanship are extremely
+similar, if not almost intirely the same. For this circumstance is
+to me an evident proof, that they could not have been struck at very
+distant times. Now if we take the Greek coin to have followed the æra
+of Seleucus, as was undoubtedly the case, and the others that peculiar
+to Sidon; the first of the Phœnician dates[206] will not be prior to
+the Greek one above fifty-three years, nor the last of them precede it
+above forty-three years. Whereas if we suppose the numeral inscriptions
+in the exergues of the Phœnician Sidonian coins to have been supputed
+according to the Seleucian epoch, the difference between the aforesaid
+dates will be five times as much; which with the similarity of
+workmanship and type, already observed, will be altogether incompatible.
+
+5. As the Jews[207], about the time that the first of our medals was
+struck, denominated the æra of Seleucus, THE ÆRA OF THE KINGDOM OF
+THE GREEKS; we cannot well doubt but it went amongst the Sidonians,
+who were neighbours to the Jews, under the same denomination. From
+whence it will follow, that the epoch styled by them emphatically, THE
+ÆRA OF SIDON, must have been different from the æra of Seleucus; and
+consequently that which, after the 643d year of Rome, was peculiar to
+them.
+
+[Illustration: _Philos. Trans. Vol. L._ TAB. XXXII. _p. 804_
+
+PHŒNICIAN Numerals antiently used at SIDON, from _One_ to a _Thousand_.
+
+_J. Mynde sc._]
+
+The powers of the Phœnician numeral characters antiently used at Sidon,
+which I flatter myself are now discovered, having been for many ages
+unknown; the Society will perhaps not be displeased to see accurate
+draughts of the principal Phœnician medals, from whence they are
+deduced. I have therefore taken the liberty to transmit them[208] such
+draughts, which may be intirely depended upon. I have also constructed
+a table[209] of the numeral characters themselves, from UNITY TO A
+THOUSAND; which will demonstrate, in the clearest manner possible, the
+great affinity between them and those of the Palmyrenes.
+
+1. From this table it plainly appears, that the people of Sidon had
+no particular character to denote Five, whilst the Phœnician numerals
+here explained were in vogue amongst them; that they expressed TWENTY
+by a character, during that period, not very different from the
+correspondent one used at Tadmor; and that in all other respects the
+Phœnician notation then prevailing at Sidon was, in a manner, the same
+with that of the[210] Palmyrenes.
+
+2. It may not be improper to observe, that two of the Sidonian coins I
+have been considering[211] exhibit the Phœnician word מא, equivalent
+to the Hebrew מאה, and Syriac מאא, AN HUNDRED, instead of the centenary
+numeral character. This, in conjunction with the appearance of that
+character, occupying the very place of the term אמ, on others of those
+coins, first induced me to believe, that the inscription preserved by
+every one of them in the exergue could be nothing else but a date.
+
+3. I shall beg leave farther to remark, that none of the indubitable
+medals of Tyre, adorned with Phœnician letters, as far as I have been
+able to discover, present to our view any Phœnician dates at all.
+This still more clearly evinces the second element prefixed to the
+Phœnician numerals in the exergue to point out to us the city of Sidon,
+and not that of Tyre; which[212], indeed, seems already to have been
+sufficiently proved.
+
+4. From the foregoing observations we may likewise collect, that
+the coin assigned to Demetrius III. by Mr. Masson, F. Frœlich[213],
+and Sig. Haym, exhibiting a Phœnician legend, without a Phœnician
+date, in the exergue, ought in reality to be attributed to Demetrius
+I. Those three learned men therefore have been guilty of a mistake in
+this particular. Nor can the head on this medal be denied to bear some
+resemblance to that of Demetrius I.[214] with a moderate beard, as it
+appears on a coin published by Dr. Vaillant, and in one of F. Frœlich’s
+plates. That the letters A K, behind the head, indicate the piece
+to have been struck in the twenty-first year of the proper Sidonian
+æra[215], as Mr. Masson and F. Frœlich are pleased to assert, can never
+be proved. On the contrary, the improbability of such a notion may be
+inferred from two similar letters, behind the turrited head of the _Dea
+Syria_[216], on a Phœnician coin, which Mr. Masson makes to point out
+the forty-first year of the proper epoch of Sidon; whereas, in truth,
+that piece seems to have been struck either in the reign of Demetrius
+I. or Antiochus IV.[217] many years before. Nay, that it was actually
+struck when Demetrius I. sat upon the Syrian throne, is rendered almost
+incontestable by a medal of that prince now in my possession, with a
+_Beta_ behind the head on the anterior part, and the very reverse of
+the last-mentioned coin. From the former of which circumstances it
+farther appears, that the alphabetic characters MA, supposed by Mr.
+Masson to denote 41, are by no means to be taken for a date. To which
+we may add, that the head on a Phœnician medal, with the two Greek
+elements AK behind it, published by Mr. Reland[218], is apparently that
+of Demetrius I.; and that the posterior part of this coin is nearly
+the same, in all respects, with the reverse of that supposed to[219]
+appertain to Demetrius III. by Mr. Masson and Sig. Haym. But to wave
+all other considerations, relative to the point in view, that may
+occur, the features and turns of the face on the medals of Demetrius
+III. are so different[220], that no inference of any validity can be
+drawn from the pretended identity or similitude of them, in support of
+Mr. Masson’s opinion.
+
+5. The Palmyrene and Phœnician numerals, deduced from coins and
+inscriptions, may perhaps be thought not unworthy a place amongst the
+arithmetical characters of various nations, formerly[221] collected
+by Bishop Beveridge; and consequently may be allowed to render
+somewhat more complete the chronological institutions, or rather the
+chronological arithmetic, of that learned and judicious author.
+
+You will pardon the prolixity of this letter, which the novelty of
+the subject may perhaps render a little more excusable than it would
+otherwise have been; and believe me to be, with the most perfect
+consideration and esteem,
+
+ SIR,
+ Your most obedient humble Servant,
+ J. Swinton.
+
+Christ Church, Oxon. Nov. 17. 1758.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Philos. Trans. Vol. L._ TAB. XXXIII. _p. 809_.
+
+_J. Mynde sc._]
+
+
+
+
+CX. _Of the Irregularities in the Motion of a Satellite arising from
+the spheroidical Figure of its Primary Planet: In a Letter to the Rev._
+James Bradley _D. D. Astronomer Royal, F.R.S. and Member of the Royal
+Academy of Sciences at_ Paris; _by Mr._ Charles Walmesley, _F.R.S.
+and Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences at_ Berlin, _and of the
+Institute of_ Bologna.
+
+[Read Dec. 14, 1758.]
+
+Reverend Sir,
+
+SINCE the time that astronomers have been enabled by the perfection of
+their instruments to determine with great accuracy the motions of the
+celestial bodies, they have been solicitous to separate and distinguish
+the several inequalities discovered in these motions, and to know their
+cause, quantity, and the laws according to which they are generated.
+This seems to furnish a sufficient motive to mathematicians, wherever
+there appears a cause capable of producing an alteration in those
+motions, to examine by theory what the result may amount to, though
+it comes out never so small: for as one can seldom depend securely
+upon mere guess for the quantity of any effect, it must be a blameable
+neglect entirely to overlook it without being previously certain of its
+not being worth our notice.
+
+Finding therefore it had not been considered what effect the figure
+of a planet differing from that of a sphere might produce in the
+motion of a satellite revolving about it, and as it is the case of the
+bodies of the Earth and Jupiter which have satellites about them, not
+to be spherical but spheroidical, I thought it worth while to enter
+upon the examination of such a problem. When the primary planet is an
+exact globe, it is well known that the force by which the revolving
+satellite is retained in its orbit, tends to the center of the planet,
+and varies in the inverse ratio of the square of the distance from
+it; but when the primary planet is of a spheroidical figure, the
+same rule then no longer holds: the gravity of the satellite is no
+more directed to the center of the planet, nor does it vary in the
+proportion above-mentioned; and if the plane of the satellite’s orbit
+be not the same with the plane of the planet’s equator, the protuberant
+matter about the equator will by a constant effort of its attraction
+endeavour to make the two planes coincide. Hence the regularity of
+the satellite’s motion is necessarily disturbed, and though upon
+examination this effect is found to be but small in the moon, the
+figure of the earth differing so little from that of a sphere, yet in
+some cases it may be thought worth notice; if not, it will be at least
+a satisfaction to see that what is neglected can be of no consequence.
+But however inconsiderable the change may be with regard to the moon,
+it becomes very sensible in the motions of the satellites of Jupiter
+both on account of their nearer distances to that planet when compared
+with its semidiameter, as also because the figure of Jupiter so far
+recedes from that of a sphere. This I have shewn and exemplified in
+the fourth satellite; in which case indeed the computation is more
+exact than it would be for the other satellites: for as my first design
+was to examine only how far the moon’s motion could be affected by
+this cause, I supposed the satellite to revolve at a distance somewhat
+remote from the primary planet, and the difference of the equatoreal
+diameter and the axis of the planet not to be very considerable. There
+likewise arises this other advantage from the present theory, that
+it furnishes means to settle more accurately the proportion of the
+different forces which disturb the celestial motions, by assigning the
+particular share of influence which is to be ascribed to the figure of
+the central bodies round which those motions are performed.
+
+I have added at the end a proposition concerning the diurnal motion
+of the earth. This motion has been generally esteemed to be exactly
+uniform; but as there is a cause that must necessarily somewhat alter
+it, I was glad to examine what that alteration could amount to. If we
+first suppose the globe of the earth to be exactly spherical, revolving
+about its axis in a given time, and afterwards conceive that by the
+force of the sun or moon raising the waters its figure be changed into
+that of a spheroid, then according as the axis of revolution becomes a
+different diameter of the spheroid, the velocity of the revolution must
+increase or diminish: for, since some parts of the terraqueous globe
+are removed from the axis of revolution and others depressed towards
+it, and that in a different proportion as the sun or moon approaches
+to or recedes from the equator, when the whole quantity of motion
+which always remains the same is distributed through the spheroid, the
+velocity of the diurnal rotation cannot be constantly the same. This
+variation however will scarce be observable, but as it is real, it may
+not be thought amiss to determine what its precise quantity is.
+
+I am sensible the following theory, as far as it relates to the motion
+of Jupiter’s satellites, is imperfect and might be prosecuted further;
+but being hindered at present from such pursuit by want of health and
+other occupations, I thought I might send it you in the condition it
+has lain by me for some time. You can best judge how far it may be of
+use, and what advantage might arise from further improvements in it. I
+am glad to have this opportunity of giving a fresh testimony of that
+regard which is due to your distinguished merit, and of professing
+myself with the highest esteem,
+
+ Reverend Sir,
+ Your very humble Servant,
+ C. Walmesley.
+
+Bath, Oct. 21. 1758.
+
+
+LEMMA I.
+
+_Invenire gravitatem corporis longinqui ad circumferentiam circuli
+ex particulis materiæ in duplicatâ ratione distantiarum inversè
+attrahentibus constantem._
+
+ESTO NIK (_Vid._ TAB. xxxiii. _Fig._ 1.) circumferentia circuli,
+in cujus puncta omnia gravitet corpus longinquum S locatum extra
+planum circuli. In hoc planum agatur linea perpendicularis SH, et per
+circuli centrum X ducatur recta HXK secans circulum in I et K, et SR
+parallela ad HX: producatur autem SH ad distantiam datam SD, et agantur
+rectæ DC, XC, ipsis HX, SD, parallelæ. Tum ductâ chordâ quavis MN ad
+diametrum IK normali eamque secante in L, ex punctis M, N, demittantur
+in SR perpendiculares MR, NR, concurrentes in R; junctisque SM, SN,
+erit SM = SN, MR = NR, SR = HL. Dicantur jam SD, _k_; HX sive DC,
+_h_; XL, _x_; CX, _z_; XI, _r_; eritque HL = _h_ - _x_, et SH = _k_
+- _z_. Est autem SM ad SH ut attractio (1 ⁄ (SM)²) corporis S versus
+particulam M in directione SM ad ejusdem corporis attractionem in
+directione SH, quæ proinde erit SH ⁄ (SM)³: sed est SR = HL, et (SM)²
+= (SR)² + (MR)² = (SR)² + (SH)² + (ML)²; unde sit SH ⁄ (SM)³ = SH ⁄
+((HL)² + (SH)² + (ML)²⁽³⁄²⁾), et ductâ _mn_ parallelâ ad MN, vis qua
+corpus S attrahitur ad arcus quàm minimos M_m_, N_n_, exponitur per
+(SH × 2M_m_) ⁄ (SM)³ = SH × 2M_m_ × ((HL)² + (SH)² + (ML)²⁽⁻³⁄²⁾). Est
+autem (HL)² + (SH)² + (ML)² = _kk_ - 2_kz_ + _zz_ + _hh_ - 2_hx_ +
+_rr_, hincque ponendo _kk_ + _hh_ = _ll_, ((HL)² + (SH)² = (ML)²)⁽⁻³⁄²⁾
+= (1 ⁄ _l_³) + (3_kz_ ⁄ _l_⁵) + (3_hx_ ⁄ _l_⁵) - (3_rr_ ⁄ 2_l_⁵) -
+(3_zz_ ⁄ 2_l_⁵) + (15_kkzz_ ⁄ 2_l_⁷) + (15_khzx_ ⁄ 2_l_⁷) + (15_hhxx_
+⁄ 2_l_⁷), neglectis terminis ulterioribus ob longinquitatem quam
+supponimus corporis S. Quarè, si scribatur _d_ pro circumferentiâ IMKN,
+gravitas corporis S ad totam illam circumferentiam secundum SH, sive
+fluens fluxionis SH × 2M_m_ × ((HL)² + (SH)² + (ML)²)⁽⁻³⁄²⁾ evadit (_k_
+- _z_) × _d_ in (1 ⁄ _l_³) + (3_kz_ ⁄ _l_⁵) - (3_rr_ ⁄ 2_l_⁵) - (3_zz_
+⁄ 2_l_⁵) + (15 _kkzz_) ⁄ (2 _l_⁷) + (15 _hhrr_) ⁄ (4 _l_⁷). Simili
+modo obtinebitur gravitas ejusdem corporis S secundum SR. _Q. E. I._
+
+
+LEMMA II.
+
+_Corporis longinqui gravitatem ad Sphæroidem oblatam determinare._
+
+Retentis iis quæ sunt in lemmate superiori demonstrata; esto C centrum
+sphæroidis, cujus æquatori parallelus sit circulus IMK. Sphæroidis
+hujus semiaxis major sit _a_, semiaxis minor _b_, eorum differentia
+_c_, quam exiguam esse suppono; et dicatur D circumferentia æquatoris.
+Centro C et radio æquali semiaxi minori describi concipiatur
+circulus qui secet IK in _i_, eritque gravitas in directione SD, qua
+urgetur corpus S versus materiam sitam inter circumferentiam IMKN et
+circumferentiam centro X et radio X_i_ descriptam, æqualis gravitati
+in lemmate præcedenti definitæ ductæ in rectam I_i_. Sed est I_i_.
+_c_∷ IX. _a_, atque _d_. D∷ IX. _a_; unde I_i_ × _d_. D × _c_∷ (IX)².
+_aa_, hoc est, ex naturâ ellipseos, ob CX = _z_, et IX = _r_, I_i_
+× _d_. D × _c_∷ _bb_ - _zz_. _bb_, adeoque I_i_ × _d_ = (D × _c_) ⁄
+(_bb_) × (_bb_ - _zz_), atque _rr_ = _aa_ - (_aazz_) ⁄ (_bb_); scribi
+autem potest in sequenti calculo _bb_ - _zz_ pro _rr_ ob parvitatem
+differentiæ semiaxium in quam omnes termini ducuntur. Gravitas igitur
+corporis S in materiam inter circumferentias supradictas consistentem
+exprimetur per (D × _c_) ⁄ (_bb_) × (_bb_ - _zz_) × (_k_ - _z_) in 1
+⁄ _l_³ + (3_kz_) ⁄ _l_⁵ - (3_bb_) ⁄ (2_l_⁵) - (15_zz_) ⁄ (4_l_⁵) +
+(15_bbhh_) ⁄ (4_l_⁷) + (45_kkzz_) ⁄ (4_l_⁷). Et si addatur gravitas
+in similem materiam ex alterâ parte centri C ad æqualem à centro
+distantiam, quia tunc CX sive _z_ evadit negativa, gravitas corporis S
+in hanc duplicem materiam erit (D × _c_) ⁄ _bb_ × (_bb_ - _zz_) in 2_k_
+⁄ _l_³ - 6_kzz_ ⁄ _l_⁵ - 3_kbb_ ⁄ _l_⁵ + 15_k_³_zz_ ⁄ _l_⁷ + 15_hhkbb_
+⁄ 2_l_⁷ - 15_hhkzz_ ⁄ 2_l_⁷. Ducatur jam gravitas hæc in _ż_, et sumptâ
+gravitatum omnium summâ, factâ _z_ = _b_, gravitatio tota corporis S
+in totam materiam globo interiori superiorem secundum directionem SD
+æquatori perpendicularem prodit (D × _c_) × (4_kb_ ⁄ 3_l_³ - 4_kb_³ ⁄
+5_l_⁵ + 2_khhb_³ ⁄ _l_⁷). Simili ratiocinio gravitatio corporis S in
+eamdem materiam secundum directionem SR æquatori parallelam invenitur
+æqualis D × _c_ × (4_hb_ ⁄ 3_l_³ + 2_hb_³ ⁄ 5_l_⁵ - 2_hkkb_³ ⁄ _l_⁷).
+Tum si addatur gravitatio corporis S in globum interiorem, ex unâ parte
+scilicet 2_b_³_k_D ⁄ 3_al_³, et ex alterâ 2_b_³_h_D ⁄ 3_al_³, habebitur
+gravitas corporis S in totum sphæroidem. _Q. E. I._
+
+
+COROLL.
+
+Igitur gravitas corporis S secundum SD est ad ejusdem gravitatem
+secundum SR sive DC in materiam sphæroidis globo interiori incumbentem
+ut 2_k_ ⁄ 3 - 2_kb_² ⁄ 5_l_² + _khhb_² ⁄ _l_⁴ ad 2_h_ ⁄ 3 + _hb_² ⁄
+5_l_² - _hkkb_² ⁄ _l_⁴, adeoque si gravitas prior exponatur per _k_,
+posterior exprimetur per _h_ - 3_hb_² ⁄ 5_l_² quamproximè. Unde cum
+sit DC = _h_, patet gravitatem corporis S in sphæroidem oblatam non
+tendere ad centrum C, sed ad punctum _c_ rectæ DC in plano æquatoris
+jacentis vicinius puncto D.
+
+
+PROPOSITIO I.
+
+PROBLEMA.
+
+_Vires determinare quibus perturbatur motus Satellitis circa Primarium
+suum revolventis._
+
+Exhibeat jam sphærois prædicta planetam quemvis figurâ hac donatum,
+et corpus S satellitem circa planetam tanquàm primarium gyrantem.
+Quantitas materiæ globo sphæroidis interiori incumbentis æqualis est
+4_bbc_D ⁄ 3_a_ sive 4_bc_D ⁄ 3 proximè, et si materia illa locaretur
+in centro sphæroidis C, attraheret satellitem S secundum SC vi 4_bc_D
+⁄ 3_l_², quæ reducta ad directionem SD fit 4_bck_D ⁄ 3_l_³, et ad
+directionem DC fit 4_bch_D ⁄ 3_l_³. Cum igitur vis 4_bc_D ⁄ 3_l_² non
+turbat motum satellitis, utpote quæ tendat ad centrum motûs et quadrato
+distantiæ ab eodem centro sit reciprocè proportionalis, vires illæ
+4_bck_D ⁄ 3_l_³, 4_bch_D ⁄ 3_l_³, in quas resolvitur, etiam motum non
+turbabunt. Itaque ex vi D × _c_ × (4_kb_ ⁄ 3_l_³ - 4_kb_³ ⁄ 5_l_⁵ +
+2_khhb_³ ⁄ _l_⁷) auferatur vis 4_bck_D ⁄ 3_l_³, et ex vi D × _c_ ×
+(4_hb_ ⁄ 3_l_³ + 2_hb_³ ⁄ 5_l_⁵ - 2_hkkb_³ ⁄ _l_⁷) auferatur 4_bch_D
+⁄ 3_l_³, et remanebunt vires D × _c_ × - (4_kb_³ ⁄ 5_l_⁵ + 2_khhb_³ ⁄
+_l_⁷), D × _c_ × (2_hb_³ ⁄ 5_l_⁵ - 2_hkkb_³ ⁄ _l_⁷), motuum satellitis
+S perturbatrices. Designetur vis D × _c_ × (2_hb_³ ⁄ 5_l_⁵ - 2_hhkb_³ ⁄
+_l_⁷) per rectam S_r_ (_Fig. 2._) ac resolvatur in vim S_q_ tendentem
+ad centrum planetæ primarii C et ob triangula similia S_rq_, SDC,
+æqualem D × _c_ × (2_b_³ ⁄ 5_l_⁴ - 2_kkb_³ ⁄ _l_⁶), existentibus ut
+priùs, SD = _k_, DC = _h_, SC = _l_; et in vim _rq_ rectæ SD parallelam
+et æqualem D × _c_ × (2_kb_³ ⁄ 5_l_⁵ - 2_k_³_b_³ ⁄ _l_⁷); atque hæc vis
+posterior subducta ex vi D × _c_ × - (4_kb_³ ⁄ 5_l_⁵ + 2_khhb_³⁄_l_⁷)
+relinquet D × _c_ × 4_kb_³ ⁄ 5_l_⁵ pro vi perturbatrice in directione
+SD. Unde cum massa tota planetæ sit 2_ab_D ⁄ 3, gravitas satellitis
+tota in planetam erit 2_ab_D ⁄ 3_l_² proximé, vel etiam 2_bb_D ⁄ 3_l_²,
+et hæc gravitas est ad vim D × _c_ × 4_kb_³ ⁄ 5_l_⁵ ut 1 ad 6_kbc_ ⁄
+5_l_³.
+
+Deinde vis illius D × _c_ × 4_kb_³ ⁄ 5_l_⁵ secundum SD pars ea quæ agit
+in directione SC est D × _c_ × 4_kkb_³ ⁄ 5_l_⁶, quæ addita vi Sq dat D
+× _c_ × (2_b_³ ⁄ 5_l_⁴ - 6_kkb_³ ⁄ 5_l_⁶) vim perturbatricem tendentem
+ad centrum planetæ primarii, atque hæc vis est ad satellitis gravitatem
+2_bb_D ⁄ 3_l_² in primarium ut 3_bc_ ⁄ 5_l_² - 9_kkbc_ ⁄ 5_l_⁴ ad 1.
+_Q. E. I._
+
+
+COROLL.
+
+Designet CK (_Fig._ 3.) lineam intersectionis planorum æquatoris
+planetæ et orbitæ satellitis, et resolvatur vis SD = 6_kbc_ ⁄
+5_l_³, quæ agit perpendiculariter ad planum æquatoris, in vim DR
+perpendicularem ad planum orbitæ satellitis, et in vim SR jacentem
+in eodem plano. Producatur SR donec occurrat CK in K, eritque SK
+normalis ad CK, et planum SDK normale ad planum orbis satellitis;
+ac proptereà ob similia triangula SDK, SRD, si _m_ denotet sinum ad
+radium 1 et _n_ cosinum anguli SKD, inclinationis scilicet orbitæ
+satellitis ad æquatorem planetæ, erit DR = SD × _n_ = 6_kbcn_ ⁄
+5_l_³, et SR = SD × _m_ = 6_kbcm_ ⁄ 5_l_³, existente 1 gravitate totâ
+satellitis in primarium suum. Jam quoniam vis SR jacet in plano orbitæ
+satellitis, hujus plani situm non mutat; accelerat quidem vel retardat
+motum satellitis revolventis, sed hæc acceleratio vel retardatio ob
+brevitatem temporis ad quantitatem sensibilem non exurgit: vis DR eidem
+plano perpendicularis continuò mutat ejus situm, et motum nodi generat,
+quem sequenti propositione definiemus.
+
+
+PROPOSITIO II.
+
+PROBLEMA.
+
+_Invenire motum nodi ex prædictâ causâ oriundum._
+
+Per motum nodi in hac propositione intelligo motum intersectionis
+planorum æquatoris planetæ et orbitæ satellitis; orbitam autem
+satellitis quamproximé circularem suppono. Esto S locus satellitis in
+orbe suo SN cujus centrum C, (_Fig._ 4.) SF arcus centro C descriptus
+perpendicularis in circulum æquatoris planetæ FN; SB arcus eodem
+centro descriptus perpendicularis ad orbem SN, atque in SB sumatur
+lineola S_r_ æqualis duplo spatio, quod satelles percurrere posset
+impellente vi DR in Coroll. præced. determinatâ, quo tempore in
+orbe suo describeret arcum quàm minimum _p_S: per puncta _r_, _p_,
+describatur centro C circulus _rpn_ secans equatorem in _n_, qui
+exhibebit situm orbitæ satellitis post illam particulam temporis, nodo
+N translato in _n_. Agantur SC, CN, et SH perpendicularis in lineam
+nodorum CN, et N_m_ perpendicularis in _rpn_. Jam cum sint lineolæ
+S_r_, N_m_, ut sinus arcuum S_p_, SN, erit S_p_. S_r_∷ SH. N_m_; deinde
+in triangulo rectangulo N_mn_ habetur _m_. 1∷ N_m_. N_n_; unde per
+compositionem rationum S_p_ × _m_. S_r_∷ SH. N_n_ = ((S_r_ × SH) ⁄
+(S_p_ × _m_)): dato igitur arcu S_p_, est N_n_ sive motus nodi ut S_r_
+× SH. In triangulo sphærico rectangulo SFN est sinus anguli N, hoc est,
+anguli inclinationis orbitæ satellitis ad æquatorem planetæ, ad sinum
+arcûs SF, ut radius ad sinum arcûs SN, id est, _m_. (_k ⁄ l_)∷ 1. SH,
+adeoque _k ⁄ l_ = _m_ × SH; est igitur _k ⁄ l_ ut SH. Vis autem S_r_
+per Coroll. Prop. præced. est ut _k ⁄ l_, adeoque ut SH; quamobrem
+est S_r_ × SH, proindeque et N_n_, ut (SH)², hoc est, motus horarius
+nodi vi præfatâ genitus est in duplicatâ ratione distantiæ satellitis
+à nodo. Et quoniam summa omnium (SH)², quo tempore satelles periodum
+suam absolvit, est dimidium summæ totidem (SC)², ideò motus periodicus
+est subduplus ejus qui, si satelles in declinatione suâ maximâ ab
+æquatore planetæ continuò perstaret, eodem tempore generari posset.
+Sit igitur satelles in maximâ suâ declinatione sive in quadraturâ cum
+nodo, eritque SN quadrans circuli, et N_m_ mensura anguli N_pm_ sive
+S_pr_, eritque in hoc casu N_n_ sive motus horarius nodi ad N_m_, hoc
+est, ad angulum S_pr_, ut 1 ad _m_; est autem angulus S_pr_ ad duplum
+angulum, quem subtendit sinus versus arcûs S_p_ satellitis gravitate
+in primarium eodem tempore descripti, id est, ad angulum SC_p_ qui est
+motus horarius satellitis circa primarium, ut vis S_r_ ad gravitatem
+satellitis in primarium, hoc est (per Coroll. Prop. I.), ut (6_kbcn_) ⁄
+5_l_³ ad 1, sive, quia est in hoc casu _k_ ⁄ _l_ = _m_, ut (6_bcmn_) ⁄
+5_l_² ad 1. Unde conjunctis rationibus est motus horarius nodi ad motum
+horarium satellitis ut (6_bcn_) ⁄ 5_l_² ad 1; et si S denotet tempus
+periodicum solis apparens, et L tempus periodicum satellitis circa
+primarium suum, cum sit motus horarius satellitis ad motum horarium
+solis ut S ad L, erit motus horarius nodi ad motum horarium solis ut
+(6_bcn_) ⁄ 5_l_² × S ⁄ L ad 1, et in eadem ratione erit motus nodi
+annuus ad motum solis annuum, hoc est, ad 360°. Quarè, si satelles
+maneret toto anno in maximâ suâ declinatione ab æquatore primarii, vis
+prædicta ex figurâ sphæroidicâ planetæ primarii proveniens generaret
+eodem tempore motum nodi æqualem (6_bcn_) ⁄ 5_l_² × S ⁄ L × 360°, et
+ex supradictis motus verus nodi annuus erit hujus subduplus, nempe
+(3_bcn_) ⁄ 5_l_² × S ⁄ L × 360°. _Q. E. I._
+
+
+COROLL.
+
+Si computatio instituatur pro lunâ, assumendo mediocrem ejus orbitæ
+inclinationem ad æquatorem terrestrem, erit _n_ cosinus anguli 23°
+28´½; et posito semiaxi terræ _b_ = 1, erit distantia lunæ à centro
+terræ mediocris _l_ = 60 circiter, indeque in hypothesi quod sit
+differentia semiaxium _c_ = ¹⁄₂₂₉, erit (3_bcn_) ⁄ (5_l_²) × S ⁄ L ×
+360° = 11´´ ½; et si fuerit _c_ = ¹⁄₁₇₇, manente terrâ uniformiter
+densâ, erit ille motus = 15´´. Hic erit motus nodorum annuus lunæ
+regressivus in plano æquatoris terrestris, qui reductus ad eclipticam,
+uti posteà docebitur, pro vario nodorum situ evadet multò velocior.
+
+Notabilis multò magis erit motus intersectionis orbitarum satellitum
+Jovis in plano æquatoris Jovialis; et computabitur satis accuratè per
+formulam suprà traditam, modò satelles non sit Jovi nimis vicinus.
+Sic pro satellite extimo erit L = 16ᵈ 16ʰ 32´, _b_ = 1, _l_ = 25,299
+circiter, semiaxium Jovis differentia _c_ = ¹⁄₁₃; et positâ orbis hujus
+satellitis inclinatione ad æquatorem Jovis æquali 3°, erit _n_ cosinus
+hujus inclinationis, atque inde prodibit (3_bcn_) ⁄ (5_l_²) × S ⁄ L ×
+360° = 34´ circiter, motus scilicet nodorum annuus satellitis quarti in
+plano æquatoris Jovis in antecedentia. Si minùs vel magìs inclinatur
+orbis ad Jovis æquatorem, augeri vel minui debet hic motus in ratione
+cosinûs hujus inclinationis.
+
+Cæterùm patet motum hunc nodorum in plano æquatoris planetæ primarii,
+æstimando distantiam satellitis in semidiametris primarii, generatìm
+esse, dato tempore, in ratione compositâ, ex ratione directâ
+differentiæ semiaxium planetæ et cosinûs inclinationis orbis satellitis
+ad planetæ æquatorem, conjunctìm; et ex ratione inversâ temporis
+periodici satellitis et quadrati distantiæ satellitis à centro planetæ,
+item conjunctìm.
+
+
+PROPOSITIO III.
+
+PROBLEMA.
+
+_Motum nodorum Lunæ supra determinatum ad Eclipticam reducere._
+
+Sunto NAD (_Fig._ 5.) æquator, AGE ecliptica secans æquatorem in A,
+E æquinoctium vernum, A autumnale, LGN orbis lunæ secans eclipticam
+in G et æquatorem in N, LD circulus maximus perpendicularis in
+æquatorem; et sunto DN, LN, quadrantes circuli. Tempore dato
+vi prædictâ transferratur intersectio N in _n_, et describatur
+circulus L_gn_ exhibens situm orbis lunaris post illud tempus,
+secetque eclipticam in _g_. Ut autem intersectiones N et G sine
+verborum ambagibus distinguantur, priorem in posterum vocabo _Nodum
+Æquatorium_, posteriorem _Nodum Eclipticum_. Ductis itaque N_m_, G_d_,
+perpendicularibus in orbem lunæ, est N_n_: N_m_∷ 1: sin. GNA, et N_m_:
+G_d_∷ 1: sin. LG, itemque G_d_: G_g_∷ sin. G_gd_: 1; unde conjunctis
+rationibus provenit N_n_: G_g_∷ sin. G_gd_: sin. GNA × sin. LG, adeoque
+G_g_ = N_n_ × (sin. GNA × sin. LG) ⁄ sin. G_gd_. Scribantur _s_ pro
+sinu et _t_ pro cosinu anguli G_gd_, inclinationis scilicet orbitæ
+lunaris ad eclipticam, ad radium 1, _v_ pro sinu et _u_ pro cosinu
+arcûs EG, _p_ pro sinu et _q_ pro cosinu obliquitatis eclipticæ; atque
+per resolutionem trianguli sphærici GAN, habebitur cos. GNA = _n_ =
+_qt_ + _psu_, indeque sin. GNA = √(1 - _qqtt_ - 2_pqstu_ - _p_² _s_²
+_u_²); sed scribi potest 1 pro _t_, et rejici terminus _p_² _s_² _u_²
+ob exiguitatem sinûs _s_ anguli 5° 8´ ½, proindeque erit sin. GNA =
+√(_pp_ - 2_pqsu_); prætereà est sin. GNA: sin. GA sive _v_∷ sin. GAN
+sive _p_: sin. GN, ideoque sin. GN sive cos. LG = (_pv_ ⁄ sin. GNA),
+et sin. LG = _u_ - (_qsvv_ ⁄ _p_), ac sin GNA × sin. LG = pu - qs
+quamproximé. Quarè fit Gg = Nn × ((_pu_ - _qs_) ⁄ _s_), atque hic est
+motus nodorum lunarium tempore dato in plano eclipticæ: quod si tempus
+illud datum sit annus solaris, habetur N_n_ = (3_bcn_ ⁄ 5_l_²) × (S
+⁄ L) × 360°, unde motus ille eclipticus nodorum annuus, nullâ habitâ
+ratione mutationis sitûs nodorum ex aliâ causâ per id temporis factæ,
+fiet (3_bc_ ⁄ 5_l_²) × (_qt_ + _psu_) × ((_pu_ - _qs_) ⁄ _s_) × (S ⁄ L)
+× 360°, vel etiam (3_bcq_ ⁄ 5_l_²) × ((_pu_ - _qs_) ⁄ _s_) × (S ⁄ L) ×
+360° proximé. _Q. E. I._
+
+Quo motum nodi lunaris in hac propositione ad eclipticam reduximus,
+eodem prorsùs ratiocinio motus nodi satellitis cujusvis ad orbitam
+planetæ primarii reducetur.
+
+
+COROLL. I.
+
+Exinde liquet nullum esse hunc motum nodi, ubi sin. LG = 0, vel etiam
+ubi _pu_ = _qs_, quod contingit ubi orbitæ lunaris arcus GN eclipticam
+et æquatorem æqualis est 90°, sive ubi nodi lunares versantur in
+punctis declinationis lunaris maximæ, sive ubi arcus AG, cujus cosinus
+est _u_, evadit æqualis 78° 5´, id est, ubi nodus ascendens lunæ
+versatur in 11° 55´ Cancri, vel 18° 5´ Sagittarii. Eritque progressivus
+hic motus, id est, fiet secundum seriem signorum, dum nodus ascendens
+lunæ transit retrocedendo ab 18° 5´ Sagittarii ad 11° 55´ Cancri,
+regressivus autem in reliquâ parte revolutionis; et maximus evadit
+motus regressivus, ubi _u_ = -1, id est, ubi nodus ascendens versatur
+in principio Arietis; et maximus progressivus, ubi _u_ = 1, id est,
+ubi idem nodus occupat initium Libræ. Itaque cùm motus ille nodorum
+annuus, de quo hîc agitur, universaliter sit æqualis (3_bcq_ ⁄ 5_l_²) ×
+((_pu_ - _qs_) ⁄ _s_) × (S ⁄ L) × 360°, hoc est, per Coroll. Prop. 2.
+æqualis 11´´ ½ × ((_pu_ - _qs_) ⁄ _s_) vel 15´´ × ((_pu_ - _qs_) ⁄ _s_)
+prout differentia semiaxium terræ fuerit ¹⁄₂₂₉ vel ¹⁄₁₇₇, existentibus
+scilicet _p_ sinu et _q_ cosinu anguli 23° 28´ ½, atque _s_ sinu anguli
+5° 8´ ½; eo anno, in cujus medio circiter nodus lunæ ascendens tenuerit
+principium Arietis, motus nodorum regressivus, qui et maximus, erit
+1´ 2´´ vel 1´ 20´´; ubi verò idem nodus subierit signum Libræ, motus
+maximus progressivus erit 41´´ vel 53´´. In aliis nodorum positionibus
+eodem modo computabitur.
+
+
+COROLL. II.
+
+Si desideretur excessus regressûs nodi supra progressum in integrâ
+nodi revolutione, sequenti ratione investigabitur. Jungantur equinoctia
+diametro EA, in quam demittatur perpendiculum GK, et sumpto arcu
+G_h_ quem describit nodus eclipticus G quo tempore nodus equatorius
+N describit arcum N_n_, ducatur _hc_ perpendicularis in GK. Per hanc
+propositionem est G_g_. N_n_∷ ((_pu_ - _qs_) ⁄ _s_). 1, sive, quia
+est 1. _u_ ∷ G_h_. G_c_, fit G_g_. N_n_∷ ((_p_ × G_c_) ⁄ _s_) - _q_ ×
+G_h_. G_h_; adeoque summa omnium G_g_ erit ad summam omnium N_n_, hoc
+est, motus nodi ecliptici in integrâ sui revolutione erit ad motum nodi
+æquatorii eodem tempore factum, ut summa omnium in circulo quantitatum
+((_p_ × G_c_) ⁄ _s_) - _q_ × G_h_ ad summam totidem arcuum G_h_, hoc
+est, ut - _q_ ad 1. Signum autem--denotat motum fieri in antecedentia
+sive regressum nodi excedere ejusdem progressum. Unde cum motus nodi
+æquatorii N fit 11´´ ½ vel 15´´ quo tempore nodus eclipticus describit
+19° 20´ ½, motus ille nodi æquatorii tempore nodi ecliptici periodico
+evadit 11´´ ½ × (360° ⁄ 19° 20´ ½) = 3´ 34´´ vel 15´´ × (360° ⁄ 19° 20´
+½) = 4´ 39´´; quo pacto prodit motus nodi ecliptici præfatus æqualis
+_q_ × 3´ 34´´ vel _q_ × 4´ 39´´, proindeque _est radius ad cosinum
+obliquitatis eclipticæ ut_ 3´ 34´´ _vel_ 4´ 39´´ _ad motum quæsitum_,
+nempe 3´ 16´´, existente ¹⁄₂₂₉ differentiâ axium terræ, vel 4´ 16´´ eâ
+existente ¹⁄₁₇₇: atque hic est excessus regressûs nodi supra progressum
+in integrâ nodi revolutione vi prædictâ genitus. Excessu igitur hoc
+minuatur motus nodi lunaris periodicus 360°, et remanebit motus ille
+quem generat vis solis.
+
+
+PROPOSITIO IV.
+
+PROBLEMA.
+
+_Variationem inclinationis orbis lunaris ad planum eclipticæ ex figurâ
+terræ spheroidicâ ortam determinare._
+
+Esto ANH (_Fig._ 6.) æquator, AG ecliptica, et A punctum æquinoctii
+autumnalis: fit NGRM orbis lunæ secans eclipticam in G et æquatorem in
+N, in quo sumantur arcus NL, GR, æquales quadrantibus circuli. Jam
+si nodus æquatorius N per temporis particulam vi prædictâ transferri
+intelligatur in _n_, et per punctum L describatur circulus _n_L_r_,
+exhibebit hic situm orbis lunæ post tempus elapsum, et si in eumdem
+demittantur perpendicula N_m_ et R_r_, posterius R_r_ designabit
+variationem inclinationis orbitæ lunaris ad eclipticam eodem tempore
+genitam. Est autem N_n_: N_m_∷ 1: _m_, itemque N_m_: R_r_∷ 1: sin. LR;
+sed ob NL = GR, est NG = LR; unde conjunctis rationibus est N_n_: R_r_∷
+1: _m_ × sin. NG; ex quo patet variationem inclinationis momentaneam
+esse proportionalem sinui distantiæ nodi lunaris ecliptici à nodo
+æquatorio. Ad diametrum NM demittatur perpendiculum GK, et existente
+G_h_ decremento arcûs NG facto quo tempore nodus æquatorius N describit
+arcum N_n_, agatur _hk_ parallela ipsi GK, eritque 1: GK sive sin.
+NG∷ G_h_. K_k_; proindeque jam erit N_n_: R_r_∷ G_h_: _m_ × K_k_,
+adeoque summa omnium variationum R_r_, quo tempore nodus eclipticus
+G descripsit arcum MG, genitarum erit ad summam totidem motuum N_n_,
+hoc est, ad motum nodi æquatorii N eodem tempore factum, ut summa
+omnium K_k_ ducta in _m_, ad summam totidem arcuum G_h_, id est, ut
+_m_ × MK ad MG. Sit NH motus nodi N tempore revolutionis nodi G ab uno
+equinoctio ad alterum, eritque variatio inclinationis eodem tempore
+genita, hoc est, variatio tota æqualis ((2_m_ × NH) ⁄ MGN). Unde cùm NH
+⁄ MGN exprimat rationem motûs nodi æquatorii ad motum nodi ecliptici,
+prodit theorema sequens: _Est motus nodi lunaris ecliptici ad motum
+nodi æquatorii, ut sinus duplicatus inclinationis mediocris orbitæ
+lunaris ad æquatorem, ad sinum variationis totius inclinationis ejusdem
+orbitæ ad eclipticam._
+
+In hoc computo inclinationem mediocrem orbis lunaris ad æquatorem,
+nempe 23° 28´ ½, usurpo, cum in revolutione nodi tantum ex unâ
+parte augetur, quantum ex alterâ minuitur, et omnes minutias hîc
+expendere supervacaneum foret. Motus autem nodi lunaris ecliptici
+est ad motum nodi lunaris æquatorii ut 19° 20´ ½ ad 11´´ ½ vel 15´´,
+sive ut 6055 vel 4642 ad 1, unde per theorema supra traditum prodit
+variatio inclinationis tota æqualis 27´´ vel 35´´, prout differentia
+axium terræ statuitur ¹⁄₂₂₉ vel ¹⁄₁₇₇. Hac igitur quantitate augetur
+inclinatio orbis lunaris ad eclipticam in transitu nodi ascendentis
+lunæ ab æquinoctio vernali ad autumnale, et tantumdem minuitur in
+alterâ medietate revolutionis nodi. In loco quolibet G inter æquinoctia
+variatio inclinationis est ad variationem totam ut sinus versus arcûs
+MG ad diametrum, ut patet; sive differentia inter semissem variationis
+totius et variationem quæsitam est ad ipsam semissem variationis totius
+ut cosinus arcûs MG ad radium, hoc est, ut _u_ - (_qsvv_ ⁄ _p_) ad 1.
+_Q. E. I._
+
+
+PROPOSITIO V.
+
+PROBLEMA.
+
+_Motum apsidum in orbe satellitis quamproximé circulari, quatenùs ex
+figurâ planetæ primarii sphæroidicâ oritur, investigare._
+
+Per propositionem primam vis perturbatrix, quâ trahitur satelles
+ad centrum planetæ primarii, est ad satellitis gravitatem in ipsum
+primarium, ut (3_bc_ ⁄ 5_l_²) - (9_kkbc_ ⁄ 5_l_⁴) ad 1, sive, quia
+per Prop. 2. est (_k ⁄ l_) = _m_ × SH (_Fig._ 4.) ponendo scilicet
+_m_ pro sinu inclinationis orbitæ satellitis ad æquatorem primarii,
+et scribendo _y_ pro SH, ut (3_bc_ ⁄ 5_l_²) × (1 - 3_m_²_y_²) ad 1;
+et summa harum virium in totâ circumferentiâ cujus radius est 1, est
+ad gravitatem satellitis toties sumptam ut (3_bc_ ⁄ 5_l_²) × (1 -
+(3_m_² ⁄ 2)) ad 1. Vis igitur mediocris, quæ uniformiter agere in
+satellitem supponi potest, dum revolutionem suam in orbitâ propemodùm
+circulari absolvit, est ad ejus gravitatem in primarium ut (3_bc_ ⁄
+5_l_²) × (1 - (3_m_² ⁄ 2)) ad 1; atque hac vi movebuntur apsides, si
+nulla habeatur ratio vis alterius quæ orbis radio est perpendicularis
+et per medietatem revolutionis satellitis in unum sensum tendit, per
+alteram medietatem in contrarium. Jam quia ex demonstratis in hac et
+primâ propositione sequitur gravitatem satellitis circa planetam, cujus
+figura est sphærois oblata, revolventis in distantiâ _l_ generaliter
+esse ad ejusdem gravitatem in majori distantiâ L, ut (1 ⁄ _l_²) + (B ⁄
+_l_⁴) × (1 - (3_m_² ⁄ 2)) ad (1 ⁄ L²) + (B ⁄ L⁴) × (1 - (3_m_² ⁄ 2)),
+existente B quantitate datâ exigui valoris, sive ut (1 ⁄ _l_²) ad (1
+⁄ L²) - (B ⁄ _l_²L²) × (1 - (3_m_² ⁄ 2)) + (B ⁄ L⁴) × (1 - (3_m_² ⁄
+2)) quamproximé, ideò gravitas satellitis diminuitur in majori quam
+duplicatâ ratione distantiæ auctæ quoties _m_ minor est quantitate
+√⅔ id est, ubi inclinatio orbitæ satellitis ad planetæ æquatorem non
+attingit 54° 44´; diminuitur autem in minori ratione, quoties est _m_
+major quàm √⅔, id est, ubi illa inclinatio superat 54° 44´; adeoque
+in priore casu progrediuntur apsides orbis satellitis, in posteriori
+regrediuntur. Quantitas autem hujus progressûs vel regressûs sic
+innotescet.
+
+Per exemplum tertium prop. 45 lib. 1. _Princ. Math. Newt._ si vi
+centripetæ, quæ est ut 1 ⁄ _l_², addatur vis altera ut _e ⁄ l_⁴, hoc
+est, quæ sit ad vim centripetam 1 ⁄ _l_² ut _e ⁄ l_² ad 1, angulus
+revolutionis ab apside unâ ad eamdem erit 360° √((1 + _e_) ⁄ (1 -
+_e_)) vel 360° ⁄ (1 - _e_) quamproximé, existente _e_ quantitate valdé
+minutâ. Porrò cum sit motus satellitis in orbitâ suâ revolventis ad
+motum apsidis ut 360° ⁄ (1 - _e_) ad 360° ⁄ (1 - _e_) - 360°, hoc est,
+ut 1 ad _e_, erit motus apsidis tempore revolutionis satellitis ad
+fidera æqualis 360° × _e_, et hic motus apsidis erit ad ejusdem motum
+tempore alio quovis dato ut tempus periodicum satellitis ad tempus
+datum. Est autem in hac nostrâ propositione _e_ = (3_bc_ ⁄ 5_l_²) × (1
+- (3_m_² ⁄ 2)); unde datur motus apsidum quæsitus. _Q. E. I._
+
+
+COROLL.
+
+Si ad lunam referatur hæc determinatio, habebuntur _b_ = 1, _l_ = 60,
+_m_ = sinui anguli 23° 28´ ½, et si fuerit _c_ = ¹⁄₂₂₉, erit _e_ =
+¹⁄₁₈₀₃₂₀₃, atque motus apogæi lunæ spatio centum annorum æqualis 16´
+proximé in consequentia; si fuerit _c_ = ¹⁄₁₇₇, erit _e_ = ¹⁄₁₃₉₃₇₄₂,
+et motus apogæi æqualis 20´, 7. Hac igitur quantitate minuendus est
+motus medius apogæi lunæ prout observationibus determinatur, ut
+habeatur motus ille quem generat vis solis.
+
+Pro quarto autem Jovis satellite, erunt _b_ = 1, _l_ = 25,299, _c_ =
+¹⁄₁₃, _m_ = sinui anguli 3°, _e_ = ¹⁄₁₃₉₂₄,₇; hincque motus apsidis
+spatio unius anni solaris prodit 33´, 95 vel ferè 34´ in consequentia,
+qui tempore annorum decem fit 5° 40´. Insuper autem notandum est vi
+solis perturbari motum satellitis simili modo quo perturbatur motus
+lunæ; ideoque, quoniam vis solis, quâ perturbatur motus lunæ est ad
+lunæ gravitatem in terram in duplicatâ ratione temporis periodici lunæ
+circa terram ad tempus periodicum terræ circa solem, hoc est, ut 1 ad
+178,725; pariter vis solis, qua perturbatur motus satellitis Jovialis,
+est ad ipsius satellitis gravitatem in Jovem in duplicatâ ratione
+temporum periodicorum satellitis circa Jovem et Jovis circa solem, hoc
+est, ut 1 ad 67394,6: vires igitur, quibus perturbantur motus lunæ
+et satellitis, sunt ad se invicem, relativé ad eorum gravitates in
+planetas suos primarios ut ¹⁄₁₇₈,₇₂₅ ad ¹⁄₆₇₃₉₄,₆ sive ut 37,708 ad
+1. Unde cum viribus similibus proportionales sunt motus his viribus
+dato tempore geniti, si vis prior vel ejusdem vis pars quælibet
+motum apsidis generat æqualem 40° 40´ ½ in orbe lunari annuatìm, vis
+posterior vel ejusdem pars similis et proportionalis motum apsidis
+eodem tempore generabit æqualem 6´ ½ in orbe satellitis, atque decem
+annorum spatio 1° 5´ in consequentia. Addatur 1° 5´ ad 5° 40´, et motus
+apsidum totus in orbe satellitis extimi Jovialis ex duabus prædictis
+causis oriundus spatio decem annorum erit 6° 45´ in consequentia.
+Observationibus Astronomicis collegit Ill. _Bradleius_ hunc motum
+tempore prædicto esse quasi 6°; differentia illa qualiscumque 45´ inter
+motum observatum et computatum actionibus satellitum interiorum debebit
+ascribi.
+
+
+SCHOLIUM.
+
+Ex præcedentibus colligere licet motuum lunarium inæqualitates originem
+suam omnem non ducere ex vi solis, sed earum partem aliquam deberi
+actioni Telluris quatenùs induitur figurâ sphæroidicâ. Sufficiat hîc
+illarum computasse valorem, et legem, quâ generantur, demonstrasse:
+utrum autem hujusmodi correctiones tales sint ut tabulis Astronomicis
+inscribi mereantur, dijudicent Astronomi.
+
+Item manifestum est præter inæqualitates eas, quæ in motibus satellitum
+Jovialium ex vi solis et actionibus satellitum in se invicem nascuntur,
+oriri alias ex figurâ Jovis sphæroidicâ ita notabiles ut Observationes
+Astronomicas continuò afficere debeant.
+
+
+_De Variatione motûs Terræ diurni._
+
+Si terra globus esset omninò sphæricus quicumque foret revolutionis
+axis, manente eâdem in globo motûs quantitate, eadem maneret rotationis
+velocitas: secùs autem est, ubi ob vires solis et lunæ terra induit
+formam sphæroidis oblongæ per aquarum ascensum. Hîc enim non considero
+figuram telluris oblatam ob materiæ in æquatore redundantiam, sed
+sphæricam suppono nisi quatenùs per aquarum elevationem et depressionem
+in sphæroidicam mutatur. Jam verò in sphæroide hujusmodi, quamvis eadem
+maneat motûs quantitas, mutatâ inclinatione axis transversi ad axem
+revolutionis, mutabitur revolutionis velocitas, uti satis manifestum
+est: cùm autem axis transversus transit semper per solem vel lunam,
+singulis momentis mutabit situm suum respectu axis revolutionis ob
+motum quo hi duo planetæ recedunt ab æquatore terrestri et ad eum
+vicissìm accedunt.
+
+
+PROBLEMA.
+
+_Variationem motûs terræ diurni ex prædictâ causâ oriundam investigare._
+
+Exhibeat sphærois oblonga ADC_d_ (_Fig._ 7.) terram fluidam, cujus
+centrum T, AC axis transversus jungens centra terræ et solis vel lunæ,
+D_d_ axis minor, EO diameter æquatoris, et XZ axis motûs diurni. Centro
+T et radio TD describatur circulus BD_d_ secans axem transversum
+AC in B, et agatur BK perpendicularis in TE: tum ex quovis circuli
+puncto P ductâ PM ad axem XZ normali quæ secet TA in H, sit P_pr_
+circumferentia circuli quam punctum P rotatione suâ diurnâ describit,
+ad cujus quodvis punctum _p_ ducatur T_p_ et producatur donec occurrat
+superficiei sphæroidis in _q_; deinde demissâ _p_G perpendiculari
+in PM, et GF perpendiculari in TA, si per puncta A_q_C transire
+intelligatur ellipsis ellipsi ADC similis et æqualis, erit ex naturâ
+curvæ, quia sphærois nostra parùm admodùm differt à sphærâ, _pq_ = AB
+× ((TF)² ⁄ (TP)²) quamproximé. Jam designet U velocitatem particulæ in
+terræ æquatore revolventis motu diurno circum axem XZ ad distantiam
+semidiametri TP, eritque ((U × PM) ⁄ TP) velocitas particulæ P circulum
+P_pr_ describentis, et cum sit TF =(((GM - HM) × TK) ⁄ TP) + TH, erit
+motus totius lineolæ _pq_ æqualis _pq_ × ((U × PM) ⁄ TP) = ((U × AB ×
+PM) ⁄ (TP)³) × (((GM - HM) × (TK)²) ⁄ TP) + TH, adeoque summa horum
+motuum in circuitu circuli P_pr_, hoc est, motus superficiei inter
+circulum P_pr_ et sphæroidem in directione T_p_ contentæ, æquabitur
+circumferentiæ hujus circuli ductæ in ((U × AB × PM) ⁄ (TP)³) × (((TK)²
+× (PM)²) ⁄ 2(TP)²) + ((TK)² × (HM)²) ⁄ (TP)²) - ((2TK × HM × TH) ⁄ TP)
++ (TH)²) sive quia est HM. TM ∷ TK. BK, et TH. HM∷ TP. TK, scribendo
+D pro circumferentiâ circuli BD_d_, æquabitur ille motus quantitati
+((U × AB × D) ⁄ 2(TP)⁶) × ((TK)² × (PM)⁴ + 2(BK)² × (TM)² × (PM)²).
+Deinde horum motuum summa in toto circuitu globi collecta, hoc est,
+motus totius materiæ globo BD_d_ incumbentis prodibit æqualis ((U ×
+AB × DD) ⁄ 32) x ((3(TP)² - (BK)²) ⁄ (TP)²). Ubi planeta in plano
+æquatoris consistit, fit BK = 0, et motus prædictus æqualis ((U × 3AB
+× DD) ⁄ 32). Motus autem globi QPR circa eumdem axem est (uti facilé
+demonstratur) ((U × TP × DD) ⁄ 16), adeoque motus terræ totius fit ((U
+× TP × DD) ⁄ 16) + ((U × AB × DD) ⁄ 32) × ((3(TP)² - (BK)²) ⁄ (TP)²),
+qui cum idem semper manere debeat, denotet V velocitatem in superficie
+æquatoris terrestris ubi planeta versatur in plano æquatoris, eritque
+((U × TP × DD) ⁄ 16) + ((U × 3AB × DD) ⁄ 32) = ((U × TP × DD) ⁄ 16)
++ ((U × AB × DD) ⁄ 32) × ((3(TP)² - (BK)²) ⁄ (TP)²); unde scribendo
+1 pro TP quatenùs est radius ad sinum BK anguli BTK, habetur V. U∷
+TP + (3AB ⁄ 2) - ((AB × (BK)²) ⁄ 2). TP + (3AB ⁄ 2), indeque, quia
+minima est altitudo AB respectu semidiametri TP, U - V. V∷ AB × (BK)².
+2TP, et U - V = V × ((AB × (BK)²) ⁄ 2TP): pro V autem patet scribi
+posse velocitatem angularem terræ mediocrem quia ab eâ differt quam
+minimé et ducitur in quantitatem perexiguam ((AB × (BK)²) ⁄ 2TP), et
+quia tempora revolutionum terræ circa centrum suum sint reciprocé ut
+motus angulares U, V, fiet differentia revolutionum terræ ubi planeta
+æquatorem tenet et ubi ab æquatore distat angulo BTK, æqualis 23ʰ 56´
+× (AB × (BK)²) ⁄ 2TP. Quoniam igitur est acceleratio horaria ad motum
+terræ horarium mediocrem circa centrum suum ut AB × (BK)² ad 2 TP sive
+(quia est sinus _p_ inclinationis eclipticæ ad æquatorem ad radium 1
+ut sinus BK ad sinum distantiæ planetæ ab æquinoctio, quem sinum dico
+K) ut AB × _p_² × K² ad 2 TP; adeoque acceleratio horaria rotationis
+terræ crescit in ratione duplicatâ sinûs distantiæ planetæ à puncto
+æquinoctii, et summa omnium illarum accelerationum, quo tempore transit
+planeta ab æquinoctio ad solstitium, est ad summam totidem motuum
+horariorum mediocrium, hoc est, acceleratio tota eo tempore genita est
+ad tempus illud ut summa quantitatum omnium AB × _p_² × K² in circuli
+quadrante ad summam totidem 2TP, id est, quia summa omnium K² in
+circuli quadrante dimidium est summæ totidem quadratorum radii, ut AB ×
+_p_² ad 4 TP. Quamobrèm, si denotet P quartam partem temporis planetæ
+periodici circa terram, erit acceleratio tota motûs terræ circum axem
+suum in transitu planetæ ab æquinoctio ad solstitium genita æqualis
+(AB × P × _p_²) ⁄ 4TP, atque eadem erit retardatio in transitu planetæ
+à solstitio ad æquinoctium. Unde sponte nascitur hoc Theorema: _Est
+quadratum diametri ad quadratum sinûs obliquitatis eclipticæ ut quarta
+pars temporis periodici solis vel lunæ ad tempus aliud_; deinde, _est
+semidiameter terræ ad differentiam semiaxium ut tempus mox inventum ad
+accelerationem quæsitam_.
+
+Ascensus aquæ AB vi solis debitus est duorum pedum circiter,
+existente semidiametro terræ mediocri TP = 19615800, unde prodit per
+theorema acceleratio terræ circa centrum suum gyrantis facta quo
+tempore incedit sol ab æquinoctio ad solstitium, æqualis 1´´´ 55ⁱᵛ
+in partibus temporis; et si vi lunæ ascendunt aquæ ad altitudinem
+octo pedum, acceleratio revolutionis terræ inde orta, quo tempore
+luna transit ab æquatore ad declinationem suam maximam, erit 34ⁱᵛ: et
+summa harum accelerationum, quæ obtinet ubi hi duo planetæ in punctis
+solstitialibus versantur, cum non superet duo minuta tertia temporis
+cum semisse sive 37 minuta tertia gradûs, vix observabilis erit. _Q. E.
+I._
+
+Cùm igitur tantilla fit hujusmodi variatio in hypothesi sphæricitatis
+terræ; qualis evaderet, terrâ existente sphæroide oblatâ, frustrà quis
+inquireret.
+
+
+
+
+CXI. _Some Observations on the History of the_ Norfolk _Boy. By_ J.
+Wall, _M. D. In a Letter to the Rev._ Charles Lyttelton, _LL.D. Dean
+of_ Exeter.
+
+[Read Dec. 14, 1758.]
+
+SIR,
+
+THE history of the Norfolk Boy, which, you inform me, has been
+communicated to the Royal Society, seems to deserve a place in the
+memoirs of that illustrious body, as well on account of its utility, as
+its singularity.
+
+The symptoms in this case most evidently arose from worms in the
+intestines; which often occasion unaccountable complaints, and
+frequently elude the most powerful medicines, as they did in the
+instance before us, till at last they were dislodged by the enormous
+quantity of oil-paint, which the poor boy devoured; and the cause being
+thus removed, all the effects ceased.
+
+At first sight it appears wonderful, that this immense quantity of
+white lead did not prove fatal; and that it was not so, could be owing
+to nothing but the oil, by which it was enveloped, and its contact and
+immediate action on the coats of the intestines thereby prevented. But
+the oil did not only obviate the dangerous effects of this mixture, but
+appears, to me at least, to have been the chief cause of the success,
+with which it was happily attended. I speak this with some restriction,
+because the lead, as its stypticity was thus covered, might, by its
+weight, assist in removing the verminous filth, especially as the
+bowels were made slippery by the oil.
+
+Oil has long been observed to be noxious to insects of all kinds, so
+that not only those, which survive after being cut into several pieces,
+but those also, which live long with very little air, and those, which
+revive by warmth after submersion in water, die irrecoverably, if they
+are immerged in, or covered with oil. Rhedi and Malpighi have made many
+experiments to this purpose; and account for the event very rationally
+from the oil stopping up all the air-vessels, which in these animalcula
+are very numerous, and distributed almost over their whole bodies.
+
+On this account oil has been recommended as a vermifuge both by Andry
+and Hoffmann, though I believe it has been seldom used in practice in
+that intention; or at least has not been given in quantities sufficient
+to answer it. Indeed Hoffmann[222] himself seems not to lay much
+stress on it as an anthelmintic, recommending it only as serving
+to line the inside of the intestines, and to relax spasms in them;
+and therefore as a proper preparative to be given before any acrid
+purgatives are ventured on.
+
+The medicines commonly prescribed, and most depended on, are either
+of a virulent and drastic nature, or such as are supposed to be able
+to destroy those animals by some mechanical qualities _e. g._ to cut,
+tear, or otherwise affect their tender bodies, and yet not have force
+enough to lacerate or injure the stomach or intestines. Of the former
+kind are the leaves and juice of helleboraster, the bark of the Indian
+cabbage-tree, coloquintida, resin of jalap, glass of antimony, and
+the like; the effects of which are commonly violent and dangerous,
+and sometimes fatal. Of the latter class are crude mercury, and the
+milder preparations of that mineral, aloes and other bitters, tin
+filings, neutral salts, and vitriolic acids. Every one conversant in
+practice too well knows, how often these medicines are administred
+ineffectually. When I had therefore attentively considered the history
+of the Norfolk Boy, I determined to try the efficacy of oil in such
+cases, as it seemed capable of producing great effects, and yet could
+not be attended with any hazard or danger.
+
+The first person, to whom it was given, with this view, was ----
+----, a patient of our Infirmary, who was judged to have worms, but
+had taken several approved medicines for a considerable time without
+success. In a consultation with the other physicians, the following
+form was prescribed.
+
+ ℞. _Ol. Oliv. lb.ss. Sp. vol. aromat. ʒij M. cap. Cochl. iii. mane et
+ H. S._
+
+The volatile spirit was added here to make the oil saponaceous, and
+by that means more easily miscible with the juices in the stomach and
+_primæ viæ_. This medicine answered our expectations, and in a few days
+brought away several worms.
+
+---- Lacy, a poor boy of the parish of Feckenham in this county, aged
+13 years, was, as I was informed, about three or four years ago seized
+with convulsive fits, which gradually deprived him of his senses, and
+reduced him to a state of idiocy. He had taken several anthelmintics
+and purgatives, particularly the _Pulv. Cornachin._ but never had
+voided any worms, though all the symptoms seemed plainly to shew, that
+they were the cause of his disorder. As he greedily swallowed any
+thing, which was offered him, without distinction, I at first ordered
+him a mixture of linseed oil ℥vij _Tinct. sacr._ ℥j: of which he took
+four large spoonfuls night and morning. He persisted in the use of this
+one whole week without at all nauseating it, towards the latter end of
+which time he voided one round worm of a great length. He now began
+to shew much aversion to the medicine; on which account the _Tinctur.
+sacr._ was omitted, and he was ordered to take the oil alone in the
+same quantities. This he continued to do a fortnight longer, during
+which time he voided 60 more worms, and in a great measure recovered
+the use of his reason[223]. This account I had from the Apothecary,
+who, by my directions, supplied him with the medicines.
+
+Soon after this I ordered the same medicine to be given to Elizabeth
+Abell, a poor girl in the same neighbourhood, reduced by epileptic fits
+to such a state of idiocy, as to eat her own excrements. It caused her
+to void several worms, but she did not recover her senses.
+
+Since this time I have given the oil to several persons with good
+success, and therefore I cannot but recommend a further tryal of it;
+since it is a remedy, which may be used with safety in almost any
+quantity; a character, which very few of the anthelmintic medicines
+deserve.
+
+It is probable, that some oils are more destructive to worms than
+others. Andry (_Traité de la Generation des Vers, cap. 8_) prefers
+nut oil, and tells us, that a human worm, voided alive, being put
+into that oil, died instantly; whereas another worm, voided at the
+same time, lived several hours in oil of sweet almonds, though in a
+languishing state. This difference he afterwards (_Cap. 9_) endeavours
+to account for, by supposing, that the oil of almonds is more porous,
+and consequently less able to preclude the entrance of air into the
+worms. And indeed there is some reason to conclude, that oils, which
+dry in the open air, such as nut and linseed oils, are of a closer
+texture, less mixed with water, and consequently more anthelmintic,
+than those oils, which freeze by cold, and will not dry in the open
+air;[224] such as those from olives or almonds. Andry tells us, that at
+Milan the mothers have a custom to give their children once or twice
+a week toasts dipt in nut oil, with a little wine, to kill the worms:
+and I know a lady in the country, who gives the poor children in her
+neighbourhood the same oil with great success.
+
+I would recommend this remedy to be used in as large doses as the
+stomach will well bear: to which purpose it may be adviseable to join
+it either with aromatics, bitters, or essential oils, such as the
+case may require. Andry orders the oil to be taken fasting, assigning
+this for a reason, that the stomach being then most empty, it more
+readily embraces and stifles the worms. During this course it will be
+necessary, at proper intervals, to give rhubarb, mercurial or aloetic
+medicines.
+
+I cannot close this paper without observing, that, from the history
+of the Norfolk Boy, we may learn, in similar cases, where the head is
+not idiopathic, never to despair absolutely of a cure, notwithstanding
+the disease has been of very long standing. For in this boy, though
+the oppression in the brain and nerves had continued many years, and
+had been so violent, as to deprive him not only of his intellectual
+faculties, but almost all his sensations; yet were not the organs much
+impaired thereby, but he recovered all his senses again, as soon as
+the irritation and spasms in the intestines, which first caused all
+these terrible symptoms, were removed. The same thing in a less degree
+was observable in the Feckenham Boy, mentioned before; and we have had
+two remarkable instances of the same kind at the Worcester Infirmary;
+where a boy and his sister, of the name of Moyses, received a perfect
+cure, and recovered the entire use of their senses, after having been
+rendered idiots (though not in so high a degree as the Norfolk Boy) for
+more than two years, by epileptic fits proceeding from worms.
+
+ J. Wall.
+
+Worcester Dec. 7, 1748.
+
+ _P. S._ As the following history has some analogy with the subject we
+ are now upon, I beg leave to subjoin it by way of postscript.
+
+ A young girl of the name of Lowbridge, at Ledbury, in
+ Herefordshire, nine years old, had been long troubled with a gnawing
+ pain at the stomach, which growing gradually more violent, I was at
+ last called to her. About a quarter of an hour before I reached the
+ house, she was seized with a violent vomiting, whereby she brought
+ up an amazing number of living animals supposed, to be upwards of
+ a thousand, together with a vast quantity of clear viscid phlegm.
+ In shape they exactly resembled millepedes, except that some of
+ them, being examined by a magnifying glass, appeared to have a
+ small filament, which arose from the middle of the belly, and might
+ probably have served to fix them to their nidus. They were of
+ different sizes, from that of the largest millepede, to some, that
+ were scarce perceptible; so that they appeared to have been generated
+ at different times, and grown in the stomach. As the child was
+ suddenly seized with this effort to vomit, she discharged her stomach
+ on the floor of the parlour where she was sitting. The millepedes,
+ they told me, were at first very lively, and crept briskly different
+ ways; but they did not live long in the open air. They were lying in
+ the slime when I came to her, so that I could not be imposed on as to
+ the verity of the fact. After this evacuation, the child’s stomach
+ grew perfectly easy, and continued so.
+
+
+
+
+CXII. _Observations upon the_ Corona Solis Marina Americana; _The_
+American Sea-Sun-Crown. _By_ John Andrew Peyssonel, _M.D. F.R.S.
+Translated from the_ French.
+
+[Read Dec. 14, 1758.]
+
+I Shall call this insect by this name, because of the resemblance it
+bears to the flower called _Corona Solis_; since it is, like this, open
+and spread.
+
+This insect adheres to the rocks by its basis, which is flat and round;
+and tho’ this roundness is sometimes mis-shapen, it is only occasioned
+by the inequalities of the rocks, to which it sticks. Its diameter is
+about two or three inches, bearing, from the center, certain rays,
+like white nerves, upon a moist flesh, of a livid violet colour.
+These rays or nerves pass from the centre to the circumference; they,
+too, consist of a soft fleshy substance, which resembles bowels or
+intestines; the whole length of which is covered with glandulous bodies
+of a dirty grey colour; and all these glands filled up the middle of
+the fish, making the flowrets, or petals, that form the disk of the
+flowers. There is an infinite number of these glands attached to those
+filets or nerves, all very distinct from one another: these filets are
+well ranged when viewed downwards; but the upper part is covered by
+these glands, which are placed in a confused manner. These filets pass
+to the circumference, forming an edge full of rugosities, which leaves
+the body of the animal full of flaws. These hard bodies, upon which
+it lives, are not always permanent in the same place, but capable of
+changing their places from this edge or circumference; like a skin or
+texture of fibres or flesh, such as the body of the sea snail I have
+already described; of the same thickness, of a greenish colour, and
+sometimes of a greenish spotted grey, without shell, bone, or stay. The
+body or muscular fleshy skin raises itself up perpendicularly to three
+inches; rounds itself at the top, when it is touched; but it leaves
+a hole like a sphincter, formed by the reunion of the fleshy body,
+which enlarges itself again. The base opens to the whole extent of the
+bottom, makes a reversed prepuce, and immediately brings to view three
+rows of _papillæ_, which are of a conical figure, of one or two lines
+long, resembling the glands under the tongues of oxen, and which may
+here be compared to the demi-flowers or radiated flowers of the _Corona
+Solis_.
+
+After this threefold ray of conical pointed _papillæ_, there appears a
+body of a livid violet colour; I took it for a particular substance
+or body; but having examined it, I observed it was only a pellicle,
+or membrane, that covered a part of the _papillæ_ I mentioned. This
+membrane has sixteen separations, which form kinds of purses, and yet
+leave, in the center of the animal, an empty space, wherein several
+glands are brought in view. I do not know, whether, in the natural
+state, these membranes do not retire to the circumference, in order to
+discover the glands within, which they usually hide, and which fill
+up all the middle of the crown; but when the fleshy body is gone up
+again, it covers all the interior parts, closes them in, and preserves
+them from the touch of any extraneous body. I cannot tell how these
+fishes live, or what is their mechanism; for I could not distinguish
+either a mouth, or any _viscera_, nor any other organ serving to their
+nourishment.
+
+[Illustration: _Philos. Trans. Vol. L._ TAB. XXXIV. _p. 845_.
+
+Lepades Pedatæ.
+
+ 1. _Lepas nuda carnosa aurita_
+ 1 a. _Ejusdem pars superior interna_
+ 1 b _Foramen auris internum_
+ 1 c _Currhi_ (1.d) _Proboscis et_ (1.c) _Os_
+ 1 f _Dens terratus quorum octo sunt_
+ 1 g. _Idem per. Microscopium visus_
+ 1 h. _Scapus longitudinatiter dessectus_
+ 2 _Scalpellum Norwegicum Keratophytium_
+ 2 a. _Idem per. Microscopium visum_
+ 3 _Scalpellum ex mare Britannico_
+ 4. _Cornu copia Poussepieda Gallorum_
+ 5. _Concha Anatifera vulgaris_
+ 6. _Concha Anatifera prolifera_
+ A. _Animal Lepadis sen Triton Linnæi_
+
+Barnicles _with Stems_.
+
+ 1. _Naked fleshy Barnicle with Ears_
+ 1 a. _The inside of the upper part of the same_
+ 1 b. _The internal opening of the Ear_
+ 1 c. _The Plumes_ (e. d) _trunck_ (e. e) _and mouth_
+ 1 f. _A saw edg’d tooth of which there are 8_
+ 1 g. _The same magnified_
+ 1 h. _The Stem cut in two lengthways_
+ 2. _The Norway Seafan Penknife._
+ 2 a. _The same magnified._
+ 3. _The British Channel Penknife._
+ 4. _The Horn of plenty or French Poussepieds_
+ 5. _The common Duckbearing Barnicle_
+ 6. _The branch’d Duckbearing Barnicle_
+ A. _Animal of the Barnicle or Linnaeus’s Triton_
+
+Lepades Sessiles Balani dictæ.
+
+ 7. _Pediculus Ceti_ (7.a). _Idem reversus_
+ 8. _Calyciformis Orientalis_
+ 9. _Tintinabuliformis._
+ 10. _Tulipiformis ex Corallio rubro_
+ 11. _Fistulosa conica_ (11.a) _eadem reversa_
+ 12. _Verrum Testudinaria_ (12.a) _eadem reversa_
+ 13. _Verrum Canesti Americani_ (13.a) _eisdem statere_
+ 14. _Lapensis ore obliquo_ (14.a) _cum opserastis cornutis_
+ 15. _Subovatis crassa ore minore_
+ 16. _Cornulacensis conicas ore minores_
+ 17. _Anglica vulgaris ore patulo_
+ 18. _Aretica Patelliformis_
+ 19. _Calceolus_ (19.a) _Idem. hierophylis involutus_
+ 20. _Diadema Persarum_
+
+Barnicles _adhering by the base of these Shells_.
+
+ 7. _The Whales. Louse_ (7.a) _The underside_
+ 8. _The East India cup shap’d Barnicle_
+ 9. _The Bell shap’d Barnicle_
+ 10. _The Red Coral Tulip Barnicle_
+ 11. _The pipy conical Barnicle_ (11.a) _The underside_
+ 12. _The Tortoise Wart_ (12. a) _The underside_
+ 13. _The American Crabs Wart_ (13.a) _The same sideways_
+ 14. _The Cape sidemouth Barnicle_ (14.a) _with_ oblique edge
+ 15. _The Eggshap’d thick Barnicle with a small mouth_
+ 16. _The Cornish cone Barnicle with a small_ edge
+ 17. _The common English Barnicle with a_ wide mouth
+ 18. _The Greenland Limpet shap’d Barnicle_
+ 19. _The Slipper_ (19.a) _The same cover’d with hierophylis_
+ 20. _The Persian Crown_]
+
+
+
+
+CXIII. _An Account of several rare Species of Barnacles. In a Letter to
+Mr._ Isaac Romilly, _F.R.S. from_ John Ellis, _Esq; F.R.S._
+
+[Read Dec. 21, 1758.]
+
+ London, Dec. 21. 1758.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+THOSE rare and very extraordinary new species of Barnacles, which you
+have lately received from abroad, are so different from any of the
+common species, that I have seen, that I was resolved to inquire into
+the nature of an animal, which, like a Proteus, appears in so many
+different shapes or coverings in different parts of the world. For this
+end I have consulted that excellent collection in the British Museum,
+and some others in the cabinets of my curious friends.
+
+In this inquiry I met with some very rare ones, which have not yet
+been described, as you will observe in the annexed plate [_See_ TAB.
+XXXIV.], where I have given exact drawings of yours, as well as the
+other species of this genus.
+
+This marine animal is called, by writers on natural history, Balanus,
+and Concha Anatifera: but the celebrated Professor at Upsal, Dr.
+Linnæus, calls the internal active part, or fish, the Animal Triton,
+and the covering or testaceous habitation Lepas, which he says is a
+multivalved shell, composed of unequal valves. The Animal Triton he
+describes, as having an oblong body, a mouth with a tongue in it,
+twisted about in a spiral manner; sixteen tentacula or claws: six of
+the hinder ones on each side, he says, are cheliferous.
+
+This account differing from that given by the ingenious Mr. Turberville
+Needham, F.R.S. in his Microscopical Essays, I shall give the character
+of this animal, as it appeared to me from the many observations I made
+on it, while alive in salt water; and these I compared not only with
+many dried specimens of other varieties, but likewise with some of
+yours, that were preserved in spirits; and I found that the parts of
+the animal agree in all the species.
+
+The experiments, that I made, were on the common English Barnacle,
+which is very frequently met with, at this time of the year, on oysters
+and other shell-fish. The microscope, that I made use of to observe
+it, was Mr. Cuff’s aquatic one; where the animal, when taken out of the
+shell, may be put into the watch-glass with salt water, or spread on
+the round glass plate on the stage of the microscope, and kept moist
+with a hair pencil and salt water during the time of observation: this
+will keep the claws and proboscis alive and in motion for many hours
+together.
+
+This animal has 24 claws, or cirrhi (_See Fig._ A), which are disposed
+in the following manner: the 12 longest stand erect, arising from the
+back part of the animal: they are all joined in pairs near the bottom,
+and inserted in one common base. These appear like so many yellow
+curled feathers: they are clear, horny, and articulated. Every joint is
+furnished with two rows of hairs on the concave side. The animal, in
+order to catch its prey, is continually extending and contracting these
+arched hairy claws, which serve it for a net.
+
+The 12 smallest claws are placed next to these, six on each side: these
+are divided into pairs; that is, two claws to one stem, like the chelæ
+or claws of the crab. These are more pliable, and fuller of hairs, than
+the others, and seem to do the office of hands for the animal.
+
+The whole number of claws lessen in size gradually each way, from the
+tallest in the back, to the last but one of each side in the front;
+which last two are of the middle size.
+
+The proboscis, or trunk, rises from the middle of the base of the
+larger claws, and is longer than any of them: this the animal moves
+about in any direction with great agility: it is of a tubular figure,
+transparent, composed of rings lessening gradually to the extremity,
+where it is surrounded with a circle of small bristles, which likewise
+are moveable at the will of the animal. These, with other small hairs
+on the trunk, disappear when it dies.
+
+Along the inside of this transparent proboscis the spiral dark-coloured
+tongue appears very plain: this the animal contracts and extends at
+pleasure.
+
+The mouth appears like that of a contracted purse, and is placed
+in front, between the fore claws. In the folds of this membraneous
+substance are six or eight horny laminæ or teeth standing erect, each
+having a tendon proper to direct its motion. Some of these teeth are
+serrated, others have tufts of sharp hairs instead of indentations on
+the convex side, that point down into the mouth; so that no animalcule
+that becomes their prey can escape back.
+
+Under the mouth lie the stomach, intestines, and the tendons by which
+they adhere to the shell.
+
+This then is the general character of the animal of the whole genus,
+whether with stems or without.
+
+I shall now give you a short description of the several kinds I have
+met with, besides those of your own, and shall divide them into two
+kinds; those that have stems, and those that adhere by their shelly
+bases.
+
+The first and most remarkable of those that have stems is the Barnacle,
+_Fig._ 1. This differs from the Lepas of Linnæus in not having a
+testaceous, only a cartilaginous or fleshy covering. On the top of it
+are two erect tubular figures like ears: these have a communication
+with the internal parts of the animal (_See Fig. 1. b_). These inner
+parts agree with the general character already given. The stem, which
+is here dissected, was full of a soft spongy yellow substance, which
+appeared, when magnified, to consist of regular oval figures, connected
+together by many small fibres, and no doubt are the spawn of the animal.
+
+This extraordinary animal (of which there were seven together) was
+found sticking to the Whale Barnacle (_See fig._ 1. & 7.), by Mr. Smith
+of Stavenger in Norway, who cut both kinds together off a whale’s
+lip, that was thrown upon that coast last year, 1757, and immediately
+immersed them in spirits of wine; by which means we have been able more
+exactly to describe them.
+
+I have called this animal the Naked Fleshy Barnacle with Ears; but it
+appears to claim the name of Triton rather than Lepas, according to
+Linnæus, as having no shelly habitation.
+
+_Fig._ 2. is the next animal of this class: this is not yet described.
+I found several of them sticking to the Warted Norway Sea Fan, which
+Dr. Pantoppidan, the Bishop of North Bergen, sent you: from its
+appearance, I have called it the Norway Sea Fan Penknife. The stem
+of this is covered with little testaceous scales. The upper part of
+the animal is inclosed in thirteen distinct shells, six on each side,
+besides the hinge-shell at the back, which is common to both sides:
+these are connected together by a membrane that lines the whole inside.
+One of these is magnified a little at fig. 2. _a_, in order to express
+the figure and situation of each shell the better.
+
+_Fig._ 3. is taken from D’Argentville’s _Lithologie, Pl. 30. fig._
+H, who says it is found in the British channel sticking to sea
+plants; and that these shells consist of five pieces. This, from its
+appearance, I have called the British Channel Penknife, to distinguish
+it from the other.
+
+_Fig._ 4. is a species of Barnacle called Poussepieds by the French,
+and described by Rondeletius as commonly found adhering to rocks on
+the coast of Brittany. He says the people there boil and eat the stem,
+which is first of a mouse-colour, and afterwards becomes red like our
+prawns. There are many heads, that arise out of one stem, each of which
+consists of two shells, in which are the same parts of the animal as in
+the other species. This I have called the Cornucopia Barnacle. Some of
+the shells of this Barnacle were drawn from a specimen in the British
+Museum. This Lepas is the Mitella of Linnæus.
+
+_Fig._ 5. and 6. are the Barnacles called Conchæ Anatiferæ: these are
+the sorts so well known to sailors, and formerly supposed to produce a
+large species of duck called a Barnacle. These consist of five shells.
+The tube, that supports one of these kinds, branches out like some
+species of corallines, bearing a shelled animal at the end of each
+branch. They are generally found adhering to pieces of wood in the sea,
+and most ships have some of them sticking to their bottoms. Those of
+the southern and warmer climates are generally of a larger kind than
+those of the colder and more northern climates.
+
+The next division of these animals is, those that adhere by the base of
+their shells, having no stems.
+
+Here I must observe, that the bottoms of the several species of this
+division conform in shape to the substances they adhere to, or grasp
+them in such a peculiar manner, as to render their situation secure
+from the violence of the element they live in. Another provision of
+nature for the security of these animals are the four opercula, which,
+upon their retreating into the great shell, they can draw to so close
+after them, as to secure themselves from outward danger.
+
+_Fig._ 7. represents the Whale Barnacle, called Pediculus Ceti, just
+as it was cut off the whale’s lip, with the seven naked Barnacles with
+ears, already described. _Fig._ 7.a is the bottom of the shell. This
+has the appearance of the gills of a mushroom. All the spaces between
+these laminæ were filled with the blubber of the whale: by this means
+they adhere to the gristly skin of the fish. The narrow cavities
+between the branched laminæ are the places where the ligaments or
+tendons, that move the opercula, are inserted.
+
+_Fig._ 8. is the Cup Barnacle, taken off an East India ship from
+Sumatra. The testaceous flat bottom of this was marked with the seams
+and lines of the sheathing, and with the rust of the nails. In one of
+these shells the animal is represented protruding his claws thro’ the
+opercula.
+
+_Fig._ 9. is called the Bell-shaped Barnacle. This was taken off the
+bottom of a ship from Jamaica, and had its flat testaceous base marked
+as the former.
+
+_Fig._ 10. This represents part of a most elegant specimen in the
+curious collection of Dr. John Fothergill. It is called the Tulip
+Barnacle, and very properly, as well from the shape of its shell, as
+the beautiful stripes of red mixt with white. It adheres to a piece
+of the true red coral, and was fished up near Leghorn, on the coast
+of Italy. It is not improbable, but that these groups of Barnacles,
+growing at the same time with the animals that formed the red coral,
+may have received an addition to their fine red colour from the coral.
+
+_Fig._ 11. is a group of Barnacles of a conical form, composed of
+purplish tubes like small quills. _Fig._ 11.a represents one of the
+same, with a view of its base, from the collection of Mr. Peter
+Collinson, F.R.S. This was brought from the East Indies. The insides of
+these shells have the appearance of the spongy parts of bones.
+
+_Fig._ 12. is called the Tortoise-wart Barnacle, being often found upon
+that animal. This shell is of a plano-convex shape, and looks like
+polished ivory. The divisions between the valves represent a star with
+six points. If these shells are put into soap lees, they will in a few
+hours separate into six pieces or valves, each shelly valve having
+two ears, like the scallop-shell: so that this species has its valves
+connected by membranes, instead of testaceous sutures, as most of the
+others have. _Fig. 12. a_ represents the under part of the same shell.
+
+_Fig._ 13. This shell is marked with six rays like a star, as the
+former; but is much deeper in proportion to its diameter. Several
+of this kind were found sticking to a crab, that was lately brought
+from the island of Nevis; from whence I have called it the American
+Crabs-wart.
+
+_Fig._ 14. is called the Side-mouth Barnacle. This was found on
+the southern coast of Africa, near the Cape of Good Hope, where it
+adheres to a particular species of striated purple muscle. _Fig._ 14.a
+represents two of the opercula of this Barnacle remarkably horned. The
+shell of this is very thin; but its obliquity may probably be owing to
+its situation.
+
+_Fig._ 15. This egg-shaped Barnacle with a small mouth is found in
+clusters sticking to the Buccinum tribe of shells in the West Indies.
+
+_Fig._ 16. is the Cornish Barnacle, shaped like a cone, and with a
+small mouth. This is described and figured by the Revᵈ. Mr. William
+Borlase, F.R.S. in his Natural History of Cornwall, lately published.
+
+_Fig._ 17. This is the common English Barnacle, that is found in such
+plenty upon all rocks and shells round this island. From the animal of
+this, examined in the microscope, I have taken the character of the
+fish of the Barnacle genus.
+
+_Fig._ 18. This I have called the Limpet-shaped Barnacle, from its
+likeness to some species of that shell. I am indebted to our late
+worthy member, Mr. Arthur Pond, for this shell, who assured me it
+was brought to him from Greenland. It was, with several more, found
+sticking to a very large species of muscle.
+
+_Fig._ 19.a. This Sea-Fan, with the Barnacles inclosed in it, was
+brought from Gibraltar. I have called it the Slipper Barnacle, from its
+shape. _See Fig._ 19. These shell-fish adhere, while they are young, to
+the slender branches, which are produced by the animals that compose
+this species of Sea-fan; and as the next succession of young animals of
+this sea-fan creep up its sides, to increase the bulk and extension of
+these first-formed ramifications, they inclose the shells all round,
+leaving only their mouths or apertures open, for the Barnacles to
+procure their food. But it frequently happens, that the animals of the
+Sea-fans destroy these Barnacles, by overrunning and involving them in
+the very center of their stems. These small Barnacles, interspersed
+here and there on the branches, have been taken for fruit or berries
+by some gentlemen, who look upon the internal or horny part of the
+Sea-fans to be vegetables.
+
+_Fig._ 20. is a very curious Barnacle, taken from an elegant specimen
+in the British Museum; which, from its figure, I have called the
+Persian Crown.
+
+
+I shall now add some further observations on the nature of these
+animals.
+
+Upon opening the shells of many of the common English Barnacles (_Fig._
+1.) while they were alive, I found the lower part of the shell, which
+contained a cavity equal to two thirds of the whole, full of spawn;
+so that the Barnacles, which adhere by the base of their shells, as
+well as those that are supported by fleshy tubes, are propagated by
+eggs, which they send forth in inconceivable numbers; as appears by the
+clusters of young shells, which we find adhering not only to the parent
+animals, but to all hard substances near them.
+
+The bottom shell of these animals, as well as their upper shells, vary
+in form according to their situation, which occasions some difficulty
+in determining their several species with exactness. The form of the
+base shell of our common English Barnacle, is the flat radiated figure
+represented adhering to a scallop shell in the front of a group of them
+at _Fig._ 17. The Barnacles at _Fig._ 8. 9. 14. 15. and 20. have the
+same kind of base.
+
+I have very lately observed a singular kind of flat Balanus, on a white
+Mandrepora coral from the coast of Italy, in the possession of Mr.
+Mendez D’Acosta, F.R.S. whose base appears sunk into the coral, and of
+the form of an inverted cone, bending a little to one side. The inward
+surface of this conical base shell appears curiously striated with
+tubular radii, which terminate on the surface of the coral, to receive
+the extremities of the six valves, that compose the upper shell. This
+peculiar form of the base seems owing to the animals of the coral and
+of the Barnacle growing up together, the latter keeping possession of
+its proper space, while the former grew close about it.
+
+The bottom shell of the Barnacle like a Limpet, at _Fig._ 18.
+increases from a small point by many thin shelly margins, which
+exactly correspond to the indentations which we observe on the base
+of the outward shell; so that it appears not unlike the drawing of a
+fortification in miniature.
+
+I am,
+
+ Dear Sir,
+ Your most affectionate Friend,
+ John Ellis.
+
+ _P. S._ The Rev. Mr. William Borlase is now of opinion, that the
+ Cornish Barnacle at _Fig._ 16. which he has described in his History
+ of Cornwall, is rather a Limpet or Patella.
+
+
+
+
+CXIV. _A further Account of the poisonous Effects of the_ Oenanthe
+Aquatica Succo viroso crocante _of_ Lobel, _or_ Hemlock Dropwort, _by_
+W. Watson, _M.D. F.R.S._
+
+_To the_ ROYAL SOCIETY.
+
+[Read Dec. 21, 1758.]
+
+Gentlemen,
+
+IN the month of June 1746. I communicated to you some observations
+concerning the _Oenanthe aquatica Succo viroso crocante_ of Lobel,
+in relation to its poisonous effects upon some French prisoners
+at Pembroke. These observations were afterwards published in the
+_Philosophical Transactions_[225], with an accurate representation of
+the plant itself, from an original drawing by that compleat artist Mr.
+Ehret. This at that time I thought the more necessary, as it was of no
+small importance to the public, to be well acquainted with a plant,
+the effects of which, when taken into our bodies, were so much to be
+dreaded. This account of mine, as well as the representation of the
+plant, were republished from the Transactions into the periodical works
+of that time; from whence a more extensive knowlege of and acquaintance
+with this plant might have been hoped for. A late instance however has
+evinced, that these endeavours have not had their full effect, as the
+plant in question is not yet sufficiently known, and attended to.
+
+John Midlane, a cabinet-maker of Havant in Hampshire, aged about 58,
+and of a gross habit of body, was advised to make use of the water
+parsnep, as a remedy for a severe scorbutic disorder, which he had long
+been troubled with; and for which he had taken a variety of medicines.
+Instead of the water parsnep, which he purposed to take, there were
+gathered for him some roots of the _oenanthe_ above mentioned; a large
+one of which was pounded in a mortar, and the juice thereof squeezed
+through a linen cloth, and amounted to about five spoonfuls. This was
+suffered to stand all night, and the next morning (Mar. 31. 1758.), at
+about half an hour past five, he drank the whole quantity, except the
+sediment.
+
+In about an hour and half after he had taken this juice, he walked
+about the town upon some business; and a little before seven, upon
+his return home, about an hundred yards from his own house, he first
+complained that he was ill; and having walked about thirty yards
+further, was so bad as to go into a neighbour’s house to rest himself.
+He was soon led from thence to his own house by two men, and told them,
+that he was affected as though he had lost the use of his limbs. When
+he was placed in his chair, he complained greatly of pain all over
+him; but particularly in his head. His stomach was immediately after
+affected, and he had great reachings to vomit. At the second attempt he
+threw up about half a pint of a clear watry liquor; at the first and
+third attempt he discharged scarce any thing. He was then seized with a
+great propensity to go to stool, which went off in about three minutes.
+After this, he with the greatest difficulty was conducted upstairs
+to bed, where he pulled off part of his cloaths himself. When he was
+put to bed, he was attacked with very severe convulsions, which in
+about a quarter of an hour deprived him of his senses; and continued,
+with a few intermissions, till he died, a little before nine o’clock;
+which was about three hours and half after the juice had been taken.
+A profuse sweat accompanied the whole of these symptoms: he foamed
+considerably at the mouth, and his belly swelled greatly. He purged
+very much soon after he was dead, but not before.
+
+As this poor man had taken this dose before his family were up, no
+one could imagine from whence his disorder arose; and consequently
+the apothecary, who was called to him, was able to form a judgment
+of his case only from the symptoms; as on his coming he found his
+patient senseless, and who had not, while his mind was undisturbed,
+told any one the probable cause of his complaints. He took from him
+however about ten ounces of blood, and endeavoured to get some _vinum
+ipecacuanhæ_ into his mouth: but his jaws were closed so fast, not
+above a spoonful passed, and that by the accident of his mouth opening
+of itself.
+
+The symptoms, with which the person above-mentioned was attacked, were
+much the same as those which were observed in the French prisoners, who
+were poisoned by the same root at Pembroke. In both instances occurred
+those severe muscular spasms, which kept the under jaw so close to the
+upper, that, while the spasm continued, scarce any force could separate
+them. In both instances likewise a considerable time passed before
+the persons, who had eaten of this root, though they had taken enough
+of it to destroy them, perceived themselves disordered by it.
+
+[Illustration: _Philos. Trans. Vol. L._ TAB. XXXV. _p. 859_.
+
+_J. Mynde sc._]
+
+I am obliged for this communication to Richard Warner, Esq; of
+Woodford, a gentleman of great merit, whose zeal for the promotion of
+useful knowlege I have many times experienced.
+
+The expediency of laying before you observations of this sort, which
+may tend, by making people careful of what they take, to the saving the
+lives of many, makes no apology necessary for so doing. I am, with all
+possible regard,
+
+ Gentlemen,
+ Your most obedient humble Servant,
+ W. Watson.
+
+Lincoln’s-Inn-Fields, 20 Dec. 1758.
+
+
+
+
+CXV. _Extract of a Letter to_ John Eaton Dodsworth, _Esq; from Dr._
+George Forbes _of_ Bermuda, _relating to the_ Patella, _or_ Limpet
+Fish, _found there_.
+
+ 2 April, 1758.
+
+[Read Dec. 21, 1758.]
+
+AS a curiosity for your esteemed friend Mr. Theobald, the Captain
+will deliver you two fishes, intirely singular here, and never before
+observed amongst us. The one is of the shell kind, and changed its
+figure so often, that it was difficult to make a drawing. However I
+got a young man to take it in two different positions, and have sent
+the drawings with the fish. _See_ TAB. XXXV.
+
+The small one may be called the sea-batt; and in some sort resembles
+that species of animals when it is swimming.
+
+
+_Additional Remark by_ Charles Morton, _M.D. F.R.S._
+
+The Patella, or Limpet Fish, whose generic characters, as enumerated
+by Bishop Wilkins, are, that it is an exanguious testaceous animal,
+not turbinated; an univalve, or having but one shell; being unmoved;
+sticking fast to rocks or other things; the convexity of whose shell
+doth somewhat resemble a short obtuse-angled cone, having no hole on
+the top.
+
+
+
+
+CXVI. _A Discourse on the_ Cinnamon, Cassia, _or_ Canella. _By_ Taylor
+White, _Esquire, F.R.S._
+
+[Read Dec. 21, 1758.]
+
+THE Cinnamon, Cassia, or Canella, are shrubs of no great height: they
+grow in Ceylon, Malabar, Java, Sumatra, and other places in the East
+Indies; as I think, in the island of St. Thomas, and on the coast of
+Coromandel.
+
+They are described by Mr. Ray, in his _History of Plants_, vol. ii. f.
+1559. under the title _de Arboribus Pruniferis_.
+
+[Illustration: _Philos. Trans. Vol. L._ TAB. XXXVI. _p. 860_.
+
+_J. Mynde. sc._]
+
+Linnæus, in his _Species Plantarum_, places them under the title
+_Enneandria Monogynia_, by the name Laurus.
+
+The leaf, flower, and fruit, of this plant, are particularly described
+by Mr. Ray.
+
+The leaf is smooth and shining; has one large vein running thro’ the
+midst, and a remarkable one on each side; the middle one generally
+running near the length of the leaf.
+
+The leaves differ in shape, some being more acute, others more oval or
+obtuse.
+
+The flowers grow in an umbel, somewhat like the Laurus Tinus; but they
+are small, consisting of one petal, of a tubular form at the bottom,
+and divided at the top into six segments in the form of a star.
+
+The flowers are succeeded by berries growing out of a capsula, like
+acorns in shape; which berries contain a shining seed.
+
+The description of Mr. Ray of the flower, in his description of the
+Cinnamon of Malabar, is extremely accurate; as is also the figure in
+the _Hortus Malabaricus_, Nº. 54. and the description, fol. 107. under
+the name Carua. I shall therefore refer to those.
+
+I shall not trouble you with the question debated by Mr. Ray, whether
+the Cinnamon and Cassia of the ancients were, or were not, the same
+with those so called by the moderns? whether the Cinnamon of the
+ancients was the twigs of the tree bearing cloves, or any plant now
+unknown to us? Mr. Ray has largely treated on this subject; and to him
+I refer such as are curious to be informed on this subject.
+
+But as the Cinnamon and Cassia of the ancients are said to have been
+used as perfumes, and to make perfumed ointments, I think they must
+have differed from ours, whose smell is not very fragrant, nor is
+emitted to any great distance.
+
+The matter of the present inquiry is, whether the Cinnamon of Ceylon
+is the same sort of plant with that growing in Malabar, Sumatra, _&c._
+differing only by the soil or climate, in which it grows, which is the
+opinion of Garcias; or from the culture or manner of curing the plant,
+as I am inclined to believe; or whether it is really a different genus
+or species of plant, as many people believe, and some botanical writers
+seem to indicate.
+
+I shall endeavour to explain this matter by producing, 1st, The
+descriptions of the most celebrated authors:
+
+2dly, By producing the most accurate figures of the plants of Sumatra
+and Ceylon: [_See Tab._ xxxvi.]
+
+3dly, By shewing the specimen of the leaves and branches brought from
+Sumatra.
+
+I have no specimen from Ceylon; but have carefully examined the
+specimens kept in the British Museum, with the assistance of Dr. Maty
+and Mr. Empson, and compared them with the specimens I have from
+Sumatra; from whence I traced exactly the figures brought herewith:
+which specimens are undoubtedly brought from Ceylon, and were the
+collections of Boerhaave, Courteen, Plukenet, and Petiver.
+
+But, previous to this inquiry, I would premise, that the writers, who
+give the description of the Cinnamon of Ceylon, were probably not
+acquainted with that of Malabar at the time of their publishing their
+works.
+
+Mr. Ray also, who so accurately describes the flower of the Cinnamon
+of Malabar, seems not so well acquainted with its fruit; and probably
+had then never seen the specimens of the Cinnamon from Ceylon; for his
+description is plainly borrowed from others, and not his own. Tho’ I
+have reason to think he afterwards saw the specimens of Mr. Courteen,
+and was convinced, that the plants were the same.
+
+In his description of the Cinnamon of Ceylon, he supposes differences
+in the manner of veining the leaf, which are not found in the leaves
+themselves. He supposes, that the Cinnamon of Ceylon differs from
+that of Malabar by its berries growing in cups like acorns; which
+is apparently the same in both, as may be seen in its figure in the
+_Hortus Malabaricus_.
+
+The other differences taken notice of by the botanic writers are as
+follow:
+
+In the _Flora Zeylanica_, p. 545. and in the _Materia Medica_, 190. the
+Cinnamon of Ceylon is called _Laurus foliis trinerviis ovato-oblongis
+nervis unientibus_: which description is adhered to in the _Hortus
+Cliffordiensis_, p. 154. under the name _Laurus foliis oblongo-ovatis
+nitidis planis_. And Burman, in his _Flora Zeylanica_, 62. T. 27. calls
+it _Cinamomum foliis latis ovatis_. Whereas the Cassia of Sumatra is
+distinguished by these writers: that in _Flora Zeyl._ 146. and in
+_Materia Medica_, 191. is called _Laurus foliis trinerviis lanceolatis
+nervis supra basin unitis_: and Burman, _Zeylan._ 63. T. 28. calls it
+_Cinamomum perpetuo florens folio tenuiore acuto_.
+
+The distinction therefore, which these writers would make us believe
+there is between these plants, consists in the leaves of the one being
+oval, the other sharp-pointed; and that the nerves are limited at the
+bottom in the Cinnamon, but not so in the Cassia: for as to the _semper
+florens_, mentioned by Burman, that must undoubtedly be common to both.
+
+Now as to the different shape of the leaves, we know how often this
+happens by seminal varieties, and from the age of plants, as in the
+leaves of holly and ivy; and that even the shapes of leaves vary
+greatly on the very same plant, and sometimes on the same branch; as in
+the ash, and many other plants, the leaves of the young shoots are more
+oval than those on the old boughs, which are generally more pointed.
+But this variety is much more frequent in the plants of warm countries.
+In the sassafras, part of the leaves generally near the bottom of the
+plant are plain, whilst the other leaves are divided into three lobes
+or segments. I have observed great difference also in the leaves of
+almost every one of the American oaks.
+
+In the Virginian cedar, the berries of the same plant produce some
+plants with juniper leaves, and others with leaves like the savin; and
+some plants with both leaves growing on the same plant.
+
+I must observe that Burman has, in his figures of the two plants before
+mentioned, made them extremely different. In that of Ceylon he has made
+all the leaves oval; and, to make the difference greater, has drawn the
+rudiments of the berries; to which he has added the flower, or part of
+it, at the top of the style or rudiment of the fruit: and in that of
+Malabar he has drawn the flower growing in the umbel.
+
+On these drawings I must observe, that his drawing of the Cinnamon of
+Ceylon agrees with no one specimen in the British Museum; and scarcely
+is one leaf to be found of the shape, which he gives.
+
+The first figure, which I shall produce, is a drawing which I procured
+from the ingenious Mr. Ehret in the year 1754: which, as I am informed
+by Mr. Empson, was from a specimen, given to Mr. Ehret by him in that
+year, of the Cinnamon of Ceylon. _See Fig._ 1.
+
+This agrees in every thing with the drawing of the Cinnamon of Malabar
+in the _Hort. Malab._ fig. 54. fol. 107. and there called Carua; except
+that it wants the fruit: but that defect is supplied by Mr. Ray’s
+description of the Cinnamon of Ceylon above mentioned. _See fig. of the
+fruit, Fig._ 2.
+
+In the figure in the _Hort. Malabar._ it may be observed, that the
+nerves do not go quite to the bottom of the leaf. But this is merely
+accidental, as will appear by the leaves of the same plant brought from
+Sumatra, which I shall produce; in which, part of the leaves have veins
+going quite to the bottom, and united there, and the others not so.
+_See Fig._ 3.
+
+The next drawing I shall produce contains that of the leaves of the
+Cinnamon plant, from specimens in the British Museum.
+
+ _Fig._ 4. A specimen, with the flower, from the collection of
+ Mr. Courteen, who lived long in Ceylon. These leaves were more
+ pointed, but were broke at the end.
+
+ _Fig._ 5. A whole leaf, with its point, in the same collection,
+ growing on a branch, on which are the rudiments of the fruit.
+
+ _Fig._ 6. A leaf in Plukenet’s specimens.
+
+ _Fig._ 7. Another leaf of the same collection, and of the same
+ plant.
+
+ _Fig._ 8. A leaf of a large specimen from Boerhaave’s collection.
+
+ _Fig._ 9. Another leaf on the same branch.
+
+ _Fig._ 10. A specimen from Petiver’s collection. The points of the
+ leaves are broken off.
+
+ _Fig._ 11. The flower of the first specimen.
+
+ _Fig._ 12. In the rudiment of the seed before formed, in the state
+ given in Burman’s first drawing.
+
+ _Note_, It is to be observed also, that the specimens of the
+ Cinnamon of Ceylon are probably of cultivated plants.
+
+From all these specimens it plainly appears, that the distinction of
+_foliis ovatis & lanceolatis_ does not appear well founded.
+
+But were it otherwise, and that the leaves of the plants differed, it
+would by no means be a proof of any material difference in the nature
+or quality of the plants; as is well known to persons conversant in
+natural history.
+
+Before I leave this subject of the description of the plant, it may
+be proper to mention, that Bauhin calls the one of these plants
+_Cinnamomum_ or _Canella Malabarica & Javanensis_, and the other
+_Cinnamomum Canella Zeylanica_, Bauhin. _pinax_ 408 and 409; but
+neither from these names, nor from his description, can any conclusive
+argument be formed: and that Herman, in his _Hort. Lugd. Batav._ 129.
+t. 1655. calls this Cinnamon of Ceylon _Cassia Cinnamonia_.
+
+If any conjecture can arise from hence, it may be, that the Cinnamon of
+Ceylon was formerly, as well as that of Sumatra and Malabar, called
+Cassia; but that the Dutch writers, being acquainted with the excellent
+qualities, which the ancients ascribed to their Cinnamon, chose to
+add the name Cinnamon to that of Cassia: and in process of time they
+have found the name of Cinnamon more profitable than that of Cassia,
+by which we chuse to call our Canella, to our national loss of many
+thousands a year.
+
+Having now given an account of the figure of these plants, and in what
+respect they are said herein to differ; I shall proceed to consider the
+pretended differences in the Canella itself; which are supposed not
+to be in form only, but substantial and material; and are generally
+understood to be so by persons supposed to be acquainted with the
+subject.
+
+Mr. Ray states this matter fully in his _Hist. Plant._ vol. ii. p.
+1560. in these words: _Officinæ nostræ Cassiam ligneam a Cinnamomo seu
+Canella distinctam faciunt, Cassiam Cinnamomo crassiorem plerumque
+esse, colore rubicundiorem, substantiâ duriorem, solidiorem &
+compactiorem, gustu magis glutinoso, odore quidem & sapore Cinnamomum
+aptius referre, tamen Cinnamomo imbecilliorum & minus vegetam esse, ex
+accurata observatione Tho. Johnson._
+
+From these reasons Mr. Ray draws a conclusion (I must own not very
+instructive), that the Cinnamon of Ceylon is Cinnamon; and the Cinnamon
+of Malabar, &c. is the Cassia of the shops.
+
+From the specimens I shall now produce, it will most plainly appear,
+that these differences are merely accidents arising from the age of the
+Canella, the part of the tree from whence it is gathered, and from the
+manner of cultivating and curing it.
+
+In the _Philosoph. Transact._ Nº. 278. p. 1099. in Mr. Strachan’s
+account of Ceylon, which is abridged by Eames and Martyn, vol. ii. p.
+183. he says, that there are two sorts of Cinnamon-trees, of which the
+tree, which is esteemed the best, has a leaf much larger and thicker
+than the other; but otherwise no difference is to be perceived.
+
+ _Note_, Here is no mention of the _folio ovato_.
+
+I remember, in an account given some years ago to the Royal Society,
+three or four sorts were mentioned; and it was said the best sort was
+cut every three or four years.
+
+This superiority I then guessed (as well as the difference of leaves
+mentioned by Mr. Strachan) to arise from the cutting the tree down
+every three or four years; which occasioned it to produce strong and
+vigorous shoots, thicker and larger leaves, as well as greater quantity
+of bark, and of a superior quality.
+
+A large shoot or sucker of this plant was produced in the year 1750. or
+51. by my worthy friend Dr. William Watson, together with an account
+of the Cinnamon-tree; which is published in the _Philosoph. Transact._
+vol. xlvii. p. 301. This shoot was a plain proof to me, that the
+Cinnamon was frequently cut down, and that this shoot arose from the
+root of a plant so cut; for it was of the size of a walking-cane; and
+no shrub could have produced such a shoot, unless a strong plant cut
+down.
+
+This method of treating this plant accounts for the mistake of Garcias,
+mentioned by Mr. Ray; _viz. Quæ Garcias habet de duplice hujus arboris
+cortice ad modum suberis, nobis suspecta sunt, quæque de deliberatione
+semel triennio facta; non enim puto renascitur cortex semel detractus._
+
+This shews, that the bark was gathered every three years: but Mr. Ray
+was not acquainted, that the plant was cut down, in order to take off
+the bark, once in three years.
+
+In the account above mentioned to be given to the Society by Dr.
+Watson, no descriptions are given either of the plants of Ceylon, or
+Malabar; but he quotes Burman, who says, that he had nine different
+sorts of Cinnamon from Ceylon, of which that, which is the best, is
+brought to us, and called by the name _Rasse Coronde_.
+
+What the differences between these sorts were, does not appear; whether
+in leaf or bark, or manner of culture. And I must observe, that in
+all the specimens in the British Museum I could observe no difference
+of species. But this is to be understood, that every sort coming from
+Ceylon is, by the Dutch and by the shops, called Cinnamon; and that of
+our own growth is by them always called Cassia. The reason is obvious.
+
+The specimens, which I now produce, of the Canella or bark of the
+Cinnamon of Sumatra, I procured in the year 1755. from Mr. Tho. Combes,
+a gentleman then in the service of the East India Company in Sumatra,
+by means of a friend.
+
+I was then attempting to form a society for the carrying on a General
+Natural History, to try proper experiments, and to employ proper
+painters and engravers suitable to the importance of the subject; and
+therefore attempted to establish a correspondence in those parts, whose
+productions are as yet little known to the public.
+
+I mention this design, because it would not be possible else to explain
+what Mr. Combes means by the word _Society_, which he so often mentions
+in his letter; of which I shall produce an extract, so far as it
+relates to the present inquiry.
+
+It seemed to me very improbable (as the same plants are generally found
+in the same latitude and soil), that the spices now in the possession
+of the Dutch should grow only in that small tract of land, which is in
+their possession. And I had many credible informations, that, whatever
+they may pretend to the contrary, this is only a pretence.
+
+I therefore desired to obtain the best information of the nature and
+culture of the plants producing spices, as well as of many other
+things, which are foreign from this inquiry.
+
+I desired to know, how the spices were dried and cured; and that
+different specimens might be sent me of the plants, their seed, flower,
+leaf, and bark, and properly cured and prepared.
+
+This produced the answer I lay before you herewith, together with the
+specimens now produced.
+
+You see hereby, that the Dutch dry their Cinnamon in sand; probably to
+take away that viscosity, which is complained of in the Cassia.
+
+And you will observe also, that the specimen produced dried and cured
+is also as free from any viscosity, as the Cinnamon of Ceylon: That it
+agrees also with the Cinnamon in every other quality, and in colour;
+and that none of the distinctions mentioned by Mr. Ray can be found
+herein; but that they may arise from the part of the tree, from whence
+the bark was taken; the inner bark of the large wood being red, as you
+see by the other specimen produced. And the common Cassia taken from
+the larger branches, and not cured, has the viscosity complained of
+in some degree, tho’ much less than it had four years since, when I
+received it.
+
+Mr. Ray says, that one is weaker in taste, as he supposes, than the
+other. That may be so from its manner of drying, or keeping of it.
+Dried in large quantities, and by a stronger heat, it will probably be
+stronger, than if it is dried in a lesser quantity, and slower.
+
+As for the viscosity, the glutinous part is found in every plant in
+some degree, as well as in every animal. It preserves the parts from
+moisture; but will be consumed by heat or time; and it will be a
+preservative to the plant, till it is destroyed; which was the reason,
+as I suppose, that Mr. Ray mentions Cassia to have kept good thirty
+years, the viscosity not having been destroyed by drying.
+
+I suppose the reason, which the Dutch have to dry it, is to make it
+sooner fit for the market, and possibly fitter for distillation.
+
+You will see from Mr. Combes’s letters and specimens, that he thinks
+there may be two sorts of Cassia or Cinnamon in Sumatra: possibly there
+may be the same difference in Ceylon; but, if so, I suspect them both
+to be only seminal varieties, and that their virtues are the same.
+
+Mr. Barlow, some time since a Surgeon in the service of the India
+company, made a considerable quantity of oil of the Cassia of Sumatra,
+which was very little, if any thing, inferior to that drawn from
+Cinnamon; and it was sold to great profit.
+
+If these plants are really the same, or if they are of equal goodness,
+supposing there was a small difference in the form of the leaf, it
+might be well worth the attention of the East India company to try to
+cultivate these plants in the manner they do in Ceylon; that is, to
+make plantations in a proper soil; and to have regard to the proper
+distance from the sea of the place, where they try the experiment: for
+some plants require to be near the sea, and others far from it, in
+Sumatra; which is the case of the Mango, and Mangosteen; the one of
+which must be near the sea, the other at a distance from it.
+
+I think the plants should be suffered to grow strong, to be six or
+seven years old, and then cut every three years, the bark peel’d off
+and dried in hot sand, and packed close and kept dry. This I take to be
+all necessary to be done, to try, if our Cinnamon will not produce as
+good a price as that of the Dutch.
+
+Perhaps the plants need not stand so long before cut; for the
+vegetation of plants in hot countries is very great.
+
+There are many other most valuable vegetables in Sumatra, which might
+be made staple commodities, as sagoe, camphire, several sorts of
+ginger, rice, and many other, which are foreign to the present inquiry.
+
+But it may not be amiss to recommend it to the traders to Sumatra to
+bring some quantity of the twig-bark of the true Cassia, well cured;
+and also to the company, to have a chemist at Sumatra, to extract
+carefully the oil of Cassia; which is best, and in greatest quantities,
+produced from the bark of the body, and of the larger branches of
+the tree: and also that the company would procure an exemption of
+all customs or duties on Cassia, or on the oil of Cassia, for some
+time: and also that the college of physicians in their dispensatory
+would direct Cassia or Cinnamon of Malabar or Sumatra to be used,
+instead of the Cinnamon of Ceylon; and that the same should be used by
+apothecaries and distillers, and in all simple and compound waters, in
+which Cinnamon is used.
+
+
+_Extract of a Letter from Mr._ THOMAS COMBES, _dated_ Fort Marlborough,
+5 Jan. 1755.
+
+IN regard to the first article of your paper, now before me, which is
+the inquiry desired to be made concerning the spices, I am of opinion,
+that the true Cinnamon grows no-where but on the island of Ceylon,
+unless Cassia be allowed to be the same tree, which I am inclined to
+think.
+
+Nº. 9. contains seeds of the Cassia or wild Cinnamon-tree. As for the
+seeds of the true Cinnamon-tree, I believe they are very difficult to
+be got; for as the Dutch are the sole masters of this spice, and get
+a good deal of money by it, I fancy, according to their usual custom,
+they have very well guarded against the transplantation of it. I hope
+however, that these seeds will not be unacceptable to the society, as
+Cassia itself is of some value; and as I am very doubtful, whether this
+tree is not the same with the true Cinnamon, being of opinion, that the
+difference observed in them arises from the different method of curing
+their barks, or from the taking the bark from different parts of the
+tree, or at different seasons, or of different ages, or perhaps all
+these.
+
+I have made inquiry concerning this from some very intelligent persons,
+and found them to be of opinion, that the Cassia and Cinnamon-tree
+were of the same genus. I have inquired further concerning the method
+of curing it at Ceylon; but as this is done by the natives, the Dutch
+are not very well acquainted with it; nor could I obtain any good
+account of it, different people giving me different relations. Some
+said, it was the inner bark, some the middle, and some the outer; tho’
+of the young branches, they seemed in general to agree, that it was
+gathered at a certain season of the year, and that one part of the cure
+was burying it in sand for some time. This may be tried with Cassia,
+and may perhaps take away that viscosity or glutinous quality observed
+by chewing it, and which is the principal mark for distinguishing it
+from Cinnamon. As to their chemical oils, I have heard many people say,
+that they are not distinguishable otherwise, than that from Cinnamon
+is generally better, or, as it may be called, stronger, than that from
+Cassia; and accordingly bears a better price. But the Dutch company’s
+chemist at Batavia, if I may give him this title, informed me, that
+they are essentially different, and plainly distinguishable. But I
+must confess myself very doubtful of the knowlege or veracity of this
+chemist, and strongly suspect, that they are no otherwise different
+than in goodness, as many other oils drawn from the same subject are.
+
+I observe the price of Cassia is greatly risen in England within these
+two or three years; but whether this be owing to an increase in the
+consumption, or a decrease in the importation of this commodity, I
+cannot say.
+
+The Dutch government of Batavia has this year, in some new regulations
+of their trade, prohibited to all persons the dealing in any of the
+fine quilled sort of Cassia, and declared the same to be contraband,
+and reserved for their company only; and put it upon the same footing
+as their Cinnamon.
+
+What reasons induced them to this, I am yet a stranger to; but it makes
+me suspect, that the rise of this commodity in Europe is owing to some
+other cause than a deficiency in the importation thereof. Perhaps some
+discovery has been made rendering Cassia equal to Cinnamon.
+
+In Persia, I think, they make not so great a difference between them
+as elsewhere; and I myself, for want of Cinnamon here for some months
+past, made use of the fine quilled Cassia; and the difference I observe
+between them I imagine to arise rather from the greenness and want of
+dryness in the Cassia, than any thing else, or perhaps from the method
+of curing it: for if there happens to be a little too much Cassia put
+into my chocolate (and other things I use in it), a little bitterish
+taste arises, something like what we meet with in most barks; tho’ I do
+not remember to have observed this of Cinnamon: but as to its boiling
+to a jelly, as Quincy mentions, I find no such thing, and think it
+bears boiling as well as Cinnamon. Nor do I think its distilled water
+more subject to an empyreuma than that of Cinnamon.
+
+I have inquired of the country people here, who bring it us, and they
+tell me the finest sort is the inner bark of the small branches; and
+indeed that it is the inner bark, I think, is evident in Cinnamon as
+well as Cassia; no outer bark of the youngest branches of any tree
+having, in my opinion, that smooth surface observable in both these
+barks.
+
+I once thought, that it was better to take the bark from the body of
+the tree than from the branches, imagining that the bark from the trunk
+or body of all trees must in general be stronger, let its natural
+taste be what it will, than from its branches. This I find to be so
+in Cassia; and I have been informed, that the large ligneous pieces
+of Cassia have afforded rather more oil in distillation than the fine
+quilled sort, their weight being equal; but upon trial I could not make
+the bark from the trunk curl or roll up, as it ought to do, owing, as I
+suppose, to my unskilfulness, or to rigidity, or the natural position
+of its fibres; for the bark of the younger branches curled of itself,
+wanting hardly any other assistance than the sun.
+
+I have already observed, that Cassia is found in chewing to have a
+viscidness, which Cinnamon has not. I have endeavoured to remove this
+in a little I send you, marked B: pray let me know, if it answers; and
+be assured, it was taken from the younger branches of the tree, of
+which I send you the seeds.
+
+I send you also, marked C, some of the bark taken from the same tree;
+as also some of the leaves, marked D.
+
+I have sent you also a little of the bark of the trunk of a tree,
+which, tho’ called Cassia, seems not to be so, marked E; and also the
+leaves of the same tree, marked F.
+
+
+END _of the_ FIFTIETH VOLUME.
+
+
+
+
+ AN
+ INDEX
+ TO THE
+ FIFTIETH VOLUME
+ OF THE
+ PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS,
+ For the YEARS 1757 and 1758.
+
+
+A
+
+_AIR_, Remarks on the heat of it in July 1757, by Dr. J. Huxham; with
+some additional ones by Dr. W. Watson, page 428.
+
+---- ---- on its different temperature at Edystone from that observed
+at Plymouth, between July 7 and 14, 1757, p. 488.
+
+_Akenside_, Mark, M. D. his observations on the origin and use of the
+lymphatic vessels in animals, p. 322.
+
+_Alga Marina latifolia_, observations on it, p. 631.
+
+_Allegator_, the fossil bones of one, found on the sea-shore near
+Whitby, p. 688.
+
+_America_, North, account of an earthquake felt in it Nov. 18. 1755. p.
+1.
+
+_American_ Sea Sun-Crown, observations on it, p. 843.
+
+_Antiquities_, accounts of the late discoveries of some at Herculaneum,
+p. 49. 88. 619.
+
+_Aneurism_, remarkable case of one in the principal artery of the
+thigh, p. 363.
+
+_Apple_, the Manchenille, singular observations upon it, p. 772.
+
+_Arderon_, Mr. William, abstract of a letter on giving magnetism and
+polarity to brass, p. 774.
+
+_Assize_, the Black, at Oxford, account of it, p. 699.
+
+
+B
+
+_Baker_, Mr. Henry, his account of the Opuntia, or Prickly Pear, and of
+the Indigo plant, in colouring the juices of living animals, p. 296.
+
+---- ---- ---- ---- of the Sea Polypus, p. 777.
+
+_Bark_, remarkable case of its efficacy in a mortification, p. 379.
+
+---- ---- ---- ---- ---- in the delirium of a fever, p. 609.
+
+_Barnacles_, an account of several rare species, p. 845.
+
+_Baster_, Job. observationes de corallinis, iisque insidentibus
+Polypis, aliisque animalculis marinis, p. 258.
+
+_Bladder_, human urinary, four rough stones extracted from it by the
+lateral method of cutting for the stone, p. 579.
+
+_Blisters_, remarkable effects of them in lessening the quickness of
+the pulse in coughs attended with infarction of the lungs, p. 569.
+
+_Bones_, some fossil ones of an allegator, found on the sea-shore near
+Whitby, p. 688.
+
+_Borlase_, Rev. Mr. Wm. his account of some trees discovered
+under-ground on the sea-shore at Mount’s-Bay in Cornwall, p. 51.
+
+---- ---- ---- ---- ---- of an earthquake in the west parts of
+Cornwall, July 15. 1757, p. 499.
+
+_Bradley_, James, D. D. his observations on the comet of Sept. and Oct.
+1757, p. 408.
+
+_Brakenridge_, Rev. Wm. D. D. his answer to the Rev. Mr. Forster’s
+letter concerning the numbers and increase of the people of England, p.
+465.
+
+_Brass_, abstract of a letter on giving magnetism and polarity to it,
+p. 774.
+
+_Bridges_, concerning the fall of water under them, p. 492.
+
+_Brydone_, Mr. Patrick, his account of a paralytic patient cured by
+electricity, p. 392.
+
+_Burrow_, James, Esq; his account of an earthquake felt at Linfield in
+Surrey, and at Edenbridge in Kent, Jan. 24. 1758, p. 614.
+
+
+C
+
+_Carlsbad_ mineral waters, account of them, p. 25.
+
+---- ---- ---- their lithontriptic virtue, with lime-water and soap, p.
+386.
+
+_Case_ of Lord Horace Walpole; being a sequel to that in Phil. Trans.
+vol. xlvii. p. 43 and 47,--p. 205.
+
+_Cassia_, or _Canella_, a discourse on it, by Taylor White, Esq.; p.
+860.
+
+_Cavendish_, Lord Charles, his description of some thermometers for
+particular uses, p. 300.
+
+_Chapman_, Capt. Wm. his account of a method of distilling fresh water
+from sea-water by wood-ashes, p. 635.
+
+---- ---- ---- ---- ---- of the fossil bones of an allegator found on
+the sea-shore near Whitby in Yorkshire, p. 688.
+
+_Characters_, Phœnician Numeral, antiently used at Sidon, dissertation
+upon them, p. 791.
+
+_Charts_ and Maps, a short dissertation on them, p. 563.
+
+_Chevalier_, Joan. observatio eclipsis lunæ die 27 Martii 1755,
+Olissipone habita, p. 374.
+
+---- ---- ---- ---- ---- die 30 Julii 1757, Olissipone habita, p. 769.
+
+---- ---- observationes eclipsium satellitum Jovis, Olissipone habitæ,
+p. 377.
+
+---- ----, &c. observationes eclipsium satellitum Jovis, anno 1757,
+Olissipone habitæ, p. 378.
+
+---- ---- et Theodor. de Almeida, observationes eclipsis lunæ die 4
+Feb. ann. 1757, Olissipone habitæ, p. 376.
+
+_Cinnamon_, a discourse on it, by Taylor White, Esq; p. 860.
+
+_Coin_, a Parthian, with a Greek and Parthian legend, some remarks on
+it, p. 175.
+
+_Collet_, John, M. D. his letter concerning the peat-pit near Newbury
+in Berkshire, p. 109.
+
+_Comet_, observations on that of Sept. and Oct. 1757, made at the Royal
+Observatory, p. 408.
+
+---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- made at the Hague, p. 438.
+
+_Convulsive Fits_, case of a boy troubled with them, cured by the
+discharge of worms, p. 518.
+
+_Convulsions_, some extraordinary effects arising from them, p. 743.
+
+_Coral_, Red, a very singular kind from the Indies, p. 159.
+
+_Corallinis_ de, iisque insidentibus polypis, aliisque animalculis
+marinis observationes, p. 258.
+
+_Cornwall_, account of an earthquake in the west parts of it, July 15,
+1757, p. 499.
+
+_Corona_ Solis Marina Americana, observations on it, p. 843.
+
+
+D
+
+_Da Costa_, Emanuel Mendez, his account of the impressions of plants on
+the slates of coals, p. 228.
+
+_Darwin_, Erasmus, M.D. his remarks on the opinion of Henry Eles, Esq;
+concerning the ascent of vapour, p. 240.
+
+_Delirium_, of a fever, an extraordinary case of the efficacy of the
+bark in one, p. 609.
+
+_Diseases_, effects of electricity in the cure of some particular ones,
+p. 695.
+
+_Dodson_ and Mountaine, tables of the variation of the magnetic needle
+by them, adapted to every 5 degrees of lat. and long. in the more
+frequented oceans, p. 329.
+
+_Dollond_, Mr. John, his account of some experiments concerning the
+different refrangibility of light, p. 733.
+
+_Dust_, Black, an extraordinary shower, which fell in the island of
+Zetland, Oct. 20. 1755, p. 297.
+
+
+E
+
+_Earthquake_, account of one in the island of Sumatra, in the East
+Indies, Nov. and Dec. 1756, p. 491.
+
+---- ---- ---- ---- in the west parts of Cornwall, July 15, 1757, p.
+499.
+
+---- ---- ---- ---- at Lingfield in Surrey, and Edenbridge in Kent,
+Jan. 24, 1758, p. 614.
+
+---- ---- ---- ---- at Herculaneum, p. 619.
+
+---- ---- ---- ---- in New England, and the neighbouring parts of
+America, Nov. 18, 1755, p. 1.
+
+---- ---- observations upon a very particular tho’ slight one, p. 645.
+
+_Eclipsis_ lunaris facta Matriti, a P. Joanne Wendlingen, die 30 Julii,
+1757, p. 640.
+
+---- lunæ observatio, die 30 Julii, 1757, Olissipone habita, p. 769.
+
+---- ---- ---- ---- die 27 Martii, 1755, Olissipone habita, p. 374.
+
+---- ---- ---- ---- die 4 Februarii, 1757, Olissipone habita, p. 376.
+
+_Eclipsium_ satellitum Jovis observationes, Olissipone habitæ, anno
+1757, p. 378.
+
+---- ---- ---- ---- observationes, Olissipone habitæ, p. 377.
+
+_Edystone_, remarks on the different temperature of the air there from
+that observed at Plymouth, between July 7 and 14, 1757, p. 488.
+
+_Edenbridge_, account of an earthquake felt there, Jan. 24. 1758, p.
+614.
+
+_Edwards_, Mr. Geo. his observations on an evening, or rather
+nocturnal, solar Iris, p. 293.
+
+---- ---- ---- ---- account of a new-discovered species of snipe, or
+tringa, p. 255.
+
+_Eles_, Henry, Esq; remarks on his opinion concerning the ascent of
+vapour, p. 240.
+
+_Electricity_, the effects of it in paralytic cases, p. 481.
+
+---- further account of its effects in curing some diseases, p. 695.
+
+---- its virtue in the cure of a palsey, p. 392.
+
+_Ellis_, Mr. John, his account of a red coral from the East Indies, of
+a very singular kind, p. 189.
+
+---- ---- ---- remarks on Dr. Job. Baster’s observationes de
+corallinis, &c. p. 280.
+
+---- ---- ---- answer to the remarks upon his letter to Philip Carteret
+Webb, Esq; p. 441.
+
+---- ---- ---- account of several rare species of Barnacles, p. 845.
+
+----, Henry, Esq; his account of the heat of the weather in Georgia, p.
+754.
+
+_Equator_, Terrestrial, resolution of a general proposition for
+determining the horary alteration of the position of it, p. 416.
+
+_Eye_, diseased, an extraordinary case of one, p. 747.
+
+
+F
+
+_Fauquier_, Francis, Esq; his account of an extraordinary storm of hail
+in Virginia, p. 746.
+
+_Fire-Engine_, further experiments for increasing the quantity of steam
+in it, p. 370.
+
+---- ---- attempt to improve the manner of working ventilators by the
+help of it, p. 727.
+
+_Fitz-Gerald_, Keane, Esq; his further experiments for increasing the
+quantity of steam in a fire-engine, p. 370.
+
+---- ---- ---- experiments on applying Dr. Hales’s method of distilling
+salt water to the steam-engine, p. 53.
+
+---- ---- ---- concerning an attempt to improve the manner of working
+ventilators by the assistance of the fire-engine, p. 727.
+
+_Flexor_ tendon, an account of one torn out in its whole extent,
+together with the first joint of the thumb, p. 617.
+
+_Forbes_, Dr. George, his letter concerning the Patella, or
+Limpet-Fish, found at Bermuda, p. 859.
+
+_Forster_, Rev. Mr. Richard, his extract of the register of the parish
+of Great Shefford, with observations, p. 356.
+
+---- ---- ---- ---- his letter concerning the number of the people of
+England, p. 457.
+
+_Fruits_, fossil, and other bodies, account of some found in the island
+of Shepey, p. 396.
+
+
+G
+
+_Gaze_, Mr. John, his account of a boy cured of convulsive fits by the
+discharge of worms, p. 521.
+
+_Gall-stones_, two extraordinary cases relating to them, p. 543.
+
+_Gaubil_, F. his description of the plan of Peking, p. 704.
+
+_Georgia_, account of the heat of the weather there, p. 754.
+
+_Glass_, in windows, dissertation on the antiquity of it, p. 601.
+
+_Gravity_, Specific, of living men, essay towards ascertaining it, p.
+30.
+
+_Grindall_, Mr. Richard, his account of the efficacy of the bark in a
+mortification, p. 379.
+
+_Guadaloupe_, Isle of, account of a visitation of the leprous persons
+there, p. 38.
+
+
+H
+
+_Hague_, state of thermometer there, Jan. 9, 1757, p. 148.
+
+---- observations there on the comet in Sept. and Oct. 1757, p. 483.
+
+_Hail_, an extraordinary storm in Virginia, p. 746.
+
+_Herculaneum_, accounts of the late discoveries of antiquities made
+there, p. 49, 88, 619.
+
+_Heat_ of the air, July 1757, remarks on it by Dr. Huxham and Dr.
+Watson, p. 428.
+
+---- of the weather, account of that in July 1757, by Dr. Huxham, p.
+523.
+
+---- of the weather in Georgia, account of it, p. 754.
+
+_Hemlock Dropwort_, further account of its poisonous effects, p. 556.
+
+_Himsel de_, Nicholai, M. D. de rariori quadam specie, in Suecia
+reperta, tractatus, p. 692.
+
+_Home_, Robert, Surgeon, his account of the flexor tendon torn out in
+its whole extent, and the first joint of the thumb torn off, p. 617.
+
+_Horned Cattle_, the usefulness of inoculation to prevent the
+contagious distemper among them, p. 528.
+
+_Huxham_, John, M. D. his remarks on the heat of the air, July 1757, p.
+428.
+
+---- ---- ---- ---- ---- on the extraordinary heat of the weather in
+July 1757, p. 523.
+
+
+I
+
+_Jenty_, Nicholas, his account of a man, whose intestines, &c. all
+cohered, and who after death fell under his inspection, p. 550.
+
+_Ileum_, the gut, cut thro’ by a knife, instance of the successful
+treatment of it, p. 35.
+
+_Indigo_ plant, effects of it, and of the opuntia, or prickly pear, in
+colouring the juices of living animals, p. 296.
+
+_Inoculation_, its usefulness on horned cattle, to prevent the
+contagious distemper among them, p. 528.
+
+_Intestines_, remarkable case of the cohesions of all of them in a man,
+p. 550.
+
+_Johnstone_, James, M. D. his account of two extraordinary cases of
+gall-stones, p. 543.
+
+_Iris_, solar, observations on an evening, or rather nocturnal one, p.
+293.
+
+
+K
+
+_Klinkenberg_, Mr. D. his observations upon the comet in Sept. and Oct.
+1757, p. 483.
+
+
+L
+
+_Lacteals_, experiment to prove that salt of steel does not enter them,
+p. 594.
+
+_Lanreath_, effects of a storm of thunder and lightning there, June 27,
+1756, p. 104.
+
+_Layard_, Daniel Peter, M. D. his account of an extraordinary case of a
+diseased eye, p. 747.
+
+---- Daniel Peter, M. D. his discourse on the usefulness of inoculating
+the horned cattle, p. 528.
+
+_Leprous_ persons in the isle of Guadaloupe, account of a visitation of
+them, p. 38.
+
+_Lestwithiel_, in Cornwall, effects of lightning upon the church and
+steeple there, p. 198.
+
+_Lewis_, William, M. B. his experimental examination of Platina, Paper
+V. and VI. p. 148, 156.
+
+_Lichen_, memoir concerning it, p. 652.
+
+_Light_, some experiments concerning its different refrangibility, p.
+733.
+
+_Lightning_, its effects upon the church and steeple of Lestwithiel in
+Cornwall, p. 198.
+
+_Limax_ non cochleata, observations on it, p. 585.
+
+_Lime-water_, its lithontriptic virtue, p. 386.
+
+_Limpet-Fish_, found at Bermuda, account of it, p. 859.
+
+_Linnæus_, his account of the faculty called Vigiliæ Florum, with an
+enumeration of several plants subject to that law, p. 506.
+
+_Lingfield_, in Surry, account of an earthquake felt there, Jan. 24,
+1758, p. 614.
+
+_Looe_, effects of a storm of thunder and lightning there, June 27,
+1756, p. 104.
+
+
+M
+
+_Maps_, Geographical, the best form of them, p. 553.
+
+---- and Charts, a short dissertation on them, p. 563.
+
+_Magnetism_, and Polarity, given to brass, p. 774.
+
+_Malverne_ waters, their good effects, p. 23.
+
+_Memoir_, an historical one on the genus of plants called Lichen,
+Usnea, Coralloides, and Lichenoides, p. 652.
+
+_Men_, living, essay towards ascertaining their specific gravity, p. 30.
+
+_Milles_, Jeremiah, D. D. letters to him, with accounts of the effects
+of thunder and lightning at Looe and Lanreath, June 27, 1756, p. 104.
+
+---- ---- ---- his account of the Carlsbad mineral waters in Bohemia,
+p. 25.
+
+_Miller_, Mr. Philip, concerning the effects of a storm at Wigton in
+Cumberland, p. 194.
+
+---- ---- ---- his remarks on a letter of Mr. John Ellis to P. C. Webb,
+Esq; printed in Phil. Trans. vol. xlix. part ii. p. 806.--p. 430.
+
+_Mitchell_, Sir Andrew, his account of an extraordinary shower of black
+dust, that fell in the Island of Zetland, Oct. 20, 1755, p. 297.
+
+_Mixtures_, effervescent, strange effects of some, p. 19.
+
+_Moffat_, in Annandale, a new medicinal well lately discovered there,
+p. 117.
+
+_Mortification_, remarkable efficacy of the bark in one, p. 379.
+
+_Mount’s-Bay_, account of some trees discovered underground on the
+shore there, p. 51.
+
+_Mounsey_, James, M. D. his account of the strange effects of some
+effervescent mixtures, p. 19.
+
+_Mountaine_ and Dodson, tables of the variation of the magnetic needle
+by them, adapted to every five degrees of lat. and long. in the more
+frequented oceans, p. 329.
+
+---- Wm. his dissertation on maps and charts, p. 563.
+
+_Murdoch_, Patrick, his description of the best form of geographical
+maps, p. 553.
+
+---- ---- his trigonometry abridged, p. 538.
+
+_Munckley_, Nich. M. D. his account of the extraordinary efficacy of
+the bark in the delirium of a fever, p. 609.
+
+
+N
+
+_Needle_, magnetic, its variation, p. 329.
+
+_New England_, account of an earthquake felt there, Nov. 18, 1755. p. 1.
+
+_Newbury_, in Berkshire, account of the peat-pit near it, p. 109.
+
+_Nightshade_, deadly, botanical and medical history of it, p. 62.
+
+_Nixon_, Rev. John, A. M. his account of some of the antiquities
+discovered at Herculaneum, &c. p. 88.
+
+---- ---- ---- ---- his account of the temple of Serapis at Pozzuoli in
+Naples, p. 166.
+
+---- ---- ---- ---- his dissertation on the antiquity of glass in
+windows, p. 601.
+
+_Norfolk_ Boy, observations on the case of one, who was cured of
+convulsive fits by the discharge of worms, p. 836.
+
+_Number_ of the people of England, observations on it, p. 356, 457, 465.
+
+
+O
+
+_Observationes_ anatomico-medicæ de monstro bicorporeo virgineo, p. 311.
+
+_Oenanthe_ aquatica succo viroso crocante of Lobel, farther account of
+its poisonous effects, p. 856.
+
+_Oil_, its efficacy, taken as a vermifuge, p. 837.
+
+_Operation_, an extraordinary one performed in the dock-yard at
+Portsmouth, p. 288.
+
+_Opuntia_, or prickly pear, effects of it, and of the Indigo plant, in
+colouring the juices of living animals, p. 296.
+
+_Orthoceratitis_, de rariori quadam specie, in Suecia reperta,
+tractatus, p. 692.
+
+_Oram_, Rev. Richard, his account of a boy cured of convulsive fits by
+the discharge of worms, p. 518.
+
+_Oxford_, account of the black assize there, p. 699.
+
+
+P
+
+_Paderni_, Camillo, his account of the late discoveries at Herculaneum,
+p. 49.
+
+---- ---- ---- ---- of an earthquake at Herculaneum, and of some late
+discoveries there, p. 619.
+
+_Palsey_, instance of the cure of it by electricity, p. 392.
+
+_Pantheon_, at Rome, account of the alterations making in it, p. 115.
+
+_Parsons_, James, M. D. his account of some extraordinary tumours upon
+the head of a man in St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, p. 350.
+
+---- ---- ---- his account of fossil fruits, and other bodies, found in
+the island of Shepey, p. 396.
+
+_Paralytic_ cases, the effects of electricity in them, p. 481.
+
+_Patella_, or Limpet-Fish, found at Bermuda, account of it, p. 859.
+
+_Peyssonel_, John Andrew, M. D. his account of a visitation of the
+leprous persons in the isle of Guadaloupe, p. 38.
+
+---- ---- ---- ---- his observations on the worms that form sponges, p.
+590.
+
+---- ---- ---- ---- observations on the Limax non cochleata purpur
+ferens, p. 585.
+
+---- ---- ---- ---- observations on the Alga marina latifolia, p. 631.
+
+---- ---- ---- ---- observations on a slight but very particular
+earthquake, p. 645.
+
+---- ---- ---- ---- observations on the Manchenille apple, p. 772.
+
+---- ---- ---- ---- observations on the Corona Solis Marina Americana,
+or American Sea-Sun-Crown, p. 843.
+
+_Peat-pit_, account of one near Newbury in Berkshire, p. 109.
+
+_People_ of England, concerning the number of them, p. 457.
+
+---- ---- ---- an answer to Mr. Forster’s letter, concerning their
+number and increase, 465.
+
+_Peking_, a description of the plan of it, p. 704.
+
+_Perry_, Mr. his letter to Dr. Stukeley, concerning the Earthquake at
+Sumatra in Nov. and Dec. 1756, p. 491.
+
+_Phœnician_ numeral characters anciently used at Sidon, dissertation on
+them, p. 791.
+
+_Plants_, impressions of them on the slates of coals, p. 228.
+
+---- catalogue of the fifty from Chelsea Garden, for 1756, p. 236.
+
+---- observations on the sleep of them, p. 506.
+
+---- catalogue of the fifty from Chelsea Garden, for 1757, p. 648.
+
+_Platina_, experimental examination of it, Paper V. and VI. p. 148, 156.
+
+_Platt_, Mr. Joshua, his account of the fossil thigh-bone of an animal
+dug up at Stonesfield, near Woodstock, p. 524.
+
+_Polarity_ and Magnetism, communicated to brass, p. 774.
+
+_Polypus_, Sea, account of it, p. 777.
+
+_Pozzuoli_, account of the temple of Serapis there, p. 166.
+
+_Postscript_ to Dr. Whytt’s observations on Lord Walpole’s case, p. 385.
+
+_Pringle_, John, M. D. on the virtues of soap in dissolving the stone,
+p. 221.
+
+---- ---- ---- ---- his account of the effects of electricity in
+paralytic cases, p. 481.
+
+_Problems_, isoperimetrical, a further attempt to facilitate the
+solution of them, p. 623.
+
+_Pulteney_, M. Richard, his botanical and medical history of the
+Solanum Lethale, p. 62.
+
+---- ---- ---- his observations on the sleep of plants, p. 506.
+
+_Pulse_, quickness of it in coughs, attended with infarction of the
+lungs, lessened by blisters, p. 569.
+
+
+R
+
+_Register_, Parish, extract of that in Great Shefford in Berkshire,
+with observations, p. 356.
+
+_Remarks_ on Dr. Job Baster’s Observationes de corallinis, &c. p. 280.
+
+_Robertson_, Mr. John, his essay towards ascertaining the specific
+gravity of living men, p. 30.
+
+---- ---- ---- ---- account of an extraordinary operation performed in
+Portsmouth dock-yard, p. 288.
+
+---- ---- ---- ---- ---- of the fall of water under bridges, p. 492.
+
+
+S
+
+_Salt-water_, experiments on applying Dr. Hales’s method of distilling
+it to the steam-engine, p. 53.
+
+_Satellite_, concerning the irregularities in the motion of one,
+arising from the spheroidical figure of its primary planet, p. 807.
+
+_Sea-water_, method of making it fresh with wood-ashes, p. 635.
+
+_Sea Alga_ with broad leaves, observations on it, p. 631.
+
+_Series_, invention of a general method for determining the sum of
+every 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, &c. term of one, taken in order, p. 757.
+
+_Serapis_, Temple of, at Pozzuoli, account of it, p. 166.
+
+_Shepey_ Island, account of fossil fruits, and other bodies, found
+there, p. 396.
+
+_Short_, James, M. A. his account of some experiments concerning the
+different refrangibility of light by Mr. John Dollond, p. 733.
+
+_Shefford_, Great, extract of the parish register there, with
+observations, p. 356.
+
+_Simpson_, Mr. Tho. his resolution of a general proposition for
+determining the horary alteration of the terrestrial equator, &c. p.
+416.
+
+---- ---- ---- ---- further attempt to facilitate the resolution of
+isoperimetrical problems, p. 623.
+
+---- ---- ---- ---- invention of a general method for determining the
+sum of every 2d, 3d, 4th, or 5th, &c. term of a series, taken in order,
+p. 757.
+
+_Skeleton_ of an animal, description of a fossil one found in the alum
+rock near Whitby, p. 786.
+
+_Slates_ of Coals, account of the impressions of plants on some, p. 228.
+
+_Sleep_ of plants, observations on it, p. 506.
+
+_Smeaton_, Mr. John, concerning the effects of lightning upon the
+church and steeple of Lestwithiel in Cornwall, p. 198.
+
+---- ---- ---- his remarks on the different temperature of the air at
+Edystone, from that observed at Plymouth, between July 7th and 14th,
+1757, p. 488.
+
+_Snail_, the naked, producing purple, observations on it, p. 585.
+
+_Snipe_, or Tringa, a new-discovered species of it, p. 255.
+
+_Solanum_ Lethale, Bella-Donna, or Deadly Nightshade, brief botanical
+and medical history of it, p. 62.
+
+_Soap_, its virtues in dissolving the stone, p. 221, 386.
+
+_Sponges_, formed by worms, new observations on them, p. 590.
+
+_Steam-Engine_, experiments on applying Dr. Hales’s method of
+distilling salt-water to it, p. 53.
+
+_Steam_, farther experiments for increasing the quantity of it in a
+fire-engine, p. 570.
+
+_Stone_, the virtues of soap in dissolving it, p. 221.
+
+_Stones_, remarkable instance of four rough ones discovered in an human
+urinary bladder, extracted by the lateral method of cutting for the
+stone, p. 579.
+
+_Storm_, effects of one at Wigton in Cumberland, p. 194.
+
+---- ---- ---- ---- at Looe and Lanreath, p. 104.
+
+_Stonesfield_, account of the fossil thigh-bone of an animal dug up
+there, p. 524.
+
+_Sumatra_, Island of, account of an earthquake felt there in Nov. and
+Dec. 1756, p. 491.
+
+_Swinton_, the Rev. John, his remarks on a Parthian coin with a Greek
+and Parthian legend, never before published, p. 175.
+
+---- ---- ---- ---- ---- dissertation upon the Phœnician numeral
+characters antiently used at Sidon, p. 791.
+
+
+T
+
+_Tables_ of the variation of the magnetic needle, a sett, which exhibit
+the result of upwards of fifty thousand observations, adapted to every
+five degrees of lat. and long. in the more frequented oceans, p. 329.
+
+_Tendon_, Flexor, one torn out in its whole extent, and the first joint
+of the thumb torn off, p. 617.
+
+_Thermometer_, state of it at the Hague, Jan. 9, 1757. p. 148.
+
+_Thermometers_, description of some for particular uses, p. 300.
+
+_Thigh-bone_ of a large animal, a fossil one dug up at Stonesfield,
+near Woodstock, in Oxfordshire, p. 524.
+
+_Thunder_ and Lightning, the effects of them in the parishes of Looe
+and Lanreath, June 27th, 1756, p. 104.
+
+_Torkos_, Just. Joan. observationes anatomico-medicæ de monstro
+bicorporeo virgineo, p. 311.
+
+_Travers_, Mr. Peter, his successful treatment of the gut ileum cut
+thro’ by a knife, p. 35.
+
+_Trees_, some discovered under-ground on the shore at Mount’s-Bay in
+Cornwall, p. 51.
+
+_Trembley_, Mr. Abraham, extract of a letter from him on several
+curious subjects of natural history, p. 58.
+
+---- ---- ---- his state of the thermometer at the Hague, Jan. 9, 1757,
+p. 148.
+
+_Trigonometry_, abridgement of it, p. 538.
+
+_Tumours_, some extraordinary ones upon the head of a man in St.
+Bartholomew’s-Hospital, p. 350.
+
+_Tringa_, or Snipe, account of a new-discovered species, p. 255.
+
+
+V
+
+_Vapour_, remarks on the opinion of Henry Eles, Esq; concerning the
+ascent of it, p. 240.
+
+_Ventilators_, attempt to improve the manner of working them by the
+help of a fire-engine, p. 727.
+
+_Vessels_, lymphatic, of animals, observations on their origin and use,
+p. 322.
+
+_Vigiliæ florum_, account of that faculty, p. 506.
+
+_Virginia_, remarkable storm of hail there, p. 746.
+
+
+W
+
+_Wall_, John, M.D. concerning the good effects of Malverne waters, p.
+23.
+
+---- ---- ---- his observations on the case of the Norfolk Boy cured of
+convulsions by the discharge of worms, p. 836.
+
+_Walmesley_, Mr. Charles, his letter on the irregular motions of a
+satellite, p. 807.
+
+_Walker_, Mr. John, his account of a new medicinal well lately
+discovered at Moffat in Annandale, p. 117.
+
+_Walpole_, Lord Horace, sequel to his account of his own case (Phil.
+Trans. vol. xlvii. p. 43 & 472.) p. 205.
+
+_Ward_, John, LL.D. letter communicated by him, with an account of the
+alterations making in the Pantheon at Rome, p. 115.
+
+---- ---- ---- his account of the black assize at Oxford, p. 699.
+
+_Warner_, Jos. Surgeon, his account of a remarkable case of an
+aneurism, &c. p. 363.
+
+---- ---- ---- ---- instance of four rough stones extracted from the
+urinary bladder of a man, by the lateral method of cutting for the
+stone, p. 579.
+
+_Water_, account of its fall under bridges, p. 492.
+
+---- fresh, method of procuring it from salt water with wood-ashes, p.
+635.
+
+_Waters_, the Carlsbad mineral, account of them, p. 25.
+
+---- ---- ---- ---- their lithontriptic virtue with lime-water and
+soap, p. 386.
+
+---- Malverne, the good effects of them, p. 23.
+
+---- medicinal, at Moffat in Annandale, account of them, p. 117.
+Various experiments on them, p. 121.
+
+_Watson_, William, M. D. memoir concerning a genus of plants called
+Lichen, &c. p. 652.
+
+---- ---- ---- his account of some extraordinary effects arising from
+convulsions, p. 743.
+
+---- ---- ---- his further account of the poisonous effects of the
+Oenanthe aquatica succo viroso crocanthe of Lobel, or Hemlock Dropwort,
+p. 856.
+
+_Well_, medicinal, a new one discovered near Moffat in Annandale, p.
+117.
+
+_Weather_, extraordinary heat of it in July 1757, p. 523.
+
+---- ---- ---- ---- ---- in Georgia, p. 754.
+
+_Wendlingen_, P. Joan. observatio eclipsis lunaris facta Matriti, die
+30 Julii 1757, p. 640.
+
+_White_, Taylor, Esq; his discourse on the Cinamon, Cassia, or Canella,
+p. 860.
+
+_Whytt_, Robert, M. D. his account of the lithontriptic virtue of the
+Carlsbad waters, lime-water and soap, p. 386.
+
+---- ---- ---- concerning the remarkable effects of blisters in
+lessening the quickness of the pulse in coughs attended with infarction
+of the lungs, p. 569.
+
+_Wigton_, in Cumberland, effects of a storm there, p. 194.
+
+_Winthrop_, Mr. Professor, concerning an earthquake felt in New
+England, and the neighbouring parts of America, Nov. 18, 1755, p. 1.
+
+_Windows_, dissertation on the antiquity of glass in them, p. 601.
+
+_Wright_, Edward, M.D. his account of an experiment, whereby it appears
+that salt of steel does not enter the lacteals, p. 594.
+
+_Wood-ashes_, their use in distilling fresh water from sea-water, p.
+635.
+
+_Wooller_, Mr. his description of the fossil skeleton of an animal
+found in the alum rock near Whitby, p. 786.
+
+_Worms_, account of a boy cured of convulsive fits by the discharge of
+some, p. 518. Other cases of the like nature, p. 839.
+
+---- that form sponges, new observations on them, p. 590.
+
+
+Z
+
+_Zetland_, island of, account of an extraordinary shower of black dust
+which fell there, Oct. 20, 1755, p. 297.
+
+
+
+
+ERRATA.
+
+_P._ 769. _l._ 3. _read_ the order of
+
+_P._ 791. _l._ 6. _for_ Oxon, _with a comma, read_ Oxon. _with a
+full-point_.
+
+_P._ 792. _l._ 5. _of the quotations, for_ Froel. _read_ Frœl.
+
+_In the Contents to Part_ I. _of this Vol. Page_ 5. _l._ 21. _for_ 115.
+_read_ 117.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Manna lies about 50 miles to the southward of Marlborough.
+
+[2] The island of Sumatra is between 7 and 800 miles long from north to
+south.
+
+[3] Cumberland-house is a new well-built house for the governor of the
+place.
+
+[4] _N. B. Both these are contiguous to the fort._
+
+[5] Laye house or factory is about 30 miles to the northward of
+Marlborough, and Manna house or factory fifty miles to the southward.
+
+[6] The sugar-plantation is five or six miles from Marlborough.
+
+[7] The _qualloe_ is the country word for a river’s mouth.
+
+[8] Poblo Point lies about three leagues to the southward of
+Marlborough.
+
+[9] _Doosoons_ are villages.
+
+[10] Letter from William Veale, Esq;
+
+[11] Letter from John Trehawk, Esq;
+
+[12] A timber support of the deads.
+
+[13] Loose rubbish and broken stones of the mine.
+
+[14] Mr. J. Nantcarrow.
+
+[15] Trifolium quoque inhorrescere et folia contra tempestatem
+subrigere certum est. Hist. Nat. lib. xviii. cap. 35.
+
+[16] Flor. Lappon. p. 222.
+
+[17] Prosp. Alpin. de plantis Ægypti, cap. 10.
+
+[18] It is not improbable, that a considerable portion of whiting might
+be used instead of pure white lead, which is frequently done: and this
+supposition is favoured by the mixture’s not proving fatal to the boy,
+as such a quantity of white lead in all probability would.
+
+[19] What Lhwyd calls _ostreum minus falcatum_, Nº. 451.
+
+[20] Memoires de l’Acad. des Sciences, anno 1748. p. 326.
+
+[21] Ibid. p. 338.
+
+[22] Ibid. p. 337.
+
+[23] See my Essay on the contagious Distemper, p. 70.
+
+[24] Pag. 143 and 338.
+
+[25] Essay on the Plague.
+
+[26] See Logarith. Canon. deser. _Edinb._ 1614. p. 48.
+
+[27] _Senex_ drew several of that form.
+
+[28] See the Preface to the small Berlin Atlas.
+
+[29] This constant logarithm contains the reduction of the diff. of
+longitude to parts of radius unity, and to _Briggs_’s Modulus.
+
+[30] See _Cotesii_ Logometr. prop. 6.
+
+[31] Physiological Essays, p. 69.
+
+[32] Physiological Essays, p. 69.
+
+[33] Dr. Pringle’s Observations on the Diseases of the Army, part iii.
+chap. 2.
+
+[34] Vincentius Menghinus _de Ferrearum particularum progressu in
+Sanguinem. Comment. Acad. Bonon._ T. II. P. 2. pag. 475.
+
+[35] Phil. Transact. by Lowthorpe, vol. iii. p. 102. edit. 1749. the
+same by Jones, vol. v. p. 259.
+
+[36] Vol. I. art. xii. p. 364.
+
+[37] In a paper read Feb. 24. 1757. See Art. xiii. p. 88.
+
+[38] _Porticuum, in quibus spatiari consueverat (Domitianus) parietes
+phengite lapide distinxit, e cujus splendore per imagines quicquid a
+tergo fieret, provideret._ Sueton. Domit. c. 14.
+
+[39] Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. xxxvi. c. 26. §. 66.
+
+[40] Pliny mentions a kind of glass or jet called _obsidianum_:
+--_nigerrimi coloris, aliquando et translucidi, crassiore visu, atque
+in speculis parietum pro imagine umbras reddente_. Nat. Hist. lib.
+xxxvi. c. 26. §. 67.
+
+And that the practice of staining glass was known in his time, appears
+from what he says concerning the _obsidianum_ mentioned above:--_Fit et
+genere tincturæ--totum rubens vitrum, atque non translucidum_. Ibid.
+
+[41] Panciroll. Rer. Mem. p. 288.
+
+[42] These glass balls had sometimes water within them: _Cùm additâ
+aquâ vitreæ pilæ sole adverso in tantum excandescant, ut vestes
+exurant_. Plin. lib. xxxvi. c. 22. §. 45.
+
+_Invenio medicos, quæ sunt urenda corporum, non alitèr utilius id fieri
+putare, quam crystallinâ pilâ adversis positâ solis radiis._ Plin. Nat.
+Hist. lib. xxxvii. c. 6. §. 10.
+
+[43] Vid. Mons. Renaudot Memoires de l’Acad. des Inscript. tom. I.
+
+[44] Vid. infra, not. 11.
+
+[45] _Theatrum Scauri_----_scena ei triplex in altitudinem_ CCCLX
+_columnarum_.----_Ima pars scenæ e marmore fuit_: media e vitro: _summa
+e tabulis inauratis_. Nat. Hist. lib. xxxvi. c. 15.
+
+[46] A. V. 678. Hard. not. Plin. lib. xxxvi. c. 8.
+
+[47] _Agrippa in thermis, quas Romæ fecit, figlinum opus encausto
+pinxit, in reliquis albaria adornavit: non dubiè_ vitreas facturus
+cameras, si prius inventum id fuisset, _aut a parietibus scenæ--Scauri
+pervenisset in cameras_. Lib. xxxvi. c. 25. §. 64.
+
+[48] Seneca, exposing the luxury of the Romans with regard to their
+baths, says, _Pauper sibi videtur ac sordidus, nisi parietes magnis ac
+pretiosis orbibus refulserint--nisi_ vitro absconditur camera.--Ep. 86.
+
+[49] Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. xxxvi. c. 22. §. 45.
+
+[50] Nat. Hist. lib. xxxvi. c. 22. §. 45.
+
+[51] Vid. Salmasius in a passage to be produced hereafter.
+
+[52] Hist. de l’Acad. des Inscrip. tom. I.
+
+[53] Montfauc. Antiq. vol. III. part i. lib. iii. c. 4. Lipsius in loc.
+_&c._
+
+[54] _Quædam nostrâ demum prodiisse memoriâ scimus; ut speculariorum
+usum, perlucente testâ, clarum transmittentium lumen._ Sen. ep. 90.
+
+[55] _Quod fenestris obducebatur ad translucendum, ac lucem
+admittendam_ specular _vetens Latini vocârunt. Idque ex speculari
+lapide, quí est_ φεγγιτης, _aut_ ex vitro _fiebat, aut aliâ translucidâ
+materiâ. Nam_ specular dictum, non quod ex speculari lapide _factum
+esset, sed quod visum transmitteret, ac per id_ speculari _liceret_.
+Salm. Exerc. Plin. in Solin. tom. II. p. 771.
+
+[56] Villa’s of the Anc. illustrated, p. iv.
+
+[57] One of Pliny’s cautions for preserving apples is--_Austros
+specularibus arcere_. Nat. Hist. lib. xv. c. 16.
+
+Martial further informs us, that the Romans used to screen their
+orchards of choice fruit-trees with _specularia_. Lib. viii. epig. 14.
+
+[58] I suppose he means that of Fortuna Seia. Lib. xxxvi. c. 22.
+
+[59] Salmasius, speaking of the custom of adorning chambers with glass,
+says--_Quod proximè ætatem suam incepisse fieri narrat Plinius. Quum M.
+Scaurus_----Ex. Plin. tom. II. p. 854.
+
+I do not find this expresly asserted by Pliny: but it might have been
+so in fact. This fashion indeed was not begun till after Agrippa had
+built his _thermæ_: but if we suppose that to have been even as late as
+his third consulship, _viz. ante Christ._ 27. (_Helvicus_), when he
+erected the Pantheon (or at least its portico), near adjoining to those
+_thermæ_, there would have been sufficient room, from that period to
+the birth of Pliny (_viz. anno Christi_ 24), for the introduction of
+this usage.
+
+[60] Plin. Ep. V. I. 111.
+
+[61] Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. xxxvi. c. 26. §. 66.
+
+[62] Vid. supra.
+
+[63] Anno Christi 80.
+
+[64] In order to justify my placing the testimony of this Father so
+high, I would observe, that St. Jerome (_De Scriptor. Eccles._) says,
+that Lactantius--_Extremâ senectute magister Cæsaris Crispi filii
+Constantini in Gallia fuit_. He must probably have exercised this
+charge between _anno Christi_ 309, when Constantine began to reign,
+and 320. If he was then of a great age, he might have composed the
+treatise, out of which this authority is produced, and which was one
+of the earliest of his works, that are extant (_Vid. Sparkii præf. ad
+Lactant._), 40 years before, _viz._ about _anno Christi_ 280; which
+brings us up to 200 years after the overthrow of Herculaneum, as above.
+
+[65] Lib. i. c. 20. See this subject largely discussed in Bodæus à
+Stapel Comment. in Theoph. p. 156. et seq.
+
+[66] Opera omnia à C. B. edit. 1598. p. 64.
+
+[67] _Usnea vulgaris loris longis implexis_ Hist. Musc. p. 56. _Lichen
+plicatus_ Lin. Sp. Pl. 1154. _Muscus arboreus: Usnea_ Officin. C. B.
+Raii Syn. III. p. 64.
+
+[68] _Usnea barbata loris tenuibus fibrosis_ Hist. Musc. p. 63. _Lichen
+barbatus_ Lin. Sp. Pl. 1155. _Quercus excrementum villosum_ C. B. p.
+422. Bauhine took this to be the true _Usnea Arabum_.
+
+[69] _Usnea ceratoides candicans glabra et odorata_ Hist. Musc. p. 71.
+_Muscus arboreus candicans et odorifer_ Camelli Raii Hist. III. Append.
+p. 3.
+
+[70] Civil and Natural History of Jamaica, p. 80.
+
+[71] Hist. Plant. I. par. ii. p. 88.
+
+[72] Flor. Lap. p. 342. Ɛ. Flor. Suec. Ed. II. p. 416.
+
+[73] Flor. Lap. p. 348.
+
+[74] Hist. Plant. I. p. 115.
+
+[75] _Usnea jubata nigricans._ Dillen. Hist. Musc. p. 64. _Lichen
+jubatus_ Lin. Sp. Pl. 1155. _Muscus corallinis saxatilis fæniculaceus_,
+Rock-hair. Raii Syn. III. p. 65. n. 7.
+
+[76] _Usnea capillacea et nodosa_ Dillen. Hist. Musc. 60. _Muscus
+arboreus nodosus_ C. B. p. 361. Raii Syn. III. p. 65. n. 4.
+
+[77] Raii Hist. Pl. III. p. 28.
+
+[78] Natural History of Norway, p. 148.
+
+[79] _Usnea capillacea citrina frutriculi specie._ Hist. Musc. p. 73.
+_Muscus aureus tenuissimus_ Merret. Pin. p. 79. Raii syn. p. 65. nº. 8.
+
+[80] Flor. Suec. Ed. II. p. 427.
+
+[81] Hist. Plant. III. P. ii. lib. 9. p. 273.
+
+[82] _Usnea dichotoma compressa segmentis capillaceis teretibus._ Hist.
+Musc. 72. _Muscus arboreus aurantiacus flaminibus tenuissimis_ Pluk.
+Alm. p. 254. Raii Hist. III. 28.
+
+[83] _Coralloides corniculis longioribus et rarioribus._ Dillen. Hist.
+Musc. p. 103. _Muscus corniculatus_ Ger. p. 1372. Park. 1308. Raii
+Hist. I. p. 112. III. p. 28. _Lichenoides tubulosum cinereum minus
+crustaceum minusque ramosum_ Raii Syn. 3. p. 67.
+
+[84] _Coralloides montanum fruticuli specie ubique candicans_ Hist.
+Musc. p. 107. _Lichen rangiferinus_ Lin. Sp. Pl. 1153. _Muscus
+corallinus._ Tab. Ger. em.
+
+[85] Flor. Lappon. p. 332.
+
+[86] Enum. Stirp. Helv. p. 69. Nº. 38.
+
+[87] The Novaccolæ are a people originally sprung from the Finlanders:
+they fixed themselves in Lapland not long since, and traffick with the
+old inhabitants.
+
+[88] _Coralloides crispum et botryforme Alpinum_ Hist. Musc. p. 114.
+_Lichen paschalis_ Lin. Sp. Pl. _Lichenoides non tubulum cinereum
+ramosum totum crustaceum_ Raii Syn. III. 66. N. 11. This moss is not
+common in England. Dr. Dillenius found it upon some of the mountains in
+Wales. It is found in many places on Charley-forest, Leicestershire.
+
+[89] Flor. Lappon. Nº. 489.
+
+[90] _Coralloides corniculatum fasciculare tinctorium fuci teretis
+facie_ Dillen. Hist. Musc. p. 120. _Cladonia tophacea_ Hill. Hist.
+Pl. p. 93. _Fucus capillaris tinctorius_ Raii Hist. I. p. 74. _Lichen
+(Rocelia) fruticulosus solidus aphyllus subramosus tuberculis alternis_
+Lin. Sp. Pl. 1154.
+
+[91] L’Art de la Teinture des lains et des Etoffes de lain; Paris 1750,
+p. 543.
+
+[92] Raii Hist. Plant. I. p. 74.
+
+[93] Nova Plant. Gener. p. 78.
+
+[94] _Coralloides schyphiforme tuberculis fuscis_ Hist. Musc. 79.
+_Lichenoides tubulosum pyxidatum cinereum._ Raii Syn. III. p. 68.
+_Pyxidium margine leviter serrato._ Hill. Hist. Plant. p. 94.
+
+[95] Willis Pharm. Rational. sect. I. cap. 6. _de tussi puerorum
+convulsiva_.
+
+[96] De Aëre et Morbis epidemicis, p. 76, 77. vol. I.
+
+[97] Lowthorp’s Abridgment, vol. II. p. 660.
+
+[98] _Lichenoides tartareum tinctorium candidum tuberculis atris._
+Hist. Musc. p. 128.
+
+[99] _Lichen (calcareus) leprosus candidus tuberculis atris_ Spec.
+Plant. 1140.
+
+[100] _Lichenoides leprosum tinctorium scutellis lapidum Caneri figura_
+Hist. Musc. 130. _Lichenoides crustaceum et leprosum scutellare
+cinereum._ Raii Syn. p. 70.
+
+[101] Tournefort’s Voyage to the Levant, Eng. edit. Lond. 1741. in 8º,
+vol. I. p. 248.
+
+[102] _Lichenoides tartareum farinaceum scutellarum umbone fusco._
+Hist. Musc. 132. _Placodium bracteis majusculis limbo albo cinctis_
+Hill. Hist. Pl. p. 97.
+
+[103] Flor. Suec. Ed. II. p. 407.
+
+[104] _Lichenoides crustaceum et leprosum acetabulis majoribus luteis
+limbis argenteis_ Raii Syn. p. 71. N. 46. Hist. Musc. p. 132.
+
+[105] _Vide_ Œconom. Natur. in Amœn. Acad. vol. II. p. 17.
+
+[106] _Lichenoides vulgatissimum cinereo-glaucum lacunosum et cirrosum_
+Hist. Musc. p. 88. _Lichenoides crusta foliosa superne cinereo-glauca,
+inferne nigra et cirrosa scutellis nigricantibus._ R. Syn. p. 72.
+
+[107] _Lichenoides saxatile tinctorium foliis pilosis purpureis_ Raii
+Syn. p 74. Nº. 70. Hist. Musc. p. 185. _Lichen petræus purpureus
+Derbiensis_ Park. Theat. p. 1315. _Lichen omphalodes_ Lin. Spec. Pl.
+1143.
+
+[108] Park. Theat. Botan. p. 1315.
+
+[109] Raii Hist. Plant. p. 116.
+
+[110] Flor. Lappon. p. 343. V.
+
+[111] Otherwise called _arnotto_.
+
+[112] _Lichenoides vulgare sinuosum foliis et scutellis luteis._ Hist.
+Musc. p. 180. _Lichenoides crusta foliosa scutellata flavescens._ Raii
+Syn. p. 72. Nº. 59.
+
+[113] Flor. Suec. Ed. II. p. 416. Nº. 1093.
+
+[114] Linnæus has intitled this moss _Lichen (stygius) imbricatus,
+folio is palmatis incurvis atris_. Fl. Suec. I. 949. Spec. Plant. 1143.
+Fl. Suec. II. Nº. 1079.
+
+[115] _Lichenoides coralliforme rostratum et canaliculatum._
+Hist. Musc. 170. _Lichenoides arboreum ramosum angustioribus
+cinereo-virescentibus ramulis._ Raii Syn. 75. _Lichen calicaris_ Lin.
+Spec. Plant. 1146.
+
+[116] _Lichenoides fuciforme tinctorium corniculis longioribus et
+acutioribus._ Hist. Musc. 168. _Platysma corniculatum._ Hill Hist.
+Plant. 90. _Lichen fuciformis_ Lin. Sp. Pl. 1147.
+
+[117] _Lichenoides digitatum cinereum lactucæ foliis sinuosis_ Dillen.
+Hist. Musc. 200. _Platysma sinuosum scutellis ovato-rotundis_ Hill
+Hist. Pl. 89. _Lichen caninus_ Lin. Sp. Pl. 1149.
+
+[118] See Lowthorp’s Abridgment, vol. III. p. 284.
+
+[119] Dr. Van Swieten. See Comment. in Boerh. Aphor. §. 1147.
+
+[120] Mechanical Account of Poisons, ed. 4th, p. 156.
+
+[121] _Lichenoides pulmonium reticulatum vulgare marginibus peltiferis_
+Dill. Hist. Musc. 212. _Lichenoides peltatum arboreum maximum._ Raii
+Syn. p. 76. _Musc. pulmonarius_ C. B.
+
+[122] Dillen. Hist. Musc. p. 213.
+
+[123] _Lichenoides digitatum læte virens verrucis nigris notatum._
+Ibid. p. 207.
+
+[124] Boerhaav. Aphorism. §. 982.
+
+[125] Vol. II, p. 69. _De Tœnia._
+
+[126] _Musca apiformis, tota fusca, cauda obtusa, ex ejula caudata in
+latrinis degente orta._ Raii Hist. Insect, p. 272.
+
+[127] Faun. Suecica, Nº. 1084.
+
+[128] See two cases nearly of this kind observed by Dr. Lister.
+Lowthorp’s Abridgment, vol. III. p. 135.
+
+[129] _Lichenoides rigidum eryngii folia referens_ Dillen. Hist. Musc.
+p. 209. Raii Syn. p. 77. _Lichen foliis oblongis laciniatis marginibus
+conniventibus ciliaribus._ Flor. Lappon. Hall. Helv. 75. _Lichen
+(islandicus) foliaceus adscendens laciniatus marginibus elevatis
+ciliaribus_ Lin. Flor. Suec. I. 959. II. 1085. Mat. Med. Nº. 493. Spec.
+Plant. 1145.
+
+[130] Raii Hist. Plant. p. 114.
+
+[131] Flor. Lappon. Nº. 445.
+
+[132] Horrebow’s Natural History of Iceland, p. 36.
+
+[133] For the first account, see part first, p. 392.
+
+[134] Sic in regist. et postea haud semel.
+
+[135] Sic in regist.
+
+[136] Sic in regist.
+
+[137] Sic in regist.
+
+[138] Sic in regist.
+
+[139] Sic in regist.
+
+[140] Page 285. edit. Lugd. Batav. 1625.
+
+[141] Page 681. edit. London, 1631.
+
+[142] Wood Hist. et Antiqu. Universit. Oxon. lib. i. p. 295. and Athen.
+Oxon. vol. I. col. 237.
+
+[143] Hist. & Antiquit. Universit. Oxon. ubi supra.
+
+[144] Page 290, 2d edit.
+
+[145] When the emperor goes out or comes into the palace, this bell is
+rung.
+
+[146] In these two houses are Jesuits of other nations. They are stiled
+Portuguese, because these houses and churches depend on the mission of
+the Jesuits founded by the king of Portugal.
+
+[147] There are beaten there the five watches of the night. The sound
+is heard thro’ the whole city.
+
+[148] _Yong lo_, emperor of the last dynasty _Ming_, built these two
+towers.
+
+[149] The tribunals of the ministers and grand masters of the emperor’s
+house are in the inclosure _Tse kin_.
+
+[150] The feet are different in China; but 1800 feet always make a
+_ly_. According to the measure of the foot the _ly_ will be greater or
+less.
+
+[151] This power is called in China the dynasty _Leao_.
+
+[152] There is extant, in the Chinese and Tartar _Mantcheou_ languages,
+an history of the dynasty of _Ki tan_.
+
+[153] Of which dynasty there is extant a very curious history.
+
+[154] Book I. Part ii. Prop. 3. Experiment 8. of his Optics.
+
+[155] If α, β, γ, δ, _&c._ be supposed to represent the co-sines of the
+angles 360° ⁄ _n_, 2 × 360° ⁄ _n_, 3 × 360° ⁄ _n_, _&c._ (the radius
+being unity); then the roots of the equation _zⁿ_ - 1 = 0 (expressing
+the several values of _p_, _q_, _r_, _s_, _&c._) will be truly defined
+by 1, α + √(αα - 1), α - √(αα - 1), β + √(ββ - 1), β - √(ββ - 1), _&c._
+The demonstration of this will be given farther on.
+
+[156] Because -_ẋ_ ⁄ √(1 - _xx_) and -_Ẋ_ ⁄ √(1 - _XX_) are known to
+express the fluxions of the circular arcs whose co-sines are _x_ and
+_X_, it is evident, if those arcs be supposed in any constant ratio of
+1 to _n_, that _nẋ_ ⁄ √(1 - _xx_) = _Ẋ_ ⁄ √(1 - _XX_), and consequently
+that _nẋ_ ⁄ √(_xx_ - 1) (= _nẋ_ ⁄ (√-1 × √(1 - _xx_)) = _Ẋ_ ⁄ (√-1 ×
+√(1 - _XX_)) = _Ẋ_ ⁄ √(_XX_ - 1). From whence, by taking the fluents,
+_n_ × Log. (_x_ + √(_xx_ - 1)) (or Log. (_x_ + √(_xx_ - 1))_ⁿ_) = Log.
+_X_ + √(_XX_ - 1); and consequently (_x_ + √(_xx_ - 1))_ⁿ_ = _X_ +
+√(_XX_ - 1): whence also, seeing _x_ - √(_xx_ - 1) is the reciprocal
+of _x_ + √(_xx_ - 1), and _X_ - √(_XX_ - 1) of _X_ + √(_XX_ - 1), it
+is likewise evident, that (_x_ - √(_xx_ - 1))_ⁿ_ = _X_ - √(_XX_ - 1).
+Hence, not only the truth of the above assumption, but what has been
+advanced in relation to the roots of the equation _zⁿ_ - 1 = 0, will
+appear manifest. For if _x_ ± √(_xx_ - 1) be put = _z_, then will _zⁿ_
+(= (_x_ ± √(_xx_ - 1))_ⁿ_) = _X_ ± √(_XX_ - 1): where, assuming _X_
+= 1 = co-s. 0 = co-s. 360° = co-s. 2 × 360° = co-s. 3 × 360°, _&c._
+the equation will become _zⁿ_ = 1, or _zⁿ_ - 1 = 0; and the different
+values of _x_, in the expression (_x_ ± √(_xx_ - 1)) for the root _z_,
+will consequently be the co-sines of the arcs, 0 ⁄ _n_, 360° ⁄ _n_, (2
+× 360°) ⁄ _n_, _&c._ these arcs being the corresponding _submultiples_
+of those above, answering to the co-sine _X_ (= 1).----In the same
+manner, if _X_ be taken = -1 = co-s. 180° = co-s. 3 × 180° = co-s. 5 ×
+180°, _&c._ then will _zⁿ_ = -1, or _zⁿ_ + 1 = 0; and the values of _x_
+will, in this case, be the co-sines of 180° ⁄ _n_, 3 × (180° ⁄ _n_), 5
+× (180° ⁄ _n_), _&c._
+
+[157] _Avellana purgatrix_; in French, _medicinier_.
+
+[158] This refers to Mr. Baker’s having supposed, that old iron and old
+brass may be mixt sometimes, and melted down together.
+
+[159] Vide Wilkins’s real Character, p. 131. Bellon. aquat. p. 330.
+
+[160] Some of the Pour-contrel kind have but one row of suckers on the
+arms: such an one I have seen, whose arms were thirty inches long.
+
+[161] Of this I gave an account some years ago, in my attempt towards a
+Natural History of the Polype, chap. v.
+
+[162] See Plate xxxi. Fig. 1.
+
+[163] _De Num. quibusd. Sam. et Phœn. &c. Dissert._ p. 56-59. & Tab.
+II. Oxon. 1750.
+
+[164] _Marm. Palmyren. a Cl._ Dawk. _edit._ pass.
+
+[165] Vid. Hadr. Reland. _Palæst. Illustrat._ p. 1014. Traject.
+Batavor. 1714. Erasm. Frœl. ad _Annal. Compendiar. Reg. & Rer. Syr._
+Tab. VIII. &c. Viennæ, 1754.
+
+[166] _De Antiq. Hebræor. et Græcor. Lit. Libel._ Joan. Baptist.
+Biancon. p. 31, 32. Bononiæ, 1748.
+
+[167] 1. Maccab. i. 10.
+
+[168] Hadr. Reland. _De Num. Vet. Hebr._ pass. Trajecti ad _Rhenum_,
+1709.
+
+[169] See Plate xxxi. Fig. 2.
+
+[170] Honor. Arigon. _Num. Phœnic._ Tab. I. Num. 3, 6. Tarvisii, 1745.
+
+[171] Nicol. Haym Roman. _Del Tesor. Britan._ Vol. i. p. 106. In
+Londra, 1719.
+
+[172] See Plate xxxi. Fig. 3.
+
+[173] See Plate xxxi. Fig. 3.
+
+[174] See Plate xxxi. Fig. 3.
+
+[175] See the Phœnician Numerals in Plate xxxii.
+
+[176] _Philosoph. Transact._ Vol. xlviii. Par. ii. p. 726.
+
+[177] _De Num. quibusd. Sam. et Phœn. &c. Dissert._ p. 59-61. & Tab.
+II. Oxon. 1750.
+
+[178] See Plate xxxi. Fig. 4.
+
+[179] Haym, ubi sup. p. 107.
+
+[180] See Plate xxxi. Fig. 5.
+
+[181] See Plate xxxi. Fig. 5.
+
+[182] Honor. Arigon. _Num. Phœnic._ Tab. I, II. Tarvisii, 1745.
+
+[183] Id. ibid. Tab. I. N. 5.
+
+[184] See Plate xxxi. Fig. 6.
+
+[185] See p. 793, 794.
+
+[186] See plate xxxi. Fig. 7.
+
+[187] See Plate xxxi. Fig. 8.
+
+[188] _Recherches Curieuses des Monoyes de France &c. Par_ Claude
+Bouterouë, p. 33. A Paris, 1666.
+
+[189] See Plate xxxi. Fig. 9.
+
+[190] Honor. Arigon. ubi sup. Tab. I. Num. 2.
+
+[191] Claud. Bouterouë, ubi sup. p. 24.
+
+[192] See Plate xxxi. Fig. 9.
+
+[193] See Plate xxxi. Fig. 9.
+
+[194] _Mémoires de Litterature, tirés des Registres &c._ Tom. xxiv. p.
+64. A Paris, 1756.
+
+[195] The whole note, here referred to, in the original runs thus.
+“J’avois lû ce Mémoire à l’Académie en 1749, je le communiquai dans le
+même temps à un étranger qui se trouvoit alors à Paris, & qui ayant
+passé tout de suite en Angleterre, fit part à un docteur d’Oxford
+de l’explication que j’avois donnée de la médaille de Jonathan. Ce
+dernier _m’a fait l’honneur de l’adopter_ dans une savante Dissertation
+imprimée a Oxford en 1750, à la suite d’une autre Dissertation sur
+deux inscriptions Phéniciennes.” _Mémoires de Litterature, tirés des
+Registres de l’Académie Royale des Inscriptions & Belles-Lettres, &c._
+Tom. xxiv. p. 60. A Paris, 1756.
+
+For the better understanding of this note, it will be proper to
+observe, that the stranger therein mentioned was M. Brucker, Professor
+of History in the University of Basil; with whom I contracted an
+acquaintance when at Oxford, towards the close of March 1750. This
+gentleman then informed me, that M. l’Abbé Barthelemy communicated
+to him draughts of three Samaritan coins of Jonathan, prince and
+high-priest of the Jews. He added, that one of these exhibited
+the words ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ; which, according to him, M. l’Abbé
+Barthelemy interpreted of Alexander the Great, taking the piece
+to have been twice struck. This M. Brucker afterwards in a great
+measure confirmed, by a letter he wrote to me at Oxford; which I
+published intire in 1750, and endeavoured to prove, that the foregoing
+inscription was to be understood of Alexander I. king of Syria, and not
+of Alexander the Great. The Samaritan inscription, which M. Brucker
+only just touched upon, as is manifest from his letter, I likewise
+attempted to explain; producing proper vouchers, in support of what I
+advanced. Thus stands the fact, which seems to have given some offence
+to M. l’Abbé, stated in the most concise manner possible; and from it,
+thus stated, as I apprehend, are naturally deducible the following
+observations.
+
+1. As I differed in opinion from M. l’Abbé, with regard to the words
+ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ, as well as in several other respects, and
+supported by indisputable authorities what I in all points advanced,
+without receiving from any person whatsoever the least information
+relative thereto; it very evidently appears, that I did not _adopt_ M.
+l’Abbé’s explication of the coin in question.
+
+2. By publishing M. Brucker’s letter, which I have still by me,
+intire, I both did him justice, and clearly acknowledged M. l’Abbé to
+have first discovered the medals it treats of to belong to Jonathan,
+prince and high-priest of the Jews; and therefore have by no means
+endeavoured, as he would insinuate, to rob him of the glory of such a
+discovery.
+
+3. As M. l’Abbé in effect owns himself to have seen my dissertation,
+and has (if M. Brucker rightly informed me) since the reading of
+his memoir, substituted my notion, relating to the words, ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ
+ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ, in the room of his own; some people may perhaps imagine,
+that I have at least as much reason to recriminate on this occasion,
+as he had to charge me with the _adoption_ of his explication. Nay,
+as he expresly acquaints the public, that M. Brucker imparted to
+me the very interpretation of the coin he (M. l’Abbé) had before
+communicated to him, and as this interpretation most evidently makes
+it to have been first struck in the reign of Alexander the Great;
+every unprejudiced person, unacquainted with the elevated genius and
+extensive erudition of M. l’Abbé, will be strongly induced to believe,
+that there would be no great injustice in a recrimination. But far
+be it from me to retort the accusation upon M. l’Abbé. His uncommon
+learning, his singular modesty, his strict honour, his utter contempt
+of vanity and ostentation in every shape, so conspicuous to all the
+world, must set him infinitely above the reach of such an imputation.
+However, notwithstanding the superior merit and exalted abilities of
+M. l’Abbé, notwithstanding the known aversion of the French writers
+to the practice here hinted at, and their most generous and candid
+treatment hitherto of those belonging to the British nation, it will
+perhaps hereafter be thought expedient, by the ACADEMY OF INSCRIPTIONS
+AND BELLES LETTRES, not frequently to suffer an interval of seven years
+to elapse, between the reading and publication of their memoirs. For
+by such unaccountable delays, if often repeated, a handle may possibly
+be given to many of the _haughty islanders_ of reflecting upon, or at
+least entertaining unfavourable sentiments of, some of the members of
+that illustrious body.
+
+See _De Num. quibusd. Sam. & Phœn. &c. Dissert._ p. 61-72. Oxon. 1750.
+
+[196] F. Henric. Nor. Veronens. _An. et Epoch. Syromaced. &c._ p.
+414-424. Lipsiæ, 1696.
+
+[197] Erasm. Frœl. _Annal. Compend. Reg. et Rer. Syr._ p. 113. Viennæ,
+1754.
+
+[198] Joan. Harduin. _Op. Select._ p. 155, 156. Amst. 1709. Joan.
+Foy-Vaillant Bellovac. _Numismat. Ær. Imperator. &c. Par. Alt._ p. 97.
+Parisiis, 1695.
+
+[199] Iidem ibid. & alib.
+
+[200] F. Henr. Nor. Veronens. ubi sup.
+
+[201] Diod. Sic. lib. xix. Plutarch. in _Demetr._ Appian. in _Syriac_.
+
+[202] F. Henr. Nor. Veronens. ubi sup.
+
+[203] Erasm. Frœl. ubi sup. p. 39. Joan. Foy-Vaill. _Seleucidar,
+Imper._ p. 1-150. Lutet. Parisior. 1681.
+
+[204] Joan. Foy-Vaill. Erasm. Frœl. Nicol. Haym Roman. &c.
+
+[205] See above, p. 793, 794.
+
+[206] Erasm. Frœl. ubi sup. p. 101.
+
+[207] 1. Maccab. i. 10.
+
+[208] See Plate xxxi.
+
+[209] See Plate xxxii.
+
+[210] It may not however be amiss to remark, that most of the forms of
+the Phœnician centenary and decimal numeral characters rather resemble
+the correspondent Palmyrene numerals of Gruter than those of Mr.
+Dawkins; as will be obvious to every one, who shall think proper to
+compare all those different characters one with another. _Philosoph.
+Transact._ Vol. xlviii. Par. ii. p. 721, 741.
+
+[211] See Plate xxxi. Fig. 5. & Arigon. Tab. II. Num. 11.
+
+[212] See above, p. 791, 792.
+
+[213] Nicol. Haym Roman. ubi sup. p. 100. Erasm. Frœl. ubi sup. p. 111.
+Tab. XV.
+
+[214] Joan. Foy-Vaill. ubi sup. p. 238. Erasm. Frœl. ubi sup. p. 57.
+Tab. VII. Num. 1.
+
+[215] Nicol. Haym Roman. ubi sup. p. 101. Erasm. Frœl. ubi sup. p. 111.
+
+[216] Nicol. Haym Roman. ubi sup. p. 105, 106.
+
+[217] Joan. Foy-Vaill. ubi sup. p. 200. Erasm. Frœl. ubi sup. p. 63.
+Tab. VIII. Num. 30.
+
+[218] Hadr. Reland. _Palæst. Illustrat._ p. 1014.
+
+[219] Nicol. Haym Roman. ubi sup. p. 100, 101.
+
+[220] Joan. Foy-Vaill. ubi sup. p. 375, 378. Haym, ubi sup. p. 100.
+Erasm. Frœl. ubi sup. p. 111. Tab. XV.
+
+[221] Gul. Bevereg. _Institut. Chronologic._ p. 278-331. Eond. 1721.
+
+[222] Oleosis magna tribuitur efficacia, quæ maxime experimento
+Fr. Rhedi videtur confirmata, dum muscas et alia insecta variis
+liquoribus immersa in vivis permansisse refert, exceptis aliis oleo
+perunctis et infusis, quæ invicem mortua vitam non receperunt, licet
+radiis solaribus fuerint exposita. Equidem libenter concedo hæc omnia
+veritati esse consona, atque etiam oleosa, ut ol. oliv. rapar. et
+amygd. dulc. non sine fructu adhiberi: sed scire licet minime illa
+eo unquam scopo posse offerri, ut vermes enecent, quia admodum magna
+oleorum copia requireretur, si immediatè vermes per totum intestinorum
+volumen dispersos deberent extinguere. Multo magis oleosa in gravibus
+a lumbricis symptomatibus ideo censerem utilia, quia sensibiles
+intestinorum tunicas spasmo constrictas relaxant, et mucilagine quasi
+obliniunt atque defendunt, ut postea acriora quaædam et purgantia
+remedia magis secure et sine læsione exhiberi possint. Ita ego sæpius
+mirabili cum effectu ad vermes enecandos et symptomata lenienda ol.
+amygd. d. ad aliquot cochlearia, imo ℥j vel ℥ij circa lecti introitum
+vel summo mane pueris præscripsi sumendum, subjungendo aliquot horas
+post pilulas ex extracto panchymagogo Crollii, resina jalappæ, et
+mercurio dulci paratas.
+
+ _Hoffmann. Supplement. ad Med. Systemat. de Infant. Morb. cap. 10. de
+ Vermibus._
+
+[223] I have since been informed, that the boy’s parents being
+extremely poor, the medicines were left off as soon as he began to
+recover; and that, upon their disuse for some time, he was again
+attacked with the same fits as before.
+
+[224] All oils dry more readily after they have been boiled; by which
+the superfluous aqueous parts are carried off. Drying oils are also
+made by the addition of such substances, as absorb humidities.
+
+[225] See Phil. Trans. Nº. 480. p. 227.
+
+
+
+
+Corrections
+
+Contents
+
+ CVI. A Discourse on the Cinnamon
+ CXVI. A Discourse on the Cinnamon
+
+p. 593
+
+ the sea, nor to any other accident whatesover,
+ the sea, nor to any other accident whatsoever,
+
+p. 616
+
+ and also heard a noise, like the distant dicharge of a cannon:
+ and also heard a noise, like the distant discharge of a cannon:
+
+p. 618
+
+ that the whole weight of his body was supended by it,
+ that the whole weight of his body was suspended by it,
+
+p. 681
+
+ by almost all the the botanic writers
+ by almost all the botanic writers
+
+Index
+
+ _Vapour_, remarks on the opinion of Henry Eeles, Esq; concerning the
+ ascent of it, p. 240.
+
+ _Vapour_, remarks on the opinion of Henry Eles, Esq; concerning the
+ ascent of it, p. 240.
+
+p. 712
+
+ are pretty spacious inclosures, each of which has it number.
+ are pretty spacious inclosures, each of which has its number.
+
+p. 730
+
+ When it moves upwards, the click _b_ fixed to the frame, stops the
+ larger rocket C,
+
+ When it moves upwards, the click _b_ fixed to the frame, stops the
+ larger rochet C,
+
+p. 735
+
+ which would not be affected by the different refrangibilty of light;
+ which would not be affected by the different refrangibility of light;
+
+p. 741
+
+ Having thus got rid of the principal cause of the imperfection of
+ refracting telelescopes
+
+ Having thus got rid of the principal cause of the imperfection of
+ refracting telescopes
+
+p. 759
+
+ and the _same cofficients_ with the original series
+ and the _same coefficients_ with the original series
+
+p. 766
+
+ the measures of the angles expressed by (360° ⁄ _n_) × _m_, 2 × (360
+ ⁄ _n_) × _m_, 3 × (360 ⁄ _n_) × _m_, &c.
+
+ the measures of the angles expressed by (360° ⁄ _n_) × _m_, 2 × (360°
+ ⁄ _n_) × _m_, 3 × (360° ⁄ _n_) × _m_, &c.
+
+p. 768
+
+ The soluion of this case, in a manner a little different,
+ The solution of this case, in a manner a little different,
+
+p. 773
+
+ We see by this, that the effects of the poison of the Manchinelle are
+ different
+
+ We see by this, that the effects of the poison of the Manchenille are
+ different
+
+p. 842
+
+ I beg leave to subjoin it by way of postcript.
+ I beg leave to subjoin it by way of postscript.
+
+p. 846
+
+ coverings in different parts of the the world.
+ coverings in different parts of the world.
+
+Index
+
+ _Vapour_, remarks on the opinion of Henry Eeles, Esq; concerning the
+ ascent of it, p. 240.
+
+ _Vapour_, remarks on the opinion of Henry Eles, Esq; concerning the
+ ascent of it, p. 240.
+
+
+Errata
+
+p. 497
+
+Also (2_a_)²: _vv_∷ _a_: _vv_ ⁄ 4_a_
+
+should be
+
+Also (2_a_)²: _vv_∷ _a_: (25b ⁄ 21c)² × _vv_ ⁄ 4_a_
+
+p. 542
+
+sin. (AC + AM) ⁄ 2 × sin. (AC - AM) ⁄ 2 = ((_b_ + _d_) × (_b_ - _d_) =)
+(sin. ½ AC + sin. ½ AM) × (sin. ½ AC - sin. ½ AM).
+
+should be
+
+sin. (AC + AM) ⁄ 2 × sin. (AC - AM) ⁄ 2 = ((_b_ + _d_) × (_b_ - _d_)) =
+(sin. ½ AC + sin. ½ AM) × (sin. ½ AC - sin. ½ AM).
+
+p. 830
+
+hincque motus apsidis spatio unius anni solaris prodit 33´, 95 vel ferè
+34´ in consequentia, qui tempore
+
+should be
+
+hincque motus apsidis spatio unius anni solaris prodit 33´, 95’’ vel
+ferè 34´ in consequentia, qui tempore
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PHILOSOPHICAL
+TRANSACTIONS, ***
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
+be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
+law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
+so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the
+United States without permission and without paying copyright
+royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
+of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
+concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
+and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
+the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
+of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
+copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
+easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
+of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project
+Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may
+do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected
+by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark
+license, especially commercial redistribution.
+
+START: FULL LICENSE
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
+Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
+www.gutenberg.org/license.
+
+Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+
+1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
+destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
+possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
+Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
+by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
+person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
+1.E.8.
+
+1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
+paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
+agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
+Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
+of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
+works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
+States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
+United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
+claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
+displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
+all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
+that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
+free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
+works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
+Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
+comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
+same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
+you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
+in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
+check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
+agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
+distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
+other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
+representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
+country other than the United States.
+
+1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
+immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
+prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
+on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
+performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
+
+ This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
+ most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
+ restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
+ under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
+ eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
+ United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
+ you are located before using this eBook.
+
+1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
+derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
+contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
+copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
+the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
+redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
+either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
+obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
+trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
+additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
+will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
+posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
+beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
+any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
+to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
+other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
+version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm website
+(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
+to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
+of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
+Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
+full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+provided that:
+
+* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+ the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+ you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
+ to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
+ agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
+ Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
+ within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
+ legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
+ payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
+ Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
+ Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
+ Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+ you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+ does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
+ copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
+ all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
+ works.
+
+* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
+ any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+ electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
+ receipt of the work.
+
+* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+ distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
+are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
+from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
+the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
+forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
+Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
+contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
+or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
+intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
+other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
+cannot be read by your equipment.
+
+1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
+with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
+with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
+lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
+or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
+opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
+the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
+without further opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
+OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
+damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
+violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
+agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
+limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
+unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
+remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
+accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
+production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
+including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
+the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
+or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
+additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
+Defect you cause.
+
+Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
+computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
+exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
+from people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
+generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
+Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
+www.gutenberg.org
+
+Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
+U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,
+Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
+to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's website
+and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
+
+Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without
+widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
+DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
+state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
+donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate
+
+Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
+freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
+distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
+volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
+the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
+necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
+edition.
+
+Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
+facility: www.gutenberg.org
+
+This website includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/68412-0.zip b/68412-0.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..812e4f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/68412-0.zip diff --git a/68412-h.zip b/68412-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0768696 --- /dev/null +++ b/68412-h.zip diff --git a/68412-h/68412-h.htm b/68412-h/68412-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2e6e76b --- /dev/null +++ b/68412-h/68412-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,18241 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+ <head>
+ <meta charset="UTF-8" />
+ <title>
+ Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Vol. L, Part 2, 1758,
+Giving some Account of the present Undertakings, Studies, and
+Labours, of the Ingenious, in many considerable Parts of the World by
+Various—A Project Gutenberg eBook
+ </title>
+ <link rel="icon" href="images/cover.jpg" />
+ <style> /* <![CDATA[ */
+
+body {margin: auto 25%;}
+
+ h1,h2,h3,h4,h5 {
+ text-align: center; /* all headings centered */
+ clear: both;}
+h2.chap {text-align: left; clear: both;}
+h3.chap {text-align: left; clear: both;}
+p {text-indent: 1em;
+ margin-top: .51em;
+ text-align: justify;
+ margin-bottom: .49em;}
+.noin {text-indent: 0;}
+
+.p2 {margin-top: 2em;}
+.large {font-size: 120%;}
+.small {font-size: 85%;}
+.sync {clear: both;}
+
+hr {width: 50%;
+ margin-top: 1em;
+ margin-bottom: 1em;
+ margin-left: 25%;
+ margin-right: 25%;
+ clear: both;}
+hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-top: 4em; margin-bottom: 4em; visibility: hidden;
+page-break-before: always;}
+
+@media print { hr.chap {display: none; visibility: hidden;} }
+
+hr.r5 {width: 5%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 47.5%; margin-right: 47.5%;}
+
+div.chapter {page-break-before: always;}
+h2.nobreak {page-break-before: avoid;}
+.nobreak {page-break-before: avoid;}
+
+ul { list-style-type: none; text-align: left; }
+
+table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }
+td {vertical-align: top;}
+td.vm {vertical-align: middle;}
+td.br {border-collapse: collapse;}
+table.autotable { border-collapse: collapse; }
+table.autotable td { padding: 4px; }
+table.autotable th { padding: 4px; }
+
+.tdr {text-align: right;}
+.tdc {text-align: center;}
+
+.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */
+/* visibility: hidden; */ /* define the position */
+position: absolute; right: 3%; margin-right: 0em;
+text-align: right; /* remove any special formating that could be inherited */
+font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-variant: normal;
+letter-spacing: 0em; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0em;
+font-size: x-small; /* never wrap this */ white-space: nowrap;}
+.pagenum span { /* do not show text that is meant for non-css version*/
+visibility: hidden;}
+.pagenum a {display: inline-block; color: #808080;
+padding: 1px 4px 1px 4px;}
+
+blockquote.interlinear {text-align: justify;}
+blockquote.interlinear > DIV {padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px;
+padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;
+display: block; line-height: 1.2em;}
+
+.hang {text-indent: -1em; margin-left: 1em;}
+
+.margina {margin-left: 20%;}
+.marginb {margin-left: 25%;}
+.margin {margin-left: 10%;}
+.marginsec {margin-left: 15%;}
+
+.blockquot {margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;}
+
+.sidenote {text-indent: 0;
+text-align: left; min-width: 8em; max-width: 8em; padding-bottom: .3em; padding-top: .3em;
+padding-left: .3em; padding-right: .3em; margin-right: 1em;
+float: left; clear: left; margin-top: 1em;
+margin-bottom: .3em; font-size: smaller; color: black; background: #eeeeee; border: thin dotted gray}
+
+.sidenoter {text-indent: 0;
+text-align: left; min-width: 8em; max-width: 8em; padding-bottom: .3em; padding-top: .3em;
+padding-left: .3em; padding-right: .3em; margin-left: 1em;
+float: right; clear: right; margin-top: 1em;
+margin-bottom: .3em; font-size: smaller; color: black; background: #eeeeee; border: thin dotted gray}
+.bb {border-bottom: 1px solid;}
+
+.bl {border-left: 1px solid;}
+
+.bt {border-top: 1px solid;}
+
+.btd {border-top: double; margin-top: 1em; }
+
+.br {border-right: 1px solid;}
+
+.bbox {border-style: double; padding: 2em; margin-left: 20%; margin-right:20%;
+ page-break-before: avoid; page-break-after: avoid;}
+
+.center {text-align: center;}
+
+.right {text-align: right;}
+
+.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;}
+
+.allsmcap {font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;}
+
+.u {text-decoration: underline;}
+
+.gesperrt {letter-spacing: 0.2em; margin-right: -0.2em;}
+
+em.gesperrt {font-style: normal;}
+
+.caption {font-weight: bold;}
+li.caption {text-align: left; font-weight: normal; font-size: smaller;}
+.left {float: left; padding: 0; margin: auto; width: 50%; text-align: left;}
+.floatl {float: left; clear: left; text-align: center;
+ padding: 1em; /* div no wider than
+screen, even when screen is narrow */ max-width: 100%; /* right margin to keep out from body */}
+.rightcol {float: right; padding: 0; margin: auto; width: 50%; text-align: left;}
+
+.captionr {font-weight: normal; clear: right;
+ padding: 1em; vertical-align: middle;}
+
+/* Images */
+
+.figcenter {margin: auto; max-width: 100%; page-break-inside: avoid; text-align: center;}
+
+img {max-width: 100%;
+ height:auto; }
+img.w100 {width: 100%;}
+
+.drop-capi {text-indent: 0;}
+.drop-capi:first-letter {float: left; vertical-align: top;
+ margin: 0.15em 0.1em 0em 0em;
+ font-size: 2.5em; text-align: left;
+ line-height: 80%;}
+.x-ebookmaker p.drop-capi:first-letter {float: none;
+ margin: 0; font-size: 100%;}
+
+ span.dropfix {float: left; font-size: 60%;
+position: absolute; width: auto;}
+
+.dropcapb:first-letter {font-size: 1.5em; line-height: .85em; padding: 0em;
+text-indent: 0em; margin: 0em 0em 0em 0.1em; float: left;}
+
+ span.dropcapb {font-size: 1.5em; line-height: .85em; padding: 0em;
+text-indent: 0em; margin: 0em 0.1em 0.2em 0.1em; float: left; }
+
+.dropcap {font-size: 1.5em; line-height: .85em; padding: 0em;
+text-indent: 0em; margin: 0 0.1em 0 0; display: inline-block;}
+
+/* Footnotes */
+.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 1em;}
+.footnote .label {position: relative; bottom: 0.4em;
+ vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 80%; text-decoration: none;}
+.fnanchor {vertical-align: super; bottom: 0.4em;
+ font-size: .8em; white-space: nowrap;}
+
+.hide {display: none;}
+
+.err {border-bottom: thin dotted red;}
+
+.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;
+ color: black; font-size: .9em; padding: 0.5em;
+ margin-bottom: 5em; font-family:sans-serif, serif; }
+
+.fraction {display: inline-block;
+ vertical-align: middle;
+ position: relative;
+ top: 0.1em;
+ text-align: center;
+ font-size: 95%;
+ line-height: 0.5em; }
+
+.fraction > span {display: block; padding: 0.3em; }
+
+.fraction span.fnum {position: relative;
+ top: -0.1em; vertical-align: text-top;}
+
+.fraction span.bar {display: none;}
+
+.fraction span.fden {border-top: thin solid black;
+ line-height: 0.6em;
+ padding-top: 0.2em; vertical-align: text-bottom;}
+
+/* Illustration classes */
+.illowp100 {width: 100%;}
+.x-ebookmaker .illowp100 {width: 100%;}
+
+.illowp42 {width: 42%;}
+.x-ebookmaker .illowp42 {width: 100%;}
+.illowp46 {width: 46%;}
+.x-ebookmaker .illowp46 {width: 100%;}
+
+.illowp50 {width: 50%;}
+.x-ebookmaker .illowp50 {width: 100%;}
+.illowp51 {width: 51%;}
+.x-ebookmaker .illowp51 {width: 100%;}
+
+.illowp53 {width: 53%;}
+.x-ebookmaker .illowp53 {width: 100%;}
+.illowp54 {width: 54%;}
+.x-ebookmaker .illowp54 {width: 100%;}
+
+.illowp56 {width: 56%;}
+.x-ebookmaker .illowp56 {width: 100%;}
+.illowp61 {width: 61%;}
+.x-ebookmaker .illowp61 {width: 100%;}
+.illowp62 {width: 62%;}
+.x-ebookmaker .illowp62 {width: 100%;}
+
+.illowp82 {width: 82%;}
+.x-ebookmaker .illowp82 {width: 100%;}
+
+.illowp84 {width: 84%;}
+.x-ebookmaker .illowp84 {width: 100%;}
+.illowp91 {width: 91%;}
+.x-ebookmaker .illowp91 {width: 100%;}
+
+.illowp96 {width: 96%;}
+.x-ebookmaker .illowp96 {width: 100%;}
+
+ /* ]]> */ </style>
+ </head>
+<body>
+<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Philosophical transactions,, by Royal Society</p>
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
+most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
+of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
+at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you
+are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the
+country where you are located before using this eBook.
+</div>
+
+<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Philosophical transactions,</p>
+<p style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em;'>Giving some account of the present undertakings, studies, and labours of the ingenious, in many considerable parts of the world. Vol. L. Part II</p>
+<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Various</p>
+<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Compiler: Royal Society</p>
+<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: June 26, 2022 [eBook #68412]</p>
+<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p>
+ <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Charlene Taylor, Eleni Christofaki and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p>
+<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS, ***</div>
+
+<div class="transnote"><h3>Transcriber’s Note</h3>
+
+<p>Variable spelling and hyphenation have been retained. Minor punctuation
+inconsistencies have been silently repaired. <a href="#Errata">The Errata</a> of the original
+edition have been corrected. Other changes made can be found <a href="#Corrections">at the end
+of the book</a>. </p></div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<h1>PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS, GIVING SOME ACCOUNT
+OF THE Present Undertakings, Studies, <i>and</i> Labours, OF THE INGENIOUS,
+IN MANY Considerable Parts of the WORLD.</h1>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="figcenter illowp46" id="cover" style="max-width: 100em;">
+ <img class="w100" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<div class="bbox">
+<p class="center">PHILOSOPHICAL<br />
+<span class="large"><b>TRANSACTIONS</b>,</span>
+<br />
+<small>GIVING SOME</small><br />
+<span class="large"><b>ACCOUNT</b></span><br /> <small>OF THE</small><br />
+Present Undertakings, Studies, <i>and</i> Labours,<br />
+<small>OF THE</small><br /> <span class="large"><b>INGENIOUS</b>,</span><br />
+<small>IN MANY</small><br /> Considerable Parts of the <em class="gesperrt">WORLD</em>.</p>
+
+<p class="center bt bb">
+VOL. L. <span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Part II.</em></span> For the Year 1758.</p>
+<p class="center p2">
+<i>LONDON</i>:</p>
+
+<p class="center">Printed for <span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">L. Davis</em></span> and <span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">C. Reymers</em></span>,<br />
+Printers to the <span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Royal Society</em></span>,<br />
+against <i>Gray’s-Inn Gate</i>, in <i>Holbourn</i>.</p>
+<hr class="r5" />
+<p class="center">M.DCC.LIX.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak btd" id="THE"><small>THE</small>
+<br />
+
+CONTENTS
+<br />
+
+<small>TO</small>
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Part II. Volume L.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td>LIX.</td> <td><span class="dropcapb"><i>A</i></span><i>N Account of the Effects of Electricity in
+paralytic Cases. In a Letter to</i> John Pringle,
+<i>M. D. F.R.S. from</i> Benjamin Franklin, <i>Esq;
+F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_481">481</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>LX.</td> <td><i>Observations on the late Comet in</i> September
+<i>and</i> October <i>1757; made at the</i> Hague <i>by Mr.</i>
+D. Klinkenberg: <i>In a Letter to the Rev.</i> James
+Bradley, <i>D. D. Astronomer Royal, and F.R.S.
+and Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences at</i>
+Paris. <i>Translated from the</i> Low Dutch.</td>
+<td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_483">483</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>LXI.</td> <td><i>Remarks on the different Temperature of the
+Air at</i> Edystone, <i>from that observed at</i> Plymouth,
+<i>between the 7th and 14th of</i> July <i>1757. By Mr.</i>
+John Smeaton, <i>F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>LXII.</td> <td><i>An Account of the Earthquake felt in the
+Island of</i> Sumatra, <i>in the</i> East Indies, <i>in</i> November
+<i>and</i> December <i>1756. In a Letter from Mr.</i>
+Perry <i>to the Rev. Dr.</i> Stukeley, <i>dated at</i> Fort
+Marlborough, <i>in the Island of</i> Sumatra, Feb. <i>20.
+1757. Communicated by the Rev.</i> Wm. Stukeley,
+<i>M. D. F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_491">491</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>LXIII.</td> <td><i>Concerning the Fall of Water under Bridges.
+By Mr.</i> J. Robertson, <i>F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_492">492</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>LXIV.</td> <td><i>An Account of the Earthquake in the West
+Parts of</i> Cornwall, July <i>15th 1757. By the Rev.</i>
+William Borlase, <i>M. A. F.R.S. Communicated
+by the Rev.</i> Charles Lyttelton, <i>LL. D. Dean of</i>
+Exeter, <i>F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_499">499</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>LXV.</td> <td><i>Some Observations upon the Sleep of Plants;
+and an Account of that Faculty, which</i> Linnæus
+<i>calls</i> Vigiliæ Florum; <i>with an Enumeration of
+several Plants, which are subject to that Law.
+Communicated to</i> Wm. Watson, <i>M. D. F.R.S.
+by Mr.</i> Richard Pulteney <i>of</i> Leicester.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_506">506</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>LXVI.</td> <td><i>An Account of the Case of a Boy troubled
+with convulsive Fits cured by the Discharge of
+Worms. By the Rev.</i> Richard Oram, <i>M. A.
+Chaplain to the Lord Bishop of</i> Ely.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_518">518</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td> </td><td><i>An Account of the same Subject, in a Letter from
+Mr.</i> John Gaze, <i>of</i> Walket, <i>in the County of</i>
+Norfolk, <i>to Mr.</i> Wm. Arderon, <i>F.R.S. Communicated
+by Mr.</i> Henry Baker, <i>F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_521">521</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>LXVII.</td> <td><i>An Account of the extraordinary Heat of
+the Weather in</i> July <i>1757, and of the Effects of
+it. In a Letter from</i> John Huxham, <i>M. D.
+F.R.S. to</i> Wm. Watson, <i>M. D. F.R.S.</i> </td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_523">523</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>LXVIII.</td> <td><i>An Account of the fossile Thigh-bone of a
+large Animal, dug up at</i> Stonesfield, <i>near</i> Woodstock,
+<i>in Oxfordshire. In a Letter to Mr.</i> Peter
+Collinson, <i>F.R.S. from Mr.</i> Joshua Platt.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_524">524</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>LXIX.</td> <td><i>A Discourse of the Usefulness of Inoculation
+of the horned Cattle to prevent the contagious Distemper
+among them. In a Letter to the Right
+Hon.</i> George <i>Earl of</i> Macclesfield, <i>P. R. S. from</i>
+Daniel Peter Layard, <i>M. D. F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_528">528</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>LXX.</td> <td><i>Trigonometry abridged. By the Rev.</i> Patrick
+Murdoch, <i>A. M. F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_538">538</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>LXXI.</td> <td><i>An Account of Two extraordinary Cases of
+Gall-Stones. By</i> James Johnstone, <i>M. D. of</i>
+Kidderminster. <i>Communicated by the Rev.</i> Charles
+Lyttelton, <i>LL. D. Dean of</i> Exeter. </td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_543">543</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>LXXII.</td> <td><i>A remarkable Case of Cohesions of all the
+intestines</i>, &c. <i>in a Man of about Thirty-four
+years of Age who died sometime last Summer,
+and afterwards fell under the Inspection of Mr.</i>
+Nicholas Jenty. </td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_550">550</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>LXXIII.</td> <td><i>Of the best Form of Geographical Maps.
+By the Rev.</i> Patrick Murdoch, <i>M. A. F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_553">553</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>LXXIV.</td> <td><i>A short Dissertation on Maps and Charts:
+In a Letter to the Rev.</i> Thomas Birch, <i>D. D. and
+Sec. R. S. By Mr.</i> William Mountaine, <i>F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_563">563</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>LXXV.</td> <td><i>Cases of the remarkable Effects of Blisters
+in lessening the Quickness of the Pulse in Coughs,
+attended with Infarction of the Lungs and Fever:
+By</i> Robert Whytt, <i>M. D. F.R.S. Fellow of the
+Royal College of Physicians, and Professor of Medicine
+in the University of</i> Edinburgh.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_569">569</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>LXXVI.</td> <td><i>A remarkable Instance of Four rough Stones,
+that were discovered in an human urinary Bladder,
+contrary to the received Opinion; and successfully
+extracted by the lateral Method of Cutting for the
+Stone. By Mr.</i> Joseph Warner, <i>F.R.S. and Surgeon
+to</i> Guy’s-Hospital.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_579">579</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>LXXVII.</td> <td><i>Observations on the</i> Limax non cochleata
+Purpuram ferens, <i>The naked Snail producing Purple.
+By</i> John Andrew Peyssonel, <i>M. D. F.R.S.
+Translated from the</i> French. </td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>LXXVIII.</td> <td><i>New Observations upon the Worms that
+form Sponges. By</i> John Andrew Peyssonel, <i>M. D.
+F.R.S. Translated from the</i> French.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_590">590</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>LXXIX.</td> <td><i>Account of an Experiment, by which it appears,
+that Salt of Steel does not enter the Lacteal
+Vessels; with Remarks. In a Letter to the Rev.</i>
+Thomas Birch, <i>D. D. Secret. R. S. By</i> Edward
+Wright, <i>M. D.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_594">594</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>LXXX.</td> <td><i>A Dissertation on the Antiquity of Glass in
+Windows. In a Letter to the Rev.</i> Tho. Birch,
+<i>D. D. Secret. R. S. By the Rev.</i> John Nixon,
+<i>M. A. F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_601">601</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>LXXXI.</td> <td><i>An Account of an extraordinary Case of
+the Efficacy of the Bark in the Delirium of a Fever.
+By</i> Nicˢ. Munckley, <i>M. D. Physician to</i>
+Guy’s-Hospital, <i>and F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_609">609</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>LXXXII.</td> <td><i>An Account of an Earthquake felt at</i>
+Lingfield <i>in</i> Surrey, <i>and</i> Edenbridge <i>in</i> Kent, <i>on
+the 24th of</i> January <i>1758. By</i> James Burrow,
+<i>Esq; R. S. V. P.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_614">614</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>LXXXIII.</td> <td><i>An Account of the Case of the First
+Joint of a Thumb torn off, with the Flexor Tendon
+in its whole Extent torn out. By</i> Robert
+Home, <i>late Surgeon to the Thirtieth Regiment of
+Foot, and Surgeon at</i> Kingston upon Hull. <i>In a
+Letter to</i> John Pringle, <i>M. D. F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_617">617</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>LXXXIV.</td> <td><i>An Account of the late Discoveries of
+Antiquities at</i> Herculaneum, <i>and of an Earthquake
+there; in a Letter from</i> Camillo Paderni,
+<i>Keeper of the Museum at</i> Herculaneum, <i>and
+F.R.S. to</i> Tho. Hollis, <i>Esq; F.R.S. dated</i> Portici,
+Feb. <i>1. 1758.</i> </td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_619">619</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>LXXXV.</td> <td><i>A further Attempt to facilitate the Resolution
+of Isoperimetrical Problems. By Mr.</i> Thomas
+Simpson, <i>F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_623">623</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>LXXXVI.</td> <td><i>Observations on the</i> Alga Marina latifolia;
+<i>The Sea Alga with broad Leaves. By</i> John
+Andrew Peyssonel, <i>M. D. F.R.S. Translated
+from the</i> French.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_631">631</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>LXXXVII.</td> <td><i>An Account of the distilling Water fresh
+from Sea-Water by Wood-Ashes. By Capt.</i> William
+Chapman: <i>In a Letter to</i> John Fothergill, <i>M. D.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_635">635</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>LXXXVIII.</td> <td><i>Observatio Eclipsis Lunaris facta</i> Matriti
+<i>a Pª.</i> Joanne Wendlingen, <i>Societatis</i> Jesu, <i>in
+Regali Observatorio Collegii Imperialis ejusdem Societatis,
+Die 30</i> Julii <i>1757</i>.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_640">640</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td> </td><td><i>Observatio Eclipsis Lunaris, facta ab eodem,
+eodem modo, eodem loco, iisdemque instrumentis,
+Die 24</i> Januar. <i>Anni 1758.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_642">642</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>LXXXIX.</td> <td><i>Observations upon a slight Earthquake,
+tho’ very particular, which may lead to the Knowlege
+of the Cause of great and violent ones, that
+ravage whole Countries, and overturn Cities. By</i>
+John Andrew Peyssonel, <i>M. D. F.R.S. Translated
+from the</i> French.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_645">645</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>XC.</td> <td><i>A Catalogue of the</i> Fifty Plants <i>from</i> Chelsea
+Garden, <i>presented to the</i> Royal Society <i>by the
+worshipful Company of Apothecaries, for the Year
+1757, pursuant to the Direction of Sir</i> Hans
+Sloane, <i>Baronet, Med. Reg. & Soc. Reg. nuper
+Præses, by</i> John Wilmer, <i>M. D. clariss. Societatis
+Pharmaceut.</i> Lond. <i>Socius, Hort.</i> Chelsean. <i>Præfectus
+& Prælector Botanic.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_648">648</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>XCI.</td> <td><i>An Historical Memoir concerning a Genus of
+Plants called</i> Lichen <i>by</i> Michelli, Haller, <i>and</i>
+Linnæus; <i>and comprehended by</i> Dillenius <i>under
+the Terms</i> Usnea, Coralloides, <i>and</i> Lichenoides:
+<i>Tending principally to illustrate their several Uses.
+Communicated by</i> William Watson, <i>M. D. F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_652">652</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>XCII.</td> <td><i>An Account of the fossil Bones of an Allegator,
+found on the Sea-shore, near</i> Whitby <i>in</i>
+Yorkshire: <i>In a Letter to</i> John Fothergill, <i>M. D.
+from Capt.</i> William Chapman.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_688">688</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>XCIII.</td> <td><i>De rariori quadam</i> Orthoceratitis <i>Specie, in</i>
+Suecia <i>reperta, tractatus: in literis a</i> Nicholao
+de Himsel, <i>M. D.</i> Riga Livono, <i>ad</i> Gul. Watson,
+<i>M. D. R. S. S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_692">692</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>XCIV.</td> <td><i>A further Account of the Effects of Electricity
+in the Cure of some Diseases: In a Letter
+from Mr.</i> Patrick Brydone <i>to Dr.</i> Robert Whytt,
+<i>Professor of Medicine in the University of</i> Edinburgh,
+<i>and F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_695">695</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>XCV.</td> <td><i>An Account of the Black Assize at</i> Oxford,
+<i>from the Register of</i> Merton College <i>in that University.
+Communicated by</i> John Ward, <i>LL. D.
+With some additional Remarks.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_699">699</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>XCVI.</td> <td><i>A Description of the Plan of</i> Peking, <i>the
+Capital of</i> China; <i>sent to the Royal Society by Father</i>
+Gaubil, è Societate Jesu. <i>Translated from
+the</i> French.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_704">704</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>XCVII.</td> <td><i>An Attempt to improve the Manner of working
+the Ventilators by the Help of the Fire-Engine.
+In a Letter to</i> Tho. Birch, <i>D. D. Secret. R. S. from</i>
+Keane Fitz-Gerald, <i>Esq; F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_727">727</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>XCVIII.</td> <td><i>An Account of some Experiments concerning
+the different Refrangibility of Light. By Mr.</i>
+John Dollond. <i>With a Letter from</i> James Short,
+<i>M. A. F.R.S. Acad. Reg. Suec. Soc.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_733">733</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>XCIX.</td> <td><i>An Account of some extraordinary Effects
+arising from Convulsions; being Part of a Letter
+to</i> John Huxham, <i>M. D. and F.R.S. from</i> William
+Watson, <i>M. D. R. S. S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_743">743</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>C.</td> <td><i>An Account of an extraordinary Storm of Hail
+in</i> Virginia. <i>By</i> Francis Fauquier, <i>Esq; Lieutenant
+Governor of</i> Virginia, <i>and F.R.S. Communicated
+by</i> William Fauquier, <i>Esq; F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_746">746</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>CI.</td> <td><i>An Account of an extraordinary Case of a diseased
+Eye: In a Letter to</i> Matthew Maty, <i>M. D.
+F.R.S. By</i> Daniel Peter Layard, <i>M. D. F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_747">747</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>CII.</td> <td><i>An Account of the Heat of the Weather in</i>
+Georgia: <i>In a Letter from his Excellency</i> Henry
+Ellis, <i>Esq; Governor of</i> Georgia, <i>and F.R.S. to</i>
+John Ellis, <i>Esq; F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_754">754</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>CIII.</td> <td><i>The Invention of a General Method for determining
+the Sum of every 2d, 3d, 4th, or 5th</i>, &c.
+<i>Term of a Series, taken in order, the Sum of the
+whole Series being known. By</i> Thomas Simpson,
+<i>F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_757">757</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>CIV.</td> <td><i>Observatio Eclipsis Lunæ Die 30</i> Julii <i>1757.
+habita</i> Olissipone <i>à</i> Joanne Chevalier, <i>Congregationis
+Oratorii Presbytero, è Regiâ</i> Londinensi <i>Societate.
+Communicated by</i> Jacob de Castro Sarmiento,
+<i>M. D. F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_769">769</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>CV.</td> <td><i>Singular Observations upon the</i> Manchenille
+Apple. <i>By</i> John Andrew Peyssonel, <i>M. D. F.R.S.
+Translated from the</i> French.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_772">772</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>CVI.</td> <td><i>Abstract of a Letter from Mr.</i> William Arderon,
+<i>F.R.S. to Mr.</i> Henry Baker, <i>F.R.S. on the
+giving Magnetism and Polarity to Brass. Communicated
+by Mr.</i> Baker.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_774">774</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>CVII.</td> <td><i>An Account of the</i> Sea Polypus, <i>by Mr.</i>
+Henry Baker, <i>F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_777">777</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>CVIII.</td> <td><i>A Description of the fossil Skeleton of an
+Animal found in the Alum Rock near</i> Whitby. <i>By
+Mr.</i> Wooller. <i>Communicated by</i> Charles Morton,
+<i>M. D. F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_786">786</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>CIX.</td> <td><i>A Dissertation on the</i> Phœnician <i>Numeral
+Characters antiently used at</i> Sidon. <i>In a Letter
+to the Rev.</i> Tho. Birch, <i>D. D. Secret. R. S. from
+the Rev.</i> John Swinton, <i>M. A. of</i> Christ-Church,
+Oxon. <i>F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_791">791</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>CX.</td> <td><i>Of the Irregularities in the Motion of a Satellite
+arising from the Spheroidical Figure of its
+Primary Planet: In a Letter to the Rev.</i> James
+Bradley, <i>D. D. Astronomer Royal, F.R.S. and
+Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences at</i> Paris;
+<i>by Mr.</i> Charles Walmesley, <i>F.R.S. and Member
+of the Royal Academy of Sciences at</i> Berlin, <i>and
+of the Institute at</i> Bologna.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_809">809</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>CXI.</td> <td><i>Some Observations on the History of the</i> Norfolk
+Boy. <i>By</i> J. Wall, <i>M. D. In a Letter to the
+Rev.</i> Charles Lyttelton, <i>LL. D. Dean of</i> Exeter.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_836">836</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>CXII.</td> <td><i>Observations upon the</i> Corona Solis Marina
+Americana; <i>The</i> American Sea-Sun-Crown. <i>By</i>
+John Andrew Peyssonel, <i>M. D. F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_843">843</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>CXIII.</td> <td><i>An Account of several rare Species of Barnacles.
+In a Letter to Mr.</i> Isaac Romilly, <i>F.R.S.
+from</i> John Ellis, <i>Esq; F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_845">845</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>CXIV.</td> <td><i>A further Account of the poisonous Effects
+of the</i> Oenanthe Aquatica Succo viroso crocante
+<i>of</i> Lobel, <i>or Hemlock Dropwort. By</i> W. Watson,
+<i>M. D. F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_856">856</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>CXV.</td> <td><i>Extract of a Letter to</i> John Eaton Dodsworth,
+<i>Esq; from Dr.</i> George Forbes <i>of</i> Bermuda, <i>relating
+to the</i> Patella, <i>or</i> Limpet Fish, <i>found there</i>. </td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_859">859</a>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="err" title="original: CVI"><a id="CXVI"></a>CXVI.</span></td> <td><i>A Discourse on the</i> Cinnamon, Cassia, <i>or</i> Canella.
+<i>By</i> Taylor White, <i>Esq; F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_860">860</a>.</td></tr>
+</table>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_481">[481]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LIX. <i>An Account of the Effects of Electricity
+in paralytic Cases. In a Letter to</i>
+John Pringle, <i>M. D. F.R.S. from</i> Benjamin
+Franklin, <i>Esq; F.R.S.</i></h2>
+</div>
+<p>
+SIR,
+</p>
+<div class="sidenote">Read Jan. 12,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">THE following is what I can at present
+recollect, relating to the effects
+of electricity in paralytic cases, which have
+fallen under my observation.</p>
+
+<p>Some years since, when the news-papers made
+mention of great cures performed in Italy or Germany,
+by means of electricity, a number of paralytics
+were brought to me from different parts of
+Pensylvania, and the neighbouring provinces, to be
+electrised; which I did for them at their request.
+My method was, to place the patient first in a chair,
+on an electric stool, and draw a number of large
+strong sparks from all parts of the affected limb or side.
+Then I fully charged two six-gallon glass jars, each of
+which had about three square feet of surface coated;
+and I sent the united shock of these thro’ the affected
+limb or limbs; repeating the stroke commonly three
+times each day. The first thing observed was an
+immediate greater sensible warmth in the lame limbs,
+that had received the stroke, than in the others:
+and the next morning the patients usually related,
+that they had in the night felt a pricking sensation in
+the flesh of the paralytic limbs; and would sometimes
+shew a number of small red spots, which they<span class="pagenum" id="Page_482">[482]</span>
+supposed were occasioned by those prickings. The
+limbs too were found more capable of voluntary
+motion, and seemed to receive strength. A man,
+for instance, who could not the first day lift the
+lame hand from off his knee, would the next day
+raise it four or five inches, the third day higher; and
+on the fifth day was able, but with a feeble languid
+motion, to take off his hat. These appearances
+gave great spirits to the patients, and made them
+hope a perfect cure; but I do not remember, that I
+ever saw any amendment after the fifth day: which
+the patients perceiving, and finding the shocks pretty
+severe, they became discouraged, went home, and
+in a short time relapsed; so that I never knew any
+advantage from electricity in palsies, that was permanent.
+And how far the apparent temporary advantage
+might arise from the exercise in the patients
+journey, and coming daily to my house, or from the
+spirits given by the hope of success, enabling them
+to exert more strength in moving their limbs, I will
+not pretend to say.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps some permanent advantage might have
+been obtained, if the electric shocks had been accompanied
+with proper medicine and regimen, under
+the direction of a skilful physician. It may be,
+too, that a few great strokes, as given in my method,
+may not be so proper as many small ones;
+since, by the account from Scotland of a case, in
+which two hundred shocks from a phial were given
+daily, it seems, that a perfect cure has been made.
+As to any uncommon strength supposed to be in the
+machine used in that case, I imagine it could have
+no share in the effect produced; since the strength<span class="pagenum" id="Page_483">[483]</span>
+of the shock from charged glass is in proportion to
+the quantity of surface of the glass coated; so that
+my shocks from those large jars must have been
+much greater than any, that could be received from
+a phial held in the hand.</p>
+
+<p>I am, with great respect,</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+SIR,<br />
+
+<span class="margin">Your most obedient Servant,</span><br />
+
+<span class="margina"><span class="large">R. Franklin.</span></span></p>
+<p class="noin">
+London,
+Dec. 21, 1757.
+</p>
+<hr />
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LX. <i>Observations on the late Comet in</i> September
+<i>and</i> October 1757; <i>made at the</i>
+Hague <i>by Mr.</i> D. Klinkenberg: <i>In a
+Letter to the Rev.</i> James Bradley, <i>D. D.
+Astronomer Royal, and F.R.S. and Member
+of the Royal Academy of Sciences at</i>
+Paris. <i>Translated from the</i> Low Dutch.</h2>
+</div>
+<p>
+SIR,
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read Jan. 12,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">I Hope you will be pleased to excuse
+the liberty, which I take, of troubling
+you with my observations on the comet, which
+made its appearance here, and in other parts of Europe,
+in the months of September and October last;
+and which, according to the news-papers, was first
+observed the 11th September by Mr. Gartner, at
+Dorlkeurtz near Dresden; then, by me, on the 16th<span class="pagenum" id="Page_484">[484]</span>
+of the said Month, here in the Hague; and afterwards
+in different places. As I find, that you have
+observed the comet, I doubt not but that you have
+done it in the most accurate manner; and my great
+love for this science induces me to beg, that I may
+have the happiness of knowing some of your observations.
+My good friend Mr. Struyk at Amsterdam
+wrote me some time ago, that he intended to
+ask the same favour of you; but I have not since
+heard any further from him. I observed this comet
+from Septemb. 16th in the morning, until Octob.
+the 11th in the morning; and found its situations,
+according to my method, as follows:</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td> </td>
+<td> </td>
+<td> </td>
+<td> </td>
+<td> </td>
+<td> </td>
+<td> </td>
+<td> </td>
+<td> </td>
+<td> </td>
+<td class="tdc" colspan="2"><i>Longit.</i></td>
+<td> </td>
+<td class="tdc" colspan="2"><i>Latit.</i></td>
+<td> </td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2">1757.</td>
+<td> </td>
+<td> </td>
+<td> </td>
+<td> </td>
+<td> </td>
+<td> </td>
+<td> </td>
+<td> </td>
+ <td class="tdc">°</td> <td class="tdc">´</td>
+<td> </td>
+ <td class="tdc">°</td> <td class="tdc">´</td>
+<td> </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sept.</td> <td>16.</td> <td colspan="7">at
+4 h. ante mer. The comet in</td> <td>♋</td> <td>10</td> <td>15</td> <td>with</td> <td>10</td> <td>10</td>
+<td>North.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> </td>
+<td>17</td> <td>—</td> <td>3</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td>
+<td>♋</td> <td>14</td> <td>7</td> <td>——</td> <td>9</td> <td>38</td><td> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> </td><td>18</td> <td>—</td> <td>3¾</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>♋</td> <td>18</td> <td>10</td> <td>——</td> <td>8</td> <td>57</td><td> </td>
+</tr><tr><td> </td><td>19</td> <td>—</td> <td>4</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>♋</td> <td>22</td> <td>1</td> <td>——</td> <td>8</td> <td>17</td><td> </td>
+</tr><tr><td> </td><td>22</td> <td>—</td> <td>2¾</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>♌</td> <td>3</td> <td>46</td> <td>——</td> <td>6</td> <td>15</td><td> </td>
+</tr><tr><td> </td><td>23</td> <td>—</td> <td>4</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>♌</td> <td>7</td> <td>36</td> <td>——</td> <td>5</td> <td>24</td><td> </td>
+</tr><tr><td> </td><td>25</td> <td>—</td> <td>4¼</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>♌</td> <td>14</td> <td>50</td> <td>——</td> <td>4</td> <td>6</td><td> </td>
+</tr><tr><td> </td><td>28</td> <td>—</td> <td>4</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>♌</td> <td>24</td> <td>22</td> <td>——</td> <td>1</td> <td>41</td><td> </td>
+</tr><tr><td>Oct.</td> <td>1</td> <td>—</td> <td>4¾</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>♍</td> <td>2</td> <td>46</td> <td>——</td> <td>0</td> <td>12</td> <td>South.</td>
+</tr><tr><td> </td><td>4</td> <td>—</td> <td>4½</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>♍</td> <td>9</td> <td>45</td> <td>——</td> <td>1</td> <td>30</td><td> </td>
+</tr><tr><td> </td><td>9</td> <td>—</td> <td>4½</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>♍</td> <td>20</td> <td>20</td> <td>——</td> <td>2</td> <td>40</td><td> </td>
+</tr><tr><td> </td><td>11</td> <td>—</td> <td>5</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>♍</td> <td>24</td> <td>46</td> <td>——</td> <td>3</td> <td>9</td><td> </td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<p class="noin">But the two last observations will, in my opinion,
+differ the most; because, when I made them, I was in
+some doubt about the adjustment of my instruments;
+and the comet was then far advanced into the morning
+rays. I have, since the month of February last
+to the end of May, made sundry observations on
+fixed stars, with a telescope of 16 inches, made by
+Mr. Short; and with a pendulum clock, made after
+the manner of Mr. Graham, by Mr. Vryhthoff of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_485">[485]</span>
+this place. In the months of February and March,
+by a medium of eight observations, I found, that by
+the clock, the star Rigel, in every daily revolution,
+passed 4 min. 2⁴⁄₉ seconds of time earlier, in the telescope;
+and in the latter end of May I found, by six
+observations, (the clock not in the least changed or
+altered) on the star Spica Virginis, that that star,
+in every revolution, passed 4 min. 5¹⁄₂₀ sec. earlier, in
+the same telescope; which intervals differ pretty
+nearly 2⅗ seconds of time from one another. Whether
+this difference arises from any defect in the clock,
+or whether it proceeds from any small difference of
+velocity of the earth’s motion round its axis, I would
+have been very glad to have endeavoured to find out
+by farther inquiry, had not the death of Mr. S.
+Koenig intervened, and I thereby hindered from continuing
+my observations. The above observations
+were taken in the observatory of his illustrious Highness
+the minor Prince of Orange and Nassau, <i>&c. &c.</i>
+under the direction, and with the approbation of the
+aforesaid Mr. Koenig. After the death of that gentleman,
+I petitioned her Royal Highness the Princess
+Governess of these Provinces, <i>&c.</i> that I might have
+leave to continue my astronomical observations; but
+as yet I have not been able to obtain her Royal
+Highness’s permission: otherwise I would have observed
+this last comet with more exactness. Had I
+been able to pursue the above-mentioned observations,
+I would, for the greater certainty in regard to the
+pendulum, have made use of a farther precaution.
+By means of a stove, with the help of a thermometer,
+I would have endeavoured to have kept the
+room (in which the clock stood) in the winter, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_486">[486]</span>
+at all times, in the same degree of heat it had at the
+time I made the observations in the summer. I
+would also have daily observed and noted the moon’s
+place, at the time of the observations. Tho’ this
+is but a slight observation of mine; yet I make no
+doubt, but that in case, by the different distances of
+the earth from the sun, and the different distances
+and situations of the moon with respect to the earth,
+and the respective effects produced by these causes,
+any inequality arises in the velocity of the diurnal
+motion of the earth on its axis, you (who have
+made the most sublime observations on the aberration
+of the fixed stars, and more than any mortal
+ever did before) must have discovered, and are well
+acquainted, with the same.</p>
+
+<p>As my above-mentioned observations on the comet
+appeared too incorrect to undertake a calculation
+for the ascertaining of its path from the theory,
+I contented myself with effecting it by a construction.
+By this means I found, on a figure, whose
+globular or spherical diameter was 13½ Rhineland
+inches, as follows:</p>
+
+<p>That the comet was in its perihelion the 21st of
+October, at two of the clock in the afternoon: the
+place of the perihelion 3 degrees in Leo. The comet’s
+distance in the perihelion from the sun was
+about 34 parts, whereof 100 make the mean distance
+between the sun and the earth. The inclination of the
+comet’s orbit with the ecliptic 13 degrees; and the
+southern latitude of the perihelion also 13 decrees:
+the ascending or north node ☊ 4⅓ degrees in Scorpio;
+and the comet’s motion direct, or according to the
+order of the signs of the zodiac. On this supposition<span class="pagenum" id="Page_487">[487]</span>
+ I have, for some of the times of observations,
+estimated the apparent places of the comet, and
+found them as follows:</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td> </td>
+<td> </td>
+<td> </td>
+<td> </td>
+<td> </td>
+<td> </td>
+<td> </td>
+<td> </td>
+<td><i>Long.</i></td>
+<td> </td>
+ <td><i>Latit.</i></td>
+<td> </td>
+<td> </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sept.</td> <td>18,</td> <td>at</td> <td>3¾</td> <td colspan="3">ante merid. In</td> <td>♋</td>
+<td>18¹⁄₁₂</td>
+<td>and</td>
+<td>9</td> <td>deg.</td> <td>North.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> </td><td>19</td> <td>—</td> <td>4</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>♋</td> <td>22</td> <td>——</td> <td>8⅖</td><td> </td><td> </td>
+</tr><tr><td> </td><td>22</td> <td>—</td> <td>2¾</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>♌</td> <td>3⅝</td> <td>——</td> <td>6¼</td><td> </td><td> </td>
+</tr><tr><td> </td><td>23</td> <td>—</td> <td>4</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>♌</td> <td>7⅗</td> <td>——</td> <td>5½</td><td> </td><td> </td>
+</tr><tr><td> </td><td>25</td> <td>—</td> <td>4¼</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>♌</td> <td>14⅔</td> <td>——</td> <td>4</td><td> </td><td> </td>
+</tr><tr><td> </td><td>28</td> <td>—</td> <td>4</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>♌</td> <td>24⅓</td> <td>——</td> <td>1¾</td><td> </td><td> </td>
+</tr><tr><td>Oct.</td> <td>4</td> <td>—</td> <td>4½</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>♍</td> <td>9⅓</td> <td>——</td> <td>2</td> <td>——</td> <td>South.</td>
+</tr><tr><td> </td><td>9</td> <td>—</td> <td>4¾</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>♍</td> <td>19⅔</td> <td>——</td> <td>3⅖</td><td> </td><td> </td>
+</tr><tr><td> </td><td>11</td> <td>—</td> <td>5</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>♍</td> <td>23⅛</td> <td>——</td> <td>3⅘</td><td> </td><td> </td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<p>The observations, which I have taken, to ground
+the measurement on, are those of the 16th and 23d
+of September, and of the 1st of October. It appears
+very evident, not only from this rough calculation,
+but every other circumstance of this comet,
+that it is not the same with that in the year 1682:
+which, on certain accounts, is very desirable to be
+known; for both here, and in other parts of the Netherlands,
+there have been some people, who have
+published mere conjectures; and have ventured (very
+minutely and exactly, as they pretended) about the
+time that this comet first made its appearance, to predict
+the return of the comet of the year 1682. But by
+the above, the weakness of their pretensions is very
+evident to all the world: whereas, if this had proved
+to be the expected comet, they would have assumed
+to themselves much undue praise, and have pretended
+to knowlege even superior to the every-where much
+celebrated Newton and Halley.</p>
+
+<p>It appears also probable to me, that this comet is
+none of those already calculated, or brought upon a
+list, by Messieurs Halley and Struyk. It is somewhat<span class="pagenum" id="Page_488">[488]</span>
+remarkable, that the line of the nodes is almost at
+right angles with the long axis of the ellipsis; which
+corresponds nearly with the comets of the years
+1580, 1683, and 1686: but those had their perihelions
+northward of the ecliptic; whereas the perihelion
+of the last, which we have lately seen, was to
+the southward of the ecliptic.</p>
+
+<p>I have the honour to subscribe myself, with the
+most perfect esteem for you, and your sublime studies,
+very respectfully,</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+SIR,<br />
+
+<span class="margin">Your very humble and obedient Servant,</span><br />
+
+<span class="margina"><span class="large">D. Klinkenberg.</span></span>
+</p>
+<p class="noin">Hague, 13th Dec.
+1757.
+</p>
+<hr />
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXI. <i>Remarks on the different Temperature
+of the Air at</i> Edystone, <i>from that observed
+at</i> Plymouth, <i>between the 7th and
+14th of</i> July 1757. <i>By Mr.</i> John Smeaton,
+<i>F.R.S.</i></h2>
+</div>
+<p>
+SIR,
+</p>
+<div class="sidenote">Read Jan. 12,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">ON the reading of Dr. Huxham’s
+letter at the last meeting, some observations
+occurred to me, concerning the different
+temperature of the air, which I had observed at the
+Edystone, from what had been observed by the
+Doctor at Plymouth, between the 7th and 14th of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_489">[489]</span>
+July last: which having been desired by some members
+to be put into writing, I beg leave to trouble
+you with the following.</p>
+
+<p>Edystone is distant from Plymouth about 16
+miles, and without the head-lands of the Sound
+about 11.</p>
+
+<p>The 7th and 8th were not remarkable at Edystone
+for heat or cold; the weather was very moderate,
+with a light breeze at east; which allowed us to
+work upon the rock both days, when the tide
+served.</p>
+
+<p>About midnight, between the 8th and 9th, the
+wind being then fresh at east, it was remarkably
+cold for the season, as I had more particular occasion
+to observe, on account of a ship that was cast away
+upon the rocks. The wind continued cold the 9th
+all day; which was complained of by some of the
+shipwrecked seamen, who had not time to save their
+cloaths; and so fresh at east, as prevented our going
+near the rocks, or the wreck; and so continued till
+Sunday the 10th; when, seeing no prospect of a
+sudden alteration of weather, I returned to Plymouth
+in a sailing boat, wrapped up in my thick coat. As
+soon as we got within the headlands, I could perceive
+the wind to blow considerably warmer; but
+not so warm as to make my great coat uneasy.
+Having had a quick passage, in this manner I went
+home, to the great astonishment of the family to see
+me so wrapped up, when they were complaining of
+the excessive heat: and indeed, it was not long before
+I had reason to join in their opinion.</p>
+
+<p>This heat I experienced till Tuesday the 12th,
+when I again went off to sea, where I found the air<span class="pagenum" id="Page_490">[490]</span>
+very temperate, rather cool than warm; and so continued
+till Thursday the 14th.</p>
+
+<p>In my journal for Wednesday the 13th I find the
+following remarks, <i>viz.</i> “This evening’s tide” (from
+6 A. till 12 A.) “the wind at east, but moderate,
+with frequent flashes of lightning to the southward.
+Soon after we got on board the store-vessel,
+a squall of wind arose from the south-west
+on a sudden, and continued for about a minute;
+part of which time it blew so hard, we expected
+the masts to go by the board: after which it was
+perfectly calm, and presently after a breeze returned
+from the east.”</p>
+
+<p>And in the journal of the 14th is entered, “This
+morning’s tide” (<i>viz.</i> from 1 M. to 1 A.) “the
+air and sea quite calm.”</p>
+
+<p>Hence it appears, how different the temper of the
+air may be in a small distance; and to what small
+spaces squalls of wind are sometimes confined.</p>
+
+<p>It may not be amiss further to observe upon this
+head, that once, in returning from Edystone, having
+got within about two miles of the Ramhead, we
+were becalmed; and here we rolled about for at least
+four hours; and yet at the same time saw vessels,
+not above a league from us, going out of Plymouth
+Sound with a fresh of wind, whose direction was
+towards us, as we could observe from the trim of
+their sails; and as we ourselves experienced, after
+we got into it by tacking and rowing.</p>
+
+<p>I am, Sir,</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+Your most humble Servant,<br />
+
+<span class="margin">J. Smeaton.</span></p>
+<p>
+Furnival’s-Inn Court,
+12th Jan. 1758.
+</p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_491">[491]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXII. <i>An Account of the Earthquake felt in
+the Island of</i> Sumatra, <i>in the</i> East-Indies,
+<i>in</i> November <i>and</i> December 1756. <i>In a
+Letter from Mr.</i> Perry <i>to the Rev. Dr.</i>
+Stukeley, <i>dated at</i> Fort Marlborough, <i>in
+the Island of</i> Sumatra, Feb. 20. 1757.
+<i>Communicated by the Rev.</i> Wm. Stukeley,
+<i>M. D. F.R.S.</i></h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read Jan. 12,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">THE earthquake at Lisbon, which
+you gave me an account of, was
+certainly the most awful tremendous calamity, that
+has ever happened in the world. Its effects are extremely
+wonderful and amazing; and it seems, as
+you observe, to have been felt in all parts of the
+globe. On the 3d day of the same month the earthquake
+of Lisbon happened, I felt at Manna<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> a
+violent shock myself; and from that time to the 3d
+of December following I felt no less than twelve
+different shocks, all which I took an exact account
+of in my pocket-bock. Since which we have had
+two very severe earthquakes, felt, we believe, throughout
+this island<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>.
+The walls of<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> Cumberland-house<a id="FNanchor_4a" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>
+were greatly damaged by them. Salop-house<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>,
+my own (formerly Mr. Massey’s), the houses
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_492">[492]</span>of Laye<a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> and Manna, were all cracked by them;
+and the works at the sugar-plantation<a id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> received
+considerable damage. The ground opened near the
+<i>qualloe</i><a id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> at Bencoolen, and up the River in several
+places; and there issued therefrom sulphureous earth,
+and large quantities of water, sending forth a most
+intolerable stench. Poblo Point<a id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> was much cracked
+at the same time; and some <i>doosoons</i><a id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> in-land at
+Manna were destroyed, and many people in them.</p>
+
+<p>These are all the ill effects, that have come to our
+knowlege; but, it is reasonable to suppose, not all
+the damage, that has happened upon the island.</p>
+
+<hr />
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXIII. <i>Concerning the Fall of Water under
+Bridges. By Mr.</i> J. Robertson, <i>F.R.S.</i></h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read Jan. 19,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">SOME time before the year 1740,
+the problem about the fall of water,
+occasioned by the piers of bridges built across a river,
+was much talked of at London, on account of the
+fall that it was supposed would be at the new bridge
+to be built at Westminster. In Mr. Hawksmore’s and
+Mr. Labelye’s pamphlets, the former published in
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_493">[493]</span>1736, and the latter in 1739, the result of Mr. Labelye’s
+computations was given: but neither the investigation
+of the problem, nor any rules, were at
+that time exhibited to the public.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1742 was published Gardiner’s edition
+of Vlacq’s Tables; in which, among the examples
+there prefixed to shew some of the uses of those
+tables drawn up by the late William Jones, Esq;
+there are two examples, one shewing how to compute
+the fall of water at London-bridge, and the
+other applied to Westminster-bridge: but that excellent
+mathematician’s investigation of the rule, by
+which those examples were wrought, was not printed,
+altho’ he communicated to several of his friends copies
+thereof. Since that time, it seems as if the problem
+had in general been forgot, as it has not made its appearance,
+to my knowlege, in any of the subsequent
+publications. As it is a problem somewhat curious,
+tho’ not difficult, and its solution not generally known
+(having seen four different solutions, one of them
+very imperfect, extracted from the private books of
+an office in one of the departments of engineering in
+a neighbouring nation), I thought it might give some
+entertainment to the curious in these matters, if the
+whole process were published. In the following investigation,
+much the same with Mr. Jones’s, as the
+demonstrations of the principles therein used appeared
+to be wanting, they are here attempted to be supplied.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Principles.</span></h3>
+
+<p class="hang">I. <i>A heavy body, that in the first second of time has
+fallen the height of a feet, has acquired such a velocity,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_494">[494]</span>
+ that, moving uniformly therewith, will in
+the next second of time move the length of 2 a feet.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hang">II. <i>The spaces run thro’ by falling bodies are proportional
+to one another as the squares of their last or
+acquired velocities.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>These two principles are demonstrated by the
+writers on mechanics.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hang">III. <i>Water forced out of a larger chanel thro’ one
+or more smaller passages, will have the streams thro’
+those passages contracted in the ratio of</i> 25 <i>to</i> 21.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>This is shewn in the 36th prop. of the 2d book
+of Newton’s Principia.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hang">IV. <i>In any stream of water, the velocity is such, as
+would be acquired by the fall of a body from a
+height above the surface of that stream.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>This is evident from the nature of motion.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hang">V. <i>The velocities of water thro’ different passages of
+the same height, are reciprocally proportional to
+their breadths.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>For, at some time, the water must be delivered
+as fast as it comes; otherwise the bounds would
+be overflowed.</p>
+
+<p>At that time, the same quantity, which in any
+time flows thro’ a section in the open chanel, is
+delivered in equal time thro’ the narrower passages;
+or the momentum in the narrow passages
+must be equal to the momentum in the open
+chanel; or the rectangle under the section of the
+narrow passages, by their mean velocity, must be
+equal to the rectangle under the section of the
+open chanel by its mean velocity.</p>
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_495">[495]</span>
+<p>Therefore the velocity in the open chanel is to
+the velocity in the narrower passages, as the section
+of those passages is to the section of the open
+chanel.</p>
+
+<p>But the heights in both sections being equal,
+the sections are directly as the breadths;</p>
+
+<p>Consequently the velocities are reciprocally as
+the breadths.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hang">VI. <i>In a running stream, the water above any obstacles
+put therein will rise to such a height, that
+by its fall the stream may be discharged as fast as
+it comes.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>For the same body of water, which flowed in
+the open chanel, must pass thro’ the passages made
+by the obstacles:</p>
+
+<p>And the narrower the passages, the swifter will
+be the velocity of the water:</p>
+
+<p>But the swifter the velocity of the water, the
+greater is the height, from whence it has descended:</p>
+
+<p>Consequently the obstacles, which contract the
+chanel, cause the water to rise against them.</p>
+
+<p>But the rise will cease, when the water can run
+off as fast as it comes:</p>
+
+<p>And this must happen, when, by the fall between
+the obstacles, the water will acquire a velocity
+in a reciprocal proportion to that in the
+open chanel as the breadth of the open chanel is
+to the breadth of the narrow passages.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hang">VII. <i>The quantity of the fall caused by an obstacle in
+a running stream is measured by the difference between<span class="pagenum" id="Page_496">[496]</span>
+ the heights fallen from to acquire the velocities
+in the narrow passages and open chanel.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>For just above the fall, the velocity of the stream
+is such, as would be acquired by a body falling
+from a height higher than the surface of the
+water:</p>
+
+<p>And at the fall, the velocity of the stream is
+such, as would be acquired by the fall of a body
+from a height more elevated than the top of the
+falling stream; and consequently the real fall is
+less than this height.</p>
+
+<p>Now as the stream comes to the fall with a
+velocity belonging to a fall above its surface;</p>
+
+<p>Consequently the height belonging to the velocity
+at the fall must be diminished by the height
+belonging to the velocity, with which the stream
+arrives at the fall.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Problem.</span></h4>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>In a chanel of running water, whose breadth is contracted
+by one or more obstacles; the breadth of
+the chanel, the mean velocity of the whole stream,
+and the breadth of the water-way between the obstacles
+being given; To find the quantity of the
+fall occasioned by those obstacles.</i></p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td>Let</td> <td><i>b</i> = breadth of the chanel in feet.</td> </tr>
+<tr><td> </td><td><i>v</i> = mean velocity of the water in feet per sec.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> </td><td><i>c</i> = breadth of the water-way between the obstacles.</td></tr></table>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td>Now 25 : 21∷ <i>c</i> : <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">21</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">25</span></span> <i>c</i>
+the water-way contracted.</td>
+
+<td><i>Principle</i> III.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_497">[497]</span>
+
+And <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">21</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">25</span></span> <i>c</i>: <i>b</i> ∷ <i>v</i> : <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">25<i>b</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">21<i>c</i></span></span> <i>v</i> the veloc. <i>per</i> sec. in the
+water-way between the obstacles.</td>
+
+<td><i>Princip.</i> V.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Also (2<i>a</i>)² : <i>vv</i> ∷ <i>a</i> : <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>vv</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">4<i>a</i></span></span> the height fallen to
+acquire the vel. v.</td>
+
+<td>I. & II.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>And (2<i>a</i>)² : (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">25<i>b</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span><span class="fden">21<i>c</i></span></span>)² × <i>vv</i> ∷ <i>a</i>:
+(<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">25<i>b</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">21<i>c</i></span></span>)² ×
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>vv</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span><span class="fden">4<i>a</i></span></span> the height
+fallen to acquire the vel. <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">25<i>b</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">21<i>c</i></span></span> <i>v</i>.
+</td>
+<td>I. & II.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Then (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">25<i>b</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">21<i>c</i></span></span>)² x
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>vv</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">4<i>a</i></span></span> -
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>vv</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">4<i>a</i></span></span> is the measure of the fall
+required.
+</td>
+<td>VII.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Or ((<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">25<i>b</i></span><span class="bar">⁄</span><span class="fden">21<i>c</i></span></span>)² - 1) × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>vv</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">4<i>a</i></span></span> is a rule, by which the fall may
+be readily computed.</p>
+
+<p>Here <i>a</i> = 16,0899 feet and 4<i>a</i> = 64,3596.</p>
+
+<h5><span class="smcap">Example I.</span> <i>For London-Bridge.</i></h5>
+
+<p>By the observations made by Mr. Labelye in 1746,</p>
+
+<p>The breadth of the Thames at London-bridge is
+926 feet;</p>
+
+<p>The sum of the water-ways at the time of the
+greatest fall is 236 feet;</p>
+
+<p>The mean velocity of the stream taken at its surface
+just above bridge is 3⅙ feet <i>per</i> second.</p>
+
+<p>Under almost all the arches there are great numbers
+of drip-shot piles, or piles driven into the bed
+of the water-way, to prevent it from being washed
+away by the fall. These drip-shot piles considerably
+contract the water-ways, at least ⅙ of their
+measured breadth, or about 39⅓ feet in the whole.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_498">[498]</span></p>
+
+<p>So that the water-way will be reduced to 196⅔
+feet.</p>
+
+<p>Now <i>b</i> = 926; <i>c</i> = 196⅔; <i>v</i> = 3⅙; 4<i>a</i> =
+64,3596.</p>
+
+<p>Then <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">25<i>b</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">21<i>c</i></span></span> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">23150</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">4130</span></span> = 5,60532.</p>
+
+<p>And 5,60532² = 31,4196; and 31,4196 - 1 =
+30,4196 = (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">25<i>b</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">21<i>c</i></span></span>)² - 1.</p>
+
+<p>Also <i>vv</i> = (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">19</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">6</span></span>)² = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">361</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span><span class="fden">36</span></span>; And <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>vv</i></span><span class="bar">⁄</span><span class="fden">4<i>a</i></span></span> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">361</span><span class="bar">⁄</span><span class="fden">36 × 64,3596</span></span>
+= 0,15581.</p>
+
+<p>Then 30,4196 × 0,15581 = 4,739 feet, the fall
+sought after.</p>
+
+<p>By the most exact observations made about the
+year 1736, the measure of the fall was 4 feet 9
+inches.</p>
+
+<h5><span class="smcap">Example II.</span> <i>For Westminster-Bridge.</i></h5>
+
+<p>Altho’ the breadth of the river at Westminster-bridge
+is 1220 feet; yet, at the time of the greatest
+fall, there is water thro’ only the thirteen large arches,
+which amount to 820 feet: to which adding the
+breadth of the twelve intermediate piers, equal to
+174 feet, gives 994 for the breadth of the river at
+that time: and the velocity of the water just above
+bridge (from many experiments) is not greater than
+2¼ feet <i>per</i> second.</p>
+
+<p>Here <i>b</i> = 994; <i>c</i> = 820; <i>v</i> = 2¼; 4<i>a</i> = 64,3596.</p>
+
+<p>Now <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">25<i>b</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">21<i>c</i></span></span> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">24850</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">17220</span></span> = 1,443.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_499">[499]</span></p>
+
+<p>And 1,443² = 2,082; And 2,082 - 1 = 1,082
+= (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">25<i>b</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">21<i>c</i></span></span>)² - 1.</p>
+
+<p>Also <i>vv</i> = (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">9</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">4</span></span>)² = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">81</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">16</span></span>; And <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>vv</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">48</span></span> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">81</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">16 × 64,3696</span></span> =
+0,0786.</p>
+
+<p>Then 1,082 × 0,0786 = 0,084 feet, the fall
+sought.</p>
+
+<p>Which is about 1 inch; and is about half an
+inch more than the greatest fall observed by Mr.
+Labelye.</p>
+
+<hr />
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXIV. <i>An Account of the Earthquake in
+the West Parts of</i> Cornwall, July <i>15th
+1757. By the Rev.</i> William Borlase,
+<i>M. A. F.R.S. Communicated by the Rev.</i>
+Charles Lyttelton, <i>LL.D. Dean of</i> Exeter,
+<i>F.R.S.</i></h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read Jan. 26,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">ON Friday the 15th of July, 1757.
+a violent shock of an earthquake
+was felt in the western parts of Cornwall.</p>
+
+<p>The thermometer had been higher than usual,
+and the weather hot, or calm, or both, for eight
+days before; wind east and north-east. On the
+14th in the morning, the wind shifting to the south-west,
+the weather calm and hazy, there was a
+shower. The afternoon hazy and fair, wind north-west.
+The barometer moderately high, but the
+mercury remarkably variable.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_500">[500]</span></p>
+
+<p>On the 15th in the morning, the wind fresh at
+north-west, the atmosphere hazy. Being on the
+sands, half a mile east of Penzance, at 10 A. M.
+near low water, I perceived on the surface of the
+sands a very unusual inequality: for whereas there
+are seldom any unevennesses there, but what are
+made by the rippling of the water, I found the sands,
+for above 100 yards square, all full of little tubercles
+(each as large as a moderate mole-hill), and in the
+middle a black speck on the top, as if something
+had issued thence. Between these convexities were
+hollow basons of an equal diameter. From one of
+these hollows there issued a strong rush of water,
+about the bigness of a man’s wrist, never observed
+there before nor since.</p>
+
+<p>About a quarter after six, P. M. the sky dusky,
+the wind being at west north-west, it fell quite calm.
+At half past six, being then in the summer-house at
+Keneggy, the seat of the Hon. J. Harris, Esq; near
+Penzance, with some company, we were suddenly
+alarmed with a rumbling noise, as if a coach or
+waggon had passed near us over an uneven pavement;
+but the noise was as loud in the beginning and at the
+end, as in the middle; which neither the sound of
+thunder, or of carriages, ever is. The sash-casements
+jarred: one gentleman thought his chair
+moved under him; and the gardener, then in the
+dwelling house (about an hundred yards distant from
+us) felt the stone pavement of the room he was in
+move very sensibly.</p>
+
+<p>In what place the shock began, and whether progressive
+or instantaneous in the several places where
+it was felt, is uncertain, for want of accurately determining
+the precise point of time in distant places.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_501">[501]</span></p>
+
+<p>The shock was not equally loud or violent. Its
+extent was from the isles of Scilly eastward as far
+as Liskerd, and towards the north as far as Camelford;
+thro’ which district I shall trace it, according
+to the best informations I could procure.</p>
+
+<p>In the island of St. Mary, Scilly, the shock was
+violent. On the shores of Cornwall, opposite to
+Scilly (in the parish of Senan, near the Land’s-end)
+the noise was heard like that of a spinning-wheel on
+a chamber-floor. Below stairs there was a cry, that
+the house was shaking; and the brass pans and pewter
+rattled one against another in several houses in the
+same parish. In the adjoining parish of St. Just, two
+young men being then swimming, felt a strong and
+very unusual agitation of the sea. In the town of Penzance,
+in one house the chamber-bell rung; in another
+the pewter plates, placed edgeways on a shelf,
+shifted, and slid to one end of the shelf: and it was
+every-where perceived more or less, according as people’s
+attention was engaged.</p>
+
+<p>At Trevailer, the seat of William Veale, Esquire,
+about two miles from Penzance, the noise was heard,
+and thought at first to be thunder: the windows
+shook, and the walls of the parlour, where Mr.
+Veale sat, visibly moved. The jarring of the windows
+continued near half a minute; but the motion
+of the walls not quite so long: and some masons,
+being at work on a contiguous new building, the upright
+poles of the scaffolds shook so violently, that,
+for fear of falling, they laid hold on the walls,
+which, to their still greater surprize, they found agitated
+in the same manner. And a person present,
+who was at London at the time of the two shocks in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_502">[502]</span>
+the year 1751, thought this shock to resemble the
+second, both in degree and duration<a id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>At Marazion, the next market-town east of Penzance,
+the houses of several persons shook to that
+degree, that people ran out into the street, lest the
+houses should fall upon them.</p>
+
+<p>In the borough of St. Ives, on the north sea, six
+miles north of Penzance, the shock was so violent,
+that a gentleman, who had been at Lisbon during
+several shocks, said, that this exceeded all he had
+met with, except that on the 1st of November 1755,
+so fatal to that city.</p>
+
+<p>At Tehidy, the seat of Francis Basset, Esq; the
+rooms shook, and the grounds without doors were
+observed to move. The shock was felt sensibly at
+Redruth, St. Columb, Bodman, <i>&c.</i> along to Camelford,
+which is about 90 miles from the isle of
+Scilly. From Marazion eastward it was felt at several
+places in like manner, as far as Lostwythyel; but
+at Liskerd, about ten miles east of Lostwythyel, it
+was but faintly perceived, and that by a few persons.
+It was still less sensible at Loo and Plymouth,
+“scarcely sufficient to excite curiosity or fear”<a id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The times of its duration were various. At Keneggy
+we thought the noise could not have lasted
+above six seconds; at Trevailer, not two miles distant
+to the west, it was thought to have lasted near
+half a minute; in the parish of Gwynier half a minute;
+at Ludgvan, three miles east of Penzance,
+the noise was rather longer than half a minute; but
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_503">[503]</span>the shaking felt in the garden, and observed in the
+houses, short and momentary. In Germo great Pinwork,
+seven miles east of Penzance, it lasted only a
+few seconds; but in the isles of Scilly it was computed
+at 40 seconds.</p>
+
+<p>Thus was this earthquake felt in towns, houses,
+and grounds adjacent; but still more particularly
+alarming in our mines, where there is less refuge,
+and consequently a greater dread from the tremors
+of the earth.</p>
+
+<p>In Carnorth adit, in the parish of St. Just, the
+shock was sensibly felt 18 fathom deep; in the mine
+called Boscadzhill-downs, more than 30 fathom.</p>
+
+<p>At Huel-rith mine, in the parish of Lannant, people
+saw the earth move under them, first quick, then
+in a slower wavy tremor; and the stage-boards of
+the little winds or shafts 20 fathom deep were perceived
+to move.</p>
+
+<p>In Herland mine, commonly called the Manor,
+in the parish of Gwynier, the noise was heard 55
+and 60 fathom deep, as if a studdle<a id="FNanchor_12" href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> had broke,
+and the deads<a id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> were set a running. It was nothing
+like the noise of thunder.</p>
+
+<p>In Chace-water mine the same noise was heard,
+at least 70 fathom under the surface.</p>
+
+<p>At Huel-rith mine, near Godolphin, the noise
+was seemingly underneath. I felt (says the director
+of the mine) the earth move under me with a
+prodigious swift, and apparently horizontal tremor:
+its continuance was but for a few seconds of time,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_504">[504]</span>not like thunder, but rather a dull rumbling even
+sound, like deads running under ground. In the
+smith’s shop the window-leaves shook, and the slating
+of the house cracked. The whim-house shook
+so terribly, that a man there at work ran out of it,
+concluding it to be falling. Several persons then in
+the mine, working 60 fathom deep, thought they
+found the earth about them to move, and heard an
+uncommon noise: some heard the noise, and felt no
+tremor; others, working in a mine adjoining called
+Huel-breag, were so frightened, that they called to
+their companions above to be drawn up from the
+bottoms. Their moor-house was shaken, and the
+padlock of their candle-chest was heard to strike
+against the staples. To shew, that this noise proceeded
+from below, and not from any concussion in
+the atmosphere above, this very intelligent captain of
+the mine<a id="FNanchor_14" href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> observes, from his own experience,
+that thunder was never known to affect the air at 60
+fathoms deep, even in a single shaft pierced into
+the hardest stone; much less could it continue the
+sound thro’ such workings as there are in this mine,
+impeded in all parts with deads, great quantities of
+timber, various noises, such as the rattling of chains,
+friction of wheels and ropes, and dashing of waters;
+all which must contribute to break the vibrations of
+the air as they descend: and I intirely agree with
+this gentleman’s conclusion, that thunder, or any
+other noises from above in the atmosphere, could not
+be heard at half the depth of this mine. This therefore
+could be no other than a real tremor of the earth,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_505">[505]</span>attended with a noise, owing to a current of air and
+vapour proceeding upwards from the earth.</p>
+
+<p>I do not hear of any person in those parts, who
+was so fortunate as to be near any pool or lake, and
+had recollection enough to attend to the motion of
+the waters; but it may be taken for granted, that
+during the tremors of the earth the fluids must be
+more affected than the solids: nay, the waters will
+apparently be agitated, when there is no motion of
+the earth perceptible, as was the case of our ponds
+and lake-waters in most parts of Britain on the 1st
+of November 1755. Whence this happens is difficult
+to say: whether the earth’s bosom undergoes at
+such times a kind of respiration, and alternately emits
+and withdraws a vapour thro’ its most porous parts
+sufficient to agitate the waters, yet not sufficient to
+shake the earth; or whether the earth, during the
+agitation of the waters, does rock and vacillate, tho’
+not so as to be sensible to man; is what I shall leave
+to future inquiry.</p>
+
+<p>Earthquakes are very rare in Cornwall. This was
+but of short duration, and did no harm any-where,
+as far as I can learn; and it is to be hoped not the
+sooner forgotten for that reason; but rather remembered
+with all the impressions of gratitude suitable to
+an incident so alarming and dangerous, and yet so
+inoffensive.</p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_506">[506]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXV. <i>Some Observations upon the Sleep of
+Plants; and an Account of that Faculty,
+which</i> Linnæus <i>calls</i> Vigiliæ Florum; <i>with
+an Enumeration of several Plants, which
+are subject to that Law. Communicated
+to</i> Wm. Watson, <i>M. D. F.R.S. by Mr.</i>
+Richard Pultney <i>of</i> Leicester.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read Jan. 26,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">ACosta and Prosper Alpinus, who both
+wrote near the conclusion of the
+XVIth century, are, I believe, the first, who recorded
+that nocturnal change in the leaves of plants, which
+has since been called <i>somnus</i>. It is an observation
+indeed as old as Pliny’s time, that the leaves of trefoil
+assume an erect situation<a id="FNanchor_15" href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> upon the coming of
+storms. The same is observable of our wood-sorrel;
+and Linnæus adds, of almost all plants with declinated
+stamina<a id="FNanchor_16" href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a>. In the <i>Trifolium pratense album
+C. B.</i> or common white-flowered meadow trefoil,
+it is so obvious, that the common people in
+Sweden remark, and prognosticate the coming of
+tempests and rain from it.</p>
+
+<p>The examples of sleeping plants instanced by Alpinus
+are but few. That author says, it was common
+to several Egyptian species<a id="FNanchor_17" href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a>; but specifies only
+the Acaciæ, Abrus, Absus, Sesban, and the Tamarindtree.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_507">[507]</span> Cornutus some time afterwards remarked this
+property in the Pseudo-acacia Americana. From
+that time it has remained almost unnoticed, till Linnæus,
+ever attentive to nature’s works, discovered
+that the same affair was transacted in many other
+plants; and his observations have furnished us with
+numerous and obvious examples thereof. Mr. Miller
+mentions it in the <i>Medicago arborea Lin. Sp. Pl. 778</i>.
+and we may add to the list two other common plants
+not mentioned by Linnæus: these are the <i>Phaseolus
+vulgaris</i>, common kidney-bean; and the <i>Trifolium
+pratense purpureum majus</i>, or clover-grass: in both
+which this nocturnal change is remarkably displayed.
+Doubtless the same property exists in numberless other
+species; and future observation will very probably
+confirm Dr. Hill’s sentiment, that no “plant or tree
+is wholly unaffected by it.”</p>
+
+<p>It is now more than twenty years since Linnæus
+first attended to this quality in plants. In his <i>Flora
+Lapponica</i>, when speaking of the <i>Trifolium pratense
+album</i>, as above-mentioned, he remarks, that the
+leaves of the Mimosa, Cassia, Bauhinia, Parkinsonia,
+Guilandina, and others in affinity with them, were
+subject to this change in the night time: and he had
+then carried his observations so far, as to find, that
+heat and cold were not the cause of this quality;
+since they were alike influenced by it when placed
+in stoves, where the temperature of the air was always
+the same.</p>
+
+<p>The merit of reviving this subject is therefore due
+to the illustrious Swede; and the naturalist is greatly
+indebted to him for so far extending his observations
+thereon.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_508">[508]</span></p>
+
+<p>The subject of the <i>somnus plantarum</i> cannot but
+be highly entertaining to the lovers of natural knowlege:
+and such, I apprehend, cannot be less entertained
+with that faculty, which Linnæus calls <i>vigiliæ
+florum</i>; of which we shall give a brief account.</p>
+
+<p>Previous to our explanation of this affair it is proper
+to observe, that the flowers of most plants, after
+they are once opened, continue so night and day,
+until they drop off, or die away. Several others,
+which shut in the night-time, open in the morning
+either sooner or later, according to their respective
+situation in the sun or shade, or as they are influenced
+by the manifest changes of the atmosphere. There
+are however another class of flowers, which make
+the subject of these observations, which observe a
+more constant and uniform law in this particular.
+These open and shut duly and constantly at certain
+and determinate hours, exclusive of any manifest
+changes in the atmosphere; and this with so little
+variation in point of time, as to render the phænomenon
+well worth the observation of all, whose taste
+leads them this way.</p>
+
+<p>This faculty in the flowers of plants is not altogether
+a new discovery; but we are indebted to the
+same hand for additional observations upon this head
+likewise. It is so manifest in one of our common
+English plants, the <i>Tragopogon luteum</i>, that our country
+people long since called it <i>John-go-to-bed-at-noon</i>.
+Linnæus’s observations have extended to near fifty
+species, which are subject to this law. What we
+find principally upon this subject is in the <i>Philosophia
+Botanica</i>, p. 273. We will enumerate these plants,
+and mention the time when the flowers open and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_509">[509]</span>
+shut, that those, who have opportunity and inclination,
+may gratify themselves, and probably at the
+same time extend this branch of botanic knowlege
+still farther.</p>
+
+<p>It is proper to observe, that as these observations
+were made by Linnæus in the academical garden at
+Upsal, whoever repeats them in this country will
+very probably find, that the difference of climate will
+occasion a variation in point of time: at least this
+will obtain in some species, as our own observations
+have taught us; in others the time has corresponded
+very exactly with the account he has given us.</p>
+
+<p>Whether this faculty hath any connexion with
+the great article of fecundation in the oeconomy of
+flowers, I cannot determine: in the mean time it is
+not improbable. Future and repeated observations,
+and well-adapted experiments, will tend to illustrate
+this matter, and it may be lead the way to a full explanation
+of the cause.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">1. Anagallis flore phœniceo C. B. pin. 252. Raii
+Syn. p. 282. Anagallis arvensis Lin. Spec. plant. p.
+148. <i>The Male Pimpernel.</i> The flowers of this
+plant open about eight o’clock in the morning, and
+never close till past noon. This plant is common in
+kitchen-gardens and in corn-fields, and flowers in
+June, and continues in flower three months.</p>
+
+<p>2. The Anagallis cærulea foliis binis ternisve ex
+adverso nascentibus C. B. pin. p. 252. Raii Hist. Plant.
+p. 1024. Anagallis Monelli Sp. plant. 148. <i>Blue-flowered
+Pimpernel with narrow leaves.</i> The flowers
+of this plant observe nearly the same time in opening
+and shutting as the foregoing.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_510">[510]</span></p>
+
+<p>3. Convolvulus peregrinus cæruleus folio oblongo
+C. B. pin. 295. Convolvulus tricolor Sp. plant. 158.
+<i>Little blue Convolvulus, or Bindweed.</i> This opens its
+flowers between the hours of five and six in the
+morning, and shuts them in the afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>4. Phalangium parvo flore ramosum C. B. pin. 29.
+Raii Hist. Pl. 1193. <i>Branched Spiderwort with a
+small flower.</i> These open about seven in the morning,
+and close between the hours of three and four
+in the afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>5. Lilium rubrum Asphodeli radice C. B. pin. 80.
+Hemerocallis fulvus Sp. pl. 324. <i>The Day Lily.</i>
+The flowers open about five in the morning, and
+shut at seven or eight in the evening.</p>
+
+<p>6. Plantago aquatica minor. Park. 1245. Raii
+Syn. 257. Alisma ranunculoides Sp. pl. 343. Fl.
+Suec. 2. Nº. 325. <i>The lesser Water-Plantain</i>, during
+its flowering-time, only opens its flowers each day
+about noon.</p>
+
+<p>7. Caryophyllus sylvestris prolifer C. B. pin. 209.
+Raii Syn. 337. Dianthus prolifer Sp. pl. 410. <i>Proliferous
+Pink.</i> The flowers expand about eight in
+the morning, and close again about one in the afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>8. Spergula purpurea J. B. III. 722. Raii Syn. p.
+351. Arenaria rubra. Sp. pl. 423. <i>Purple Spurrey.</i>
+These expand between nine and ten in the morning,
+and close between two and three in the afternoon.
+This little plant is common among the corn in sandy
+soils, and flowers in June.</p>
+
+<p>9. Portulaca latifolia sativa C. B. pin. 288. Portulaca
+oleracea Sp. pl. p. 445. <i>Common Purslain</i>,
+opens its flowers about nine or ten in the morning,
+and closes them again in about an hour’s time.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_511">[511]</span></p>
+
+<p>10. Ficoides Africana, folio plantaginis undulato
+micis argenteis adsperso Boerh. Ludg. I. p. 291. Mesembryanthemum
+chrystallinum Sp. pl. 480. <i>Diamond
+Ficoides.</i> The flowers of this plant open at
+nine or ten, and close at three or four in the afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>11. Ficoides Africana folio tereti in villos radiatos
+abeunte. Tourn. Mesembryanthemum barbatum Sp.
+pl. 482. The flowers of this species expand at seven
+or eight in the morning, and close about two in the
+afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>12. Ficoides folio tereti Neapolitana flore candido
+Herm. Ludg. 252. Kali Crassulæ minoris foliis C. B.
+pin. 289. Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum Sp. pl.
+480. The flowers of this plant open at ten or eleven
+in the morning, and close at three in the afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>13. Mesembryanthemum folio linguiformi latiore
+Dillen. Hort. Elth. Mesembryanthemum linguiforme
+Sp. pl. 488. <i>Ficoides with a tongue-shaped leaf.</i>
+These open at seven or eight in the morning, and
+are closed about three in the afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>14. Nymphæa alba J. B. III. 770. Raii Syn. 368.
+Nymphæa alba Sp. pl. 510. Fl. Suec. 2. Nº. 470.
+<i>White Water Lily.</i> This plant grows in rivers,
+ponds, and ditches, and the flowers lie upon the surface
+of the water. At their time of expansion, which
+is about seven in the morning, the stalk is erected,
+and the flower more elevated above the surface. In
+this situation it continues till about four in the afternoon,
+when the flower sinks to the surface of the
+water, and closes again.</p>
+
+<p>15. Papaver erraticum nudicaule flore flavo odorato
+Dillen. Hort. Elth. 302. Papaver nudicaule Sp.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_512">[512]</span>
+pl. p. 507. <i>Wild Poppy with a naked stalk and a
+yellow sweet-smelling flower.</i> The flower of this
+plant opens at five in the morning, and closes at
+seven in the evening.</p>
+
+<p>16. Alyssoides incanum, foliis sinuatis Tourn. Inst.
+213. Alyssum sinuatum Sp. pl. 651. <i>Hoary Madwort
+with sinuated leaves.</i> The flowers of this plant
+expand between the hours of six and eight in the
+morning, and close at four in the afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>17. Abutilon repens alceæ foliis, flore helvolo
+Dillen. Hort. Elth. 5. Malva Caroliniana Sp. pl. 688.
+<i>Creeping Indian Mallow with leaves like Vervain
+Mallow, and a flesh-coloured flower.</i> These open at
+nine or ten in the morning, and close at one in the
+afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>18. Tragopogon luteum Ger. 595. Raii Syn. 171.
+Tragopogon pratense Sp. pl. 789. <i>Yellow Goats
+Beard</i>, or <i>Go-to-bed-at-noon</i>. The latter of these
+names was given to this plant long since, on account
+of this remarkable property. The flowers open in
+general about three or four o’clock, and close again
+about nine or ten, in the morning. These flowers
+will perform their <i>vigiliæ</i>, if set in a phial of water,
+within doors for several mornings successively; and I
+have sometimes observed them to be quite closed,
+from their utmost state of expansion, in less than a
+quarter of an hour. It flowers in June.</p>
+
+<p>19. Tragopogon gramineis foliis, hirsutis. C. B.
+pin. 275. Raii. Hist. Plant. 253. <i>Rose-coloured Goats
+Beard.</i> These open between five and six in the
+morning, and close about eleven. Tragopog. hybridum
+Sp. plant. 789.</p>
+
+<p>20. Tragopogon, calycibus corolla brevioribus inermibus,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_513">[513]</span>
+ foliis lyrato-sinuatis. Hort. Ups. 244. Sp.
+pl. 790. Hall. Hort. Gotting. 2. p. 419. The flowers
+of this plant open at six or seven in the morning,
+and shut between the hours of twelve and four in
+the afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>21. Sonchus Tingitanus papaveris folio. Tourn.
+Raii Suppl. 137. Scorzonera Tingitana Sp. pl. 791.
+<i>African Sowthistle with a poppy leaf.</i> This plant
+opens its flowers between four and six in the morning,
+and closes them in about three hours.</p>
+
+<p>22. Sonchus repens, multis hieracium majus J. B.
+II. 1017. Raii Syn. 163. Sonchus arvensis Sp. pl.
+793. <i>Tree Sowthistle.</i> These flowers expand about
+six or seven, and close between eleven and twelve in
+the forenoon. This is common in corn-fields, and
+flowers in June, July, and August.</p>
+
+<p>23. Sonchus lævis Ger. Raii Syn. 161. Sonchus
+oleraceus Sp. pl. 794. <i>Smooth or unprickly Sowthistle,
+Hares Lettuce.</i> These open about five in the morning,
+and close again at eleven or twelve.</p>
+
+<p>24. Sonchus lævis laciniatus cæruleus C. B. pin.
+124. Raii Hist. pl. 225. Sonchus alpinus Sp. pl. 794.
+<i>Blue-flowered Mountain Sowthistle.</i> These open about
+seven, and close about noon.</p>
+
+<p>25. Sonchus tricubitalis, folio cuspidato Merr. pin.
+Raii Syn. 163. Sonchus asper arborescens C. B. pin.
+124. Sonchus palustris Sp. pl. 793. <i>The greatest
+Marsh tree Sowthistle.</i> It expands its flowers about
+six or seven, and closes them about two in the afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>26. Lactuca sativa C. B. pin. 122. Sp. pl. 795.
+<i>Garden Lettuce</i>, opens its flowers about seven, and
+closes them about ten, in the forenoon.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_514">[514]</span></p>
+
+<p>27. Dens leonis Ger. 228. Raii Syn. 170. Leontodon
+Taraxacum Sp. pl. 798. <i>Dandelion.</i> It expands
+at five or six, and closes at eight or nine, in
+the forenoon. This flowers early in the spring, and
+again in the autumn.</p>
+
+<p>28. Dens leonis hirsutus leptocaulos, Hieracium
+dictus. Raii Syn. 171. Leontodon hispidum Sp. pl.
+799. <i>Rough Dandelion</i>, or <i>Dandelion Hawkweed</i>.
+This plant opens its flower about four in the morning,
+and keeps it expanded till three in the afternoon.
+In May.</p>
+
+<p>29. Hieracium minus præmorsa radice. Park. 794.
+Raii Syn. 164. Leontodon autumnale. Sp. pl. 799.
+<i>Hawkweed with bitten roots</i>, or <i>Yellow Devil’s-bit</i>.
+The flowers open about seven, and keep in an expanded
+state till about three in the afternoon. It
+flowers in July and August.</p>
+
+<p>30. Pilosella repens Ger. 573. Raii Syn. 170.
+Hieracium Pilosella Sp. pl. 800. <i>Common creeping
+Mouse-ear.</i> It opens about eight in the morning,
+and closes about two in the afternoon. Very common
+on dry pastures, flowering in June and July.</p>
+
+<p>31. Hieracium murorum folio pilosissimo C. B.
+pin. 129. Raii Syn. 168. Hieracium murorum Sp.
+pl. 802. The flowers of this plant expand about
+six or seven, and close about two in the afternoon.
+Upon old walls, flowering in June and July. This
+is called in English, <i>French</i> or <i>Golden Lungwort</i>.</p>
+
+<p>32. Hieracium fruticosum angustifolium majus.
+C. B. pin. 129. Hieracium umbellatum Sp. pl. 804.
+<i>Narrow-leaved bushy Hawkweed.</i> The flowers of
+this species expand about six in the morning, and
+remain open till five in the afternoon.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_515">[515]</span></p>
+
+<p>33. Hieracium fruticosum latifolium hirsutum C.
+B. pin. 129. Raii Syn. p. 167. Hieracium sabaudum
+Sp. pl. 804. <i>Bushy Hawkweed with broad
+rough leaves.</i> These flowers are in their expanded
+state from about seven in the morning till one or two
+in the afternoon. In woods, flowering in June and
+July.</p>
+
+<p>34. Hieracium montanum cichorii folio. Raii. Syn.
+p. 166. Hieracium paludosum Sp. pl. 638. Fl. Suec.
+2. Nº. 702. <i>Succory-leaved Mountain Hawkweed.</i>
+The flowers expand about six in the morning, and
+close about five in the afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>35. Hieracium hortense floribus atro-purpurascentibus
+C. B. pin. 128. Hieracium aurantiacum Sp.
+pl. 801. <i>Garden Hawkweed with deep purple flowers</i>,
+or <i>Sweet Indian Mouse-ear</i>. The flowers are in
+their expanded state from six or seven in the morning
+till three or four in the afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>36. Hieracium luteum glabrum, sive minus hirsutum.
+J. B. Raii Syn. 165. Crepis tectorum Sp.
+pl. 807. <i>Smooth Succory Hawkweed.</i> The flowers
+of this plant expand about four in the morning, and
+close about noon.</p>
+
+<p>37. Hieracium Alpinum Scorzoneræ folio Tourn.
+Inst. 472. Crepis Alpina Sp. pl. 806. <i>Mountain
+Hawkweed with a vipers-grass leaf.</i> These open
+about five or six, and close at eleven in the forenoon.</p>
+
+<p>38. Hieracium dentis leonis folio, flore suave-rubente,
+C. B. pin. 127. Raii hist. pl. 231. Crepis rubra
+Sp. pl. 806. <i>Hawkweed of Apulia with a flesh-coloured
+flower.</i> The flowers remain in their expanded
+state from six or seven in the morning till
+one or two in the afternoon.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_516">[516]</span></p>
+
+<p>39. Hieracium echioides, capitulis cardui benedicti
+C. B. pin. 128. Raii Syn. 166. Picris echioides
+Sp. pl. 792. <i>Lang de bœuf.</i> On banks about hedges,
+and about the borders of fields, flowering in August.
+These expand about four or five in the morning, and
+never close before noon: sometimes they remain
+open till nine at night.</p>
+
+<p>40. Hieracium Alpinum latifolium hirsutie incanum
+flore magno. C. B. pin. 128. Raii Syn. p. 167.
+Hypochæris maculata Sp. pl. 810. <i>Broad-leaved
+Hungarian Hawkweed.</i> These flowers are in their
+vigilating state from six in the morning till four in
+the afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>41. Hieracium ramosum, floribus amplis, calycibus
+valde hirsutis, foliis oblongis obtusis: dentibus
+majoribus inæqualibus incisis Raii Suppl. 144. 76.
+Hypochæris Achyrophorus Sp. pl. 810. This plant
+opens its flowers about seven or eight in the morning,
+and closes them about two in the afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>42. Hieracium minus dentis leonis folio, oblongo
+glabro C. B. pin. 127. Hypochæris glabra Sp. pl.
+811. These expand about nine in the morning, and
+close about twelve or one o’clock.</p>
+
+<p>43. Hieracium falcatum alterum Raii Hist. 256.
+Lapsana calycibus fructus undique patentibus, radiis
+subulatis, foliis lyratis Hort. Ups. 245. Sp. pl. 812.
+The flowers open at five or six, and close between
+the hours of ten and one.</p>
+
+<p>44. Hedypnois annua Tourn. Inst. 478. Hyoseris
+hedypnois Sp. pl. 809. The flowers open at seven
+or eight, and close again at two in the afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>45. Hieracium montanum alterum leptomacrocaulon
+Col. Raii Hist. 234. Lapsana chondrilloides<span class="pagenum" id="Page_517">[517]</span>
+Sp. pl. 812. <i>Mountain Hawkweed with long slender
+stalks and small flowers.</i> The flowers are in their
+expanded or vigilating state from five or six in the
+morning till about ten.</p>
+
+<p>46. Cichoreum sylvestre Ger. em. 284. Raii Syn.
+172. Cichorium Intybus Sp. pl. 813. <i>Wild Succory.</i>
+On the borders of fields, flowering in August and
+September. The flowers open about eight in the
+forenoon, and keep expanded till about four in the
+afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>47. Calendula arvensis C. B. pin. 275. Raii Hist.
+338. Calendula officinalis Sp. pl. 921. <i>Wild Marigold.</i>
+The flowers expand from nine in the morning
+till three in the afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>48. Calendula foliis dentatis Roy. Ludg. 177.
+Miller, p. 50. Tab. 75. f. 1. Calendula pluvialis Sp.
+pl. 921. <i>Marigold with indented leaves.</i> The
+flowers expand from seven in the morning till three
+or four in the afternoon. Linnæus observes of this
+plant, that if its flowers do not expand about their
+usual time in the morning, it will almost assuredly
+rain that day; with this restriction indeed, that the
+plant is not affected by thunder showers. Phil. Bot.
+275.</p>
+
+<p>49. Sonchus pedunculis squamatis, foliis lanceolatis
+indivisis sessilibus. Hort. Upsal. 244. Flor. Suec.
+2. Nº. 690. Lactuca Salicis folio, flore cæruleo.
+Amman. ruth. 211. Of this plant it is remarked,
+that whenever the flowers are in the expanded
+state in the night-time, the following day generally
+proves rainy.</p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_518">[518]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXVI. <i>An Account of the Case of a Boy
+troubled with convulsive Fits cured by the
+Discharge of Worms. By the Rev.</i> Richard
+Oram, <i>M. A. Chaplain to the Lord
+Bishop of</i> Ely.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read Jan. 26,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">JOseph, son of John and Mary Postle,
+of Ingham in the county of Norfolk,
+was subject to convulsive fits from his infancy;
+which were common and tolerable till he was about
+seven years of age. About that time they began to
+attack him in all the varieties that can be conceived.
+Sometimes he was thrown upon the ground; sometimes
+he was twirled round like a top by them; at
+others he would spring upwards to a considerable
+height, <i>&c.</i> and once he leaped over an iron bar,
+that was placed purposely before the fire to prevent
+his falling into it. He was much burned; but was
+rendered so habitually stupid by his fits, that he never
+expressed the least sense of pain after this accident.
+His intellect was so much impaired, and almost
+destroyed, by the frequency and violence of his
+fits, that he scarce seemed to be conscious of any
+thing. He did not acknowlege his father or mother
+by any expressions or signs; nor seemed to distinguish
+them from other people. If at any time he escaped
+out of the house without the observation of the family,
+he had not understanding to find and return to
+it; but would pursue the direction or road he first
+took, and sometimes lose himself. Once he was
+missing for a whole night; and found the next<span class="pagenum" id="Page_519">[519]</span>
+morning in the middle of a fen, stuck fast in mud as
+deep as his breast. He was very voracious, and would
+frequently call for something to eat; which was the
+only indication he gave of his knowing any thing. No
+kind of filth or nastiness can be conceived, which he
+would not eat or drink without distinction. He appeared
+to be as ill as he really was; for he was become
+a most shocking spectacle. He was so much emaciated,
+that he seemed to have no flesh upon his bones;
+and his body so distorted, that he was rendered quite
+a cripple. His parents consulted a physician at Norwich,
+who very judiciously (as it will appear) considered
+his disorder as a worm-case, and prescribed
+for it accordingly; but (being afraid, I presume, to
+give too violent medicines to the boy) without success.
+In short, he was so singularly afflicted, that
+his parents told me they could not help thinking him
+under some evil influence.</p>
+
+<p>It was observed, that his disorder varied, and grew
+worse, at certain periods of the moon.</p>
+
+<p>In these miserable circumstances the poor boy continued
+to languish, till he was about eleven years of
+age (July 1757), when he accidentally found a mixture
+of white lead<a id="FNanchor_18" href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> and oil, which had some time
+before been prepared for some purpose of painting,
+set by on a shelf, and placed, as it was thought, out
+of his reach. There was near half a pint of this
+mixture when he found it; and, as he did not leave
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_520">[520]</span>much, it is thought he swallowed about a quarter
+of a pint of it. There was also some lamp-black in
+the composition; which was added to give it a proper
+colour for the particular use it was intended for
+in painting. It was, as I suppose it usually is, linseed
+oil, which had been mixed with the lead and lamp-black.</p>
+
+<p>The draught began to operate very soon, by vomiting
+and purging him for near 24 hours in the most
+violent manner. A large quantity of black inky
+matter was discharged; and an infinite number of
+worms, almost as small as threads, were voided.
+These operations were so intense, that his life was
+despaired of. But he has not only survived them,
+but experienced a most wonderful change and improvement
+after them: for his parents assured me in
+November 1757, when I saw him, that he had daily
+grown better from the time of his drinking the mixture,
+both in body and mind. Instead of a skeleton,
+as he almost was before, he is become fat, and rather
+corpulent: and his appetite is no longer ravenous,
+but moderate and common. His body too is
+become straight and erect. His understanding is at
+least as much benefited by this peculiar remedy. It
+cannot be expected, that he should already have attained
+much knowlege, as he seemed, before he was
+so wonderfully relieved, to be almost destitute of
+ideas. But he appeared, when I saw him, to have
+acquired nearly as much knowlege in four months,
+as children usually do in four years; and to reason
+pretty well on those things, which he knew. He is
+now capable of being employed on many occasions;
+is often sent a mile or two on errands, which he discharges<span class="pagenum" id="Page_521">[521]</span>
+ as carefully, and then returns as safely, as
+any person.</p>
+
+<p>It is farther remarkable, that the boy’s mother,
+her father, and sister, are frequently infested with
+worms. Her father, tho’ about 60 years of age, is
+still much troubled with them: the worms, which
+he voids, appear flat, and much larger than those,
+which his children have observed. Her sister is often
+exceedingly disordered by them. About three months
+since they threw her into violent convulsions, and for
+some time deprived her of her senses. But the mother
+of the boy has been affected in a more extraordinary
+manner than the rest. About 20 years ago
+she voided some worms, which forced their way
+thro’ the pores of the skin, as it is supposed; for
+they were found in small clusters under her arms.
+As she was very young then, she does not remember
+how she was particularly affected; only, that she
+suffered violent struggles and convulsions. She is
+still, about five or six times in a year, seized with
+fainting fits, which usually attack her in bed, and
+last three or four minutes; but she cannot certainly
+say, tho’ there is very little reason to doubt, that
+they are occasioned by worms.</p>
+
+<h3 class="hang nobreak"><i>An Account of the same Subject, in a Letter from
+Mr.</i> John Gaze, <i>of</i> Walket, <i>in the County of</i>
+Norfolk, <i>to Mr.</i> Wm. Arderon, <i>F.R.S. Communicated
+by Mr.</i> Henry Baker, <i>F.R.S.</i></h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read Jan. 26,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">JOseph Postle, son of John Postle, of
+Ingham in Norfolk, until about the
+age of seven years was an healthy well-looking<span class="pagenum" id="Page_522">[522]</span>
+child; but about that age was afflicted with stoppages,
+which often threw him into convulsive fits, and at
+last rendered him quite an idiot. He continued in
+this condition for about four years, eating and drinking
+all that time any thing that came in his way,
+even his own excrements, if not narrowly watched.
+His father took the advice of several eminent physicians,
+both at Norwich and elsewhere; but all their
+prescriptions proved of no service.</p>
+
+<p>About the beginning of August last he happened
+to get at a painting-pot, wherein there was about a
+pound of white lead and lamp-black mixed up with
+linseed oil. This he eat almost all up before he was
+discovered. It vomited and purged him, and brought
+away prodigious numbers of small worms. In a
+few days he grew well, his senses returned, and he
+is now able to give as rational answers as can be expected
+from a boy of his age. His appetite is good,
+he is very brisk, and has not had the least return of
+his former disorder.</p>
+
+<p>I heard of the above by several people; but not
+being satisfied, got my friend to go to Mr. Postle’s
+house, of whom he had the foregoing account.</p>
+
+<p>January 12th, 1758.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_523">[523]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXVII. <i>An Account of the extraordinary
+Heat of the Weather in</i> July 1757, <i>and
+of the Effects of it. In a Letter from</i>
+John Huxham, <i>M. D. F.R.S. to</i> Wm.
+Watson, <i>M. D. F.R.S.</i></h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read Feb. 2,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">I Find by your letter, that the heat at
+London was not so great in the beginning
+of July 1757, as at Plymouth by two or
+three degrees of Fahrenheit’s thermometer. We had
+again, after much rain at the close of the month, and
+in the beginning of August, excessive heat; <i>viz.</i> on
+the 8th, 9th, and 10th of August; which mounted
+the mercury in that thermometer to 85; nay, on the
+9th, to near 86. I never before remember the mercury
+in that thermometer to exceed 84; and that is
+even here a very extraordinary degree of heat.</p>
+
+<p>The consequences of this extremely hot season
+were hæmorrhages from several parts of the body;
+the nose especially in men and children, and the
+uterus in women. Sudden and violent pains of the
+head, and vertigo, profuse sweats, great debility and
+oppression of the spirits, affected many. There
+were putrid fevers in great abundance; and a vast
+quantity of fluxes of the belly both bilious and
+bloody, with which the fevers also were commonly
+attended. These fevers were always ushered in by
+severe pains of the head, back, and stomach; vomitings
+of green and sometimes of black bile, with vast
+oppression of the <i>præcordia</i>, continual anxiety, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_524">[524]</span>
+want of sleep. These were soon succeeded by <i>tremores
+tendinum</i>, <i>subsultus</i>, delirium, or stupor. The
+pulse was commonly very quick, but seldom tense
+or strong; was sometimes heavy and undose. The
+blood oftentimes florid, but loose; sometimes livid,
+very rarely sizy: in some however, at the very attack,
+it was pretty dense and florid. The tongue
+was generally foul, brown, and sometimes blackish;
+and towards the crisis often dry. The urine was
+commonly high coloured, and in small quantity;
+frequently turbid, and towards the end deposed a
+great deal of lateritious sediment. A vast number
+were seized with this fever, during, and soon after,
+the excessive heats; tho’ but few died in proportion.
+Long and great heats always very much exalt the
+acrimony of the bilious humours; of which we had
+this summer abundant instances.</p>
+
+<p>Bleeding early was generally beneficial; profuse,
+always hurtful, especially near the state of the fever.</p>
+<hr />
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXVIII. <i>An Account of the fossile Thigh-bone
+of a large Animal, dug up at</i> Stonesfield,
+<i>near</i> Woodstock, <i>in</i> Oxfordshire. <i>In a
+Letter to Mr.</i> Peter Collinson, <i>F.R.S.
+from Mr.</i> Joshua Platt.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+Dear Sir,
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read Feb. 2,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">ABOUT three years ago I sent you
+some <i>vertebræ</i> of an enormous size,
+which were found in the slate-stone pit at Stonesfield,
+near Woodstock, in this county.</p>
+<div class="sync"></div>
+<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="facing525" style="max-width: 182.6875em;">
+<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XIX"></a>XIX. <i>p. <a href="#Page_525">525</a></i>.</div>
+ <img class="w100" src="images/facing525.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="right"><i><span class="small">J. Mynde sc.</span></i></div>
+</div>
+<div class="sync"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_525">[525]</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>I have lately been so lucky as to procure from the
+same place the thigh-bone of a large animal, which
+probably belonged to the same creature, or one of the
+same genus, with the <i>vertebræ</i> above-mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>As the bone, and the stone, in which it is bedded,
+weigh no less than two hundred pounds, I have sent
+you a drawing of it (<i>See</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a href="#XIX">XIX.</a>); from which,
+and the following short description, you may, I hope,
+form some idea of this wonderful fossile.</p>
+
+<p>The bone is 29 inches in length; its diameter,
+at the extremity of the two trochanters, is 8 inches;
+at the lower extremity the condyles form a surface
+of 6 inches. The lesser trochanter is so well expressed
+in the drawing, that you cannot mistake it;
+and both the extremities appear to be a little rubbed
+by the fluctuating water, in which I apprehend it
+lay some time before the great jumble obtained,
+which brought it to this place; and from whence I
+imagine it to have been part of a skeleton before the
+flood. For if it had been corroded by any menstruum
+in the earth, or during the great conflux of
+water before the draining of the earth, it must have
+suffered in other parts as well as at each end: but
+as the extremities only are injured, we can attribute
+such a partial effect to the motion of the water only,
+which caused it to rub and strike against the sand,
+<i>&c.</i></p>
+
+<p>The small trochanter was broken in lifting it out
+of the hamper, in which it was brought to me; but
+not unhappily; since all the <i>cancelli</i> were by that
+means discovered to be filled with a sparry matter,
+that fixed the stone of the stratum, in which it lay.
+The outward coat or cortex is smooth, and of a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_526">[526]</span>
+dusky brown colour, resembling that of the stone, in
+which it is bedded.</p>
+
+<p>One half of the bone is buried in the stone; yet
+enough of it is exposed to shew, that it is the thigh-bone
+of an animal of greater bulk than the largest
+ox. I have compared it with the recent thigh-bone
+of an elephant; but could observe little or no resemblance
+between them. If I may be allowed to
+assume the liberty, in which fossilists are often indulged,
+and to hazard a vague conjecture of my
+own, I would say it may probably have belonged to
+the hippopotamus, to the rhinoceros, or some such
+large animal, of whose anatomy we have not yet a
+competent knowlege.</p>
+
+<p>The slate-pit, in which this bone was found, is
+about a quarter of a mile north-west from Stonesfield,
+upon the declivity of a rising ground, the
+upper stratum of which is a vegetable mould about
+eight or ten inches thick: under this is a bed of
+rubble, with a mixture of sand and clay, very coarse,
+about six feet deep, in which are a great number of
+<i>anomiæ</i> both plain and striated, and many small oblong
+oysters, which the workmen call the sickle-oyster,
+some of them being found crooked, and
+bearing some resemblance to that instrument; but
+all differing from the <i>curvi-rostra</i><a id="FNanchor_19" href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> of Moreton.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately under this stratum of rubble is a bed
+of soft grey stone, of no use; but containing the
+<i>echini ovarii</i>, with great <i>mamillæ</i>, the <i>clypeati</i> of
+different sizes, all well preserved; and also many
+<i>anomiæ</i> and <i>pectines</i>. This bed, which is about seven
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_527">[527]</span> or eight feet in depth, lies immediately above
+the stratum of stone, in which the bone was found.</p>
+
+<p>This stratum is never wrought by the workmen,
+being arenarious, and too soft for their use. It is
+about four or five feet thick, and forms a kind of
+roof to them, as they dig out the stone, of which
+the slates are formed; for they work these pits in the
+same manner as they do the coal-pits, leaving pillars
+at proper distances to keep their roof from falling in.</p>
+
+<p>This last bed of slate-stone is about five feet depth,
+and lower than this they never dig. So that the whole
+depth of the pit amounts to about 24 or 25 feet.</p>
+
+<p>It was by working out the slate-stone, that this
+bone was discovered sticking to the roof of the pit,
+where the men were pursuing their work; and with
+a great deal of caution, and no less pains, they got
+it down intire, but attached to a large piece of stone;
+and in this state it now remains in my possession.</p>
+
+<p>There is no water in the works, but such as descends
+from the surface thro’ perpendicular fissures;
+and the whole is spent in forming the stalactites and
+stalagmites, of which there is great variety, and
+whose dimensions are constantly increasing. One of
+the workmen has been so curious, as to mark the
+time of the growth of some of them for several
+years past.</p>
+
+<p>I am, with the greatest esteem,</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+Dear Sir,<br />
+
+<span class="margin">Your ever obedient,</span><br />
+<span class="margina">and most humble Servant,</span><br />
+
+<span class="marginb"><span class="large">Joshua Platt.</span></span></p>
+<p>
+Oxon,
+Jan. 20. 1758.
+</p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_528">[528]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXIX. <i>A Discourse on the Usefulness of Inoculation
+of the horned Cattle to prevent
+the contagious Distemper among them. In
+a Letter to the Right Hon.</i> George <i>Earl
+of</i> Macclesfield, <i>P. R. S. from</i> Daniel
+Peter Layard, <i>M. D. F.R.S.</i></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+My Lord,
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read Feb. 2,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">THE honour you have done me, in
+condescending to peruse my Essay
+on the contagious Distemper among the horned
+Cattle, claims my most respectful thanks; and I am
+no less obliged to your Lordship for the just remark
+you made, “That before inoculation could be practised
+on the horned Cattle, it is necessary to bring
+proofs, that this disease is not susceptible more
+than once; and also assurances, that a recovery
+from the distemper by inoculation guards the beast
+from a second infection.”</p>
+
+<p>An intire conviction of the analogy between this
+disease and the small-pox would not permit me to
+omit mentioning the great advantages, which must
+arise from inoculation; and therefore, my Lord, I
+recommend its use: nor do I find any reason to alter
+my opinion, after having carefully read over what
+has been published, and made the strictest inquiry I
+was able in several parts of Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p>I shall, in the concisest manner possible, submit
+the following particulars to your Lordship’s consideration,
+and the learned Society, over which you so
+deservedly preside.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_529">[529]</span></p>
+
+<p>The Marquis de Courtivron, in two memoirs read
+before the Royal Academy of Sciences in the year
+1748, and published by that learned body, relates
+the observations he, together with Monsieur Pelversier
+de Gombeau, formerly surgeon to the regiment
+de la Sarre, made on the rise, progress, and
+fatality, of the contagious distemper at Issurtille,
+a town in Burgundy; to which are added experiments
+they made, by application, digestion, and
+inoculation, towards communicating the disease;
+and concludes from the failure of these attempts,
+that the distemper can only be communicated from
+one beast to another. Besides, notwithstanding the
+Marquis observes<a id="FNanchor_20" href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> the regularity of the illness, the
+critical days, on the seventh and ninth, and particularly
+that all such as recovered had more or fewer
+pustules broke out in different parts of the body;
+yet<a id="FNanchor_21" href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> he will not allow of Rammazzini’s opinion,
+of the analogy between this distemper and the small-pox,
+nor that it is an eruptive fever; but ranks it
+as a plague.</p>
+
+<p>But the Marquis goes still farther. He positively
+say,<a id="FNanchor_22" href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> “That in the preceding years, in the provinces
+of Bresse, Maconnois, and Bugey, some private
+persons had suffered by buying cattle recovered
+from the distemper, which had, at that time,
+the pustules remaining on them: which cattle had
+the distemper afterwards.” Nay, he adds that
+“even after recovering twice, a third infection has
+seized and killed many.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_530">[530]</span></p>
+
+<p>No wonder, my Lord, that such positive assertions
+should stagger, and cause the practice of inoculation
+not to be received, till the nature of the disease be
+absolutely determined, and facts prove the contrary
+of what has been asserted.</p>
+
+<p>In a matter of so great importance to every nation,
+it were to be wished, that the Marquis de Courtivron
+had produced attested observations of these second
+and third infections: for tho’ a nobleman of his rank,
+character, and great abilities, would not willingly
+impose upon the world; yet it may happen, that he
+may have received wrong informations.</p>
+
+<p>As to the nature, rise, progress, and fatality, of
+this distemper at Issurtille, it appears to be the same
+disease as raged in these kingdoms. All the symptoms
+agree, as described by Rammazzini, Lancisi,
+the Marquis, and in my Essay. A distempered beast
+gave rise to the three infections. The illness was
+every-where the same in Italy, France, and Britain;
+and either terminated <i>fatally</i> on the fourth or fifth
+day, when a scouring prevented the salutary eruptions,
+or in some cases by abortion; and on the seventh or
+ninth <i>favourably</i>, when the pustules had regularly
+taken their course. Tho’ the Marquis did not observe,
+that any particular medicines were of use, he
+says, that in general acids were beneficial, especially
+poor thin wines somewhat sour; and that the distempered
+beasts were all fond of these acids<a id="FNanchor_23" href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The fatality was likewise the same, as will appear
+from the Marquis’s tables. Of 192 head of cattle,
+176 died. The mortality was chiefly among the fat
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_531">[531]</span>cattle, cows with calf, and young sucking or yearling
+calves; and of the surviving sixteen, only two calves
+out of seventy-seven lived, and these two, with seven
+other beasts of the sixteen, escaped the infection, tho’
+constantly among the diseased: so that it is plain,</p>
+
+<table><tr><td>Of 192 beasts,</td> <td class="tdr">176</td> <td>died</td> </tr>
+<tr><td> </td><td class="tdr">7</td> <td>recovered</td></tr>
+<tr><td> </td><td class="tdr bb">9</td> <td>escaped the infection.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> </td>
+<td class="tdr">192</td><td> </td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The mortality was as considerable in these kingdoms.</p>
+
+<p>Whoever will compare the appearances, progress,
+and fatality, of the small-pox, with what is remarked
+by authors of authority, as Rammazzini and Lancisi,
+and other observers, relative to the contagious distemper
+among the horned cattle, will not be at a
+loss one moment to determine, whether this disease
+be an eruptive fever, like unto the small-pox, or not.</p>
+
+<p>Now if, as the Marquis has granted in both his
+memoirs<a id="FNanchor_24" href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a>, it be a general observation, that an
+eruption of pustules on some parts of the body, regularly
+thrown out, digested, and dried, is the means
+used by nature to effect the cure; and that in general
+the morbid matter does not affect the parotid, inguinal,
+or other glands, nor produce large carbuncles
+and abscesses, as the plague does: Nay more, since it
+is observed by the Marquis, that the difference between
+the contagious distemper of 1745 and 1746,
+and of 1747 and 1748, was, that in the former the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_532">[532]</span>salutary eruptions appeared, but in the latter were,
+as he justly apprehends, checked by the excessive
+cold weather; and should it appear, that by inoculation
+the same regular eruptive fever has been produced,
+with every stage, and the same symptoms as
+arise in the small-pox; the nature of this distemper
+will then be ascertained.</p>
+
+<p>I shall now proceed, my Lord, to lay before your
+Lordship and the Society the accounts I have received
+relating to the infection and inoculation of the cattle,
+and make some observations on the experiments made
+at Issurtille.</p>
+
+<p>So long, my Lord, as the distemper has raged in
+Great Britain, not one attested proof has been brought
+of any beast having this disease regularly more than
+once. I make no doubt but these creatures may be
+liable to eruptions of different kinds; but as all sorts
+of eruptions, says Dr. Mead<a id="FNanchor_25" href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a>, are not the small-pox,
+nor measles, so every pustule is not a sign of
+the plague. Thro’ ignorance, or fraud, persons may
+have been deceived in purchasing cattle, and have lost
+them, as well in England as in the provinces of
+France mentioned by the Marquis; but until a second
+infection be proved, the general opinion must
+prevail in this case, as in the small-pox: for tho’
+many have insisted on the same thing with regard to
+the small-pox, yet a single instance, properly vouched
+and attested, has never been produced, either after
+recovery from the natural way, or from inoculation;
+unless what is frequently the case with nurses and
+others attending the small-pox, that is, pustules
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_533">[533]</span>breaking out in their arms and face, be allowed as
+the signs of a second infection.</p>
+
+<p>The farmers and graziers in Huntingdonshire,
+Cambridgeshire, Lincolnshire, Kent, and Yorkshire,
+from whence I have written testimonies, all agree,
+that they never knew of a beast having the contagious
+distemper more than once. In this county
+particularly, Mr. J. Mehew, the farmer mentioned in
+my Essay, has now among his stock at Godmanchester
+<i>eight cows</i>, which had the contagious distemper
+the first time it appeared in Godmanchester in 1746.
+It returned in 1749, 1755, and 1756; the two last
+not so generally over the town as the two former
+years. All these four times Mr. Mehew suffered by
+the loss of his cattle; yet those <i>eight cows</i>, which
+recovered in 1746, remained all the while the distemper
+was in the farm the three years it raged,
+were in the midst of the sick cattle, lay with them
+in the same barns, eat of the same fodder, nay of
+such as the distempered beasts had left and slabbered
+upon, drank after them, and constantly received their
+breath and steams, without ever being in the least
+affected. Is not this a convincing proof? If in general
+the cattle be susceptible of a second infection,
+how comes it, that not one of these <i>eight</i> cows were
+affected?</p>
+
+<p>In the years abovementioned the distemper spared
+no beast, but such as had recovered from that disease:
+and this is confirmed to me by Mr. Mehew’s
+father and brother, all the chief farmers of Godmanchester,
+and is the opinion of all the farmers and
+graziers in Huntingdonshire, who are so thoroughly
+convinced of there being no second infection, that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_534">[534]</span>
+they are always ready to give an advanced price for
+such cattle as have recovered from the contagious distemper.</p>
+
+<p>The Rev. Mr. Scaife, assistant to the Rev. Dr.
+Greene, Dean of Salisbury, in his parish of Cottenham,
+Cambridgeshire, acquaints me, that the farmers
+in that neighbourhood lost, in 1746 and 1747, twelve
+hundred head of cattle, in 1751 four hundred and
+seventy; and tells me, that Mr. Ivett, Sayers, Moor,
+Dent, Lawson, chief farmers at Cottenham, Mr.
+Taylor, Sumpter, and Matthews, of his own parish
+of Histon, and the farmers of Wivelingham alias
+Willingham, unanimously declare, they never had
+one instance of a beast having the distemper twice.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Thorpe, a farmer and grazier near Gainsborough
+in Lincolnshire, has had beasts recovered from
+the distemper, which have herded with cattle fallen
+ill afterwards, and never met with a single instance
+of a second infection.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lostie, an eminent surgeon at Canterbury, has
+inquired for me of the farmers and graziers in that
+part of Kent, and about Romney-Marsh; and from
+whence no belief of a second infection can be had.</p>
+
+<p>The Rev. Dr. Fountayne, Dean of York, writes
+me word, that no beast has been known, in his
+neighbourhood, to have had the distemper twice.
+And several persons from that county, and others,
+have told me the same thing.</p>
+
+<p>If the above testimony of persons of character and
+veracity, together with the concurrent persuasion of
+farmers in general, be allowed of, it must be determined,
+that there is no instance of a second infection.
+Supposing now it should appear, that this distemper<span class="pagenum" id="Page_535">[535]</span>
+is regularly, as in the natural way, tho’ in a milder
+manner, produced by inoculation, and that inoculation
+secures a beast also from a second infection;
+then undoubtedly inoculation will be recommendable.</p>
+
+<p>The very few trials made in England, and those
+not with the greatest exactness or propriety, will yet
+serve to put this matter out of all doubt.</p>
+
+<p>The Rev. Dean of York had five beasts inoculated,
+by means of a skein of cotton dipped in the matter,
+and passed thro’ a hole, like a seaton, in the dew-lap.
+Of these five, one cow near the time of calving died:
+the other four, after going thro’ the several stages of
+this contagious disease, recovered; two of which,
+being cows young with calf, did not slip their calves.
+All four have herded with distempered cattle a long
+while, and never had the least symptom of a second
+infection.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bewley, a surgeon of reputation in Lincolnshire,
+inoculated three beasts two years old, for Mr.
+Wigglesworth of Manton, in the dew-lap, and with
+<i>mucus</i> from the nostrils. All three had the regular
+symptoms of the contagious distemper in a mild
+manner, recovered, and tho’ they herded a twelvemonth
+after with five or six distempered beasts, they
+never were the least affected. Mr. Bewley also declared
+to Mr. Thorpe, that there never was one instance
+produced, that he knew of, of a second infection.</p>
+
+<p>Since it is plain, that notwithstanding neither well-digested
+<i>pus</i> was made use of, nor incisions made in
+the properest places, and it may be supposed few
+medicines were given; yet inoculation succeeded so<span class="pagenum" id="Page_536">[536]</span>
+as to bring on the distemper in a regular and mild
+manner, as appears by the cows with calf not slipping
+their calves. One may fairly conclude, that in
+this contagious distemper, like unto the small-pox,
+the practice of inoculation is not only warrantable,
+but much to be recommended.</p>
+
+<p>But how comes it then, that neither by application,
+digestion, nor inoculation, the distemper was
+not communicated in France?</p>
+
+<p>The Marquis says, that this distemper is not communicated
+but from one beast to another immediately.
+I must beg leave to say, that to my knowlege
+the distemper in February 1756 was carried
+from the farm-yard, where I visited some distempered
+cattle, to two other farm-yards, each at a considerable
+distance, without any communication of
+the cattle with each other, and merely by the means
+of servants going to and fro, or of dogs.</p>
+
+<p>The experiments made on four beasts, by tying
+over their heads part of distempered hides, or pieces
+of linen and woollen cloth or silk, which had received
+the breath and steams of dying cattle, serve
+to shew, by the bullock’s forcing off the cloth tied
+about him, that the putrid stench was disagreeable
+to him; but that neither his blood, nor that of the
+other three beasts, was then in a state to receive the
+infection.</p>
+
+<p>With regard to the pustules, which the Marquis
+relates were mixed with oats and bran, or dissolved
+in white wine; the distempered bile, which was
+mixed with milk; milk taken from diseased cows;
+water, in which part of a distempered hide had been
+steeped; and the precaution taken to force these<span class="pagenum" id="Page_537">[537]</span>
+mixtures into the paunch of calves, by means of a
+funnel, whose end was covered with a piece of raw
+distempered skin, that the beast might both swallow
+and suck in the disease. All these experiments could
+have no other effect than what followed; which was,
+that the acrimony of the distempered bile created
+first a <i>nausea</i>, and then produced a violent scouring,
+which killed the beast, leaving marks of its irritation
+on the intestines.</p>
+
+<p>The practice of inoculation is but lately followed,
+and even now but little known, in the provinces of
+France. Its advantages have not long since been
+strangely disputed at Paris. In the case of inoculating
+cattle, instead of a slip of raw hide taken from a
+beast just dead, or putting a pustule into the neck,
+they should either have passed in the dewlap cotton
+or silk dipped in well-digested <i>pus</i>, or have inserted
+in proper incisions cotton-thread or silk soaked with
+<i>pus</i> either on the shoulders or buttocks; the true way
+of inoculating in the English manner. Some persons
+have indeed thought, that to inoculate with the blood
+of the infected would answer the intention; but most
+of the modern practitioners chuse to depend on digested
+matter.</p>
+
+<p>Several constitutions will not receive infection, let
+them be inoculated ever so judiciously. A Ranby,
+a Hawkins, a Middleton, and other inoculators, will
+tell us, that the incisions have sometimes suppurated
+so much, and pustules have appeared round the edges
+of the wound, without any other particular marks of
+the disease; and yet the patient has never had the
+small-pox afterwards. The Marquis mentions an
+instance somewhat of the same kind in his first Memoir,
+p. 147.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_538">[538]</span></p>
+
+<p>The examination of these very important and interesting
+particulars has, I observe, drawn me into a
+prolixity, which I fear may prove tedious to your
+Lordship: but should I have removed all doubts,
+and brought convincing proofs of the absurdity of
+fearing a second infection; should I have shewn inoculation
+to be a necessary practice, and that the
+contagious distemper may be communicated more
+ways than one; I hope your Lordship will excuse
+the length of this letter. I shall only add my earnest
+wishes, that the legislature may, by effectual means,
+prevent the importation of distempered cattle and
+hides into these kingdoms; the only means of naturalizing
+and perpetuating a dreadful distemper, now,
+thank God! much decreased among us.</p>
+
+<p>I am, with the greatest respect,</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+My Lord,<br />
+
+Your Lordship’s<br />
+
+Most humble and most obedient Servant,<br />
+
+<span class="margin"><span class="large">Daniel Peter Layard.</span></span></p>
+<p>
+Huntingdon,
+26 Nov. 1757.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXX. <i>Trigonometry abridged. By the Rev.</i>
+Patrick Murdoch, <i>A. M. F.R.S.</i></h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read Feb. 2,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">THE cases in trigonometry, that can
+properly be called different from
+one another are no more than <i>four</i>; which may be
+resolved by <i>three</i> general rules or theorems, expressed
+in the sines of arcs only; using the supplemental
+triangle as there is occasion.</p>
+<div class="sync"></div>
+<div class="figcenter illowp51" id="facing539" style="max-width: 116.5em;">
+<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XX"></a>XX. <i>p. <a href="#Page_539">539</a></i>.</div>
+ <img class="w100" src="images/facing539.jpg" alt="" />
+ <div class="right"><i><span class="small">J. Mynde sc.</span></i></div>
+</div>
+<div class="sync"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_539">[539]</span></p>
+
+<h3>CASE I.</h3>
+
+<p><i>When of three given parts two stand opposite to
+each other, and the third stands opposite to the part
+required.</i></p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Theorem I.</span></h4>
+
+<p><i>The sines of the sides are proportional to the sines of
+angles opposite to them.</i></p>
+
+<h5><span class="smcap">Demonstration.</span></h5>
+
+<p>Let QR (<span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a href="#XX">XX.</a> <i>Fig.</i> 1.) be the base of a
+spherical triangle; its sides PQ, PR, whose planes
+cut that of the base in the diameters QC<i>q</i>, RC<i>r</i>.
+And if, from the angle P, the line PL is perpendicular
+to the plane of the base, meeting it in L, all
+planes drawn through PL will be perpendicular to
+the same, by 18. <i>el.</i> 11. Let two such planes be
+perpendicular likewise to the semicircles of the sides,
+cutting them in the straight lines PG, PH; and the
+plane of the base in the lines LG, LH.</p>
+
+<p>Then the plane of the triangle PGL being perpendicular
+to the two planes, whose intersection is
+QGC<i>q</i>, the angles PGQ LGQ will be right angles,
+by 19. <i>el.</i> 11. PG likewise subtends a right
+angle PLG, and the angle PGL measures the inclination
+of the semicircle QP<i>q</i> to the plane of the
+base (<i>def.</i> 6. <i>el.</i> 11.) that is (by 16 <i>el.</i> 3. and 10 <i>el.</i> 11.)
+it is equal to the spherical angle PQR: whence PG
+is to PL as the radius to the sine of PQR. The
+same way PL is to PH as the sine of PRQ is to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_540">[540]</span>
+the radius: and therefore, <i>ex æquo</i>. PG the sine of
+the side PQ is to PH the sine of PR, as the sine
+of PRQ is to the sine of PQR.</p>
+
+<h3>CASES II. <i>and</i> III.</h3>
+
+<p><i>When the three parts are of the same name.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>And,</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>When two given parts include between them a given
+part of a different name, the part required standing
+opposite to this middle part.</i></p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Theorem II.</span></h4>
+
+<p><i>Let</i> S <i>and</i> s <i>be the sines of two sides of a spherical
+triangle</i>, d <i>the sine of half the difference of the same
+sides</i>, a <i>the sine of half the included angle</i>, b <i>the sine
+of half the base; and writing unity for the radius,
+we have</i> Ssa² + d² - b² = 0; <i>in which</i> a <i>or</i> b <i>may
+be made the unknown quantity, as the case requires</i>.</p>
+
+<h5><span class="smcap">Demonstration.</span></h5>
+
+<p>Let PQR (<a href="#XX"><i>Fig.</i> 2.</a>) be a spherical triangle, whose
+sides are PQ PR, the angle included QPR, the
+base QR, PC the semiaxis of the sphere, in which
+the planes of the sides intersect.</p>
+
+<p>To the pole P, draw the great circle AB, cutting
+the sides (produced, if needful) in M and N; and
+thro’ Q and R, the lesser circles Q<i>q</i>, <i>r</i>R, cutting
+off the arcs Q<i>r</i> <i>q</i>R equal to the difference of the
+sides; join MN, Q<i>q</i>, <i>r</i>R, QR, <i>qr</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Then the planes of the circles described being parallel
+(<i>Theod. sphæric.</i> 2. 2.), and the axis PC perpendicular
+to them (<i>10. 1. of the same</i>), their intersections<span class="pagenum" id="Page_541">[541]</span>
+ with the planes of the sides, as QT, and R<i>t</i>,
+will make right angles with PC; that is, QT and
+R<i>t</i> are the sines (S, <i>s</i>.) of the sides PQ PR, and
+MC NC are whole sines. Now the isosceles triangles
+MCN, QT<i>q</i>, <i>rt</i>R, being manifestly similar;
+as also MN, the subtense of the arc which measures
+the angle QPR, being equal to (2<i>a</i>) twice the
+sine of half that angle; we shall have MN : MC ∷
+Q<i>q</i> : QT ∷ <i>r</i>R : R<i>t</i>; or, in the notation of the
+theorem, Q<i>q</i> = 2S<i>a</i>, <i>r</i>R = 2<i>sa</i>. And further,
+the chords Q<i>r</i> <i>q</i>R being equal, and equally distant
+from the center of the sphere, as also equally inclined
+to the axis PC, will, if produced, meet the axis
+produced, in one point Z. Whence the points Q,
+<i>q</i>, R, <i>r</i>, are in one plane (2. <i>el.</i> 11.), and in the circumference
+in which that plane cuts the surface of
+the sphere: the quadrilateral Q<i>q</i>R<i>r</i> is also a segment
+of the isosceles triangle ZQ<i>q</i>, cut off by a line
+parallel to its base, making the diagonals QR, <i>qr</i>,
+equal. And therefore, by a known property of the
+circle, Q<i>q</i> × <i>r</i>R + (<i>q</i>R)² = (QR)²; which, substituting
+for Q<i>q</i> and R<i>r</i> the values found above, 2<i>d</i> for
+Q<i>r</i>, 2<i>b</i> for QR, and taking the fourth part of the
+whole, becomes S<i>sa</i>² + <i>d</i>² = <i>b</i>² the proposition
+that was to be demonstrated.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang"><i>Note</i> 1. If this, or the preceding, is applied to a
+plane triangle, the sines of the sides become the
+sides themselves; the triangle being conceived
+to lie in the surface of a sphere greater than
+any that can be assigned.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>Note</i> 2. If the two sides are equal, <i>d</i> vanishing,
+the operation is shorter: as it likewise is when
+one or both sides are quadrants.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_542">[542]</span></p>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>Note</i> 3. By comparing this proposition with
+that of the Lord Neper<a id="FNanchor_26" href="#Footnote_26"
+class="fnanchor">[26]</a>, which makes the 39th of Keill’s
+Trigonometry, it appears, that if AC, AM, are two arcs, then sin. <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">AC + AM</span><span class="bar">⁄</span><span class="fden">2</span></span>
+× sin. <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">AC - AM</span> <span
+class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span> = (<span
+class="bt"><i>b</i> + <i>d</i></span> × <span class="bt"><i>b</i> -
+<i>d</i></span> =) (sin. ½ AC + sin. ½ AM) ×
+(sin. ½ AC - sin. ½ AM). And in the solution
+of Case II. the first of these products will be the most readily
+computed.</p></div>
+
+<h3>CASE IV.</h3>
+
+<p><i>When the part required stands opposite to a part,
+which is likewise unknown</i>: Having from the <i>data</i>
+of Case I. found a fourth part, let the sines of the
+given sides be S, <i>s</i>; those of the given angles Σ, σ;
+and the sines of half the unknown parts <i>a</i> and <i>b</i>;
+and we shall have, as before, S<i>sa</i>² + <i>d</i>² - <i>b</i>² = 0;
+and if the equation of the supplements be Σσα² + δ² - β² = 0;
+then, because α² = 1 - <i>b</i>² = 1 - (S<i>sa</i>² + <i>d</i>²),
+and β² = 1 - <i>a</i>², substituting these values in the
+second equation, we get</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Theorem III.</span></h4>
+
+<p><span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1 - Σσ × (1 - <i>d</i>²) - δ²</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">1 - S<i>s</i>Σσ</span></span> = <i>a</i>²; in words thus:</p>
+
+<p><i>Multiply the product of the sines of the two known
+angles by the square of the cosine of half the difference
+of the sides: add the square of the sine of half the difference
+of the angles; and divide the complement of this
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_543">[543]</span>sum to unity, by the like complement of the product of
+the four sines of the sides and angles; and the square
+root of the quotient shall be the sine of half the unknown
+angle.</i></p>
+
+<p>If we work by logarithms, the operation will not
+be very troublesome; but the rule needs not be used,
+unless when a table of the trigonometrical analogies
+is wanting. To supply which, the foregoing theorems
+will be found sufficient, and of ready use;
+being either committed to memory, or noted down
+on the blank leaf of the trigonometrical tables.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><i>Note</i>, The schemes may be better, raised in card-paper,
+or with bent wires and threads.</p>
+</div>
+<hr />
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXI. <i>An Account of Two extraordinary
+Cases of Gall-Stones.</i> By James Johnstone,
+<i>M. D. of</i> Kidderminster. <i>Communicated
+by the Rev.</i> Charles Lyttelton,
+<i>L. L. D. Dean of</i> Exeter.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">
+<i>To the Rev. Dr.</i> Lyttelton, <i>Dean of</i> Exeter.</p>
+<p>
+Rev. Sir,
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read Feb. 9,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">ACcording to promise I send you a
+short account of the two extraordinary
+cases we talked of, the last time I had the
+pleasure of seeing you at Kidderminster.</p>
+
+<p>The truth of the first narrated case you are already
+a sufficient judge of; and if it is at all necessary to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_544">[544]</span>
+ascertain the second in like manner, I can at any
+time produce the poor woman and her husband before
+you, who will attest the truth of sufferings,
+which will not easily escape their memory.</p>
+
+<p>You are at liberty to dispose of this paper as you
+shall think proper. I am,</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+Reverend Sir,<br />
+Your respectful and most humble Servant,<br />
+
+<span class="margin"><span class="large">J. Johnstone.</span></span></p>
+<p>
+Kidderminster,
+Sept. 11. 1757.
+</p>
+
+<p class="drop-capi p2">THO’ it is now pretty well known, that colicky
+and icteric diseases often arise from gall-stones
+generated in the bilious receptacle, and obstructing
+its canals; yet an example of one, of such enormous
+size, voided into the <i>duodenum</i> from the <i>ductus communis</i>,
+as happened in the first of the following cases,
+is a very rare, if not intirely an unexampled occurrence.
+It will encourage us not too easily to despair of the
+expulsion of the largest <i>calculi</i> from the gall-bladder;
+and will teach us, that all violent attacks of pain
+about the stomach are not owing to gout reflected
+upon that organ: it will make us more cautious of
+giving drastic cathartics, heating and inflaming medicines,
+upon such a vague presumption; and ought
+to dispose those, who are trusted with the lives of
+their fellow-creatures, to a nicer observation of even
+the minutest symptoms and circumstances, which
+may occur in diseases.</p>
+
+<p>The second case points out, under certain circumstances,
+the practibility of extracting, by incision into<span class="pagenum" id="Page_545">[545]</span>
+the gall-bladder itself, those <i>calculi</i>, which, from
+their figure, or other impediments, cannot be voided
+in the natural way. The method of performing this
+unusual operation, and some instances of its success,
+have already been made public in the Memoires de
+l’Acad. de Chirurg.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">1. Mrs. F——, a sedentary corpulent old lady,
+had been much subject to colicky complaints, without
+jaundice, in the vigour of life. The seat of the
+pain was chiefly under the right <i>hypochondrium</i>, as
+high as the stomach. She had been tolerably free
+from it for at least eight years past. December 5,
+1753, about eleven o’clock in the evening, she was
+suddenly seized with a violent pain, extending from
+that part of the stomach lying under the right side,
+thro’ to her back. She compared it to a sword
+driven in that direction. This pain continued not
+only with unremitted violence, but even increased,
+till seven o’clock in the morning: all this time she
+vomited and strained almost incessantly; but after
+her stomach was emptied of its contents, nothing
+came up besides clear slime, streaked with blood.
+About seven o’clock in the morning she felt her pain
+fall or move lower, as she expressed it, and from
+that time became remarkably easier. Soon after this
+change, she became extremely sick, and vomited up,
+for the first time, a prodigious quantity of greenish
+yellow bile. She had not before this seizure been
+remarkably costive; and in her pain had a free motion
+to stool with effect; but during the remainder
+of the (6th) day had none, tho’ all this time emollient
+clysters were injected; and she took regularly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_546">[546]</span>
+every two hours a powder of <i>magnes. alb. terr. fol.
+tartar. tart. vitriol. ana</i> ℈j. <i>ol. nuc. mosch. gutt.</i> j.
+with a draught of the <i>succ. limon. & sal. absinth</i>. But
+in the middle of the night, and all day (the 7th), she
+had an abundant discharge of loose bilious stools.
+She had continued free from excessive pain since the
+morning of the former day, only now and then complained
+of uneasiness sometimes in one, sometimes in
+another, part of her bowels. About twenty-four
+hours after her first seizure, she felt a great pain
+striking towards the bottom of her back, and one
+hour after voided the extraordinary <i>calculus</i>, of which
+the figure and description are subjoined. Some time
+after pieces of skins were voided by stool, which
+were evidently of the texture and appearance of
+the internal villous coat of the intestines and gall-bladder.
+The above medicines were the only ones
+she used, by my direction, under her painful complaint,
+excepting an external fomentation, and bleeding,
+which the hardness and contractedness of her
+pulse seemed to require. She was ordered to drink
+plentifully of thin broths, and other soft diluent liquors.
+During the course of her disorder she had no appearance
+of jaundice, nor since; and, considering her years,
+enjoys at present (Sept. 1757) very good health.</p>
+
+<p>This <i>calculus</i>, as appears by the figure, was of a
+pyriform shape, resembling the form of the <i>cystis
+fellea</i> itself. Its surface was quite smooth and polished,
+excepting towards the base, at that part marked
+A, where it was scabrous, as if some other substance
+had lain contiguous to it. When broken through,
+it was composed of concentrical laminæ, which were
+alternately white and ochre-coloured. In length it<span class="pagenum" id="Page_547">[547]</span>
+measured one inch and three tenths; its transverse
+section measured at least seven tenths of an inch. It
+had a saponaceous smoothness, like other gall-stones,
+and floated upon water. It weighed only about 126
+grains.</p>
+
+<p>Tho’ it be difficult to conceive, how so bulky a
+substance, generated in the gall-bladder, could be
+conveyed along so narrow a passage as the common
+biliary duct, especially considering the obliquity of
+its insertion for near half an inch of length betwixt
+the coats of the <i>duodenum</i>; yet there seem sufficient
+<i>data</i> in the above case to prove, that this animal
+stone was not formed in the alimentary tube, but
+(large as it was) had come into it from the <i>ductus
+communis choledochus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The shape and saponaceous smoothness, and colour
+of the laminæ, of this substance, shew it was moulded
+in the gall-bladder, and formed from bilious particles.
+The severe pain and torture, and enormous vomiting,
+she underwent, for seven hours after her first seizure,
+argue, that it must then be lodged in some canal
+much narrower and straighter than the alimentary
+canal; for so soon as it dropped into that, the severe
+pain in a great measure ceased.</p>
+
+<p>But that straight canal, in which it was situated
+during those seven hours of torture, could be no other
+than the <i>ductus communis choledochus</i>; for, during
+this space of time, no bile was emptied into the
+bowels, nor thrown up by the strongest efforts of
+vomiting. But no sooner had she perceived the
+cause of her pain to move or drop downwards (a
+sensation, which points out the precise moment the
+stone must have dropped into the <i>duodenum</i>), than<span class="pagenum" id="Page_548">[548]</span>
+she began to sicken, and instantly after vomited up a
+vast quantity of bilious matter; which now, from
+the de-obstructed duct, began to flow freely into the
+<i>duodenum</i>. The obstruction of the <i>ductus choledochus</i>
+was of too short a duration (only three hours)
+to occasion any observable jaundice. And it appears
+by the bloody flesh-like knots, thrown up with
+phlegm by vomiting, that the passage of the substance
+was not effected without considerable laceration
+of the small bilious ducts. And this easily
+accounts for the separation of the villous coat, which
+afterwards appeared in this patient’s stools.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><div class="floatl illowp53" id="image548" style="max-width: 12.5em;">
+ <img class="w100" src="images/image548.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="captionr">This coarse delineation represents
+the figure and true
+bulk of the <i>calculus</i>; which,
+I believe, is still in my patient’s
+custody.</p></div>
+
+<div class="sync"> </div>
+<p>2. In February 1752. I was called to relieve a
+poor woman of this place, Sarah Ewdall, aged 30
+years and upwards, and the mother of several children.
+She laboured under the jaundice, and complained
+of a severe acute pain striking thro’ from the
+right <i>hypochondrium</i> to her back, with frequent vomitings.
+A præternatural hardness, of a compass
+not exceeding the hollow of the hand, was then
+plainly to be felt at the pit of the stomach, or a little
+nearer to the right <i>hypochondrium</i>. When that particular
+part was pressed, she complained of great
+pain. The pain at this part was always increased
+by attempting to lie upon the left side. She was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_549">[549]</span>
+blooded, fomented externally, had emollient saponaceous
+clysters injected, and a nitrous apozem, and
+pills composed of <i>galban. & sap. Castillens.</i> and soon
+after recovered. She had frequent returns of the
+same complaint after this; but I saw her not again
+till Jan. 1755, when she lay insensible in a fit, which
+for several days deprived her of the use of her speech
+and of all her senses, only she tossed her limbs about.
+About a quarter of a year after she had recovered
+from this fit, Mr. Cooper of this place, her apothecary,
+informed me, that from a small sore at the
+pit of her stomach, which came since her last illness,
+she had voided several gall-stones. Curiosity
+prompted me to inquire into the matter of fact from
+herself. She shewed me the sore, which was now
+almost cicatrized. She said, that soon after her last
+illness a little pimple arose upon that part of the pit
+of the stomach, which had been hard ever since she
+had been subject to the jaundice. This pimple broke,
+ran matter, and at different times the <i>calculi</i>, which
+she shewed me, had come out with the matter. Her
+stomach had been somewhat painful before it broke,
+but was now easy. The <i>calculi</i>, which she shewed
+me, had the appearance of being fragments of larger
+ones, and some were almost dust; tho’ she assured
+me they all came from the sore in that condition.
+Of these fragments I have two or three of the largest
+now in my custody: they are light, swim on water,
+smooth like soap; are of a yellow colour, and in
+some parts brown like snuff; and consist of similar
+concentrical layers. The poor woman has since
+then been troubled with returns of pain and jaundice,
+in the intervals of which her skin is perfectly clear
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_550">[550]</span> and white. She is still alive, and ready to attest the
+truth of this narrative.</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="large">J. Johnstone.</span></p>
+<p>
+Kidderminster,
+Sept. 11th, 1757.</p>
+
+<hr />
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXII. <i>A remarkable Case of Cohesions of
+all the Intestines</i>, &c. <i>in a Man of about
+Thirty-four Years of Age, who died some
+time last Summer, and afterwards fell under
+the Inspection of Mr.</i> Nicholas Jenty.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read Feb. 9,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">THE subject was tall, and partly
+emaciated. I found nothing externally
+but a wound in the left side, which seemed
+to me to have been degenerated into an ulcer. As I
+did not know the man when he was alive, and had
+him two days after his decease, I cannot give an immediate
+account of the cause of his death. But in
+opening his abdomen, I found the epiploon adhering
+close to the intestines, in such a manner, that I could
+not part it without tearing it. It felt rough and dry.
+And as I was going to remove the intestines, to examine
+the mesentery, I found them so coherent one
+with the other, that it was impossible for me to divide
+them without laceration. Then I inflated the
+intestinal tube, for the inspection of this extraordinary
+phænomenon; but, to my great surprize, all
+the external parts of the intestines appeared smooth;
+very few of the circumvolutions were seen, occasioned
+by the strong lateral cohesions of their sides<span class="pagenum" id="Page_551">[551]</span>
+with each other. The substance of the intestines
+was rough, and a great many pimples, as big as the
+head of a pin, appeared in them, and were almost
+free from any moisture. It is proper to observe,
+that these pimples have been taken for glands by the
+late Dr. James Douglas, and others; whereas they are
+in reality nothing else but the orifices of the exhaling
+vessels obstructed, and are not to be met with except
+in morbid cases.</p>
+
+<p>After having made incisions in that part of the
+<i>colon</i> next to the <i>rectum</i>, I found the <i>peritonæum</i>, or
+external membrane which invests the intestines, and
+the <i>viscera</i> of the <i>abdomen</i>, to be of the thickness of
+a six-pence; and I fairly drew all the intestines from
+their external membrane without separating their cohesions;
+the <i>peritonæum</i>, or external membrane, afterwards
+appearing like another set of intestines. I
+found a fluid in the intestines; and I will not take
+upon me to say, how the peristaltic motion must have
+been performed. And afterwards I parted the stomach
+from its external tunic, as I had done the intestines.
+I found no obstruction in the mesenteric
+glands; but every evolution of the mesentery firmly
+cohered together. The liver also adhered closely
+to the diaphragm, and its adjacent parts: and in the
+<i>vesicula fellis</i> I found the bile pretty thick, neither
+too green nor too yellow, but a tint between both.
+I met with nothing remarkable in the other parts of
+the <i>abdomen</i>. In opening the <i>thorax</i>, I found the
+lungs closely adhering to the ribs laterally, and posteriorly
+and interiorly close to the <i>pericardium</i>. In
+making an incision to open the <i>pericardium</i>, I found
+it so closely adhering to the heart, that I could not<span class="pagenum" id="Page_552">[552]</span>
+avoid wounding that organ, and with much difficulty
+could part it from it. I met with no fluid in
+the <i>pericardium</i>. The heart was small; and in the
+internal side the pores of the <i>pericardium</i> appeared
+so large, that one might have insinuated the head of a
+middling pin into them. They have been described
+by some anatomists, who have met with cases somewhat
+similar to this, but without such universal adhesions;
+and they have been supposed to have been
+glands. The same pores likewise appeared on the
+heart; which, in my opinion, are nothing but the
+extremities of the exhaling vessels. In removing the
+heart, I found the <i>dorsal</i>, and other lymphatic glands
+above the lungs, quite large, indurated, and of a
+dark greyish colour. Nothing remarkable appeared
+in the lungs; only, that the portion of the <i>pleura</i>,
+which invests the lungs, and is generally thin, was
+here thick and rough; and thro’ a glass it appeared
+as if covered with grains of sand; and might in several
+places have been easily torn from the lungs.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>aorta</i> was pretty large; and in that part of it,
+which runs on the tenth <i>dorsal vertebra</i>, I found a
+<i>cystis</i>, as big as an olive, full of <i>pus</i>; and lower
+down, immediately before that vessel perforates the
+diaphragm, I found another, something less, full of
+matter likewise; both which portions I have by me.
+That portion of the <i>aorta</i>, where the <i>cystis</i> appeared,
+was rather thicker than the other, and osseous. In
+opening the <i>cranium</i>, I found in that part of the <i>cerebrum</i>,
+which lies over the <i>cerebellum</i>, a table spoonfull
+of <i>pus</i>, of a greenish colour; and examining it
+thro’ a glass, there was an appearance of <i>animalcula</i>
+in it.</p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_553">[553]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXIII. <i>Of the best Form of Geographical
+Maps. By the Rev.</i> Patrick Murdoch,
+<i>M. A. F.R.S.</i></h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read Feb. 9,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="noin"><span class="dropcapb"><span class="dropfix">I.</span>  W</span>HEN any portion of the earth’s
+surface is projected on a plane,
+or transferred to it by whatever method of description,
+the real dimensions, and very often the figure
+and position of countries, are much altered and misrepresented.
+In the common projection of the two
+hemispheres, the meridians and parallels of latitude
+do indeed intersect at right angles, as on the globe;
+but the linear distances are every-where diminished,
+excepting only at the extremity of the projection:
+at the center they are but half their just
+quantity, and thence the superficial dimensions but
+one-fourth part: and in less general maps this inconvenience
+will always, in some degree, attend the
+<i>stereographic</i> projection.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>orthographic</i>, by parallel lines, would be still
+less exact, those lines falling altogether oblique on
+the extreme parts of the hemisphere. It is useful,
+however, in describing the circum-polar regions: and
+the rules of both projections, for their elegance, as
+well as for their uses in astronomy, ought to be retained,
+and carefully studied. As to Wright’s, or
+Mercator’s, nautical chart, it does not here fall under
+our consideration: it is perfect in its kind; and
+will always be reckoned among the chief inventions
+of the last age. If it has been misunderstood, or
+misapplied, by geographers, they only are to blame.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_554">[554]</span></p>
+
+<p class="p2">II. The particular methods of description proposed
+or used by geographers are so various, that we
+might, on that very account, suspect them to be
+faulty; but in most of their works we actually find
+these two blemishes, <i>the linear distances visibly false</i>,
+and <i>the intersections of the circles oblique</i>: so that a
+quadrilateral rectangular space shall often be represented
+by an oblique-angled rhomboid figure, whose
+diagonals are very far from equal; and yet, by a
+strange contradiction, you shall see a fixed scale of
+distances inserted in such a map.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">III. The only maps I remember to have seen, in
+which the last of these blemishes is removed, and
+the other lessened, are some of P. Schenk’s of Amsterdam,
+a map of the Russian empire, the Germania
+Critica of the famous Professor Meyer, and a
+few more<a id="FNanchor_27" href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a>. In these the meridians are straight lines
+converging to a point; from which, as a center, the
+parallels of latitude are described: and a rule has
+been published for the drawing of such maps<a id="FNanchor_28" href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a>. But
+as that rule appears to be only an easy and convenient
+approximation, it remains still to be inquired,
+<i>What is the construction of a particular map, that
+shall exhibit the superficial and linear measures in
+their truest proportions?</i> In order to which,</p>
+
+<p class="p2">IV. Let E<i>l</i>LP, in this figure (<i>See</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a href="#XXI">XXI.</a>)
+be the quadrant of a meridian of a given sphere,
+whose center is C, and its pole P; EL, E<i>l</i>, the latitudes
+of two places in that meridian, EM their
+middle latitude. Draw LN, <i>ln</i>, cosines of the latitudes,
+the sine of the middle latitude MF, and its
+cotangent MT. Then writing unity for the radius,
+if in CM we take C<i>x</i> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">N<i>n</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">L<i>l</i> × MF × MT</span></span>, and thro’
+<i>x</i> we draw <i>x</i>R, <i>xr</i>, equal each to half the arc L<i>l</i>,
+and perpendicular to CM; the conical surface generated
+by the line R<i>r</i>, while the figure revolves on
+the axis of the sphere, will be equal to the surface
+of the zone that is to be described in the same time
+by the arc L<i>l</i>; as will easily appear by comparing
+that conical surface with the zone, as measured by
+<i>Archimedes</i>.</p>
+<div class="sync"></div>
+<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="facing554a" style="max-width: 104.4375em;">
+<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XXI"></a>XXI. <i>p. <a href="#Page_554">554</a></i>.</div>
+
+ <img class="w100" src="images/facing554a.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="right"><i><span class="small">J. Mynde sc.</span></i></div>
+</div>
+<div class="sync"></div>
+<p>And, lastly, If from the point <i>t</i>, in which <i>r</i>R
+produced meets the axis, we take the angle C<i>t</i>V in
+proportion to the longitude of the proposed map, as
+MF the sine of the middle latitude is to radius, and
+draw the parallels and meridians as in the figure, the
+whole space SOQV will be the proposed part of
+the conical surface expanded into a plane; in which
+the places may now be inserted according to their
+known longitudes and latitudes.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Example.</span></h3>
+
+<p>V. Let L<i>l</i>, the breadth of the zone, be 50°, lying
+between 10° and 60° north latitude; its longitude
+110°, from 20° east of the Canaries to the center of
+the western hemisphere; comprehending the western
+parts of Europe and Africa, the more known parts
+of North America, and the ocean that separates it
+from the old continent.</p>
+
+<p>And because C<i>x</i> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">N<i>n</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">L<i>l</i> × MF × MT</span></span>, add these
+three logarithms.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_556">[556]</span></p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td>Log. 0.8726650 (= 50° to radius 1)</td>
+ <td>-1.9408476</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Log. MF (sin. 35°)</td>
+ <td>-1.7585913</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Log. MT (tang. 55°)</td>
+ <td> 0.1547732</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Take the sum</td>
+ <td class="bt">-1.8542121</td></tr>
+<tr><td>from log. N<i>n</i> (= .6923772)</td>
+ <td class="bb">-1.8403427</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>the remainder</td> <td>-1.9861306</td></tr>
+<tr><td>is the logarithm of C<i>x</i>. And because 1:
+C<i>x</i> ∷ MT : <i>xt</i>, to this adding the log. MT</td> <td class="bb"> 0.1547732</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>The sum</td> <td>0.1409038</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="noin">is the log. of <i>xt</i> = 1.383260; and <i>x</i>R (= <i>xr</i> =
+½ L<i>l</i>) being .4363325, R<i>t</i> will be 0.9469275, <i>rt</i>
+= 1.8195925. Whence having fixed upon any convenient
+size for our map, the center <i>t</i> is easily found.
+As, allowing an inch to a degree of a great circle,
+or 50 inches to the line R<i>r</i>, R<i>t</i> the semidiameter of
+the least parallel will be 54.255 inches, and that of
+the greatest parallel 104.255 inches.</p>
+
+<p>Again, making as radius to MF so the longitude
+110° to the angle S<i>t</i>V, that angle will be 63° 5´⅗.
+Divide the meridians and parallels, and finish the
+map as usual.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><i>Note</i>, The log. MT being repeated in this computation
+with a contrary sign, we may find <i>xt</i>
+immediately by subtracting the sum of the logarithms
+of L<i>l</i> and MF from the log. of N<i>n</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="p2">VI. A map drawn by this rule will have the following
+properties:</p>
+
+<p>1. The intersections of the meridians and parallels
+will be rectangular.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_557">[557]</span></p>
+
+<p>2. The distances north and south will be exact;
+and any meridian will serve as a scale.</p>
+
+<p>3. The parallels thro’ <i>z</i> and <i>y</i>, where the line
+R<i>r</i> cuts the arc L<i>l</i>, or any small distances of places
+that lie in those parallels, will be of their just quantity.
+At the extreme latitudes they will exceed, and in
+mean latitudes, from <i>x</i> towards <i>z</i> or <i>y</i>, they will fall
+short of it. But unless the zone is very broad, neither
+the excess nor the defect will be any-where considerable.</p>
+
+<p>4. The latitudes and the superficies of the map
+being exact, by the construction, it follows, that the
+excesses and defects of distance, now mentioned,
+compensate each other; and are, in general, of the
+least quantity they can have in the map designed.</p>
+
+<p>5. If a thread is extended on a plane, and fixed
+to it at its two extremities, and afterwards the plane
+is formed into a pyramidal or conical surface, it may
+be easily shewn, that the thread will pass thro’ the
+same points of the surface as before; and that, <i>conversely</i>,
+the shortest distance between two points in a
+conical surface is the right line which joins them,
+when that surface is expanded into a plane. Now,
+in the present case, the shortest distances on the conical
+surface will be, if not equal, always nearly equal,
+to the correspondent distances on the sphere: and
+therefore, all rectilinear distances on the map, applied
+to the meridian as a scale, will, nearly at least,
+shew the true distances of the places represented.</p>
+
+<p>6. In maps, whose breadth exceeds not 10° or
+15°, the rectilinear distances may be taken for sufficiently
+exact. But we have chosen our example of
+a greater breadth than can often be required, on purpose<span class="pagenum" id="Page_558">[558]</span>
+ to shew how high the errors can ever arise; and
+how they may, if it is thought needful, be nearly
+estimated and corrected.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">Write down, in a vacant space at the bottom of
+the map, a table of the errors of equidistant parallels,
+as from five degrees to five degrees of the whole latitude;
+and having taken the mean errors, and diminished
+them in the ratio of radius to the sine of the
+mean inclination of the line of distance to the meridian,
+you shall find the correction required; remembering
+only to distinguish the distance into its parts
+that lie <i>within</i> and <i>without</i> the sphere, and taking
+the difference of the correspondent errors, in <i>defect</i>
+and in <i>excess</i>.</p>
+
+<p>But it was thought needless to add any examples;
+as, from what has been said, the intelligent reader
+will readily see the use of such a table; and chiefly
+as, whenever exactness is required, it will be more
+proper, and indeed more expeditious, to compute
+the distances of places by the following canon.</p>
+
+<p class="p2"><i>Multiply the product of the cosines of the two given
+latitudes by the square of the sine of half the difference
+of longitude; and to this product add the square of
+the sine of half the difference of the latitudes; the
+square root of the sum shall be the sine of half the arc
+of a great circle between the two places given.</i></p>
+
+<p class="p2">Thus, if we are to find the true distance from
+one angle of our map to the opposite, that is, from
+S to Q, the operation will be as follows:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_559">[559]</span></p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td> </td>
+<td>L. sin. 30°</td> <td>=</td> <td>-1.6989700</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> </td>
+<td>L. sin. 80°</td> <td>=</td> <td>-1.9933515</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> </td>
+<td>2 L. sin. 55°</td> <td>=</td> <td class="bb">-1.8267290</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td>
+<td>-1.5190505</td> <td>=</td> <td>log. of</td> <td>0.330408</td><td> </td><td> </td></tr>
+<tr><td>and</td> <td>2 L. sin. 25°</td> <td>=</td> <td class="bb">-1.2518966</td> <td>=</td> <td>log. of</td>
+<td class="bb">0.178606</td><td> </td><td> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td>
+<td colspan="2">Log. of the sum</td>
+<td> </td>
+ <td>0.509014</td> <td>is</td> <td>-1.7067297</td></tr>
+<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td>
+<td>Whose half</td> <td>is</td> <td>-1.8533648</td></tr></table>
+<p class="noin">the L. sin. of 45° 31´, the double of which is 91° 2´, or 5462 geographical
+miles.
+</p>
+
+<p>And seeing the lines TS, TQ, reduced to minutes
+of a degree, are 6255.189 and 3255.189 respectively,
+and the angle STV is 63° 5´⅗, the right line SQ on
+the map will be 5594´, exceeding its just value by
+132´ or <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span> <span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">42</span></span> of the whole.</p>
+
+<p>7. The errors on the parallels increasing fast towards
+the north, and the line SQ having, at last,
+nearly the same direction, it is not to be wondered
+that the errors in our example should amount to
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span> <span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">42</span></span>. Greater still would happen, if we measured the
+distance from O to Q by a straight line joining those
+points: for that line, on the conic surface, lying
+every-where at a greater distance from the sphere
+than the points O and Q, must plainly be a very
+improper measure of the distance of their correspondent
+points on the sphere. And therefore, to prevent
+all errors of that kind, and confine the other
+errors in this part of our map to narrower bounds, it
+will be best to terminate it towards the pole by a
+straight line KI touching the parallel OQ in the
+middle point K, and on the east and west by lines,
+as HI, parallel to the meridian thro’ K, and meeting
+the tangent at the middle point of the parallel
+SV in H. By this means too we shall gain more
+space than we lose, while the map takes the usual<span class="pagenum" id="Page_560">[560]</span>
+rectangular form, and the spaces GHV remain for
+the <i>title</i>, and other inscriptions.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">VII. Another, and not the least considerable, property
+of our map is, that it may, without sensible
+error, be used as a sea-chart; the rumb-lines on it
+being logarithmic spirals to their common pole <i>t</i>, as
+is partly represented in the figure: and the arithmetical
+solutions thence derived will be found as accurate
+as is necessary in the art of sailing.</p>
+
+<p>Thus if it were required to find the course a ship
+is to steer between two ports, whose longitudes and
+latitudes are known, we may use the following</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rule.</span></h4>
+
+<p><i>To the logarithm of the number of minutes in the
+difference of longitude add the constant logarithm</i><a id="FNanchor_29" href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a>
+<i>-4.1015105, and to their sum the logarithm sine of
+the mean latitude, and let this last sum be</i> S.</p>
+
+<p><i>The cotangent of the mean latitude being</i> T, <i>and
+an arithmetical mean between half the difference of
+latitude and its tangent being called</i> m, <i>from the logarithm
+of</i> T + m <i>take the logarithm of</i> T - m,
+<i>and let the logarithm of their difference be</i> D; <i>then
+shall</i> S - D <i>be nearly the logarithm tangent of the
+angle, in which the ship’s course cuts the meridians</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><i>Note</i>, We ought, in strictness, to use the ratio of
+<i>tx</i> + <i>x</i>R to <i>tx</i> - <i>x</i>R instead of T + <i>m</i> to
+T - <i>m</i>; but we substitute this last as more
+easily computed, and very little different.</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_561">[561]</span></p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Example 1.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Let the latitudes, on the same side of the equator,
+be 10° and 60°; then the middle latitude and
+its complement are 35° and 55°, and half the difference
+of the latitudes is 25°: and the difference of
+longitude being 110°, the operation will stand as
+below.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td>Log. 6600´ (in 110°)</td>
+<td> </td>
+<td class="tdr">3.8195439</td><td> </td><td> </td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td>Constant log.</td>
+ <td> </td>
+<td class="tdr">-4.1015105</td><td> </td><td> </td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td> </td><td> </td>
+<td class="tdr"><span class="bt">-1.9210544</span></td><td> </td><td> </td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td>Log. sin. 35°</td>
+<td> </td>
+<td class="tdr bb">-1.7585913</td><td> </td><td> </td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td> </td>
+<td> </td>
+<td class="tdc">S =</td>
+<td> </td>
+ <td class="tdr">-1.6796457</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td rowspan="2">Again</td> <td>T</td>
+<td>= 1.4281480</td><td> </td><td> </td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><i>m</i></td>
+
+<td>= .4513202</td><td> </td><td> </td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Log. (T + <i>m</i>)</td>
+<td> </td>
+<td>(= <span class="bt">1.8794682</span>)</td> <td class="tdr">0.2740350</td><td> </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Log. (T - <i>m</i>)</td>
+<td> </td>
+ <td>(= 0.9768278)</td> <td class="tdr bb">-1.9898180</td><td> </td></tr>
+
+<tr><td> </td>
+<td> </td>
+<td>Log.</td>
+
+ <td>0.2842170 =</td> <td class="tdr">D = -1.4536500</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>S - D (= log. tangent 59° 16´)</td><td> </td> <td> </td><td> </td>
+ <td class="tdr">= <span class="bt">0.2259957</span></td></tr>
+</table>
+<p class="noin">agreeing to a minute with the solution by a table of meridional
+parts.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Example 2.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The rest remaining, let the difference of longitude
+be only 40°; then</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td>Log. 2400´ (in 40°)</td> <td>3.3802112</td><td> </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Constant log.</td> <td class="bb">-4.1015105</td><td> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> </td>
+<td>-1.4817217</td><td> </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Log. sin. 35°</td> <td class="bb">-1.7585913</td><td> </td></tr>
+
+<tr><td> </td>
+<td>S =</td> <td>-1.2403130</td></tr>
+<tr><td> </td>
+<td>D (as before) =</td> <td class="bb">-1.4536500</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">S - D (= log. tang. 31° 27´ ½)</td> <td>-1.7866630</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_562">[562]</span></p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Example 3.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Let the difference of longitude be 40°; but the
+latitudes 56° and 80°;</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td>And log. 2400´<br />+ log. constant</td> <td>= -1.4817217</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Log. sin. 68°</td> <td class="bb">= -1.9671659</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> </td>
+<td colspan="2">S </td> <td> </td><td> </td><td>= -1.4488876</td></tr>
+<tr><td>T (tang. 22°)</td><td> = .4040262</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr>
+<tr><td><i>m</i></td> <td class="bb">= .2109980</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Log. (T + <i>m</i>)</td><td> (= .6150242)</td><td> </td><td> -1.7888921</td><td> </td><td> </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Log. (T - <i>m</i>)</td><td> (= .1830282)</td><td> </td><td class="bb"> -1.2625181</td><td> </td><td> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> </td>
+
+<td colspan="2">Log.</td> <td> 0.5263740</td> <td>= D </td><td>= -1.7212944</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="5">S - D (= log. tangent 28° 6´)</td> <td>= -1.7275932</td></tr></table>
+<p class="noin">wanting of the true answer no more than 1° 4´.
+</p>
+
+<p>And in all cases that can occur, the error of this
+rule will be inconsiderable.</p>
+
+<p>It is not meant, however, that it ought to take
+place of the easier and better computation by a table
+of meridional parts: but it was thought proper to
+shew, by some examples, how safely the map itself
+may be depended on in the longest voyages; provided
+it is sufficiently large, and the necessary rumb-lines
+are exactly drawn<a id="FNanchor_30" href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a>.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_563">[563]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXIV. <i>A short Dissertation on Maps and
+Charts: In a Letter to the Rev.</i> Thomas
+Birch, <i>D. D. and Secret. R. S. By Mr.</i>
+Wm. Mountaine, <i>F.R.S.</i></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="right">London, March 21. 1758.</p>
+<p>
+SIR,
+</p>
+<div class="sidenote">Read April 6,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">AMONG the several improvements
+made in arts and sciences by ingenious
+men, the construction of <i>globes</i>, <i>maps</i>, or <i>charts</i>,
+deserves a place: not only on account of the pleasure
+and satisfaction that arises to speculative minds, in
+surveying the extent and divisions of this terraqueous
+globe, but also for their real use and service to navigation,
+trade, and commerce.</p>
+
+<p><i>Globes</i> perhaps were first invented, as bearing the
+nearest semblance to the natural form of the earth
+and sea, with proper circles thereon described, and
+the several empires and kingdoms, according to their
+extent, latitudes, and longitudes, as far as geography
+and history would admit.</p>
+
+<p>But tho’ these convey the most general and truest
+ideas of the position and situation of places; yet, as
+containing but a small surface, they were found not
+extensive enough to take in particular kingdoms or
+states, with their subdivisions, cities, and rivers, so
+as to convey an adequate and sufficient representation.
+Besides, they were not so portable and commodious
+in voyages or travels.</p>
+
+<p><i>Maps</i> and <i>Charts</i> were therefore thought of, as
+being most convenient for both the purposes above-mentioned;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_564">[564]</span>
+ the accuracy of which depends on representing
+the meridians and parallels in such manner,
+that when places are laid thereon, according to
+their latitudes and longitudes, they may have such
+respect to each other, as they have on the globe itself;
+and those are either <i>globular</i> or <i>rectilinear</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Globular</i>, or <i>curvilinear</i>, are either general or particular.</p>
+
+<p><i>General</i>, are the hemispheres; for the most part
+constructed stereographically.</p>
+
+<p><i>Particular</i>, contain only some part of the terraqueous
+globe; and of this sort there are sundry
+modes of construction, which for the most part
+are defective, so as not to be applied with accuracy
+and facility to the purposes intended, in determining
+the courses or bearings of places, their distances,
+or both.</p>
+
+<p><i>Rectilinear</i> were therefore very early adopted, on
+which the meridians were described parallel to each
+other, and the degrees of latitude and longitude every-where
+equal; the rumbs were consequently right
+lines; and hereby it was thought, that the courses
+or bearings of places would be more easily determined.</p>
+
+<p>But these were found also insufficient and erroneous,
+the meridians being parallel, which ought to
+converge; and no method or device used to accommodate
+that parallelism.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding the great deficiency in this plane
+map or chart, it was preferred, especially in nautical
+business; and hath its uses at this day in topographic
+constructions, as in bays, harbours, and very narrow
+zones.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_565">[565]</span></p>
+
+<p>However, the errors herein were sooner discovered
+than corrected, both by mathematicians and mariners,
+as by Martin Cortese, Petrus Nonius, Coigniet,
+and some say by Ptolemy himself.</p>
+
+<p>The first step towards the improvement of this
+chart was made by Gerardus Mercator, who published
+a map about the year 1550, wherein the degrees
+of latitude were increased from the equator towards
+each pole; but upon what principles this was
+constructed, he did not exhibit.</p>
+
+<p>About the year 1590, Mr. Edward Wright, an
+Englishman, discovered the true principles upon
+which such a chart should be constructed; and communicated
+the same to one Jodocus Hondius, an engraver,
+who, contrary to his honest faith and engagement,
+published the same as his own invention: This
+occasioned Mr. Wright, in the year 1599, to exhibit
+his method of construction, in his book, intitled,
+<i>Correction of Errors in Navigation</i>; in the preface of
+which book may be seen his charge and proof against
+Hondius; and also how far Mercator has any right
+to share in the honour due for this great improvement
+in geography and navigation.</p>
+
+<p>Blundevill, in his Exercises, page 327, published
+anno 1594, gives a table of meridional parts answering
+to even degrees, from 1° to 80° of latitude,
+with the sketch of a chart constructed therefrom;
+but this table he acknowledged to have received
+from Mr. Wright, in the following words, page 326,
+<i>viz.</i> “In the mean time to reform the saide faults,”
+(in the plane chart) “Mercator hath in his universal
+chard or mappe made the spaces of the parallels
+of latitude to bee wider everie one than other
+from the equinoctial towards either of the poles,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_566">[566]</span>
+by what rule I know not, unless it be by such a
+table as my friend Maister Wright of Caius-college
+in Cambridge at my request sent me (I thank
+him) not long since for that purpose, which table
+with his consent, I have plainlie set down,” <i>&c.</i></p>
+
+<p>About the year 1720, a globular chart was published,
+said to be constructed by Mr. Henry Wilson;
+the errors in which were obviated by Mr. Thomas
+Haselden, in a letter to Dr. Halley; who at the same
+time exhibited a new scale, whereby distances on a
+given course may be measured, or laid off, at one
+extent of the compasses, on Wright’s projection;
+and was intended to render the same as easy in practice
+as the plane chart.</p>
+
+<p>The above chart was published in opposition to
+Mr. Wright’s, which that author charged with imperfections
+and errors, and that it represented places
+bigger than they are upon the globe.</p>
+
+<p>It is true, the surface is apparently enlarged; but
+the position of places, in respect to one another, are
+in no wise distorted; and it may be asserted, with
+the same parity of reason, that the lines of sines,
+tangents, and secants, are false, because the degrees
+of the circle, which are equal among themselves,
+are thereupon represented unequal.</p>
+
+<p>Yet if a map or chart was so constructed, as to
+shew the situation and true extent of countries, <i>&c.
+ primâ facie</i> (if I may be allowed the expression),
+and yet retain all the properties, uses, and simplicity,
+of Wright’s construction, it would be a truly great
+improvement; but this seems to be impossible.</p>
+
+<p>The method exhibited by the Rev. Mr. Murdoch,
+in his paper, read before the Royal Society on the
+9th of February last, shews the situation of places,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_567">[567]</span>
+and seems better calculated for determining superficial
+and linear measures, than any other that has occurred
+to me.</p>
+
+<p>This Gentleman illustrates his theory with examples
+justly intended to point out the quantity of
+error, that will happen in a large extent.</p>
+
+<p>For instance; Between latitudes 10° and 60° N.
+and containing 110 degrees difference of longitude,
+Mr. Murdoch computes the distance at 5594 miles;
+which, upon the arc of a great circle, is found to be
+5477, or by other methods 5462; so that the difference
+is only 117, or at most 132 miles in so great
+an extent, and to an high latitude; and the higher
+the latitude the greater the error is like to be, where-ever
+middle latitude is concerned.</p>
+
+<p>His courses also agree very nearly with computations
+made from the tables of meridional parts.</p>
+
+<p>In example the first they are the very same:</p>
+
+<p>In example the 2d they agree to half a minute:</p>
+
+<p>In example the 3d they vary 1° 4´, on account of
+the high latitudes, which extend from 56° to 80° N.</p>
+
+<p>However, I do not esteem this method so simple,
+easy, and concise, in the practice of navigation, as
+Mr. Wright’s construction, especially in determining
+the bearings or courses from place to place: nor will
+it (I presume) admit of a zone containing both north
+and south latitude.</p>
+
+<p>Of these inconveniences Mr. Murdoch seems to
+be extremely well acquainted, when he expresses
+himself in the following very candid and ingenuous
+terms, <i>viz.</i> “As to Wright’s or Mercator’s nautical
+chart, it does not here fall under our consideration:
+it is perfect in its kind; and will always
+be reckoned among the chief inventions of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_568">[568]</span>
+last age. If it has been misunderstood or misapplied
+by geographers, they only are to blame.”—And
+again, at the end of his nautical examples, he
+concludes thus, <i>viz.</i> “It is not meant, however,
+that it ought to take place of the easier and
+better computation by a table of meridional
+parts.”</p>
+
+<p>I have the honour to be, with the greatest respect,</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+SIR,
+<br />
+<span class="margin">The <span class="smcap">Royal Society’s</span>,</span> and<br />
+
+<span class="margina"><i>Your</i> most obedient Servant,</span><br />
+
+<span class="marginb"><span class="large">William Mountaine.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<hr class="r5" />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Addenda</span> <i>to Mr.</i> Murdoch<i>’s Paper</i>, Nº. <span class="allsmcap">LXXIII.</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="drop-capi">IF it is required “to draw a map, in which the superficies of a
+given zone shall be equal to the zone on the sphere, while
+at the same time the projection from the center is strictly geometrical;”
+<i>Take</i> Cx <i>to</i> CM <i>as a geometrical mean between</i> CM
+<i>and</i> Nn, <i>is to the like mean between the cosine of the middle latitude,
+and twice the tangent of the semidifference of latitudes</i>; and project
+on the conic surface generated by <i>xt</i>. But here the degrees of latitude
+towards the middle will fall short of their just quantity, and
+at the extremities exceed it: which hurts the eye. Artists may
+use either rule: or, in most cases, they need only make C<i>x</i> to
+CM as the arc ML is to its tangent, and finish the map; either
+by a projection, or, as in the first method, by dividing that part
+of <i>xt</i> which is intercepted by the secants thro’ L and <i>l</i>, into equal
+degrees of latitude.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Mountaine justly observes, “that my rule does not admit of
+a zone containing N. and S. latitudes.” But the remedy is, <i>to
+extend the lesser latitudes to an equality with the greater; that the cone
+may be changed into a cylinder, and the rumbs into straight lines</i>.</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_569">[569]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXV. <i>Cases of the remarkable Effects of
+Blisters in lessening the Quickness of the
+Pulse in Coughs, attended with Infarction
+of the Lungs and Fever: By</i> Robert
+Whytt, <i>M. D. F.R.S. Fellow of the
+Royal College of Physicians, and Professor
+of Medicine in the University of</i> Edinburgh.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read Feb. 16,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">ONE of the most natural effects of
+blistering plaisters, when applied
+to the human body, is to quicken the pulse, and increase
+the force of the circulation. This effect they
+produce, not only by means of the pain and inflammation
+they raise in the parts to which they
+are applied, but also because the finer particles of
+the <i>cantharides</i>, which enter the blood, render it
+more apt to stimulate the heart and vascular system.</p>
+
+<p>The apprehension, that blisters must in every case
+accelerate the motion of the blood, seems to have
+been the reason, why some eminent physicians have
+been unwilling to use them in feverish and inflammatory
+disorders, till after the force of the disease
+was a good deal abated, and the pulse beginning to
+sink. However, an attentive observation of the effects,
+which follow the application of blisters in
+those diseases, will shew, that instead of increasing,
+they often remarkably lessen the frequency of the
+pulse. This I had occasion formerly to take notice<span class="pagenum" id="Page_570">[570]</span>
+of<a id="FNanchor_31" href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a>, and shall now evince more fully by the following
+cases.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">I. A widow lady, aged about 50, was seized (December
+1755) with a bad cough, oppression about
+her stomach and breast, and a pain in her right side,
+tho’ not very acute. Her pulse being quick, and
+skin hot, some blood was taken away, which was a
+good deal sizy: attenuating and expectorating medicines
+were also prescribed. But as her complaints
+did not yield to these remedies, I was called on December
+26th, after she had been ill about ten days;
+at which time her pulse beat from 96 to 100 times
+in a minute, but was not fuller than natural. I ordered
+her to lose seven or eight ounces more of blood,
+which, like the former, was sizy; and next day,
+finding no abatement of her complaints, I advised a
+blister to be applied, in the evening, to that part of
+her right side which was pained. Next morning,
+when the blister was removed, the pain of her side
+was gone, and her pulse beat only 88 times in a minute,
+and in two days more it came down to 78.
+However, after the blistered part became dry, the
+pulse rose in one day’s time to 96, and continued between
+that number and 90 for four days; after which
+I ordered a large blister to be put between her shoulders.
+When this plaister was taken off, her pulse
+beat under 90 times in a minute; and next day it
+fell to 76, and the day after to 72. The cough and
+other symptoms, which were relieved by the first
+blister, were quite cured by the second.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_571">[571]</span></p>
+
+<p>II. John Graham, bookbinder, in Edinburgh, aged
+37, of a thin habit of body, formerly subject to
+coughs, and thought to be in danger of a <i>phthisis
+pulmonalis</i>, having exposed himself unwarily to cold
+in the night time, was, about the end of January
+1756, seized with a bad cough and feverishness; for
+which he was blooded, and had a diaphoretic julep,
+a pectoral decoction, and a mixture with <i>gum. ammoniacum</i>
+and <i>acetum scilliticum</i>, given him by Mr.
+James Russell, surgeon-apothecary in this place. On
+the 12th of February, after he had been ill above a
+fortnight, I was desired to visit him. He seemed to
+be a good deal emaciated; his eyes were hollow,
+and cheeks fallen in: he was almost constantly in a
+sweat; coughed frequently, and spit up a great
+quantity of tough phlegm, somewhat resembling <i>pus</i>:
+his pulse beat from 112 to 116 times in a minute.
+In this condition I ordered immediately a blister to
+be applied between his shoulders, which lessened in
+some degree his cough and spitting, as well as the frequency
+of his pulse; but the blistered part no sooner
+began to heal, than he became as ill as before, and
+continued in this bad way nine or ten days, gradually
+wasting, with continued sweats, and a great spitting
+of a thick <i>mucus</i>. During this time he used <i>tinctura
+rosarum</i>, and the mixture with <i>gum. ammon.</i> and <i>acet.
+scillit.</i> without any sensible benefit, and had six ounces
+of blood taken away, which was very watery, and
+the <i>crassamentum</i> was of a lax texture. In this almost
+desperate condition, another blister, larger than the
+former, was put between his shoulders, which remarkably
+lessened his cough and spitting, and in two
+or three days reduced his pulse to 96 strokes in a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_572">[572]</span>
+minute. After this he continued to recover slowly,
+without the assistance of any other medicine, except
+the <i>tinctura rosarum</i> and the mixture with <i>gum. ammon.</i>
+and <i>acet. scillit.</i> and at present he enjoys good
+health.</p>
+
+<p>III. Mrs.——, aged upwards of 40, who had
+for several years been subject to a cough and spitting
+in the winter months, was, in October 1756, seized
+with those complaints in a much greater degree than
+usual; to remove which, she was blooded, and got
+some attenuating and pectoral medicines from Mr.
+John Balfour, surgeon-apothecary in Leith. I was
+called on November 11th, after she had been ill
+several weeks, and found her in a very unpromising
+condition. She had a frequent and severe cough,
+with great shortness of breath and a wheezing; her
+lungs seemed to be quite stuffed with phlegm, of
+which she spit a vast quantity every day, and of such
+an appearance, that I was apprehensive it was, in
+part at least, truly purulent. When she sat up in a
+chair, her pulse beat above 130 times in a minute.
+She had a considerable thirst, and her tongue was of
+a deep red colour, with a beginning aphthous crust
+on some parts of it. She was so weak, and her pulse
+so feeble, that there was no place for further bleeding:
+a blister was therefore applied to her back,
+November 11th, which somewhat lowered her pulse,
+and lessened the shortness of breathing and quantity
+of phlegm in her lungs. November 16th, a second
+blister was laid to her side, which gave her still more
+sensible relief than the former, and reduced her pulse
+to 114 strokes in a minute. November 25th, a third<span class="pagenum" id="Page_573">[573]</span>
+blister was applied to her back; by which her cough
+and wheezing were rendered considerably easier, and
+the phlegm, which she spit up, lost its purulent appearance,
+became thinner, more frothy, and was
+much less in quantity. Her pulse beat now only
+104 times in a minute. After this, her cough and
+spitting increasing again, she had, on the 20th of
+December, a fourth blister applied to her back, which,
+like the former, did her great service. Her stomach
+being extremely delicate, I scarce ordered any medicines
+for her all this time, except a cordial julep,
+with <i>spir. volat. oleos.</i> tincture of rhubarb as a laxative,
+and a julep of <i>aqu. rosar. acet. vin. alb.</i> and <i>syr.
+balsam.</i> of which last she took two table spoonfuls
+twice or thrice a day in a quarter of a pint of lintseed
+tea. After the fourth blister, she drank for
+some time a cupful of <i>infusum amarum</i> twice a day,
+and continued to recover slowly: and tho’ during the
+remaining part of the winter she was, as usually, a
+good deal troubled with a cough, yet in the spring she
+got free from it, and is now in her ordinary health.</p>
+
+<p>IV. Christian M<sup>c</sup>ewen, aged 21, had laboured
+under a cough, thick spitting, pain of her breast,
+and pains in her sides affecting her breathing, for
+about a twelvemonth: and after getting, by proper
+remedies, in a good measure free from those complaints,
+her cough, from catching a fresh cold, increased
+to a greater degree than ever, became hard
+and dry, and was attended with a constant difficulty
+of breathing, pain in her left side, and head-ach.
+After having been seven or eight days in this condition,
+she was admitted into the Royal Infirmary, January<span class="pagenum" id="Page_574">[574]</span>
+ 9th, 1757. As her pulse was small, tho’ very
+quick, <i>viz.</i> beating 130 in a minute, I thought it
+unnecessary to bleed her, as from former experience
+I did not doubt but that blistering alone would relieve
+her: I ordered, therefore, a large blister to be applied
+to her left side, where she complained of pain, and
+prescribed for her the following julep:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="hang">℞ <i>Aqu. menth. simp. spirit. Minderer. ana</i> ℥ iij.
+<i>acet. scillit.</i> ℥ i. <i>sacchar. alb.</i> ℥ ij. <i>misce; cap.
+coch.</i> ij. <i>ter in die</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="noin">She was also desired to breathe frequently over the
+steam of hot water, and to drink lintseed tea.</p>
+
+<p>January 10th. Her pulse beat only 112 times in a
+minute, and was somewhat fuller than on the 9th.
+The blister was not removed till late in the evening,
+and made a plentiful discharge. The cough having
+been so severe last night, as to keep her from sleep,
+I ordered her the following anodyne draught:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="hang">℞ <i>Spirit. Minderer.</i> ℥ ss. <i>acet. scillit.</i> ȝ i. <i>syr. papav.
+alb.</i> ȝ vi. <i>misce; cap. hor. somni.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Jan. 11th. The cough easier last night; difficulty
+of breathing less; pulse 108 in a minute. Ordered
+the anodyne draught to be repeated, and the use of
+the julep, with <i>acet. scillit.</i> to be continued.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 12th. Pulse slower; cough and pain of the
+side easier; but still complains of a head-ach.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 13th. Pulse 94 in a minute; cough continues
+easier in the night, but is troublesome in the day-time.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 14th. Every way better; pulse only 80 in a
+minute. As her cough is still bound, ordered her,
+besides the medicines above-mentioned, a pectoral
+decoction of <i>rad. alth.</i> &c.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_575">[575]</span></p>
+
+<p>Jan. 15th. Cough and other complaints in a great
+measure removed; pulse 65 in a minute.</p>
+
+<p>From this time her cough gave her little trouble;
+but on the 18th she complained of a pain in the
+<i>epigastrium</i>, with sickness at stomach, want of apetite,
+and a giddiness in her head, which were considerably
+relieved by a vomit, <i>infusum amarum</i>, and
+stomachic purges; and were almost wholly cured
+by the return of her menses on the 5th of February,
+after an interval of eight weeks.</p>
+
+<p>V. A girl 21 months old, who had (December
+1756) a great load of the small-pox, and not of a good
+kind, with a cough and obstructed breathing, was,
+on the seventh day from the eruption, blistered on
+the back; by which the pulse was lessened from 200
+to 156 strokes in a minute. Next day her legs were
+also blistered, and the pulse thereby fell to 136. But
+the child’s lungs being much oppressed, and her
+throat being so full of pustules that she could scarce
+swallow any thing, she died towards the end of the
+ninth day.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">I could add several other cases of the remarkable
+effects of blisters in lessening the quickness of the
+pulse in coughs attended with fever, pain in the side,
+and pituitous infarction of the lungs: but those above
+may be sufficient to put this matter out of doubt, as
+well as to remove any prejudice, that may still remain
+against the free use of so efficacious a remedy.</p>
+
+<p>In a true peripneumony, especially where the inflammation
+is great, repeated bleeding is the principal
+remedy, and blisters early applied are not so<span class="pagenum" id="Page_576">[576]</span>
+proper. But when the peripneumony is of a mixed
+kind; when the lungs are not so much inflamed
+as loaded with a pituitous matter; when bleeding
+gives but little relief; when the pulse, tho’ quick,
+is small; when the patient is little able to bear evacuations,
+and the disease has continued for a considerable
+time; in all these cases blistering will produce remarkable
+good effects, and, far from increasing, will
+generally lessen the frequency of the pulse, and fever,
+more speedily than any other remedy.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, when the fever and frequency
+of the pulse proceed from a true inflammation of the
+lungs, from large obstructions tending to suppuration,
+or from an open ulcer in them, blisters will be of
+less use, nay, sometimes will do harm, except in the
+last case, where they, as well as issues and setons,
+are often beneficial, tho’ seldom able to compleat a
+cure. But as in pituitous infarctions of the lungs,
+with cough and fever, repeated blisters applied to the
+back and sides are far preferable to issues or setons, so
+these last seem most proper in an open ulcer of the
+lungs. The former make a greater and more sudden
+derivation, and are therefore adapted to acute cases;
+the latter act more slowly, but for a much longer
+time, and are therefore best suited to chronic diseases.
+Further, while blisters evacuate chiefly the
+serous humours, issues and setons generally discharge
+true purulent matter, and on this account may be of
+greatest service in internal ulcers.</p>
+
+<p>In what manner blisters may lessen the fever and
+frequency of the pulse attending internal inflammations,
+I have elsewhere endeavoured to explain<a id="FNanchor_32" href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a>;
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_577">[577]</span>and shall only add here, that in the cases above recited,
+where the quick pulse and feverishness proceeded
+more from a pituitous infarction than a true
+inflammation of the lungs, blisters, by relieving this
+organ, in some measure, of the load of humours oppressing
+it, would render the circulation through its
+vessels freer, and consequently lessen the quickness
+of the pulse, and other feverish symptoms.</p>
+
+<p>It may not, however, be improper briefly to point
+out the reason, why blisters, which have been observed
+to be remarkably efficacious, even when early
+applied, in pleurisies<a id="FNanchor_33" href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a>, are less so in true peripneumonies.
+This difference, I imagine, may be accounted
+for from there being no immediate communication
+between the pulmonary vessels and those
+of the sides and back, to which the blisters are applied;
+whereas the <i>pleura</i>, and intercostal muscles,
+are furnished with blood-vessels from the intercostal
+arteries, which also supply the teguments of the
+<i>thorax</i>: so that while a greater flow of serous humours,
+and also indeed of red blood, is derived into
+the vessels of the external parts, to which the vesicatories
+are applied, the force of the fluids in the vessels
+of the inflamed <i>pleura</i>, or intercostal muscles,
+must be considerably lessened. Further, as the intercostal
+muscles and <i>pleura</i> are, as well as the teguments
+of the <i>thorax</i>, supplied with nerves from the
+<i>true</i> intercostals, blisters applied to the back and sides
+may perhaps, on this account also, have a greater effect
+in relieving inflammations there than in the lungs,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_578">[578]</span>which have nerves from the eighth pair, and from
+the <i>intercostals</i> improperly so called.</p>
+
+<p>Edinburgh, May 23d, 1757.</p>
+
+<p class="hang p2"><i>Extract of a Letter from Dr.</i> Whytt, <i>Professor of
+Medicine in the University of</i> Edinburgh, <i>and F.
+R. S. to Dr.</i> Pringle, <i>F.R.S.</i></p>
+
+<p class="right">
+Edinburgh, 10 Nov. 1757.
+</p>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">WHAT you remark with regard to blisters being
+freely used by the physicians at London,
+in the cases mentioned in the paper I last sent you, is
+very just, and indeed what I knew; but altho’ their
+efficacy in such circumstances is now generally acknowleged
+both in England and Scotland, yet I do
+not remember that their remarkable quality in lessening
+the quickness of the pulse has been particularly
+attended to. This, therefore, I thought it might not
+be amiss to ascertain by a few careful observations.</p>
+
+<p>I agree intirely with you, as to the use of blisters
+in fevers; being of opinion, that when there is no
+particular part obstructed or inflamed, they are of
+little service, and sometimes hurtful, unless perhaps towards
+the end, when the pulse begins to sink. Nay,
+in fevers, where the substance of the brain is affected,
+and not its membranes, I have never found any
+sensible benefit from blisters: and I always suspect
+the brain itself affected, when a fever and delirium
+come on without any preceding head-ach, or redness
+in the <i>tunica albuginea</i> of the eyes. This kind of
+fever I have met with several times, and have observed
+it to be generally fatal.</p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_579">[579]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXVI. <i>A remarkable Instance of Four
+rough Stones, that were discovered in an
+human urinary Bladder, contrary to the
+received Opinion; and successfully extracted
+by the lateral Method of Cutting for
+the Stone. By Mr.</i> Joseph Warner, <i>F.
+R. S. and Surgeon to</i> Guy’s-Hospital.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read Feb. 23,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">THE favourable reception those few
+papers have met with from the
+Royal Society, which I have done myself the honour
+of addressing to them, encourages me to take
+the liberty of offering the following account to their
+consideration: and I am the more immediately induced
+to submit this paper to their perusal, as the
+fact hereafter related may possibly be not esteemed a
+matter of mere curiosity; since it is probable, that
+the inferences deduced from the history of the subsequent
+case, when attended to, may prove of the
+greatest consequence to the future ease and welfare
+of the patient, as well as be a means of preventing
+the operator from falling into such errors, as cannot
+fail of drawing an imputation upon his character, in
+the practice of one of the most capital and difficult
+undertakings in his profession.</p>
+
+<p>It is a maxim laid down by the most judicious
+and best received writers upon operations in surgery,
+that when the surface of a stone, which has been
+extracted from the bladder, appears to be totally
+rough, it amounts to a proof of its having been<span class="pagenum" id="Page_580">[580]</span>
+there alone. But notwithstanding I admit it is from
+experience found, that the observation is in general
+well grounded, it may nevertheless appear, from the
+following case, that this rule is not unexceptionable:
+for which reason perhaps it may be thought right,
+that we should not be determined from circumstances
+only; but, on the contrary, that it is necessary for
+every surgeon to take such methods during the operation,
+as will enable him to judge with that degree of
+certainty, without which he cannot be enabled to
+do so.</p>
+
+<p>The methods I would recommend are these: That
+after the extraction of a stone from the bladder, tho’
+the whole of its surface be rough, the operator should
+nevertheless introduce the forefinger of his left or
+right hand thro’ the wound into the cavity of the
+bladder; by which means, if the subject be under
+twelve years of age, he will be enabled to come in
+contact with every internal part of the bladder with
+his finger: but if the subject be an adult, and of a
+corpulent habit of body, the finger, under these circumstances,
+not being found to be sufficiently long
+for the purpose, he must have recourse to a female
+catheter, or some other instrument that is nearly
+strait, quite smooth and polished, and of about nine
+or ten inches long; which will serve the purpose
+equally well, if of a proper form and thickness.
+This is the method I have made use of upon the
+like occasions of late years, without giving any great
+degree of pain to the patient, or considerably retarding
+the operation.</p>
+
+<p>Since I have had the opportunity of making the
+following observation, as well as a prior observation<span class="pagenum" id="Page_581">[581]</span>
+ something similar to this, where two rough
+stones were extracted by me a few years ago from a
+young man’s bladder of 15 years of age, I cannot
+help suspecting, that there may have been instances
+of one or more stones being left behind in the bladder
+at the time of operating, merely from the operator’s
+putting too great a confidence in this general
+rule. Which suspicion I am led into from having
+known people, who have undergone the operation
+of cutting for the stone, relapse into the like disorder
+in a short time after the healing of their wounds,
+attended with such symptoms, as have obliged them
+to submit to a second operation; when the stone,
+upon being extracted, has appeared of so considerable
+a size, as to make it suspicious, that this stone
+must probably have been of a much longer growth,
+than the short time betwixt the two operations could
+admit of. The maxim laid down to us by authors,
+of a smooth and polished stone in the bladder being
+never there alone, but always accompanied with one
+or more stones of the same kind, I know no exception
+to. But if this phænomenon should ever occur,
+the strict observance of that rule (delivered to us by
+judicious writers in surgery) of always searching the
+bladder under the like appearances, on presumption
+of one or more stones being left behind, cannot be
+attended with any future mischief to the patient,
+when carefully executed by the methods recommended
+above, and undoubtedly should always be
+strictly attended to. The smooth and polished appearances
+of the surfaces of human <i>calculi</i> are universally
+supposed to arise from their rubbing one
+against the other; which may with reason be supposed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_582">[582]</span>
+ to be the case: but I confess this inference is
+not satisfactory to me; since it is probable, if this
+was the sole cause of their smoothness, the same effect
+would probably be always produced, when attended
+with the same degree of friction. But as this
+may be considered as a matter of mere speculation,
+I refer the decision of this point to those of superior
+abilities.</p>
+
+<h3>CASE.</h3>
+
+<p>Mr. William Woodhams, a gentleman farmer, of
+a corpulent habit of body, in the 46th year of his
+age, now living in the parish of Udimore, within
+three miles of Rye in Sussex, was attacked about
+eight years ago with severe complaints in his loins,
+accompanied with an incapacity of voiding his urine
+without the assistance of proper medicines, which
+were administered to him by a neighbouring apothecary
+for that purpose. These medicines had the desired
+effect: they promoted a secretion, and an evacuation
+of urine; which appeared to be loaded with
+a considerable quantity of gravelly particles mixed
+with a <i>mucus</i> of a whitish colour. In the space of
+three weeks he had perfectly recovered from this attack,
+and continued well for near five years afterwards,
+without any return of his complaint, except
+when he rode hard on horseback, or drank more
+freely of strong liquors than usual. At the expiration
+of five years he was seized with an acute fever,
+of which he recovered in a few weeks.</p>
+
+<p>Very soon after his recovery from this illness, he
+began to complain of excessive pain in voiding his
+urine, or upon going to stool; which symptoms<span class="pagenum" id="Page_583">[583]</span>
+were so greatly increased for many months before he
+submitted to the operation, as to quite disable him
+from riding, from walking, or from using any kind
+of exercise. His urine, of late, was continually and
+involuntarily flowing from him in small quantities.
+He complained of great pain and soreness in his fundament,
+attended with a <i>tenesmus</i>. This account he
+delivered to me on the second day after the operation;
+and at the same time he very feelingly told me, that
+he had enjoyed but very few and short intervals of
+ease for the three last years, till since the operation.</p>
+
+<p>On the 30th of January 1758, I cut him, at his
+own house in Sussex, having first prepared him
+for the operation in the manner, that is usual upon
+the like occasion. In the operation, I extracted
+the four stones, which I now have the honour of
+laying before the Royal Society. The whole surfaces
+of these stones appear to be rough, not having
+the least marks of ever having rubbed against each
+other during their confinement in the bladder: but
+yet I conjecture this must frequently have been the
+case, as there was no difficulty in embracing these
+<i>calculi</i> with the forceps: for had they been contained
+in different cells or pouches in the bladder,
+which sometimes have been observed from dissections,
+this circumstance would, in all probability, have rendered
+it impracticable for me to have so immediately
+got at them, if at all.</p>
+
+<p>The forceps was introduced only three times into
+the bladder for effecting the extraction of the three
+first stones, and only twice for the extraction of the
+fourth stone. Besides these four stones, which I have
+presented to the Society for their inspection, I thought<span class="pagenum" id="Page_584">[584]</span>
+it not improper to produce, at the same time, some
+other human <i>calculi</i>, for their further satisfaction,
+each of which was found single in the urinary bladders
+of different subjects. The surfaces of these stones
+may be observed to be much smoother than the surface
+of either of the four stones, that were extracted
+from Mr. Woodhams’s bladder in the operation I
+have just now recited; and therefore it was more
+reasonable to expect to find each of these stones accompanied
+with one or more stones in the same
+bladder (according to the received opinion), than it
+was to find more stones than one in the case of Mr.
+Woodhams’s, which has given rise to these observations.</p>
+
+<p>But as the fact before us does of itself shew the
+impropriety and danger of determining from the surfaces
+of such extraneous bodies, perhaps it may be
+thought needless to enlarge upon this subject, to
+strengthen those precautions so reasonable to be observed
+in this operation. However, as I have already
+taken notice of the smooth and polished appearances
+of the surfaces of such stones, as are probably
+never found single in the bladder; I have produced
+two stones of this kind, that were extracted
+from the same bladder, to shew, that these stones
+do no more resemble those stones of Mr. Woodhams’s,
+than a piece of polished marble can be said
+to resemble a rough block of the same species.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="hang"><i>P. S.</i> I am informed, by a letter from Sussex,
+dated the 18th instant, that Mr. Woodhams is
+perfectly well in health; that the whole of his
+urine had passed through the urethra for the
+last five or six days; and that his wound will,
+in all probability, be soon healed.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="large">Joseph Warner.</span></p>
+<p>
+Hatton-Garden,
+February 22. 1758.
+</p>
+<div class="sync"></div>
+<div class="figcenter illowp54" id="facing584a" style="max-width: 121.1875em;">
+<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span><a id="XXII"></a> XXII.(a) <i>p. <a href="#Page_584">584</a></i>.</div>
+
+ <img class="w100" src="images/facing584a.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="hang">Plate <i>is an exact representation of the sizes and external appearances
+of the four rough stones described in the preceding paper</i></div>
+<div class="right"><i><span class="small">J. Mynde sc.</span></i></div>
+</div>
+<div class="sync"></div>
+<hr />
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_585">[585]</span></p>
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXVII. <i>Observations on the</i> Limax non
+cochleata Purpur ferens, <i>The naked Snail
+producing Purple. By</i> John Andrew
+Peyssonel, <i>M. D. F.R.S. Translated
+from the</i> French.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read Feb. 23,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">AMONG the fish we meet with in
+the seas of the Antilles of America,
+we find, that this I am going to describe will appear
+precious, from the beautiful purple colour it produces,
+in the same manner, that the cuttle-fish produces
+its ink, if a means could be found to procure this
+liquor in a sufficient quantity to render it an article
+of commerce. These fishes are soft, viscous, without
+shells, scales, or bones; are of the nature of the
+<i>polypi</i>, and such other kinds, without feet, fins, or
+any thing to supply their places. Their motion is
+vermicular; and, like the slugs, they wreath themselves
+up, and when touched make themselves quite
+round.</p>
+
+<p>They fill up certain membranes of the body with
+water. Their local motion; <i>antennæ</i>, which they
+lengthen and contract; and a great many other properties,
+which they have in common with snails,
+slugs, and turbinated shell-fish, made me call them
+naked snails: and altho’ they have not the most essential<span class="pagenum" id="Page_586">[586]</span>
+ qualities of snails, I thought I might give
+them the name; for they have no particular appellation
+in this country. Some call them piss-a beds,
+some sea-cats, and others a less modest name, <i>tapecon</i>,
+taken from Pliny. The Negroes and country people
+disagree upon this subject; and therefore I thought
+all their names ought to be rejected, in order to adopt
+a more significant one, which I have given them;
+and that altho’ they are without shells, a quality essential
+to snails, they had a right to that class by their
+other properties and qualities.</p>
+
+<p>This fish is commonly four inches long, and two
+thick; of a greenish colour, spotted with black, each
+of which forms a circle. The under part is like that
+of snails, flat, with kinds of <i>mamillæ</i>, or rugosities,
+which are adhesive; by means of which they advance
+in a vermicular motion; and when touched
+become round, by retracting their neck and head;
+and afterwards protrude them considerably, according
+to their motion and progression, crawling upon
+rocks to seek their food.</p>
+
+<p>The head of this animal has a flatness, or is inclinable
+to a square or parallelogram. On each side
+there are membranes or skins, which form kinds of
+ears; and under them others, which at times fill
+with water, and are then transparent. Under this
+thick skin there is a <i>cranium</i>, of a kind of coriaceous
+or cartilaginous matter; and in the <i>cranium</i> we find
+the brain, which is a white substance, and very firm.
+At the basis of the head its oval wide mouth is
+placed, being above two lines long, which often discovers
+a white hard edge, with which he crops the
+fucus’s, and other sea-plants, for his nourishment.</p>
+
+<p>About half an inch from the ears there are two<span class="pagenum" id="Page_587">[587]</span>
+horns, or <i>antennæ</i>, like those of some testaceous animals,
+which serve them for eyes; and these <i>antennæ</i>
+extend and contract at will, turning to either side
+also. The <i>oesophagus</i> begins at the upper and inner
+part of the mouth, which is a delicate long tube;
+near which there is another thick one, and made
+nearly like the colon, which leads to a bag, or the
+first stomach, which may be likened to the craw of
+a fowl: it is always filled with fucus mixed with
+sand. Sometimes this stomach is double, or at least
+lengthens itself considerably, and the aliment parts
+it, as it were, into two portions. After this craw, or
+stomach, we find another, which performs the same
+office with the gizzard of fowls. The membranes
+are thick, and are set with twelve stones, or horny
+pieces, of a bright yellow colour, and as transparent
+as fine yellow amber, ending in points like a diamond;
+so that the great side, or basis, is set into the
+membrane of the gizzard as a diamond in its socket:
+others differ in size, having different figures, that in
+acting all together they may be able to break and
+grind the herbs the animal feeds upon, as well by
+the strength of the muscle or gizzard, which puts
+them into action, as by the situation of these stones,
+assisted by grains of sand found in it, turning the
+whole by this trituration into a liquor. Afterwards,
+what was thus triturated by the power of the gizzard
+passes into a third belly or stomach, which is covered
+by a purple body, resembling the <i>parenchyma</i> of the
+liver, and nearly of the same consistence: then this
+belly turns into a long tube, which surrounds this
+<i>parenchyma</i>, and is covered in like manner by a very
+fine membrane: it is full of a white liquor, like
+chyle, and goes to discharge itself into another reservoir,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_588">[588]</span>
+ at the side of which is a yellowish gland, like a
+<i>pancreas</i>. From these two bodies or glands one of
+which may be called hepatic, and the other pancreatic,
+two conduits pass out; that of the <i>pancreas</i>
+is white, the other of a blackish purple: the first
+conducts its chyle, condensed, into a reservoir or
+bladder, which may be resembled to the <i>receptaculum
+chyli</i> of Pequet, and from thence passes to the
+fecal matter: the other conducts to a body made like
+the mesentery, but which is always found out of the
+common capacity or cavity, in which all the <i>viscera</i>
+are contained; which I thus describe:</p>
+
+<p>This common capacity is very large, beginning at
+the head and ending at the tail of the fish: it is
+sometimes filled with a yellowish water, and is formed
+by the fleshy body of the animal; which is only
+a membrane composed of fibres every way interwoven
+together, open at the top, where the organs
+are situated, which contain the purple juice.</p>
+
+<p>There is a hollow upon the back of the animal,
+where the canal, filled with a reddish juice, passes out,
+carrying it to a fringed body like a mesentery; and it
+is there the purple juice is brought to perfection;
+and afterwards goes to a long sack lying under a kind
+of horny plate, not like the bone of the cuttle-fish,
+but like the bone of the <i>sepia</i>, or little cuttle-fish,
+which we call <i>le couteau</i>. This bone, or horny substance,
+is transparent; and is of a triangular figure,
+or approaching the form of a bivalve shell. On the
+right side it is fastened by a strong cartilaginous muscle,
+which binds it to the body of the animal; and on
+the left it is open and detached, and easy to be pulled
+up: then it is easy to see underneath both the mesenteric
+body, and the tube or reservoir of the purple<span class="pagenum" id="Page_589">[589]</span>
+ juice. This bone, or horny plate, is covered by
+a loose membrane, which is by no means attached
+to it, but capable of being filled and inflated with
+water or wind.</p>
+
+<p>The whole is covered with two membranes, which
+are continuations of the flesh of the fish’s body: the
+membranes are loose, and larger than are necessary
+to the bone: they are wrinkled or rumpled over one
+another, to cover the whole, and to defend the bone
+and <i>viscera</i> from all kinds of pressure; but they are
+ready to stretch one from the other, and leave the
+parts destined for the purple juice uncovered. They
+begin a little under the neck, and extend, in the female
+animal, to the tail, which is flat; and in the
+male they do not go so low, but end at some distance
+from the tail.</p>
+
+<p>The females are oviparous; for eggs are found in
+the grand cavity, at the side of the pancreatic body.</p>
+
+<p>I have already said, that when the animal is touched,
+he makes himself round, and throws out his purple
+juice, as the cuttle-fish does his ink. This juice is
+of a beautiful deep colour: it tinges linen, and the
+tincture is difficult to get out. It remains at present
+to try if we can collect a sufficient quantity of this
+juice, and to find a means of preserving the tincture;
+which would then be certainly of great value: to
+which purpose I may apply myself.</p>
+
+<p>When the fish is boiled, or put into spirits, it
+shrinks up, and loses two thirds of its size; because
+all the water, which is in the interstices of the fibres,
+is dissipated, and the dried fibres contract: which
+clearly appears from dissecting them.</p>
+ <p class="right">Peyssonel.</p>
+<p>
+Dated at Guadaloupe,
+20 Mar. 1757.
+</p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_590">[590]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXVIII. <i>New Observations upon the Worms
+that form Sponges. By</i> John Andrew
+Peyssonel, <i>M. D. F.R.S. Translated
+from the</i> French.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read Feb. 23,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">THE existence of the nests of corallines
+and lithophyta, and the mechanism
+of their polypi, made me conjecture, that
+it was the same with respect to sponges; that animals,
+nested in the interstices of their fibres, gave
+them their origin and growth: but I had not yet
+seen nor discovered the insects, nor observed their
+work. Sponges appeared to me only as skeletons:
+but I at length discovered these worms, which form
+sponges, in the four following species:</p>
+
+<ul><li class="hang">1. <i>Spongia Americana tubo similis</i>; The tube-like
+sponge of Plumier. </li>
+
+<li class="hang">2. <i>Spongia Americana longissima funiculo similis</i>;
+The cord-like sponge of Plumier.</li>
+
+<li class="hang">3. <i>Spongia Americana capitata et digitata</i>; The
+fingered sponge of Plumier.</li>
+
+<li class="hang">4. <i>Spongia Americana favo similis</i>; The honeycomb
+sponge of Plumier.</li></ul>
+
+<p>These four kinds only differ in form: they have
+the same qualities, are made by the same kinds of
+worm, and what may be said of the one agrees exactly
+with all the rest; for I made the same observations
+upon them all.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_591">[591]</span></p>
+
+<p>They may be classed among the <i>spongiæ hyrcinæ</i>,
+so called by J. Bauhin, because of the roughness of
+their fibres, by a metaphor, from pieces covered
+with mud; or among those called by Pliny <i>tragos</i>,
+or <i>aphysiæ</i>, being foul, and difficult to cleanse; and
+may take the name, which Father Plumier has given
+them, drawn from their figure.</p>
+
+<p>These four kinds of sponges are composed of hard,
+firm, dirty fibres, sometimes brittle; separated one
+from another, having large hollows, or cylindrical
+tubes, dispersed thro’ their substance. These tubes
+are smooth within. The interstices of their fibres are
+filled with a mucilaginous gluey matter, when the
+sponge is just taken out of the sea. The mucilage
+is of a blackish colour, soon putrifies in the water,
+or falls into dust when dried in the sun.</p>
+
+<p>When a fresh sponge is squeezed, this mucilage
+comes out frothy, by the mixture of the windings
+of its fibres: it always issues forth with sand, or little
+parcels of shells crushed by the sea. These fibres,
+which consist of the twisted doubles of the sponge,
+form as it were a labyrinth filled with worms, which
+are easily crushed, and their juice is confused with
+the mucilage; but having carefully torn the sponges,
+and their gross fibres, I discovered the living worms,
+such as I shall mention hereafter.</p>
+
+<p>These species of sponge commonly grow upon
+sandy bottoms. At their origins we perceive, as it
+were, a nodule of sand, or other matter, almost petrified,
+round which the worms begin to work, and
+round which they retire, as to their last seat or refuge;
+where I had the pleasure of seeing them play, exercise
+themselves, and retire, by examining them with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_592">[592]</span>
+the microscope; and I have even made my observations
+without its assistance.</p>
+
+<h3><i>A Description of the Worms which form the Sponges.</i></h3>
+
+<p>The worms I found in these kinds of sponges are
+about one-third of a line thick, and two or three
+lines in length. They are so transparent, that one
+may discern their <i>viscera</i> thro’ their coverings and
+substance: the blood may be seen to circulate, and
+all their parts to act. They have a conic figure,
+with a small black head furnished with two pincers:
+the other extremity is almost square, and much larger
+than the head. Upon the back may be seen two
+white streaks or fillets, as if they contained the chyle:
+these two canals are parallel to each other from the
+head to the other extremity, where they come together.
+In the middle, where the belly and <i>viscera</i>
+ought to be placed, a blackish matter is perceivable,
+which has a kind of circulation: sometimes it fills all
+the body of the worm, sometimes it gathers towards
+the head, or at the other end, and sometimes it follows
+the motion of the animal. This vermicular motion
+or progression begins at the posterior extremity, and
+ends at the head, which is pushed, and consequently
+advances forward. I kept these worms alive out of
+the sponge, quite detached from it, more than an
+hour, having examined them thoroughly with a
+middling magnifier; for a great magnifier would be
+the grave of the insect.</p>
+
+<p>I was surprised, after having finished my observations,
+when I put them near a piece of the fresh
+sponge, where the nests were moist, and from which<span class="pagenum" id="Page_593">[593]</span>
+I had pulled them, to see them enter into them, and
+disappear, being lost in the windings of the tubes.
+I thought to have found them again; but it was a
+difficult task to search for them. I crushed them,
+or they were themselves mashed in the tubes, which
+I pressed, and of which I had consequently spoiled
+the texture; but I could not find them; and this
+happened several times.</p>
+
+<p>These worms have no particular lodge: they walk
+indifferently into the tubular labyrinth. So that,
+without offence to Pliny and other naturalists, I do
+not see, that it is in their power to dilate and contract
+the bodies of the sponges; which always remain in
+the same state of magnitude, without being any
+way sensible to the touch, or any other motion of
+the sea, nor to any other accident <span class="err" title="original: whatesover">whatsoever</span>, being
+an inanimate body; for the animal sensitive life, or
+whatever you will have it, belongs only to the worms,
+that form these bodies, and which are their dwelling-places;
+and which, by the slaver or juice they deposit,
+make the sponge increase or grow, as bees,
+wasps, and especially the wood-lice of America, increase
+their nests or cells.</p>
+
+<p>These sponges, nests, or cells, are attached to some
+solid body in the sea. Some kinds are fixed to rocks;
+others, as those I am speaking of, are fastened to
+heaps of sand, or to pieces of petrified matter, and
+even upon sandy bottoms; and the sea putting in
+motion the sand, and the little parcels of broken
+shells, forces them into the holes of the sponge:
+there the sand binds and mixes with mucilaginous
+juice, and never is loosed from it but when the
+sponge is well dried, or with the mucilage when<span class="pagenum" id="Page_594">[594]</span>
+putrified, or in powder; and yet some part will remain,
+which it is very difficult to take out from the
+twisted canals, especially in those sponges of the <i>tragos</i>
+kind, so hard to cleanse. In a word, the blood
+or humours, which the ancients have observed, is
+no other than the mucilage or juice of the substance
+of these worms.</p>
+
+<p>
+Dated at Guadaloupe,
+1 March, 1757.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXIX. <i>Account of an Experiment, by which
+it appears, that Salt of Steel does not enter
+the Lacteal Vessels; with Remarks. In a
+Letter to the Rev.</i> Tho. Birch, <i>D. D. Secr.
+R. S. By</i> Edward Wright, <i>M. D.</i></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+SIR,
+</p>
+<div class="sidenote">Read Mar. 2,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">THO’ iron is universally allowed to
+be one of the most powerful medicines
+now in use, yet many physicians observing,
+that the <i>fæces</i> of patients, who used it either in a
+metallic or saline form, were tinged of a black colour,
+have been led to think, that, in a metallic state,
+it could not be reduced into particles fine enough to
+be received by the lacteal vessels; and if taken in a
+saline form, that it underwent a precipitation in the
+intestines, by which, being reduced to an earth or
+calx, it was in like manner rendered incapable of
+making its way into the blood. But the accurate experiments,
+with which Signor Menghini has favoured<span class="pagenum" id="Page_595">[595]</span>
+the public in the Memoirs of the Bononian Academy<a id="FNanchor_34" href="#Footnote_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a>,
+sufficiently prove, that the ore and filings of
+iron, finely levigated, enter the blood in considerable
+quantity; as does also the <i>crocus</i>, <i>calx</i>, or earthy part
+of the metal, tho’ in less proportion than the two
+former, which were found to act with a violent <i>stimulus</i>
+on the vessels, and to have dissolved and broke
+the <i>crasis</i> of the blood of different animals, that had
+used them for some weeks in large doses mixed with
+their ordinary food. Tho’ it must be allowed, that
+these experiments are very curious, yet the subject
+seems to require a further inquiry, viz. <i>Whether iron
+is capable of entering the blood in a state of solution,
+or under a saline form</i>: for, from the violent <i>stimulus</i>,
+as well as from the dissolution of the blood, and
+other symptoms brought on by the use of the ore and
+filings, these substances (not being properly dissolved)
+appear to have acted in a manner so grossly mechanical,
+that, whatever Signor Menghini may think,
+very little is to be concluded from them, with regard
+to the action of iron on the human body, in such
+cases, as indicate its use, and where a rational physician
+would think proper to prescribe it as a medicine.</p>
+
+<p>Having read Signor Menghini’s memoir, I recollected,
+that in the year 1753 I had, with the assistance
+of two friends, made the following experiment,
+in order to discover, whether iron, in a saline form,
+is capable of entering the lacteals.</p>
+
+<p>An ounce and a half of salt of steel dissolved in a
+sufficient quantity of water, filtrated and mixed with
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_596">[596]</span>about a pound of bread and milk, were forced down
+the throat of a dog, that had been kept fasting for
+36 hours. An hour after he had swallowed this
+mixture, having secured him in a supine posture, as
+is usual in such experiments, we opened the abdomen,
+and observed the lacteal vessels, like white
+threads, running along the mesentery in a very beautiful
+manner. Upon slitting open part of the small
+guts, we there found a good deal of the mixture,
+which appeared frothy, but without any black colour,
+or the least sign of the salt being precipitated;
+and struck a deep inky colour with infusion of galls.
+Tho’ the white colour of the lacteals convinced us,
+that they were full of chyle, yet, as it would have
+been impossible to have collected a sufficient quantity
+of it from them, we found it necessary to open the
+thorax, and tie the thoracic duct a little above the
+receptacle, which, from the ligature, soon became
+turgid, the animal being alive and warm, and the
+chyle still continuing its course towards the thoracic
+duct. Having cut open the receptacle, we easily
+collected a sufficient quantity of chyle, and immediately
+mixed therewith, drop by drop, infusion of
+galls; a very simple and easy method, by which an
+incredibly small quantity of salt of steel may be
+discovered in most liquors: but not the smallest
+change of colour was observed, tho’ they were
+rubbed together for some time, and allowed to stand
+several hours. Now had there been a single atom
+(so to speak) of the salt in so small a portion of chyle,
+as that used in this experiment, which was, as near
+as I could guess, some what less than half an ounce,
+it is not to be imagined, that it could have failed to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_597">[597]</span>
+discover itself by this method of trial; for upon
+adding one fourth of a grain of the salt, this mixture
+instantly became of a bright purple: and I
+have found, by other experiments, that the smallest
+quantity of salt of steel shews itself as readily in the
+chyle by galls, as in any other liquor of the same
+consistence.</p>
+
+<p>This experiment (which was as fair as could have
+been desired), together with another observation I
+have made, <i>viz.</i> that neither the blood nor urine of
+patients, during the use of salt of steel, in the least
+change colour with galls, renders it more than probable,
+that this salt <i>does not enter the blood</i>.</p>
+
+<p>As the salt was found to have undergone no change
+in the small guts, it appears, that it is not prevented
+from entering the lacteals by its being decomposed or
+precipitated, as has been imagined; but, on the contrary,
+that what renders it incapable of being received
+by these vessels, is its <i>astringency</i>: for the lacteals seem
+to be endowed with that admirable faculty of admitting
+such particles of pure chyle as they happen to
+be in contact with, and of accommodating their
+diameters to them, at the same time that by their
+natural irritability, and power of constriction they obstinately
+exclude such as are astringent; which, were
+they to enter the lacteals, would either produce dangerous
+obstructions in these vessels, or, if they got
+into the blood, would occasion polypous concretions
+in the larger vessels, or coagulations incapable of being
+transmitted thro’ the minute vessels of the lungs;
+the effects of which would be either sudden death,
+or at least inflammations and suppurations from obstructions
+in the pulmonary vessels; inconveniences,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_598">[598]</span>
+which nature, by precluding astringents from entering
+the lacteals, has carefully and wisely avoided.</p>
+
+<p>Salt of steel, taken internally, must retain its
+astringency until it be precipitated; which can scarce
+ever fail to happen in the great guts, from the putrid
+<i>fæces</i> they contain, which are always observed to be
+tinged of a black colour from the metallic basis of
+the salt, part of which, as it has little or no astringency,
+may, no doubt, enter the blood, as Signor
+Menghini observed of the <i>crocus</i>, which is the same
+substance; and we know, from the experiments of
+Lister and Musgrave<a id="FNanchor_35" href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a>, that particles much grosser
+than those of the white chyle, provided they be not
+astringent, or very acrid, are conveyed by the lacteals.
+But the metallic basis being separated from its acid,
+and thus reduced to a mere calx or earth, can scarce
+be supposed to have any medicinal quality whatsoever,
+or at least to have any share in the virtues justly
+attributed to salt of steel.</p>
+
+<p>As this salt is not only astringent, and consequently
+a strengthener, but at the same time acts with a gentle
+<i>stimulus</i>, all its virtues (which are known to be very
+great in diseases, where the fluids are either viscid,
+cold, and phlegmatic, or dissolved and watery, from
+a laxity of the solids) may be accounted for from its
+immediate effects on the stomach and <i>primæ viæ</i>,
+and on the system of the solids in general by consent;
+which it would be needless to illustrate by similar
+examples, because well known to every one the least
+versed in medical studies. I shall therefore only beg
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_599">[599]</span>leave, from the obvious qualities of this medicine,
+and from what has been observed above, to deduce
+the following corollaries.</p>
+
+<p>1. That salt of steel has no deobstruent or aperient
+virtue by any immediate action, that it can possibly
+have on the blood, or other animal fluids, as some
+have imagined; but that, on the contrary, it owes
+this quality to its <i>not entering the blood</i>, which it
+would otherwise coagulate, and to <i>its action on the
+solids alone</i>.</p>
+
+<p>2. That in diseases proceeding from a laxity of the
+solids, great care ought to be taken to restore and invigorate
+the <i>primæ viæ</i>; since a medicine (and this
+we may presume not the only one) whose immediate
+action is confined to those parts, is yet found by experience
+to produce so salutary effects in such diseases.</p>
+
+<p>3. That as this salt does not enter the blood, and
+consequently cannot be in danger of too much stimulating
+or constricting the vessels, on which it only acts
+by consent, it may, in small doses, be successfully
+used in many cases, where it has been imagined to
+be hurtful, particularly in consumptions of the lungs,
+so frequent and fatal in this island; which are commonly
+attended with too great a laxity of the <i>primæ
+viæ</i>, and of the solids in general, tho’ they seem
+more immediately to proceed from a laxity and weakness
+of the pulmonary vessels; in which circumstances
+it must be of the utmost consequence to restore the
+tone of those principal organs of chylification, the
+<i>primæ viæ</i>; as good chyle not only corrects the acrimony
+of the blood, which in the advanced stages
+of consumptions so much prevails, but likewise saves<span class="pagenum" id="Page_600">[600]</span>
+a great deal of labour, which the lungs (already too
+much oppressed) must otherwise undergo from a
+crude and ill-concocted chyle. Agreeably to this
+we find, in the <i>Essays Physical and Literary</i> of Edinburgh<a id="FNanchor_36" href="#Footnote_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a>,
+two well-vouched histories of patients far
+gone in consumptions, with the usual symptoms of
+pain in the breast, cough, gross spitting of fetid matter,
+difficulty of breathing, hectic fits, and morning
+sweats, perfectly cured in a few weeks, by the use of
+the Hartfell-Spaw near Moffat; which, contrary to
+what is observed in most natural chalybeat waters,
+contains a fixed vitriol of iron.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">These, Sir, are the few observations I had to
+make at present on this subject. I have taken the
+liberty to address them to you, in order, if you
+shall think proper, to be communicated to your illustrious
+Society; which, I hope, will continue to
+latest posterity those interesting researches for the advancement
+of every branch of natural knowlege, by
+which it has already acquired so much and so deserved
+honour; and am, with the greatest respect,</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+SIR,<br />
+
+<span class="margin">Your most obedient humble Servant,</span><br />
+<span class="margina"><span class="large">Edward Wright.</span></span></p>
+<p>Strand, Feb. 28. 1758.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_601">[601]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXX. <i>A Dissertation on the Antiquity of
+Glass in Windows. In a Letter to the
+Rev.</i> Tho. Birch, <i>D. D. Secret. R. S. By
+the Rev.</i> John Nixon, <i>M. A. F.R.S.</i></h2>
+</div>
+
+ <p class="right">London, March 2. 1758.</p>
+<p>
+Dear Sir,
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read Mar. 2,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">I Had the honour last winter to lay before
+the Royal Society a few observations
+upon some of the curiosities found at Herculaneum,
+<i>&c.</i><a id="FNanchor_37" href="#Footnote_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a>. Among other articles, I just mentioned a
+piece of a plate of white glass; and now beg leave
+to inquire into the uses, to which such plates might
+be applied in the early age, to which this fragment
+undoubtedly belongs.</p>
+
+<p>And here a person, who forms his ideas of ancient
+customs by what he sees practised in later times, may
+be ready to offer several conjectures; in some of
+which he will, probably, be mistaken; as in others
+he may be justified by the genuine evidences of antiquity.</p>
+
+<p>And, first, It is obvious to imagine, that such
+plates might serve for <i>specula</i>, or looking-glasses.
+And, indeed, that <i>specula</i> were anciently made, not
+only of metals, and some stones, as the<a id="FNanchor_38" href="#Footnote_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> phengites,
+<i>&c.</i> but also of glass, may, I think, be collected
+from Pliny, who, having mentioned the city of Sidon
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_602">[602]</span> as formerly famous for glass-houses, adds immediately
+afterwards, <i>Siquidem etiam specula excogitaverat</i><a id="FNanchor_39" href="#Footnote_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a>.
+But then it is to be observed, that before
+the application of quicksilver in the constructing
+of these glasses (which, I presume, is of no great antiquity),
+the reflection of images by such <i>specula</i> must
+have been effected by their being besmeared <i>behind</i>,
+or tinged <i>thro’</i> with some dark colour, especially
+black, which would obstruct the refraction of the
+rays of light<a id="FNanchor_40" href="#Footnote_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a>. Upon these hypotheses (supposing
+the tincture to be given after fusion) the <i>lamina</i> before
+us may be allowed to be capable of answering
+the purpose here assigned.</p>
+
+<p>It may further be suggested, that plates of this
+kind might be intended to be wrought into lens’s, or
+convex glasses, either for burning, or magnifying objects
+placed in their focus. But this designation cannot
+be supported by proper vouchers from antiquity.
+On the contrary, we are informed, that the ancients
+used either <i>specula</i><a id="FNanchor_41" href="#Footnote_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> of metal, or balls<a id="FNanchor_42" href="#Footnote_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> of glass
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_603">[603]</span>for the former of these purposes; as it is well known,
+that glass was not applied to the latter, in optical
+uses, till the beginning of the XIIIth century<a id="FNanchor_43" href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>However, we may with greater probability propose
+another use, for which the ancients might employ
+such plates of glass, as are now under consideration,
+<i>viz.</i> the adorning the walls of their apartments
+by way of wainscot. This I take to be the
+meaning of the <i>vitreæ cameræ</i> mentioned by Pliny<a id="FNanchor_44" href="#Footnote_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a>;
+who intimates, that this fashion took its rise from
+glass being used by M. Scaurus<a id="FNanchor_45" href="#Footnote_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> for embellishing
+the scene of that magnificent theatre, which he erected
+for exhibiting shows to the Roman people in his ædileship<a id="FNanchor_46" href="#Footnote_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a>.
+And we may collect from the same author<a id="FNanchor_47" href="#Footnote_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a>
+(what is further confirmed by his contemporary <a id="FNanchor_48" href="#Footnote_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a>Seneca),
+that this kind of ornament had
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_604">[604]</span>been admitted, in his time, into chambers in houses,
+baths, <i>&c.</i> Whether the plates used for this purpose
+were stained with various colours (as mentioned
+above), or had tints of divers kinds applied to the
+back part of them, I shall not pretend to determine:
+but in either way they would have a very agreeable
+effect.</p>
+
+<p>The last destination, which the obvious congruity
+of the thing itself, countenanced by the practice of
+many ages past, as well as of the present time, would
+induce one to ascribe to such plates of glass, is
+that of windows for houses, baths, portico’s, <i>&c.</i>
+But I am sensible, that whoever should be hardy
+enough to advance such an hypothesis, would be
+censured as an innovator, in opposing the general
+opinion of the connoisseurs in antiquity. These
+gentlemen are almost unanimous in asserting, that
+whenever we meet with mention made of <i>specularia</i>
+in ancient writers (especially those <i>of</i>, or near <i>to</i>, the
+age, to which we must refer this fragment), we are
+to understand by that term nothing but fences made
+of <i>laminæ</i>, either of a certain stone called from its
+transparent quality <i>lapis specularis</i><a id="FNanchor_49" href="#Footnote_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a>, brought first
+from Hispania Citerior, and afterwards found in Cyprus,
+Cappadocia, Sicily, and Africa; or of another stone
+of the same nature, <i>viz.</i> the phengites. These, tho’
+expressly distinguished from each other by Pliny<a id="FNanchor_50" href="#Footnote_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a>,
+are yet reckoned by some moderns<a id="FNanchor_51" href="#Footnote_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> as one and
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_605">[605]</span>the same thing; and thought to have been nothing
+but a kind of white transparent talc, of which (according
+to Mons.<a id="FNanchor_52" href="#Footnote_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> Valois) there is found a great
+quantity in Moscovy at this day.</p>
+
+<p>Now that this <i>lapis specularis</i>, or phengites, was
+really used for windows by the ancient Romans in their
+houses, <i>&c.</i> cannot be denied; since (according to the
+opinion of the learned<a id="FNanchor_53" href="#Footnote_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> in antiquity) this usage
+is mentioned by Seneca<a id="FNanchor_54" href="#Footnote_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> among other improvements
+in luxury introduced in his time. But whether
+it was so used exclusive of other materials (particularly
+glass), may, I think, admit a doubt. Salmasius
+is of opinion<a id="FNanchor_55" href="#Footnote_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a>, that nothing can be determined
+upon this point from the word <i>specular</i> itself,
+which seems to be a generical term, equally
+applicable to windows of all kinds, whether consisting
+of the <i>lapis specularis</i>, or any other transparent
+substance.</p>
+
+<p>And as (according to this learned writer) there is
+nothing in the term <i>specular</i> itself, which hinders it
+from being extended to windows made of other materials
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_606">[606]</span> besides those above-mentioned; so others imagine,
+that there are some intimations in ancient authors,
+which require, that it should actually be so
+extended. Thus Mr. Castells, the ingenious illustrator
+of the villa’s of the ancients, thinks<a id="FNanchor_56" href="#Footnote_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a>, that
+“if this had not been the case, Palladius would not
+have given directions to his husbandman to make
+<i>specularia</i> in the <i>olearium</i><a id="FNanchor_57" href="#Footnote_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a>, or store-room,
+where the olives were preserved. For it appears
+(says this author) from Pliny’s describing a temple<a id="FNanchor_58" href="#Footnote_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a>
+built of the <i>lapis specularis</i>, or phengites,
+as the greatest rarity in his time, and the mention
+Plutarch makes of a room in Domitian’s palace
+lined with it, that it was not common enough
+for husbandmen to purchase;” <i>viz.</i> in such quantities,
+as were required for the purposes mentioned
+above.</p>
+
+<p>I shall not take upon me to decide upon the weight
+of this argument of Mr. Castells; but only observe,
+that if any one should be induced by it to think, that
+the use of glass for windows may be of much greater
+antiquity than is commonly allowed, or even as old
+as the fragment, which occasions these remarks, he
+may find other probable reasons to corroborate his
+opinion. As, first, that there seems to have been a
+natural and obvious transition from the practice of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_607">[607]</span>using glass plates for the ornamenting the walls of
+apartments to that of introducing light into those
+apartments, (as we find the <i>lapis specularis</i> was in
+fact employed at the same time for both those purposes)
+and consequently it seems reasonable to suppose, that
+the latter of these applications could not be long in
+point of time after the former. But it appears from
+the authorities produced above, that the former
+of these usages did actually subsist in the age<a id="FNanchor_59" href="#Footnote_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a>
+of Pliny; and therefore before the destruction of
+Herculaneum, where he lost his life<a id="FNanchor_60" href="#Footnote_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a>. From
+whence we may draw no improbable conclusion,
+that the latter destination of plates of glass, (<i>viz.</i>
+for window-fences) did likewise precede the same
+event.</p>
+
+<p>Give me leave to add further, that this presumptive
+argument in favour of the antiquity of windows
+made of plates of glass receives an additional force
+from the close relation, which must be allowed to
+subsist between them, and those composed of the
+<i>lapis specularis</i>. The former must be looked upon
+as an improvement upon the other, as they answered
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_608">[608]</span>all the purposes of convenience, and at the same
+time were more beautiful; and being the manufacture<a id="FNanchor_61" href="#Footnote_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a>
+of Italy, might probably be purchased at
+a less expence. Upon all which accounts it seems
+reasonable to conclude, that one of these inventions
+would naturally be introductory to the other: and
+consequently, that as window-lights of the <i>lapis specularis</i>
+began to be used within the memory of Seneca,
+who died<a id="FNanchor_62" href="#Footnote_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> under Nero, about <i>anno Christi</i>
+68. (<i>Helvic.</i>), the original of those of glass may have
+fair pretensions to a place within the period assigned
+in the foregoing paragraph, <i>viz.</i> some years before
+the destruction<a id="FNanchor_63" href="#Footnote_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> of Herculaneum, in whose ruins
+the plate before us was buried.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">To conclude: I need not observe to you, that all
+the evidence here produced to prove the usage of
+glass-windows to have been coæval with the fragment
+we are now considering, is of the conjectural
+kind only: for, I must confess, I have not been able
+to trace it up by any positive authority higher than
+about 200 years short of the epocha last mentioned,
+<i>viz.</i> to the latter end of the third century<a id="FNanchor_64" href="#Footnote_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a>, when
+it is expresly mentioned by Lactantius in these words:—<i>Manifestius
+est, mentem esse, quæ per oculos ea,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_609">[609]</span>quæ sunt opposita, transpiciat, quasi per fenestras lucente
+vitro aut speculari lapide obductas.</i>—De opificio
+Dei, cap. v.</p>
+
+<p>
+I am,</p>
+<p class="center">
+
+SIR,<br />
+
+<span class="margin">Your most obedient humble Servant,</span><br />
+
+<span class="margina"><span class="large">J. Nixon.</span></span>
+</p>
+<hr />
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXXI. <i>An Account of an extraordinary
+Case of the Efficacy of the Bark in the Delirium
+of a Fever. By</i> Nicˢ. Munckley,
+<i>M. D. Physician to</i> Guy’s-Hospital, <i>and
+F.R.S.</i></h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read April 6,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">AS the following case contains some
+circumstances, which are curious
+in themselves, and which may be of service to be
+known, I have thought it proper to be laid before
+the Society.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_610">[610]</span></p>
+
+<p>On Sunday the 5th of March I was sent for to a
+gentleman, of about 30 years of age, who had been
+for some days ill of a fever. I found him with a
+degree of heat considerably above what was natural,
+and with a pulse rather low, but quick, and beating,
+as measured by a stop-watch, about a hundred strokes
+in a minute. In this situation he continued, without
+any remarkable alteration, for the two following days;
+and, from the appearance of this disease, I imagined,
+that it would not be speedily terminated. On Wednesday,
+the third day of my seeing him, I found him
+however much better; his heat being considerably
+abated, and his pulse being more than twenty strokes
+in a minute slower than it had been the day before.
+On this alteration, so much in his favour, it might
+have been thought he was growing well, had it not
+been, that there was no appearance either by sweat
+or urine, or on the skin, by which it could be imagined
+the disease was perfectly judged. On this
+account no alteration was made in his treatment
+that day: but finding, the next morning, that he
+had slept well the preceding night, and that his pulse
+continued quiet, being no more than 74 strokes in a
+minute, he was allowed to get up in the evening, to
+have his bed made; and I should have thought him
+well, had not every appearance of a critical separation
+been still wanting. On this account, I thought him
+to be very liable to a return of his fever; and therefore,
+when early the next morning I was informed,
+that he had been without any sleep, and quite delirious,
+the whole night, I was not greatly alarmed,
+as thinking he had a feverish paroxysm, to which the
+bark would probably put an end. When I saw him<span class="pagenum" id="Page_611">[611]</span>
+that morning, I found him very delirious; but, to
+my great surprise, quite free from all kind of fever
+whatever; his pulse being then as calm as it had
+been the preceding day. In this condition he remained
+all that day, and the following night; nothing,
+that was attempted to relieve him, having done him
+the least service: on the contrary, his delirium increased
+so much, as to make it very difficult for the
+attendants to keep him in bed. The next morning
+he was much as he had been the day before; his
+imagination continuing greatly disturbed, and he at
+times laughing, and playing antic tricks, and using
+gestures the most opposite to his common demeanour
+when well; and which, tho’ the pulse had not been
+so perfectly quiet, had more the appearance of a
+<i>mania</i>, than of the delirium of a fever. In this unhappy
+situation, there was but one thing, which
+seemed likely to bring the affair to a speedy determination:
+this it was proper to attempt, tho’ the
+indications for it were very obscure, and the event
+perfectly uncertain. On recollecting the time of this
+delirium’s coming on, which was about 36 hours
+after the pulse had grown quiet; and perceiving, that
+one glass of the water, which had been made in the
+night, was thick, and seemed disposed to drop a sediment;
+there was some reason to suspect, and indeed
+to hope, that tho’ the pulse had been perfectly calm
+during the whole time of the delirium, there was
+something of the fever still at the bottom of this
+complaint. From these indications, obscure as they
+were, it was judged proper to make a trial of the
+bark; which was accordingly ordered to be taken
+immediately, and to be repeated every two hours.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_612">[612]</span>
+This method succeeded beyond what could have
+been imagined; insomuch that it was observable,
+even by the attendants on this gentleman, that his
+mind came evidently more and more to itself after
+every dose: and in the evening, after he had taken
+six drachms, his urine grew thick, and dropt a lateritious
+sediment; and, excepting the weakness naturally
+consequent on such violent emotions as he had
+undergone, both of mind and body, he was as well
+as ever he had been in his life. He hath repeated
+the bark at proper intervals, as is usual after intermittent
+fevers, and continues to this day perfectly
+well.</p>
+
+<p>The use of the bark, in the most irregular intermittent
+disorders, is very happily so well known in this
+island, that it might perhaps have been thought needless
+to have recited any case merely in confirmation of
+this practice: and I am too well aware of the insufficiency
+of every thing, but a number of facts on which
+to found any philosophical truth, to presume to rest
+any thing on one single instance only. But the case
+above related is of so very extraordinary a kind, as
+to make it worthy of being mentioned, both on its
+own account, and for that analogy, which being
+found by experience to subsist between diseases, affords
+the surest method of reasoning on practical
+subjects. The two remarkable circumstances of this
+case are, the delirium’s coming on, and continuing,
+without any exacerbation of the pulse; and the
+bark’s proving so speedy and effectual a remedy, tho’
+given at a time, when there was no appearance of any
+remission of the symptom, which it was intended to
+remove. It hath been thought, that a quick pulse is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_613">[613]</span>
+so essential to the definition of a fever, as to be a
+pathognomonic symptom of it. But experience is
+against this notion: perhaps the present case is a
+proof of the contrary; however this be, there have
+not been wanting instances, in which, towards the
+end of a fever, the pulse has grown quiet, without
+the abatement of any other symptom, and the patient
+hath generally lain comatose, and with the appearance
+of one, who hath taken a large quantity of
+opium. Galen, in the third book of the Presages of
+the Pulse, mentions this symptom, and pronounces
+it to be almost a fatal sign: and the same thing hath
+happened in more instances than one, which have
+come to my knowlege. May not then the above-recited
+case lead to this useful inquiry, Whether in
+fevers of every kind, when the pulse is quiet, the
+bark is not proper to be given, and likely to prove a
+remedy? In this case it proved absolutely such: and
+that it is at least a safe medicine in all such cases, in
+which any practitioner of experience or judgment
+would ever think of giving it, is now certainly known.
+For my own part, I can safely declare, that in near
+ten years experience of it in Guy’s-Hospital, during
+which time I find I have given it, on different occasions,
+to above five hundred patients in that house
+only, I never, from the most accurate observation I
+could make, saw it do any harm, or bring on any
+bad symptom, even in cases where it did not succeed
+according to the intention for which it was ordered;
+and (which I have thought worth remarking) in
+chronical cases, even in those, where the bark hath
+been by many thought the most prejudicial, when,
+on the coming on of an intermittent fever, the bark<span class="pagenum" id="Page_614">[614]</span>
+hath been necessary to cure this secondary disease,
+the original distemper hath gone on, according to
+the best judgment I could form of it, exactly in the
+same manner, as it would have done had the bark
+never been given.</p>
+<hr />
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXXII. <i>An Account of an Earthquake felt
+at</i> Lingfield <i>in</i> Surrey, <i>and</i> Edenbridge <i>in</i>
+Kent, <i>on the 24th of</i> January 1758. <i>By</i>
+James Burrow, <i>Esq., R. S. V. P.</i></h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read April 6,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">IN the London Chronicle, Nº. 181,
+published on the 25th of February
+1758, in page 185, is the following article: “We
+hear, that about two o’clock in the morning of
+the 24th of last month” (which was the month
+of January), “an Earthquake was felt in the parishes
+of Worthe, and East-Grinsted, in Sussex;
+Lingfield, in Surrey; and Edenbridge, in Kent;
+and other adjacent places: which alarmed several
+of the inhabitants very much; but no damage
+ensued.”</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Burrow, having some connection with these
+two last parishes of Lingfield and Edenbridge, immediately
+wrote to the Rev. Mr. Goodricke of Lingfield,
+to inquire into the truth of this report: and
+Mr. Goodricke’s answer confirmed the fact of its
+being felt there, and at other adjacent places; and
+added, “that it shook the beds and windows, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_615">[615]</span>
+made the plates rattle; and went off with a noise,
+like a small gust of wind.”</p>
+
+<p>However, Mr. Burrow did not then judge it to be
+either regular or proper to trouble the Society with
+this account; because Mr. Goodricke only received
+it from hearsay and report, he himself happening to
+be absent from Lingfield at that time.</p>
+
+<p>But Mr. Burrow having passed some days, during
+the late recess of the Society, at a place called Starborough-castle,
+which lies nearly <i>between</i> the two
+churches of Lingfield and Edenbridge (scarce four
+miles distant from each other), he has had an opportunity
+of being more particularly and circumstantially
+informed of the fact, as far as relates to those
+two parishes: and he is now assured, that it was certainly
+and undoubtedly felt and observed by <i>some</i>
+persons in each of those two parishes; tho’ (as it
+happened in the dead of the night, when most people
+were fast asleep) it was not <i>generally</i> perceived:
+nor was it much spoken of, even by those, who
+were sure they felt it.</p>
+
+<p>The persons, from whose own mouths he can
+authenticate the fact, are James Martin, Adam Killick,
+Mrs. Jewell, and Mr. Chapman: and he has
+no less doubt as to Mr. Orgles and Mrs. Pigott (who
+was waked and much frighted by it), tho’ he did not
+indeed personally converse with either of the two last.</p>
+
+<p>These two, and Mrs. Jewell, all inhabit quite close
+to Lingfield church-yard, on different sides of it:
+and Chapman lives within a quarter of a mile of it,
+to the south-west.</p>
+
+<p>James Martin lives within a bow-shot of Starborough-castle,
+at the eastern edge of the parish of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_616">[616]</span>
+Lingfield, where it joins to that of Edenbridge; and
+Adam Killick’s habitation is three miles north-east of
+Starborough, at the north-western point of the parish
+of Edenbridge.</p>
+
+<p>All these four, with whom Mr. Burrow personally
+conversed, agreed as to the <i>time</i> of the concussion;
+<i>viz.</i> between one and two in the morning: and they
+all agreed as to the <i>shaking</i> of their beds and windows;
+and all of them described the <i>continuance</i> of
+the shock as not much more than instantaneous: but
+they did <i>not</i> all hear the <i>noise</i>, which <i>some</i> of them
+observed it to conclude with; particularly Adam
+Killick heard <span class="allsmcap">NO</span> <i>noise</i> at all; and yet, he says, he
+was broad awake when it first began: and it shook
+his house and bed, and made his windows rattle so
+much, that he was apprehensive of their being
+broken; and even caused one pane of glass (which
+was indeed loose before) actually to drop out. But
+James Martin, who was likewise fully awake (as was
+his wife too), <i>did hear</i> the noise distinctly. He says,
+he felt his house and bed shake, heard his windows
+rattle, and some earthen ware clatter upon a chest
+of drawers; and also heard a noise, like the distant
+<span class="err" title="original: dicharge">discharge</span> of a cannon: whereupon he immediately
+said to his wife, “Lord! what is <i>that</i>?” but she
+happening, at that very instant, either to cough or
+sneeze (she cannot recollect which of the two), did
+not, tho’ quite awake, perceive any thing at all of
+the matter. However, she confirmed her husband’s
+asking her this question under an apparent surprize.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Burrow had a very particular conversation
+with these two separately: and he had also a very
+minute detail from Adam Killick (who works for<span class="pagenum" id="Page_617">[617]</span>
+him as a sort of gardener at Starborough); who further
+added, “that the shock waked and frighted his
+wife, tho’ she was fast asleep before.”</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="large">James Burrow. </span></p>
+<p>
+6th April, 1758.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXXIII. <i>An Account of the Case of the
+First Joint of the Thumb torn off, with the
+Flexor Tendon in its whole Extent torn out.
+By</i> Robert Home, <i>late Surgeon to the
+Thirtieth Regiment of Foot, and Surgeon
+at</i> Kingston upon Hull. <i>In a Letter to</i>
+John Pringle, <i>M. D. F.R.S.</i></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+SIR,
+</p>
+<div class="sidenote">Read April 6,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">I Take the liberty of inclosing to you a
+case in surgery, which I imagine is
+not very common. Marchetis indeed has an observation
+of the same kind; and there are several
+others collected together by Mons. Morand, in the
+second volume of the Memoires of the Royal Academy
+of Surgery at Paris: but as I have not heard
+of that volume’s being translated into English, and
+believe there is no observation of a similar nature in
+the Philosophical Transactions, I beg the favour of
+you to communicate it to the Royal Society, of
+which you are a Fellow; and at the same time to
+make them an offer of the joint of the thumb, with
+its adherent tendon, which you will receive at the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_618">[618]</span>
+same time with this; hoping they will do me the
+honour of accepting it, as a testimony (tho’ trifling)
+of my great esteem and respect for the most learned
+Society in Europe. Your Friend Dr. Knox saw the
+patient dressed oftener than once; and Mr. Thornhill,
+late Surgeon and Manmidwife in Bristol, saw
+it when near healed.</p>
+
+<p>I beg you will believe me to be, with great truth,</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+SIR,<br />
+
+<span class="margin">Your most obedient,</span><br />
+<span class="margina">and most humble Servant,</span><br />
+
+<span class="marginb"><span class="large">Robert Home.</span></span></p>
+<p>
+Hull, March 17th,
+1758.
+</p>
+
+<p class="drop-capi p2">JAnuary 2d, 1758, William Taylor, 17 years of
+age, an apprentice to a white-smith in this place,
+in endeavouring to make his escape from one, who
+was going to correct him, opened the door of a cellar,
+and threw himself into it; but in his hurry so
+intangled his right thumb with the latch, that the
+whole weight of his body was <span class="err" title="original: supended">suspended</span> by it,
+until it gave way, and was torn off at the first articulation;
+the flexor tendon being at the same time
+pulled out in its whole length, having broke when it
+became muscular. I was immediately sent for, found
+little or no hæmorrhage, and the bone of the second
+phalanx safe, and covered with its cartilage, but protruding
+considerably, occasioned by part of the skin
+belonging to it being irregularly torn off with the
+first joint.</p>
+
+<p>I was doubtful, whether or not I should be obliged,
+at last, to make a circular incision, and saw<span class="pagenum" id="Page_619">[619]</span>
+the bone even with the skin; but thought it proper
+to give him a chance for the use of the whole phalanx.</p>
+
+<p>He complained only for the first day of a pretty
+sharp pain in the course of the tendon; to which
+compresses, wrung out of warm brandy, were applied:
+but his arm was never swelled; there was no
+<i>ecchymosis</i>; nor had he so much fever, as to require
+bleeding even once. The cure proceeded happily,
+no symptoms arising from the extracted tendon. At
+the third dressing the bone was covered; and no
+other application but dry lint was necessary during
+the whole time. No exfoliation happened; yet it
+was twelve weeks before it was intirely cicatrised,
+owing to the loss of skin: and he seems to enjoy
+the use of the stump as completely, as if that tendon
+was not lost.</p>
+<hr />
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXXIV. <i>An Account of the late Discoveries
+of Antiquities at</i> Herculaneum, <i>and
+of an Earthquake there; in a Letter from</i>
+Camillo Paderni, <i>Keeper of the Museum at</i>
+Herculaneum, <i>and F.R.S. to</i> Tho. Hollis,
+<i>Esq; F.R.S. dated</i> Portici, Feb. 1. 1758.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read April 6,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">WE have been working continually
+at Herculaneum, Pompeii, and
+Stabiæ, since my last of Dec. 16, 1756. The most
+remarkable discoveries made there are these, which
+follow.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_620">[620]</span></p>
+
+<p>February 1757, was found a small and most beautiful
+figure of a naked Venus in bronze, the height
+of which is six Neapolitan inches. She has silver
+eyes, bracelets of gold on her arms, and chains
+of the same metal above her feet; and appears in the
+attitude of loosening one of her sandals. The base is
+of bronze inlaid with foliage of silver, on one side
+of which is placed a dolphin.</p>
+
+<p>In July we met with an inscription, about twelve
+Neapolitan palms in length, which I have here
+copied.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="center">IMP·CAESAR·VESPASIANVS·AVG·PONTIF·MAX</p>
+
+<p class="center">TRIB·POT·<span class="bt">VII</span>·IMP·<span class="bt">XVII</span>·P·P·COS·<span class="bt">VII</span>·DESIGN·<span class="bt">VIII</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">TEMPLVM·MATRIS·DEVM·TERRAE·MOTV·CONLAPSVM·RESTITVIT</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>After having found a great number of volumes of
+papirus in Herculaneum; many pugillaries, styles,
+and stands with ink in them, as formerly mentioned;
+at length, in the month of August, upon opening a
+small box, we also found, to our exceeding great joy,
+the instrument, with which they used to write their
+manuscripts. It is made of wood, of an oblong
+form, but petrified, and broke into two pieces. There
+is no slit in it, that being unnecessary, as the ancients
+did not join their letters in the manner we do, but
+wrote them separate.</p>
+
+<p>In September were discovered eight marble busts,
+in the form of terms. One of these represents Vitellius,
+another Archimedes; and both are of the
+finest workmanship. The following characters, in
+a black tint, are still legible on the latter, namely,
+ΑΡΧΙΜΕΔ which is all the inscription that now
+remains.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_621">[621]</span></p>
+
+<p>In October was dug up a curious bust of a young
+person, who has a helmet on his head, adorned with
+a civic crown, and cheek-pieces fastened under his
+chin. Also another very fine bust of a philosopher,
+with a beard, and short thick hair, having a slight
+drapery on his left shoulder. Likewise two female
+busts; one unknown, in a veil; the other Minerva,
+with a helmet; both of middling workmanship.</p>
+
+<p>In November we met with two busts of philosophers,
+of excellent workmanship, and, as may be
+easily perceived, of the same artist; but unfortunately,
+like many others, without names.</p>
+
+<p>In January was found a small, but most beautiful
+eagle, in bronze. It hath silver eyes, perches
+on a <i>praefericulum</i>, and holds a fawn between its
+talons.</p>
+
+<p>In the same month we discovered, at Stabiæ, a
+term six palms high, on which is a head of Plato,
+in the finest preservation, and performed in a very
+masterly manner. Also divers vases, instruments for
+sacrificing, scales, balances, weights, and other implements
+for domestic uses, all in bronze.</p>
+
+<p>At length I have finished, with much labour, the
+examination and arrangement of the scales, balances,
+and weights, which are very numerous in this museum;
+and, what is remarkable, many of the former,
+with all the weights, exactly answer those now in use
+at Naples. At present I am considering the liquid
+measures; and also engaged in disposing the paintings
+in the new apartment allotted for them. These affairs,
+with my usual province of inspecting the workmen,
+who are busied in digging; my being obliged
+to keep an exact register of every thing, that is discovered;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_622">[622]</span>
+ besides other daily and accidental occurrences;
+employ my time so intirely, that I have not
+a moment’s repose, but in my bed.</p>
+
+<p>The square belonging to the palace, in which the
+museum is deposited, will be finished, and completely
+ornamented, by Easter. In the center of it I have
+placed the bronze horse, which was broken in many
+pieces, and restored by me, as mentioned in my last.
+In the walls of the colonades are affixed all the inscriptions
+hitherto discovered: and I shall yet adorn
+them with altars, curule chairs, and other antiquities
+proper for such places. The principal entrance into
+the museum hath been made to correspond with the
+grand stair-case. On the right side of it stands the
+consular statue of Marcus Nonius Balbus, the father;
+and on the left, that of Marcus Nonius Balbus, the
+son; with two inscriptions relating to, and found near
+them. Upon the stair-case are placed eight antique
+statues in bronze, on beautiful pedestals of polished
+marble. In an opening in the center of the right
+hand colonade is fixed the statue of the wife of the
+elder Balbus, with the antique inscription belonging to
+it. At the entrance of the square, a magnificent pair
+of iron gates, with palisades, are just put up, ornamented
+with many bronzes, which are gilt; and on
+the sides of these gates are two other consular statues
+of persons unknown.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">The whole day and night of the 24th of last
+month it seemed as if Mount Vesuvius would again
+have swallowed up this country. On that day it suffered
+two internal fractures, which intirely changed
+its appearance within the crater, destroying the little<span class="pagenum" id="Page_623">[623]</span>
+mountain, that had been forming within it for some
+years, and was risen above the sides; and throwing
+up, by violent explosions, immense quantities of
+stones, lava, ashes, and fire. At night the flames
+burst out with greater vehemence, the explosions
+were more frequent and horrible, and our houses
+shook continually. Many fled to Naples, and the
+boldest persons trembled. For my own part, I resolved
+to abide the event here at Portici, on account
+of my family, consisting of eight children, and a
+very weak and aged mother, whose life must have
+been lost by a removal in such circumstances, and
+so rigorous a season. But it pleased God to preserve
+us; for the mountain having vented itself that night
+and the succeeding day, is since become calm, and
+throws out only a few ashes.</p>
+<hr />
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXXV. <i>A further Attempt to facilitate
+the Resolution of Isoperimetrical Problems.
+By Mr.</i> Thomas Simpson, <i>F.R.S.</i></h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read April 13,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">ABOUT three years ago I had the honour
+to lay before the Royal Society
+the investigation of a general rule for the resolution of
+isoperimetrical problems of that kind, wherein one,
+only, of the two indeterminate quantities enters along
+with the fluxions, into the equations expressing the
+conditions of the problem. Under which kind are
+included the determination of the greatest figures under
+given bounds, lines of the swiftest descent, solids<span class="pagenum" id="Page_624">[624]</span>
+of the least resistance, with innumerable other cases.
+But altho’ cases of this sort do, indeed, most frequently
+occur, and have therefore been chiefly attended
+to by mathematicians, others may nevertheless
+be proposed, such as actually arise in inquiries
+into nature, wherein <i>both</i> the flowing quantities, together
+with their fluxions, are jointly concerned.
+The investigation of a <i>rule</i> for the resolution of
+these, is what I shall in this paper attempt, by
+means of the following</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">General Proposition.</span></h3>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>Let</i> Q, R, S, T, &c. <i>represent any variable quantities,
+expressed in terms of</i> x <i>and</i> y (<i>with given coefficients</i>),
+<i>and let</i> q, r, s, t, &c. <i>denote as many other
+quantities, expressed in terms of</i> ẋ <i>and</i> ẏ; <i>It is
+proposed to find an equation for the relation of</i> x
+<i>and</i> y, <i>so that the fluent of</i> Qq + Rr + Ss + Tt,
+&c. <i>corresponding to a given value of</i> x (<i>or</i> y), <i>may
+be a</i> maximum <i>or</i> minimum.</p>
+<div class="sync"></div>
+<div class="figcenter illowp84" id="image624" style="max-width: 31.25em;">
+ <img class="w100" src="images/image624.jpg" alt="" />
+</div>
+<div class="sync"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_625">[625]</span></p>
+
+<p>Let <i>A E</i>, <i>A F</i>, and <i>A G</i>, denote any three values
+of the quantity <i>x</i>, having indefinitely small <i>equi-differences
+E F</i>, <i>F G</i>; and let <i>E L</i>, <i>F M</i>, and <i>G N</i>,
+(perpendicular to <i>A G</i>) be the respective values of <i>y</i>,
+corresponding thereto; and, supposing <i>EF</i> (= <i>FG</i> = <i>ẋ</i>)
+to be denoted by <i>e</i>, let <i>c M</i> and <i>d N</i> (the successive
+values of <i>ẏ</i>) be represented by <i>u</i> and <i>w</i>. Moreover,
+supposing <i>P´p´</i> and <i>P´´p´´</i> to be ordinates at the middle
+points <i>P´ P´´</i>, between <i>E</i>, <i>F</i> and <i>F</i>, <i>G</i>, let the former
+(<i>P´p´</i>) be denoted α, and the latter (<i>P´´p´´</i>) by β; putting
+<i>A P´</i> = <i>a</i> and <i>A P´´</i> = <i>b</i>. Then, if <i>a</i> and α (the
+mean values of <i>x</i> and <i>y</i>, between the ordinates <i>E L</i>
+and <i>F M</i>) be supposed to be substituted for <i>x</i> and <i>y</i>,
+in the given quantity <i>Qq</i> + <i>Rr</i> + <i>Ss</i> + <i>Tt</i>, <i>&c.</i> and
+if, instead of <i>ẋ</i> and <i>ẏ</i>, their equals <i>e</i> and <i>u</i> be also
+substituted, and the said (given) quantity, after such
+substitution, be denoted by <i>Q´q´</i> + <i>R´r´</i> + <i>S´s´</i> + <i>T´t´</i>,
+<i>&c.</i> it is then evident, that this quantity <i>Q´q´</i> + <i>R´r´</i>
++ <i>S´s´</i> + <i>T´t´</i>, <i>&c.</i> will express so much of the whole
+required fluent, as is comprehended between the ordinates
+<i>E L</i> and <i>F M</i>, or as answers to an increase of
+<i>E F</i> in the value of <i>x</i>. And thus, if <i>b</i> and β be
+conceived to be wrote for <i>x</i> and <i>y</i>, <i>e</i> for <i>ẋ</i>, and <i>w</i> for
+<i>ẏ</i>, and the quantity resulting be denoted by <i>Q´´q´´</i> +
+<i>R´´r´´</i> + <i>S´´s´´</i> + <i>T´´t´´</i>, <i>&c.</i> this quantity will, in like
+manner, express the part of the required fluent corresponding
+to the interval <i>F G</i>. Whence that part answering
+to the interval <i>E G</i> will consequently be
+equal to <i>Q´q´</i> + <i>R´r´ &c.</i> + <i>Q´´q´´</i> + <i>R´´r´´ &c.</i>
+But it is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_626">[626]</span>
+manifest, that the whole required fluent cannot be a
+<i>maximum</i> or <i>minimum</i>, unless this part, supposing the
+bounding ordinates <i>E L</i>, <i>G N</i> to remain the same, is
+also a <i>maximum</i> or <i>minimum</i>. Hence, in order to
+determine the fluxion of this expression (<i>Q´q´</i> + <i>R´r´
+ &c.</i> <i>Q´´q´´</i> + <i>R´´r´´ &c.</i>) which must, of consequence,
+be equal to nothing, let the fluxions of <i>Q´</i> and <i>q´</i>
+(taking α and <i>u</i> as variable) be denoted by <i><span class="bt">Q</span></i> ̇α and <i><span class="bt">q</span>u⋅</i>; also let <i><span class="bt">R</span></i>ȧ and <i><span class="bt">r</span>u</i> denote the respective fluxions
+of <i>R´</i> and <i>r´</i>; and let, in like manner, the fluxions
+of <i>Q´´</i>, <i>q´´</i>, <i>R´´</i>, <i>r´´</i>, <i>&c.</i> be represented by <span class="btd">Q</span> ̇β, <i><span class="btd">q</span>ẇ</i>, <i><span class="btd">R</span></i> ̇β <i><span class="btd">r</span>ẇ</i>, <i>&c.</i> respectively. Then, by the common
+rule for finding the fluxion of a rectangle, the
+fluxion of our whole expression (<i>Q´q´</i> + <i>R´r´</i> <i>&c.</i> + <i>Q´´q´´</i> + <i>R´´r´´</i> <i>&c.</i>) will be given equal to <i>Q´ <span class="bt">q</span>u⋅</i> +
+<i>q´<span class="bt">Q</span></i> ̇α + <i>R´<span class="bt">r</span>u⋅</i> + <i>r´<span class="bt">R</span></i> ̇α
+<i>&c.</i> + <i>Q´´<span class="btd">q</span>ẇ</i> + <i>q´´</i><span class="btd"><i>Q</i></span> ̇β + R´´<span class="btd">r</span><i>ẇ</i> + r´´<span class="btd">R</span> ̇β <i>&c.</i> = 0.</p>
+
+<p>But <i>u</i> + <i>w</i> being = <i>GN</i> - <i>EL</i>, and β - α =
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>GN</i> - <i>EL</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span> (a constant quantity), we therefore have
+<i>ẇ</i> = -<i>u⋅</i>, and ̇β = ̇α: also <i>u</i> being (= 2<i>rp´</i>) = 2α
+- 2<i>EL</i>, thence will <i>u⋅</i> = 2 ̇α: which values being
+substituted above, our equation, after the whole is
+divided by ̇α, will become</p>
+
+<p>
+2<i>Q´<span class="bt">q</span></i> + <i>q´<span class="bt">Q</span></i> + 2<i>R´<span class="bt">r</span></i> + <i>r´<span class="bt">R</span></i>, <i>&c.</i> - 2<i>Q´´<span class="btd">q</span></i> + <i>q´´<span class="btd"><span class="btd">Q</span></span></i>
+- 2<i>R´´<span class="btd">r</span></i> + <i>r´<span class="btd">R</span></i>, <i>&c.</i> = 0;</p>
+<p>
+or, <i>Q´´<span class="btd">q</span></i> - <i>Q´<span class="bt">q</span></i> + <i>R´´<span class="btd">r</span></i> - <i>R´<span class="bt">r</span></i> <i>&c.</i> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>q´<span class="bt">Q</span></i> + <i>q´´<span class="btd">Q</span></i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span>
++ <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>r´<span class="bt">R</span></i> + <i>r´´<span class="bt">R</span></i></span> <span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span>, <i>&c.</i>
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_627">[627]</span></p>
+
+<p class="noin">But <i>Q´´<span class="btd">q</span></i> - <i>Q´<span class="bt">q</span></i>, the excess of <i>Q´´<span class="btd">q</span></i> above <i>Q´<span class="bt">q</span></i>, is the
+increment or fluxion (answering to the increment,
+or fluxion, <i>ẋ</i>) arising by substituting <i>b</i> for <i>a</i>, β for α,
+and <i>w</i> for <i>u</i>. Moreover, with regard to the quantities
+on the other side of the equation, it is plain, seeing
+the difference of <i>q´<span class="bt">Q</span></i> and <i>q´´<span class="btd">Q</span></i> is indefinitely little
+in comparison of their sum, that <i>q´<span class="bt">Q</span></i> may be substituted
+in the room of <span class="fraction"> <span class="fnum"><i>q´<span class="bt">Q</span></i> + <i>q´´<span class="btd">Q</span></i></span> <span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span>, <i>&c.</i> which being
+done, our equation will stand thus:</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<i>Flux.</i> <i>Q´ <span class="bt">q</span></i> + <i>R´ <span class="bt">r</span></i> <i>&c.</i> = <i>q´ <span class="bt">Q</span></i> + <i>r´ <span class="bt">R</span></i> <i>&c.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="noin">But <i>q´ <span class="bt">Q</span></i> + <i>r´ <span class="bt">R</span></i> <i>&c.</i> represents (by the preceding
+notation) the fluxion of <i>q´Q´</i> + <i>r´R´</i> <i>&c.</i> (or of <i>Qq</i>
++ <i>Rr &c.</i>) arising by substituting α for <i>y</i>, making α
+alone variable, and casting off ̇α. If, therefore, that
+fluxion be denoted by ̇υ, we shall have <i>flux.</i> <i>Q´ <span class="bt">q</span></i> +
+<i>R´ <span class="bt">r</span> &c.</i> = ̇υ, and consequently <i>Q´ <span class="bt">q</span></i> + <i>R´ <span class="bt">r</span></i> <i>&c.</i> = υ.
+But <i>Q´ <span class="bt">q</span></i> + <i>R´ <span class="bt">r</span></i> <i>&c.</i> (by the same notation) appears
+to be the fluxion of <i>Q´q´</i> + <i>R´r´</i> <i>&c.</i> (or of <i>Qq</i> + <i>Rr</i>
+<i>&c.</i>) arising by substituting <i>u</i> for <i>ẏ</i>, making <i>u</i> alone
+variable, and casting off <i> ̇u</i>. Whence the following</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">General Rule</span>.</h3>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>Take the fluxion of the given expression</i> (<i>whose fluent
+is required to be a</i> maximum <i>or</i> minimum) <i>making</i>
+ẏ <i>alone variable; and, having divided by</i> ÿ, <i>let the
+quotient be denoted by</i> υ: <i>Then take, again, the
+fluxion of the same expression, making</i> y <i>alone variable,
+which divide by</i> ẏ; <i>and then this last quotient
+will be</i> = ̇υ.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_628">[628]</span></p>
+
+<p>When <i>ẏ</i> is not found in the quantity given, υ will
+then be = 0; and, consequently, the expression for ̇υ, equal to nothing also. But if <i>y</i> be absent, then
+will ̇υ = 0, and consequently the value of υ = a constant
+quantity. It is also easy to comprehend, that,
+instead of <i>ẏ</i> and <i>y, ẋ</i> and <i>x</i> may be made successively
+variable. Moreover, should the case to be resolved
+be confined to other restrictions, besides that of the
+<i>maximum</i> or <i>minimum</i>, such as, having a certain
+number of other fluents, at the same time, equal to
+given quantities, still the same method of solution
+may be applied, and that with equal advantage, if
+from the particular expressions exhibiting all the
+several conditions, one general expression composed
+of them all, with unknown (but determinate) coefficients,
+be made use of.</p>
+
+<p>In order to render this matter quite clear, let <i>A,
+B, C, D, &c.</i> be supposed to represent any quantities
+expressed in terms of <i>x, y</i>, and their fluxions, and
+let it be required to determine the relation of <i>x</i> and <i>y</i>,
+so that the fluent of <i>Aẋ</i> shall be a <i>maximum</i>, or <i>minimum</i>,
+when the cotemporary fluents of <i>Bẋ, Cẋ, Dẋ,
+&c.</i> are, all of them, equal to given quantities.</p>
+
+<p>It is evident, in the first place, that the fluent of
+<i>Aẋ</i> + <i>bBẋ</i> + <i>cCẋ</i> + <i>dDẋ, &c.</i> (<i>b, c, d, &c.</i> being
+any constant quantities whatever) must be a <i>maximum</i>,
+or <i>minimum</i>, in the proposed circumstance:
+and, if the relation of <i>x</i> and <i>y</i> be determined (<i>by the
+rule</i>), so as to answer this single condition (under all<span class="pagenum" id="Page_629">[629]</span>
+possible values of <i>b, c, d, &c.</i>) it will also appear
+evident, that such relation will likewise answer and
+include all the other conditions propounded. For,
+there being in the general expression, thus derived, as
+many unknown quantities <i>b, c, d, &c.</i> (to be determined)
+as there are equations, by making the fluents
+of <i>Bẋ, Cẋ, Dẋ, &c.</i> equal to the values given; those
+quantities may be so assigned, or conceived to be
+such, as to answer all the conditions of the said
+equations. And then, to see clearly that the fluent
+of the first expression, <i>Aẋ</i>, cannot be greater than
+arises from hence (other things remaining the same)
+let there be supposed some other different relation of
+<i>x</i> and <i>y</i>, whereby the conditions of all the other
+fluents of <i>Bẋ, Cẋ, Dẋ,&c.</i> can be fulfilled; and
+let, <i>if possible</i>, this new relation give a greater fluent
+of <i>Aẋ</i> than the relation above assigned. Then, because
+the fluents <i>bBẋ, cCẋ, dDẋ, &c.</i> are given,
+and the same in both cases, it follows, according to
+this supposition, that this new relation must give a
+greater fluent of <i>Aẋ</i> + <i>bBẋ</i> + <i>cCẋ</i> + <i>dDẋ</i>, <i>&c.</i>
+(under all possible values of <i>b, c, d, &c.</i>) than the
+former relation gives: <i>which is impossible</i>; because
+(whatever values are assigned to <i>b, c, d, &c.</i>) <i>that</i>
+fluent will, it is demonstrated, be the greatest possible,
+when the relation of <i>x</i> and <i>y</i> is that above determined,
+by the General Rule.</p>
+
+<p>To exemplify, now, by a particular case, the method
+of operation above pointed out, let there be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_630">[630]</span>
+proposed the fluxionary quantity <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i>ⁿ <i>y</i><sup>m</sup> <i>ẏ</i><sup>p</sup></span> <span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>ẋ</i><sup>p</sup> ⁻ ¹</span></span>; wherein
+the relation of <i>x</i> and <i>y</i> is so required, that the
+fluent, corresponding to given values of <i>x</i> and <i>y</i>,
+shall be a <i>maximum</i>, or <i>minimum</i>. Here, by taking
+the fluxion, making <i>ẏ</i> alone variable (<i>according to the
+rule</i>) and dividing by <i>ÿ</i>, we shall have
+<span class="fraction"> <span class="fnum"><i>px</i>ⁿ <i>y</i><sup>m</sup> <i>ẏ</i><sup>p</sup>⁻ ¹</span> <span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>ẋ</i><sup>p</sup> ⁻ ¹</span></span>
+= υ. And, by taking the fluxion a second time,
+making <i>y</i> alone variable, and dividing by <i>ẏ</i>, will be
+had <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>mx</i>ⁿ <i>y</i><sup>m</sup> ⁻ ¹ <i>ẏ</i><sup>p</sup></span> <span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>ẋ</i><sup>p</sup> ⁻ ¹</span></span> = ̇υ.
+Now from these equations to
+exterminate υ, let the latter be divided by the former;
+so shall <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>mẏ</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>py</i></span></span> =<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"> ̇υ</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">υ</span></span>;
+
+and therefore <i>ay</i><sup>m ⁄ p</sup> = υ (<i>a</i> being a
+constant quantity). From whence <i>y</i><sup>m</sup> ⁄ <sup>p</sup><i>ẏ</i> = (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>a</i> </span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">p</span></span>)¹ ⁄ <sup>p</sup> ⁻ ¹ ×
+<i>ẋx</i>⁻ⁿ <sup>⁄ p</sup> ⁻ ¹; and consequently <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>p</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>m + p</i></span></span> × <i>y</i><sup>m</sup> ⁺ <sup>p ⁄ p</sup> = (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>a</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">p</span></span>) ¹ ⁄ <sup>p</sup> ⁻ ¹ ×
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>p</i> - 1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>p</i> - <i>n</i> - 1</span></span>
+× <i>x</i><sup>p</sup> ⁻ ⁿ ⁻ ¹ ⁄ <sup>p</sup> ⁻ ¹.</p>
+
+<p>Let there be now proposed the two fluxions <i>xⁿy<sup>m</sup>ẋ</i>
+and <i>x<sup>p</sup>y<sup>q</sup>ẏ</i>, the fluent of the former being required
+to be a <i>maximum</i>, or <i>minimum</i>, and that of the
+latter, at the same time, equal to a given quantity.
+Then the latter, with the general coefficient <i>b</i> prefixed,
+being joined to the former, we shall here have
+<i>xⁿy<sup>m</sup>ẋ</i> + <i>bx</i><sup>p</sup>y<sup>q</sup><i>ẏ</i>. From whence, by proceeding as
+before, <i>bx</i><sup>p</sup><i>y</i><sup>q</sup> = υ, and <i>mx</i>ⁿ <i>y</i><sup>m</sup> ⁻ ¹ <i>ẋ</i> + <i>qbx</i><sup>p</sup><i>y</i><sup>p</sup> ⁻¹ <i>ẏ</i> = ̇υ.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_631">[631]</span>
+From the former of which equations, by taking the
+fluxions on both sides, will be had <i>pbx</i><sup>p</sup> ⁻¹ <i>y</i><sup>q</sup><i>ẋ</i> +
+<i>qbx</i> <sup>p</sup><i>y</i> <sup>q</sup> ⁻ ¹ <i>ẏ</i> (= ̇υ) = <i>mx</i>ⁿ <i>y</i><sup>m</sup> ⁻ ¹ <i>ẋ</i> + <i>qbx</i><sup>p</sup> <i>y</i><sup>q</sup> ⁻ ¹ <i>ẏ</i>. Whence
+<i>pbx</i> <sup>p</sup> ⁻ ¹ <i>y</i><sup>q</sup> = <i>mx</i>ⁿ <i>y</i><sup>m</sup> ⁻ ¹; and therefore <i>pby</i><sup>q ⁻ m</sup> ⁺ ¹ =
+<i>mx</i>ⁿ ⁻ <sup>p</sup> ⁺ ¹. And in the same manner proper equations,
+to express the relation of <i>x</i> and <i>y</i>, may be derived,
+in any other case, and under any number of
+limitations.</p>
+
+<hr />
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXXVI. <i>Observations on the</i> Alga Marina
+latifolia; <i>The Sea Alga with broad Leaves.
+By</i> John Andrew Peyssonel, <i>M.D. F.R.S.
+Translated from the</i> French.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read April 13,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">HAVING cast anchor at Verdun, the
+road at the entrance of the river of
+Bourdeaux, I was fishing with a kind of drag-net
+upon a bank of sand, which was very fine and
+muddy. We collected a number of sea-plants, and
+among them the great broad-leaved Alga, which I
+did not know: and as the root or pedicle of this
+plant appeared to be very particular, I observed it
+with attention. The following is its description,
+and the detail of my observations.</p>
+
+<p>From a pedicle, which is sometimes flat, and
+sometimes round (for they vary in these plants, and
+might be about three lines in diameter, and an inch
+high, of a blackish colour, and coriaceous substance,
+approaching to the nature of the bodies of lithophyta),<span class="pagenum" id="Page_632">[632]</span>
+a single flat leaf arises, about an inch or an inch and
+half broad, thick in its middle to about three lines,
+ending at the sides in a kind of edge, like a two-edged
+sabre, almost like the common Alga, formed
+of longitudinal fibres interlaced with other very delicates
+ones, and the whole filled with a thick juice,
+like the <i>parenchyma</i> of succulent plants, such as the
+Sedum, Aloes, and the like, of a clear yellowish
+green, and transparent. This first leaf is always
+single, and serves instead of a trunk or stem to the
+whole plant.</p>
+
+<p>When it rises to about a foot high, more or less,
+it throws out at the sides other leaves formed of a
+continuation of the longitudinal fibres; and these
+second leaves are of the same thickness and substance
+with the first: they are two or three feet long, and
+the whole plant is five or six, or more (for one can
+hardly tell the length); and is not capable of supporting
+itself, but is sustained by the strength of the
+waters, in which it floats.</p>
+
+<p>The substance of the plant is not so solid as that
+of the common Alga, which is capable of drying as
+it fades, and of being kept: whereas the leaves of
+this great Alga shrink and wither in the air, become
+of a blackish colour, and very friable, or indeed soon
+fall into putrifaction. I never observed, that they
+bore any fruit: perhaps this was not the season.</p>
+
+<p>But what we find particular in this plant is its root
+or foot: First, this pedicle extends in ribs, like what
+we call the thighs of certain trees: these thighs are
+in right lines: perhaps they run in the same direction
+or situation, that is, placed north and south, or east
+and west; but this I could not observe. They are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_633">[633]</span>
+about three or four lines high towards the pedicle,
+and, ending, are lost. They flourish and spread at
+the bottom, forming an elliptical bladder, like an
+egg, flattened above and below, and rounded at the
+sides, being intirely empty: it is rough without, and
+very smooth within. This egg, or oval bladder, is
+exactly round at the ends of the great diameter, but
+varies a little in the lesser diameter, and forms itself
+like the body of a fiddle. The under part is a
+little flattened; and there is a hole, which is very
+considerable, in the center of the two diameters.
+This hole is about an inch wide, and is quite round:
+it gives passage to the root, or pivot, which I shall
+by and by mention: the edges appear to turn a little
+inward: and it is by this hole that the egg fills with
+sea-water. The whole substance of this bladder or
+egg is of a coriaceous matter, firm and transparent,
+and of a clear green; nor can there be any fibres,
+either longitudinal or transverse, observed upon it.</p>
+
+<p>The vault at the top, surmounted by the thighs, is
+as it were granulated; but at the rounding of the
+egg it produces a kind of <i>mammæ</i>, or little elevations,
+very round and cylindrical, intirely full; of the same
+nature and substance with the egg.</p>
+
+<p>In examining the under part of the egg, we found
+a second rank of these <i>mamellæ</i>, somewhat longer
+than the first, and at equal distances from one another,
+in a circular line; then a third yet longer;
+then a fourth, which at the extremities were bifurcated;
+and at last a fifth rank, which divided into
+three, and sometimes into five, branches: these last,
+placed round the hole, were wreathed inwards, and
+several were joined together, and only formed a small<span class="pagenum" id="Page_634">[634]</span>
+body; and in wreathing themselves thus they close
+and embrace the pivot mentioned below. None of
+these <i>mamellæ</i> have any apparent opening: their
+substance is compact, of the same nature with the
+bladder or egg, that produces them.</p>
+
+<p>Below the trunk and thighs the plant protrudes a
+pivot, of a like substance with that of the bladder.
+This pivot, which is large at its origin, proceeding
+thus from the trunk and thighs, forms something like
+the knot of the sea-tree: it descends perpendicularly
+to the trunk, diminishing as it lengthens, and as it
+grows round; and then divides into a number of
+<i>mamellæ</i>, branched and wreathed inwards so firmly,
+as not to be retracted; of a coriaceous nature, blackish,
+forming a bunch like what we call the Rose
+of Jericho. I cannot recollect the name of this plant
+or flower.</p>
+
+<p>This bunch, or wreathed rose, incloses a heap of
+gravel, as if petrified or hardened, and ends upon a
+level with the hole of the egg, exactly as high as the
+last rank of <i>mamellæ</i>, which wreath upon, embrace,
+and sustain it, leaving always an empty space to let
+the sea-water pass in, which should fill the inside of
+the egg or bladder, and even to let in little fishes and
+shells.</p>
+
+<p>I was surprised to find in one little living muscles,
+as they always are attached to some solid body by
+their beards. Now by what means could they enter
+into this egg? I conjectured, that they had their beginning
+there, by the seminal matter of muscles carried
+in by the sea-water. I also found some small
+star-fish, whose rays might be about four or five
+lines long.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_635">[635]</span></p>
+
+<p>If my stay here had been longer, I had continued
+my observations; and perhaps should have made some
+discoveries. It belongs to the academicians of Bourdeaux
+to push these observations further, if they
+think proper.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">From the Entrance of the
+river of Bourdeaux, the
+4th of August, 1756.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+Peyssonel.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXXVII. <i>An Account of the distilling Water
+fresh from Sea-water by Wood-ashes.
+By Capt.</i> William Chapman: <i>In a Letter
+to</i> John Fothergill, <i>M. D.</i></h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read April 13,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="right">
+Whitby, 10th 2d mo. Feb. 1758.
+</p>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">THY kind acceptance of my last
+emboldens me to inform thee,
+how, on my return from a voyage to the north part
+of Russia, I procured a sufficient quantity of fresh
+water from sea-water, without taking with me either
+instruments or ingredients expressly for the purpose.</p>
+
+<p>Some time in September last, when I had been
+ten days at sea, by an accident (off the north cape of
+Finland) we lost the greatest part of our water. We
+had a hard gale of wind at south-west, which continued
+three weeks, and drove us into 73° lat. During
+this time I was very uneasy, as knowing, if our
+passage should hold out long, we must be reduced to
+great straits; for we had no rains, but frequent fogs,
+which yielded water in very small quantities. I now<span class="pagenum" id="Page_636">[636]</span>
+blamed myself for not having a still along with me
+(as I had often thought no ship should be without
+one). But it was now too late; and there was a necessity
+to contrive some means for our preservation.</p>
+
+<p>I was not a stranger to Appleby’s method: I had
+also a pamphlet wrote by Dr. Butler, intituled, <i>An
+easy Method of procuring of fresh Water at Sea</i>.
+And I imagined, that soap might supply the place
+of capital lees, mentioned by him. I now set myself
+at work, to contrive a still; and ordered an old
+pitch-pot, that held about ten quarts, to be made
+clean: my carpenter, by my direction, fitted to it a
+cover of fir deal, about two inches thick, very close;
+so that it was easily made tight by luting it with
+paste. We had a hole thro’ the cover, in which
+was fixed a wooden pipe nearly perpendicular. This
+I call the still-head: it was bored with an augre of
+1½ inch diameter, to within three inches of the top
+or extremity, where it was left solid. We made a
+hole in this, towards the upper part of its cavity (with
+a proper angle) to receive a long wooden pipe, which
+we fixed therein, to descend to the tub in which the
+worm should be placed. Here again I was at a loss;
+for we had no lead pipe, nor any sheet-lead, on
+board. I thought, if I could contrive a strait pipe to
+go thro’ a large cask of cold water, it might answer
+the end of a worm. We then cut a pewter dish,
+and made a pipe two feet long; and at three or four
+trials (for we did not let a little discourage us) we
+made it quite tight. We bored a hole thro’ a cask,
+with a proper descent, in which we fixed the pewter
+pipe, and made both holes in the cask tight, and
+filled it with sea-water: the pipe stuck without the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_637">[637]</span>
+cask three inches on each side. Having now got my
+apparatus in readiness, I put seven quarts of sea-water,
+and an ounce of soap, into my pot, and set
+it on the fire. The cover was kept from rising by a
+prop of wood to the bow. We fixed on the head,
+and into it the long wooden pipe above-mentioned,
+which was wide enough to receive the end of the
+pewter one into its cavity. We easily made the joint
+tight.</p>
+
+<p>I need not tell thee with what anxiety I waited
+for success: but I was soon relieved; for, as soon
+as the pot boiled, the water began to run; and in
+twenty-eight minutes I got a quart of fresh water. I
+tried it with an hydrometer I had on board, and
+found it as light as river-water; but it had a rank
+oily taste, which I imagine was given it by the soap.
+This taste diminished considerably in two or three
+days, but not so much as to make it quite palateable.
+Our sheep and fowls drank this water very greedily
+without any ill effects. We constantly kept our still
+at work, and got a gallon of water every two hours;
+which, if there had been a necessity to drink it,
+would have been sufficient for our ship’s crew.</p>
+
+<p>I now thought of trying to get water more palateable;
+and often perused the pamphlet above-mentioned,
+especially the quotation from Sir R. Hawkins’s
+voyage, who “with four billets distilled a hogshead
+of water wholsome and nourishing.” I concluded
+he had delivered this account under a veil, lest his
+method should be discovered: for it is plain, that
+by four billets he could not mean the fuel, as they
+would scarce <i>warm</i> a hogshead of water. When,
+ruminating on this, it came into my head, that he<span class="pagenum" id="Page_638">[638]</span>
+burnt his four billets to ashes, and with the mixture
+of those ashes with sea-water he distilled a hogshead
+of fresh water wholsome and nourishing. Pleased
+with this discovery, I cut a billet small, and burnt it
+to ashes; and after cleaning my pot, I put into it a
+spoonful of those ashes, with the usual quantity of
+sea-water. The result answered my expectations:
+the water came off bright and transparent, with an
+agreeable pungent taste, which at first I thought was
+occasioned by the ashes, but afterwards was convinced
+it received it from the resin or turpentine in the pot,
+or pipes annexed to it. I was now relieved from my
+fears of being distressed thro’ want of water; yet
+thought it necessary to advise my people not to be
+too free in the use of this, whilst we had any of our
+old stock remaining; and told them, I would make
+the experiment first myself; which I did, by drinking
+a few glasses every day without any ill effect
+whatever. This water was equally light with the
+other, and lathered very well with soap. We had
+expended our old stock of water before we reached
+England; but had reserved a good quantity of that
+which we distilled. After my arrival at Shields, I invited
+several of my acquaintance on board to taste the
+water: they drank several glasses, and thought it nothing
+inferior to spring-water. I made them a bowl
+of punch of it, which was highly commended.</p>
+
+<p>I have not the convenience of a still here, or should
+have repeated the experiment for the conviction of
+some of my friends: for as to myself, I am firmly
+persuaded, that wood-ashes mixed with sea-water
+will yield, when distilled, as good fresh water as can
+be wished for. And I think, if every ship bound a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_639">[639]</span>
+long voyage was to take a small still with Dr. Hales’s
+improvements, they need never want fresh water.
+Wood-ashes may easily be made, whilst there is any
+wood in the ship; and the extraordinary expence of
+fuel will be trifling, if they contrive so that the still
+may stand on the fire along with the ship’s boiler.</p>
+
+<p>I shall think myself sufficiently recompensed, if
+any hints here may tend to the relief of my brother
+sailors from the dismal extremity of want of water;
+an extremity too little regarded by those, who have
+never experienced it.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="hang"><i>P. S.</i> During my passage from Russia we very
+rarely had any <i>aurora borealis</i>; and those few
+we saw were faint, and of short continuance:
+at which I was much surprised; for about ten
+years ago, being in a high north latitude, we had
+very beautiful ones almost every night in the
+month of September; which exceeded any I
+have seen described in the <i>Philosophical Transactions</i>,
+or <i>Memoires de l’Academie Royale</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="large">Wm. Chapman.</span>
+</p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_640">[640]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXXVIII. <i>Observatio Eclipsis Lunaris facta</i>
+Matriti <i>a Pª.</i> Joanne Wendlingen, <i>Societatis</i>
+Jesu, <i>in Regali Observatorio Collegii
+Imperialis ejusdem Societatis, Die</i> 30 Julii
+1757.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>Quælibet observatio bis instituta fuit, semel interjecto
+oculum inter lentemque ocularem vitri clari,
+cærulei, plani, ac bene tersi, fragmento. Hæ observationes
+notantur hac voce</i> cerul. <i>Telescopium,
+quo usus sum, est</i> Gregorianum <i>trium pedum</i> Anglicanorum,
+<i>omnino præclarum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Communicated by</i> Matthew Maty, <i>M. D. F.R.S.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center">[Read April 20, 1758.]</p>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="br">IMMERSIONES.</td>
+<td colspan="2">Tempus</td> <td class="br">verum</td> <td>Differentia</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> <td>h</td> <td>´</td> <td class="br">´´</td> <td> </td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="dropcap">P</span>Rincipium eclipsis,</td>
+<td> </td>
+ <td class="br"><i>clar.</i></td> <td>9</td>
+<td>47</td> <td class="br">34</td> <td> </td></tr>
+<tr><td>Mare Humorum,</td> <td> </td>
+<td class="br"><i>clar.</i></td>
+<td>—</td>
+<td>52</td>
+<td class="br">47</td> <td> </td></tr>
+
+ <tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Grimaldus</td> <td class="bl bt"> </td>
+<td class="br"><i>cær.</i></td>
+ <td>—</td>
+ <td>54</td>
+<td class="br">28</td>
+ <td>´´</td></tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="bl bb"> </td> <td class="br"><i>clar.</i></td>
+ <td>—</td>
+<td>55</td>
+<td class="br">27</td> <td>—— 59</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Bullialdus</td>
+<td class="bl bt"> </td>
+<td class="br"><i>cær.</i></td>
+<td>10</td> <td>1</td>
+<td class="br">21</td> <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 13</td></tr>
+
+ <tr>
+<td class="bl bb"> </td>
+<td class="br">——</td> <td>10</td> <td>1</td> <td class="br">34</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Keplerus</td>
+<td class="bl bt"> </td>
+ <td class="br">——</td> <td>—</td> <td>9</td> <td class="br">35</td> <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 10</td></tr>
+ <tr>
+<td class="bl bb"> </td>
+<td class="br">——</td> <td>—</td> <td>9</td> <td class="br">45</td></tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Copernicus</td><td class="bl bt"> </td>
+<td class="br">——</td> <td>—</td> <td>16</td> <td class="br">15</td> <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 12</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="bl bb"> </td>
+<td class="br">——</td> <td>—</td> <td>16</td> <td class="br">28</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Heraclides</td><td class="bl bt"> </td>
+ <td class="br">——</td> <td>—</td> <td>18</td> <td class="br">14</td> <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 10</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="bl bb"> </td>
+<td class="br">——</td> <td>—</td> <td>18</td> <td class="br">24</td> </tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_641">[641]</span>
+
+Manilius</td> <td class="bl bt"> </td>
+<td class="br"><i>clar.</i></td>
+ <td>10</td> <td>30</td> <td class="br">43</td> <td>´´</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="bl bb"> </td>
+<td class="br"><i>cær.</i></td> <td>10</td> <td>30</td> <td class="br">54</td> <td>—— 11</td></tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Menelaus</td> <td class="bl bt"> </td>
+ <td class="br">——</td>
+ <td>—</td> <td>34</td> <td class="br">11</td>
+ <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 9</td></tr>
+ <tr>
+<td class="bl bb"> </td>
+<td class="br">——</td> <td>—</td> <td>34</td> <td class="br">20</td></tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Promontorium</td> <td class="bl bt"> </td> <td class="br">——</td>
+ <td>—</td> <td>44</td> <td class="br">49</td> <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 9</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="bl bb"> </td>
+<td class="br">——</td> <td>—</td> <td>44</td> <td class="br">58</td></tr>
+ <tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Mare Crisium</td> <td class="bl bt"> </td>
+ <td class="br">——</td> <td>—</td>
+ <td>45</td> <td class="br">33</td> <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 11</td></tr>
+ <tr>
+<td class="bl bb"> </td>
+<td class="br">——</td> <td>—</td> <td>45</td> <td class="br">44</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">Proclus, <i>clar.</i></td> <td> </td>
+ <td>—</td> <td>46</td> <td class="br">54</td><td> </td></tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Plato</td><td class="bl bt"> </td>
+<td class="br">——</td>
+ <td>—</td> <td>54</td> <td class="br">48</td> <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 14</td></tr>
+ <tr>
+<td class="bl bb"> </td>
+<td class="br">——</td> <td>—</td> <td>55</td> <td class="br">2</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Langrenus</td>
+<td class="bl bt"> </td>
+<td class="br">——</td>
+ <td>11</td>
+<td>7</td>
+<td class="br">3</td>
+ <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 20</td></tr>
+
+ <tr><td class="bl bb"> </td>
+<td class="br">——</td>
+ <td>11</td>
+ <td>7</td>
+ <td class="br">23</td></tr>
+</table>
+<div class="sync"> </div>
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="br">EMERSIONES.</td>
+<td colspan="2">Tempus</td> <td class="br">verum</td> <td>Differentia</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> <td>h</td> <td>´</td> <td class="br">´´</td> <td> </td></tr>
+
+<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Plato</td> <td class="bl bt"> </td>
+ <td class="br"><i>clar.</i></td>
+ <td>11</td> <td>40</td> <td class="br">34</td> <td>´´</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="bl bb"> </td>
+<td class="br"><i>cær.</i></td> <td>11</td> <td>40</td> <td class="br">48</td> <td> —— 14</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Heraclides </td>
+ <td class="bl bt"> </td> <td class="br">——</td> <td>—</td> <td>41</td> <td class="br">27</td>
+<td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 12</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td>
+<td class="br">——</td> <td>—</td> <td>41</td> <td class="br">39</td> </tr>
+
+<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Grimaldus</td>
+ <td class="bl bt"> </td>
+<td class="br">——</td>
+<td>—</td> <td>47</td> <td class="br">57</td> <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td>
+<td class="br">——</td> <td>—</td> <td>48</td> <td class="br">4</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Keplerus</td>
+ <td class="bl bt"> </td>
+<td class="br">——</td>
+ <td>—</td> <td>52</td> <td class="br">58</td> <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 10</td></tr>
+
+ <tr><td class="bl bb"> </td>
+<td class="br">——</td> <td>—</td> <td>53</td> <td class="br">8</td> </tr>
+
+<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Copernicus</td>
+ <td class="bl bt"> </td>
+<td class="br">——</td>
+ <td>12</td> <td>1</td> <td class="br">36</td> <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 12</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td>
+<td class="br">——</td> <td>12</td> <td>1</td> <td class="br">48</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Menelaus</td>
+ <td class="bl bt"> </td>
+<td class="br">——</td>
+ <td>—</td> <td>17</td> <td class="br">18</td> <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 10</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td>
+<td class="br">——</td> <td>—</td> <td>17</td> <td class="br">28</td> </tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">Finis eclipseos, <i>clar.</i></td>
+ <td class="bl">—</td> <td>52</td> <td class="br">15</td> <td> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_642">[642]</span></p>
+
+<h3 class="hang nobreak"><i>Observatio Eclipsis Lunaris, facta ab eodem, eodem
+modo, eodem loco, iisdemque instrumentis Die</i> 24
+Januar. <i>Anni</i> 1758.</h3>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>Ab hora 5<sup>ta</sup> usque ad finem observationis tantum commovebatur
+imprægnata plurimum vaporibus athmosphæra,
+ut tota lunæ illuminatæ portio præter
+morem undulare videretur. Flabat boreas, indicante
+thermometro Reaumuriano. 1. grandem infra
+aquæ congelationem.</i></p>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="br">IMMERSIONES.</td>
+<td colspan="2">Tempus</td> <td class="br">verum</td> <td>Differentia</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> <td>h</td> <td>´</td> <td class="br">´´</td> <td> </td></tr>
+<tr><td class="br" colspan="3">Principium</td>
+ <td>4</td>
+<td>7</td>
+<td class="br">42</td>
+<td>´´</td></tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Grimaldus</td>
+<td class="bl bt"> </td>
+ <td class="br"><i>cær.</i></td>
+<td>—</td>
+<td>9</td>
+<td class="br">55</td>
+ <td rowspan="2" class="vm"> —— 38</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td>
+<td class="br"><i>clar.</i></td>
+ <td>—</td>
+<td>10</td>
+<td class="br">33</td></tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Aristarchus</td>
+<td class="bl bt"> </td>
+ <td class="br">——</td>
+ <td>—</td>
+<td>15</td>
+<td class="br">37</td>
+ <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 34</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td>
+ <td class="br">——</td>
+ <td>—</td>
+<td>16</td>
+<td class="br">11</td> </tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Mare Humorum</td>
+<td class="bl bt"> </td>
+ <td class="br">——</td>
+ <td>—</td>
+ <td>20</td>
+<td class="br">48</td>
+ <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 24</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td>
+<td class="br">——</td>
+ <td>—</td>
+<td>21</td>
+ <td class="br">12</td> </tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Copernicus</td>
+<td class="bl bt"> </td>
+ <td class="br">——</td>
+ <td>—</td>
+<td>26</td>
+<td class="br">45</td>
+
+ <td rowspan="2" class="vm"> —— 13</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td>
+ <td class="br">——</td>
+ <td>—</td>
+<td>26</td>
+ <td class="br">58</td> </tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Plato</td>
+<td class="bl bt"> </td>
+ <td class="br">——</td>
+ <td>—</td>
+<td>35</td>
+ <td class="br">41</td>
+ <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 41</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td>
+<td class="br">——</td>
+ <td>—</td>
+ <td>36</td>
+ <td class="br">22</td> </tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Tycho </td>
+<td class="bl bt"> </td>
+ <td class="br">——</td>
+ <td>—</td>
+<td>39</td>
+<td class="br">31</td>
+ <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 38</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td>
+ <td class="br">——</td>
+ <td>—</td>
+<td>40</td>
+<td class="br">9</td> </tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Menelaus</td>
+<td class="bl bt"> </td>
+ <td class="br">——</td>
+ <td>—</td>
+<td>45</td>
+ <td class="br">43</td>
+ <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 39</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td>
+<td class="br">——</td>
+ <td>—</td>
+<td>46</td>
+<td class="br">22</td></tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Plinius</td>
+<td class="bl bt"> </td>
+ <td class="br">——</td>
+ <td>—</td>
+<td>50</td>
+<td class="br">17</td>
+ <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 27</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td>
+ <td class="br">——</td>
+ <td>—</td> <td>50</td>
+<td class="br">44</td> </tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Promontorium Somni</td>
+<td class="bl bt"> </td>
+<td class="br">——</td>
+ <td>—</td>
+<td>58</td>
+ <td class="br">15</td>
+ <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 27</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td>
+<td class="br">——</td>
+ <td>—</td>
+<td>58</td>
+<td class="br">42</td> </tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Cleomedes</td>
+<td class="bl bt"> </td>
+ <td class="br">——</td>
+ <td>5</td>
+ <td>0</td>
+<td class="br">22</td>
+ <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 14</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td>
+<td class="br">——</td>
+<td>5</td>
+<td>0</td>
+<td class="br">36 </td></tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_643">[643]</span>
+Proclus</td>
+<td class="bl bt"> </td>
+ <td class="br"><i>cær.</i> </td>
+ <td>5</td>
+<td>2</td>
+<td class="br">9</td>
+
+<td>´´</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td>
+<td class="br"><i>clar.</i></td>
+ <td>5</td>
+<td>2</td>
+<td class="br">15</td>
+<td class="vm">—— 6</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Princip. Maris Crisii</td>
+<td class="bl bt"> </td>
+ <td class="br">——</td>
+ <td>—</td>
+<td>3</td>
+<td class="br">6</td>
+<td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 25</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td>
+ <td class="br">——</td>
+ <td>—</td>
+<td>3</td>
+<td class="br">31</td> </tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Langrenus</td>
+<td class="bl bt"> </td>
+ <td class="br">——</td>
+ <td>—</td>
+ <td>7</td>
+<td class="br">40</td>
+ <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 14</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td>
+<td class="br">——</td>
+ <td>—</td>
+<td>7</td>
+<td class="br">54</td></tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Immers. tot. Maris Crisii</td>
+<td class="bl bt"> </td>
+ <td class="br">——</td>
+<td>—</td>
+<td>8</td>
+<td class="br">19</td>
+ <td rowspan="2" class="vm"> —— 11</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td>
+ <td class="br">——</td>
+ <td>—</td>
+<td>8</td>
+<td class="br">30</td> </tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Immersio totalis Lunæ</td>
+<td class="bl bt"> </td>
+ <td class="br">——</td>
+ <td>—</td>
+<td>12</td>
+<td class="br">50</td>
+ <td rowspan="2" class="vm">—— 40</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bl bb"> </td>
+<td class="br">——</td>
+ <td>—</td>
+<td>13</td>
+<td class="br">30</td> </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="noin">In fine cœlum serenum, & athmosphæra quieta.</p>
+
+<h4>REFLEXIO.</h4>
+
+<p>Notabilis appulsus umbræ terrestris ad faculas
+maculasque lunares differentia, dum partim vitro colore
+cæruleo tincto, partim absque eo, observationes
+instituuntur, inventa a Dº. de Barros, & tum in observatorio
+Parisino tum alibi sæpius confirmata, ad me
+duplicem hanc lunæ eclipsim, ea qua vel licuit circumspectione,
+instituendam determinavit, spe fretus;
+me phænomeni hujus causas, si non veras, veritati
+saltem proximas, inventurum; unde in tempore de
+vitris planis bene tersis, diametri mediæ lineæ, partim
+colore cæruleo claro, partim flavo tinctis mihi
+provideram, his tamen ultimis uti non licuit ob nimiam
+umbræ penumbræque confusionem.</p>
+
+<p>Interjecto oculum inter, lentemque ocularem vitri
+cærulei fragmento, sequentia observavi. 1. Umbra
+terrestris in immersione citius maculam aut faculam
+lunarem attigit, & in emersione tardius deseruit,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_644">[644]</span>
+quam dum absque eo observationem institui. 2. Claritas
+lunæ, alioquin offendens oculum, suavior apparebat.
+3. Limites umbræ perfecte terminabantur
+excepta secunda eclipsi, in qua (flante borea) ab hora
+quinta illuminata lunæ pars undulare videbatur.</p>
+
+<p>Suppositis his phænomenis, uti et athmosphæra lunari,
+de qua vix dubio locus, sequentia intuli: 1. Quo
+densior dicta athmosphæra fuerit, major radiorum
+portio ab hac in immersam umbræ terrestri lunæ
+portionem, limitibus saltem proximam, reflectetur,
+eosque reddet dubios, quod quidem contingit, dum
+absque adminiculo per nudum telescopium observatio
+instituitur, secus vero dum oculum inter, lentemque
+ocularem, vitrum cæruleo colore tinctum interjicitur.
+Addito secundo, ac tertio phænomeno, nempe
+per vitrum cæruleum lumen multum apparere suavius,
+infertur, si color cæruleus sufficit ad mitigandam
+tantopere eam lunæ illuminatæ portionem, quæ extra
+omnem umbram conspicitur, quanto magis sufficit,
+ad tollendam omnem claritatem, quæ ab athmosphæra
+lunari in hoc corpus reflectitur? & ecce tibi
+secundam illationem, nempe limites umbræ facilius
+determinari. 3. Diametrum umbræ majorem videri
+debere, & vel ideo immersiones macularum aut facularum
+lunarium citius, emersiones vero tardius succedere
+debere; quæ quidem omnia cum observationibus
+congruunt.</p>
+
+<p>Dixi in prima illatione, reflecti aliquam luminis
+portionem a lunæ athmosphæra in ipsam eclipsatam
+corporis hujus portionem, non secus, ac in globo
+hoc terraqeno accidit, qui post solis occasum aliquo
+adhuc tempore illuminatur. Hæc lucis reflexio tanto
+erit major, quanto athmosphæra fuerit densior, &<span class="pagenum" id="Page_645">[645]</span>
+quia supponere licat, hanc in luna non semper esse
+æqualem, infertur, differentiam temporis appulsus
+umbræ non in omni eclipsi lunari posse esse æqualem,
+quod demum convenire videtur duplici meæ observationi,
+ut ex adnotatis temporum differentiis liquet.
+Hæc mea est circa propositum phænomenon opinandi
+ratio.</p>
+<hr />
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">LXXXIX. <i>Observations upon a slight Earthquake,
+tho’ very particular, which may
+lead to the Knowlege of the Cause of great
+and violent ones, that ravage whole Countries,
+and overturn Cities. By</i> John Andrew
+Peyssonel, <i>M. D. F.R.S. Translated
+from the</i> French.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read April. 20,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">I Went to make my observations upon
+the natural history of the sea; and
+when I arrived at a place called the Cauldrons of
+Lance Caraibe, near Lancebertrand, a part of the
+island of Grande Terre Guadaloupe, in which place
+the coast runs north-east and south-west, the sea
+being much agitated that day flowed from the north-west.
+There the coast is furnished with hollow
+rocks, and vaults underneath, with chinks and crevices:
+and the sea, pushed into these deep caverns
+by the force and agitation of the waves, compresses
+the air, which, recovering its spring, forces the water
+back in the form of the most magnificent fountains;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_646">[646]</span>
+ which cease, and begin again at every great
+pressure. This phænomenon is common to many
+places in this island. The explanation of it is easy;
+but the following is what I particularly observed.</p>
+
+<p>As I walked within about forty paces from the
+brink of the sea, where the waves broke, I perceived,
+in one place, the plants were much agitated by some
+cause, that was not yet apparent. I drew near, and
+discovered a hole about six feet deep, and half a
+foot diameter; and stopping to consider it, I perceived
+the earth tremble under my feet. This increased
+my attention; and I heard a dull kind of
+noise underground, like that which precedes common
+earthquakes; which I have observed many a
+time. It was followed by a quivering of the earth;
+and after this a wind issued out of the hole, which
+agitated the plants round about. I watched to see
+whether the motion extended to any distance; but
+was sensible it did not reach above three or four
+paces from the hole, and that no motion was perceived
+farther off.</p>
+
+<p>I further observed, that this phænomenon never
+happens till after the seventh wave rolls in; for it is
+a common thing in this country to find the sea appear
+calm for some time, and then to produce seven
+waves, which break upon the coast one after another:
+the first is not very considerable; the second
+is somewhat stronger; and thus they go on increasing
+to the seventh, after which the sea grows
+calm again, and retires. This phænomenon of the
+seven waves is observed by navigators with great attention,
+especially at low water, in order to be the
+better able to go in or come out at the very time<span class="pagenum" id="Page_647">[647]</span>
+that the sea grows quiet. These seven waves successively
+fill the caverns, which are all along the coast;
+and when the seventh comes to open itself, the air
+at the bottom of the caverns being greatly compressed,
+acted by its elasticity, and immediately made
+those fountains and gushings I have mentioned; and
+the waters continuing in the caverns, up to the very
+place of the hole, began to produce that dull noise,
+caused the emotion or earthquake, and finished with
+the violent wind forced up thro’ the hole; after
+which the water retired into the sea, and having no
+further impelling cause, on account of the waves,
+rendered every thing quiet again.</p>
+
+<p>I observed, that this phænomenon happened at no
+limited time, but according to the approach of the
+waves, being strongly put in motion after the seventh.
+I remained near half an hour to observe it;
+and nearly followed the course of the cavern to its
+entrance, directed by the disposition of the coast. I
+made my negroes go down where the water broke;
+for they doubted the report of the greatness of these
+caverns; and when the sea was calm one of them
+ventured in, but returned very quickly, or he must
+have perished. Therefore I conclude, that these
+small earthquakes round the hole, about forty paces
+from the wave, were only caused by the compressed
+air in some great vault about this place, and that by
+its force was driven up the hole that appeared: that
+this air in the caverns, compressed to a certain degree,
+first caused the dull noise, by the rolling of the
+waters, which resisted in the cavern; then acting
+more violently, caused the small earthquake, which
+ceased when the wind passed out of the hole, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_648">[648]</span>
+that the sea retired, and gave liberty to the air, which
+was contained and compressed.</p>
+
+<p>Such are the observations I have made; from
+which the learned, who are endeavouring to find the
+cause of earthquakes, since that dreadful one, which
+destroyed the city of Lisbon, may make such conclusions
+as they shall think proper.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+Peyssonel.
+</p>
+
+<p>At Guadaloupe,
+Jan. 6. 1757.</p>
+<hr />
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">XC. <i>A Catalogue of the</i> Fifty Plants <i>from</i>
+Chelsea Garden, <i>presented to the</i> Royal
+Society <i>by the worshipful Company of Apothecaries,
+for the Year 1757, pursuant to
+the Direction of Sir</i> Hans Sloane, <i>Baronet,
+Med. Reg. & Soc. Reg. nuper Præses, by</i>
+John Wilmer, <i>M. D. clariss. Societatis
+Pharmaceut.</i> Lond. <i>Socius, Hort.</i> Chelsean.
+<i>Præfectus & Prælector Botanic.</i></h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">
+Read April 20,
+1758.</div>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td>1751</td> <td><span class="dropcap">A</span>Llium sylvestre latifolium.
+C. B. P. 74.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> </td>
+<td>Allium ursin. bifolium vernum sylvatic. J. B.
+2. 565.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1752</td> <td>Anacampseros flavo flore Amman. Ruth. 96.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1753</td> <td>Anchusa strigosa, foliis linearibus dentatis, pedicellis
+bractea minoribus, calycibus fructiferis
+inflatis. Lefl. Linn. Sp. Plant. 133.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1754</td> <td>Asplenium sive Ceterach. J. B. 3. 749. Offic. 121.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_649">[649]</span>
+1755</td> <td>Bidens calyce oblongo squamoso, feminibus
+radii corolla non decidua coronatis, Miller.
+Icon.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1756</td> <td>Cactus repens decemangularis Lin. Sp. Pl. 467.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1757</td> <td>Cerasus pumila Canadensis, oblongo angusto
+folio, fructu parvo, Du Hamel. Mill. Icons.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1758</td> <td>Ceratocarpus Amæn. Acad. 1. p. 412. Hort.
+Ups. 281.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1759</td> <td>Cotula flore luteo, radiato. Tourn. 495.
+Buphthalmum Cotulæ folio C. B. P. 134.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1760</td> <td>Cracca minor Rivini. Vicia segetum cum filiquis
+plurimis hirsutis C. B. P. 345.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1761</td> <td>Cucubalus calycibus subglobosis glabris reticulato-venosis,
+capsulis trilocularibus, corollis
+subnudis, Flor. suec. 360.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1762</td> <td>Cucubalus calycibus subglobosis, caule ramoso
+patulo, foliis linearibus acutis, Mill. Dict.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> </td><td>Lychnis sylvestris quæ Been album vulgo, foliis
+angustioribus et acutioribus C. B. P. 205.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1763</td> <td>Cunonia floribus sessilibus, spathis maximis.
+Butner Cunonia, tab. 1.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1764</td> <td>Cupressus foliis imbricatis frondibus ancipitibus.
+Linn. Spec. Plant. 1003.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> </td><td>Cupressus nana Mariana fructu cæruleo parvo.
+Pluk. Mantiss. 61.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1765</td> <td>Cyclamen Hederæ folio C. B. P. 308. Offic. 162.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1766</td> <td>Diosma foliis lineari-lanceolatis subtus convexis,
+bifariam imbricatis. Linn. Sp. Plant.
+198.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1767</td> <td>Euonymoides Canadensis Saraz. Boerh. Ind.
+Alt. 237.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1768</td> <td>Filipendula foliis ternatis Hort. Cliff. 191.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1769</td> <td>Filipendula vulgaris, an Molon Plinii C. B.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_650">[650]</span>163. Offic. 197.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1770</td> <td>Heliotropium foliis ovato-lanceolatis, spicis
+plurimis confertis, caule fruticoso. Miller’s
+Icons.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1771</td> <td> Hieracium fruticosum latifolium hirsutum C.
+B. P. 129.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1772</td> <td>Hyoscyamus rubello flore. C. B. P. 169.
+Hyoscyamus Syriacus. Cam. Icon. 21. J. B. 3.
+628.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1773</td> <td> Hypericum floribus monogynis staminibus corolla
+longioribus, calycibus coloratis caule
+fruticoso. Miller’s Icons.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1774</td> <td>Hypericum floribus trigynis, calycibus acutis,
+staminibus corolla brevioribus, caule fruticoso.
+Linn. Hort. Cliff. 380. Miller’s Icons.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1775 </td> <td>Iris corollis barbatis, germinibus trigonis, foliis
+ensiformibus longissimis, caule foliis longiore
+bifloro. Miller’s Icons.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1776</td> <td>Isatis sativa, sive latifolia. C. B. P. 113.
+Glastum sativum. J. B. 2. 909.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1777</td> <td>Juniperus vulgaris fruticosa C. B. 488. Off. 252.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1778</td> <td>Ixia foliis gladiolatis linearibus caule bulbifero.
+Miller’s Icons.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1779</td> <td>Ixia foliis gladiolatis glabris, floribus corymbosis
+terminalibus. Miller’s Icons.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1780</td> <td>Larix C. B. 493. Officin. 264.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1781</td> <td> Laserpitium foliis amplioribus, semine crispo.
+Tourn. 324.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1782</td> <td>Linum calycibus capsulisque obtusis. <i>Sibirian
+Flax.</i> Miller’s Icons.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1783</td> <td>Liriodendrum. Hort. Cliff. 223.
+Tulipifera arbor Virginiana. Hort. Lugd. Bat.
+612.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1784</td> <td>Oenanthe Apii folio C. B. P. 162.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_651">[651]</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>1785</td> <td>Passerina foliis linearibus. Hort. Cliff. 146.
+Sp. 1.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1786</td> <td>Platanus Orientalis verus. Park. 1427.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1787</td> <td>Platanus Occidentalis aut Virginiensis. Park.
+1427.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1788</td> <td>Platanus Orientalis Aceris folio. T. Cor. 41.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1789</td> <td>Prenanthes foliis integris serratis scabris, radice
+repente, flore purpureo cæruleo. Mill. Dict.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1790</td> <td> Ruta sylvestris linifolia; Hispanica Boccon.
+Barrel Icon. 1186 H. Mus. p. 2. 82. tab. 73.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1791</td> <td>Saxifraga muscosa; trifido folio. Tourn.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1792</td> <td>Scabiosa Virgæ Pastoris folio. C. B. P. 270.
+Scabiosa latifolia peregrina. Tabern. Icon. 160.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1793</td> <td>Thalictrum majus, siliqua angulosa aut striata,
+C. B. P. 336.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1794</td> <td>Thalictrum majus non striatum. C. B. P. 336.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1795</td> <td>Thalictrum Canadense majus caulibus viridantibus.
+Boerhaav.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1796</td> <td>Thalictrum Alpinum Aquilegiæ foliis. Tourn.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1797</td> <td>Thalictrum minus Asphodeli radice magno
+flore. Tourn. 271.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1798</td> <td>Thuya strobilis squarrosis squamis acuminatis
+reflexis. Hort. Upsal. 289.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1799</td> <td>Tordylium Narbonense minus. Tourn. 320.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1800</td> <td>Tridax. Hort. Cliff. 418. After American.
+procumbens, foliis laciniatis et hirsutis.
+Houston.</td></tr>
+</table>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_652">[652]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">XCI. <i>An Historical Memoir concerning a
+Genus of Plants called</i> Lichen, <i>by</i> Micheli,
+Haller, <i>and</i> Linnæus; <i>and comprehended
+by</i> Dillenius <i>under the Terms</i> Usnea,
+Coralloides, <i>and</i> Lichenoides: <i>Tending
+principally to illustrate their several Uses.
+Communicated by</i> Wm. Watson, <i>M. D.
+F.R.S.</i></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hang">——<i>Natura nihil frustra creaverit, posteros tamen tot inventuros
+utilitates ex</i> Muscis <i>auguror, quot ex reliquis vegetabilibus</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+Cui bono? Amæn. Acad. III. p. 241.
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read Apr. 27 &
+May 4, 1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">THE whole class of mosses were
+taken but very little notice of by
+the revivers of botany in the sixteenth century: they
+indeed took some pains to distinguish the particular
+species that the ancients had mentioned, but disregarded
+almost all the rest. Modern botanists however
+suppose, that they were but little successful in
+general in their application of the ancient names to
+plants: nor is a failure in such attempts to be wondered
+at, considering the too great conciseness, and
+frequent obscurity, of their descriptions. In the class
+of mosses, as in many others, the accounts transmitted
+to us are little more than a scene of uncertainty
+and confusion.</p>
+
+<p>It is to the moderns we are indebted for the discovery
+of the far greater number of the plants of this<span class="pagenum" id="Page_653">[653]</span>
+class. In this branch of botany our own countrymen
+Mr. Ray, Buddle, Dale, Doody, Petiver, and
+Dr. Morison, Sherard, Richardson, and others, have
+distinguished themselves: and amongst foreigners
+M. Vaillant, Sig. Micheli, and the very eminent Dr.
+Haller: but, beyond all, the late learned and indefatigable
+professor at Oxford, Dr. Dillenius, has herein
+made the most ample discoveries and improvements,
+of which his elaborate history will ever remain
+a standing proof.</p>
+
+<p>The word <i>lichen</i> occurs in the writings of Dioscorides
+and Pliny; and tho’ it may be doubtful,
+there is nevertheless good reason to apprehend, that
+Dioscorides meant to describe under that name the
+very plant, or at least one of the same genus, to
+which the commentators agreed to affix his description.
+Since then the name has been variously applied
+by different authors; on which account it is
+necessary to premise, that the <i>lichen sive hepatica
+Off.</i> or liverwort of the shops, does not fall under
+this generical term, as it is now formed by the three
+above-named authors. They comprehend under the
+term <i>Lichen</i>, and Dillenius under those of <i>Usnea</i>,
+<i>Coralloides</i>, and <i>Lichenoides</i>, the hairy tree-moss or
+<i>usnea</i> of the shops; the <i>muscus pulmonarius</i>, tree-lungwort,
+or oak-lungs; the <i>lichen terrestris cinereus</i>,
+or ash-coloured ground liverwort; the coralline-mosses;
+the cup-mosses; horned mosses; the <i>orchel</i>,
+or Canary-weed; the <i>muscus islandicus</i> of Bartholine;
+and a multitude of others found upon trees, walls,
+rocks, and stones, in all parts of the world, and in
+many parts thereof in very great abundance.</p>
+
+<p>Caspar Bauhine in his <i>Pinax</i>, John Bauhine, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_654">[654]</span>
+countrymen Gerard and Parkinson, and their cotemporaries,
+as they wrote before the time that generical
+characters in botany were in use, included
+these lichens among the other herbaceous mosses,
+under the general name of <i>muscus</i>; adding to the
+name in general some epithet descriptive of its form,
+place of growth, or supposed virtue.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ray, both in his History of Plants, and in
+the Supplement, as he was usually averse to the
+forming of new names, has interspersed them among
+other mosses, under the character of <i>musci steriles
+seu aspermi</i>, retaining the synonyms of the two Bauhines,
+Gerard, and Parkinson, to the general species.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Morison seems to have been the first, who separated
+them intirely from the herbaceous mosses;
+and, from the analogy he supposed they had with the
+fungus tribe, formed them into a genus, under the
+name of <i>musco-fungus</i>. He enumerates fifty species
+and upwards under this term in the <i>Historia Oxoniensis</i>,
+and has divided them into five orders, according
+to their different appearances, as follows:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1. <i>Musco-fungi e terra prominentes, latiores.</i> 5.</li>
+<li>2. <i>Musco-fungi pixidati.</i> 11.</li>
+<li>3. <i>Musco-fungi corniculati.</i> 26. </li>
+<li>4. <i>Musco-fungi crustæ modo adnascentes.</i> 37.</li>
+<li>5. <i>Musco-fungi corticibus arborum dependentes.</i> 53. </li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="noin">Table the 7th of his 15th section exhibits several
+good figures of some of these lichens.</p>
+
+<p>Tournefort was the first, who adapted the generical
+term <i>lichen</i> to them; but it was in consequence
+of his joining them to the lichen of the shops. He
+has however excluded the coralline-mosses, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_655">[655]</span>
+forms them into a genus, by the name of <i>coralloides</i>;
+to which he has connected some plants, properly of
+the fungus tribe. In this distinction he is followed
+by Dr. Boerhaave in his <i>Index alter Plantarum</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Dillenius first called them <i>lichenoides</i>, in the
+catalogue of plants growing about Giessen, chusing
+to retain the word <i>lichen</i> to the liverwort of the
+shops. Under this name however, in this work, he
+does not comprehend the <i>usneæ</i>, or hairy tree-mosses,
+but refers them to the <i>conservæ</i>, adding the epithet
+<i>arborea</i> to each species, to distinguish them from the
+water kinds. He enumerates upwards of sixty species
+of <i>lichenoides</i>, but has applied few or no synonyms to them.</p>
+
+<p>Under the same generic term he has introduced
+them into the third edition of Ray’s Synopsis of
+British Plants, taking in the <i>usneæ</i>, and recounting
+upwards of ninety species, all found spontaneously
+growing in England. Many of these are undoubtedly
+only varieties. They are in this work very naturally
+divided into several orders and subdivisions, for the
+greater ease of distinguishing them, as follows:</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="11" class="vm"><i>Lichenoides</i> <span class="large">}</span></td>
+<td> </td>
+<td> </td>
+<td> </td>
+
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="5" class="br bl vm"><i>caulifera</i> <span class="large">}</span></td>
+<td>1. <i>Capillacea et non tubulosa scutellata.</i></td>
+
+<td> </td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+
+<td rowspan="2" class="br vm">2. <i>Coralliformia tuberculosa plerumque.</i> <span class="large">}</span></td>
+<td>a. <i>Solida et non tubulosa.</i></td>
+
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+
+<td>b. <i>Tubulosa.</i></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>3. <i>Pyxidata.</i></td>
+
+<td> </td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+
+<td>4. <i>Fungiformia.</i></td>
+
+<td> </td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+
+<td rowspan="5" class="br bl vm"><i>cauliculis destituta</i> <span class="large">}</span></td>
+<td>1. <i>Mere crustacea.</i></td>
+
+<td> </td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="2" class="br vm">2. <i>Crusta foliosa scutellata seu foliis scutellatis arcte adnascentibus</i> - <span class="large">}</span></td>
+<td>a. <i>Substantiæ gelatinosæ.</i></td>
+
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>b. <i>Substantiæ durioris.</i></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="2" class="br vm">3. <i>Foliis magis liberis nec tam arcte adnascentibus</i> <span class="large">}</span></td>
+<td>a. <i>Scutellatis et tuberculatis.</i></td>
+
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>b. <i>Peltatis.</i></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>M. Vaillant, in the <i>Botanicon Parisiense</i>, retains
+Tournefort’s names. Many of these lichens, as well
+as other mosses, are accurately represented in the
+elegant tables, which adorn that work. Dr. Haller<span class="pagenum" id="Page_656">[656]</span>
+tells us he learnt to distinguish almost all the mosses
+solely by the help of these tables, so well are they expressed.
+The lovers of botanic science are greatly indebted
+ to Boerhaave for his publication of that work.</p>
+
+<p>Micheli, after Tournefort, adopts the term <i>lichen</i>,
+and comprehends all the species under it, except one
+or two, which he calls <i>lichenoides</i>. This author
+however does not take into this genus the liverwort
+of the <i>materia medica</i>; he describes the species of
+that genus under the name of <i>marchantiæ</i>. Near
+twenty of the plates in his <i>Nova Plantarum Genera</i>
+are taken up in representing various species of this
+genus. In this work they are divided into thirty-eight
+orders or subdivisions; a circumstance very necessary
+indeed, considering how greatly he has multiplied
+the number of the species. It is to be regretted,
+that so indefatigable an author, one whose genius
+particularly led him to scrutinize the minuter subjects
+of the science, should have been so solicitous to increase
+the number of species under all his genera:
+an error this, which tends to great confusion and embarassment,
+and must retard the progress and real improvement
+of the botanic science.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Haller retains Micheli’s term, and enumerates
+160 kinds in his <i>Enumeratio Stirpium Helvetiæ</i>: he
+divides them into seven orders, according to the following
+titles:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1. <i>Lichenes corniculati & pixidati.</i></li>
+<li>2. <i>Lichenes coralloidei.</i></li>
+<li>3. <i>Lichenes fruticosi alii.</i></li>
+<li>4. <i>Lichenes pulmonarii.</i></li>
+<li>5. <i>Lichenes crustacei scutis floralibus ornati.</i></li>
+<li>6. <i>Lichenes scutellis ornati.</i></li>
+<li>7. <i>Lichenes crustacei non scutati.</i></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_657">[657]</span></p>
+
+<p class="noin">The extensive number of the species, and the difficulty
+of distinguishing them with a tolerable degree
+of certainty, has deterred Dr. Haller from adding so
+full and complete a list of synonyms to the plants of
+this genus as he has elsewhere done in that splendid
+work. Plate the 2d exhibits several elegant sorts of
+these lichens.</p>
+
+<p>Linnæus, and the followers of his method, who
+seem to have established their generical character
+from Micheli’s discoveries, retain also his generical
+title. Micheli’s passion for the multiplication of species
+is no-where more conspicuous than in the plants
+of this genus, which he has most enormously augmented
+to the number of 298 species. The Swedish
+professor cannot be charged with this foible: it is
+one of the excellencies of his writings, that they inculcate
+the reverse. He has so far retrenched this
+genus, that in his general enumeration of plants he
+recounts only eighty species belonging to it. They
+are in this work divided into eight orders, according
+to the difference of appearance which they form by
+their <i>facies externa</i>, little or no regard being had to
+what are usually called the parts of fructification.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1. <i>Lichenes leprosi tuberculati.</i></li>
+<li>2. <i>Lichenes leprosi scutellati.</i></li>
+<li>3. <i>Lichenes imbricati.</i></li>
+<li>4. <i>Lichenes foliacei.</i></li>
+<li>5. <i>Lichenes coriacei.</i></li>
+<li>6. <i>Lichenes scyphiferi.</i></li>
+<li>7. <i>Lichenes fructiculosi.</i></li>
+<li>8. <i>Lichenes filamentosi.</i></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Dr. Dillenius, in his most elaborate work, intituled,
+<i>Historia Muscorum</i>, has divided this Michelian genus
+into three, under the names of <i>usnea</i>, <i>coralloides</i>, and
+<i>lichenoides</i>. Under the word <i>usnea</i> he comprehends
+the hairy tree-mosses, among which are the <i>usnea</i> of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_658">[658]</span>
+the shops, and the true <i>usnea</i> of the Arabians. Of
+these he describes sixteen species. Under <i>coralloides</i>
+he describes thirty-nine species, among which are the
+cup-mosses, and many others, disposed according to
+the following scheme:</p>
+
+<p class="noin">Ordo I. <i>Fungiformia, non tubulosa, nec ramosa.</i> 5.</p>
+
+<p class="noin">Ordo II. <i>Scyphiformia, tubulosa, simplicia et prolifera.</i></p>
+
+<p>
+Series 1. <i>Scyphis perfectioribus.</i> 13. Cup-mosses.</p>
+<p>Series 2. <i>Scyphis imperfectis.</i> 20. Horned mosses.
+</p>
+
+<p class="noin">Ordo III. <i>Ramosa fruticuli specie summitatibus acutis
+multifariam divisis.</i></p>
+
+<p>
+Series 1. <i>Species tubulosæ.</i> 30. Tubulous coralline
+mosses.</p>
+<p>
+Series 2. <i>Species solidæ.</i> 39. Solid coralline mosses;
+among which is the <i>orchel</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>The genus of <i>lichenoides</i> contains 135 species, disposed
+according to the following scheme:</p>
+
+ <table>
+<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Ordo I. <i>Species aphyllæ mere crustaceæ.</i> <span class="large">}</span> </td>
+<td>1. <i>Tuberculosæ.</i> 8.</td> </tr>
+ <tr><td>2. <i>Scutellatæ.</i> 18.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td rowspan="3" class="vm">Ordo II. <i>Species foliosæ. </i><span class="large">}</span></td>
+<td>1. <i>Gelatinosæ tuberculosæ et scutellatæ.</i> 35.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>2. <i>Aridiores et exsuccæ, scutellatæ.</i> 100.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>3. <i>Aridiores peltatæ et clypeatæ.</i> 121.</td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+<p class="noin">These plants are not only largely described, and accompanied
+with the most perfect assemblage of synonyms;
+but every species is accurately figured, and
+many of them in various views, and at different ages
+of their growth; by which this laborious work, notwithstanding
+it is conversant upon the minutest, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_659">[659]</span>
+consequently the most abstruse parts of botany, may
+nevertheless be justly esteemed, without any exaggeration,
+one of the most complete works extant of
+the kind.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Hill, in his History of Plants, has disposed
+them into five genera, under the following names:
+1. <i>Usnea</i>, comprehending the hairy tree-mosses;
+2. <i>Platysma</i>, flat-branched tree-mosses, the lungwort,
+and others; 3. <i>Cladonia</i>, containing the orchel and
+coralline-mosses; 4. <i>Pyxidium</i>, the cup-mosses; 5.
+<i>Placodium</i>, the crustaceous mosses.</p>
+
+<p>The plants of this extensive genus are very different
+in their form, manner of growing, and general
+appearance: on which account those authors,
+who preserve them under the same name, saw the
+propriety and necessity of arranging them into different
+orders and subdivisions, that the species might
+be distinguished with greater facility. Upon the same
+principle Dr. Dillenius and Dr. Hill have formed
+them into several genera.</p>
+
+<p>So far as the parts of fructification are distinguishable
+in these plants, they appear in different forms
+upon different species: on some, in the form of tubercles;
+on others, in the form of little concave
+dishes, called <i>scutellæ</i>; on others, of oblong flat
+shields or pelts. All these are conceived by Micheli
+and Linnæus to be receptacles of male flowers. The
+female flowers and seeds are suspected by the same
+authors to be dispersed in the form of farina or dust
+upon the same plants, and in some instances on separate
+ones. Dillenius has not dared to determine
+any thing positively with regard to the real parts of
+fructification in these lichens: time will hereafter, it
+is to be hoped, throw more light upon the subject.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_660">[660]</span></p>
+
+<p>In order to convey a more distinct idea of the several
+plants of this genus, which enter into œconomical
+or medical uses in the various parts of the
+world, we shall distribute them into several orders,
+according to the custom of former writers: and as
+is not consistent with our plan to describe each of
+these species, we shall refer to the page of the more
+modern authors, where they may be found.</p>
+
+<h3>1. Lichenes filamentosi.</h3>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>Such as consist of mere solid filaments, of a firm
+and solid but flexible texture, having the appearance
+of fructification in the form of</i> scutellæ, <i>or
+flat round bodies growing from the sides or extremities
+of these filaments</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">This order or division comprehends the hairy tree-mosses,
+or <i>usnea</i> of Dillenius and Hill; several of
+the species of the fifth order of lichens of Micheli;
+and the <i>lichenes filamentosi</i> of Linnæus.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Dillenius describes sixteen species under the
+term <i>usnea</i>, several of which are found in England,
+tho’ some of them, as the common <i>usnea</i> of the shops,
+but very sparingly, and none of them in any considerable
+plenty. The thick woods in many other
+parts of Europe, and the rest of the globe, afford them
+in great plenty. They hang from the branches of
+various kinds of trees, like large tufts of hair, to a
+considerable length: some species grow several feet
+long. The rocks on the tops of high mountains
+afford several kinds. They are of various colours;
+some whitish, ash-coloured, others grey or blackish,
+and two or three species have a yellow or orange hue.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_661">[661]</span></p>
+
+<p>The commentators in general agreed in making
+the <i>bryon</i> of<a id="FNanchor_65" href="#Footnote_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> Dioscorides one of these hairy tree-mosses,
+which they called <i>usnea</i>. No wonder, therefore,
+that at the restoration of letters it became a
+matter of controversy, which of them was the <i>usnea</i>
+of the ancients. Dioscorides recommends his as an
+astringent; and tells us, that “the best grew upon
+the cedar; but that from whatever tree it was gathered,
+the whitest and most fragrant was preferable
+to the black.” The several <i>usneæ</i> would
+undoubtedly in different countries be found upon different
+trees. In Italy, that of the larch-tree was the
+most odoriferous; and on that account Matthiolus<a id="FNanchor_66" href="#Footnote_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a>
+preferred it to all others. That kind, which at
+length obtained a place in the shops as the <i>usnea</i> of
+the ancients, was a species commonly found in our
+countries on old oaks and other trees, and is called
+by Dillenius<a id="FNanchor_67" href="#Footnote_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> stringy tree-moss, or <i>usnea</i> of the
+shops. Many excellent virtues have been ascribed to
+it, on a supposition of its being the true <i>usnea</i>; but
+it does not appear to have deserved them: and the
+present practice, at least in England, has quite expunged
+it, and that perhaps very justly.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Dillenius is evidently of opinion however, that
+this common <i>usnea</i>, tho’ it obtained a place in the
+shops as such, is not the <i>bryon</i> of Dioscorides and
+Pliny, or the <i>phaseon</i> of Theophrastus, since he has
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_662">[662]</span>applied these names from those fathers of botany to
+another species, which he calls the <i>beard usnea</i><a id="FNanchor_68" href="#Footnote_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a>.
+Nor does either of these species appear to be the true
+<i>usnea</i> of the Arabians, whatever title they may seem
+to have to it, either from their colour or smell. Bellonius,
+as he is quoted by Dr. Dillenius, tells us,
+“that the true <i>usnea</i>, or <i>bryon</i>, as he calls it, is sold
+at Constantinople under the name of <i>usnech</i>; and
+tells us we are deceived in believing ours to be
+the true <i>usnea</i>.” Dillenius has therefore described
+another species<a id="FNanchor_69" href="#Footnote_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a>, which he received from the East
+Indies, from Madagascar, and St. Helen’s, as the
+<i>Usnea Arabum</i>. This plant the Indians call <i>saliaga</i>;
+and Camelli assures us, that, while fresh, it has a very
+fragrant musk-smell. He adds, that he had himself
+experienced what Serapio says of it; <i>viz.</i> that a vinous
+infusion of it restrains fluxes, stops vomiting,
+strengthens the stomach, and induces sleep.</p>
+
+<p>The common <i>usnea</i> of the shops was said to be
+the basis of that fine perfumed powder, which the
+French called <i>corps de cypre gris</i>, and which formerly
+made a great article of trade at Montpelier. Dr.
+Brown hints<a id="FNanchor_70" href="#Footnote_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a>, that the perfumers use it still; but
+he does not add, where. John Bauhine gives us the
+whole process<a id="FNanchor_71" href="#Footnote_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> for making that power, which was
+vended in great quantities to all parts of France. It
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_663">[663]</span>is nevertheless true, that other of the lichens had as
+great a share in the competition as the <i>usnea</i>; as the
+demand for that powder could not have been answered,
+if the makers had confined themselves to
+the <i>usnea</i> alone. It was necessary too, inasmuch as
+other species are equally well adapted to the same
+uses<a id="FNanchor_72" href="#Footnote_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>This <i>usnea</i> is abundantly plentiful in the woods of
+Lapland; and Linnæus<a id="FNanchor_73" href="#Footnote_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> relates, that the inhabitants
+apply it to their feet, when they are sore and excoriated
+with much walking. The benefit they receive
+from it in this case is undoubtedly owing to its styptic
+quality, which is remarked by Matthiolus, and by
+Mr. Ray<a id="FNanchor_74" href="#Footnote_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> from the German Ephemerides.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>beard usnea</i> before mentioned, which is abundantly
+common upon the trees both in the northern
+regions of Europe and America, as well as in the
+eastern kingdoms, and is described by Mr. Ray as
+hanging to the length of two feet, the filaments of
+which are not thicker than a common thread, and
+of a greenish white colour, is used by the inhabitants
+of Pensylvania to dye an orange colour with. This
+information Dillenius received from Mr. Bartram.</p>
+
+<p>The black <i>mane usnea</i>, which grows in vast quantities
+in the Lapland woods, in a defect of the common
+coralline moss makes part of the fodder, and is
+equally acceptable to the rein-deer in the winter
+time<a id="FNanchor_75" href="#Footnote_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_664">[664]</span></p>
+
+<p>The long beaded <i>usnea</i>, or necklace-moss<a id="FNanchor_76" href="#Footnote_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a>,
+enters into the like œconomical uses in Virginia,
+where it is very plentiful. The inhabitants find it a
+very agreeable fodder in the winter season to both
+sheep and cows<a id="FNanchor_77" href="#Footnote_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The Norwegians appropriate one of these <i>usnea</i> to
+a singular use. Pontoppidan tells us<a id="FNanchor_78" href="#Footnote_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a>, “they
+have a certain kind of yellow moss hanging on
+the branches of trees of the firs and pines, which
+is very venomous, yet applied to a necessary use;
+for being mixed in pottage, or with flesh, as a
+bait for the wolves, they infallibly die of it.” That
+the species here referred to is the brass-wired <i>usnea</i>
+of Dillenius<a id="FNanchor_79" href="#Footnote_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a>, or the <i>lichen vulpinus</i> of Linnæus,
+cannot be doubted, since this last author mentions<a id="FNanchor_80" href="#Footnote_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a>
+the same application of it with very little variation.
+In England it is very rare; in Sweden plentiful,
+especially in the province of Smoland, where
+the natives dye woollen goods yellow with it.</p>
+
+<p>John Bauhine describes a very beautiful species,
+under the name of <i>laricus muscus</i><a id="FNanchor_81" href="#Footnote_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a>, which gives
+a very elegant citron colour upon chewing, or upon
+maceration in water. Dillenius is doubtful, whether
+this is what he has described under the name of the
+orange-coloured forked <i>usnea</i><a id="FNanchor_82" href="#Footnote_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_665">[665]</span></p>
+
+<p>We may here observe by the bye, that the <i>usnea
+cranii humani</i>, which thro’ the influence of superstition
+formerly obtained a place in the catalogues of
+the <i>materia medica</i>, does not belong to this division of
+the lichens. The writers of those times distinguished
+two kinds of <i>usnea humana</i>, under the names of
+<i>crustacea</i> and <i>villosa</i>. Any of the crustaceous lichens,
+but more properly the common grey-blue pitted
+<i>lichenoides</i> of Dillenius, was used for the former of
+these; and, as Dale tells us, was held in most
+esteem. The <i>villosa</i> was a species of the genus of
+<i>hypnum</i>. Indeed it does not appear, that they were
+in those days very curious in determining the exact
+kind; and doubtless any moss, which happened to
+grow upon an human skull, was sufficient for the
+purposes designed.</p>
+
+<h3>2. Lichenes fruticulosi.</h3>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>Such as consist of a tough flexible matter, formed
+into ramifications, in some species almost simple,
+in others resembling small shrubs: in some of the
+species the branches are quite solid, in others
+tubular.</i></p>
+
+<p class="p2">This order comprehends the third of Dillenius’s
+genus of <i>coralloides</i>; the whole <i>cladonia</i> of Hill;
+the second, and several species of the third order of
+Haller’s lichens; several species of the fifth, and the
+whole sixth, order of Micheli; and the <i>lichenes fruticulosi</i>
+of Linnæus.</p>
+
+<p>The plants of this genus grow principally upon
+the ground on heaths, forests, and mountainous barren<span class="pagenum" id="Page_666">[666]</span>
+ places; except the <i>orcelle</i>, or Canary-weed, which
+is found upon the rocks on the sea-coast.</p>
+
+<p>To this division belongs the horned moss<a id="FNanchor_83" href="#Footnote_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a>. It
+is found with us in rocky barren ground, and upon
+old walls not uncommon. It was formerly in great
+credit as a pectoral; but is now quite in disrepute.</p>
+
+<p>The common branched coralline-moss<a id="FNanchor_84" href="#Footnote_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> is one
+of the most useful plants of all the tribe of lichens.
+It is pretty frequent with us on our heaths, forests,
+and mountains. The northern regions afford it in
+abundance; and there it is peculiarly and singularly
+useful. It is indeed the very support and foundation
+of all the Lapland œconomy, and without which the
+inhabitants could not sustain their rein-deer in the
+winter time. Linnæus tells us<a id="FNanchor_85" href="#Footnote_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a>, that Lapland
+affords no vegetables in such plenty as this, and other
+of the lichens. Plains of several miles extent are totally
+covered over with it, as if with snow; and
+where no other plant will even take root, this will
+thrive and be luxuriant. These dreary and inclement
+wastes, these <i>terræ damnatæ</i>, as a foreigner would
+readily call them; these, are the Lapland fields and
+fertile pastures. On this lichen the rein-deer, those
+sources of all their wealth, feed in the winter time,
+when it is in its most flourishing condition, and no
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_667">[667]</span>other vegetable is to be had: with this too they will
+even become fat. The riches of the Laplanders consist
+in their number of these cattle: they are cloathed
+with their skins, fed with their flesh, and from their
+milk they make both butter and cheese. Nature,
+by the inclemency of their seasons, has almost denied
+them the cultivation of their earth: they neither
+sow nor reap; but live a perpetual migratory life,
+tending their flocks of rein-deer, upon which their
+whole care is centered and employed.</p>
+
+<p>The milk of the rein-deer is very remarkably fat
+and rich: it tastes indeed like cow’s milk, with
+which some butter, and a small quantity of fat or
+suet, has been intimately united. Dr. Haller<a id="FNanchor_86" href="#Footnote_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a>
+suspects, that this richness of the milk is owing to
+the animals feeding upon this moss. Most of the
+plants of this family are of an astringent quality,
+which indeed they manifest to the taste. This astringency
+of their food will doubtless contribute
+much to that effect.</p>
+
+<p>The rein-deer are not the only animals that will
+feed upon the coralline moss. The Novaccolæ<a id="FNanchor_87" href="#Footnote_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a>
+gather vast quantities of it to fodder their oxen with
+in the winter. They take the opportunity of raking it
+together in the rainy seasons, when it is tough; for
+in dry weather it easily crumbles into powder. This
+they moisten with a little water in the winter season
+when they use it, and find it excellent fodder.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_668">[668]</span></p>
+
+<p>The coralline mosses are subject to great variation:
+and altho’ there are several really distinct species, yet
+they run so into one another, that it is no easy matter
+to fix upon the real specific distinctions, in many
+instances. Some species are perfectly white; others
+have the extremities of the branches reddish, some
+brown, and others almost black. The common coralline
+moss in Lapland not unfrequently grows to be
+several inches long, and even a foot high.</p>
+
+<p>The tubular or hollow branched coralline mosses
+are not the only kinds upon which the rein-deer will
+feed. Almost all the lichens are abundantly more
+plentiful in those northern, than in these more southerly
+climates. There are several species with solid
+branches; one, which Dillenius calls <i>The crisp warty
+Alpine coralloides</i><a id="FNanchor_88" href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a>, which is almost as plentiful
+as the common sort, and is equally acceptable to
+those animals<a id="FNanchor_89" href="#Footnote_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a>. It was before observed, that, in
+defect of these mosses, the black <i>mane usnea</i> is a substitute
+equally acceptable to those animals.</p>
+
+<p>Another of the most remarkable and useful plants
+of this division is the <i>orchel</i><a id="FNanchor_90" href="#Footnote_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a>, or <i>argol</i>, as it is
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_669">[669]</span>commonly called. This enters more into œconomical
+uses among us than any other of the whole genus.
+How considerable an article it forms in the dying
+trade, in which its uses are various and extensive, is
+very well known. Its tinging property has been
+known from ancient times; and some of our most
+celebrated botanic writers are of opinion, that it was
+used as a dye even in the days of Theophrastus. That
+father of botany mentions a <i>fucus</i>, which, he says,
+grew upon the rocks about the island of Crete; and
+that they dyed woollen garments of a purple, or rather
+a red colour, with it. It grows on the rocks by
+the sea-coast in many parts of the Archipelago, and
+in the Canary Islands; from whence we generally
+import it, as well as from the Cape Verd, which
+afford it in plenty. The demand for <i>orchel</i> is so great,
+that Mr. Hellot<a id="FNanchor_91" href="#Footnote_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a>, of the Royal Academy of Sciences,
+informs us, they gather yearly, upon an average,
+from the isle of Teneriffe 500 quintals, which
+amounts to 25 ton weight; from the Canary Islands
+400 quintals, from Forteventura 300, from Lancerota
+300, the same from Gomera, and from Ferro
+800.</p>
+
+<p>The way of manufacturing the <i>orchel</i> for the uses
+of dying, was for a considerable time a secret in few
+hands; but it is now done in London, and other
+parts of Europe, to great perfection. Mr. Ray, from
+Imperatus, gives a brief account of the process<a id="FNanchor_92" href="#Footnote_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a>.
+Micheli has since delivered a more exact detail of it.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_670">[670]</span>His, at least, seems to be the method<a id="FNanchor_93" href="#Footnote_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a>, which the
+dyers at Florence used. From both these accounts,
+urine and pot-ash appear to be the principal ingredients
+used in extracting its colour.</p>
+
+<p>Many other plants of this genus contain the same
+tophaceous matter as the <i>orchel</i>; and upon trial have
+been found to strike a good colour. Micheli, after
+he has related the preparation of the <i>orchel</i>, suggests
+the same thing; and M. Hellot, in the treatise
+before mentioned, tells us, there are many other
+mosses, which will give as good a colour as the
+<i>orchel</i>. In fact, he adds, that M. Bernard de Jussieu
+brought him some from the forest of Fontainbleau,
+which, upon experiments with urine and lime, took
+a purple colour. In the sequel of this memoir we
+shall point out some of these kinds. M. Hellot has
+given us a process, which he made use of for discovering
+whether any of these lichens would yield a
+red or purple colour. It is as follows: “Put about
+two drachms of any of these lichens into a little
+glass jar: moisten it well with equal parts of
+strong lime-water, and volatile spirit of <i>sal ammoniac</i>;
+tie a wet bladder close over the top of the
+vessel, and let it stand three or four days. At the
+end of this time, if the lichen is likely to answer,
+that small quantity of liquor, which you will find
+in the glass, will be of a deep crimson red; and
+the plant will retain the same colour when the liquor
+is all dried up. If neither the liquor nor the
+plant have taken any colour, it is needless to make
+any further trials with it.” This process is simple
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_671">[671]</span>and easy, and well worth observation by all who are
+disposed to prosecute experiments of this nature:
+and indeed it is worth the trial, whether several lichens,
+which we have plentifully enough in England,
+would not answer in this respect.</p>
+
+<h3>3. Lichenes pyxidati.</h3>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>Such as consist of a firm tough flexible matter, formed
+into simple tubular stalks, whose tops are expanded
+into the form of little cups.</i></p>
+
+<p class="p2">This division contains the cup-mosses of authors;
+the second order of <i>coralloides</i> of Dillenius; great
+part of the first order of lichens in Haller; the 7th,
+8th, 9th, and 10th order in Micheli; and the <i>lichenes
+schyphiferi</i> of Linnæus. Dr. Hill has constituted a
+genus intirely of these cup-mosses, under the name
+of <i>pyxidium</i>.</p>
+
+<p>They are common with us on heaths, and other
+dry and barren places. Some of them are proliferous,
+even to the third degree, and form a very beautiful
+appearance. Some have tubercles on the edges of
+the cups, of a beautiful scarlet colour.</p>
+
+<p>The cup-moss<a id="FNanchor_94" href="#Footnote_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> was a long time in great and
+established use for coughs, and especially for the
+whooping cough in children; for which it was long
+accounted a specific. To this end it was given in
+various forms. Gerard and Parkinson recommend
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_672">[672]</span>the powder to be taken for several days together. Dr.
+Willis was particularly one of its patrons. He has
+given us<a id="FNanchor_95" href="#Footnote_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> several forms for its exhibition, as that
+of the powder, a decoction, and a syrup from it.</p>
+
+<p>The present practice has quite exploded it, and
+very justly perhaps, as in any degree specific in the
+above disorder. Nevertheless, it seems to have sustained
+that character with as great a reputation, and perhaps
+with as good a title to it, as almost any of the
+specifics of that age. It has been observed before, on
+another occasion, that this tribe of mosses have in
+general an astringent property; as such, the cup-mosses
+are consequently of a strengthening nature:
+it is no wonder, therefore, that they should be helpful
+in this disorder, merely as corroborants. That they
+were useful in some measure can scarcely be doubted;
+and our very eminent Dr. Huxham<a id="FNanchor_96" href="#Footnote_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a>, in treating
+upon this obstinate complaint, seems to allow this of
+the cup-moss in preference to other idle specifics.
+Happily for us, the Peruvian bark supplies a remedy
+of infinitely more use, where such analeptics are required.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Lister, in some ingenious observations of his,
+printed in the Philosophical Transactions<a id="FNanchor_97" href="#Footnote_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a>, touching
+colours and dyes, observes, that the scarlet heads
+of these mosses, upon the affusion of lye, will strike
+a purple which will stand.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_673">[673]</span></p>
+<h3>4. Lichenes crustacei.</h3>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>Such as consist of a dry and friable matter, more
+or less thick, formed into flat crusts, very closely
+adhering to whatever they grow upon.</i></p>
+
+<p class="p2">Some of the species of this division consist of an
+exceeding fine thin crustaceous, or rather, as Micheli
+calls it, farinaceous matter, the fructifications appearing
+in the form of tubercles. Others consist of a
+thicker scabrous crust, having the fructifications in
+the form of little cups, called <i>scutellæ</i>.</p>
+
+<p>This division contains the first order of the <i>lichenoides</i>
+of Dillenius; the 5th, 6th, and 7th orders of
+Haller’s lichens; the <i>lichenes leprosi</i> and <i>crustacei</i> of
+Linnæus; and several of the <i>placodium</i> of Hill.</p>
+
+<p>The species are numerous, and most of them very
+common on rocks, stones, old walls, the bark of
+trees, old pales, <i>&c.</i> which are commonly covered
+over with them, in undisturbed places. They form
+a very agreeable variety, and some of them have a
+very elegant appearance.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Dillenius describes a species of this order,
+which he found upon the tops of the mountains in
+Caernarvonshire in Wales; and which the inhabitants
+told him they used as a red dye, and found it
+preferable to the cork, or arcel, which they call <i>kenkerig</i>.
+He has intitled it, in English, <i>The white tartareous
+scarlet-dying lichenoides</i><a id="FNanchor_98" href="#Footnote_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a>. He is of opinion,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_674">[674]</span> that this is the moss which Martin mentions,
+in his account of the Western Islands of Scotland,
+under the name of <i>corkir</i>; with which the inhabitants
+of the island of Sky dye a scarlet colour. They
+prepare it by drying, powdering it, and then steeping
+it for three weeks in urine. Linnæus queries whether
+this moss be not the same as his <i>lichen calcareus</i><a id="FNanchor_99" href="#Footnote_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a>;
+a species so peculiar to limestone rocks, that
+where-ever that stone occurs among others, it may be
+distinguished at the first view by this moss growing
+upon it. This is a singularity which Dr. Dillenius
+has not mentioned in his moss: on the other hand,
+Linnæus does not mention any tinging property in
+his.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>pérèlle d’Auvergne</i>, or <i>orseille de terre</i>, of the
+French, belongs to this order of lichens, and is
+called by Dillenius<a id="FNanchor_100" href="#Footnote_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> <i>The crayfish-eye-like lichenoides</i>.
+It is gathered in large quantities in the province
+of Auvergne, and is used as <i>orchel</i>; to which
+however it is greatly inferior. They prepare it with
+lime and urine; and were acquainted with its use as
+a dye long before the Canary weed was known<a id="FNanchor_101" href="#Footnote_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a>
+to them; and it is at this day in more common use
+than the <i>orchel</i>. We have it frequent with us upon
+old walls, rocks, and stones; but it is to be had in
+larger quantities in several other parts of Europe.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_675">[675]</span></p>
+
+<p>The mealy tartareous <i>lichenoides</i><a id="FNanchor_102" href="#Footnote_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a> with brown
+dishes, forms an article of trade with the people of
+West Gothland. They manufacture a beautiful red
+dye from it, which they sell under the name of <i>byttelet</i><a id="FNanchor_103" href="#Footnote_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a>.
+Dr. Hill says we have this moss abundantly
+in Leicestershire and Warwickshire.</p>
+
+<p>The Welch make a red dye, with urine, from another
+moss of this order, which Dillenius describes<a id="FNanchor_104" href="#Footnote_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a>
+by the name of <i>The large leprous lichenoides
+with yellow plates</i>. These are not the only species,
+which are endowed with a tinging quality: other
+kinds have been observed to give a red or purple
+colour to paper in which they have occasionally been
+inclosed. Doubtless several would, upon sufficient trials,
+be found to answer equally well with the <i>orchel</i>.</p>
+
+<p>With regard to these crustaceous mosses in general,
+it is highly worthy our regard, that in the œconomy
+of nature they answer singular and important
+uses. To an unobserving eye, no class of vegetables
+may appear more insignificant, or less adapted to advantageous
+purposes in the creation, than these. This
+vulgar estimation of things is frequently erroneous;
+and it is certainly so in the instance before us. These
+minute and seemingly insignificant mosses serve, under
+some circumstances, to valuable purposes. No
+sooner is a rock left bare by the sea, but these lichens
+lay the foundation for its future fertility. Their seeds,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_676">[676]</span>which are presently brought thither by the winds,
+soon cover it all over. These corrupting, presently
+afford a soil sufficient to nourish other smaller mosses;
+which, in their turn, form one deep enough for
+larger plants and trees; and thus the rock becomes a
+fertile island<a id="FNanchor_105" href="#Footnote_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a>.</p>
+
+<h3>5. Lichenes foliacei scutellati.</h3>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>Such as consist of a more lax and flexible matter,
+formed into a foliaceous appearance, having the
+parts of fructification in the form of</i> scutellæ.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">Some of the plants of this division are interspersed
+with the former in some of the systems of botanic
+authors. In general this division contains the whole
+first series of the second order of <i>lichenoides</i> in Dillenius;
+the first division of the second series, and the
+latter part of the second division, of the same: it
+comprehends the <i>lichenes imbricati</i> and <i>umbilicati</i>
+of Linnæus; and many of the <i>placodium</i> of Hill.</p>
+
+<p>The plants of this order are many of them not
+less common in England than the foregoing, on
+rocks, stones, old pales, trees, <i>&c.</i> Some adhere
+very closely to what they grow upon, and seem to
+be only foliaceous about the edges: others adhere
+but loosely, and are much expanded and divaricated,
+so as to form something like ramifications.</p>
+
+<p>It was remarked, from Linnæus’s observation, that
+one of the crustaceous lichens was scarcely ever found
+growing but upon limestone rocks. On the contrary,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_677">[677]</span>the same author has observed of a foliose lichen belonging
+to this order, that it will thrive on all kind
+of rocks but limestone rocks. This species<a id="FNanchor_106" href="#Footnote_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> Dillenius
+calls <i>The common grey-blue pitted lichenoides</i>.
+It is very common with us upon trees, old wooden
+pales, <i>&c.</i> as well as upon rocks and stones. It is
+the <i>usnea cranii humani</i> of the old <i>materia medica</i>.
+Linnæus adds, that it will dye a purplish colour.</p>
+
+<p>Hither likewise must be referred the cork or arcel<a id="FNanchor_107" href="#Footnote_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a>,
+which is used by the Scotch, and others, to
+dye a purple or scarlet colour. The preparation of
+it is by powdering, and making it into a mass with
+urine. Parkinson tells us<a id="FNanchor_108" href="#Footnote_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a> the poor people in Derbyshire
+scrape it from the rocks, and make the same
+use of it. Mr. Ray<a id="FNanchor_109" href="#Footnote_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> adds to this account, that
+the Welch, who call it <i>kenkerig</i>, have long been
+acquainted with this property, and have it in common
+use. The colour from this moss is but very
+dull; but if the same methods were taken to improve
+it, as have been with the <i>orchel</i>, it would
+undoubtedly be rendered much better, and more
+durable. Linnæus relates<a id="FNanchor_110" href="#Footnote_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a>, that there is an immense
+quantity of this moss about the rocks of the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_678">[678]</span>isle of Aland in the Baltick; where the good women
+themselves make a yellow dye with it from a simple
+decoction of the plant, without the addition of any
+saline article. He adds, that those, who would
+heighten the colour, add a small quantity of <i>roucou</i><a id="FNanchor_111" href="#Footnote_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a>
+to the decoction.</p>
+
+<p>Professor Linnæus tells us, that the Gothlanders
+manufacture a yellow dye from the common curled
+<i>lichenoides</i> with yellow leaves and plates<a id="FNanchor_112" href="#Footnote_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a>. He
+adds, that it is a celebrated medicine in the esteem
+of the country people, as a specific in the jaundice<a id="FNanchor_113" href="#Footnote_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a>.
+Helwingius, in the Supplement to the <i>Flora Prussica</i>,
+affirms, that this moss will tinge paper and linen of
+a lively carnation colour, which too will stand the
+test of being exposed to the open sun for a long time
+without fading. It seems very probable, however, that
+he must mean some other plant of this genus, as
+Dillenius tells us he made the experiment unsuccessfully.</p>
+
+<p>Sweden affords a moss of this order, which, as
+far as hitherto appears, seems to be unknown to
+former botanists, and which Linnæus says will dye a
+deep purple colour<a id="FNanchor_114" href="#Footnote_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_679">[679]</span></p>
+<h3>6. Lichenes erecti ramosi plani.</h3>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>Such as consist of a firm tough matter, disposed into
+flat and thin ramifications growing erect, and
+bearing their scutellæ upon the edges, surfaces,
+and at the extremities.</i></p>
+
+<p class="p2">This division comprehends the flat branched tree-mosses
+of authors; many of the fourth order of
+Haller’s lichens; the first part of the second division
+of series the second in Dillenius; and the <i>platisma</i>
+of Hill.</p>
+
+<p>The plants of this division grow upon old trees,
+especially in thick and unfrequented woods; some of
+them upon rocks: they are many of them extremely
+common in England upon all kinds of trees. As
+they were some of the most obvious, so they were
+some of the first lichens noticed by the old writers,
+by whom they were called <i>lichenes arborum</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The mosses of this order were substituted in the
+room of the <i>usnea</i> in the composition of the <i>pulvis
+cyprius</i>. The very species, which was most frequently
+used for this purpose, was the channel-leaved <i>lichenoides</i>
+of Dillenius<a id="FNanchor_115" href="#Footnote_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a>, on account of its being easily reduced
+into a fine powder, of a good white colour. Nevertheless,
+others are undoubtedly as well adapted to
+the same purposes: and, if it was of importance
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_680">[680]</span>enough to employ them to any purposes of the like
+nature in our own country, they might be procured
+in sufficient plenty.</p>
+
+<p>One of the plants of this order is applicable to the
+same uses as the Canary-weed, and is reckoned not
+much inferior to it; and as it is found in the same
+places, it is very often packed up with it in considerable
+quantities. Dillenius calls it <i>The flat dyers
+lichenoides with longer and sharper horns</i><a id="FNanchor_116" href="#Footnote_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a>. It is
+truly and properly a plant of the lichen genus, tho’
+the older writers of the last century called it a fucus.
+They were led into this mistake by its having flat
+ramifications, and from its growing on the rocks by
+the sea side. It is found in the East Indies upon trees,
+and is frequent on the coasts of the Mediterranean,
+as well as about the Canary Islands.</p>
+
+<h3>7. Lichenes peltati.</h3>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>Such as consist of a tough or coriaceous matter, disposed
+into a foliaceous appearance; on the edges
+of which, in general, the parts of fructification
+are placed, in the form of flattish oblong bodies,
+in these mosses called</i> shields <i>or</i> pelts.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">This division contains the third series of the second
+order of Dillenius’s <i>lichenoides</i>; the <i>lichenes coriacei</i>
+of Linnæus; and several of the <i>placodium</i> of Hill.</p>
+
+<p>That celebrated and well-known plant, the ash-coloured
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_681">[681]</span> ground liverwort<a id="FNanchor_117" href="#Footnote_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> of Ray belongs to
+this order. It is very common all over England on
+dry and barren ground; and indeed almost all Europe,
+and America too, seems to afford it in sufficient
+plenty, as we find it observed by almost all <span class="err" title="original: the the">the</span>
+ botanic writers since Ray, who was one of the
+first that described it.</p>
+
+<p>The earliest account we have of its use for the bite
+of a mad dog is in the Philosophical Transactions<a id="FNanchor_118" href="#Footnote_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a>,
+from Mr. Dampier, in whose family it had been a
+secret for a number of years. It was communicated
+first to Sir Hans Sloane, as a kind of fungus, or Jew’s-ear;
+and, at the request of Dr. Mead, was some
+years afterwards received into the London dispensatory.
+Scarce any of the boasted specifics of former
+ages ever acquired so great reputation as this plant
+has done in modern times, for its prevalence against
+the bite of a mad dog; and the patronage of the
+late learned Dr. Mead made it sufficiently known
+throughout all the world. Happy would it be indeed,
+if it fully deserved the high encomiums, which
+have been bestowed upon it. A great and eminent
+physician<a id="FNanchor_119" href="#Footnote_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a> has doubted its efficacy at all in such
+cases; and it is well known, that Boerhaave even
+laughed at it. Dr. Mead had certainly an high opinion
+of it: he tells us it never failed, thro’ the course
+of thirty years experience, where it was duly given
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_682">[682]</span>before the <i>hydrophobia</i> came on<a id="FNanchor_120" href="#Footnote_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a>. Later instances
+have shewn, that it is not infallible; and Dr. Van
+Swieten’s supposition is but too likely to prove true.
+It must be confessed, that Dr. Mead’s exhibition of
+it seems too much complicated with other means to
+leave room for judging fully of its real efficacy; and
+it may really be questioned, whether bleeding, pepper,
+and cold-bathing, have not had more to do in the
+case than the lichen.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>muscus pulmonarius officinarum</i><a id="FNanchor_121" href="#Footnote_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a>, tree-lungwort,
+or oak-lungs, belongs to this order. It is
+found about old oaks, and upon rocks and stones
+overgrown with moss, in many of our thick woods
+in England; but not in any great plenty.</p>
+
+<p>Few, perhaps, of the antiquated simples were in
+more repute, in their day, than this plant. It was
+celebrated for ages, on account of its supposed prevalence
+in pulmonary complaints of almost all kinds;
+and yet, upon inquiry into the original of its use in
+such cases, it would probably appear, that it arose
+more from a fansied resemblance they found in the
+plant to the lungs themselves, than from any real
+and well-grounded proofs of its efficacy. As a gentle
+astringent, like most other species of the family, it
+would doubtless contribute to relieve in many cases
+where the lungs were affected, as in <i>hæmoptoës</i>, and
+some others: but it does not seem, by any means, to
+deserve that high character in medicine which has
+been given to it.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_683">[683]</span></p>
+
+<p>The people in Herefordshire, where this moss is
+called <i>rags</i>, dye their stockings of a brown colour
+with it. This is done by a very strong but simple
+decoction in water, and the colour stands well<a id="FNanchor_122" href="#Footnote_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The fine green <i>lichenoides</i> with black warts<a id="FNanchor_123" href="#Footnote_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a>,
+is a celebrated medicine, and in very frequent use,
+with the country people about Upsal, for the thrush
+in children: to this end they give an infusion of it
+in milk. A medicine of this kind is of great importance
+in those countries, where that disorder occurs
+much more frequently than with us<a id="FNanchor_124" href="#Footnote_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a>. It is
+not received into the Swedish dispensatory; but is
+known however in the shops, under the name of
+<i>muscus cumatilis</i>. We have it not in England; and
+Dillenius found it but in one place about Geissen: in
+the woods of Sweden it is more plentiful. A singular
+case, which is related in the <i>Amænitates Academicæ</i><a id="FNanchor_125" href="#Footnote_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a>,
+has given rise to an opinion of its usefulness
+in the worms also. The case briefly was
+this: A country girl had, for near half a year, complained
+of excruciating pains in her stomach and
+bowels, which were attended with vomiting, anxiety,
+and great watchfulness. All that had been prescribed
+for her by Professor Linnæus and others, who
+took her case for the worms, proved altogether fruitless.
+Being afterwards left to the care of her neighbours
+and relations, some good women gave her a
+decoction of this moss, which the Uplanders call
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_684">[684]</span><i>elfnefwer</i>. After she had taken it a few days, she
+vomited up six or seven roundish worms, and was
+cured. These were found, upon examination, to be
+the maggots of a kind of brown bee-fly, described
+by Mr. Ray<a id="FNanchor_126" href="#Footnote_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a>, and by Linnæus<a id="FNanchor_127" href="#Footnote_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>However insufficient this history may be, to prove
+the usefulness of this plant as a vermifuge, it will at
+least serve to exemplify this fact; namely, that other
+animals of the insect kind, besides the <i>teniæ</i>, <i>lumbrici</i>,
+and <i>ascarides</i>, may subsist a long time in the <i>primæ
+viæ</i> of the human body, and be the cause of great
+disturbances therein<a id="FNanchor_128" href="#Footnote_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Necessity is frequently the parent of the most useful
+and important discoveries: and the uses to which
+a plant of this order is appropriated by the natives of
+Iceland, is a standing proof of the truth of this observation.
+That climate will scarcely permit the cultivation
+of any kind of grain; but the want of it is
+in a great measure happily supplied by the eryngo-leaved
+<i>lichenoides</i><a id="FNanchor_129" href="#Footnote_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a>, which is abundant in the
+northern regions; and in that island particularly the
+natives have long been acquainted with the methods
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_685">[685]</span>of applying it both to the purposes of food and of
+physic.</p>
+
+<p>Ray has long since informed us<a id="FNanchor_130" href="#Footnote_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a>, from Bartholine,
+that in the spring time, while it is young, it
+will purge; in consequence of which it is used as
+common spring physic. This quality it loses in a
+short time; and what serves for physic in the spring,
+is converted the remaining part of the year into food.
+They collect large quantities of it, grind it into meal,
+and make both pottage and bread of it. It is in
+common use not only with the islanders, but in several
+parts of Sweden also, where it is found to be
+a very appropriate diet in phthisical cases<a id="FNanchor_131" href="#Footnote_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a>. These
+accounts of the excellent use of this lichen correspond
+perfectly well with the last accounts of it in
+Mr. Horrebow’s Natural History of Iceland, just
+published; and which I shall take the liberty of
+transcribing as follows: “There is another herb,
+called <i>muscus catharticus islandiæ</i>, or mountain-grass,
+which they cook up into a delicate dish. I
+have often eat of it; at first out of curiosity, but
+afterwards for its palateableness and wholesomeness.
+The excellent qualities of this herb are described
+in the Memoires of the Society of Arts and Sciences
+in Sweden. It grows in great abundance;
+and those that live near the places, where it is
+found, gather great quantities for their own use,
+and to send to market. People that live at a
+ great distance will send and fetch horse-loads
+away. Many use no meal or flour at all, when
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_686">[686]</span>they are stocked with this herb, which in every
+respect is good and wholesome food”<a id="FNanchor_132" href="#Footnote_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>This moss is not very common in the southern
+countries of Europe. England affords it but very
+sparingly. Mr. Newton and Dr. Dillenius found it
+in Wales; Sibbald, in Scotland. It is frequent on
+the Alps of Switzerland; and Dr. Haller mentions
+it in his <i>Iter Hercynium</i>. Sweden and Lapland have
+it in plenty: and on account of its great abundance
+and usefulness in Iceland, Bartholine, and after him
+others, called it <i>muscus islandicus</i>.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Conclusion.</span></h3>
+
+<p>I cannot help remarking, by way of conclusion,
+that we have in this genus of plants a convincing instance
+of the utility which may result from the study
+of natural science in general, and even of its minuter
+and hitherto most neglected branches. From a view
+of the foregoing memoir it is evident, I presume,
+that the œconomical uses of the lichens, in the various
+parts of the world, are already very considerable
+and important: and altho’ it does not appear, that
+the sensible qualities of any of them, or the experience
+of former ages, will warrant our ascertaining
+any singular powers to them in a medicinal way,
+yet posterity will doubtless find the means of employing
+them to many valuable purposes in human
+life to us unknown.</p>
+
+<p>It will at once be acknowleged, that the vegetable
+kingdom supplies us with the far greater share of the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_687">[687]</span>necessaries, the conveniences, and even the elegancies,
+of life. The cultivation of that knowlege, which
+leads to the investigation of its subjects, cannot,
+therefore, but be highly useful and necessary: and
+altho’ the bare science of natural knowlege is of itself
+worthy of applause, yet it ought to be considered,
+in reality, as the necessary means only of applying
+the subjects of nature’s kingdoms to their true
+ends and purposes, the service of mankind. To know
+and distinguish, by determined and specific characters,
+even but a small share of that amazing multitude
+of objects, with which the great Parent of nature
+has furnished our globe, is a task far more than
+equal to the duration of human life. To investigate
+and ascertain their various qualities and uses is equally
+arduous and impracticable. While the naturalists,
+therefore, are employed in distinguishing the forms
+of things, let others exert the united efforts of genius
+and application to investigate their various properties
+and uses. I need not say the field for both is boundless:
+it doubtless will be so for ages yet to come.
+The hopes of discovering some latent property, which
+may turn out to the advantage of his fellow creatures,
+will animate the man, whose mind is truly formed
+for relishing the pleasures of natural science; and
+however the result may be, the inspection and contemplation
+of nature’s productions will ever afford
+that satisfaction, which will amply repay him for his
+trouble. The minuter, and, as they are commonly
+estimated, the most abject and insignificant things
+are not beneath our notice; and an attentive mind
+will readily conceive how much farther, and more
+extensively useful, every branch of nature’s kingdom<span class="pagenum" id="Page_688">[688]</span>
+may yet prove in the œconomy of human life. The
+man, therefore, whom a genius and love for natural
+history has allured into its pursuits, and whose leisure
+permits his gratification in such researches, if he is
+not happy enough to be crowned with success, at
+least deserves it, and merits the thanks of his fellow-creatures
+for his application and diligence.</p>
+<hr />
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">XCII. <i>An Account of the fossile Bones of an
+Allegator, found on the Sea-shore, near</i>
+Whitby <i>in</i> Yorkshire. <i>In a Letter to</i>
+John Fothergill, <i>M. D. from Capt.</i> William
+Chapman.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="right">
+Whitby, 20th of 1st mo. 1758.
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read May. 4,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">A Few days since we discovered on
+the sea-shore, about half a mile
+from this place, part of the bones of an animal, appearing
+as in the annexed figure (<i>See</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a href="#XXII">XXII.</a>).
+The ground they laid in is what we call allum-rock;
+a kind of black slate, that may be taken up in flakes,
+and is continually wearing away by the surf of the
+sea, and the washing of stones, sand, <i>&c.</i> over it
+every tide.</p>
+
+<p>The bones were covered five or six feet with the
+water every full sea, and were about nine or ten
+yards from the cliff, which is nearly perpendicular,
+and about sixty yards high, and is continually wearing
+away, by the washing of the sea against it; and,
+if I may judge by what has happened in my own
+memory, it must have extended beyond these bones
+less than a century ago. There are several regular
+strata or layers of stone, of some yards thickness,
+that run along the cliff, nearly parallel to the horizon
+and to one another. I mention this to obviate an
+objection, that this animal may have been upon the
+surface, and in a series of years may have sunk down
+to where it lay; which will now appear impossible,
+at least when the stones, <i>&c.</i> have had their present
+consistence.</p>
+<div class="sync"></div>
+<div class="figcenter illowp82" id="facing689" style="max-width: 110em;">
+<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XXIIb"></a>XXII(b) <i>p. <a href="#Page_689">689</a></i>.</div>
+ <img class="w100" src="images/facing689.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="right"><i><span class="small">J. Mynde sc.</span></i></div>
+</div><div class="sync"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_689">[689]</span></p>
+
+<h3><i>References to the Draught.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>A</i>, <i>B</i>, <i>C</i>, the head and bill, not in the same line or
+range with the rest of the bones.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>a</i>, <i>b</i>, A bone, with its processes, which I take to be
+similar to that, which includes the brain in
+fishes. The part between the bone and outlines
+appeared to be a smooth membrane; but
+was so thin, that in taking up it broke.</p>
+
+<p>It is evident this is the upper part of the
+head inverted.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>B</i>, <i>C</i>, the superior <i>maxilla</i> intire, and in some places
+covered with the inferior one for four or five
+inches together. Where this happens, the vacuity
+is filled with matter like the rock in
+which it lays; and there are large teeth in
+each jaw, at such distances, and so posited,
+that those in one jaw fill up the vacuities in
+the other, and appear like one continued row,
+the mouth being shut.</p>
+
+<p>Where there is only the superior <i>maxilla</i>
+remaining, there are no teeth; but the sockets
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_690">[690]</span>are visible and deep, and at the same distances
+from each other as the teeth in the other part
+of the jaw. The tip or extremity of the bill
+was intire for four or five inches, having both
+<i>maxillæ</i>, with their teeth, and towards the
+point large fangs. Part of the bill and head
+were covered with the rock; which was removed
+before they appeared as in the figure.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>A</i>, <i>D</i>, <i>F</i>, <i>G</i>, cavities in the rock, about two inches
+deep, where, I suppose, the wanting <i>vertebræ</i>
+have laid, as they are exactly suited to have
+received them.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>D</i>, <i>F</i>, Ten <i>vertebræ</i>, from three to four half inches
+in diameter, and about three inches long, some
+of them separated in taking up. They were
+about two inches in the rock.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>E,</i> Here we observed something like bone to stretch
+from the <i>vertebræ</i>, and intending to take it
+up whole, begun to cut at what we thought
+a proper distance; but found we cut thro’ a
+bone; and with the <i>vertebræ</i> brought up
+three or four inches of the <i>os femoris</i>, with
+the ball, covered with the <i>periosteum</i>: but the
+animal has been so crushed hereabouts, that
+we could make little of the socket or <i>os innominata</i>.
+Several of the ribs came up with
+the <i>vertebræ</i>: they were broke, and laid parallel
+to the <i>vertebræ</i>; but not quite close,
+there being some of the rock between them.
+The <i>periosteum</i> is visible on many of the bones.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>G</i>, <i>H</i>, Twelve <i>vertebræ</i> remaining in the rock, with
+which they are almost covered, especially towards
+the extremity.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_691">[691]</span></p>
+
+<p>The place, where these bones lay, was frequently
+covered with sea-sand, to the depth of two feet, and
+seldom quite bare; which was the occasion of their
+being rarely seen: but being informed that they had
+been discovered by some people two or three years
+ago, we had one of them with us upon the spot,
+who told us, that when he first saw it, it was intire,
+and had two short legs on that part of the <i>vertebræ</i>
+wanting towards the head. Altho’ we could not
+suspect the veracity of this person, we thought he
+was mistaken; for we had hitherto taken it for a
+fish. But when we took it up, and found the <i>os femoris</i>
+above-mentioned, we had cause to believe his
+relation true, and to rank this animal amongst those
+of the lizard kind: by the length (something more
+than ten feet) it seems to have been an allegator;
+but I shall be glad to have thy opinion about it.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+I am thy friend,<br />
+
+<span class="margin"><span class="large">William Chapman <i>Sen.</i> </span></span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><i>The bones were sent up, and are herewith presented
+to the Royal Society by</i></p>
+
+<p class="right">
+J. Fothergill.
+</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_692">[692]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">XCIII. <i>De rariori quadam</i> Orthoceratitis
+<i>Specie, in</i> Suecia <i>reperta, tractatus; in
+literis a</i> Nicholao de Himsel, <i>M. D.</i> Riga
+Livono, <i>ad</i> Gul. Watson, <i>M. D. R.SS.</i></h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read May 11,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">ORthoceratiti recti in loco quodam
+Kelwika dicto, prope Fahlunam in
+Dahlia, reperti. Inhærebant lapidi cineracei coloris
+calcareo, variæ magnitudinis orthoceratiti, quorum
+portiones hic delineatas describo.</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><i>Vide</i> <span class="smcap">Tab. <a href="#XXIII">XXIII.</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>Fig. A.</i> Orthoceratitis portio, cujus pars inferior saxo
+adhuc adhæret; ex lapide calcareo constans
+lente in apicem decrescens. Licet ex parvis
+ejus fragmentis judicari possit, cylindrum esse
+orthoceratitem, ea tamen si conjunguntur,
+verum formant conum, et mihi videtur ex
+crassitie siphonis, orthoceratitem hunc conicum
+duos fere superavisse pedes. Vidi orthoceratitem
+in alio lapide calcareo, quem etiam
+ibidem loci, Kelwikæ, reperi, longitudine duorum
+cum semisse pedum: sed impossibile erat,
+integrum eum excutere, nimis enim fragile
+erat. Est portio hæc orthoceratitis testa sua
+ambiente vestita in <i>a b c</i>. Quinque conspiciuntur
+articuli, thalami quondam, arctissime
+sibi invicem insidentes, per quos a latere procedit
+sipho <i>m n</i> sat crassus, qui in omnibus
+fere, quas possideo portionibus orthoceratitarum,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_693">[693]</span>
+a centro semper remotus, hic ad peripheriam
+positus conspicitur. Sipho admodum
+lente decrescit, ex quo etiam de longitudine
+coni hujus judicare licet. Crustæ vel testæ
+<i>a b c</i> interior pars, quæ articulos tegit, crysstallina
+est, ex spati crystallis tenuioribus irregularibus
+constans.</p><div class="sync"></div>
+<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="facing692" style="max-width: 105.6875em;">
+<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XXIII"></a>XXIII. <i>p. <a href="#Page_692">692</a></i>.</div>
+ <img class="w100" src="images/facing692.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="right"><i><span class="small">J. Mynde sc.</span></i></div>
+</div>
+<div class="sync"></div>
+<p class="hang"><i>Fig. B.</i> Portio alia, in qua articuli minus crassi;
+sipho quoque ad peripheriam positus, testa
+sua in <i>a</i> tecta. Conspicitur septum illud testaceum
+in <i>b</i>, communi tenuior, quod ab ipso
+articulo superiori procedens, siphonis partem
+<i>r s</i> investit.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>Fig. B, C.</i> Portio orthoceratitis ex lapide calcareo cineracei
+coloris: sipho vero, fluore spatoso
+egregie crystallisato, constat.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>Fig. C.</i> Portio alia per axin divisa, cujus pars exterior,
+testa quæ striis circularibus levioribus
+externe ornata, investita conspicitur.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Ex parte interiori <i>Fig. D.</i> confirmatio ejus interna
+adparet. Sipho <i>x z</i> gracilior, inter centrum
+et peripheriam positus, dimidia parte ambiente
+articulo denudatus adparet; dimidia altera,
+inferiori articulo <i>c d e</i> tegitur. Articulus
+<i>a b</i> spato crystallisato pellucido polygono
+repletus est. Articulus <i>c d e</i> vero, saxo
+spatoso incarnato paululum repletus est. <i>x</i>.
+Siphonis pars superior, ubi radii a peripheria
+ad centrum tendentes conspiciuntur. Inter
+crystallos spatosos in articulo <i>a b</i> striæ hinc et
+inde adparent nigræ, asphalto repletæ; ita
+etiam cavitas articuli <i>a b</i>, æque ac superficies
+convexa articuli <i>c e</i>, quæ in primam concavam
+recipitur, lamina asphalti vestitæ sunt.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_694">[694]</span>
+<i>Fig. E.</i> Pars alia orthoceratitis majoris, et quidem
+facies exterior.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>Fig. F.</i> Facies ejus interior, in medio divisi, cum
+siphone transeunte satis crasso. <i>a b c</i> et reliquæ
+striæ leves, sunt diaphragmata, articulos
+<i>a b</i> invicem separantia, siphonem proprie constituentia,
+siphonisque tenuiorem membranam,
+quæ in <i>o</i> et <i>p</i> adhuc conspicitur, ambientia.
+Sunt diaphragmata hæc crassiora in
+siphonis vestigiis, et sibi invicem ab inferiori
+parte insident. Sipho hic inter centrum et
+peripheriam positus est.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>Fig. G.</i> Materies calcarea, quæ siphonem replevit
+striata, et quidem pars ejus interior, qua centrum
+orthoceratitis respicit, peripheriæ opposita.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>Fig. H.</i> Facies posterior, peripheriæ propior.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>Fig. I.</i> Pars concava articuli majoris orthoceratitis,
+in qua diaphragmatis testacei jam crystallisati
+portiunculæ albicantes <i>m n r</i> conspiciuntur
+cum siphone transeunte.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>Fig. K.</i> Portio alia orthoceratitis majoris, ejusque facies
+exterior, cum siphone <i>g</i> ad peripheriam
+posito. Conspiciuntur his diaphragmata, quæ
+ab utroque latere, ab articulis procedunt, se
+invicem conjungunt, et siphonem ab exteriori
+parte obtegunt. <i>a</i> est testæ satis crassæ portiuncula,
+qua portio hæc orthoceratitis vestita
+adhuc est.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_695">[695]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">XCIV. <i>A further Account of the Effects of
+Electricity in the Cure of some Diseases</i><a id="FNanchor_133" href="#Footnote_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a>:
+<i>In a Letter from Mr.</i> Patrick Brydone <i>to
+Dr.</i> Robert Whytt, <i>Professor of Medicine
+in the University of</i> Edinburgh, <i>and F.R.S.</i></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="right">
+Coldinghame, January 9th, 1758.
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read May 11,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">A Young woman of Aiton, a village
+about two miles from this place,
+had her right leg drawn back by a contraction of
+the muscles that bend the knee, so that she had not
+been able to put that foot to the ground for near a
+twelvemonth. She had taken the advice of some
+Surgeons in the country, and had used several remedies
+to no purpose. At last, hearing of the cure of
+the paralytic woman, whose case I sent you some
+time ago, she insisted on being brought hither; and
+underwent a course of electrical shocks for near two
+months, receiving every day at least fifty or sixty in
+the following manner. She sat close by the machine,
+and grasping the phial in her hand, she presented the
+wire to the barrel or conductor, and drew the sparks
+from it for about half a minute. The phial being
+thus charged, she then touched her knee with the wire,
+and thereby received such severe strokes, as would
+sometimes instantly raise a blister on the part. The
+joint was at last so much relaxed, as that she could
+walk home with the help of a crutch, tho’ her leg
+was so weak, that she had very little use of it. After
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_696">[696]</span>she had continued in this state for some weeks, she
+was advised to use the cold bath: but that soon
+brought back the contraction; and I have been since
+informed that she was worse than ever.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">A soldier’s wife, a genteel looking woman, of about
+30 years of age, was seized with a slight palsy, about
+Newcastle, on her way to this country: but before
+she got to this place, she had lost all the feeling in
+her left side, and so far the power of it, that she
+was brought to us in a cart. After receiving 600
+strokes from the electrical machine in the usual way,
+and in the space of two days, she recovered the use
+of her side, and set out on foot to make out the rest
+of her journey. However, for fear of a relapse, I
+gave her a recommendatory letter to Mr. Sommer,
+Surgeon at Haddington, as she was to pass thro’ that
+town, and as I knew that he was likewise provided
+with an electrical apparatus.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">A young woman from <i>Home</i>, a village in this
+shire, but at a good distance, complained of a coldness
+and insensibility in her left hand and wrist, of
+two years standing. When I felt that hand, it was
+as cold as a stone, whilst the other was sweating; and
+she told me, that it never had been warmer all that
+time. I made her draw the sparks from an egg (which
+for some other purpose was suspended by a wire
+from the conductor) for about half an hour; and at
+the end of that time I found the dead hand in a far
+greater sweat than the other. She then wrapt it up
+in a piece of flannel, as she used to do, and retired.
+Next day she told me, that since the operation she
+had been able to put off and on her cloaths without<span class="pagenum" id="Page_697">[697]</span>
+help, which she had not been able to do for a
+twelvemonth before. She was again electrised; and
+believing she was then quite well, she went away:
+but some weeks after, upon the coldness of her hand
+beginning to return, she made me another visit, was
+again electrised, and was dismissed a second time
+apparently cured. This is about two months ago,
+and I have heard nothing of her since.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">As these two last women are at such a distance, I
+cannot pretend to send you their own testimony of
+their cure. But for the two cases in the separate
+paper, as the persons are inhabitants of this place, I
+have taken care that they themselves should sign them,
+along with my father; since you have acquainted me,
+that accounts of this kind should have the attestation
+both of the patients and the minister of the parish.</p>
+
+<p>I shall only add here, that several persons have
+been relieved of rheumatic pains, by electrising the
+parts affected. And a woman was cured of a deafness
+of six months standing, contracted, as she imagined,
+by cold. This woman held the phial in her
+hand, whilst another person standing on a cake of
+resin gave her the shock, by putting the end of the
+wire into her ear. This manner of electrising brought
+always on a profuse sweat over the head, which we
+encouraged, by wrapping it up in flannel. The first
+day she came here, she could scarce hear what was
+spoken by those about her; but in five days she
+seemed to be perfectly cured.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+I am, <i>&c.</i><br />
+<span class="margin"><span class="large">Patrick Brydone.</span> </span>
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_698">[698]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><i>Copy of the separate Paper before mentioned.</i></p>
+
+<p>Robert Haigs, of Coldinghame, a labouring man
+of about 45, after having been for ten days ill of
+a regular tertian ague, at my desire underwent the
+electrical shocks in the common way. After having
+received about thirty or forty very severe ones, he
+grew pale, and staggering for several steps, would
+have fallen down, had he not been supported. He
+then fell into a sweat, which continued near half an
+hour. I desired him to come back the next morning,
+immediately before the fit, which he said came
+on about ten o’clock. He accordingly came, and
+told me he had not the usual symptoms preceding
+the fit. He was that day again strongly electrised;
+and has been without any aguish symptom ever
+since; <i>viz.</i> for the space of four months.</p>
+
+<p>The truth of this is attested by</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="smcap">Robert Haigs</span>, <i>the person cured</i>.</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Rob<sup>t</sup>. Brydone</span>, <i>Minister of Coldinghame</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="p2">Ann Torry, of Coldinghame, a young woman of
+about 20, had a regular tertian (being the first time
+she ever had the ague) for near a fortnight. The fit
+came on early in the morning. She was electrised
+on her well day in the afternoon; and the next
+morning, having had only a slight shivering, she<span class="pagenum" id="Page_699">[699]</span>
+was electrised again about ten o’ clock, and has
+had no symptom of the ague since; <i>viz.</i> for three
+months.</p>
+
+<p>The above is attested by</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="smcap">Ann Torry</span>, <i>the person cured</i>.</p>
+<p class="right">
+<span class="smcap">Rob<sup>t</sup>. Brydone</span>, <i>Minister of
+Coldinghame</i>.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">XCV. <i>An Account of the Black Assize at</i>
+Oxford, <i>from the Register of</i> Merton College
+<i>in that University. Communicated by</i>
+John Ward, <i>LL. D. With some additional
+Remarks.</i></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Anno nono</i> D. Bickley <i>Custodis</i>, 1577.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read May 25,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">VIcessimo<a id="FNanchor_134" href="#Footnote_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a> primo Julii in vestiario
+Dñus custos et octo Seniores dispensarunt
+cum <i>Decreto de concione et appictantia habendis,
+die Dominico post festum Sᵗⁱ Petri ad vincula</i>;
+ne vocata et conveniente turba, morbus ille, qui ante
+quinque dies quamplurimos infestarat, dissipatior et
+periculosior fiat. Etenim 15, 16, et 17, hujus Julii
+aegrotant plus minus trecenti homines; et infra duodecim
+dierum spatium mortui sunt (ne quid errem)
+centum scholares, praeter cives non paucos. Tempus
+sine dubio calamitosissimum et luctu plenum.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_700">[700]</span>Nam quidam lectos differentes<a id="FNanchor_135" href="#Footnote_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a>, agitati nescio quo
+morbi et doloris furore, suos custodes baculis caedunt
+et abigunt; alii per areas et plateas insanientium more
+circumcursant; alii in profundam aquarum praecipites
+insiliunt; nemo tamen, summo Deo gratia, desperanter
+perit. Franguntur omnium animi. Fugiunt
+medici, non propter necessitatem fratrum, sed
+propter se et cistas creati. Relinquuntur miseri. Domini,
+doctores, et collegiorum praefecti, ad unum
+pene omnes abeunt. Custos noster, longe omnium
+vigilantissimus, domi apud nos manet; in aegrotis
+omnem curam, laborem, diligentiam impensus<a id="FNanchor_136" href="#Footnote_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a>
+collocat; die toto, et nocte etiam intempesta, eos
+sedulo invisit. Moriuntur e nostris quinque. Omnis
+aula, omne collegium, aut domi, aut in via ad patriam,
+suos habet mortuos. Mirari quis posset multitudinem
+ad medicastrorum domos cum matulis citato
+cursu properantium. Pharmacopolarum etiam
+conservata syrupos, olea, aquas dulces, pixides, cujusque
+generis confectiones, brevissimo tempore exhausta.
+Laborant aegroti vehementissimo tum capitis
+tum stomachi dolore; vexantur phrenesi; privantur
+intellectu, memoria, visu, auditu, et caeteris etiam
+sensibus. Crescente morbo, non capiunt cibos, non
+dormiunt, ministros aut custodes non patiuntur. Semper,
+vel in ipsa morte, mirae orum strenuitas et corporis
+robur; et eo declinante, omnia modis impense
+contrariis eveniunt. Nulli complexioni aut constitutioni
+parcitur; cholericos tamen praecipue hic morbus
+molestos habet; cujus ut causas, sic et curas ignorant
+medici. Natum suspicantur multi, vel ex
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_701">[701]</span>foetido et pestilenti furum e carceribus prodeuntium
+aëre (quorum duo vel tres sunt ante paucos dies in
+vinculis mortui) vel ex artificiosis diabolicis et plane
+papisticis flatibus e Lovaniensi barathro excitatis, et
+ad nos scelestissime et clam emissis. Nam illi solum
+et hic et alibi decumbunt aegroti, qui in castro, et
+<i>guilda</i>, quam appellant, aula, quinto et sexto hujus
+mensis adsunt<a id="FNanchor_137" href="#Footnote_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a>. Assisiorum judices, dominus
+Robertus Bell, capitatis baro scaccarii etc. qualem
+hactenus non peperit Anglia; dominus Johannes
+Barrham, dominae reginae serviens ad legem; papisticae
+pravitatis uterque apertissimi hostes et acerrimi
+vindices: vicecomes Oxoniensis comitatis<a id="FNanchor_138" href="#Footnote_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a>, equites
+aurati duo, armigeri et pacis justiciarii octo, generosi
+plures, horum non pauci famuli, omnes (uno aut
+attero exceptis) <i>de grandi</i>, ut loquuntur, <i>jure</i>, statim
+post fere relictam Oxoniam mortui sunt. Et ut quisque
+fortissimus, ita citissime moritur. Foeminae non
+petuntur, nec certe pauperes; neque etiam inficitur
+quisquam, qui aegrotorum necessitatibus subministrarit,
+aut eos inviserit. Sed ut fuit morbus hic insigniter
+violentus, ita neque diu duravit. Nam infra
+unius mensis curriculum ad pristinam pene sanitatem
+restituuntur omnes; ut jam denuo mirari possis tot
+scholares, tot etiam cives, urbem et plateas linteis
+capitibus obambulantes, et nomen clementissimi Dei
+nostri in omne aevum suspicere<a id="FNanchor_139" href="#Footnote_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vicessimo quarto Julii Joannes May, socius et
+artium magister, in collegio vitam finit. Sepelitur
+in ecclesia.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_702">[702]</span></p>
+
+<p>Vicessimo septimo ejusdem Browne clericus moritur
+in collegio.</p>
+
+<p>Vicessimo octavo ejusdem Gaunte portionista moritur
+in collegio.</p>
+
+<p>Vicessimo nono Dnus Lea, electus probationarius
+20 Julii, moritur in collegio.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Additional Remarks, by</i> Tho. Birch, <i>D. D.
+Secret. R. S.</i></h3>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">CAmden, in his Annals of Queen Elizabeth<a id="FNanchor_140" href="#Footnote_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a>,
+observes, that almost all, except women and
+children, who were present at the assizes at Oxford,
+at the tryal of Rowland Jenkes, a Bookseller there,
+for seditious words, died, to the number of about
+three hundred. Mr. John Stow, in his <i>Chronicle of
+England</i><a id="FNanchor_141" href="#Footnote_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a>, enlarges this number, and affirms, that
+there died in Oxford three hundred persons, and in
+other places two hundred and odd, from the 6th of
+July to the 12th of August; <i>after which died not
+any of that sickness; for one of them infected not another</i>:
+And this historian agrees with Camden, that
+not any one woman or child died thereof. Dr.
+George Ethryg, a physician, who practised at that
+time at Oxford<a id="FNanchor_142" href="#Footnote_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a>, in the 2d book of his <i>Hypomnemata
+quædam in aliquot Libros Pauli Æginetæ, seu
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_703">[703]</span>Observationis Medicamentorum, quæ hâc ætate in usu
+sunt</i>, printed at London in 1588, in 8vo, mentions,
+that on the first night of the appearance of the dissease
+about six hundred fell sick of it; and that the
+next night an hundred more were seized in the villages
+near Oxford. Lord Bacon, in his <i>Natural History</i>, evidently
+refers to this, and one or two more instances
+of the same kind, in the following passage, <i>Century</i>
+X. <i>Nº.</i> 914. “The most pernicious infection next
+the plague is the smell of the goal, where prisoners
+have been long and close and nastily kept; whereof
+we have had in our time experience twice or
+thrice, when both the judges, that sat upon the
+goal, and numbers of those, that attended the
+business, or were present, sickened upon it, and
+died. Therefore it were good wisdom, that in
+such cases the goal were aired before they be
+brought forth.” We have likewise an account in
+Mr. Anthony Wood<a id="FNanchor_143" href="#Footnote_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a>, that at the quarter-session
+at Cambridge, in Lent in the year 1522, and the
+13th of the reign of Henry VIII. the justices, gentlemen,
+and bailiffs, with most of the persons present,
+were seized with a disease, which proved mortal
+to a considerable number of them; those, who
+escaped, having been very dangerously sick. With
+regard to the unhappy instance of the same kind of
+contagion, which happened at the session in the Old
+Baily in May 1750, see Dr. Pringle’s excellent work,
+intitled, <i>Observations on the Diseases of the Army in
+Camp and in Garison</i><a id="FNanchor_144" href="#Footnote_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a>.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_704">[704]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">XCVI. <i>A Description of the Plan of</i> Peking,
+<i>the Capital of</i> China; <i>sent to the Royal
+Society by Father</i> Gaubil, è Societate Jesu.
+<i>Translated from the</i> French.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">King che. The Court.</span></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read June 1,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">IN this plan are the inclosures of walls,
+which form as it were three cities.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenoter">Kong tching,
+Tse kin.</div>
+
+<p>The first is the imperial palace, or
+imperial city. It is called <i>Kong tching</i>
+or <i>Tse kin</i>. The numbers 11, 17, 21,
+24, mark the great gates of this inclosure.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenoter">Hoang tching.</div>
+
+<p>The second inclosure is <i>Hoang
+tching</i>. The numbers 3, 18, 30, 86,
+mark four great gates of this inclosure.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenoter">King tching.</div>
+
+<p>The third inclosure is <i>King tching</i>,
+or Royal City. The numbers 235,
+1, 99, 146, 173, 183, 188, 109, 211,
+mark nine gates of this inclosure.</p>
+
+<p>At the four angles east and west of the north and
+south walls is a large pavillion in the form of a fortress.
+It is a kind of arsenal or magazine of arrows,
+bows, guns, bucklers, cuirasses, pikes, small cannon,
+<i>&c.</i></p>
+
+<p>Observe the angle made by the inclosure <i>Hoang
+tching</i> on the south of the gate Nº. 84, to the north
+of Nº. 260. The inclosure extends to the east, then
+to the south, and continues to the east, passing by
+Nº. 3.</p>
+<div class="sync"> </div>
+<div class="figcenter illowp91" id="facing704" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XXIV"></a>XXIV. <i>p. <a href="#Page_704">704</a></i>.</div>
+ <img class="w100" src="images/facing704.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="right"><i><span class="small">J. Mynde sc.</span></i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sync"> </div>
+<div class="figcenter illowp61" id="facing704-2" style="max-width: 97.1875em;">
+<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XXV"></a>XXV. <i>p. <a href="#Page_704">704</a></i>.</div>
+ <img class="w100" src="images/facing704-2.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="right"><i><span class="small">J. Mynde sc.</span></i></div>
+</div>
+<div class="sync"> </div>
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_705">[705]</span></p>
+
+<p>1. is the great gate <i>Hien men</i>. As you go on to
+the north, 2, 143, 214, are three gates of a great
+court with magnificent walls. Thro’ the gate 3 you
+enter into a court, where is the <i>Tay miao</i> Nº. 7.
+There are reposited the tablets of the ancestors of the
+reigning emperor, and of the illustrious subjects deceased,
+who have served the dynasty. This <i>miao</i>
+or palace is a vast one, and well kept. At regular
+times the emperor, princes, and great men, go thither
+to perform ceremonies.</p>
+
+<p>Nº. 9 is the <i>Che tsi tan</i>, where are performed, at
+regular times, the ceremonies to the ancients, who
+have taught the art of agriculture. This palace is a
+very beautiful one. 4, 5, 6, are the gates of a court,
+where the <i>reguli</i> and princes go frequently to receive
+the emperor’s orders. There are halls for their reception.
+The mandarins give them tea to drink,
+and mark their names in a register. When upon
+the fixed days they cannot attend, they are required
+to give notice of it. It is in this court, that
+the tributary princes, or their envoys, do homage,
+and receive the presents of the emperor; which presents
+are considered as rewards.</p>
+
+<p>Nº. 11 is <i>Ou men</i>, the great gate with a beautiful
+pavillion of a considerable height, in which is a large
+bell<a id="FNanchor_145" href="#Footnote_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a>. This gate, with those marked Nº. 12, 13,
+are those of the great court; whence going to the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_706">[706]</span>north, you enter into the beautiful and vast court
+<i>Tay ho tien</i>, the gates and galleries of which, with
+the balconies, make a fine appearance. In this court,
+on the first day of the year, and on other fixed days,
+the mandarins, according to their ranks, perform
+the ceremony to the emperor, who is seated on his
+throne in the hall called <i>Tay ho tien</i>. This hall is a
+vast and magnificent one. The princes, ministers,
+and great men of the first order, place themselves
+there by the emperor. It is in this hall, that the
+emperor gives audience to foreign princes and their
+ambassadors. You go up to this hall by magnificent
+steps.</p>
+
+<p>To the north of <i>Tay ho tien</i> is a large court, whither
+the princes, great men, ministers, and principal mandarins,
+go in turns every day, to receive the emperor’s
+orders, or to present their petitions. To the north of
+this court are the apartments of the emperor, the
+empress, the queens, and ladies. The great gate of
+the place, where these apartments are, is Nº. 23.
+All these apartments are in the space contained within
+the walls, which have this figure
+ <img src="images/image706.jpg" width="100" height="34" alt="figure"/>
+
+At A is a beautiful gate to the south. The walls of
+the inclosure of the apartments of the emperor and
+empress are higher than those of the inclosures of the
+queens and ladies. In them are orchards, jets d’eau,
+flowering shrubs, and a great number of small chambers
+for the eunuchs.</p>
+
+<p>To the west of the court <i>Tay ho tien</i> is the fine
+palace <i>Tsi ning kong</i>. The empress-mother lives
+there at present. Every thing in this palace is beautiful.
+There are little gardens very neat and well<span class="pagenum" id="Page_707">[707]</span>
+kept. At the east of the <i>Tay ho tien</i> is likewise a
+fine palace, where the prince heir, with his court,
+resided in the time of the emperor <i>Kanghi</i>. It is a
+very beautiful palace, and highly ornamented.</p>
+
+<p>In the inclosure of <i>Kong tching</i>, or <i>Tse kin</i>, there
+are tribunals, a great number of magazines, manufactures,
+the imperial apothecary’s shop and printing-house;
+schools for the Chinese and Tartar languages;
+and several temples of idols, one of which, lately
+made for the lamas, cost immense sums.</p>
+
+<p>Nº. 26, 28, 29, are the gates of the great inclosure
+called <i>Kin chan</i>. It is properly a beautiful pleasure-house,
+which the present emperor has caused to be
+extremely embellished. There are in it fine gardens
+with walks of trees, very rich and elegant apartments,
+halls for the musicians and comedians. From the
+mountain <i>m</i>, the last emperor of the dynasty <i>Ming</i>,
+seeing the city taken by the rebels, hanged himself
+on the morning of the 15th of April of the year of
+our Lord 1644. On the day before, the 14th of
+April, the empress hanged herself in the evening in
+the palace. The mountain in <i>Kin chan</i> was made
+by art a long time ago.</p>
+
+<p>At the west of the inclosure <i>Kin chan</i> and <i>Tse kin</i>
+observe the great laos. 54 is the <i>peta</i>, or white pyramid.
+This pyramid stands on a small mountain,
+which makes an island. The present emperor has
+built there, in the form of an amphitheatre, I do
+not know how many apartments with covered and
+open galleries, well built, and in a good taste: the
+point of view is charming, and the galleries, which
+run over the lake, are extremely beautiful. There
+are two or three temples of idols. 53 is a fine<span class="pagenum" id="Page_708">[708]</span>
+building with a temple of idols; and in it a statue
+of <i>Fo</i> of an extraordinary height. It is of copper,
+gilt, and cost great sums. 76 is a very beautiful
+palace called <i>Yng tay</i>, with fine gardens, fine halls,
+and fine walks.</p>
+
+<p>55 is the palace, in which is placed the tablet of
+the emperor <i>Kang hi</i>, grandfather to the present
+emperor, who at regular times goes thither, in order
+to honour the memory of that great prince, one of
+the most illustrious and fortunate sovereigns of the
+empire of China.</p>
+
+<p>81 is the house and church of the French Jesuits.
+The house stands in 39° 55´ of northern latitude, or
+possibly some seconds more, and 114° to the east
+of the observatory of Paris. This situation, with
+regard to latitude and longitude, is founded upon a
+considerable number of astronomical observations.
+By means of a scale, which may be made, we have
+the distance between this house and the other parts
+of the city, north and south, east and west; as likewise
+the latitude and longitude of all the places in
+the city of Peking. 248 is the house and church of
+the Portuguese Jesuits; 170 the house and church of
+the Portuguese Jesuits<a id="FNanchor_146" href="#Footnote_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a>; 131 the house and church
+of the Russians. A little to the east of Nº. 176 is
+a small house and chapel for the Russians settled at
+Peking for above seventy years past.</p>
+
+<p>31 is <i>Kou leou</i><a id="FNanchor_147" href="#Footnote_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a>, the Tower of the Drum; 32 is
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_709">[709]</span><i>Tchong leou</i>, the Tower of the Bell; in which is a
+very large bell<a id="FNanchor_148" href="#Footnote_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>179 was formerly the palace of the fourth son of
+the emperor <i>Kang hi</i> after the death of <i>Kang hi</i>.
+This prince reigned under the name of <i>Yong tching</i>.
+His son the present emperor caused this palace to be
+demolished, and to be rebuilt with an extraordinary
+magnificence. In the hall is the tablet of <i>Yong
+tching</i>; and there are in this palace grand apartments
+for the emperor, when he goes thither to honour the
+memory of his father. The emperor has erected
+here a temple of idols for the lama of Thibet; and
+there are apartments for above three hundred lama’s.
+These have Chinese and Tartar disciples to the number
+of two hundred. Here are taught, in the Thibetan
+language, called here <i>Tan gout</i>, the sciences,
+arts, mathematics, physic, spirituality, and the pagan
+religion. In this beautiful inclosure there are statuaries
+and painters. This building is not at all inferior
+in beauty and magnificence to those of the palace
+of Peking, or to those, which the present emperor is
+going on to erect in his pleasure-houses.</p>
+
+<p>180 <i>Koue he kien</i> is the imperial college. The
+great hall, where Confucius is honoured, is a very
+beautiful one. There are likewise halls for honouring
+the disciples of this philosopher and several eminent
+Chinese learned men, who have followed his doctrine
+with success. The emperor goes thither sometimes
+to perform the ceremony to Confucius as master
+and instructor to the empire. The avenues,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_710">[710]</span>courts, and apartments, of <i>Koue he kien</i> have a most
+majestic appearance.</p>
+
+<p>70 the smaller observatory.</p>
+
+<p>108 the imperial observatory, built by <i>Kia hing</i>,
+emperor of the last dynasty <i>Ming</i>.</p>
+
+<p>136 the tribunal of mathematics, <i>Kin tien kien</i>.</p>
+
+<p>137 the tribunal of mandarins, <i>Ly pou</i>.</p>
+
+<p>139 the tribunal of rites and ceremonies<a id="FNanchor_149" href="#Footnote_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a>, <i>Ly pou</i>.</p>
+
+<p>133 <i>Ping pou</i>, the tribunal of war.</p>
+
+<p>134 <i>Kong pou</i>, the tribunal for public works.</p>
+
+<p>140 <i>Heu pou</i>, the tribunal for the finances.</p>
+
+<p>142 the tribunal of princes, <i>Tsong gin fou</i>.</p>
+
+<p>168 <i>Hing pou</i>, the tribunal for criminal causes.</p>
+
+<p>144 <i>Li fan yuen</i>, the tribunal for foreign nations,
+Thibetans, Eleuthians, Russians, and indeed for all
+foreigners, who come by the way of Tartary from
+the west.</p>
+
+<p>369 <i>Tou tcha yuen</i>, the tribunal of the censors of
+the empire. It has under it the <i>provosts</i> and <i>mare-chaussée</i>.</p>
+
+<p>233 the tribunal of <i>Kieou men ti tou</i>, or governor
+of the nine gates, that is, the governor of the city.</p>
+
+<p>185 the tribunal of the judge of the city. This
+judge is here called <i>Fou yn</i>. He has under him two
+judges named <i>Tchi hyen</i>. One of these is the judge
+of the district called <i>Ouang ping hien</i> 193. The
+other is called the district of <i>Tay tsing hien</i> 182. These
+districts are within the city and without it. What is
+called at Peking <i>tou yn</i> is called elsewhere <i>tchi fou</i>.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_711">[711]</span></p>
+<p>128 is the tribunal of <i>Han lin</i>, or the chosen
+doctors of the empire. This tribunal, called <i>Han
+lin yuen</i>, is a very considerable one: it has the care
+of the registers for the Chinese history. All the
+learned men of the empire, and the colleges and
+schools, depend upon this tribunal. Here are chosen
+the judges and examiners of the compositions for the
+degrees of the learned men; as likewise those, who
+are most capable of writing verses and pieces of eloquence
+for the use of the palace and emperor.</p>
+
+<p>107 <i>Kong yuen</i> is the inclosure, where the compositions
+are drawn up for the examination of the
+learned men. Here are a great number of little
+chambers or cells for the composers, and fine apartments
+for the mandarins appointed to preserve good
+order, and to prevent those, who compose, from
+making use of the compositions of others.</p>
+
+<p>273 <i>Tchoua kou ting</i> is a pavillion, in which is a
+drum. Mandarins and soldiers keep guard here day
+and night. In ancient times, when any person had
+not justice done him, and thought himself oppressed,
+he went and beat this drum; at the sound of which
+the mandarins ran, and were obliged to carry the
+complaint of the party oppressed to the great men or
+ministers. Upon which information was taken of
+the fact, and justice done. At present the use of
+this drum is abolished; but it has been thought proper
+to preserve this ancient monument of the Chinese
+government.</p>
+
+<p>217 <i>Ti ouang miao</i> is a palace, wherein are the
+tablets of a great number of the ancient emperors of
+China. At the time of the equinoxes the emperor
+goes thither to perform the ceremonies to these deceased<span class="pagenum" id="Page_712">[712]</span>
+ emperors. See the notes on the <i>Ti ouang
+miao</i>, p. 723.</p>
+
+<p>92, and the continuation of the buildings to the
+north, contain the magazines of gunpowder, salt-petre,
+and nitre. In the city are many other magazines.
+I do not name them here. They have their
+numbers. These magazines are of cloth, mats, skins,
+oil, wine, vinegar, wood, coal, porcelain, tea, varnish,
+silk, <i>&c.</i></p>
+
+<p>The city is divided into eight quarters for the
+bannieres of the Tartars <i>Mantcheou</i>, the Tartars
+<i>Mongou</i>, and the Chinese called <i>Han kun</i>, who follow
+the Tartars <i>Mantcheou</i>, and submitted to them
+when they entered China. Since that time the Chinese
+<i>Han kun</i> are become numerous and powerful.
+These eight bannieries are divided by this means as
+it were into twenty-four; <i>viz.</i> eight of <i>Mantcheou</i>,
+eight of <i>Mongou</i>, and eight of <i>Han kun</i>. Each banniery
+has its officers, magazines, and arsenal. These
+are pretty spacious inclosures, each of which has <span class="err" title="original: it">its</span>
+number.</p>
+
+<p>94 is an inclosure, in which are kept tygers; and
+240 an inclosure, wherein are elephants.</p>
+
+<p>65 <i>Tsan yuen</i> is an inclosure for silk-worms.</p>
+
+<p>147, 150, 151, are public granaries, very well
+built. Without the gates 146, 173, are many of
+these public granaries; as also in the environs of the
+city to the north, south, east, and west. The largest
+and most magnificent are in the city of <i>Tong tcheou</i>,
+four French Leagues to the east of Peking.</p>
+
+<p>37, 38, 42, 52, 54, 59, 60, 66, 80, 83, 84, 85,
+91, 93, 117, 118, 152, 154, 156, 160, 165, 178,
+196, 203, 210, 215, 218, 225, 229, 230, 250, 255,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_713">[713]</span>
+261, these numbers mark temples of idols. Some
+of these numbers mark halls for honouring of illustrious
+deceased persons; but of these there are only
+a few. There are several small <i>miao</i>, which are not
+numbered. In the Chinese city, in the suburbs, are
+many temples of idols; and some even in the emperor’s
+palace. And almost all the palaces of the
+princes have idol temples.</p>
+
+<p>33, 35, 36, 61, 62, 64, 67, 68, 71, 109, 126,
+128, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142,
+144, 180, 182, 185, 193, 219, 222, 233, 243, 251,
+252, 253, 254, 255, 259, 260, 267, 268, 269, 270,
+271, 297, these numbers mark the tribunals, as
+well those, which I have already mentioned, as many
+other subaltern ones, which depend on them. There
+is one for the physicians.</p>
+
+<p>101, 119, 121, 124, 125, 129, 148, 149, 155,
+161, 162, 166, 172, 174, 175, 176, 192, 194, 195,
+202, 208, 209, 216, 220, 221, 224, 232, 237, 238,
+239, 241, 244, 247, 249, 262, 263, 264, mark the
+palaces of the princes of the blood, who are divided
+into several classes <i>Tsing ouang</i>, <i>reguli</i> of the first order;
+<i>Kun ouang</i>, <i>reguli</i> of the second order; <i>Pey le</i>,
+<i>reguli</i> of the third order; <i>Pey tse</i>, <i>reguli</i> of the fourth
+order; <i>Kong</i>, or counts, divided still farther into
+other classes; and <i>Tsiang kun</i>, or generals of armies,
+divided likewise into other classes.</p>
+
+<p>Some years ago the emperor caused to be measured
+the circumference of the walls of <i>King tching</i>, of
+<i>Hoang tching</i>, and of <i>He kin</i>, <i>&c.</i> as likewise the
+breadth of the streets, the space filled by the <i>miao</i>,
+our three churches, that of the Russians, palaces,
+<i>&c.</i> The Chinese city was not measured. A drawing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_714">[714]</span>
+ <i>of all this was made at large, and then reduced</i>
+to a smaller scale, as it appears here. I
+will not undertake for the perfect exactness of it,
+either in the measures or the reduction. All this is
+by a Chinese hand. The foot made use of in this
+mensuration is to that of France as 1000 to 1016.
+1800 of these feet make a <i>ly</i><a id="FNanchor_150" href="#Footnote_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a>. By the scale to be
+seen in the small plan, and from the dimensions of
+the south and east walls of <i>King tching</i>, may be deduced
+all the dimensions. The circumference of
+the walls of the Chinese city has been formerly measured,
+and well, by several measures; and the result
+of them may be seen here by the scale.</p>
+
+<p>The south wall of <i>King tching</i> is from east to
+west eleven <i>ly</i> and near a third. The east wall from
+north to south is nine <i>ly</i> and some paces. So that
+the city is not square, as several persons have written.</p>
+
+<p>The persons employed by the emperor to measure
+did not think of measuring the space, which contains
+the house and church of the congregation <i>de
+propagandâ fide</i>. This house and church are situated
+to the south between number 207 and a small bridge
+to the west of number 201.</p>
+
+<p>In the accounts sufficient mention has been made
+of the walls and gates of the city of <i>King tching</i>;
+for which reason it is not necessary for me to say
+any thing concerning it.</p>
+
+<p>In the year of our Lord 1267, the Tartar emperor
+<i>Koublay han</i> (in Chinese <i>Yuen chi tsou</i>) built
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_715">[715]</span>the city called <i>Ta tou</i>. It is the principal part of
+the present city of <i>King tching</i>. It contained the
+<i>Kin chun</i>, a palace <i>Yng tay</i>, <i>Hoang tching</i>, <i>Tse
+kin</i>, &c. the walls of the city, an observatory, the
+towers of the Drum and the Bell. <i>Yong lo</i>, emperor
+of the last dynasty <i>Tay ming</i>, made great alterations
+in the city built by <i>Yuen chi tsou</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1406 the emperor <i>Yong lo</i> undertook
+to build stronger and higher walls, and more magnificent
+gates, to the city; to rebuild the <i>Hoang tching</i>,
+the emperor and empress’s proper habitation, and
+the several parts of <i>Tse kin</i>, the courts, hall of the
+throne or of <i>Tay ho tien</i>, the <i>Kou leou</i>, the <i>Tchong
+leou</i>. He undertook also to build the <i>Sien nong
+tan</i> and <i>Tien tan</i>, which are now in the Chinese city.
+On account of the wars with the Tartars, the works
+undertaken by <i>Yong lo</i> were not finished till the year
+of our Lord 1421. Since that time, in the <i>Kin tchin</i>
+some alterations have been made in the palace, and
+a good number of new <i>miao</i> and palaces have been
+built. The emperor <i>Kia tsing</i> built the Chinese city
+in the year of Christ 1544.</p>
+
+<p>The gates and walls of the Chinese city are not
+all equal in beauty to those in the city <i>King tching</i>.
+The streets are neither so broad, nor so well kept in
+repair. More than a third of the space of the Chinese
+city is not inhabited. It consists only of fields and
+gardens. The spaces occupied by the <i>Sien nong tan</i>
+and the <i>Tien tan</i> are vast; and between these two
+there is a very broad road. In this Chinese city are
+some mosques for the Mahometans. The inhabited
+part of this city is much more so than the city <i>King
+tching</i> and <i>Hoang tching</i>. In the Chinese city are
+vast inns for those, who come out of the southern<span class="pagenum" id="Page_716">[716]</span>
+provinces to Peking. Here are likewise a curious
+manufacture of <i>lieou ly</i> or Chinese glass, rich merchants
+of women’s ornaments, of gold, of the plant
+<i>gin cheng</i> so much esteemed and so dear here, of
+varnished furniture, tea, stuffs of value, <i>&c.</i> The
+booksellers shops are also in this city. It is to be
+remarked, that the walls of the Chinese city and
+<i>King tching</i> do not run directly north and south and
+east and west, but decline towards the north-west
+2° 30´, and as much south-east. It is probable,
+that the architects employed in directing the building
+of these walls made use of a compass; and that
+the declinatiation of the needle was then what is
+mentioned above.</p>
+
+<p>What I have said of the walls of the city is likewise
+to be said of the walls of <i>Hoang tching</i> and of
+<i>Tse king</i>.</p>
+
+<p>At the time of building the city <i>King tching</i>, and
+the Chinese city, the Chinese astronomers very well
+understood, that the north and south of the compass
+was not the north and south of the heavens at Peking;
+they knew, that the needle declined to the north-west
+and south-east; but that this declination was
+not considerable.</p>
+
+<p>Without the gates of the Chinese city, and of
+<i>King tching</i>, I mark the suburbs; which are very
+full of people and merchants, and like so many cities.
+In most of these suburbs there are fine temples of
+idols.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Sien nong tan</i> in the Chinese city is almost
+six <i>ly</i> in circuit. These three words signify, The hill
+of the ancient husbandmen.</p>
+
+<p>The emperor goes thither every year in the spring<span class="pagenum" id="Page_717">[717]</span>
+to till the ground, and sacrifices on that hill to heaven.
+The emperor’s apartments there have nothing
+magnificent in them; but the ceremony of ploughing
+is a solemn and curious one, and deserves a particular
+description. The emperor tills under a small
+covering of mat. When he has ploughed about half
+an hour, he ascends a large alcove, from whence he
+sees the princes, great men, and mandarins, plough
+in the fields, which are not covered with mats.
+While the emperor is ploughing, a good number of
+peasants sing ancient songs on the importance of
+ploughing. The emperor, princes, and great men,
+are dressed in the habit of plough-men, and their
+instruments of husbandry are very neat, and kept in
+a magazine. There are granaries for the grain produced
+by this tillage; and it is carefully remarked,
+that the grain from the emperor’s tillage is much
+better than that from the labour of others. From
+this grain are made several cakes for the various sacrifices
+to Heaven or <i>Chang ti</i>. The emperor prepares
+himself for this ceremony by fasting, prayers
+to heaven, and a kind of retreat: and the intention
+of it is to keep up a memorial of those times, in
+which the princes themselves tilled the ground. This
+ceremony is of the highest antiquity in China.</p>
+
+<p>Over against the <i>Sien nong tan</i> is the <i>Tien tan</i>, or
+Hill of Heaven, near ten <i>ly</i> in circuit. Every thing
+here is magnificent. The emperor goes thither every
+year at the winter solstice to sacrifice to heaven. He
+prepares himself three days for this ceremony by
+fasting, in a palace of <i>Tien tan</i>, called the <i>palace of
+fasting</i>. The hill, on which the emperor sacrifices,
+is magnificently adorned. At the four avenues are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_718">[718]</span>
+beautiful triumphal arches of fine marble; and the
+hill is ascended by elegant steps. In this ceremony
+are introduced many usages contrary to the ancient
+Chinese doctrine concerning the sacrifice to heaven.
+On the day of the winter solstice are added the honours
+paid to the five planets, that is, to their spirit.
+These ceremonies added to the sacrifice to heaven are
+not very ancient. There are likewise honours to the
+first founders of the reigning dynasty. At several
+other times the emperor goes to <i>Tien tan</i> to perform
+a sacrifice to heaven, and to honour his deceased ancestors.</p>
+
+<p>To the north of the Hill of Heaven is a large and
+high terrace, on which is a most magnificent hall in
+honour of <i>Chang ti</i>, or the sovereign Lord, and of
+his ancestors. On the frontispiece of this hall the
+present Tartar emperors have caused an inscription
+to be placed to <i>Ap cai han</i>, or the Lord of heaven.
+To this Tartar inscription answers the Chinese character
+<i>Kien</i>; which has the same meaning as the
+character <i>Tien</i>, heaven; and it signifies the <i>Chang
+ti</i>, who is intended to be honoured in this hall. The
+tablet for the <i>Chang ti</i> is in a place, which shews,
+that the honour paid to <i>Chang ti</i> is of a different kind
+from the honour paid to ancestors.</p>
+
+<p>Without the eastern gate of <i>King tching</i>, Nº. 145,
+is <i>Ge tan</i>, or Hill of the Sun. At the vernal equinox
+the emperor sends hither a prince or great man
+to honour the sun, that is, the spirit of the sun. This
+inclosure, tho’ elegant enough, has nothing very remarkable;
+nor is the ceremony very ancient.</p>
+
+<p>Without the north gate of <i>King tching</i>, at Nº.
+183, is <i>Ti tan</i>, or the Hill of the Earth. At the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_719">[719]</span>
+summer solstice the emperor goes thither to sacrifice
+to the earth on the hill. Many of the learned men
+at present distinguish this sacrifice in the <i>Ti tan</i> from
+the sacrifice in the <i>Tien tan</i>. But, according to the
+doctrine of Confucius, the sacrifice to the earth has
+the same object as the sacrifice to heaven. In both
+the supreme Lord <i>Chang ti</i> is to be honoured. I do
+not know, whether the emperor adheres to the pure
+doctrine of Confucius, and whether he does not pretend
+to honour the earth, or spirit of the earth, by
+performing a sacrifice, which originally had for its
+object the <i>Chang ti</i>, as we are assured by Confucius.
+The inclosure of <i>Ti tan</i> is a vast one; but is not at
+all equal in beauty to the <i>Tien tan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Without the western gate of <i>King tching</i>, Nº.
+211, is <i>Yue tan</i>, the Hill of the Moon. At the
+autumnal equinox the emperor sends thither a prince
+or great man to honour the moon, or spirit of the
+moon. This ceremony is not very ancient. This
+inclosure is a neat one, and pretty large.</p>
+
+<p>Between the two north gates of <i>King tching</i>, Nº.
+183 and 188, is a vast esplanade for the exercise of
+the troops both horse and foot.</p>
+
+<p>To the north of this esplanade are two beautiful
+temples of idols for the lamas. These two monasteries
+are very elegant. The emperor and the Tartars
+<i>Mon gou</i> lay out great sums on these two monasteries
+and the two temples of the lamas.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1111 before Christ, <i>Ou ouang</i>, founder
+of the dynasty <i>Tcheou</i>, nominated his brother <i>Tchao
+kong</i> prince of <i>Yen</i>. <i>Yen</i> is the ancient name of a
+pretty extensive country, in which Peking stands.
+This prince of <i>Yen</i> built a city there, a league and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_720">[720]</span>
+half south-west of the city <i>King tching</i>. This city
+was called <i>Yen king</i>, or the court of <i>Yen</i>. It became
+afterwards considerable; and the prince of <i>Yen</i> very
+powerful in the country of <i>Petcheli</i> and <i>Leao tong</i>.
+In the year 222 before Christ the emperor <i>Tsin chi
+hoang</i> destroyed the power of the princes of <i>Yen</i>, the
+defendants of <i>Tchao kong</i>, and seized their dominions.
+The founder of the dynasty <i>Han</i> destroyed
+the power of the family of <i>Tsin chi hoang</i>. In the
+time of the dynasty <i>Tsin</i>, before the Christian æra,
+and of the dynasty <i>Han</i>, the city of <i>Yen</i> was an important
+government, on account of the neighbourhood
+of the Tartars. Some time after the dynasty <i>Han</i>
+several Tartar princes <i>Sien pi</i> made themselves masters
+of the country of <i>Yen</i>. During the dynasty of <i>Tang</i>
+the city of <i>Yen</i> was still a considerable one. After the
+destruction of that dynasty the Tartars <i>Ki tan</i><a id="FNanchor_151" href="#Footnote_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a> made
+themselves masters of Tartary, and the provinces of
+<i>Chansy</i>, <i>Petcheli</i>, and <i>Leao tong</i>. Their power was
+formidable to the Chinese. Their court was in the
+city of <i>Yen</i>, which they adorned and inlarged. These
+Tartars had, like the Chinese emperors, tribunals;
+one for the mathematics, and another for history<a id="FNanchor_152" href="#Footnote_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a>.
+They had likewise some illustrious princes, and kept
+some correspondence with the Caliphs.</p>
+
+<p>The Tartars <i>Nuntche</i> destroyed the power of
+<i>Leao</i>. Their court was also at <i>Yen</i>; and they made
+it as magnificent and large a city as Peking is now.
+The Mogol Tartars destroyed the empire of the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_721">[721]</span><i>Nuntche</i> or <i>Kin</i>. Their court was at first at <i>Yen</i>;
+but the Tartar Mogol emperor <i>Koublay</i> demolished
+that city, and built what is now called <i>King tching</i>:
+at least <i>King tching</i> is a good part of the city built
+by <i>Koublay</i>, which was some <i>ly</i> larger. The emperor’s
+palace was likewise larger.</p>
+
+<p>This city <i>King tching</i> is that, which Marco Paulo
+calls <i>Cambalu</i>. <i>Car</i> is <i>khan</i>, which signifies a <i>king</i>;
+and <i>balu</i> is a corruption of an old Mogol word <i>balga</i>,
+or <i>balah</i>, which signifies a <i>city</i>: whence is formed
+the word <i>balgasan</i> in Mogol or Mongou, which signifies
+city. <i>Khan balu</i>, or <i>khan balou</i>, signifies the
+royal city. <i>King tching</i>, in the time of Marco Paulo,
+was the capital of the empire of China. The Persians
+and Arabians, from the Mongou word <i>khan
+balou</i>, or <i>khan balgasun</i>, or <i>khan balga</i>, formed the
+word <i>khan balik</i> or <i>khan balek</i>, which signifies also
+the royal city. This name was given by the eastern
+people to the city of <i>Caifong fou</i>, the capital of <i>Honan</i>,
+and to that of <i>Nanking</i>, the capital of <i>Kiangnan</i>, at
+the time when these cities were the court of princes.
+This name was also given to the cities of Tartary,
+when some powerful princes kept sometimes their
+court there. What I have remarked concerning the
+words <i>khan balik</i>, <i>khan balek</i>, <i>khan balga</i>, &c. is to
+be applied to the words <i>ordo balik</i>, <i>ordou balik</i>. <i>Ordo</i>,
+or <i>ordou</i>, or <i>orto</i>, signifies royal, imperial, in the Mogol
+or Mongou language. So <i>ordou balik</i> signifies a
+court, a royal city; and these words are in fact the
+names of some old cities, where the Mogol or Mongou
+kings kept their courts.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_722">[722]</span></p>
+
+<h3 class="hang"><span class="smcap">Remarks</span> <i>on</i> Nº. 5, <i>Fan king tchang</i>; which is
+the place where the foreign classical books are
+kept.</h3>
+
+<p><i>Tchang</i> signifies magazine, or large place, where
+any thing is contained. <i>Fan</i> signifies stranger or foreigner;
+and <i>king</i> signifies a classical book.</p>
+
+<p>The Jews of <i>Caifong fou</i>, the capital of <i>Honan</i>,
+first told the Jesuit missionaries, that they conceived,
+that the Hebrew Bible was preserved at Peking in
+the place called <i>Fan king tchang</i>. These first missionaries
+neglected to make a search for it at Peking,
+or did not think of it. But it did not escape the attention
+of Father Bouvet, a French Jesuit, who went
+to <i>Fan king tchang</i>. The antient place, where the
+foreign books were kept, had been destroyed; and
+those books removed into a neighbouring <i>miao</i> where
+there were bonzes. Father Bouvet went to this <i>miao</i>
+with two other French Jesuits; but they found only
+the Koran, fragments of the classical books of the
+Indians, and the classical books of the lamas; the
+whole in bad condition. Father Bouvet thought,
+that he saw in an old coffer Chaldee, Syriac, and
+Hebrew characters. The bonze would not shew the
+place, where Father Bouvet thought that he had
+seen those characters, which, on returning to the
+<i>miao</i>, were not found. The emperor had ordered
+the bonzes to shew every thing to Father Bouvet.
+All the classical books were afterwards removed to
+the palace; the <i>miao</i> was demolished; and there
+remained nothing but the name of <i>Fan king tchang</i>.
+When I passed thro’ <i>Caifong fou</i>, the Jews, in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_723">[723]</span>
+presence of Father Gozani, who served me as interpreter,
+assured me, that I should find the Bible in
+the <i>Fan king tchang</i>. These Jews had not been at
+Peking. What they said was in consequence of what
+they had been told by old Jews, who were deceased.
+When I arrived at Peking, I made inquiries myself,
+and caused inquiries to be made by others; but I
+could not find the Bible. It is not yet an hundred
+years since there were at Peking some Jewish families;
+which afterwards turned Mahometans. A
+Mahometan, who was a man of parts, assured me
+several times, that the Bible was in the possession of
+the Mahometans here, whose ancestors were Jews.
+But when, in consequence of what he said, inquiries
+were made, nothing was found. This Mahometan
+informed me likewise, that he had made inquiries;
+but if he had done so, his researches proved unsuccessful.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Remarks</span> <i>on the</i> Ti ouang miao, Nº. 217.</h3>
+
+<p>1. The emperors, whose memory is honoured
+there, are</p>
+
+<p>The emperors <i>Tou hi</i>, <i>Chin Nong</i>, <i>Hoang ti</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The emperors <i>Chao hao</i>, <i>Tchouen hiu</i>, <i>Ty co</i>, <i>Yao</i>,
+<i>Chun</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The emperor <i>Yu</i>, the founder of the dynasty <i>Hia</i>,
+and thirteen other emperors of that dynasty.</p>
+
+<p>The emperor <i>Tching tang</i>, the founder of the dynasty
+<i>Chang</i>, and twenty-five emperors of that dynasty.</p>
+
+<p>The emperor <i>Ou ouang</i>, the founder of the dynasty
+<i>Tcheou</i>, and thirty-one emperors of that dynasty.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_724">[724]</span></p>
+
+<p>The founder of the dynasty <i>Han</i>, and twenty
+emperors of that dynasty, who are called western
+<i>Han</i>, eastern <i>Han</i>, and later <i>Han</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The founder of the dynasty <i>Tang</i>, and fourteen
+emperors of that dynasty.</p>
+
+<p>The founder of the dynasty <i>Song</i>, and thirteen
+emperors of that dynasty; which is called the northern
+<i>Song</i> and the southern <i>Song</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Gen tchis khan</i>, or <i>Temoug in</i>, the founder of the
+dynasty <i>Yuen</i>, is the dynasty of the Mongol or Mogol
+Tartars. Besides the founder of this dynasty,
+there are ten other emperors of this dynasty, whose
+memory is honoured in the <i>Ti ouang miao</i>. The
+four first emperors of this dynasty, <i>viz. Gen tchis
+khan</i>, <i>Ogo tay</i>, <i>Kouey yevou</i>, and <i>Meng ko</i>, reigned
+in the northern provinces, and had not conquered all
+China. The emperor <i>Cobilay</i>, or <i>Koublay</i>, in Chinese
+<i>Yuen chitsou</i>, completed the conquest of China.</p>
+
+<p>The founder of the dynasty <i>Ming</i>, and the eleven
+emperors of this dynasty.</p>
+
+<p>The emperor <i>Ogo tay</i>, the second of the dynasty
+<i>Yuen</i>, completed the destruction of the dynasty of
+the eastern Tartars, called <i>Kin</i>. It reigned to the
+north as long as the dynasty <i>Song</i> reigned to the
+south. In the <i>Ti ouang miao</i> is honoured the memory
+of the founder of this dynasty <i>Kin</i>, and four
+other emperors of it.</p>
+
+<p>The founder of the Tartar dynasty <i>Kin</i> destroyed
+the dynasty of the Tartars <i>Ki tan</i>, called <i>Leao</i>, which
+conquered a great part of North China and Tartary.</p>
+
+<p>In the <i>Ti ouang miao</i> is honoured the memory of
+this Tartar dynasty <i>Leao</i>, and five other emperors of
+the Tartars <i>Ki tan</i>, whose country was in that of
+Parin in Tartary, among the Mongou or Mogols.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_725">[725]</span></p>
+
+<h4><i>Continuation of the Remarks on the</i> Ti ouang miao.</h4>
+
+<p>2. In the palace of Peking, and elsewhere, there
+are great halls, in which honours are paid to the
+memory of the deceased emperors of the reigning
+dynasty of the <i>Mantcheou</i>. The first and second emperor
+reigned in East Tartary. The emperor <i>Chun
+tchi</i> began to reign in China. If we reckon the present
+emperor in the number, there are six emperors
+<i>Mantcheou</i>. Father Couplet, and others, are mistaken
+in reckoning one more. This error was occasioned
+by the years of the reign of <i>Tay hong</i>, the
+second emperor, having had two names. Father
+Couplet, and others, took the two names of the
+years of the reign for the name or title of the two
+emperors.</p>
+
+<p>3. In the <i>Ti ouang miao</i> is honoured the memory
+of some illustrious persons in the different dynasties.
+The same is done in the hall, where honour is paid
+to the memory of the deceased emperors <i>Montcheou</i>:
+and there are there tablets for so many illustrious persons
+among those emperors.</p>
+
+<p>4. In the <i>Ti ouang miao</i> are placed none of the
+emperors of the dynasty <i>Hin</i> before Christ, nor any
+of those between the dynasties <i>Tang</i> and <i>Han</i>, nor
+of those of the five small dynasties after that of
+<i>Tang</i>. Besides, in each dynasty there are some emperors,
+whose tablets are not placed in the <i>Ti ouang
+miao</i>. The reigning dynasty has not thought it a
+duty to pay honours to those emperors, but considered
+them as unworthy the pompous title of <i>Tin
+tse</i>, or <i>Sons of Heaven</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_726">[726]</span></p>
+
+<p>5. The Tartars <i>Sien pi</i>, who came from the confines
+of <i>Leao tong</i> and Mongol or Mogol Tartary,
+had hords named <i>To pa</i>. One of these hords made
+themselves masters of Tartary <i>Leao tong</i>, and of several
+northern provinces of China. This Tartar
+power has the Chinese name of <i>Ouey</i>. It has produced
+several great princes. The year of Christ 386
+is reckoned the first of that dynasty<a id="FNanchor_153" href="#Footnote_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a>, which reigned
+above 180 years. I do not know why the reigning
+dynasty has not placed the name of any of these
+emperors in the <i>Ti ouang miao</i>.</p>
+
+<p>6. If we suppose, first, that all the books of the
+history of China should be lost, or the contents of
+them should not be known in Europe; and secondly,
+that the catalogue of the emperors, who are mentioned
+in the <i>Ti ouang miao</i>, should fall into the
+hands of some European critics; it is probable, that
+such a catalogue would occasion many false reasonings
+with relation to the succession of the emperors,
+who have reigned in China.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_727">[727]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">XCVII. <i>An Attempt to improve the Manner
+of working the Ventilators by the Help of
+the Fire-Engine. In a Letter to</i> Tho.
+Birch, <i>D. D. Secret. R. S. from</i> Keane
+Fitz-Gerald, <i>Esq; F.R.S.</i></h2>
+</div>
+<p>
+SIR,
+</p>
+<div class="sidenote">Read June 8,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">THE reverend and ingenious Dr.
+Hales, from whom mankind has
+received such benefit by his useful application of
+ventilators, being inclined to extend its use to those,
+who work in mines at great depths under ground,
+where the lives of many are lost by damps and noxious
+vapours, occasioned by the want of a free circulation
+of air; and finding by experience, that ventilators
+worked by wind do not operate above one
+third part of the year, and in calm hot weather,
+when most wanted, do not operate at all; did me
+the honour of applying to me for assistance in contriving
+a machine to work the ventilator, by the help
+of the fire-engine, which is now generally used in all
+mines for drawing off the water; and which I have
+accordingly attempted, and hope it will answer the
+purpose.</p>
+
+<p>As the lever of the fire-engine works up and down
+alternately, and performs at a common medium about
+a dozen strokes in a minute, it was necessary to contrive
+some way to make the beam, tho’ moving alternately,
+to turn a wheel constantly round one way,
+and also to increase the number of strokes to fifty or
+sixty in a minute.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_728">[728]</span></p>
+
+<p>The model of a machine for this purpose is composed
+of four wheels of different sizes, two clicks,
+three pinions, and a fly; which is put into motion
+by the part of a wheel fixed to the arch of the lever
+of the fire-engine.</p>
+
+<p>The wheel, which is turned by the lever, or rather
+moved up and down by it, is loose on its arbor; and
+likewise one of the rochets, and the wheel next to it.
+The outside rochet and outside wheel are fixed on
+the arbor.</p>
+
+<p>There are two pinion-wheels fixed on the arbor;
+one on each side, near the edge of the wheel moved
+by the lever, which turns them.</p>
+
+<p>There are also two clicks; one fixed to the great
+wheel, the other to the frame. These exclusive of
+the wheel that moves the fly.</p>
+
+<p>The effect is, When the lever moves the wheel
+downwards, its click forces the rochet fixed on the
+arbor to move along with it, and the other wheels
+the same way. When it moves upwards, the click
+fixed on the frame stops the larger rochet, and the
+wheel next to it, which are pinned together. This
+wheel being stopped, and the great wheel carried
+upwards by the lever, the pinion towards the edge
+of the great wheel is forced round it, and moves
+the pinion on the other side the great wheel; which
+pinion moves the wheel fixed on the arbor, the contrary
+way to the great wheel, which is carried upwards
+by the lever. By which means, the arbor is
+constantly turned the same way, when the lever of the
+fire-engine is moved either upwards, or downwards.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the arbor there is also another great wheel
+fixed, which turns a pinion: on the arbor of which<span class="pagenum" id="Page_729">[729]</span>
+pinion is a crank to move the ventilator, and also a
+fly fixed to the end, to help the motion of the crank,
+which in the model is turned three times for each
+stroke of the lever, and may be increased or diminished,
+according to the number of teeth in the
+pinion.</p>
+
+<p>The number of teeth in the great wheel moved
+by the lever is sixty-six; but need not have teeth
+above half way round.</p>
+
+<p>The wheel fixed to the rochet has thirty-three
+teeth, and its pinion eleven.</p>
+
+<p>The wheel fixed on the arbor, on the outside, has
+twenty-four teeth, and its pinion sixteen.</p>
+
+<p>The wheel, which turns the fly, has ninety teeth,
+and the pinion turn’d by this wheel ten.</p>
+
+<p>The greater the number of teeth in the rochets,
+the better.</p>
+
+<p>This machine may also be applied to other useful
+purposes at mines; and it may be easily made to
+turn a mill to grind corn; or to turn a wheel to raise
+coals, or whatever else is wanted to be raised from
+the mines. As I have not met with any thing of
+the kind described, I take the liberty of desiring you
+to lay it before the Society; and I hope it may be
+made some way useful to the public.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+I am, Sir,<br />
+
+<span class="margin">Your most obedient humble Servant,</span><br />
+
+<span class="margina"><span class="large">Kea. Fitz-Gerald. </span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p>Poland-Street,
+June 7th, 1758.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_730">[730]</span></p>
+
+<h3><i>Explanation of the Three Tables.</i></h3>
+
+<p>The wheel A (<i>Tab. <a href="#XXVI">26.</a></i>), which is turned by the
+lever B (<i>Tab. <a href="#XXVII">27.</a></i>), or rather moved up and down
+by it, is loose on its arbor; and likewise one of the
+rochets C (<i>Tab. <a href="#XXVI">26.</a></i>), and the wheel next to it D.
+The outside rochet E, and outside wheel F, are fixed
+on the arbor.</p>
+
+<p>There are two pinion-wheels G and H fixed on
+one arbor; one on each side, near the edge of the
+wheel A, moved by the lever.</p>
+
+<p>There are also two clicks <i>a</i> and <i>b</i>; one <i>a</i> fixed to
+the great wheel A, the other <i>b</i> fixed to the frame.
+These exclusive of the wheel I, that moves the pinion
+<i>c</i>, on the arbor of which, the crank <i>d</i>, and fly <i>e</i>,
+(<i>Tab. <a href="#XXVII">27.</a></i>) are fixed.</p>
+
+<p>The effect is, when the lever B moves the wheel
+A downwards; its click <i>a</i>, forces the rochet E, fixed
+on the arbor K, to move along with it, and the other
+wheels the same way. When it moves upwards, the
+click <i>b</i> fixed to the frame, stops the larger <span class="err" title="original: rocket C">rochet C</span>,
+and the wheel D next to it, which are pinned together;
+and as the wheel A is carried upwards by the
+lever, the pinion G towards the edge of it, is forced
+round the wheel D, and moves the pinion H, on the
+other side the great wheel A, which moves the wheel
+F fixed on the arbor K, the contrary way to the wheel
+A. By which means, the arbor K is constantly turned
+the same way, when the lever of the fire-engine moves
+either upwards, or downwards.</p>
+
+<p>The pinion G, by being made proportionally
+smaller than the pinion H, keeps the arbor K in the
+same swiftness of motion, when the lever is moved
+upwards, as downwards.</p>
+<div class="sync"> </div>
+<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="facing730" style="max-width: 144.375em;">
+<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XXVI"></a>XXVI. <i>p. <a href="#Page_730">730</a></i>.</div>
+
+ <img class="w100" src="images/facing730.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="right"><i><span class="small">J. Mynde sc.</span></i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sync"> </div>
+<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="facing730-2" style="max-width: 124.3125em;">
+<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XXVII"></a>XXVII. <i>p. <a href="#Page_730">730</a></i>.</div>
+ <img class="w100" src="images/facing730-2.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="right"><i><span class="small">J. Mynde sc.</span></i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sync"> </div>
+
+<div class="figcenter illowp61" id="facing730-3" style="max-width: 160.5em;">
+<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XXVIII"></a>XXVIII. <i>p. <a href="#Page_730">730</a></i>.</div>
+ <img class="w100" src="images/facing730-3.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="right"><i><span class="small">J. Mynde sc.</span></i></div>
+</div>
+<div class="sync"> </div>
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_731">[731]</span>
+The great wheel I, fixed on the arbor K, turns
+the pinion <i>c</i>, on the arbor of which the crank <i>d</i> (to
+move the ventilator), and the fly <i>e</i> (to help the motion),
+are fixed. The pinion <i>c</i>, is turned three times
+by each alternate motion of the lever; which may
+be increased, or diminished, according to the number
+of teeth in the pinion <i>c</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The number of teeth in the wheel A is sixty-six,
+but need not be toothed above half way. Instead
+of this wheel there might be a barrel, with a chord
+round it, fixed at each end of the arch of the lever,
+and projecting somewhat from it; which, by the
+motion of the lever, would work in the same manner
+in other respects, and be easier made, and at less
+expence.</p>
+
+<p>The wheel D fixed to the rochet C has thirty-three
+teeth, and its pinion G eleven.</p>
+
+<p>The wheel F fixed on the arbor K has twenty-four
+teeth, and its pinion H sixteen.</p>
+
+<p>The greater the number of teeth in the rochets,
+the better.</p>
+
+<p class="p2"><i><a href="#XXVI">Tab. 26.</a></i> contains the plan (in parts) of the whole
+machine, except the lever B and fly <i>e</i>, which are in
+<i><a href="#XXVII">Tab. 27.</a></i></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><i><a href="#XXVII">Tab. 27.</a></i> also contains the elevation of the arbor,
+with its different fixtures; <i>viz.</i></p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td><i>Fig. 1.</i></td> <td>The rochet C and wheel D (<i><a href="#XXVI">Tab. 26.</a></i>) fixed
+together.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="tdr">2.</td> <td>The outside wheel F that works the pinion-wheel
+ H (<i><a href="#XXVI">Tab. 26</a></i>). </td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="tdr"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_732">[732]</span>
+
+ 3.</td> <td>The two pinion-wheels H and G (<i><a href="#XXVI">Tab. 26.</a></i>)
+fixed on their arbor.</td></tr>
+
+<tr> <td class="tdr">4.</td> <td>The same fixed to the wheel A (<i><a href="#XXVI">Tab. 26.</a></i>)
+by means of two cocks <i>u</i> and <i>w</i> (<i><a href="#XXVI">Tab. 26.</a></i>). </td>
+</tr>
+ <tr><td class="tdr">5.</td> <td>The arbor, with the wheel L and rochet E
+fixed; <i>t</i> the place, where the wheel A is
+fixed. </td></tr>
+
+ <tr><td class="tdr">6.</td> <td>The elevation of the whole arbor. </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="p2"><i><a href="#XXVIII">Tab. 28.</a></i> The elevation of the whole machine, the
+lever B (<i><a href="#XXVII">Tab. 27.</a></i>) working the wheel A (<i><a href="#XXVI">Tab. 26</a></i>).</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td><i>s</i> </td><td>(<i><a href="#XXVI">Tab. 26.</a></i>) a thin piece of metal screwed to the
+wheel A, to keep it in its place <i>t</i> on the arbor
+K (<i><a href="#XXVII">Tab. 27.</a></i>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><i>u</i></td> <td>(<i><a href="#XXVI">Tab. 26.</a></i>) the cock, that fastens the pinion G, to
+the inside of the wheel A.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><i>w</i></td> <td>(<i>Tab. 26.</i>) the cock, that fastens the pinion H on
+the outside of the wheel A.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><i>x</i></td> <td>(<i><a href="#XXVII">Tab. 27.</a></i>) the arbor, on which the pinions G and
+H are fixed.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><i>y</i></td> <td>(<i><a href="#XXVI">Tab. 26.</a></i>) a spring, that keeps the click <i>a</i> in its
+place.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>L</td> <td>(<i><a href="#XXVI">Tab. 26.</a></i>) a frame-plate with the centers
+marked.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><i>z</i></td> <td>The opposite hole enlarged, to admit the pinion <i>c</i>
+to pass through.</td></tr></table>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_733">[733]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">XCVIII. <i>An Account of some Experiments
+concerning the different Refrangibility of
+Light. By Mr.</i> John Dollond. <i>With a
+Letter from</i> James Short, <i>M. A. F.R.S.
+Acad. Reg. Suec. Soc.</i></h2>
+</div>
+<p class="center">
+<i>To the Rev. Dr.</i> Birch, <i>Secret. R. S.</i></p>
+<p>
+Dear Sir,
+</p>
+<div class="sidenote">Read June 8,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">I Have received the inclosed paper from
+Mr. Dollond, which he desires may
+be laid before the Royal Society. It contains the
+theory of correcting the errors arising from the different
+refrangibility of the rays of light in the object-glasses
+of refracting telescopes; and I have found,
+upon examination, that telescopes made according to
+this theory are intirely free from colours, and are as
+distinct as reflecting telescopes. I am,</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+Dear Sir,<br />
+
+<span class="margin">Your most obedient humble Servant,</span><br />
+
+<span class="margina"><span class="large">Ja. Short. </span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p>Surrey-street,
+8th June, 1758.</p>
+
+<p class="drop-capi p2">IT is well known, that a ray of light, refracted
+by passing thro’ mediums of different densities,
+is at the same time proportionally divided or spread
+into a number of parts, commonly called homogeneal
+rays, each of a different colour; and that these, after
+refraction, proceed diverging; a proof, that they are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_734">[734]</span>
+differently refracted, and that light consists of parts
+that differ in degrees of refrangibility.</p>
+
+<p>Every ray of light passing from a rarer into a
+denser medium, is refracted towards the perpendicular;
+but from a denser into a rarer one, from the perpendicular;
+and the sines of the angles of incidence
+and refraction are in a given ratio. But light consisting
+of parts, which are differently refrangible,
+each part of an original or compound ray has a ratio
+peculiar to itself; and therefore the more a heterogene
+ray is refracted, the more will the colours diverge,
+since the ratios of the sines of the homogene
+rays are constant; and equal refractions produce
+equal divergencies.</p>
+
+<p>That this is the case when light is refracted by
+one given medium only, as suppose any particular
+sort of glass, is out of all dispute, being indeed self-evident;
+but that the divergency of the colours will
+be the same under equal refractions, whatsoever mediums
+the light may be refracted by, tho’ generally
+supposed, does not appear quite so clearly.</p>
+
+<p>However, as no medium is known, which will
+refract light without diverging the colours, and as
+difference of refrangibility seems thence to be a property
+inherent in light itself, Opticians have, upon
+that consideration, concluded, that equal refractions
+must produce equal divergencies in every sort of medium:
+whence it should also follow, that equal and
+contrary refractions must not only destroy each other,
+but that the divergency of the colour from one refraction
+would likewise be corrected by the other;
+and there could be no possibility of producing any
+such thing as refraction, which would not be affected<span class="pagenum" id="Page_735">[735]</span>
+by the different <span class="err" title="refrangibilty">refrangibility</span> of light; or, in other
+words, that however a ray of light might be refracted
+backwards and forwards by different mediums,
+as water, glass, <i>&c.</i> provided it was so done,
+that the emergent ray should be parallel to the incident
+one, it would ever after be white; and, conversely,
+if it should come out inclined to the incident,
+it would diverge, and ever after be coloured.
+From which it was natural to infer, that all spherical
+object-glasses of telescopes must be equally affected
+by the different refrangibility of light, in proportion
+to their apertures, whatever material they may be
+formed of.</p>
+
+<p>But it seems worthy of consideration, that notwithstanding
+this notion has been generally adopted
+as an incontestable truth, yet it does not seem to
+have been hitherto so confirmed by evident experiment,
+as the nature of so important a matter justly
+demands; and this it was that determined me to
+attempt putting the thing to issue by the following
+experiment.</p>
+
+<p>I cemented together two plates of parallel glass at
+their edges, so as to form a prismatic or wedge-like
+vessel, when stopped at the ends or bases; and its
+edge being turned downwards, I placed therein a
+glass prism with one of its edges upwards, and
+filled up the vacancy with clear water: thus the
+refraction of the prism was contrived to be contrary
+to that of the water, so that a ray of light transmitted
+thro’ both these refracting mediums would
+be refracted by the difference only between the two
+refractions. Wherefore, as I found the water to refract
+more or less than the glass prism, I diminished<span class="pagenum" id="Page_736">[736]</span>
+or increased the angle between the glass plates, till I
+found the two contrary refractions to be equal;
+which I discovered by viewing an object thro’ this
+double prism; which, when it appeared neither raised
+nor depressed, I was satisfied, that the refractions
+were equal, and that the emergent rays were parallel
+to the incident.</p>
+
+<p>Now, according to the prevailing opinion, the object
+should have appeared thro’ this double prism
+quite of its natural colour; for if the difference of
+refrangibility had been equal in the two equal refractions,
+they would have rectified each other: but
+the experiment fully proved the fallacy of this received
+opinion, by shewing the divergency of the
+light by the prism to be almost double of that by
+the water; for the object, tho’ not at all refracted,
+was yet as much infected with prismatic colours, as
+if it had been seen thro’ a glass wedge only, whose
+refracting angle was near 30 degrees.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="hang"><i>N. B.</i> This experiment will be readily perceived
+to be the same as that which Sir Isaac Newton
+mentions<a id="FNanchor_154" href="#Footnote_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a>; but how it comes to differ so very
+remarkably in the result, I shall not take upon
+me to account for; but will only add, that I
+used all possible precaution and care in the process,
+and that I keep the apparatus by me to
+evince the truth of what I write, whenever I
+may be properly required so to do.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>I plainly saw then, that if the refracting angle
+of the water-vessel could have admitted of a sufficient
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_737">[737]</span>increase, the divergency of the coloured rays would
+have been greatly diminished, or intirely rectified;
+and there would have been a very great refraction
+without colour, as now I had a great discolouring
+without refraction: but the inconveniency of so
+large an angle, as that of the vessel must have been,
+to bring the light to an equal divergency with that
+of the glass prism, whose angle was about 60 degrees,
+made it necessary to try some experiments of
+the same kind, by smaller angles.</p>
+
+<p>I ground a wedge of common plate glass to an
+angle of somewhat less than 9 degrees, which refracted
+the mean rays about 5 degrees. I then made
+a wedge-like vessel, as in the former experiment,
+and filling it with water, managed it so, that it refracted
+equally with the glass wedge; or, in other
+words, the difference of their refractions was nothing,
+and objects viewed thro’ them appeared neither
+raised nor depressed. This was done with an
+intent to observe the same thing over again in these
+small angles, which I had seen in the prism: and it
+appeared indeed the same in proportion, or as near as
+I could judge; for notwithstanding the refractions
+were here also equal, yet the divergency of the colours
+by the glass was vastly greater than that by the
+water; for objects seen by these two refractions were
+very much discoloured. Now this was a demonstration,
+that the divergency of the light, by the
+different refrangibility, was far from being equal in
+these two refractions. I also saw, from the position
+of the colours, that the excess of divergency was in
+the glass; so that I increased the angle of the water-wedge,
+by different trials, till the divergency of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_738">[738]</span>
+light by the water was equal to that by the glass;
+that is, till the object, tho’ considerably refracted,
+by the excess of the refraction of the water, appeared
+nevertheless quite free from any colours proceeding
+from the different refrangibility of light; and, as
+near as I could then measure, the refraction by the
+water was about ⁵⁄₄ of that by the glass. Indeed I
+was not very exact in taking the measures, because
+my business was not at that time about the proportions,
+so much as to shew, that the divergency of
+the colours, by different substances, was by no means
+in proportion to the refractions; and that there was
+a possibility of refraction without any divergency of
+the light at all.</p>
+
+<p>Having, about the beginning of the year 1757,
+tried these experiments, I soon after set about grinding
+telescopic object-glasses upon the new principles
+of refractions, which I had gathered from them;
+which object-glasses were compounded of two spherical
+glasses with water between them. These glasses
+I had the satisfaction to find, as I had expected, free
+from the errors arising from the different refrangibility
+of light: for the refractions, by which the
+rays were brought to a focus, were every-where the
+differences between two contrary refractions, in the
+same manner, and in the same proportions, as in the
+experiment with the wedges.</p>
+
+<p>However, the images formed at the foci of these
+object-glasses were still very far from being so distinct
+as might have been expected from the removal
+of so great a disturbance; and yet it was not very
+difficult to guess at the reason, when I considered,
+that the radii of the spherical surfaces of those glasses<span class="pagenum" id="Page_739">[739]</span>
+were required to be so short, in order to make the
+refractions in the required proportions, that they
+must produce aberrations, or errors, in the image, as
+great, or greater, than those from the different refrangibility
+of light. And therefore, seeing no method
+of getting over that difficulty, I gave up all
+hopes of succeeding in that way.</p>
+
+<p>And yet, as these experiments clearly proved, that
+different substances diverged the light very differently,
+in proportion to the refraction; I began to suspect,
+that such variety might possibly be found in different
+sorts of glass, especially as experience had already
+shewn, that some made much better object-glasses,
+in the usual way, than others: and as no satisfactory
+cause had as yet been assigned for such difference,
+there was great reason to presume, that it might be
+owing to the different divergency of the light by their
+refractions.</p>
+
+<p>Wherefore, the next business to be undertaken,
+was to grind wedges of different kinds of glass, and
+apply them together, so that the refractions might
+be made in contrary directions, in order to discover,
+as in the foregoing experiments, whether the refraction
+and divergency of the colours would vanish
+together. But a considerable time elapsed before I
+could set about that work; for tho’ I was determined
+to try it at my leisure, for satisfying my own curiosity,
+yet I did not expect to meet with a difference sufficient
+to give room for any great improvement of
+telescopes; so that it was not till the latter end of
+the year that I undertook it, when my first trials
+convinced me, that this business really deserved my
+utmost attention and application.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_740">[740]</span></p>
+
+<p>I discovered a difference, far beyond my hopes,
+in the refractive qualities of different kinds of glass,
+with respect to their divergency of colours. the
+yellow or straw-coloured foreign sort, commonly
+called Venice glass, and the English crown glass, are
+very near alike in that respect, tho’ in general the
+crown glass seems to diverge the light rather the
+least of the two. The common plate glass made in
+England diverges more; and the white crystal or
+flint English glass, as it is called, most of all.</p>
+
+<p>It was not now my business to examine into the
+particular qualities of every kind of glass that I could
+come at, much less to amuse myself with conjectures
+about the cause, but to fix upon such two sorts as
+their difference was the greatest; which I soon found
+to be the crown, and the white flint or crystal. I
+therefore ground a wedge of white flint of about 25
+degrees, and another of crown of about 29 degrees,
+which refracted nearly alike; but their divergency of
+the colours was very different. I then ground several
+others of crown to different angles, till I got
+one, which was equal, with respect to the divergency
+of the light, to that in the white flint: for when
+they were put together, so as to refract in contrary
+directions, the refracted light was intirely free from
+colour. Then measuring the refractions of each
+wedge, I found that of the white glass to be to that
+of the crown nearly as 2 to 3; and this proportion
+would hold very nearly in all small angles. Wherefore
+any two wedges made in this proportion, and
+applied together, so as to refract in a contrary direction,
+would refract the light without any difference
+of refrangibility.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_741">[741]</span></p>
+
+<p>To make therefore two spherical glasses, that shall
+refract the light in contrary directions, it is easy to
+understand, that one must be concave, and the other
+convex; and as the rays are to converge to a real
+focus, the excess of refraction must evidently be in
+the convex; and as the convex is to refract most, it
+appears from the experiment, that it must be made
+with crown glass, and the concave with white flint
+glass.</p>
+
+<p>And further, as the refractions of spherical glasses
+are in an inverse ratio of their focal distances; it
+follows, that the focal distances of the two glasses
+should be inversely as the ratio’s of the fractions of
+the wedges: for being thus proportioned, every ray
+of light, that passes thro’ this combined glass, at
+whatever distance it may pass from its axe, will constantly
+be refracted, by the difference between two
+contrary refractions, in the proportion required; and
+therefore the different refrangibility of the light will
+be intirely removed.</p>
+
+<p>Having thus got rid of the principal cause of the
+imperfection of refracting <span class="err" title="original: telelescopes">telescopes</span>, there seemed
+to be nothing more to do, but to go to work upon
+this principle: but I had not made many attempts,
+before I found, that the removal of one impediment
+had introduced another equally detrimental (the same
+as I had before found in two glasses with water between
+them): for the two glasses, that were to be
+combined together, were the segments of very deep
+spheres; and therefore the aberrations from the spherical
+surfaces became very considerable, and greatly
+disturbed the distinctness of the image. Tho’ this
+appeared at first a very great difficulty, yet I was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_742">[742]</span>
+not long without hopes of a remedy: for considering,
+the surfaces of spherical glasses admit of great
+variations, tho’ the focal distance be limited, and
+that by these variations their aberrations may be
+made more or less, almost at pleasure; I plainly saw
+the possibility of making the aberrations of any two
+glasses equal; and as in this case the refractions of
+the two glasses were contrary to each other, their
+aberrations, being equal, would intirely vanish.</p>
+
+<p>And thus, at last, I obtained a perfect theory for
+making object-glasses, to the apertures of which I
+could scarce conceive any limits: for if the practice
+could come up to the theory, they must certainly
+admit of very extensive ones, and of course bear
+very great magnifying powers.</p>
+
+<p>But the difficulties attending the practice are very
+considerable. In the first place, the focal distances,
+as well as the particular surfaces, must be very nicely
+proportioned to the densities or refracting powers of
+the glasses; which are very apt to vary in the same
+sort of glass made at different times. Secondly, the
+centres of the two glasses must be placed truly on the
+common axis of the telescope, otherwise the desired
+effect will be in a great measure destroyed. Add to
+these, that there are four surfaces to be wrought perfectly
+spherical; and any person, but moderately
+practised in optical operations, will allow, that there
+must be the greatest accuracy throughout the whole
+work.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding so many difficulties, as I have
+enumerated, I have, after numerous trials, and a
+resolute perseverance, brought the matter at last to
+such an issue, that I can construct refracting telescopes,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_743">[743]</span>
+ with such apertures and magnifying powers,
+under limited lengths, as, in the opinion of the best
+and undeniable judges, who have experienced them,
+far exceed any thing that has been hitherto produced,
+as representing objects with great distinctness,
+and in their true colours.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="large">John Dollond.</span>
+</p>
+<hr />
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">XCIX. <i>An Account of some extraordinary
+Effects arising from Convulsions; being
+Part of a Letter to</i> John Huxham, <i>M.D.
+and F.R.S. from</i> William Watson, <i>M.D.
+F.R.S.</i></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="right">
+6 June, 1758.
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read June 15,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">IN the month of January 1757, I
+was concerned for a young gentle-woman,
+who, if the number, continuance, and frequency
+of their returns, be considered, suffered the
+most violent and severe convulsions I ever knew.
+At some times the muscular spasms were general; at
+other times single muscles only, or a number of
+them, subservient to some particular purpose in the
+animal oeconomy, were affected. And such was
+the peculiarity of this case, that after and in proportion
+as any single muscle, or any determined
+number of muscles, had been in a state of spasm, a
+paralytic inability succeeded to those muscles, which
+very much disordered and impaired, and several times
+even for no small continuance prevented the patient<span class="pagenum" id="Page_744">[744]</span>
+from performing, several of her necessary functions.
+When the muscles, for instance, subservient to deglutition
+had been convulsed, for many hours after
+the fits had left her, she has not been able to swallow
+a single drop of liquid: so that when attempts have
+been made to cause her to drink, unless the liquor
+was immediately thrown back, there was imminent
+danger of her being strangled. When her eyes have
+been affected, several times a compleat <i>gutta serena</i>,
+and total blindness, has ensued; the patient being
+able to bear the strong day-light with open eyes,
+without being sensible of its influence, or in the
+least contracting her widely dilated pupils. After
+one of these fits the blindness continued full five
+days; and I began to be in fear for the return of her
+sight.</p>
+
+<p>You, Sir, who are so excellently well versed in
+the animal oeconomy, are not to be informed, that
+vocification is performed in the <i>aspera arteria</i>; but
+that the articulation of sounds into syllables and words
+is modulated principally by the tongue, and muscles
+about the larynx. In the case before you, very early
+in the disease, the spasms seized the muscles about
+the larynx: the consequence of which was, that after
+they were over, the patient was unable to utter a
+word. This faculty however she again once recovered;
+but it continued a very short time, as the
+fits returned, which again left her deprived of the
+power of speech. After having lost her voice a
+second time, her power of speech did not return,
+even after she was freed from her convulsions, and
+her general health restored. Fourteen months passed,
+whilst this patient continued absolutely speechless;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_745">[745]</span>
+when, after having violently heated herself by four
+hours dancing, on a sudden her power of speech
+returned, and it has continued perfectly free ever
+since.</p>
+
+<p>What is still further remarkable in this case is,
+that during the whole time of this patient’s continuing
+speechless, her life was rendered yet more
+uncomfortable by her having, from the injury to her
+brain by the spasms, forgot how to write, so as to
+express her meaning that way: but upon the recovery
+of her speech, this faculty likewise returned,
+which she has retained ever since. During the severity
+of this disease, which continued several weeks,
+almost every day of which, from the number and
+violence of the convulsions, I feared would be the
+patient’s last, nothing was left unattempted, which
+I imagined could tend to prevent the return of the
+spasms, or lessen their effects. My endeavours so
+far happily succeeded, that her fits did not return;
+but the consequences of them continued, more particularly
+her inability to speak. After some months
+however, when she was recruited in her strength, I
+was desirous of trying the effects of electricity, more
+particularly applied about her throat. This was accordingly
+attempted; but such was the state of her
+nerves, and their sensibility to its effects, that electrizing
+brought back the fits, which again affected
+her sight: so that I was compelled to desist, lest, in
+endeavouring to restore her speech, I might not only
+fail in this attempt, but might bring possibly on a
+permanent blindness. I determined therefore to trust
+the whole to time, which has happily removed all
+her complaints.</p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_746">[746]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">C. <i>An Account of an extraordinary Storm
+of Hail in</i> Virginia. <i>By</i> Francis Fauquier,
+<i>Esq; Lieutenant Governor of</i> Virginia,
+<i>and F.R.S. Communicated by</i> William
+Fauquier, <i>Esq; F.R.S.</i></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><i>To the Rev.</i> Tho. Birch, <i>D. D. Secret. R. S.</i></p>
+
+<p>SIR,</p>
+<div class="sidenote">Read Nov. 9,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">IN a letter I received from my brother,
+the lieutenant governor of Virginia,
+he gives an account of a very remarkable storm of
+hail; which, if you think it worth communicating
+to the Society, is very much at their service.</p>
+
+<p>It happened on Sunday the 9th of July, about
+four o’clock in the afternoon, and was preceded by
+some thunder and lightning. It was a small cloud,
+that did not seem to threaten much before its breaking,
+and did not extend a full mile in breadth. It
+passed over the middle of the town of Williamsburgh,
+and the skirts of the town had but little of it. Its
+course was from N. by W. to S. by E. The hail-stones,
+or rather pieces of ice, were most of them
+of an oblong square form; many of them an inch
+and half long, and about three fourths of an inch
+wide and deep; and from one side of most of them
+there proceeded sharp spikes, protuberant at least
+half an inch. He says he cooled his wine, and froze
+cream, with some of them the next day; and they
+were not totally dissolved when he went to bed on<span class="pagenum" id="Page_747">[747]</span>
+Monday night. This storm broke every pane of
+glass on the north side his house, and destroyed all
+his garden things intirely.</p>
+
+<p>He mentions likewise the heats to have been rather
+more than usual in that country this summer; and
+particularly on the 9th of August his thermometer
+(which is hung on the outside of his house on the
+north aspect) was at 97, by Fahrenheit’s graduation,
+and some other days as high as 94 or 95. I am,</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+SIR,<br />
+<span class="margin">Your most obedient humble Servant,</span><br />
+
+<span class="margina"><span class="large">Wm. Fauquier. </span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p>Jermyn street,
+18 October, 1758.</p>
+<hr />
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">CI. <i>An Account of an extraordinary Case
+of a diseased Eye; In a Letter to</i> Matthew
+Maty, <i>M. D. F.R.S. By</i> Daniel
+Peter Layard, <i>M. D. F.R.S.</i></h2>
+</div>
+<p class="right">
+ Huntingdon, 20th May, 1758.
+</p>
+<p>Dear Sir,</p>
+<div class="sidenote">Read Nov. 9.
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">IN October 1755. I communicated to
+you, and you inserted in the last volume
+of your <i>Journal Britannique</i>, the case of Susannah
+Earle, of Hemmingford-Grey in this County,
+who, in consequence of the whooping cough, was
+afflicted with a protruded eye. The case I now send
+you, somewhat similar to that young girl’s in its first
+appearance and progress, but by accident attended
+with a second disease, will perhaps deserve your attention,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_748">[748]</span>
+ and not seem unworthy of being presented
+to the Royal Society.</p>
+
+<p>John Law, of Fenny-Stanton, also in the County
+of Huntingdon, a strong and robust lad, thirteen
+years and six months old, in Easter week 1756,
+beating dung about a close with unusual force, on a
+sudden felt a violent pain in his left eye. The pain
+increased, an inflammation ensued, and the eye grew
+daily larger. The poor boy’s mother followed the
+directions, which she received, without the least benefit
+to her child, after having, besides other expences,
+been defrauded by a quack of two guineas;
+a great sum for a poor cottager!</p>
+
+<p>The widow Law, in her distress, heard of Susannah
+Earl’s cure. She went to see her; and determined
+to bring her son to Huntingdon, for Mr. Hopkins’s
+assistance. Accordingly, October the 7th 1756,
+she came to Mr. Daniel Hopkins, surgeon, in this
+town; and having desired my opinion, we both
+examined the eye together.</p>
+
+<p>The left eye was protruded out of its orbit, and
+hung down over the cheek to the upper lip. The
+coats were greatly discoloured, all the vessels turgid,
+the sight totally lost, and the humours appeared like
+fluctuating pus. We saw the necessity of an immediate
+extirpation, to save the right eye, already
+greatly inflamed; and having apprized the mother
+and boy of the state the eye was in, a consultation
+was desired with two surgeons of St. Ives. Mr.
+Dawkes, who was present with Mr. Skeeles at Susannah
+Earle’s operation, being dead since that time,
+Mr. Thomas Skeeles and Mr. Thomas Want very
+charitably met Mr. Hopkins and me the next day,
+October the 8th, at the widow Law’s cottage.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_749">[749]</span></p>
+
+<p>The eye appeared to these gentlemen as I have
+related: and upon Mr. Want’s pressing with his finger
+on the pupil, the globe burst at the edge of the
+<i>Iris</i>, and discharged pus. The extirpation of the
+eye was unanimously agreed upon, and immediately
+performed.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hopkins made a puncture with a lancet close
+to the external and small canthus of the eye, and
+then with a pair of crooked scissars took off all the
+distended globe close to the eye-lids. He then
+cleaned the cavity of the purulent humours, and
+filled it with soft lint, over which he applied bolsters
+dipped in warm red wine and water, and the <i>monoculus</i>
+bandage to keep on the whole dressings. The
+lad was bled in the arm; nitrous medicines, and anodynes,
+were prescribed, and a suitable regimen. The
+fever, and inflammation of the eye, gradually decreased;
+the suppuration of the wound in few days
+was good, the distended eye-lids contracted, and
+a cure was soon expected.</p>
+
+<p>But on November the 7th the lad went to open
+the street-door, and it being a cold and rainy evening,
+he quickly felt the bad effects of the cold wind,
+which drove the rain in upon him. That night the
+wound became again very painful, the eye-lids puffed
+up, and next day appeared much inflamed, as were
+all the contents of the orbit. Fungous excrescences
+soon followed, and an intermittent fever. An emetic
+being improper, he was purged with rhubarb, and
+afterwards took the bark infused in red wine. The
+fever was removed after some time; but the contents
+of the orbit continued increasing, and the fungous
+excrescences became so large and spongy, as to be of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_750">[750]</span>
+equal bulk with the diseased eye before extirpation.
+All topical applications, to contract this fungus,
+were ineffectual, and the application of caustics or
+escharotics was prudently avoided, lest they should
+produce a carcinomatous ulcer. The discharge was
+chiefly a purulent serum: on which account, ever
+since the beginning of November he was kept upon
+a dry diet.</p>
+
+<p>In February 1757. the remaining coats of the eye
+began to appear at the most prominent parts of the
+excrescence, and seemed white like a part of the
+<i>conjunctiva</i>. On touching it with the finger, a distinct
+fluctuation was felt, and an <i>hydrophthalmia</i>
+perfectly discovered; but neither the thickness of the
+coats, nor the sensibility of the parts, would permit
+a puncture to be made, till the cyst, which appeared
+formed by the distension of one of the coats of the
+eye, was freer from the fungus.</p>
+
+<p>The cyst continued daily to extend itself, and to
+separate the fungous edges; the fluctuation became
+more manifest, and the membranes thinner. At
+length, on the 15th of June 1757, Mr. Hopkins
+opened the cyst with the point of a lancet, and let
+out a large cup-full of limpid serum, without smell
+or taste. The boy felt very little pain in this operation.
+The cavity was filled with dry lint, and compresses
+dipt in warm red wine and water were applied
+over it. All the night following, and several days
+after, a great discharge of serum came away. On
+the 19th the fungus was considerably lessened. Mr.
+Hopkins then dressed the wound with warm <i>unguentum
+é gummi elemi</i>, and washed the fungus
+with a lotion of <i>aquarum calcis</i>, <i>rosarum</i>, <i>et tincturæ<span class="pagenum" id="Page_751">[751]</span>
+ myrrhæ</i>. On the 23d, upon his removing the
+dressings, he saw the cyst loose and collapsed; which
+he extracted with his forceps, without the least difficulty,
+or pain to his patient. The fungus daily
+wasted afterwards, the wound digested well, and the
+lad was intirely cured on the 7th of August.</p>
+
+<p>His right eye is perfectly strong, and he has been
+free from complaint ever since. The remainder of
+the coats of the eye, and of the muscles, bear up
+the eye-lids, that when uncovered he only seems to
+have closed the left eye: however, he has wore all
+the winter a back patch over it, to guard against
+fresh cold.</p>
+
+<p>The cyst, when first taken away, measured three
+inches and half in length, one inch and half in diameter,
+and contained a large cup-full of water. It
+appeared to be the <i>tunica sclerotica</i>, was of a clear
+pellucid white, and of so delicate a texture, as scarce
+to admit of being touched without tearing; and
+when dried with all possible care, became so brittle,
+that Mr. Hopkins could hardly preserve it in the
+manner I now send it.</p>
+
+<h3>REMARKS.</h3>
+
+<p>In both Susannah Earle and John Law’s cases, the
+eye was distended by the accumulation of the aqueous
+humour, separated in great quantity by the repeated
+straining of the blood-vessels in the whooping cough,
+which might gradually relax and enlarge the aqueous
+ducts of Susannah Earle’s eye; and possibly by the
+rupture of those ducts, and of some blood-vessels, at
+the time John Law exerted himself violently in beating<span class="pagenum" id="Page_752">[752]</span>
+ dung about the close: for in either case the <i>impetus</i>
+of the blood must have been so violent, as to
+produce those effects. However, from the <i>hydrophthalmia</i>
+succeeding the operation on John Law, the
+fungous excrescence, and continual serous discharge
+during several months from the wound, it plainly
+appears, that an abundance of aqueous humour was
+discharged at first by the distention or laceration of
+the aqueous ducts, and latterly for want of a contraction
+of those vessels, and of the lymphatics, which
+were no longer of use.</p>
+
+<p>Both these cases shew the necessity of inquiring
+particularly into the causes of diseases of the eyes,
+as well as of other parts of the body; for by barely
+attending to the symptoms, the disease will not be
+removed, tho’ the symptoms be alleviated. Bleeding,
+and moderate evacuations, would certainly have, at
+first, decreased the tension and pain, and assuaged
+the inflammation; but both topical applications, and
+internal medicines, were properly to be adapted, and
+a suitable diet regulated.</p>
+
+<p>Not to mention the absurd and impertinent abuse
+of empirics, what benefit could accrue, in both
+these cases, from unctuous, laxative, or emollient
+applications, from drastic and mercurial purges?
+Tho’ such applications might be well intended, to
+take off the tension and inflammation; yet, as
+the distension of the blood-vessels only increased
+gradually, as the globe of the eye was enlarged;
+so whatever application relaxed the coats of the eye,
+must infallibly stretch out the vessels yet farther,
+and cause a greater pain and inflammation; which
+drastic and mercurial purges would also increase.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_753">[753]</span></p>
+
+<p>The only method then to be pursued in such bad
+cases would be at first to endeavour to remove the
+fullness of the blood, and make use of such topical
+remedies as would contract without irritation. If
+the cause remains, as the whooping cough in Susannah
+Earle’s case, no amendment of the eye can
+be expected, while the patient’s blood-vessels are continually
+strained by frequent coughing. This illness
+therefore should be attended to, and removed as
+soon as possible.</p>
+
+<p>But should the eye be so enlarged, as to protrude
+itself out of the orbit, there seems no other way to
+lessen the bulk of the eye, than by making a puncture
+with a proper instrument, to let out the aqueous
+humour; and then apply such agglutinant and contracting
+<i>collyria</i>, as may reduce the distended coats
+and vessels to their former size. This operation
+should be performed before the humours are vitiated,
+the sight lost, the vessels in a state of suppuration,
+and the coats of the eye too far extended; for at
+that time nothing less than extirpation can be of use.</p>
+
+<p>Professor Nuck, in his <i>Tractatus de Ductibus Oculorum
+Aquosis</i>, p. 120, <i>& seq.</i> relates the success he
+had in curing a young man by five repeated punctures,
+and a strict observance in a proper use of all
+the non-naturals.</p>
+
+<p>I am, with the greatest regard and esteem,</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+Dear Sir,<br />
+
+<span class="margin">Your most affectionate Brother,</span><br />
+<span class="margina">and very humble Servant,</span><br />
+
+<span class="marginb"><span class="large">D. P. Layard.</span></span><br />
+</p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_754">[754]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">CII. <i>An Account of the Heat of the Weather
+in</i> Georgia: <i>In a Letter from his
+Excellency</i> Henry Ellis, <i>Esq; Governor of</i>
+Georgia, <i>and F.R.S. to</i> John Ellis, <i>Esq;
+F.R.S.</i></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="right">Georgia, 17 July, 1758.</p>
+<p>
+Dear Sir,
+</p>
+<div class="sidenote">Read Nov. 16,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">THO’ some weeks have passed since
+I wrote to you, yet so little alteration
+has happened in the state of our affairs, that
+nothing occurs to me relative to them worth committing
+to paper. This indeed I need not regret, as
+one cannot sit down to any thing, that requires much
+application, but with extreme reluctance; for such
+is the debilitating quality of our violent heats at this
+season, that an inexpressible languor enervates every
+faculty, and renders even the thought of exercising
+them painful.</p>
+
+<p>’Tis now about three o’ clock; the sun bears nearly
+S. W. and I am writing in a piazza, open at each
+end, on the north-east side of my house, perfectly in
+the shade: a small breeze at S. E. blows freely
+thro’ it; no buildings are nearer, to reflect the heat,
+than 60 yards: yet in a thermometer hanging by
+me, made by Mr. Bird, and compared by the late
+Mr. George Graham with an approved one of his
+own, the mercury stands at 102. Twice it has risen
+this Summer to the same height; <i>viz.</i> on the 28th of
+June, and the 11th of July. Several times it has
+been at 100, and for many days successively at 98;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_755">[755]</span>
+and did not in the nights sink below 89. I think it
+highly probable, that the inhabitants of this town
+breathe a hotter air than any other people on the face
+of the earth. The greatest heat we had last year
+was but 92, and that but once: from 84 to 90 were
+the usual variations; but this is reckoned an extraordinary
+hot summer. The weather-wise of this
+country say it forebodes a hurricane; for it has always
+been remarked, that these tempests have been
+preceded by continual and uncommon heats. I must
+acquaint you, however, that the heats we are subject
+to here are more intense than in any other parts of
+the province, the town of Savannah being situated
+upon a sandy eminence, and sheltered all round with
+high woods. But it is very sufficient, that the people
+actually breathe so hot an air as I describe; and no
+less remarkable, that this very spot, from its height
+and dryness, is reckoned equally healthy with any
+other in the province.</p>
+
+<p>I have frequently walked an hundred yards under
+an umbrella, with a thermometer suspended from it
+by a thread to the height of my nostrils, when the
+mercury has rose to 105; which is prodigious. At
+the same time I have confined this instrument close
+to the hottest part of my body, and have been astonished
+to observe, that it has subsided several degrees.
+Indeed, I never could raise the mercury above 97
+with the heat of my body.</p>
+
+<p>You know, dear Sir, that I have traversed a great
+part of this globe, not without giving some attention
+to the peculiarities of each climate; and I can fairly
+pronounce, that I never felt such heats any-where as
+in Georgia. I know experiments on this subject are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_756">[756]</span>
+extremely liable to error; but I presume I cannot
+now be mistaken, either in the goodness of the instrument,
+or in the fairness of the trials, which I have
+repeatedly made with it. This same thermometer
+I have had thrice in the equatorial parts of Africa;
+as often at Jamaica, and the West India islands; and,
+upon examination of my journals, I do not find, that
+the quicksilver ever rose in those parts above the
+87th degree, and to that but seldom: its general station
+was between the 79th and 86th degree; and
+yet I think I have felt those degrees, with a moist
+air, more disagreeable than what I now feel.</p>
+
+<p>In my relation of the late expedition to the north-west,
+if I recollect right, I have observed, that all
+the changes and variety of weather, that happen in
+the temperate zone throughout the year, may be
+experienced at the Hudson’s Bay settlements in 24
+hours. But I may now extend this observation; for
+in my cellar the thermometer stands at 81, in the
+next story at 102, and in the upper one at 105; and
+yet these heats, violent as they are, would be tolerable,
+but for the sudden changes that succeed them.
+On the 10th of December last the mercury was at
+86; on the 11th it was so low as 38 of the same
+instrument. What havock must this make with an
+European constitution? Nevertheless, but few people
+die here out of the ordinary course; tho’ indeed one
+can scarce call it living, merely to breathe, and trail
+about a vigorless body; yet such is generally our condition
+from the middle of June to the middle of
+September. Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<span class="margin">Yours most affectionately,</span><br />
+<span class="margina"><span class="large">Henry Ellis. </span></span>
+</p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_757">[757]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">CIII. <i>The Invention of a General Method for
+determining the Sum of every 2d, 3d, 4th,
+or 5th</i>, &c. <i>Term of a Series, taken in
+order; the Sum of the whole Series being
+known. By</i> Thomas Simpson, <i>F.R.S.</i></h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read Nov. 16,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">AS the doctrine of Series’ is of very
+great use in the higher branches
+of the mathematics, and their application to nature,
+every attempt tending to extend that doctrine may
+justly merit some degree of regard. The subject of
+the paper, which I have now the honour to lay before
+the Society, will be found an improvement of some
+consequence in that part of science. And how far
+the business of finding fluents may, in some cases,
+be facilitated thereby, will appear from the examples
+subjoined, in illustration of the general method here
+delivered.</p>
+
+<p>The series propounded, whose sum (<i>S</i>) is supposed
+to be given (either in algebraic terms, or by
+the measures of angles and ratio’s, <i>&c.</i>) I shall here
+represent by <i>a</i> + <i>bx</i> + <i>cx</i>² + <i>dx</i>³ + <i>ex</i>⁴, &c. and
+shall first give the solution of that case, where every
+third term is required to be taken, or where the series
+to be summed is <i>a</i> + <i>dx</i>³ + <i>gx</i>⁶ + <i>kx</i>⁶, &c. By
+means whereof, the general method of proceeding,
+and the resolution of every other case, will appear
+evident.</p>
+
+<p>Here, then, every <i>third</i> term being required to be
+taken, let the series (<i>a</i> + <i>dx</i>³ + <i>gx</i>⁶, &c.), whose<span class="pagenum" id="Page_758">[758]</span>
+value is sought, be conceived to be composed of
+<i>three</i> others.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="interlinear">
+<div>⅓ × (<i>a</i> + <i>b</i> × (<i>px</i>) + <i>c</i> × (<i>px</i>)² + <i>d</i> × (<i>px</i>)³ + <i>e</i> × (<i>px</i>)⁴, &c.)
+</div>
+<div>⅓ × (<i>a</i> + <i>b</i> × (<i>qx</i>) + <i>c</i> × (<i>qx</i>)² + <i>d</i> × (<i>qx</i>)³ + <i>e</i> × (<i>qx</i>)⁴, &c.)
+</div>
+<div>⅓ × (<i>a</i> + <i>b</i> × (<i>rx</i>) + <i>c</i> × (<i>rx</i>)² + <i>d</i> × (<i>rx</i>)³ + <i>e</i> × (<i>rx</i>)⁴, &c.)
+</div></blockquote>
+
+<p class="noin">having all the <i>same form</i>, and the <i>same coefficients</i>
+with the series first proposed, and wherein the converging
+quantities <i>px</i>, <i>qx</i>, <i>rx</i>, are also in a determinate
+(tho’ yet unknown) ratio to the original converging
+quantity <i>x</i>. Now, in order to determine the
+quantities of these ratios, or the values of <i>p</i>, <i>q</i>, and <i>r</i>,
+let the terms containing the same powers of <i>x</i>, in the
+two equal values, be equated in the common way:</p>
+
+<p>So shall,</p>
+<blockquote class="interlinear margin">
+
+<div>⅓ <i>b</i> × <i>px</i> + ⅓ <i>b</i> × <i>qx</i> + ⅓ <i>b</i> × <i>rx</i> = 0
+</div>
+<div>⅓ <i>c</i> × <i>p</i>²<i>x</i>² + ⅓ <i>c</i> × <i>q</i>²<i>x</i>² + ⅓ <i>c</i> × <i>r</i>²<i>x</i>² = 0
+</div>
+<div>⅓ <i>d</i> × <i>p</i>³<i>x</i>³ + ⅓ <i>d</i> × <i>q</i>³<i>x</i>³ + ⅓ <i>d</i> × <i>r</i>³<i>x</i>³ = <i>dx</i>³
+</div>
+<div>⅓ <i>e</i> × <i>p</i>⁴<i>x</i>⁴ + ⅓ <i>e</i> × <i>q</i>⁴<i>x</i>⁴ + ⅓ <i>e</i> × <i>r</i>⁴<i>x</i>⁴ = 0
+&c.</div>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="noin">And consequently,</p>
+<blockquote class="interlinear margina">
+
+<div><i>p</i> + <i>q</i> + <i>r</i> = 0
+</div>
+<div><i>p</i>² + <i>q</i>² + <i>r</i>² = 0
+</div>
+<div><i>p</i>³ + <i>q</i>³ + <i>r</i>³ = 3
+</div>
+<div><i>p</i>⁴ + <i>q</i>⁴ + <i>r</i>⁴ = 0, &c.
+</div></blockquote>
+
+<p class="noin">Make, now, <i>p</i>³ = 1, <i>q</i>³ = 1, and <i>r</i>³ = 1; that is,
+let <i>p</i>, <i>q</i>, and <i>r</i>, be the three roots of the cubic equation
+<i>z</i>³ = 1, or <i>z</i>³ - 1 = 0: then, seeing both the
+second and third terms of this equation are wanting,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_759">[759]</span>
+not only the sum of all the roots (<i>p</i> + <i>q</i> + <i>r</i>) but
+the sum of all their squares (<i>p</i>² + <i>q</i>² + <i>r</i>²) will vanish,
+or be equal to nothing (by common algebra),
+as they ought, to fulfil the conditions of the two first
+equations. Moreover, since <i>p</i>³ = 1, <i>q</i>³ = 1, and
+<i>r</i>³ = 1, it is also evident, that <i>p</i>⁴ + <i>q</i>⁴ + <i>r</i>⁴ (= <i>p</i> + <i>q</i>
++ <i>r</i>) = 0, <i>p</i>⁵ + <i>q</i>⁵ + <i>r</i>⁵ (= <i>p</i>² +<i>q</i>² + <i>r</i>²) = 0, <i>p</i>⁶ +
+<i>q</i>⁶ + <i>r</i>⁶ (= <i>p</i>³ + <i>q</i>³ + <i>r</i>³) = 3. Which equations being,
+in effect, nothing more than the first three repeated,
+the values of <i>p</i>, <i>q</i>, <i>r</i>, above assigned, equally
+fulfil the conditions of these also: so that the series
+arising from the addition of three assumed ones will
+agree, in every term, with <i>that</i> whose sum is required:
+but those series’ (whereof the quantity in
+question is composed) having all of them the <i>same
+form</i> and the <i>same <span class="err" title="original: cofficients">coefficients</span></i> with the original series
+<i>a</i> + <i>bx</i> + <i>cx</i>² + <i>dx</i>³, &c. (= <i>S</i>), their sums will
+therefore be truly obtained, by substituting <i>px</i>, <i>qx</i>,
+and <i>rx</i>, successively, for <i>x</i>, in the given value of <i>S</i>.
+And, by the very same reasoning, and the process
+above laid down, it is evident, that, if every <i>n<sup>th</sup></i> term
+(instead of every third term) of the given series be
+taken, the values of <i>p</i>, <i>q</i>, <i>r</i>, <i>s</i>, &c. will then be the
+roots of the equation <i>zⁿ</i> - 1 = 0<a id="FNanchor_155" href="#Footnote_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a>; and that, the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_760">[760]</span>sum of all the terms so taken, will be truly obtained
+by substituting <i>px</i>, <i>qx</i>, <i>rx</i>, <i>sx</i>, &c. successively for <i>x</i>,
+in the given value of <i>S</i>, and then dividing the sum
+of all the quantities thence arising by the given
+number <i>n</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The same method of solution holds equally, when,
+in taking every <i>n</i><sup>th</sup> term of the series, the operation
+begins at some term after the first. For all the terms
+preceding <i>that</i> may be transposed, and the whole
+equation divided by the power of <i>x</i> in the first of the
+remaining terms; and then the sum of every <i>n<sup>th</sup></i>
+term (beginning at the first) will be found by the
+preceding directions; which sum, multiplied by the
+power of <i>x</i> that before divided, will evidently give
+the true value required to be determined. Thus, for
+example, let it be required to find the sum of every
+third term of the given series <i>a</i> + <i>bx</i> + <i>cx</i>² + <i>dx</i>³
++ <i>ex</i>⁴, &c. (= <i>S</i>), beginning with <i>cx</i>². Then, by
+transposing the two first terms, and dividing the whole
+by <i>x</i>², we shall have <i>c</i> + <i>dx</i> + <i>ex</i>² + <i>fx</i>³, &c. =
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>S</i> - <i>a</i> - <i>bx</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>xx</i></span></span></span> (= <i>S´</i>). From whence having found the
+sum of every third term of the series <i>c</i> + <i>dx</i> + <i>ex</i>²
++ <i>fx</i>³, &c. beginning at the first (<i>c</i>), that sum,
+multiplied by <i>x</i>², will manifestly give the true value
+sought in the present case.</p>
+
+<p>And here it may be worth while to observe, that
+all the terms preceding <i>that</i> at which the operation
+(in any case) begins, may (provided they exceed
+not in number the given interval <i>n</i>) be intirely disregarded,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_761">[761]</span>
+ as having no effect at all in the result.
+For if in that part (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">- <i>a</i> - <i>bx</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>xx</i></span></span>) of the value of <i>S´</i>,
+above exhibited, in which the first terms, <i>a</i> and <i>bx</i>,
+enter, there be substituted <i>px</i>, <i>qx</i>, <i>rx</i>, successively,
+for <i>x</i> (according to the <i>prescript</i>) the sum of the
+quantities thence arising will be</p>
+<blockquote class="interlinear margin">
+
+<div>- <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>a</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>p</i>²<i>x</i>²</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>a</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>q</i>²<i>x</i>²</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>a</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>r</i>²<i>x</i>²</span></span>
+</div>
+<div>- <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>b</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>px</i></span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>b</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>qx</i></span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>b</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>rx</i></span></span>
+</div></blockquote>
+
+<p class="noin">which, because <i>p</i>³ = 1, <i>q</i>³ = 1, &c. (or <i>p</i>² = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>p</i></span></span>,
+<i>q</i>² = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>q</i></span></span>, &c.) may be expressed thus;</p>
+<blockquote class="interlinear margin">
+
+<div>- <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>a</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>xx</i></span></span> × (<i>p</i> + <i>q</i> + <i>r</i>)
+</div>
+<div>- <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>b</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>x</i></span></span> × (<i>p</i>² + <i>q</i>² + <i>r</i>²)
+</div></blockquote>
+
+<p class="noin">But, that <i>p</i> + <i>q</i> + <i>r</i> = 0, and <i>p</i>² + <i>q</i>² + <i>r</i>² = 0,
+hath been already shewn; whence the truth of the
+general observation is manifest. Hence it also appears,
+that the method of solution above delivered, is not only
+general, but includes this singular beauty and advantage,
+that in all series’ whatever, whereof the terms are
+to be taken according to the same assigned order, the
+quantities (<i>p</i>, <i>q</i>, <i>r</i>, &c.), whereby the resolution is
+performed, will remain invariably the same. The
+greater part of these quantities are indeed <i>imaginary</i>
+ones; and so likewise will the quantities be that result
+from them, when substitution is made in the
+given expression for the value of <i>S</i>. But by adding,
+as is usual in like cases, every two corresponding values,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_762">[762]</span>
+ so resulting together, all marks of <i>impossibility</i>
+will disappear.</p>
+
+<p>If, in the series to be summed, the alternate terms
+(<i>viz.</i> the 2d, 4th, 6th, <i>&c.</i>) should be required to be
+taken under signs contrary to what they have in the
+original series given; the reasoning and result will be
+no-ways different; only, instead of making <i>p</i>³ + <i>q</i>³
++ <i>r</i>³ (or <i>pⁿ</i> + <i>qⁿ</i> + <i>rⁿ</i>, &c.) = +3 (or +<i>n</i>), the
+same quantity must, here, be made = -3 (or -<i>n</i>).
+From whence, <i>pⁿ</i> being = -1, <i>qⁿ</i> = -1, &c. the
+values of <i>p</i>, <i>q</i>, <i>r</i>, &c. will, in this case, be the roots
+of the equation <i>zⁿ</i> + 1 = 0.</p>
+
+<p>It may be proper, now, to put down an example,
+or two, of the use and application of the general
+conclusions above derived. First, then, supposing
+the series, whose sum is given, to be <i>x</i> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x²</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span> +
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x³</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">3</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x⁴</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">4</span></span> ... + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x<sup>m</sup></i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>m</i></span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x<sup>m</sup> ⁺ ¹</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>m</i> + 1</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x<sup>m</sup> ⁺ ²</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>m</i> + 2</span></span> ...
++ <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup> ⁺ ⁿ</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>m</i> + <i>n</i></span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup> ⁺ ⁿ ⁺ ¹</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>m</i> + <i>n</i> + 1</span></span> +, &c. = - H. Log.(1-<i>x</i>)
+(= <i>S</i>); let it be required, from hence, to
+find the sum of the series (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>m</i></span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup> ⁺ ⁿ</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>m</i> + <i>n</i></span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup> ⁺ ²ⁿ</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>m</i> + 2<i>n</i></span></span>
+&c.) arising by taking every <i>n<sup>th</sup></i> term thereof, beginning
+with that whose exponent (<i>m</i>) is any integer
+less than <i>n</i>. Here, the terms preceding<span class="fraction"> <span class="fnum"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>m</i></span></span> being
+transposed, and the whole equation divided by <i>x</i><sup>m</sup>,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_763">[763]</span>
+we shall have <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>m</i></span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>m</i> + 1</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i>²</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>m</i> + 2</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i>³</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>m</i> + 3</span></span>, &c.
+= - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup></span></span> × H. Log.(1 - <i>x</i>) - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i> + ½<i>x</i>², &c.</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup></span></span>. In
+which value, let <i>px</i>, <i>qx</i>, <i>rx</i>, &c. be, successively,
+substituted for <i>x</i> (according to prescript) neglecting
+intirely the terms <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i> + ½<i>x</i>²</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup></span></span>, as having no effect at all
+in the result: from whence we get - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>(px)</i><sup>m</sup></span></span> × Log.(1 - <i>px</i>)
+- <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>(qx)</i><sup>m</sup></span></span> × Log.(1 - <i>qx</i>) - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>(rx)</i><sup>m</sup></span></span> × Log.(1 - <i>rx</i>),
+&c. Which multiplied by <i>x</i><sup>m</sup> (the quantity
+that before divided) gives - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>p</i><sup>m</sup></span></span> × Log.(1 - <i>px</i>) -
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>q</i><sup>m</sup></span></span> × Log.(1 - <i>qx</i>) - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>r</i><sup>m</sup></span></span> × Log.(1 - <i>rx</i>), &c. =
+<i>n</i> times the quantity required to be determined.</p>
+
+<p>But now, to get rid of the imaginary quantities <i>q</i>,
+<i>r</i>, &c. by means of their known values α + √<span class="bt">αα - 1</span>,
+α - √<span class="bt">αα - 1</span>, &c. it will be necessary to observe,
+that, as the product of any two corresponding ones
+((α + √<span class="bt">αα - 1</span>) × (α - √<span class="bt">αα - 1</span>)) is equal to unity,
+we may therefore write (α - √<span class="bt">αα - 1</span>)<i><sup>m</sup></i> (= <i>r<sup>m</sup></i>) instead
+of its equal <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>q</i><sup>m</sup></span></span>, and (α + √<span class="bt">αα - 1</span>)<i><sup>m</sup></i> (= <i>q<sup>m</sup></i>)
+instead of its equal <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>r</i><sup>m</sup></span></span>: by which means the two<span class="pagenum" id="Page_764">[764]</span>
+terms, wherein these two quantities enter, will
+stand thus; - (α - √<span class="bt">αα - 1</span>)<i>ⁿ</i> × Log. (1 - <i>qx</i>)
+- (α + √<span class="bt">αα - 1</span>)<i><sup>m</sup></i> × Log. (1 - <i>rx</i>).</p>
+
+<p>But, if <i>A</i> be assumed to express the co-sine of an
+arch (<i>Q</i>), <i>m</i> times as great as that (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">360°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span>) whose co-sine
+is here denoted by α; then will <i>A</i> - √<span class="bt"><i>AA</i> - 1</span>
+= <a id="FNanchor_156" href="#Footnote_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a>(α - √<span class="bt">αα - 1</span>)<i><sup>m</sup></i>, and <i>A</i> + √<span class="bt"><i>AA</i> - 1</span> =
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_765">[765]</span>(α + √<span class="bt">αα - 1</span>)<i><sup>m</sup></i>: which values being substituted
+above, we thence get</p>
+<blockquote class="interlinear">
+<div>- <i>A</i> × (log. (1 - <i>qx</i>) + log. (1 - <i>rx</i>))</div>
+<div> + √<span class="bt"><i>AA</i> - 1</span>
+× (log. (1 - <i>qx</i>) - log. (1 - <i>rx</i>));</div>
+</blockquote>
+<p class="noin">
+whereof the former part (which, exclusive of the
+factor <i>A</i>, I shall hereafter denote by <i>M</i>) is manifestly
+equal to - <i>A</i> × log. ((1 - <i>qx</i>) × (1 - <i>rx</i>)) (by the nature
+of logarithms) = - <i>A</i> × log. 1 - (<i>q</i> + <i>r</i>).<i>x</i> +
+<i>qrx</i>² = - <i>A</i> × log. (1 - 2α<i>x</i> + <i>xx</i>) (by substituting
+the values of <i>q</i> and <i>r</i>): which is now intirely free
+from imaginary quantities. But, in order to exterminate
+them out of the latter part also, put <i>y</i> =
+log. (1 - <i>qx</i>) - log. (1 - <i>rx</i>); then will <i>ẏ</i> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">- <i>qẋ</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">1 - <i>qx</i></span></span>
++ <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>rẋ</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">1 - <i>rx</i></span></span> = - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">(<i>q</i> - <i>r</i>) × <i>ẋ</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">1 - (<i>q</i> + <i>r</i>) × <i>x</i> + <i>xx</i></span></span> = - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2√(αα - 1) × <i>ẋ</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">1 - 2α<i>x</i> + <i>xx</i></span></span>
+= - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2√-1 × √(1 - αα) × <i>ẋ</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">1 - 2αx + xx</span></span>; where <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">√(1 - αα) × ẋ</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">1 - 2α<i>x</i> + <i>xx</i></span></span> expresseth
+the fluxion of a circular arch (<i>N</i>) whose radius
+is 1, and sine = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">√(1 - αα) × <i>ẋ</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">1 - 2α<i>x</i> + <i>xx</i></span></span>; consequently <i>y</i> will be
+= - 2√-1 × <i>N</i>: which, multiplied by √<span class="bt"><i>AA</i> - 1</span>,
+or its equal √-1 × √<span class="bt">1 - <i>AA</i></span>, gives 2√<span class="bt">1 - <i>AA</i></span> × <i>N</i>;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_766">[766]</span>
+and, this value being added to that of the former
+part (found above), and the whole being divided by
+<i>n</i>, we thence obtain <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">- <i>AM</i> + 2√(1 - <i>AA</i>) × <i>N</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span>, or <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span>
+× (-co-s. <i>Q</i> × <i>M</i> + sin. <i>Q</i> × 2<i>N</i>) for that part of the
+value sought depending on the two terms affected
+with <i>q</i> and <i>r</i>. From whence the sum of any other
+two corresponding terms will be had, by barely substituting
+one letter, or value, for another: So that,</p>
+<table>
+ <tr>
+<td rowspan="5" class="br vm"><span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span> ×
+</td>
+ <td>-log. (1 - <i>x</i>)</td><td> </td>
+</tr>
+ <tr>
+<td>-co-s. <i>Q</i> × <i>M</i></td>
+<td> + sin. <i>Q</i> × 2<i>N</i></td>
+</tr>
+ <tr>
+<td>-co-s. <i>Q´</i> × <i>M´</i></td>
+<td> + sin. <i>Q´</i> × 2<i>N´</i></td>
+</tr>
+ <tr>
+<td>-co-s. <i>Q´´</i> × <i>M´´</i></td>
+<td>+ sin. <i>Q´´</i> × 2<i>N´´</i></td>
+</tr>
+ <tr>
+<td>-&c.</td>
+<td>+ &c.</td>
+</tr>
+ </table>
+
+<p class="noin">will truly express the sum of the series proposed to
+be determined; <i>M</i>, <i>M´</i>, <i>M´´</i> &c. being the hyperbolical
+logarithms of 1 - 2α<i>x</i> + <i>xx</i>, 1 - 2β<i>x</i> + <i>xx</i>,
+1 - 2γ<i>x</i> + <i>xx</i>, &c. <i>N</i>, <i>N´</i>, <i>N´´</i> &c. the arcs
+whose sines are <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i>√(1 - αα)</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">√(1 - 2α<i>x</i> + <i>xx</i>)</span></span>, <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i>√(1 - ββ)</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">√(1 - 2β<i>x</i> + <i>xx</i>)</span></span>,
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i>√(1 - γγ)</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">√(1 - 2γ<i>x</i> + <i>xx</i>)</span></span>, &c. and <i>Q</i>, <i>Q´</i>, <i>Q´´</i>, &c. the measures
+of the angles expressed by <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">360°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span> × <i>m</i>, 2 × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><span class="err" title="original: 360">360°</span></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span> × <i>m</i>,
+3 × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><span class="err" title="original: 360">360°</span></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span> × <i>m</i>, &c. And here it may not be amiss to take
+notice, that the series <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>m</i></span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup> ⁺ ⁿ</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>m</i> + <i>n</i></span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup> ⁺ ²ⁿ</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>m</i> + 2<i>n</i></span></span> +
+&c. thus determined, is that expressing the fluent of
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup> ⁻ ¹ẋ</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">1 - <i>xⁿ</i></span></span>; corresponding to one of the two famous<span class="pagenum" id="Page_767">[767]</span>
+<i>Cotesian forms</i>. From whence, and the reasoning
+above laid down, the fluent of the other <i>form</i>,
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup> ⁻ ¹ẋ</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">1 + <i>xⁿ</i></span></span>, may be very readily deduced. For, since
+the series (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>m</i></span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup> ⁺ ⁿ</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>m</i> + <i>n</i></span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup> ⁺ ²</span>ⁿ<span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>m</i> + 2<i>n</i></span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup> ⁺ ³ⁿ</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>m</i> + 3<i>n</i></span></span>
+&c.) for this last fluent, is that which arises by
+changing the signs of the alternate terms of the
+former; the quantities <i>p</i>, <i>q</i>, <i>r</i>, &c. will here (agreeably
+to a preceding observation) be the roots of the
+equation <i>zⁿ</i> + 1 = 0; and, consequently, α, β, γ, δ, &c.
+the co-sines of the arcs <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">180°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span>, 3 × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">180°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span>, 5 × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">180°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span>, &c.
+(as appears by the foregoing note). So that, making
+<i>Q</i>, <i>Q´</i>, <i>Q´´</i>, &c. equal, here, to the measures of the
+angles <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">180°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span> × <i>m</i>, 3 × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">180°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span> × <i>m</i>, 5 × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">180°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span> × <i>m</i>, &c. the
+fluent sought will be expressed in the very same manner
+as in the preceding case; except that the first
+term, -log. (1 - <i>x</i>) (arising from the <i>rational</i> root
+<i>p</i> = 1) will here have no place.</p>
+
+<p>After the same manner, with a small increase of
+trouble, the fluent of<span class="fraction"> <span class="fnum"><i>x</i><sup>m</sup> ⁻ ¹ẋ</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">1 ± 2<i>lxⁿ</i> + <i>x</i>²<i>ⁿ</i></span></span> may be derived,
+<i>m</i> and <i>n</i> being any integers whatever. But I shall
+now put down one example, wherein the impossible
+quantities become exponents of the powers, in the
+terms where they are concerned.</p>
+
+<p>The series here given is 1 - <i>x</i> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i>²</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">2</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i>³</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">2.3</span></span> +
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i>⁴</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">2.3.4</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>x</i>⁵</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">2.3.4.5</span></span>, &c. = the number whose hyp. log.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_768">[768]</span>
+is -<i>x</i>, and it is required to find the sum of every
+<i>n<sup>th</sup></i> term thereof, beginning at the first. Here the
+quantity sought will (according to the general rule)
+be truly defined by the <i>n</i><sup>th</sup> part of the sum of all
+the numbers whose respective logarithms are -<i>px</i>,
+-<i>qx</i>, -<i>rx</i>, &c.; which numbers, if <i>N</i> be taken
+to denote the number whose hyp. log. = 1, will be
+truly expressed by <i>N</i>⁻<sup>px</sup>, <i>N</i>⁻<sup>qx</sup>, <i>N</i>⁻<sup>rx</sup>, &c.
+From whence, by writing for <i>p</i>, <i>q</i>, <i>r</i>, &c. their equals
+1, α + √<span class="bt">αα - 1</span>, α - √<span class="bt">αα - 1</span>, β + √<span class="bt">ββ - 1</span>,
+β - √<span class="bt">ββ - 1</span>, &c. and putting α´ = √<span class="bt">1 - αα</span>,
+β´ = √<span class="bt">1 - ββ</span>, &c. we shall have <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span> × (<i>N</i>⁻<sup>px</sup> +
+<i>N</i>⁻<sup>qx</sup> + <i>N</i>⁻<sup>rx</sup>), &c. = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span> into <i>N⁻ˣ</i> + <i>N⁻ᵃˣ</i> ×
+(<i>N⁻ᵃ´ˣ</i>√⁻¹ + <i>Nᵃ´ˣ</i>√⁻¹) + <i>N⁻ᵝˣ</i> × (<i>N⁻ᵝ´ˣ√⁻¹</i> +
+<i>Nᵝ´ˣ√⁻¹</i>) + &c. But <i>N⁻ᵃ‘ˣ√⁻¹</i> + <i>Nᵃ‘ˣ√⁻¹</i> is
+known to express the double of the co-sine of the
+arch whose measure (to the radius 1) is α´<i>x</i>. Therefore
+we have <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span> into <i>N⁻ˣ</i> + <i>N⁻ᵃˣ</i> × 2 co-s. α´<i>x</i> +
+<i>N⁻ᵝˣ</i> × 2 co-s. β´<i>x</i>, &c. for the true sum, or value
+proposed to be determined.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class="err" title="original: soluion">solution</span> of this case, in a manner a little different,
+I have given some time since, in another place;
+where the principles of the general method, here
+extended and illustrated, are pointed out. I shall put
+an end to this paper with observing, that if, in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_769">[769]</span>
+series given, the even powers of <i>x</i>, or any other
+terms whatever, be wanting, their places must be
+supplied with cyphers; which, <span class="err" title="original: in order the">in the order</span> of numbering
+off, must be reckoned as real terms.</p>
+<hr />
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">
+
+CIV. <i>Observatio Eclipsis Lunæ Die</i> 30 Julii
+1757. <i>habita Olissipone à</i> Joanne Chevalier,
+<i>Congregationis Oratorii Presbytero, é
+Regia</i> Londinensi <i>Societate. Communicated
+by</i> Jacob de Castro Sarmiento, <i>M.D.
+F.R.S.</i></h2></div>
+
+<p class="center">Tubo optico 8 pedum.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read Nov. 16,
+1758.</div>
+
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td> </td>
+<td>h</td> <td>´</td> <td>´´</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="dropcap">I</span>Nitium penumbræ</td>
+ <td>9</td> <td>15</td> <td class="tdr">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td>INitium dubium eclipsis</td> <td>9</td> <td>22</td> <td class="tdr">24</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Certo jam incœperat</td> <td>9</td> <td>23</td> <td class="tdr">34</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Umbra ad mare humorum observata vitro plano cæruleo</td> <td>9</td> <td>31</td> <td class="tdr">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Solo tubo optico observata</td> <td>9</td> <td>31</td> <td class="tdr">29</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Vitro flavo observata</td> <td>9</td> <td>31</td> <td class="tdr">48</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Umbra tangit Grimaldum observata vitro plano cæruleo</td> <td>9</td> <td>31</td> <td class="tdr">20</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Solo tubo optico</td> <td>9</td> <td>31</td> <td class="tdr">50</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Vitro plano flavo</td> <td>9</td> <td>32</td> <td class="tdr">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Totus Grimaldus tegitur observatus vitro plano cæruleo</td> <td>9</td> <td>34</td> <td class="tdr">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Solo tubo optico</td> <td>9</td> <td>34</td> <td class="tdr">28</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Vitro flavo</td> <td>9</td> <td>34</td> <td class="tdr">47</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_770">[770]</span>
+Umbra ad Tychonem observata vitro plano cæruleo</td> <td>9</td> <td>38</td> <td class="tdr">25</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Solo tubo optico</td> <td>9</td> <td>38</td> <td class="tdr">42</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Vitro flavo</td> <td>9</td> <td>38</td> <td class="tdr">59</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Umbra ad Harpalum vitro cæruleo observata</td> <td>9</td> <td>55</td> <td class="tdr">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Solo tubo optico</td> <td>9</td> <td>55</td> <td class="tdr">35</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Umbra ad Fracastorium</td> <td>9</td> <td>59</td> <td class="tdr">57</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Umbra ad Mare Nectaris</td> <td>10</td> <td>00</td> <td class="tdr">50</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Observata vitro flavo</td> <td>10</td> <td class="tdr">1</td> <td class="tdr">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Umbra ad Dionysium</td> <td>10</td> <td class="tdr">5</td> <td class="tdr">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Umbra tangit Mare Tranquillitatis </td> <td>10</td> <td class="tdr">5</td> <td class="tdr">50</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Umbra ad Mare Serenitatis</td> <td>10</td> <td>10</td> <td class="tdr">16</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Umbra tegit Menelaum observata vitro cæruleo</td> <td>10</td> <td>11</td> <td class="tdr">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Solo tubo optico</td> <td>10</td> <td>11</td> <td class="tdr">29</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Vitro flavo</td> <td>10</td> <td>11</td> <td class="tdr">50</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Totum Mare Fœcunditatis tegitur</td> <td>10</td> <td>18</td> <td class="tdr">39</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Umbra tangit Mare Crisium vitro cæruleo observata</td> <td>10</td> <td>22</td> <td class="tdr">52</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Solo tubo optico</td> <td>10</td> <td>23</td> <td>12</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Vitro flavo</td> <td>10</td> <td>23 </td> <td>29</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Umbra ad Proclum</td> <td>10</td> <td>23</td> <td>33</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Possidonius totus tegitur</td> <td>10</td> <td>23</td> <td>50</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Totum Mare Serenitatis tegitur</td> <td>10</td> <td>24</td> <td>36</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Totum Mare Crisium ab umbra tegitur</td> <td>10</td> <td>30</td> <td>27</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Plato tegitur vitro cæruleo observatus</td> <td>10</td> <td>31</td> <td>26</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Solo tubo optico</td> <td>10</td> <td>31</td> <td>48</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Vitro flavo</td> <td>10</td> <td>32</td> <td class="tdr">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Obscuratio maxima</td> <td>10</td> <td>55</td> <td>40</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_771">[771]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Emersiones.</span></p>
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td> </td>
+<td>h</td> <td>´</td> <td>´´</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Plato emergit observatus vitro flavo </td> <td>11</td> <td>19 </td> <td class="tdr">5</td>
+</tr><tr><td>Solo tubo optico</td> <td>11</td> <td>19</td> <td>31</td>
+</tr><tr><td>Vitro cæruleo</td> <td>11</td> <td>19</td> <td>50</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Aristarchus emergit</td> <td>11</td> <td>21</td> <td class="tdr">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Gassendus incepit emergere observatus vitro flavo</td> <td>11</td> <td>25</td> <td>36</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Observatus solo tubo optico</td> <td>11</td> <td>25</td> <td>52</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Observatus vitro cæruleo</td> <td>11</td> <td>26</td> <td>11</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Gassendus totus extra umbram</td> <td>11</td> <td>28</td> <td class="tdr">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Schicardus incipit emergere</td> <td>11</td> <td>45</td> <td>44</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Totus extra umbram</td> <td>11</td> <td>47</td> <td>10</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Totum Mare Humorum extra umbram</td> <td>11</td> <td>46</td> <td>50</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Menelaus extra umbram</td> <td>11</td> <td>55</td> <td>36</td>
+</tr><tr><td>Mare Serenitatis extra umbram</td> <td>11</td> <td>59</td> <td>46</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tycho extra umbra observatus vitro flavo</td> <td>12</td> <td>00</td> <td>33</td>
+</tr><tr><td>Solo tubo optico</td> <td>12</td> <td>00</td> <td>52</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Vitro cæruleo</td> <td>12</td> <td class="tdr">1</td> <td>14</td>
+</tr><tr><td>Incipit emergere Mare Crisium</td> <td>12</td> <td class="tdr">8</td> <td>31</td>
+</tr><tr><td>Totum Mare Crisium extra umbram</td> <td>12</td> <td>16</td> <td>28</td>
+</tr><tr><td>Finis eclipsis</td> <td>12</td> <td>28</td> <td>26</td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<p>Observatio hæc peracta é cœlo claro; umbra autem
+terræ ita diluta erat, ut maculæ in ea conditæ
+satis dignoscerentur.</p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_772">[772]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">CV. <i>Singular Observations upon the</i> Manchenille
+Apple. <i>By</i> John Andrew Peyssonnel,
+<i>M. D. F.R.S. Translated from
+the</i> French.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read Nov. 16,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">THe cruel effects of the tree called
+Manchenille are known to all the
+world: its milk, which the savages make use of to
+poison their arrows, makes the wounds inflicted with
+them mortal. The rain, which washes the leaves
+and branches, causes blisters to rise like boiling oil;
+even the shade of the tree makes those who repose
+under it to swell; and its fruit is esteemed a deadly
+poison. I was informed, as a very extraordinary thing,
+that a breeding woman was so mad as to eat three of
+them, which did her very little harm; and this was
+looked upon as a miracle, and a proof of the surprising
+effects of the imagination and longings of
+women with child.</p>
+
+<p>But here is a fact, which will scarce be credited
+by many persons, who have frequented these Islands:
+which I declare to be true.</p>
+
+<p>One Vincent Banchi, of Turin in Piedmont, a
+strong robust man, and an old soldier, of about forty-five
+years of age, belonging to the horse, was a
+slave with the Turks eleven years, having been taken
+prisoner at the siege of Belgrade. He was overseer
+of my habitation towards the month of July of the
+year 1756. He was one day walking upon the sea
+side, and seeing a great number of apples upon the
+ground, was charmed with their beautiful colours, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_773">[773]</span>
+sweet smell, resembling that of the apple called d’apis:
+he took and eat of them, without knowing what they
+were; he found they had a subacid taste; and having
+eaten a couple of dozen of them, he fill’d his pockets,
+and came home, eating the rest as he came.
+The Negroes, that saw him eat this cruel fruit, told
+him it was mortal; upon which he ceased to eat them,
+and threw away the rest.</p>
+
+<p>About four in the afternoon, <i>viz.</i> an hour after this
+repast, his belly swelled considerably, and he felt as
+it were a consuming fire in his bowels. He could
+not keep himself upright; and at night the swelling
+of his belly increased, with the burning sensation of
+his bowels. His lips were ulcerated with the milk of
+the fruit, and he was seized with cold sweats; but my
+principal Negro made him a decoction of the leaves of
+a <i>Ricinus</i><a id="FNanchor_157" href="#Footnote_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a> in water, and made him drink plentifully
+of it, which brought on a vomiting, followed by a
+violent purging; both which continued for four hours,
+during which it was thought he would die. At length
+these symptoms grew less; and my Negroes made him
+walk, and stir about by degrees; and soon after they
+were stopped. Rice-gruel, which they gave him,
+put an end to all these disorders; and in four-and-twenty
+hours he had no more ailments nor pain; the
+swelling of his belly diminished in proportion to his
+evacuations upwards and downwards, and he has continued
+his functions without being any more sensible
+of the poison. We see by this, that the effects of the
+poison of the <span class="err" title="original: Manchinelle">Manchenille</span> are different from those of
+the fish at Guadaloupe, which I mentioned.</p>
+
+<p class="margin">Dec. 2. 1756.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_774">[774]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">CVI. <i>Abstract of a Letter from Mr.</i> William
+Arderon, <i>F.R.S. to Mr.</i> Henry Baker,
+<i>F.R.S. on the giving Magnetism and
+Polarity to Brass. Communicated by Mr.</i>
+Baker.</h2>
+</div>
+<p>
+Dear Sir,
+</p>
+<div class="sidenote">Read Nov. 16,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">FOR some time past I have been
+making experiments on the magnetism
+of brass, and amongst many pieces that I have
+tried, find several that readily attract the needle; but
+whether they have had this property originally, or
+have received it by hammering, filing, clipping, or
+any other such-like cause, I cannot yet determine.</p>
+
+<p>I have a very handsome compass-box made of pure
+brass, as far as I can judge: the needle being taken
+out, and placed upon a pin fixed properly in a board,
+and clear of all other magnetics, the box will attract
+this needle at half an inch distance; and, if suffered
+to touch, will draw it full 90 degrees from the north
+or south points; and I think those parts of the box
+marked north and south attract the strongest. The
+cover of the box also attracts the needle nearly as much
+as the box itself.</p>
+
+<p>As to your supposition, that iron may be mixed
+with the brass, I do not know; but I have been informed
+it cannot be, as brass fluxes with a much less
+degree of heat than iron, and iron naturally swims on
+fluid brass. Besides, many of the specimens of brass
+I have tried were new as they came from the mill,
+where they were wrought into plates, and I presume<span class="pagenum" id="Page_775">[775]</span>
+were not mixed<a id="FNanchor_158" href="#Footnote_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a>; yet these I have given the magnetic
+virtue to, when they had it not; and some pieces
+of brass, which naturally attract the needle, seem to
+the eye as fine a bright yellow as any other, and are
+as malleable as any I ever met with.</p>
+
+<p>Pieces of brass without any magnetic power, by
+properly hammering and giving them the double
+touch, after Mr. Mitchel’s method, I have made attract
+and repel the needle, as a magnet does, having
+two regular poles: and I now send you one such piece
+of brass, which I have thus made magnetical. You
+will also receive a couple of needles, which I made
+myself after the late Zachary Williams’s method, and
+a little stand whereon to place them, the better to
+shew how this magnetic bar attracts and repels the
+needle when properly applied; for it must be noted,
+that in making these experiments it is necessary to employ
+a very good needle, about 3-½ inches long, well
+and tenderly set, and not covered with glass.</p>
+
+<p>You will observe, when you try this bar, that the
+same poles repel each other, and the contrary poles
+attract; which proves this piece of brass to be indued
+with true magnetic virtue and polarity. However it
+must be noted, that though the same poles repel each
+other, yet, like natural magnets, in contact, or nearly
+so, they attract each other; therefore when you
+would shew the repelling power of this brass bar, you
+must not bring it nearer the needle than ²⁄₁₀ of an inch.</p>
+
+<p>Magnetic brass does not attract iron, not even the
+least particle, so far as I can find: whether this is
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_776">[776]</span>owing to the weakness of magnetism in the brass, or
+to some other cause, I don’t pretend to know.</p>
+
+<p>I have tried to infuse magnetic virtue into several
+pieces of copper, lead and pewter; but all my endeavours
+have not been able to make them attract the
+needle at all. Indeed, when I have held a piece of
+pewter, that I have tryed to make magnetical, to the
+needle, the needle would tremble, but not approach
+the pewter.</p>
+
+<p>I send you another piece of brass, whose either end
+attracts either of the poles; this I have infused the
+magnetic virtue into, and can at any time, so as to
+attract and repel the needle; but, like steel that is set
+a low blue, it loseth that polarity in a few hours;
+which may arise for its being too short for its weight,
+or from its different temper of hardness or softness.</p>
+
+<p>A third piece I also send you, which with all my
+endeavours I cannot make attract the needle in the
+least; and yet I can perceive no difference between
+the appearance of this piece and that of those which
+do.</p>
+
+<p>Would some ingenious man pursue these experiments,
+perhaps we might have needles made of brass
+to act as strongly as steel ones do, which would have
+the advantage of being less liable to rust at sea than
+steel ones are.</p>
+
+<p>But my whole design was to shew, that brass is
+by no means a proper metal to make compass-boxes
+of, or to be employed in any instrument where magnetism
+is concerned. For as it is demonstrable, beyond
+all contradiction, that some brass is found endued
+with a power of attracting the magnetic needle;
+that other pieces are capable of receiving it either by<span class="pagenum" id="Page_777">[777]</span>
+accident or design, (let it be from its being mixed
+with iron, or any other cause whatever) brass must
+be a very improper metal for compass-boxes, as it
+may occasion many sad and fatal accidents.</p>
+
+<p>Norwich, Octob. 20th, 1758.</p>
+
+<p>It is well known, that brass has been sometimes
+found to affect and disturb the magnetic needle; but,
+to give magnetism and polarity to brass, has not, that
+I have yet heard, been before attempted. I therefore
+have taken the liberty to lay the above account
+before this Royal Society, and have also brought the
+pieces of brass mentioned therein, which have been
+thus made magnetical.</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="large">H. Baker.</span></p>
+<p>
+London,
+Nov. 15. 1759.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">CVII. <i>An Account of the</i> Sea Polypus, <i>by
+Mr.</i> Henry Baker, <i>F.R.S.</i></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><i>To the Right Honourable the</i> <span class="smcap">Earl</span> <i>of</i> <span class="smcap">Macclesfield</span>,
+President <i>of the</i> Royal Society.</p>
+<p>
+My Lord,
+</p>
+<div class="sidenote">Read Nov. 23,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">I now return the marine animal your
+Lordship did me the honour to recommend
+to my examination; which I find to be a
+species of one kind of the Sea Polypi, mentioned by
+naturalists; but I think not very accurately described.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">The kinds of Sea Polypi are understood to be,</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_778">[778]</span></p>
+
+<p><i>First</i>, The Polypus, particularly so called, the Octopus,
+Preke, or Pour-contrel: to which kind our
+subject belongs.</p>
+
+<p><i>Secondly</i>, The Sepia, or Cuttle-fish.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thirdly</i>, The Loligo, or Calamary. And each of
+these has its different species and varieties<a id="FNanchor_159" href="#Footnote_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a>. The ancients
+add the Nautilus; and some sorts of Star-fish
+might perhaps be not improperly ranged among them.</p>
+
+<p>All of the first kind have eight arms, placed at
+equal distances round the head; below the arms are
+two eyes, and the body is short and thick.</p>
+
+<p>The Cuttle-fish, and the Calamary, have each of
+them ten arms; of which eight are shorter ones, tapering
+gradually to a point from the head, where they
+all rise, to their extremities: the other two (frequently
+called Tentacula) are three or four times as long,
+perfectly round, slender, and of an equal thickness
+for above two thirds of their whole length; then
+spreading into a form nearly like that of the shorter
+arms. Great numbers of <i>acetabula</i>, or suckers, are
+placed somewhat irregularly on each of the shorter
+arms, and on the spreading parts of the Tentacula,
+where some of the suckers are a great deal larger than
+the rest.</p>
+
+<p>The body of the Cuttle-fish is broad and flat, having
+within it a broad friable white bone; that of the
+Calamary is a sort of cartilaginous case holding the
+intestines, of a roundish oblong shape, furnished with
+two fins, and having within it a thin transparent elastic
+substance like Isinglass.</p>
+<div class="sync"> </div>
+<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="facing779" style="max-width: 109.0625em;">
+<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XXIX"></a>XXIX. <i>p. <a href="#Page_779">779</a></i></div>
+ <img class="w100" src="images/facing779.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><i>G. Edwards delin AD. 1758</i> <span class="marginsec"><span class="small"><i>J. Mynde sc.</i></span></span></div>
+</div>
+<div class="sync"> </div>
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_779">[779]</span></p>
+
+<p>The mouth of the Pour-contrel, Cuttle-fish, and
+Calamary, is placed in the fore-part of the head, between
+the arms, having an horny beak, hard and
+hooked like a parrot’s, which some writers call the
+teeth. The eyes of them all are nearly in the same
+position.</p>
+
+<p>As the subject under examination resembles in
+some particulars all the above kinds of Polypi, this
+short account of them may, it is hoped, render the
+following description of it the more intelligible: and
+with the same view, Mr. George Edwards, Fellow of
+the Royal Society, has been so obliging as to make
+drawings of the animal itself, in four different positions,
+and of the natural size; which drawings are
+herewith presented to your Lordship.</p>
+
+<p>Our Polypus is of the Pour-contrel kind, and I believe
+of that species called Bolytæna; which is said
+to have a musky smell; but if ours had such a smell,
+the spirits wherein it lies have taken it quite away.</p>
+
+<p>In the drawing [<i>See</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a href="#XXIX">XXIX.</a> <i>Fig.</i> 1.] is shewn
+the anterior part of this animal, which has much the
+appearance of a Star-fish. Here are eight arms about
+three inches in length, united at their roots, and placed
+circularly at equal distances in the same plane,
+which has a considerable sinking towards the center.
+These arms diminish from their rise to their extremities,
+and end exceedingly small. Near the head they
+are quadrilateral, but the under-side contracting gradually
+to an edge, they become towards the ends trilateral.
+On the upper side of each arm are two rows
+of <i>acetabula</i>, or suckers, standing in a beautiful order,
+as close as they can well be placed, and beginning
+from the center of all the arms. These suckers<span class="pagenum" id="Page_780">[780]</span>
+are perfectly circular, with edges flat on the top, and
+a round cavity in the middle of each. They are
+largest in the widest part of the arm, and lessen as
+the arm diminishes, till they become so small as hardly
+to be discernable. It is very difficult to tell their
+number: I counted as far as fifty in a row, but am
+certain there are many more; and I don’t imagine
+the eight arms have so few as a thousand on them.
+They rise some height above the surface of the skin;
+and wherever they are not, the skin of the arms (unless
+on the under-side) is granulated like shagreen<a id="FNanchor_160" href="#Footnote_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>As in the other kinds of Polypi the mouth is placed
+between the arms conspicuously enough, I expected
+to find it so in this; but the spirits had contracted it
+so much, that I could discern no opening at all where
+I thought the mouth must be; and therefore could
+not say, with assurance, that the mouth was placed
+there. Under this difficulty I applied to Sir Hans
+Sloane’s most valuable collection of natural history in
+the British Musæum, where I found several species
+of this kind of Polypi, and amongst the rest a small
+dried specimen of the same species as ours, and a
+much larger one in spirits, of a species that comes very
+near it.</p>
+
+<p>This large specimen afforded the information I
+stood in need of: for though here also the mouth was
+closed, and the beak drawn down into the center between
+the arms, so as not to be seen at all; yet, by
+the help of Dr. Morton and Mr. Empson, I had the
+satisfaction to see the mouth opened, and the beak in
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_781">[781]</span>the same situation, and of the same form and substance,
+as in the other kinds of Polypi. Having
+gained this knowledge, by applying the point of a
+bodkin, I easily felt the beak in our Polypus; but in
+so small a subject it cannot be brought to view without
+dissection, which is the reason it does not appear
+in these drawings.</p>
+
+<p><i><a href="#XXIX">Fig. 2.</a></i> represents the Polypus so placed as to shew
+the situation of the eyes and the form of its body,
+and also in what manner the arms are turned back in
+the specimen before us; but we may suppose them
+thus disposed merely in the act of dying, and that
+when alive they are moveable in all directions.</p>
+
+<p>On that side of the body opposite to the eyes, and
+which therefore may be termed the belly-part, there
+appears a transverse slit or opening in the skin, not in
+a strait line, but a little semicircular; from the anterior
+part whereof a tube or pipe proceeds, about
+one third of an inch in length, smaller at the extremity,
+where it opens with a round orifice, than at
+the base, and reaching to within a small distance of
+the arms. As both the Cuttle-fish and Calamary
+have a pipe nearly in the same situation, though somewhat
+different in figure, through which they occasionally
+discharge an inky liquor, and some writers
+say the fæces also, it is probable the pipe in this animal
+may serve to a like purpose; and as the body
+of the Calamary is included in a case, the slit across
+the body of this animal shews its belly part to have
+also a sort of case, though on its back there is no separation
+as in the Calamary.</p>
+
+<p>Out of the aforesaid slit or opening a bag issues
+with a very slender neck, extending towards the tail,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_782">[782]</span>
+and enlarging gradually to its end. This bag is
+above half the length of the body, and appears like
+another body appendant thereto. I should be intirely
+at a loss concerning this bag, did not some passages
+in Mr. Turberville Needham’s curious observations
+on the milt vessels of the Calamary enable me
+to form some conjectures about its use.</p>
+
+<p>Having dissected several Calamaries on the coast
+of Portugal, without the least indication of milt or
+roe, and consequently without knowing which were
+male or female, he was much surprised (about the
+middle of the month of December) to find a new
+vessel forming itself in an obvious part, and replete
+with a milky juice. This was an oval bag, in which
+the milt vessels formed themselves gradually, the
+bag unfolding as these framed and disposed themselves
+in bundles. Before that time he had observed
+two collateral tubes, which are alike in both sexes;
+but a regular progress in the expansion of the
+milt-bag and formation of the milt-vessels had not
+presented itself before. Those tubes till then appeared
+open at one extremity, much resembling the
+female parts of generation in a snail, but did not
+terminate in a long oval bag extending in a parallel
+with the stomach more than half the length of the
+fish, as he found them afterwards when the milt vessels
+that filled the whole cavity were ripe for ejection.
+The same ducts without the bag are found in the female
+also, perhaps for the deposition of the spawn.
+Vid. <i>Needham’s Microscopical Discoveries, cap.</i> v.</p>
+
+<p>It appears from this account that the male Calamary
+(at a certain time of the year only) has a bag
+wherein the milt-vessels are contained, and that the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_783">[783]</span>
+female has no such bag. Since therefore the bag of
+our Polypus is found in the same situation as that of
+the Calamary, (which is also a kind of Polypus) we
+may suppose it to be the milt bag, and that our Polypus
+is a male, taken at a time when the milt was
+ready for ejection. In the dried specimen at the
+British Museum, and also in the other specimens,
+there is the same opening, with the pipe that rises
+above it towards the arms, but not the least appearance
+of the bag in question: they are therefore probably
+females, or if males, were caught before such
+bag was formed.</p>
+
+<p><i><a href="#XXIX">Fig. 3.</a></i> presents another view of this Polypus, its
+arms extended circularly with their under-sides next
+the eye, and the body so disposed as to shew the
+transverse opening <i>a</i>, the oval bag issuing therefrom <i>b</i>,
+and the pipe rising upwards towards the arms <i>c</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i><a href="#XXIX">Fig. 4.</a></i> shews the Polypus with its transverse opening
+and the pipe rising therefrom, but without the oval
+bag; it is figured thus by Rondeletius and Gesner,
+and the specimen at the British Museum has also this
+appearance. It is here shewn with the arms extended
+forwards. K is a magnified figure of one of the
+<i>acetabula</i>, or suckers; of which there are two rows
+on each arm of this Polypus, as before described.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Needham, in his description of the suckers of
+the Calamary, (which he had many opportunities of
+examining whilst alive, and whose mechanism is probably
+the same as in those of our Polypus) informs
+us, “that the action of the suckers depends partly
+on their shape, which, when they are extended
+resembles nearly that of an acorn-cup, and partly
+upon a deep circular cartilaginous ring, armed with
+small hooks, which is secured in a thin membrane<span class="pagenum" id="Page_784">[784]</span>
+something transparent, by the projection of a ledge
+investing the whole circumference about the middle
+of its depth, and not to be extracted without some
+force. That each sucker is fastened by a tendinous
+stem to the arm of the animal: which stem,
+together with part of the membrane that is below
+the circumference of the cartilaginous ring, rises
+into and fills the whole cavity when the animal
+contracts the sucker for action. In this state
+whatever touches it is first held by the minute
+hooks, and then drawn up to a closer adhesion by
+the retraction of the stem and inferior part of the
+membrane, much in the same manner as a sucker
+of wet leather sustains the weight of a small stone.”
+Vid. <i>Microscopical Discoveries</i>, p. 22.</p>
+
+<p>M shews one of the cartilaginous rings armed with
+small hooks, of its real size. The ring this is drawn
+from was taken out of a large sucker of a larger Polypus,
+and is presented herewith.</p>
+
+<p>By these suckers the Polypus can fix itself to rocks,
+and prevent its being tossed about in storms and tempests;
+but their principal use must undoubtedly be to
+seize and hold its prey: and to this purpose they are
+most admirably adapted; for when they are all applied
+and act together, unless the Polypus pleases to
+withdraw them, nothing can get from it whose
+strength is insufficient to tear off its arms. Something
+like these suckers is found by the microscope
+in the minute fresh water Polype, whereby it is able
+to bind down and manage a worm much larger and
+seemingly stronger than itself<a id="FNanchor_161" href="#Footnote_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a>. In like manner the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_785">[785]</span><i>stella arborescens</i> (which may also be called a Polypus),
+though it has not suckers, yet by the hooks along its
+arms, and the multiplicity of their branchings, which
+have been counted as far as 80,000, it can, by spreading
+its arms abroad like a net, so fetter and entangle
+the prey they inclose when they are drawn together,
+as to render it incapable of exerting its strength:
+for however feeble these branches or arms may singly
+be, their power united becomes surprising. And we
+are assured nature is so kind to all these animals, that
+if in their struggles any of their arms are broken off,
+after some time they will grow again; of which a
+specimen at the British Museum is an undoubted
+proof; for a little new arm is there seen sprouting
+forth in the room of a large one that had been lost.</p>
+
+<p>It is evident from what has been said, that the Sea
+Polypus must be terrible to the inhabitants of the
+waters, in proportion to its size (and Pliny mentions
+one whose arms were thirty feet in length); for the
+close embraces of its arms and the adhesion of its suckers
+must render the efforts of its prey ineffectual either
+for resistance or escape, unless it be endued with
+an extraordinary degree of strength.</p>
+
+<p>Sea Polypi are frequent in the Mediterranean: but
+Mr. Haviland of Bath, to whom we are obliged for
+this, which is of a different species, thinks it came
+from the West Indies, where it is called a Cat-fish.
+That like it in the British Museum also came from
+thence.</p>
+
+<p>As the Polypus I have endeavoured to describe is
+much contracted by lying long in spirits, and dissection
+would destroy a specimen well worth preserving,
+I hope to be excused if this account should be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_786">[786]</span>
+found deficient in several particulars, or chargeable
+with some mistakes.</p>
+
+<p>Permit me the honour to be,</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+My <span class="smcap">Lord</span>,<br />
+
+<span class="margin">Your Lordship’s</span><br />
+<span class="margina">Most humble and obedient Servant,</span><br />
+
+<span class="marginb"><span class="large">H. Baker.</span></span></p>
+<p>
+Strand,
+Nov. 23d, 1758.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">CVIII. <i>A Description of the fossil Skeleton
+of an Animal found in the Alum Rock near</i>
+Whitby. <i>By Mr.</i> Wooller. <i>Communicated
+by</i> Charles Morton, <i>M. D. F.R.S.</i></h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read Nov. 23,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">IT is in this rock, that the Ammonitæ,
+or Snake-stones, as they are commonly
+called, are found, which have undoubtedly been
+formed in the <i>exuviæ</i> of fishes of that shape; and
+though none of that species are now to be met with
+in the seas thereabouts, yet they in many particulars
+resemble the Nautilus, which is well known. The
+internal substance of those stones, upon a section
+thereof, appears to be a stony concretion, or muddy
+sparr. Stones of the same matter or substance, in
+the shape of muscles, cockles, &c. of various sizes,
+are also found therein, and now and then pieces of
+wood hardened and crusted over with a stony substance
+are likewise found in it.</p>
+<div class="sync"> </div>
+<div class="figcenter illowp62" id="facing786" style="max-width: 93.75em;">
+<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XXX"></a>XXX. <i>p. <a href="#Page_787">787</a></i>.</div>
+<p class="noin"><i>Part of the Fossil Skeleton of an Animal as it appeared on and
+united to the Allom Rock near</i> Whitby, <i>Jan. 3. 1758</i>.</p>
+<p class="right">
+a. a. <i>&c. The Ammonitæ or Snake Stones</i>.
+</p>
+ <img class="w100" src="images/facing786.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="right"><i><span class="small">J. Mynde sc.</span></i></div>
+</div><div class="sync"> </div>
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_787">[787]</span></p>
+
+<p>Many naturalists have already observed, that among
+the vast variety of extraneous substances found at several
+ depths in the earth, where it is impossible they
+should have been bred, there are not so many productions
+of the earth as of the sea; and it appears
+by the accounts of authors both ancient and modern,
+that bones, teeth, and sometimes entire skeletons of
+men and animals, have been dug up or discovered in
+all ages, and the most remarkable for size commonly
+the most taken notice of. In the first particular this
+skeleton will most probably appear to have belonged
+to an animal of the lizard kind, quadruped and amphibious;
+and as to its size, much larger than any
+thing of that kind ever met with or found in this
+part of the world; though, from the accounts of travellers,
+something similar is still to be met with in
+many of the rivers, lakes, &c. of the other three.</p>
+
+<p>When the annexed drawing thereof was taken
+January 5, 1758. [<i>See</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a href="#XXX">XXX.</a>] there remained no
+more of the <i>vertebræ</i> than is therein expressed; that
+is, 10 between D and F, and 12 between G and H:
+but when it was first discovered, about 10 years ago,
+they were compleat; and there was besides the appearance
+of what was then thought to have been
+fins, near the back part of the head at A, the same
+as appeared further backward at E, when this design
+was made. The <i>vertebræ</i>, &c. now wanting
+having been either dug up by curious persons, or
+washed away by the violence of the waves at high
+water, and the accidental beating about of stones,
+sand, &c. during that time; the water covering this
+skeleton several feet at high water in spring tides;
+the cavities in the rock still remaining as in the design.</p>
+
+<p>The substance of the bones, with their <i>periostium</i>,
+on the covered or under side, in most parts remains<span class="pagenum" id="Page_788">[788]</span>
+intire, and their native colour in some places in a
+good measure preserved, and the teeth with their
+smooth polish plainly to be discovered. Part of the
+mandible near the extremity was covered with a shelf
+of the rock about three inches thick; which being
+cut away and removed, both the mandibles appeared
+under it compleat, with the teeth of the upper and
+under one, plainly locking or passing by each other.
+These appeared to be of the <i>dentes exerti</i> or fang
+kind, as well as all the others in the narrow part of
+the mandible, and further backwards they were not
+observed. From this ledge or shelf the mandible
+towards B is single, and appears to be the upper one
+of the living animal; and from the head not being
+exactly in the line of the body, that part has been
+inverted, or quite turned over, and the body itself, as
+appears from the transverse processes of the <i>vertebræ</i>,
+lies on the right side. There appears one row of
+teeth only on each side of the mandible, and they
+are about ¾ of an inch asunder.</p>
+
+<p>The mandible B A, the <i>cranium g h</i>, and the <i>vertebræ</i>
+from D to F, were attempted to be taken up
+whole; but the bones being rendered extremely brittle,
+and the rock in which they were fixed being a brittle
+blackish slate, with joints or fissures running in every
+direction, would not hold together: the whole therefore
+fell in many pieces, the <i>vertebræ</i> in the joints
+only, which makes them easy to join together again,
+and besides shows very plainly the transverse and spinal
+processes thereof, with the foramen in the latter
+for the spinal marrow. It was now that a piece of
+the <i>os femoris</i>, about four inches long, shewed itself
+in the sparry concreted substance at E, together with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_789">[789]</span>
+a piece of the <i>os innominatum</i>, to which it had been
+articulated or joined. This, with what has been before
+remarked, will sufficiently prove this to have been
+an animal of the quadruped, and probably, from
+the shape of the cranium peculiar to fishes, of the
+amphibious kind. At the same time many pieces of
+the <i>costæ</i> or ribs, as broke and crushed up against
+the <i>vertebræ</i>, were plainly visible. The cavities of all
+the bones were filled with a substance, which appeared
+the same as the rock itself; and the substance on
+each side the <i>vertebræ</i>, as they laid, was a mixture
+of sparry concreted matter with that of the rock itself,
+which is a blackish slate. The animal, when
+living, must have been at least 12 or 14 feet long.
+And the dimensions of the whole, or particular parts
+of the skeleton, may be measured from the scale annexed
+thereto.</p>
+
+<p>This skeleton lay about six yards from the foot
+of the cliff, which is about sixty yards in perpendicular
+height, and must have been covered by it
+probably not much more than a century ago. The
+cliff there is composed of various <i>strata</i>, beginning
+from the top, of earth, clay, marle, stones both hard
+and soft, of various thicknesses, and intermixed with
+each other, till it comes down to the black slate or
+alum rock, and about 10 or 12 feet deep in this
+rock, this skeleton laid horizontally, and exactly as
+designed. The probability, that this cliff has formerly
+covered this animal, and extended much more into the
+sea, is not in the least doubted of by those that know
+it. The various <i>strata</i>, of which it is composed, are daily
+mouldering and falling down; and the bottom, being
+the slaty alum rock, is also daily beat, washed, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_790">[790]</span>
+wore away, and the upper parts undermined, whence
+many thousand tuns often tumble down together.
+Many antient persons now living, whose testimony
+can be no way doubted of, remember this very cliff
+extending in some places twenty yards further out
+than it does at present. In short there is sufficient
+evidence, that at the beginning it must have extended
+near a mile further down to the sea than it does
+at present; and so much the sea has there gained of
+the land.</p>
+
+<p>These are the principal facts and circumstances attending
+the situation and discovery of this skeleton;
+which from the condition it is in, and from the particular
+disposition of the <i>strata</i> above the place where
+it is found, seem clearly to establish the opinion, and
+almost to a demonstration, that the animal itself must
+have been antediluvian, and that it could not have
+been buried or brought there any otherwise than by
+the force of the waters of the universal deluge. The
+different <i>strata</i> above this skeleton never could have
+been broken through at any time, in order to bury it,
+to so great a depth as upwards of 180 feet; and consequently
+it must have been lodged there, if not before,
+at least at the time when those <i>strata</i> were formed,
+which will not admit of a later date than that
+above-mentioned.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="hang"><i>P. S.</i> In the xlixth vol. page 639, of the <i>Philosophical
+Transactions</i>, an animal is described by Mr. Edwards,
+which was brought from the Ganges, and
+resembles this in every respect. He calls it <i>Lacerta
+(crocodilus) ventre marsupio donato, faucibus
+Merganseris rostrum æmulantibus</i>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sync"> </div>
+<div class="sync"> </div>
+<div class="figcenter illowp42" id="facing791" style="max-width: 104.5em;">
+<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XXXI"></a>XXXI. <i>p. <a href="#Page_791">791</a></i>.</div>
+<p class="center">PHŒNICIAN Coins.</p>
+ <img class="w100" src="images/facing791.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="right"><i><span class="small">J. Mynde sc.</span></i></div>
+</div>
+<div class="sync"> </div>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_791">[791]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">CIX. <i>A Dissertation upon the</i> Phœnician
+<i>Numeral Characters antiently used at</i> Sidon.
+<i>In a Letter to the Rev.</i> Thomas
+Birch, <i>D. D. Secret. R. S. from the Rev.</i>
+John Swinton, <i>M. A. of</i> Christ-Church,
+<span class="err" title="original: Oxon,">Oxon.</span> <i>F.R.S.</i></h2>
+</div>
+<p>
+Reverend Sir,
+</p>
+<div class="sidenote">Read Dec. 7,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">HAVING, by the assistance of the
+Palmyrene numeral characters,
+lately made a discovery, which may perhaps hereafter
+be of considerable service to chronology; I
+could not longer defer, though now deeply engaged
+in other matters, communicating it to the Royal
+Society. Nor will the memoir containing this, I
+flatter myself, be deemed altogether unworthy the
+attention of that learned and illustrious body. For,
+unless I am greatly deceived, it will bid fair to ascertain,
+with a sufficient degree of precision, the Phœnician
+dates of several antient Sidonian coins, one of
+which was struck above a century before the birth
+of <span class="smcap">Christ</span>, hitherto utterly unknown; and evince
+the notation of the Phœnicians, at least those of Sidon,
+when they first appeared, to have been extremely
+similar to, if not nearly the same with, that
+of the Palmyrenes.</p>
+
+<h3>I.</h3>
+
+<p>A small brass coin of Sidon<a id="FNanchor_162" href="#Footnote_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a>, now in my possession,
+exhibits on the reverse three Phœnician letters,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_792">[792]</span> that form the word SIDON, over the prow of
+a ship, the usual symbol of the city wherein it was
+struck. This coin, which is in good conservation,
+I formerly<a id="FNanchor_163" href="#Footnote_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a> published and explained. The characters
+however in the exergue, which I could then
+make nothing of, were not with sufficient accuracy
+described. This has induced me to transmit you
+another draught of the same medal, wherein proper
+care has been taken to remedy that defect. The two
+first of those characters, though somewhat imperfect,
+appear manifestly enough to be <i>Schin</i> and <i>Tzade</i>; as
+the former occurs on the Palmyrene<a id="FNanchor_164" href="#Footnote_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a> marbles,
+and the latter on several very valuable<a id="FNanchor_165" href="#Footnote_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a> Phœnician
+coins. The others so nearly resemble the numeral
+characters of the Palmyrenes, that they may undoubtedly
+be considered as pointing out to us a date.
+Which if we admit, the <i>Schin</i> and <i>Tzade</i> will seem
+to be the initial letters of the words צה שנת, THE
+YEAR OF SIDON, or IN THE YEAR OF
+SIDON; as the elements <i>Pe</i> and <i>Schin</i> apparently
+denote שנת פסח, THE PASCHA OF THE YEAR,
+or IN THE BEGINNING OF THE YEAR, on
+the reverse of the famous Samaritan coin of Bologna,
+published by Sig. Bianconi<a id="FNanchor_166" href="#Footnote_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a> not many years since.
+Nor can the phrase, THE YEAR OF SIDON, or
+IN THE YEAR OF SIDON, intimating the year
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_793">[793]</span>of the proper æra of that city, be looked upon as
+repugnant either to the Jewish or Phœnician genius;
+a similar expression having been used, both in their
+writings<a id="FNanchor_167" href="#Footnote_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a> and on their coins<a id="FNanchor_168" href="#Footnote_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a>, about the time
+that the Phœnician medal before me was struck, by
+the Jews. That the first of the numeral characters
+here stands for TWENTY, we may infer from the
+correspondent one of the Palmyrenes, to the form
+of which it is by no means unlike. This will likewise
+be confirmed by the dates preserved on other
+Phœnician coins, which will be immediately produced.
+The next, denoting a lesser number, and
+not representing FIVE, which we find always expressed
+by minute right lines on the Sidonian medals,
+must indubitably occupy the place of TEN. The
+six following strokes, after what has been just observed,
+will be acknowleged to add SIX to the foregoing
+numbers; so that the inscription in the exergue
+will no longer remain a mystery, the whole only importing,
+IN THE YEAR OF SIDON XXXVI.</p>
+
+<h3>II.</h3>
+
+<p>I have three other coins of Sidon<a id="FNanchor_169" href="#Footnote_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a>, of almost intirely
+the same type; only one of them exhibits a date in
+Greek numerals, and two bear Phœnician dates. The
+Greek numerals are EOT, CCCLXXV; and the Phœnician
+correspond with the numbers CXX, CXXVII,
+to both of which are prefixed the above-mentioned
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_794">[794]</span>initial letters. We meet with draughts of two similar
+medals in<a id="FNanchor_170" href="#Footnote_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a> Arigoni, adorned with characters, expressing
+the numbers CXXVIII, CXXX. All these
+coins present to our view a turrited head and a branch
+of palm, pointing out to us the country to which
+they belong, and on the reverse the usual symbol of
+Sidon. The year handed down to us by the Greek
+date EOT, is the 375th of the æra of Seleucus;
+and those denoted by the Phœnician numerals answer
+to the 120th, 127th, 128th, and 130th, of the proper
+æra of Sidon, as will be hereafter more fully
+evinced. Hence we may certainly collect, that these
+pieces were struck at Sidon in the years of <span class="smcap">Christ</span>
+11, 18, 19, 21, and 64.</p>
+
+<h3>III.</h3>
+
+<p>Three coins of Sidon, different from the former,
+occur in<a id="FNanchor_171" href="#Footnote_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a> Sig. Haym, and seven<a id="FNanchor_172" href="#Footnote_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a> more in my
+little cabinet, whose type is altogether the same, with
+Phœnician dates, preceded by the two aforesaid initial
+letters, upon them. To which we may add five,
+preserved in the noble<a id="FNanchor_173" href="#Footnote_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a> cabinet bequeathed to
+Christ-Church, Oxon. by Archbishop Wake, and
+another in the valuable collection of the Rev. Dr.
+Barton<a id="FNanchor_174" href="#Footnote_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a>, Canon of the said collegiate church,
+and a worthy member of this Society. On one side
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_795">[795]</span>these medals all exhibit the head of Jupiter, and on
+the reverse the prow of a ship, the common symbol
+of Sidon. Most of them had various Phœnician
+letters at first imprest on the upper part of the reverse,
+and one of them (which is pretty remarkable) nearly
+the same characters there that appear in the exergue.
+The first of the coins mentioned here was struck in
+the year of Sidon 5. This has been perfectly well
+preserved, and is more curious than any of the rest;
+which were emitted from the mint at Sidon in various
+years of the proper æra of that city, <i>viz.</i> the 107th,
+108th, 110th, 111th, 112th, 114th, 115th, 116th,
+117th, and 119th. We meet on none of these medals
+with the figure denoting TWENTY, used by the
+Sidonians, during the period I am now upon. It not
+a little resembles that which prevailed at Tadmor<a id="FNanchor_175" href="#Footnote_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a>
+in the reign of the emperor Claudius, about forty-nine
+years after the birth of <span class="smcap">Christ</span>. The most
+antient of the Phœnician coins I am now considering
+preceded the commencement of the Christian æra
+104 years, and is consequently 153 years older than
+the earliest Palmyrene inscription that has hitherto
+come to our hands<a id="FNanchor_176" href="#Footnote_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a>.</p>
+
+<h3>IV.</h3>
+
+<p>Some years since I published a small brass medal
+of Sidon<a id="FNanchor_177" href="#Footnote_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a>, with the heads of Jupiter and Juno
+on one side, and the prow of a ship on the reverse;
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_796">[796]</span>but did not accurately enough describe the numeral
+characters, and two initial letters, in the exergue.
+I therefore take the liberty to send<a id="FNanchor_178" href="#Footnote_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a> you a new
+draught, perfectly well done, of that inscription.
+Two more coins of the same type I have since acquired,
+and another may be seen in<a id="FNanchor_179" href="#Footnote_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a> Sig. Haym.
+These four pieces only exhibit the years of Sidon
+125 and 132.</p>
+
+<h3>V.</h3>
+
+<p>My small collection likewise affords two<a id="FNanchor_180" href="#Footnote_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a> other
+Phœnician medals of Sidon,<a id="FNanchor_181" href="#Footnote_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a> and Archbishop
+Wake’s noble cabinet one, of the same type, with
+different Phœnician dates in the exergue. To these
+may be added five, with the publication of which
+the learned world has been obliged by Sig. Arigoni<a id="FNanchor_182" href="#Footnote_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a>.
+The anterior faces of these coins are adorned
+with a veiled head, representing the genius of the
+city wherein they were struck; and the reverses with
+a human figure leaning upon a pillar, and holding a
+branch of palm in its right hand. Several Phœnician
+letters also there appear, which may perhaps at first
+sight seem to render it somewhat doubtful, whether
+the medals belong to Sidon or not. But every suspicion
+arising from hence must immediately vanish,
+when we cast our eyes upon the two initial elements,
+and the numeral characters, in the exergue; which
+clearly enough indicate the pieces to have been struck
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_797">[797]</span>at Sidon, in the 83d, 87th, 95th, 105th, 106th, 108th,
+114th, and 116th years of the æra peculiar to that city.
+A Phœnician coin of Sidon likewise occurs in one<a id="FNanchor_183" href="#Footnote_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a>
+of Sig. Arigoni’s plates, and another<a id="FNanchor_184" href="#Footnote_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a> in my collection,
+with the turrited head and branch of palm
+visible on three of the<a id="FNanchor_185" href="#Footnote_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a> medals above described,
+which indisputably appertain to that city, together
+with the very Phœnician letters and symbol imprest
+on the Sidonian coins now before me. This, exclusive
+of other considerations, that might be offered,
+must set the point I am here insisting upon beyond
+dispute.</p>
+
+<h3>VI.</h3>
+
+<p>I have another brass Phœnician medal of Sidon<a id="FNanchor_186" href="#Footnote_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a>,
+not a little resembling those above-mentioned,
+both in workmanship and size, presenting to our view
+on one side the head of Jupiter, and on the other a
+human figure with a lance in its right hand. This
+coin, which has never yet been published, is adorned
+with a Phœnician legend on the reverse, different
+from those of all the others that have hitherto appeared.
+I therefore judged that a draught of it would
+not be unacceptable, though the date imprest originally
+in the exergue (answering to the 26th year of
+Sidon) has a little suffered from the injuries of time.</p>
+
+<h3>VII.</h3>
+
+<p>The next Phœnician medal of Sidon, which I
+shall take the liberty here to describe, is a small brass
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_798">[798]</span>one<a id="FNanchor_187" href="#Footnote_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a>, now in my hands, with a veiled head on
+the anterior face, and the prow of a ship on the reverse.
+M. Bouterouë<a id="FNanchor_188" href="#Footnote_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a>, who has published it,
+rightly asserts it to be a Phœnician coin. The year
+of Sidon, preserved in the exergue of mine, is 74;
+and that in the exergue of M. Bouterouë’s, 73, though
+the first numeral character of the latter is somewhat
+deformed.</p>
+
+<h3>VIII.</h3>
+
+<p>The last Phœnician medals I shall at present produce,
+in order to settle the point in view, are<a id="FNanchor_189" href="#Footnote_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a>
+two in my possession, intirely agreeing both in type
+and form, as remarkable as any of the others here
+touched upon. A similar coin has been published
+by Sig. Arigoni<a id="FNanchor_190" href="#Footnote_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a>, and another<a id="FNanchor_191" href="#Footnote_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a> by M. Bouterouë;
+both of which, on several accounts, merit
+the attention of the learned. They exhibit on one
+side the head of Jupiter laureated, with a beard; and
+on the reverse a double cornucopia, together with
+three or four Phœnician elements, one or two of
+which are in a great measure defaced. A brass medal
+of Sidon occurs in Archbishop Wake’s<a id="FNanchor_192" href="#Footnote_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a> collection,
+as well as one in<a id="FNanchor_193" href="#Footnote_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a> mine, with the head of
+Jupiter done exactly after the same manner as that on
+the pieces before me, and Europa carried by a bull
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_799">[799]</span>on the reverse; which, exclusive of the inscriptions
+in the exergue, demonstrate the latter to belong to
+Sidon. The first of mine was struck in the 143d
+year of the proper æra of that city, and the second
+five years after. They correct the barbarous date
+assigned by Sig. Arigoni to his coin. M. Bouterouë
+has not favoured the learned world with an explication
+of the medal, of which he has given us a draught.
+Nor has M. l’Abbé Barthelemy, who likewise mentions
+this very coin, informed us to what place it appertains;
+but contented himself with barely<a id="FNanchor_194" href="#Footnote_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a> observing,
+that the letters preserved on the reverse are
+Phœnician. I flatter myself therefore that I shall
+not be charged with plagiarism by this celebrated
+antiquary, in case what is here submitted to the consideration
+of the Royal Society should be so happy
+as to meet with the approbation of that learned and
+illustrious body; not even by <i>only</i> acquainting the
+public, with a sort of <i>politesse</i> so peculiar to his countrymen,
+that it is now become one of the most distinguishing
+characteristics of their nation<a id="FNanchor_195" href="#Footnote_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a>, “that
+a certain Oxford doctor has done him the honour
+to <i>adopt</i> the explication he had given.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_800">[800]</span></p>
+<h3>IX.</h3>
+
+<p>For the farther illustration of what has been here
+advanced, it will be requisite to observe, that two
+æra’s were antiently followed at Sidon; the æra of
+Seleucus, and another peculiar to the inhabitants of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_801">[801]</span>
+that city<a id="FNanchor_196" href="#Footnote_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a>. On the Greek brass coins of Sidon,
+according to F. Frœlich<a id="FNanchor_197" href="#Footnote_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a>, both these epochs seem
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_802">[802]</span>to have been used. However, the supputation pointed
+out to us by the date on the Greek medal above-mentioned
+was undoubtedly made according to the
+æra of Seleucus; since otherwise the year exhibited
+by that date must have been nearly coincident with
+the 266th of <span class="smcap">Christ</span>, which by those versed in this
+kind of literature will never be allowed. For had
+the piece presented to our view so recent a date, as
+Sidon first became a Roman colony in the reign of
+Elagabalus<a id="FNanchor_198" href="#Footnote_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a>, above forty years before; the reverse
+ought to have been adorned with some other letters
+intimating this, as were those of the Sidonian<a id="FNanchor_199" href="#Footnote_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a>
+coins posterior to that event. As certain is it that all
+the Phœnician medals of Sidon, whose numeral characters
+have been interpreted here, acknowledge no
+other epoch than the proper one of that city, which
+commenced in the year<a id="FNanchor_200" href="#Footnote_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a> of Rome 643. This,
+I flatter myself, from the following considerations,
+exclusive of others that might, with equal facility,
+be offered, will even to demonstration appear.</p>
+
+<p>1. The fifth year mentioned by the oldest of these
+coins cannot be the fifth year of the æra of Seleucus,
+because the Sidonians were then subject to Antigonus<a id="FNanchor_201" href="#Footnote_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a>,
+in whose territories the supputation according
+to that epoch did not take place; and consequently
+the piece itself must have been struck in the fifth
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_803">[803]</span>year of the proper æra of Sidon, nearly coincident
+with the 648th of Rome<a id="FNanchor_202" href="#Footnote_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>2. No dates ever occurred upon the medals of
+the Syrian kings presiding over the people of Sidon,
+either to F. Frœlich or Dr. Vaillant<a id="FNanchor_203" href="#Footnote_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a>, who
+have so eminently distinguished themselves in this
+branch of literature, before the year of Seleucus 112;
+and therefore neither the Phœnician dates preserved
+on the aforesaid Sidonian coins whose numeral characters
+do not amount to 112, nor the Greek dates
+on others falling short of that number, can rationally
+be supposed to bear any relation to the æra of that
+prince. This certainly must be considered as a strong
+presumption, or rather an incontestable proof, that the
+last-mentioned Phœnician dates were deduced from
+the commencement of the proper Sidonian epoch, as
+from their genuine cardinal point. Which reasoning
+will by analogy extend, as the numeral characters
+exhibited by all the coins here explained are of the
+same kind, to every one of the rest.</p>
+
+<p>3. None of the medals of the Syrian kings, with
+Phœnician letters upon them<a id="FNanchor_204" href="#Footnote_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a>, hitherto published,
+bear any Phœnician dates. This, after what has
+been said, renders it extremely probable, that the
+pieces of Sidon I am considering were posterior to
+those coins; and even that their Phœnician dates referred
+to an æra different from that of Seleucus, followed
+by the Greek dates on the medals of the Syrian
+kings. Which if we admit, this æra could have been
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_804">[804]</span>no other than the new one of the Sidonians, that commenced
+in the seventh century of Rome.</p>
+
+<p>4. That the dates visible on these coins were supputed
+according to the latter epoch of Sidon, will
+be manifest from an examination of the Greek and
+Phœnician brass medals of that city explained, in<a id="FNanchor_205" href="#Footnote_205" class="fnanchor">[205]</a>
+the beginning of this paper; whose type and workmanship
+are extremely similar, if not almost intirely
+the same. For this circumstance is to me an evident
+proof, that they could not have been struck at very
+distant times. Now if we take the Greek coin to
+have followed the æra of Seleucus, as was undoubtedly
+the case, and the others that peculiar to Sidon;
+the first of the Phœnician dates<a id="FNanchor_206" href="#Footnote_206" class="fnanchor">[206]</a> will not be prior
+to the Greek one above fifty-three years, nor the last
+of them precede it above forty-three years. Whereas
+if we suppose the numeral inscriptions in the exergues
+of the Phœnician Sidonian coins to have been supputed
+according to the Seleucian epoch, the difference between
+the aforesaid dates will be five times as much;
+which with the similarity of workmanship and type,
+already observed, will be altogether incompatible.</p>
+
+<p>5. As the Jews<a id="FNanchor_207" href="#Footnote_207" class="fnanchor">[207]</a>, about the time that the first
+of our medals was struck, denominated the æra of
+Seleucus, THE ÆRA OF THE KINGDOM OF
+THE GREEKS; we cannot well doubt but it went
+amongst the Sidonians, who were neighbours to the
+Jews, under the same denomination. From whence
+it will follow, that the epoch styled by them emphatically,
+THE ÆRA OF SIDON, must have
+been different from the æra of Seleucus; and consequently
+that which, after the 643d year of Rome,
+was peculiar to them.</p>
+<div class="sync"> </div>
+<div class="figcenter illowp54" id="facing805" style="max-width: 133.5625em;">
+<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XXXII"></a>XXXII. <i>p. <a href="#Page_804">804</a></i></div>
+<p class="center">PHŒNICIAN Numerals antiently used at SIDON,
+from <i>One</i> to a <i>Thousand</i>.</p>
+ <img class="w100" src="images/facing805.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="right"><i><span class="small">J. Mynde sc.</span></i></div>
+</div>
+<div class="sync"> </div>
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_805">[805]</span></p>
+
+<p>The powers of the Phœnician numeral characters
+antiently used at Sidon, which I flatter myself are
+now discovered, having been for many ages unknown;
+the Society will perhaps not be displeased to see accurate
+draughts of the principal Phœnician medals,
+from whence they are deduced. I have therefore
+taken the liberty to transmit them<a id="FNanchor_208" href="#Footnote_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a> such draughts,
+which may be intirely depended upon. I have also
+constructed a table<a id="FNanchor_209" href="#Footnote_209" class="fnanchor">[209]</a> of the numeral characters
+themselves, from <span class="smcap">Unity to A Thousand</span>; which
+will demonstrate, in the clearest manner possible, the
+great affinity between them and those of the Palmyrenes.</p>
+
+<p>1. From this table it plainly appears, that the
+people of Sidon had no particular character to denote
+Five, whilst the Phœnician numerals here explained
+were in vogue amongst them; that they expressed
+TWENTY by a character, during that period, not
+very different from the correspondent one used at Tadmor;
+and that in all other respects the Phœnician notation
+then prevailing at Sidon was, in a manner, the
+same with that of the<a id="FNanchor_210" href="#Footnote_210" class="fnanchor">[210]</a> Palmyrenes.</p>
+
+<p>2. It may not be improper to observe, that two
+of the Sidonian coins I have been considering<a id="FNanchor_211" href="#Footnote_211" class="fnanchor">[211]</a>
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_806">[806]</span>exhibit the Phœnician word מא, equivalent to the
+Hebrew מאה, and Syriac מאא, AN HUNDRED,
+instead of the centenary numeral character. This,
+in conjunction with the appearance of that character,
+occupying the very place of the term אמ, on others
+of those coins, first induced me to believe, that the
+inscription preserved by every one of them in the
+exergue could be nothing else but a date.</p>
+
+<p>3. I shall beg leave farther to remark, that none
+of the indubitable medals of Tyre, adorned with
+Phœnician letters, as far as I have been able to discover,
+present to our view any Phœnician dates at all.
+This still more clearly evinces the second element
+prefixed to the Phœnician numerals in the exergue
+to point out to us the city of Sidon, and not that of
+Tyre; which<a id="FNanchor_212" href="#Footnote_212" class="fnanchor">[212]</a>, indeed, seems already to have
+been sufficiently proved.</p>
+
+<p>4. From the foregoing observations we may likewise
+collect, that the coin assigned to Demetrius III. by
+Mr. Masson, F. Frœlich<a id="FNanchor_213" href="#Footnote_213" class="fnanchor">[213]</a>, and Sig. Haym, exhibiting
+a Phœnician legend, without a Phœnician date,
+in the exergue, ought in reality to be attributed to
+Demetrius I. Those three learned men therefore
+have been guilty of a mistake in this particular.
+Nor can the head on this medal be denied to bear
+some resemblance to that of Demetrius I.<a id="FNanchor_214" href="#Footnote_214" class="fnanchor">[214]</a>
+with a moderate beard, as it appears on a coin published
+by Dr. Vaillant, and in one of F. Frœlich’s
+plates. That the letters A K, behind the head, indicate
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_807">[807]</span> the piece to have been struck in the twenty-first
+year of the proper Sidonian æra<a id="FNanchor_215" href="#Footnote_215" class="fnanchor">[215]</a>, as Mr.
+Masson and F. Frœlich are pleased to assert, can never
+be proved. On the contrary, the improbability of
+such a notion may be inferred from two similar letters,
+behind the turrited head of the <i>Dea Syria</i><a id="FNanchor_216" href="#Footnote_216" class="fnanchor">[216]</a>,
+on a Phœnician coin, which Mr. Masson makes to
+point out the forty-first year of the proper epoch of
+Sidon; whereas, in truth, that piece seems to have
+been struck either in the reign of Demetrius I. or Antiochus
+IV.<a id="FNanchor_217" href="#Footnote_217" class="fnanchor">[217]</a> many years before. Nay, that it
+was actually struck when Demetrius I. sat upon the
+Syrian throne, is rendered almost incontestable by a
+medal of that prince now in my possession, with a
+<i>Beta</i> behind the head on the anterior part, and the
+very reverse of the last-mentioned coin. From the
+former of which circumstances it farther appears,
+that the alphabetic characters MA, supposed by
+Mr. Masson to denote 41, are by no means to be
+taken for a date. To which we may add, that
+the head on a Phœnician medal, with the two
+Greek elements AK behind it, published by Mr.
+Reland<a id="FNanchor_218" href="#Footnote_218" class="fnanchor">[218]</a>, is apparently that of Demetrius I.;
+and that the posterior part of this coin is nearly the
+same, in all respects, with the reverse of that supposed
+to<a id="FNanchor_219" href="#Footnote_219" class="fnanchor">[219]</a> appertain to Demetrius III. by Mr. Masson
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_808">[808]</span> and Sig. Haym. But to wave all other considerations,
+relative to the point in view, that may occur,
+the features and turns of the face on the medals of
+Demetrius III. are so different<a id="FNanchor_220" href="#Footnote_220" class="fnanchor">[220]</a>, that no inference
+of any validity can be drawn from the pretended
+identity or similitude of them, in support of Mr. Masson’s
+opinion.</p>
+
+<p>5. The Palmyrene and Phœnician numerals, deduced
+from coins and inscriptions, may perhaps be
+thought not unworthy a place amongst the arithmetical
+characters of various nations, formerly<a id="FNanchor_221" href="#Footnote_221" class="fnanchor">[221]</a> collected
+by Bishop Beveridge; and consequently may be
+allowed to render somewhat more complete the chronological
+institutions, or rather the chronological
+arithmetic, of that learned and judicious author.</p>
+
+<p>You will pardon the prolixity of this letter, which
+the novelty of the subject may perhaps render a little
+more excusable than it would otherwise have been;
+and believe me to be, with the most perfect consideration
+and esteem,</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+SIR,<br />
+<span class="margin">Your most obedient humble Servant,</span><br />
+
+<span class="margina"><span class="large">J. Swinton.</span></span></p>
+<p>
+Christ Church, Oxon.
+Nov. 17. 1758.
+</p>
+<div class="sync"> </div>
+<div class="figcenter illowp53" id="facing809" style="max-width: 136.9375em;">
+<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XXXIII"></a>XXXIII. <i>p. <a href="#Page_809">809</a></i>.</div>
+ <img class="w100" src="images/facing809.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="right"><i><span class="small">J. Mynde sc.</span></i></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_809">[809]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">CX. <i>Of the Irregularities in the Motion of a
+Satellite arising from the spheroidical Figure
+of its Primary Planet: In a Letter
+to the Rev.</i> James Bradley <i>D. D. Astronomer
+Royal, F.R.S. and Member of the Royal
+Academy of Sciences at</i> Paris; <i>by Mr.</i>
+Charles Walmesley, <i>F.R.S. and Member
+of the Royal Academy of Sciences at</i> Berlin,
+<i>and of the Institute of</i> Bologna.</h2>
+</div>
+<p>
+Reverend Sir,
+</p>
+<div class="sidenote">Read Dec. 14,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">SINCE the time that astronomers have
+been enabled by the perfection of their
+instruments to determine with great accuracy the motions
+of the celestial bodies, they have been solicitous
+to separate and distinguish the several inequalities discovered
+in these motions, and to know their cause,
+quantity, and the laws according to which they are
+generated. This seems to furnish a sufficient motive
+to mathematicians, wherever there appears a cause
+capable of producing an alteration in those motions,
+to examine by theory what the result may amount
+to, though it comes out never so small: for as one
+can seldom depend securely upon mere guess for the
+quantity of any effect, it must be a blameable neglect
+entirely to overlook it without being previously
+certain of its not being worth our notice.</p>
+
+<p>Finding therefore it had not been considered what
+effect the figure of a planet differing from that of a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_810">[810]</span>
+sphere might produce in the motion of a satellite revolving
+about it, and as it is the case of the bodies
+of the Earth and Jupiter which have satellites about
+them, not to be spherical but spheroidical, I thought
+it worth while to enter upon the examination of such
+a problem. When the primary planet is an exact
+globe, it is well known that the force by which the
+revolving satellite is retained in its orbit, tends to the
+center of the planet, and varies in the inverse ratio of
+the square of the distance from it; but when the primary
+planet is of a spheroidical figure, the same
+rule then no longer holds: the gravity of the satellite
+is no more directed to the center of the planet, nor
+does it vary in the proportion above-mentioned; and
+if the plane of the satellite’s orbit be not the same
+with the plane of the planet’s equator, the protuberant
+matter about the equator will by a constant effort
+of its attraction endeavour to make the two planes
+coincide. Hence the regularity of the satellite’s motion
+is necessarily disturbed, and though upon examination
+this effect is found to be but small in the
+moon, the figure of the earth differing so little from
+that of a sphere, yet in some cases it may be thought
+worth notice; if not, it will be at least a satisfaction
+to see that what is neglected can be of no consequence.
+But however inconsiderable the change may
+be with regard to the moon, it becomes very sensible
+in the motions of the satellites of Jupiter both on account
+of their nearer distances to that planet when
+compared with its semidiameter, as also because the
+figure of Jupiter so far recedes from that of a sphere.
+This I have shewn and exemplified in the fourth satellite;
+in which case indeed the computation is more<span class="pagenum" id="Page_811">[811]</span>
+exact than it would be for the other satellites: for as
+my first design was to examine only how far the
+moon’s motion could be affected by this cause, I supposed
+the satellite to revolve at a distance somewhat
+remote from the primary planet, and the difference
+of the equatoreal diameter and the axis of the planet
+not to be very considerable. There likewise arises
+this other advantage from the present theory, that it
+furnishes means to settle more accurately the proportion
+of the different forces which disturb the celestial
+motions, by assigning the particular share of influence
+which is to be ascribed to the figure of the central
+bodies round which those motions are performed.</p>
+
+<p>I have added at the end a proposition concerning
+the diurnal motion of the earth. This motion has
+been generally esteemed to be exactly uniform; but
+as there is a cause that must necessarily somewhat alter
+it, I was glad to examine what that alteration
+could amount to. If we first suppose the globe of
+the earth to be exactly spherical, revolving about its
+axis in a given time, and afterwards conceive that by
+the force of the sun or moon raising the waters its
+figure be changed into that of a spheroid, then according
+as the axis of revolution becomes a different diameter
+of the spheroid, the velocity of the revolution
+must increase or diminish: for, since some parts of the
+terraqueous globe are removed from the axis of revolution
+and others depressed towards it, and that in a
+different proportion as the sun or moon approaches to
+or recedes from the equator, when the whole quantity
+of motion which always remains the same is distributed
+through the spheroid, the velocity of the diurnal
+rotation cannot be constantly the same. This<span class="pagenum" id="Page_812">[812]</span>
+variation however will scarce be observable, but as it
+is real, it may not be thought amiss to determine
+what its precise quantity is.</p>
+
+<p>I am sensible the following theory, as far as it relates
+to the motion of Jupiter’s satellites, is imperfect
+and might be prosecuted further; but being hindered
+at present from such pursuit by want of health and
+other occupations, I thought I might send it you in
+the condition it has lain by me for some time. You
+can best judge how far it may be of use, and what
+advantage might arise from further improvements in
+it. I am glad to have this opportunity of giving a
+fresh testimony of that regard which is due to your
+distinguished merit, and of professing myself with the
+highest esteem,</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+Reverend Sir,<br />
+<span class="margin">Your very humble Servant,</span><br />
+
+<span class="margina"><span class="large">C. Walmesley.</span></span></p>
+<p>
+Bath, Oct. 21.
+1758.
+</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Lemma I.</span></h3>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>Invenire gravitatem corporis longinqui ad circumferentiam
+circuli ex particulis materiæ in duplicatâ
+ratione distantiarum inversè attrahentibus constantem.</i></p>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">ES<span class="smcap">to</span> NIK (<i>Vid.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a href="#XXXIII">xxxiii.</a> <i>Fig.</i> 1.) circumferentia
+circuli, in cujus puncta omnia gravitet corpus
+longinquum S locatum extra planum circuli. In hoc
+planum agatur linea perpendicularis SH, et per circuli
+centrum X ducatur recta HXK secans circulum
+in I et K, et SR parallela ad HX: producatur autem
+SH ad distantiam datam SD, et agantur rectæ<span class="pagenum" id="Page_813">[813]</span>
+DC, XC, ipsis HX, SD, parallelæ. Tum ductâ
+chordâ quavis MN ad diametrum IK normali eamque
+secante in L, ex punctis M, N, demittantur in
+SR perpendiculares MR, NR, concurrentes in R;
+junctisque SM, SN, erit SM = SN, MR = NR,
+SR = HL. Dicantur jam SD, <i>k</i>; HX sive DC, <i>h</i>;
+XL, <i>x</i>; CX, <i>z</i>; XI, <i>r</i>; eritque HL = <i>h</i> - <i>x</i>, et
+SH = <i>k</i> - <i>z</i>. Est autem SM ad SH ut attractio
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">(SM)²</span></span> corporis S versus particulam M in directione
+SM ad ejusdem corporis attractionem in directione
+SH, quæ proinde erit <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">SH</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">(SM)³</span></span>:
+sed est SR = HL, et (SM)² = (SR)² + (MR)² = (SR)² + (SH)² + (ML)²; unde sit
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">SH</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">(SM)³</span></span> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">SH</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">((HL)² + (SH)² + (ML)²)³⁄ ²</span></span>, et ductâ <i>mn</i> parallelâ
+ad MN, vis qua corpus S attrahitur ad arcus quàm
+minimos M<i>m</i>, N<i>n</i>, exponitur per <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">SH × 2M<i>m</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">(SM)³</span></span> =
+SH × 2M<i>m</i> × ((HL)² + (SH)² + (ML)²) ⁻³⁄ ². Est autem
+(HL)² + (SH)² + (ML)² = <i>kk</i> - 2<i>kz</i> + <i>zz</i> + <i>hh</i> - 2<i>hx</i> + <i>rr</i>,
+hincque ponendo <i>kk</i> + <i>hh</i> = <i>ll</i>, ((HL)² + (SH)² = (ML)²)⁻³⁄² =
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>l</i>³</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>kz</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁵</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>hx</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁵</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>rr</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">2<i>l</i>⁵</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>zz</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">2<i>l</i>⁵</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">15<i>kkzz</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">2<i>l</i>⁷</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">15<i>khzx</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">2<i>l</i>⁷</span></span> +
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">15<i>hhxx</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">2<i>l</i>⁷</span></span>, neglectis terminis ulterioribus ob longinquitatem
+quam supponimus corporis S. Quarè, si scribatur
+<i>d</i> pro circumferentiâ IMKN, gravitas corporis
+S ad totam illam circumferentiam secundum SH,
+sive fluens fluxionis SH × 2M<i>m</i> × ((HL)² + (SH)² + (ML)²) ⁻³⁄ ²
+evadit (<i>k</i> - <i>z</i>) × <i>d</i> in <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>³</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>kz</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁵</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>rr</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">2<i>l</i>⁵</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>zz</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">2<i>l</i>⁵</span></span> +
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_814">[814]</span>
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">15<i>kkzz</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span><span class="fden"> 2<i>l</i>⁷</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">15<i>hhrr</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">4<i>l</i>⁷</span></span>. Simili modo obtinebitur gravitas
+ejusdem corporis S secundum SR. <i>Q. E. I.</i></p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Lemma II.</span></h3>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Corporis longinqui gravitatem ad Sphæroidem oblatam
+determinare.</i></p>
+
+<p>Retentis iis quæ sunt in lemmate superiori demonstrata;
+esto C centrum sphæroidis, cujus æquatori
+parallelus sit circulus IMK. Sphæroidis hujus semiaxis
+major sit <i>a</i>, semiaxis minor <i>b</i>, eorum differentia
+<i>c</i>, quam exiguam esse suppono; et dicatur D circumferentia
+æquatoris. Centro C et radio æquali
+semiaxi minori describi concipiatur circulus qui secet
+IK in <i>i</i>, eritque gravitas in directione SD, qua urgetur
+corpus S versus materiam sitam inter circumferentiam
+IMKN et circumferentiam centro X et
+radio X<i>i</i> descriptam, æqualis gravitati in lemmate
+præcedenti definitæ ductæ in rectam I<i>i</i>. Sed est
+I<i>i</i>. <i>c</i>∷ IX. <i>a</i>, atque <i>d</i>. D∷ IX. <i>a</i>; unde I<i>i</i> × <i>d</i>.
+D × <i>c</i>∷ (IX)². <i>aa</i>, hoc est, ex naturâ ellipseos, ob
+CX = <i>z</i>, et IX = <i>r</i>, I<i>i</i> × <i>d</i>. D × <i>c</i>∷ <i>bb</i> - <i>zz</i>. <i>bb</i>,
+adeoque I<i>i</i> × <i>d</i> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">D × <i>c</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>bb</i></span></span> × (<i>bb</i> - <i>zz</i>), atque <i>rr</i> = <i>aa</i>
+- <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>aazz</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>bb</i></span></span>; scribi autem potest in sequenti calculo
+<i>bb</i> - <i>zz</i> pro <i>rr</i> ob parvitatem differentiæ semiaxium
+in quam omnes termini ducuntur. Gravitas igitur
+corporis S in materiam inter circumferentias supradictas
+consistentem exprimetur per <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">D × <i>c</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>bb</i></span></span> × (<i>bb</i> - <i>zz</i>)
+× (<i>k</i> - <i>z</i>) in <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>³</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>kz</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁵</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>bb</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">2<i>l</i>⁵</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">15<i>zz</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">4<i>l</i>⁵</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">15<i>bbhh</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄ </span><span class="fden">4<i>l</i>⁷</span></span> +
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">45<i>kkzz</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">4<i>l</i>⁷</span></span>. Et si addatur gravitas in similem materiam<span class="pagenum" id="Page_815">[815]</span>
+ex alterâ parte centri C ad æqualem à centro distantiam,
+quia tunc CX sive <i>z</i> evadit negativa, gravitas
+corporis S in hanc duplicem materiam erit <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">D × <i>c</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>bb</i></span></span> ×
+(<i>bb</i> - <i>zz</i>) in <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>k</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>³</span></span> - <span class="fraction"> <span class="fnum">6<i>kzz</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁵</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>kbb</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁵</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">15<i>k</i>³<i>zz</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁷</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">15<i>hhkbb</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">2<i>l</i>⁷</span></span> -
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">15<i>hhkzz</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">2<i>l</i>⁷</span></span>. Ducatur jam gravitas hæc in <i>ż</i>, et sumptâ
+gravitatum omnium summâ, factâ <i>z</i> = <i>b</i>, gravitatio
+tota corporis S in totam materiam globo interiori superiorem
+secundum directionem SD æquatori perpendicularem
+prodit (D × <i>c</i>) × (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>kb</i> </span><span class="bar"><span class="bar">⁄</span></span> <span class="fden">3<i>l</i>³</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>kb</i>³</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>⁵</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>khhb</i>³</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁷</span></span>).
+Simili ratiocinio gravitatio corporis S in eamdem
+materiam secundum directionem SR æquatori parallelam
+invenitur æqualis D × <i>c</i> × (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>hb</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">3<i>l</i>³</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>hb</i>³</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>⁵</span></span> -
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>hkkb</i>³</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁷</span></span>). Tum si addatur gravitatio corporis S in
+globum interiorem, ex unâ parte scilicet <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>b</i>³<i>k</i>D</span> <span class="bar">⁄ </span><span class="fden">3<i>al</i>³</span></span>, et
+ex alterâ <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>b</i>³<i>h</i>D</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">3<i>al</i>³</span></span>, habebitur gravitas corporis S in totum
+sphæroidem. <i>Q. E. I.</i></p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Coroll.</span></h4>
+
+<p>Igitur gravitas corporis S secundum SD est ad ejusdem
+gravitatem secundum SR sive DC in materiam
+sphæroidis globo interiori incumbentem ut <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>k</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">3</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>kb</i>²</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span>
++ <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>khhb</i>²</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁴</span></span> ad <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>h</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">3</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>hb</i>²</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>hkkb</i>²</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁴</span></span>, adeoque si gravitas prior
+exponatur per <i>k</i>, posterior exprimetur per <i>h</i> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>hb</i>²</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span>
+quamproximè. Unde cum sit DC = <i>h</i>, patet gravitatem
+corporis S in sphæroidem oblatam non tendere<span class="pagenum" id="Page_816">[816]</span>
+ad centrum C, sed ad punctum <i>c</i> rectæ DC in plano
+æquatoris jacentis vicinius puncto D.</p>
+
+<h3>PROPOSITIO I.</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Problema.</span></h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Vires determinare quibus perturbatur motus Satellitis
+circa Primarium suum revolventis.</i></p>
+
+<p>Exhibeat jam sphærois prædicta planetam quemvis
+figurâ hac donatum, et corpus S satellitem circa planetam
+tanquàm primarium gyrantem. Quantitas
+materiæ globo sphæroidis interiori incumbentis æqualis
+est <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>bbc</i>D</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">3<i>a</i></span></span> sive <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>bc</i>D</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">3</span></span> proximè, et si materia illa locaretur
+in centro sphæroidis C, attraheret satellitem
+S secundum SC vi <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>bc</i>D</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">3<i>l</i>²</span>,</span> quæ reducta ad directionem
+SD fit <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>bck</i>D</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span><span class="fden"> 3<i>l</i>³</span></span>, et ad directionem DC fit <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>bch</i>D</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">3<i>l</i>³</span></span>. Cum
+igitur vis <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>bc</i>D</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">3<i>l</i>²</span></span> non turbat motum satellitis, utpote
+quæ tendat ad centrum motûs et quadrato distantiæ
+ab eodem centro sit reciprocè proportionalis, vires
+illæ <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>bck</i>D</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">3<i>l</i>³</span></span>, <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>bch</i>D </span><span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">3<i>l</i>³</span></span>, in quas resolvitur, etiam motum non
+turbabunt. Itaque ex vi D × <i>c</i> × (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>kb</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">3<i>l</i>³</span></span> - <span class="fraction"> <span class="fnum">4<i>kb</i>³</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>⁵</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>khhb</i>³</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁷</span></span>)
+auferatur vis <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>bck</i>D</span> <span class="bar">⁄ </span><span class="fden">3<i>l</i>³</span></span>, et ex vi D × <i>c</i> × (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>hb</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">3<i>l</i>³</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>hb</i>³</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>⁵</span></span> -
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>hkkb</i>³</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁷</span></span>) auferatur <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>bch</i>D</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">3<i>l</i>³</span></span>, et remanebunt vires D × <i>c</i> ×
+- (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>kb</i>³</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>⁵</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>khhb</i>³</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁷</span></span>), D × <i>c</i> × (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>hb</i>³</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>⁵</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>hkkb</i>³</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁷</span></span>), motuum
+satellitis S perturbatrices. Designetur vis D × <i>c</i> ×<span class="pagenum" id="Page_817">[817]</span>
+(<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>hb</i>³</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>⁵</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>hhkb</i>³</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁷</span></span>) per rectam S<i>r</i> (<i>Fig. 2.</i>) ac resolvatur in
+vim S<i>q</i> tendentem ad centrum planetæ primarii C et ob
+triangula similia S<i>rq</i>, SDC, æqualem D × <i>c</i> × (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>b</i>³</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>⁴</span></span> -
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>kkb</i>³</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁶</span></span>), existentibus ut priùs, SD = <i>k</i>, DC = <i>h</i>, SC = <i>l</i>;
+et in vim <i>rq</i> rectæ SD parallelam et æqualem D × <i>c</i> ×
+(<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>kb</i>³</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>⁵</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>k</i>³<i>b</i>³</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁷</span></span>); atque hæc vis posterior subducta ex vi
+D × <i>c</i> × - (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>kb</i>³</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>⁵</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>khhb</i>³</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁷</span></span>) relinquet D × <i>c</i> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>kb</i>³</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>⁵</span></span> pro
+vi perturbatrice in directione SD. Unde cum massa
+tota planetæ sit <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>ab</i>D</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">3</span></span>, gravitas satellitis tota in planetam
+erit <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>ab</i>D</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">3<i>l</i>²</span></span> proximé, vel etiam <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>bb</i>D </span><span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">3<i>l</i>²</span></span>, et hæc gravitas
+est ad vim D × <i>c</i> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>kb</i>³</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>⁵</span></span> ut 1 ad <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">6<i>kbc</i> </span><span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>³</span></span>.</p>
+
+<p>Deinde vis illius D × <i>c</i> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>kb</i>³</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span><span class="fden">5<i>l</i>⁵</span></span> secundum SD pars
+ea quæ agit in directione SC est D × <i>c</i> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4<i>kkb</i>³</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">5<i>l</i>⁶</span></span>, quæ
+addita vi Sq dat D × <i>c</i> × (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>b</i>³</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>⁴</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">6<i>kkb</i>³</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>⁶</span></span>) vim perturbatricem
+tendentem ad centrum planetæ primarii, atque hæc
+vis est ad satellitis gravitatem <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>bb</i>D</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">3<i>l</i>²</span></span> in primarium ut
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>bc</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">9<i>kkbc</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>⁴</span></span> ad 1. <i>Q. E. I.</i></p>
+
+<h5><span class="smcap">Coroll.</span></h5>
+
+<p>Designet CK (<i>Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXIII">3.</a>) lineam intersectionis planorum
+æquatoris planetæ et orbitæ satellitis, et resolvatur
+vis SD = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">6<i>kbc</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>³</span></span>, quæ agit perpendiculariter ad
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_818">[818]</span>
+planum æquatoris, in vim DR perpendicularem ad
+planum orbitæ satellitis, et in vim SR jacentem in
+eodem plano. Producatur SR donec occurrat CK
+in K, eritque SK normalis ad CK, et planum SDK
+normale ad planum orbis satellitis; ac proptereà ob
+similia triangula SDK, SRD, si <i>m</i> denotet sinum ad
+radium 1 et <i>n</i> cosinum anguli SKD, inclinationis
+scilicet orbitæ satellitis ad æquatorem planetæ, erit
+DR = SD × <i>n</i> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">6<i>kbcn</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>³</span></span>, et SR = SD × <i>m</i> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">6<i>kbcm</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>³</span></span>,
+existente 1 gravitate totâ satellitis in primarium suum.
+Jam quoniam vis SR jacet in plano orbitæ satellitis,
+hujus plani situm non mutat; accelerat quidem vel
+retardat motum satellitis revolventis, sed hæc acceleratio
+vel retardatio ob brevitatem temporis ad quantitatem
+sensibilem non exurgit: vis DR eidem plano
+perpendicularis continuò mutat ejus situm, et motum
+nodi generat, quem sequenti propositione definiemus.</p>
+
+<h3>PROPOSITIO II.</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Problema.</span></h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Invenire motum nodi ex prædictâ causâ oriundum.</i></p>
+
+<p>Per motum nodi in hac propositione intelligo motum
+intersectionis planorum æquatoris planetæ et orbitæ
+satellitis; orbitam autem satellitis quamproximé
+circularem suppono. Esto S locus satellitis in orbe
+suo SN cujus centrum C, (<i>Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXIII">4</a>.) SF arcus centro
+C descriptus perpendicularis in circulum æquatoris
+planetæ FN; SB arcus eodem centro descriptus perpendicularis
+ad orbem SN, atque in SB sumatur
+lineola S<i>r</i> æqualis duplo spatio, quod satelles percurrere
+posset impellente vi DR in Coroll. præced.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_819">[819]</span>
+determinatâ, quo tempore in orbe suo describeret
+arcum quàm minimum <i>p</i>S: per puncta <i>r</i>, <i>p</i>, describatur
+centro C circulus <i>rpn</i> secans equatorem in <i>n</i>,
+qui exhibebit situm orbitæ satellitis post illam particulam
+temporis, nodo N translato in <i>n</i>. Agantur
+SC, CN, et SH perpendicularis in lineam nodorum
+CN, et N<i>m</i> perpendicularis in <i>rpn</i>. Jam cum sint
+lineolæ S<i>r</i>, N<i>m</i>, ut sinus arcuum S<i>p</i>, SN, erit S<i>p</i>.
+S<i>r</i> ∷ SH. N<i>m</i>; deinde in triangulo rectangulo
+N<i>mn</i> habetur <i>m</i>. 1 ∷ N<i>m</i>. N<i>n</i>; unde per compositionem
+rationum S<i>p</i> × <i>m</i>. S<i>r</i> ∷ SH. N<i>n</i> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">S<i>r</i> × SH</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">S<i>p</i> × <i>m</i></span></span>:
+dato igitur arcu S<i>p</i>, est N<i>n</i> sive motus nodi ut S<i>r</i> ×
+SH. In triangulo sphærico rectangulo SFN est sinus
+anguli N, hoc est, anguli inclinationis orbitæ satellitis
+ad æquatorem planetæ, ad sinum arcûs SF, ut radius
+ad sinum arcûs SN, id est, <i>m</i>. <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>k</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i></span></span> ∷ 1. SH, adeoque
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>k</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i></span></span> = <i>m</i> × SH; est igitur <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>k</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i></span></span> ut SH. Vis autem S<i>r</i> per
+Coroll. Prop. præced. est ut <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>k</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i></span></span>, adeoque ut SH;
+quamobrem est S<i>r</i> × SH, proindeque et N<i>n</i>, ut (SH)²,
+hoc est, motus horarius nodi vi præfatâ genitus est
+in duplicatâ ratione distantiæ satellitis à nodo. Et
+quoniam summa omnium (SH)², quo tempore satelles
+periodum suam absolvit, est dimidium summæ totidem
+(SC)², ideò motus periodicus est subduplus ejus
+qui, si satelles in declinatione suâ maximâ ab æquatore
+planetæ continuò perstaret, eodem tempore generari
+posset. Sit igitur satelles in maximâ suâ declinatione
+sive in quadraturâ cum nodo, eritque SN quadrans
+circuli, et N<i>m</i> mensura anguli N<i>pm</i> sive S<i>pr</i>,
+eritque in hoc casu N<i>n</i> sive motus horarius nodi
+ad N<i>m</i>, hoc est, ad angulum S<i>pr</i>, ut 1 ad <i>m</i>;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_820">[820]</span>
+est autem angulus S<i>pr</i> ad duplum angulum, quem
+subtendit sinus versus arcûs S<i>p</i> satellitis gravitate
+in primarium eodem tempore descripti, id est,
+ad angulum SC<i>p</i> qui est motus horarius satellitis
+circa primarium, ut vis S<i>r</i> ad gravitatem satellitis in
+primarium, hoc est (per Coroll. Prop. I.), ut <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">6<i>kbcn</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>³</span></span>
+ad 1, sive, quia est in hoc casu <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>k</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span><span class="fden"> <i>l</i></span></span> = <i>m</i>, ut <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">6<i>bcmn</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄ </span><span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span> ad
+1. Unde conjunctis rationibus est motus horarius
+nodi ad motum horarium satellitis ut <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">6<i>bcn</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span> ad 1; et si
+S denotet tempus periodicum solis apparens, et L tempus
+periodicum satellitis circa primarium suum, cum
+sit motus horarius satellitis ad motum horarium solis
+ut S ad L, erit motus horarius nodi ad motum horarium
+solis ut <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">6<i>bcn</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span> </span>× <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">S</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">L</span></span> ad 1, et in eadem ratione erit
+motus nodi annuus ad motum solis annuum, hoc est,
+ad 360°. Quarè, si satelles maneret toto anno in
+maximâ suâ declinatione ab æquatore primarii, vis
+prædicta ex figurâ sphæroidicâ planetæ primarii proveniens
+generaret eodem tempore motum nodi æqualem
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">6<i>bcn</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">S</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">L</span></span> × 360°, et ex supradictis motus verus
+nodi annuus erit hujus subduplus, nempe <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>bcn</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">S</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">L</span></span> ×
+360°. <i>Q. E. I.</i></p>
+
+<h5><span class="smcap">Coroll.</span></h5>
+
+<p>Si computatio instituatur pro lunâ, assumendo
+mediocrem ejus orbitæ inclinationem ad æquatorem
+terrestrem, erit <i>n</i> cosinus anguli 23° 28´½; et posito
+semiaxi terræ <i>b</i> = 1, erit distantia lunæ à centro terræ
+mediocris <i>l</i> = 60 circiter, indeque in hypothesi quod<span class="pagenum" id="Page_821">[821]</span>
+sit differentia semiaxium <i>c</i> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">229</span></span>, erit <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>bcn</i> </span><span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">S</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">L</span></span> ×
+360° = 11´´ ½; et si fuerit <i>c</i> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">177</span></span>, manente terrâ
+uniformiter densâ, erit ille motus = 15´´. Hic erit
+motus nodorum annuus lunæ regressivus in plano
+æquatoris terrestris, qui reductus ad eclipticam, uti
+posteà docebitur, pro vario nodorum situ evadet
+multò velocior.</p>
+
+<p>Notabilis multò magis erit motus intersectionis orbitarum
+satellitum Jovis in plano æquatoris Jovialis; et computabitur
+satis accuratè per formulam suprà traditam, modò satelles non sit
+Jovi nimis vicinus. Sic pro satellite extimo erit L = 16ᵈ 16ʰ 32´,
+<i>b</i> = 1, <i>l</i> = 25,299 circiter, semiaxium Jovis differentia
+<i>c</i> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span> <span
+class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">13</span></span>; et positâ
+orbis hujus satellitis inclinatione ad æquatorem Jovis æquali 3°,
+erit <i>n</i> cosinus hujus inclinationis, atque inde prodibit
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>bcn</i></span> <span
+class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span>
+× <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">S</span> <span
+class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">L</span></span> × 360° = 34´
+circiter, motus scilicet nodorum annuus satellitis quarti in plano
+æquatoris Jovis in antecedentia. Si minùs vel magìs inclinatur orbis ad
+Jovis æquatorem, augeri vel minui debet hic motus in ratione cosinûs
+hujus inclinationis.</p>
+
+<p>Cæterùm patet motum hunc nodorum in plano
+æquatoris planetæ primarii, æstimando distantiam satellitis
+in semidiametris primarii, generatìm esse, dato
+tempore, in ratione compositâ, ex ratione directâ differentiæ
+semiaxium planetæ et cosinûs inclinationis
+orbis satellitis ad planetæ æquatorem, conjunctìm;
+et ex ratione inversâ temporis periodici satellitis et
+quadrati distantiæ satellitis à centro planetæ, item
+conjunctìm.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_822">[822]</span></p>
+
+<h3>PROPOSITIO III.</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Problema.</span></h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Motum nodorum Lunæ supra determinatum ad
+Eclipticam reducere.</i></p>
+
+<p>Sunto NAD (<i>Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXIII">5</a>.) æquator, AGE ecliptica
+secans æquatorem in A, E æquinoctium vernum,
+A autumnale, LGN orbis lunæ secans eclipticam in
+G et æquatorem in N, LD circulus maximus perpendicularis
+in æquatorem; et sunto DN, LN, quadrantes
+circuli. Tempore dato vi prædictâ transferratur
+intersectio N in <i>n</i>, et describatur circulus L<i>gn</i>
+exhibens situm orbis lunaris post illud tempus, secetque
+eclipticam in <i>g</i>. Ut autem intersectiones N et
+G sine verborum ambagibus distinguantur, priorem
+in posterum vocabo <i>Nodum Æquatorium</i>, posteriorem
+<i>Nodum Eclipticum</i>. Ductis itaque N<i>m</i>, G<i>d</i>, perpendicularibus
+in orbem lunæ, est N<i>n</i>: N<i>m</i> ∷ 1:
+sin. GNA, et N<i>m</i> : G<i>d</i> ∷ 1 : sin. LG, itemque
+G<i>d</i>: G<i>g</i> ∷ sin. G<i>gd</i>: 1; unde conjunctis rationibus
+provenit N<i>n</i>: G<i>g</i>∷ sin. G<i>gd</i> : sin. GNA × sin. LG,
+adeoque G<i>g</i> = N<i>n</i> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">sin. GNA × sin. LG</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">sin. G<i>gd</i></span></span>. Scribantur
+<i>s</i> pro sinu et <i>t</i> pro cosinu anguli G<i>gd</i>, inclinationis
+scilicet orbitæ lunaris ad eclipticam, ad radium 1, <i>v</i>
+pro sinu et <i>u</i> pro cosinu arcûs EG, <i>p</i> pro sinu et <i>q</i> pro
+cosinu obliquitatis eclipticæ; atque per resolutionem
+trianguli sphærici GAN, habebitur cos. GNA = <i>n</i> =
+<i>qt</i> + <i>psu</i>, indeque sin. GNA = √<span class="bt">1 - <i>qqtt</i> -
+2<i>pqstu</i> - <i>p</i>² <i>s</i>² <i>u</i>²</span>; sed scribi potest 1 pro <i>t</i>, et rejici
+terminus <i>p</i>² <i>s</i>² <i>u</i>² ob exiguitatem sinûs <i>s</i> anguli<span class="pagenum" id="Page_823">[823]</span>
+5° 8´ ½, proindeque erit sin. GNA = √<span class="bt"><i>pp</i> - 2<i>pqsu</i></span>;
+prætereà est sin. GNA: sin. GA sive <i>v</i> ∷ sin. GAN
+sive <i>p</i>: sin. GN, ideoque sin. GN sive cos. LG =
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>pv</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span><span class="fden"> sin. GNA</span></span>, et sin. LG = <i>u</i> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>qsvv</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>p</i></span></span>, ac sin GNA ×
+sin. LG = pu - qs quamproximé. Quarè fit Gg
+= Nn × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>pu</i> - <i>qs</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>s</i></span></span>, atque hic est motus nodorum lunarium
+tempore dato in plano eclipticæ: quod si
+tempus illud datum sit annus solaris, habetur N<i>n</i> =
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>bcn</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">S</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">L</span></span> × 360°, unde motus ille eclipticus nodorum
+annuus, nullâ habitâ ratione mutationis sitûs nodorum
+ex aliâ causâ per id temporis factæ, fiet <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>bc</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span> × (<i>qt</i> + <i>psu</i>)
+× <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>pu</i> - <i>qs</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>s</i></span></span> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">S</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">L</span></span> × 360°, vel etiam <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>bcq</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>pu</i> - <i>qs</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>s</i></span></span> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">S</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">L</span></span> ×
+360° proximé. <i>Q. E. I.</i></p>
+
+<p>Quo motum nodi lunaris in hac propositione ad
+eclipticam reduximus, eodem prorsùs ratiocinio motus
+nodi satellitis cujusvis ad orbitam planetæ primarii
+reducetur.</p>
+
+<h5><span class="smcap">Coroll. I.</span></h5>
+
+<p>Exinde liquet nullum esse hunc motum nodi, ubi
+sin. LG = 0, vel etiam ubi <i>pu</i> = <i>qs</i>, quod contingit
+ubi orbitæ lunaris arcus GN eclipticam et æquatorem
+æqualis est 90°, sive ubi nodi lunares versantur
+in punctis declinationis lunaris maximæ, sive ubi
+arcus AG, cujus cosinus est <i>u</i>, evadit æqualis 78° 5´,
+id est, ubi nodus ascendens lunæ versatur in 11° 55´
+Cancri, vel 18° 5´ Sagittarii. Eritque progressivus
+hic motus, id est, fiet secundum seriem signorum,
+dum nodus ascendens lunæ transit retrocedendo ab<span class="pagenum" id="Page_824">[824]</span>
+18° 5´ Sagittarii ad 11° 55´ Cancri, regressivus autem
+in reliquâ parte revolutionis; et maximus evadit
+motus regressivus, ubi <i>u</i> = -1, id est, ubi nodus
+ascendens versatur in principio Arietis; et maximus
+progressivus, ubi <i>u</i> = 1, id est, ubi idem nodus occupat
+initium Libræ. Itaque cùm motus ille nodorum
+annuus, de quo hîc agitur, universaliter sit
+æqualis <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>bcq</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>pu</i> - <i>qs</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>s</i></span></span> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">S</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">L</span></span> × 360°, hoc est, per Coroll.
+Prop. 2. æqualis 11´´ ½ × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>pu</i> - <i>qs</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>s</i></span></span> vel 15´´ × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>pu</i> - <i>qs</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>s</i></span></span>
+prout differentia semiaxium terræ fuerit <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span> <span class="bar">⁄ </span><span class="fden">229</span></span> vel <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">177</span></span>,
+existentibus scilicet <i>p</i> sinu et <i>q</i> cosinu anguli 23° 28´ ½,
+atque <i>s</i> sinu anguli 5° 8´ ½; eo anno, in cujus medio
+circiter nodus lunæ ascendens tenuerit principium
+Arietis, motus nodorum regressivus, qui et maximus,
+erit 1´ 2´´ vel 1´ 20´´; ubi verò idem nodus subierit
+signum Libræ, motus maximus progressivus erit 41´´
+vel 53´´. In aliis nodorum positionibus eodem modo
+computabitur.</p>
+
+<h5><span class="smcap">Coroll. II.</span></h5>
+
+<p>Si desideretur excessus regressûs nodi supra progressum
+in integrâ nodi revolutione, sequenti ratione
+investigabitur. Jungantur equinoctia diametro EA,
+in quam demittatur perpendiculum GK, et sumpto
+arcu G<i>h</i> quem describit nodus eclipticus G quo tempore
+nodus equatorius N describit arcum N<i>n</i>, ducatur
+<i>hc</i> perpendicularis in GK. Per hanc propositionem
+est G<i>g</i>. N<i>n</i> ∷ <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>pu</i> - <i>qs</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>s</i></span></span>. 1, sive, quia est 1. <i>u</i>
+∷ G<i>h</i>. G<i>c</i>, fit G<i>g</i>. N<i>n</i> ∷ <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>p</i> × G<i>c</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>s</i></span></span> - <i>q</i> × G<i>h</i>. G<i>h</i>;
+adeoque summa omnium G<i>g</i> erit ad summam omnium<span class="pagenum" id="Page_825">[825]</span>
+N<i>n</i>, hoc est, motus nodi ecliptici in integrâ
+sui revolutione erit ad motum nodi æquatorii eodem
+tempore factum, ut summa omnium in circulo
+quantitatum <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>p</i> × G<i>c</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>s</i></span></span> - <i>q</i> × G<i>h</i> ad summam totidem
+arcuum G<i>h</i>, hoc est, ut - <i>q</i> ad 1. Signum autem—denotat
+motum fieri in antecedentia sive regressum
+nodi excedere ejusdem progressum. Unde cum motus
+nodi æquatorii N fit 11´´ ½ vel 15´´ quo tempore
+nodus eclipticus describit 19° 20´ ½, motus ille nodi
+æquatorii tempore nodi ecliptici periodico evadit 11´´ ½
+× <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">360°</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">19° 20´ ½</span></span> = 3´ 34´´ vel 15´´ × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">360°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">19° 20´ ½</span></span> = 4´ 39´´; quo
+pacto prodit motus nodi ecliptici præfatus æqualis
+<i>q</i> × 3´ 34´´ vel <i>q</i> × 4´ 39´´, proindeque <i>est radius ad
+cosinum obliquitatis eclipticæ ut</i> 3´ 34´´ <i>vel</i> 4´ 39´´ <i>ad
+motum quæsitum</i>, nempe 3´ 16´´, existente <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">229</span></span> differentiâ
+axium terræ, vel 4´ 16´´ eâ existente <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">177</span></span>: atque
+hic est excessus regressûs nodi supra progressum
+in integrâ nodi revolutione vi prædictâ genitus. Excessu
+igitur hoc minuatur motus nodi lunaris periodicus
+360°, et remanebit motus ille quem generat vis
+solis.</p>
+
+<h3>PROPOSITIO IV.</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Problema.</span></h4>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>Variationem inclinationis orbis lunaris ad planum
+eclipticæ ex figurâ terræ spheroidicâ ortam determinare.</i></p>
+
+<p>Esto ANH (<i>Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXIII">6</a>.) æquator, AG ecliptica, et
+A punctum æquinoctii autumnalis: fit NGRM orbis
+lunæ secans eclipticam in G et æquatorem in N, in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_826">[826]</span>
+quo sumantur arcus NL, GR, æquales quadrantibus
+circuli. Jam si nodus æquatorius N per temporis
+particulam vi prædictâ transferri intelligatur in <i>n</i>, et
+per punctum L describatur circulus <i>n</i>L<i>r</i>, exhibebit
+hic situm orbis lunæ post tempus elapsum, et si in
+eumdem demittantur perpendicula N<i>m</i> et R<i>r</i>, posterius
+R<i>r</i> designabit variationem inclinationis orbitæ
+lunaris ad eclipticam eodem tempore genitam. Est
+autem N<i>n</i> : N<i>m</i> ∷ 1: <i>m</i>, itemque N<i>m</i>: R<i>r</i>∷ 1:
+sin. LR; sed ob NL = GR, est NG = LR; unde
+conjunctis rationibus est N<i>n</i>: R<i>r</i>∷ 1: <i>m</i> × sin. NG;
+ex quo patet variationem inclinationis momentaneam
+esse proportionalem sinui distantiæ nodi lunaris ecliptici
+à nodo æquatorio. Ad diametrum NM demittatur
+perpendiculum GK, et existente G<i>h</i> decremento arcûs
+NG facto quo tempore nodus æquatorius N describit
+arcum N<i>n</i>, agatur <i>hk</i> parallela ipsi GK, eritque 1:
+GK sive sin. NG∷ G<i>h</i>. K<i>k</i>; proindeque jam erit
+N<i>n</i>: R<i>r</i> ∷ G<i>h</i> : <i>m</i> × K<i>k</i>, adeoque summa omnium
+variationum R<i>r</i>, quo tempore nodus eclipticus G
+descripsit arcum MG, genitarum erit ad summam
+totidem motuum N<i>n</i>, hoc est, ad motum nodi æquatorii
+N eodem tempore factum, ut summa omnium
+K<i>k</i> ducta in <i>m</i>, ad summam totidem arcuum G<i>h</i>, id
+est, ut <i>m</i> × MK ad MG. Sit NH motus nodi N
+tempore revolutionis nodi G ab uno equinoctio ad
+alterum, eritque variatio inclinationis eodem tempore
+genita, hoc est, variatio tota æqualis <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2<i>m</i> × NH</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">MGN</span></span>.
+Unde cùm <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">NH</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">MGN</span></span> exprimat rationem motûs nodi
+æquatorii ad motum nodi ecliptici, prodit theorema
+sequens: <i>Est motus nodi lunaris ecliptici ad motum
+nodi æquatorii, ut sinus duplicatus inclinationis mediocris<span class="pagenum" id="Page_827">[827]</span>
+orbitæ lunaris ad æquatorem, ad sinum variationis
+totius inclinationis ejusdem orbitæ ad eclipticam.</i></p>
+
+<p>In hoc computo inclinationem mediocrem orbis lunaris
+ad æquatorem, nempe 23° 28´ ½, usurpo, cum in
+revolutione nodi tantum ex unâ parte augetur, quantum
+ex alterâ minuitur, et omnes minutias hîc expendere
+supervacaneum foret. Motus autem nodi lunaris ecliptici
+est ad motum nodi lunaris æquatorii ut 19° 20´ ½
+ad 11´´ ½ vel 15´´, sive ut 6055 vel 4642 ad 1, unde
+per theorema supra traditum prodit variatio inclinationis
+tota æqualis 27´´ vel 35´´, prout differentia axium
+terræ statuitur <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">229</span></span> vel <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">177</span></span>. Hac igitur quantitate
+augetur inclinatio orbis lunaris ad eclipticam in
+transitu nodi ascendentis lunæ ab æquinoctio vernali
+ad autumnale, et tantumdem minuitur in alterâ medietate
+revolutionis nodi. In loco quolibet G inter
+æquinoctia variatio inclinationis est ad variationem
+totam ut sinus versus arcûs MG ad diametrum, ut
+patet; sive differentia inter semissem variationis totius
+et variationem quæsitam est ad ipsam semissem variationis
+totius ut cosinus arcûs MG ad radium, hoc est,
+ut <i>u</i> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>qsvv</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>p</i></span></span> ad 1. <i>Q. E. I.</i></p>
+
+<h3>PROPOSITIO V.</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Problema.</span></h4>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>Motum apsidum in orbe satellitis quamproximé circulari,
+quatenùs ex figurâ planetæ primarii sphæroidicâ
+oritur, investigare.</i></p>
+
+<p>Per propositionem primam vis perturbatrix, quâ
+trahitur satelles ad centrum planetæ primarii, est ad<span class="pagenum" id="Page_828">[828]</span>
+satellitis gravitatem in ipsum primarium, ut <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>bc</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span> -
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">9<i>kkbc</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>⁴</span></span> ad 1, sive, quia per Prop. 2. est <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>k</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i></span></span> = <i>m</i> × SH
+(<i>Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXIII">4</a>.) ponendo scilicet <i>m</i> pro sinu inclinationis
+orbitæ satellitis ad æquatorem primarii, et scribendo
+<i>y</i> pro SH, ut <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>bc</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span> × (1 - 3<i>m</i>²<i>y</i>²) ad 1; et summa
+harum virium in totâ circumferentiâ cujus radius est
+1, est ad gravitatem satellitis toties sumptam ut <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>bc</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span> ×
+(1 - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>m</i>²</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span>) ad 1. Vis igitur mediocris, quæ uniformiter
+agere in satellitem supponi potest, dum revolutionem
+suam in orbitâ propemodùm circulari absolvit,
+est ad ejus gravitatem in primarium ut <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>bc</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span> ×
+(1 - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>m</i>²</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span>) ad 1; atque hac vi movebuntur apsides, si
+nulla habeatur ratio vis alterius quæ orbis radio est
+perpendicularis et per medietatem revolutionis satellitis
+in unum sensum tendit, per alteram medietatem
+in contrarium. Jam quia ex demonstratis in hac et
+primâ propositione sequitur gravitatem satellitis circa
+planetam, cujus figura est sphærois oblata, revolventis
+in distantiâ <i>l</i> generaliter esse ad ejusdem gravitatem in
+majori distantiâ L, ut <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>²</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">B</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁴</span></span> × (1 - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>m</i>²</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span>) ad <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">L²</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">B</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">L⁴</span></span> ×
+(1 - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>m</i>²</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span>), existente B quantitate datâ exigui valoris,
+sive ut <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>²</span></span> ad <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">L²</span></span> - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">B</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>²L²</span></span> × (1 - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>m</i>²</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span>) + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">B</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">L⁴</span></span> × (1 - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>m</i>²</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span>)
+quamproximé, ideò gravitas satellitis diminuitur in
+majori quam duplicatâ ratione distantiæ auctæ quoties
+<i>m</i> minor est quantitate √⅔ id est, ubi inclinatio
+orbitæ satellitis ad planetæ æquatorem non attingit 54°<span class="pagenum" id="Page_829">[829]</span>
+44´; diminuitur autem in minori ratione, quoties est
+<i>m</i> major quàm √⅔, id est, ubi illa inclinatio superat
+54° 44´; adeoque in priore casu progrediuntur apsides
+orbis satellitis, in posteriori regrediuntur. Quantitas
+autem hujus progressûs vel regressûs sic innotescet.</p>
+
+<p>Per exemplum tertium prop. 45 lib. 1. <i>Princ.
+Math. Newt.</i> si vi centripetæ, quæ est ut <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>²</span></span>, addatur
+vis altera ut <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>e</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>⁴</span></span>, hoc est, quæ sit ad vim centripetam
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span> <span class="bar">⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>l</i>²</span></span> ut <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>e</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>l</i>²</span></span> ad 1, angulus revolutionis ab apside unâ ad
+eamdem erit 360° √<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1 + <i>e</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">1 - <i>e</i></span></span> vel <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">360°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">1 - <i>e</i></span></span> quamproximé,
+existente <i>e</i> quantitate valdé minutâ. Porrò cum sit
+motus satellitis in orbitâ suâ revolventis ad motum
+apsidis ut <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">360°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">1 - <i>e</i></span></span> ad <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">360°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">1 - <i>e</i></span></span> - 360°, hoc est, ut 1 ad <i>e</i>,
+erit motus apsidis tempore revolutionis satellitis ad
+fidera æqualis 360° × <i>e</i>, et hic motus apsidis erit ad
+ejusdem motum tempore alio quovis dato ut tempus
+periodicum satellitis ad tempus datum. Est autem
+in hac nostrâ propositione <i>e</i> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>bc</i></span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">5<i>l</i>²</span></span> × 1 - <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>m</i>²</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span>; unde
+datur motus apsidum quæsitus. <i>Q. E. I.</i></p>
+
+<h5><span class="smcap">Coroll.</span></h5>
+
+<p>Si ad lunam referatur hæc determinatio, habebuntur
+<i>b</i> = 1, <i>l</i> = 60, <i>m</i> = sinui anguli 23° 28´ ½, et si
+fuerit <i>c</i> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">229</span></span>, erit <i>e</i> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">1803203</span></span>, atque motus apogæi
+lunæ spatio centum annorum æqualis 16´ proximé
+in consequentia; si fuerit <i>c</i> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">177</span></span>, erit <i>e</i> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">1393742</span></span>,
+et motus apogæi æqualis 20´, 7. Hac igitur quantitate
+minuendus est motus medius apogæi lunæ<span class="pagenum" id="Page_830">[830]</span>
+prout observationibus determinatur, ut habeatur motus
+ille quem generat vis solis.</p>
+
+<p>Pro quarto autem Jovis satellite, erunt <i>b</i> = 1,
+<i>l</i> = 25,299, <i>c</i> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">13</span></span>, <i>m</i> = sinui anguli 3°, <i>e</i> = <span class="fraction"> <span class="fnum">1</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">13924,7</span></span>;
+hincque motus apsidis spatio unius anni solaris prodit
+33´, 95 vel ferè 34´ in consequentia, qui tempore
+annorum decem fit 5° 40´. Insuper autem notandum
+est vi solis perturbari motum satellitis simili
+modo quo perturbatur motus lunæ; ideoque, quoniam
+vis solis, quâ perturbatur motus lunæ est ad
+lunæ gravitatem in terram in duplicatâ ratione temporis
+periodici lunæ circa terram ad tempus periodicum
+terræ circa solem, hoc est, ut 1 ad 178,725;
+pariter vis solis, qua perturbatur motus satellitis Jovialis,
+est ad ipsius satellitis gravitatem in Jovem in duplicatâ
+ratione temporum periodicorum satellitis circa
+Jovem et Jovis circa solem, hoc est, ut 1 ad 67394,6:
+vires igitur, quibus perturbantur motus lunæ et satellitis,
+sunt ad se invicem, relativé ad eorum gravitates
+in planetas suos primarios ut <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">178,725</span></span> ad <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span><span class="fden"> 67394,6</span></span>
+sive ut 37,708 ad 1. Unde cum viribus similibus
+proportionales sunt motus his viribus dato tempore
+geniti, si vis prior vel ejusdem vis pars quælibet motum
+apsidis generat æqualem 40° 40´ ½ in orbe lunari annuatìm,
+vis posterior vel ejusdem pars similis et proportionalis
+motum apsidis eodem tempore generabit
+æqualem 6´ ½ in orbe satellitis, atque decem annorum
+spatio 1° 5´ in consequentia. Addatur 1° 5´ ad 5° 40´,
+et motus apsidum totus in orbe satellitis extimi Jovialis
+ex duabus prædictis causis oriundus spatio decem annorum
+erit 6° 45´ in consequentia. Observationibus
+Astronomicis collegit Ill. <i>Bradleius</i> hunc motum
+tempore prædicto esse quasi 6°; differentia illa qualiscumque<span class="pagenum" id="Page_831">[831]</span>
+45´ inter motum observatum et computatum
+actionibus satellitum interiorum debebit ascribi.</p>
+
+<h5><span class="smcap">Scholium.</span></h5>
+
+<p>Ex præcedentibus colligere licet motuum lunarium
+inæqualitates originem suam omnem non ducere ex
+vi solis, sed earum partem aliquam deberi actioni
+Telluris quatenùs induitur figurâ sphæroidicâ. Sufficiat
+hîc illarum computasse valorem, et legem, quâ
+generantur, demonstrasse: utrum autem hujusmodi
+correctiones tales sint ut tabulis Astronomicis inscribi
+mereantur, dijudicent Astronomi.</p>
+
+<p>Item manifestum est præter inæqualitates eas, quæ
+in motibus satellitum Jovialium ex vi solis et actionibus
+satellitum in se invicem nascuntur, oriri alias ex
+figurâ Jovis sphæroidicâ ita notabiles ut Observationes
+Astronomicas continuò afficere debeant.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>De Variatione motûs Terræ diurni.</i></p>
+
+<p>Si terra globus esset omninò sphæricus quicumque
+foret revolutionis axis, manente eâdem in globo
+motûs quantitate, eadem maneret rotationis velocitas:
+secùs autem est, ubi ob vires solis et lunæ terra induit
+formam sphæroidis oblongæ per aquarum ascensum.
+Hîc enim non considero figuram telluris oblatam
+ob materiæ in æquatore redundantiam, sed
+sphæricam suppono nisi quatenùs per aquarum elevationem
+et depressionem in sphæroidicam mutatur.
+Jam verò in sphæroide hujusmodi, quamvis eadem
+maneat motûs quantitas, mutatâ inclinatione axis
+transversi ad axem revolutionis, mutabitur revolutionis
+velocitas, uti satis manifestum est: cùm autem axis<span class="pagenum" id="Page_832">[832]</span>
+transversus transit semper per solem vel lunam, singulis
+momentis mutabit situm suum respectu axis revolutionis
+ob motum quo hi duo planetæ recedunt
+ab æquatore terrestri et ad eum vicissìm accedunt.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Problema.</span></h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Variationem motûs terræ diurni ex prædictâ causâ
+oriundam investigare.</i></p>
+
+<p>Exhibeat sphærois oblonga ADC<i>d</i> (<i>Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXIII">7</a>.) terram
+fluidam, cujus centrum T, AC axis transversus jungens
+centra terræ et solis vel lunæ, D<i>d</i> axis minor,
+EO diameter æquatoris, et XZ axis motûs diurni.
+Centro T et radio TD describatur circulus BD<i>d</i> secans
+axem transversum AC in B, et agatur BK perpendicularis
+in TE: tum ex quovis circuli puncto P
+ductâ PM ad axem XZ normali quæ secet TA in H,
+sit P<i>pr</i> circumferentia circuli quam punctum P rotatione
+suâ diurnâ describit, ad cujus quodvis punctum
+<i>p</i> ducatur T<i>p</i> et producatur donec occurrat superficiei
+sphæroidis in <i>q</i>; deinde demissâ <i>p</i>G perpendiculari in
+PM, et GF perpendiculari in TA, si per puncta A<i>q</i>C
+transire intelligatur ellipsis ellipsi ADC similis et
+æqualis, erit ex naturâ curvæ, quia sphærois nostra
+parùm admodùm differt à sphærâ, <i>pq</i> = AB × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">(TF)²</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">(TP)²</span></span>
+quamproximé. Jam designet U velocitatem particulæ
+in terræ æquatore revolventis motu diurno circum
+axem XZ ad distantiam semidiametri TP, eritque
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">U × PM</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">TP</span></span> velocitas particulæ P circulum P<i>pr</i> describentis,
+et cum sit TF =<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">(GM - HM) × TK</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">TP</span></span> + TH, erit<span class="pagenum" id="Page_833">[833]</span>
+motus totius lineolæ <i>pq</i> æqualis <i>pq</i> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">U × PM</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">TP</span></span> =
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">U × AB × PM</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">(TP)³</span></span> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">((GM - HM) × (TK)²)</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">TP</span></span> + TH, adeoque
+summa horum motuum in circuitu circuli P<i>pr</i>, hoc est,
+motus superficiei inter circulum P<i>pr</i> et sphæroidem in
+directione T<i>p</i> contentæ, æquabitur circumferentiæ hujus
+circuli ductæ in <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">U × AB × PM </span><span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">(TP)³</span></span> × (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">(TK)² × (PM)²</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">2(TP)²</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">(TK)² × (HM)²</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">(TP)²</span></span>
+- <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2TK × HM × TH</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">TP</span></span> + (TH)²) sive quia est HM. TM
+∷ TK. BK, et TH. HM∷ TP. TK, scribendo D
+pro circumferentiâ circuli BD<i>d</i>, æquabitur ille motus
+quantitati <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">U × AB × D </span><span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">2(TP)⁶</span></span> × ((TK)² × (PM)⁴ + 2(BK)² × (TM)² × (PM)²).
+Deinde horum motuum summa in toto circuitu
+globi collecta, hoc est, motus totius materiæ globo
+BD<i>d</i> incumbentis prodibit æqualis <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">U × AB × DD</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">32</span></span> x
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3(TP)² - (BK)²</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">(TP)²</span></span>. Ubi planeta in plano æquatoris consistit,
+fit BK = 0, et motus prædictus æqualis
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">U × 3AB × DD</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">32</span></span>. Motus autem globi QPR circa eumdem
+axem est (uti facilé demonstratur) <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">U × TP × DD</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">16</span></span>,
+adeoque motus terræ totius fit <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">U × TP × DD</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">16</span></span> +
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">U × AB × DD</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">32</span></span> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3(TP)² - (BK)²</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">(TP)²</span></span>, qui cum idem semper
+manere debeat, denotet V velocitatem in superficie
+æquatoris terrestris ubi planeta versatur in plano
+æquatoris, eritque <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">U × TP × DD</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">16</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">U × 3AB × DD</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">32</span></span> =<span class="pagenum" id="Page_834">[834]</span>
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">U × TP × DD</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">16</span></span> + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">U × AB × DD</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">32</span></span> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3(TP)² - (BK)²</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">(TP)²</span></span>; unde
+scribendo 1 pro TP quatenùs est radius ad sinum
+BK anguli BTK, habetur V. U∷ TP + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3AB</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span> -
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">AB × (BK)²</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span>. TP + <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3AB</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span>, indeque, quia minima est
+altitudo AB respectu semidiametri TP, U - V. V∷
+AB × (BK)². 2TP, et U - V = V × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">AB × (BK)²</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">2TP</span></span>: pro
+V autem patet scribi posse velocitatem angularem
+terræ mediocrem quia ab eâ differt quam minimé et
+ducitur in quantitatem perexiguam <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">AB × (BK)²</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">2TP</span></span>, et
+quia tempora revolutionum terræ circa centrum suum
+sint reciprocé ut motus angulares U, V, fiet differentia
+revolutionum terræ ubi planeta æquatorem tenet
+et ubi ab æquatore distat angulo BTK, æqualis 23ʰ
+56´ × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">AB × (BK)²</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">2TP</span></span>. Quoniam igitur est acceleratio horaria
+ad motum terræ horarium mediocrem circa centrum
+suum ut AB × (BK)² ad 2 TP sive (quia est sinus
+<i>p</i> inclinationis eclipticæ ad æquatorem ad radium 1
+ut sinus BK ad sinum distantiæ planetæ ab æquinoctio,
+quem sinum dico K) ut AB × <i>p</i>² × K² ad 2 TP;
+adeoque acceleratio horaria rotationis terræ crescit in
+ratione duplicatâ sinûs distantiæ planetæ à puncto
+æquinoctii, et summa omnium illarum accelerationum,
+quo tempore transit planeta ab æquinoctio ad
+solstitium, est ad summam totidem motuum horariorum
+mediocrium, hoc est, acceleratio tota eo tempore
+genita est ad tempus illud ut summa quantitatum
+omnium AB × <i>p</i>² × K² in circuli quadrante ad summam<span class="pagenum" id="Page_835">[835]</span>
+totidem 2TP, id est, quia summa omnium
+K² in circuli quadrante dimidium est summæ totidem
+quadratorum radii, ut AB × <i>p</i>² ad 4 TP. Quamobrèm,
+si denotet P quartam partem temporis planetæ
+periodici circa terram, erit acceleratio tota motûs
+terræ circum axem suum in transitu planetæ ab æquinoctio
+ad solstitium genita æqualis <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">AB × P × <i>p</i>²</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">4TP</span></span>, atque
+eadem erit retardatio in transitu planetæ à solstitio
+ad æquinoctium. Unde sponte nascitur hoc Theorema:
+<i>Est quadratum diametri ad quadratum sinûs
+obliquitatis eclipticæ ut quarta pars temporis periodici
+solis vel lunæ ad tempus aliud</i>; deinde, <i>est semidiameter
+terræ ad differentiam semiaxium ut tempus
+mox inventum ad accelerationem quæsitam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ascensus aquæ AB vi solis debitus est duorum pedum
+circiter, existente semidiametro terræ mediocri
+TP = 19615800, unde prodit per theorema acceleratio
+terræ circa centrum suum gyrantis facta quo
+tempore incedit sol ab æquinoctio ad solstitium,
+æqualis 1´´´ 55ⁱᵛ in partibus temporis; et si vi lunæ ascendunt
+aquæ ad altitudinem octo pedum, acceleratio
+revolutionis terræ inde orta, quo tempore luna transit
+ab æquatore ad declinationem suam maximam, erit
+34ⁱᵛ: et summa harum accelerationum, quæ obtinet
+ubi hi duo planetæ in punctis solstitialibus versantur,
+cum non superet duo minuta tertia temporis cum semisse
+sive 37 minuta tertia gradûs, vix observabilis
+erit. <i>Q. E. I.</i></p>
+
+<p>Cùm igitur tantilla fit hujusmodi variatio in hypothesi
+sphæricitatis terræ; qualis evaderet, terrâ existente
+sphæroide oblatâ, frustrà quis inquireret.</p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_836">[836]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">CXI. <i>Some Observations on the History of
+the</i> Norfolk <i>Boy. By</i> J. Wall, <i>M. D.
+In a Letter to the Rev.</i> Charles Lyttelton,
+<i>LL.D. Dean of</i> Exeter.</h2>
+</div>
+<p>
+SIR,
+</p>
+<div class="sidenote">Read Dec. 14,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">THE history of the Norfolk Boy,
+which, you inform me, has been
+communicated to the Royal Society, seems to deserve
+a place in the memoirs of that illustrious body, as
+well on account of its utility, as its singularity.</p>
+
+<p>The symptoms in this case most evidently arose
+from worms in the intestines; which often occasion
+unaccountable complaints, and frequently elude the
+most powerful medicines, as they did in the instance
+before us, till at last they were dislodged by the enormous
+quantity of oil-paint, which the poor boy devoured;
+and the cause being thus removed, all the
+effects ceased.</p>
+
+<p>At first sight it appears wonderful, that this immense
+quantity of white lead did not prove fatal;
+and that it was not so, could be owing to nothing but
+the oil, by which it was enveloped, and its contact
+and immediate action on the coats of the intestines
+thereby prevented. But the oil did not only obviate
+the dangerous effects of this mixture, but appears, to
+me at least, to have been the chief cause of the success,
+with which it was happily attended. I speak this
+with some restriction, because the lead, as its stypticity
+was thus covered, might, by its weight, assist in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_837">[837]</span>
+removing the verminous filth, especially as the bowels
+were made slippery by the oil.</p>
+
+<p>Oil has long been observed to be noxious to insects
+of all kinds, so that not only those, which survive after
+being cut into several pieces, but those also, which live
+long with very little air, and those, which revive by
+warmth after submersion in water, die irrecoverably,
+if they are immerged in, or covered with oil. Rhedi
+and Malpighi have made many experiments to this
+purpose; and account for the event very rationally
+from the oil stopping up all the air-vessels, which in
+these animalcula are very numerous, and distributed
+almost over their whole bodies.</p>
+
+<p>On this account oil has been recommended as a
+vermifuge both by Andry and Hoffmann, though I
+believe it has been seldom used in practice in that intention;
+or at least has not been given in quantities
+sufficient to answer it. Indeed Hoffmann<a id="FNanchor_222" href="#Footnote_222" class="fnanchor">[222]</a> himself
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_838">[838]</span>seems not to lay much stress on it as an anthelmintic,
+recommending it only as serving to line the inside of
+the intestines, and to relax spasms in them; and therefore
+as a proper preparative to be given before any
+acrid purgatives are ventured on.</p>
+
+<p>The medicines commonly prescribed, and most
+depended on, are either of a virulent and drastic nature,
+or such as are supposed to be able to destroy
+those animals by some mechanical qualities <i>e. g.</i> to
+cut, tear, or otherwise affect their tender bodies, and
+yet not have force enough to lacerate or injure the
+stomach or intestines. Of the former kind are the
+leaves and juice of helleboraster, the bark of the Indian
+cabbage-tree, coloquintida, resin of jalap, glass
+of antimony, and the like; the effects of which are
+commonly violent and dangerous, and sometimes
+fatal. Of the latter class are crude mercury, and the
+milder preparations of that mineral, aloes and other
+bitters, tin filings, neutral salts, and vitriolic acids.
+Every one conversant in practice too well knows, how
+often these medicines are administred ineffectually.
+When I had therefore attentively considered the
+history of the Norfolk Boy, I determined to try the
+efficacy of oil in such cases, as it seemed capable of
+producing great effects, and yet could not be attended
+with any hazard or danger.</p>
+
+<p>The first person, to whom it was given, with this
+view, was —— ——, a patient of our Infirmary,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_839">[839]</span>
+who was judged to have worms, but had taken several
+approved medicines for a considerable time without
+success. In a consultation with the other physicians,
+the following form was prescribed.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="hang">℞. <i>Ol. Oliv. lb.ss. Sp. vol. aromat. ʒij M. cap.
+Cochl. iii. mane et H. S.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="noin">The volatile spirit was added here to make the oil
+saponaceous, and by that means more easily miscible
+with the juices in the stomach and <i>primæ viæ</i>. This
+medicine answered our expectations, and in a few
+days brought away several worms.</p>
+
+<p>—— Lacy, a poor boy of the parish of Feckenham
+in this county, aged 13 years, was, as I was
+informed, about three or four years ago seized with
+convulsive fits, which gradually deprived him of his
+senses, and reduced him to a state of idiocy. He had
+taken several anthelmintics and purgatives, particularly
+the <i>Pulv. Cornachin.</i> but never had voided any
+worms, though all the symptoms seemed plainly to
+shew, that they were the cause of his disorder. As
+he greedily swallowed any thing, which was offered
+him, without distinction, I at first ordered him a mixture
+of linseed oil ℥vij <i>Tinct. sacr.</i> ℥j: of which he
+took four large spoonfuls night and morning. He persisted
+in the use of this one whole week without at
+all nauseating it, towards the latter end of which time
+he voided one round worm of a great length. He now
+began to shew much aversion to the medicine; on
+which account the <i>Tinctur. sacr.</i> was omitted, and he
+was ordered to take the oil alone in the same quantities.
+This he continued to do a fortnight longer,
+during which time he voided 60 more worms, and in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_840">[840]</span>
+a great measure recovered the use of his reason<a id="FNanchor_223" href="#Footnote_223" class="fnanchor">[223]</a>.
+This account I had from the Apothecary, who, by
+my directions, supplied him with the medicines.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after this I ordered the same medicine to be
+given to Elizabeth Abell, a poor girl in the same
+neighbourhood, reduced by epileptic fits to such a state
+of idiocy, as to eat her own excrements. It caused
+her to void several worms, but she did not recover
+her senses.</p>
+
+<p>Since this time I have given the oil to several persons
+with good success, and therefore I cannot but
+recommend a further tryal of it; since it is a remedy,
+which may be used with safety in almost any
+quantity; a character, which very few of the anthelmintic
+medicines deserve.</p>
+
+<p>It is probable, that some oils are more destructive to
+worms than others. Andry (<i>Traité de la Generation
+des Vers, cap. 8</i>) prefers nut oil, and tells us, that a human
+worm, voided alive, being put into that oil, died
+instantly; whereas another worm, voided at the same
+time, lived several hours in oil of sweet almonds,
+though in a languishing state. This difference he
+afterwards (<i>Cap. 9</i>) endeavours to account for, by
+supposing, that the oil of almonds is more porous,
+and consequently less able to preclude the entrance of
+air into the worms. And indeed there is some reason
+to conclude, that oils, which dry in the open air, such
+as nut and linseed oils, are of a closer texture, less
+mixed with water, and consequently more anthelmintic,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_841">[841]</span> than those oils, which freeze by cold, and will
+not dry in the open air;<a id="FNanchor_224" href="#Footnote_224" class="fnanchor">[224]</a> such as those from olives or
+almonds. Andry tells us, that at Milan the mothers
+have a custom to give their children once or twice a
+week toasts dipt in nut oil, with a little wine, to kill
+the worms: and I know a lady in the country, who
+gives the poor children in her neighbourhood the same
+oil with great success.</p>
+
+<p>I would recommend this remedy to be used in as
+large doses as the stomach will well bear: to which
+purpose it may be adviseable to join it either with aromatics,
+bitters, or essential oils, such as the case may
+require. Andry orders the oil to be taken fasting,
+assigning this for a reason, that the stomach being
+then most empty, it more readily embraces and stifles
+the worms. During this course it will be necessary,
+at proper intervals, to give rhubarb, mercurial or aloetic
+medicines.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot close this paper without observing, that,
+from the history of the Norfolk Boy, we may learn,
+in similar cases, where the head is not idiopathic,
+never to despair absolutely of a cure, notwithstanding
+the disease has been of very long standing. For in
+this boy, though the oppression in the brain and
+nerves had continued many years, and had been so
+violent, as to deprive him not only of his intellectual
+faculties, but almost all his sensations; yet were not
+the organs much impaired thereby, but he recovered
+all his senses again, as soon as the irritation and spasms
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_842">[842]</span>in the intestines, which first caused all these terrible
+symptoms, were removed. The same thing in a less
+degree was observable in the Feckenham Boy, mentioned
+before; and we have had two remarkable instances
+of the same kind at the Worcester Infirmary;
+where a boy and his sister, of the name of Moyses,
+received a perfect cure, and recovered the entire use
+of their senses, after having been rendered idiots
+(though not in so high a degree as the Norfolk Boy)
+for more than two years, by epileptic fits proceeding
+from worms.</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="large">J. Wall.</span></p>
+<p>
+Worcester
+Dec. 7, 1748.
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="hang"><i>P. S.</i> As the following history has some analogy with
+the subject we are now upon, I beg leave to subjoin
+it by way of <span class="err" title="original: postcript">postscript</span>.</p>
+
+<p>A young girl of the name of Lowbridge, at Ledbury,
+in Herefordshire, nine years old, had been
+long troubled with a gnawing pain at the stomach,
+which growing gradually more violent, I was at
+last called to her. About a quarter of an hour
+before I reached the house, she was seized with a
+violent vomiting, whereby she brought up an
+amazing number of living animals supposed, to be
+upwards of a thousand, together with a vast quantity
+of clear viscid phlegm. In shape they exactly
+resembled millepedes, except that some of them,
+being examined by a magnifying glass, appeared
+to have a small filament, which arose from the
+middle of the belly, and might probably have
+served to fix them to their nidus. They were of different
+sizes, from that of the largest millepede, to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_843">[843]</span>
+some, that were scarce perceptible; so that they appeared
+to have been generated at different times,
+and grown in the stomach. As the child was suddenly
+seized with this effort to vomit, she discharged
+her stomach on the floor of the parlour where
+she was sitting. The millepedes, they told me, were
+at first very lively, and crept briskly different ways;
+but they did not live long in the open air. They
+were lying in the slime when I came to her, so
+that I could not be imposed on as to the verity of
+the fact. After this evacuation, the child’s stomach
+grew perfectly easy, and continued so.</p>
+</div>
+<hr />
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">CXII. <i>Observations upon the</i> Corona Solis
+Marina Americana; <i>The</i> American Sea-Sun-Crown.
+<i>By</i> John Andrew Peyssonel,
+<i>M.D. F.R.S. Translated from the</i> French.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read Dec. 14,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">I Shall call this insect by this name, because
+of the resemblance it bears to
+the flower called <i>Corona Solis</i>; since it is, like this,
+open and spread.</p>
+
+<p>This insect adheres to the rocks by its basis, which
+is flat and round; and tho’ this roundness is sometimes
+mis-shapen, it is only occasioned by the inequalities
+of the rocks, to which it sticks. Its diameter
+is about two or three inches, bearing, from the
+center, certain rays, like white nerves, upon a moist
+flesh, of a livid violet colour. These rays or nerves
+pass from the centre to the circumference; they, too,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_844">[844]</span>
+consist of a soft fleshy substance, which resembles
+bowels or intestines; the whole length of which is
+covered with glandulous bodies of a dirty grey colour;
+and all these glands filled up the middle of the fish,
+making the flowrets, or petals, that form the disk of
+the flowers. There is an infinite number of these
+glands attached to those filets or nerves, all very distinct
+from one another: these filets are well ranged
+when viewed downwards; but the upper part is covered
+by these glands, which are placed in a confused
+manner. These filets pass to the circumference, forming
+an edge full of rugosities, which leaves the body
+of the animal full of flaws. These hard bodies, upon
+which it lives, are not always permanent in the same
+place, but capable of changing their places from this
+edge or circumference; like a skin or texture of fibres
+or flesh, such as the body of the sea snail I have already
+described; of the same thickness, of a greenish
+colour, and sometimes of a greenish spotted grey,
+without shell, bone, or stay. The body or muscular
+fleshy skin raises itself up perpendicularly to three
+inches; rounds itself at the top, when it is touched;
+but it leaves a hole like a sphincter, formed by the
+reunion of the fleshy body, which enlarges itself again.
+The base opens to the whole extent of the bottom,
+makes a reversed prepuce, and immediately brings to
+view three rows of <i>papillæ</i>, which are of a conical
+figure, of one or two lines long, resembling the glands
+under the tongues of oxen, and which may here be
+compared to the demi-flowers or radiated flowers of
+the <i>Corona Solis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>After this threefold ray of conical pointed <i>papillæ</i>,
+there appears a body of a livid violet colour; I took
+it for a particular substance or body; but having examined
+it, I observed it was only a pellicle, or membrane,
+that covered a part of the <i>papillæ</i> I mentioned.
+This membrane has sixteen separations, which form
+kinds of purses, and yet leave, in the center of the
+animal, an empty space, wherein several glands are
+brought in view. I do not know, whether, in the
+natural state, these membranes do not retire to the
+circumference, in order to discover the glands within,
+which they usually hide, and which fill up all the
+middle of the crown; but when the fleshy body is
+gone up again, it covers all the interior parts, closes
+them in, and preserves them from the touch of any
+extraneous body. I cannot tell how these fishes live,
+or what is their mechanism; for I could not distinguish
+either a mouth, or any <i>viscera</i>, nor any other
+organ serving to their nourishment.</p>
+<div class="sync"> </div>
+<div class="figcenter illowp50" id="facing845a" style="max-width: 94.25em;">
+<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XXXIV"></a>XXXIV. <i>p. <a href="#Page_845">845</a></i>.</div>
+ <img class="w100" src="images/facing845a.jpg" alt="" />
+</div>
+<div class="nobreak">
+<div class="left">
+<ul>
+<li class="center caption"><b>Lepades Pedatæ.</b></li>
+<li class="caption">1. <i>Lepas nuda carnosa aurita</i></li>
+<li class="caption">1 a. <i>Ejusdem pars superior interna</i></li>
+<li class="caption">1 b <i>Foramen auris internum</i></li>
+<li class="caption">1 c <i>Currhi</i> (1.d) <i>Proboscis et</i> (1.c) <i>Os</i></li>
+<li class="caption">1 f <i>Dens terratus quorum octo sunt</i></li>
+<li class="caption">1 g. <i>Idem per. Microscopium visus</i></li>
+<li class="caption">1 h. <i>Scapus longitudinatiter dessectus</i></li>
+<li class="caption">2 <i>Scalpellum Norwegicum Keratophytium</i>
+</li>
+<li class="caption">2 a. <i>Idem per. Microscopium visum</i></li>
+<li class="caption">3 <i>Scalpellum ex mare Britannico</i></li>
+<li class="caption">4. <i>Cornu copia Poussepieda Gallorum</i></li>
+<li class="caption">5. <i>Concha Anatifera vulgaris</i></li>
+<li class="caption">6. <i>Concha Anatifera prolifera</i></li>
+<li class="caption"><span class="allsmcap">A.</span> <i>Animal Lepadis sen Triton Linnæi</i></li></ul>
+</div>
+<div class="rightcol"><ul>
+<li class="center caption"><b>Barnicles <i>with Stems</i>.</b></li>
+
+<li class="caption">1. <i>Naked fleshy Barnicle with Ears</i></li>
+<li class="caption">1 a. <i>The inside of the upper part of the same</i></li>
+<li class="caption">1 b. <i>The internal opening of the Ear</i></li>
+<li class="caption">1 c. <i>The Plumes</i> (e. d) <i>trunck</i> (e. e) <i>and mouth</i></li>
+<li class="caption">1 f. <i>A saw edg’d tooth of which there are 8</i></li>
+<li class="caption">1 g. <i>The same magnified</i></li>
+<li class="caption">1 h. <i>The Stem cut in two lengthways</i></li>
+<li class="caption">2. <i>The Norway Seafan Penknife.</i></li>
+<li class="caption">2 a. <i>The same magnified.</i></li>
+<li class="caption">3. <i>The British Channel Penknife.</i></li>
+<li class="caption">4. <i>The Horn of plenty or French Poussepieds</i></li>
+<li class="caption">5. <i>The common Duckbearing Barnicle</i></li>
+<li class="caption">6. <i>The branch’d Duckbearing Barnicle</i></li>
+<li class="caption"><span class="allsmcap">A.</span> <i>Animal of the Barnicle or Linnaeus’s Triton</i>
+</li></ul></div>
+<div class="sync"></div>
+<div class="left">
+<ul>
+
+<li class="caption center"><b>Lepades Sessiles Balani dictæ.</b></li>
+
+<li class="caption">7. <i>Pediculus Ceti</i> (7.a). <i>Idem reversus</i></li>
+<li class="caption">8. <i>Calyciformis Orientalis</i></li>
+<li class="caption">9. <i>Tintinabuliformis.</i></li>
+<li class="caption">10. <i>Tulipiformis ex Corallio rubro</i></li>
+<li class="caption">11. <i>Fistulosa conica</i> (11.a) <i>eadem reversa</i></li>
+<li class="caption">12. <i>Verrum Testudinaria</i> (12.a) <i>eadem reversa</i></li>
+<li class="caption">13. <i>Verrum Canesti Americani</i> (13.a) <i>eisdem statere</i></li>
+<li class="caption">14. <i>Lapensis ore obliquo</i> (14.a) <i>cum opserastis cornutis</i></li>
+<li class="caption">15. <i>Subovatis crassa ore minore</i></li>
+<li class="caption">16. <i>Cornulacensis conicas ore minores</i></li>
+<li class="caption">17. <i>Anglica vulgaris ore patulo</i></li>
+<li class="caption">18. <i>Aretica Patelliformis</i></li>
+<li class="caption">19. <i>Calceolus</i> (19.a) <i>Idem. hierophylis involutus</i></li>
+<li class="caption">20. <i>Diadema Persarum</i></li>
+
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="rightcol"><ul>
+
+<li class="caption center"><b>Barnicles <i>adhering by the base of these Shells</i>.</b></li>
+
+<li class="caption">7. <i>The Whales. Louse</i> (7.a) <i>The underside</i></li>
+<li class="caption">8. <i>The East India cup shap’d Barnicle</i></li>
+<li class="caption">9. <i>The Bell shap’d Barnicle</i></li>
+<li class="caption">10. <i>The Red Coral Tulip Barnicle</i></li>
+<li class="caption">11. <i>The pipy conical Barnicle</i> (11.a) <i>The underside</i></li>
+<li class="caption">12. <i>The Tortoise Wart</i> (12. a) <i>The underside</i></li>
+<li class="caption">13. <i>The American Crabs Wart</i> (13.a) <i>The same sideways</i></li>
+<li class="caption">14. <i>The Cape sidemouth Barnicle</i> (14.a) <i>with</i> oblique edge</li>
+<li class="caption">15. <i>The Eggshap’d thick Barnicle with a small mouth</i></li>
+<li class="caption">16. <i>The Cornish cone Barnicle with a small</i> edge</li>
+<li class="caption">17. <i>The common English Barnicle with a</i> wide mouth</li>
+<li class="caption">18. <i>The Greenland Limpet shap’d Barnicle</i></li>
+<li class="caption">19. <i>The Slipper</i> (19.a) <i>The same cover’d with hierophylis</i></li>
+<li class="caption">20. <i>The Persian Crown</i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<hr />
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_845">[845]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">CXIII. <i>An Account of several rare Species
+of Barnacles. In a Letter to Mr.</i> Isaac
+Romilly, <i>F.R.S. from</i> John Ellis, <i>Esq;
+F.R.S.</i></h2>
+</div>
+<p class="right">London, Dec. 21. 1758.</p>
+<p>
+Dear Sir,
+</p>
+<div class="sidenote">Read Dec. 21,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">THOSE rare and very extraordinary
+new species of Barnacles, which
+you have lately received from abroad, are so different
+from any of the common species, that I have seen,
+that I was resolved to inquire into the nature of an
+animal, which, like a Proteus, appears in so many<span class="pagenum" id="Page_846">[846]</span>
+different shapes or coverings in different parts of <span class="err" title="original: the the">the</span>
+ world. For this end I have consulted that excellent
+collection in the British Museum, and some
+others in the cabinets of my curious friends.</p>
+
+<p>In this inquiry I met with some very rare ones,
+which have not yet been described, as you will observe
+in the annexed plate [<i>See</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a href="#XXXIV">XXXIV.</a>],
+where I have given exact drawings of yours, as well
+as the other species of this genus.</p>
+
+<p>This marine animal is called, by writers on natural
+history, Balanus, and Concha Anatifera: but the
+celebrated Professor at Upsal, Dr. Linnæus, calls the
+internal active part, or fish, the Animal Triton, and
+the covering or testaceous habitation Lepas, which
+he says is a multivalved shell, composed of unequal
+valves. The Animal Triton he describes, as having
+an oblong body, a mouth with a tongue in it, twisted
+about in a spiral manner; sixteen tentacula or claws:
+six of the hinder ones on each side, he says, are
+cheliferous.</p>
+
+<p>This account differing from that given by the ingenious
+Mr. Turberville Needham, F.R.S. in his
+Microscopical Essays, I shall give the character of
+this animal, as it appeared to me from the many
+observations I made on it, while alive in salt water;
+and these I compared not only with many dried specimens
+of other varieties, but likewise with some of
+yours, that were preserved in spirits; and I found
+that the parts of the animal agree in all the species.</p>
+
+<p>The experiments, that I made, were on the common
+English Barnacle, which is very frequently met
+with, at this time of the year, on oysters and other
+shell-fish. The microscope, that I made use of to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_847">[847]</span>
+observe it, was Mr. Cuff’s aquatic one; where the animal,
+when taken out of the shell, may be put into the
+watch-glass with salt water, or spread on the round
+glass plate on the stage of the microscope, and kept
+moist with a hair pencil and salt water during the
+time of observation: this will keep the claws and
+proboscis alive and in motion for many hours together.</p>
+
+<p>This animal has 24 claws, or cirrhi (<i>See Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXIV">A</a>),
+which are disposed in the following manner: the
+12 longest stand erect, arising from the back part of
+the animal: they are all joined in pairs near the bottom,
+and inserted in one common base. These appear
+like so many yellow curled feathers: they are
+clear, horny, and articulated. Every joint is furnished
+with two rows of hairs on the concave side.
+The animal, in order to catch its prey, is continually
+extending and contracting these arched hairy claws,
+which serve it for a net.</p>
+
+<p>The 12 smallest claws are placed next to these,
+six on each side: these are divided into pairs; that
+is, two claws to one stem, like the chelæ or claws
+of the crab. These are more pliable, and fuller of
+hairs, than the others, and seem to do the office of
+hands for the animal.</p>
+
+<p>The whole number of claws lessen in size gradually
+each way, from the tallest in the back, to the
+last but one of each side in the front; which last
+two are of the middle size.</p>
+
+<p>The proboscis, or trunk, rises from the middle of
+the base of the larger claws, and is longer than any
+of them: this the animal moves about in any direction
+with great agility: it is of a tubular figure,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_848">[848]</span>
+transparent, composed of rings lessening gradually to
+the extremity, where it is surrounded with a circle
+of small bristles, which likewise are moveable at the
+will of the animal. These, with other small hairs
+on the trunk, disappear when it dies.</p>
+
+<p>Along the inside of this transparent proboscis the
+spiral dark-coloured tongue appears very plain: this
+the animal contracts and extends at pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>The mouth appears like that of a contracted
+purse, and is placed in front, between the fore claws.
+In the folds of this membraneous substance are six or
+eight horny laminæ or teeth standing erect, each
+having a tendon proper to direct its motion. Some
+of these teeth are serrated, others have tufts of sharp
+hairs instead of indentations on the convex side, that
+point down into the mouth; so that no animalcule
+that becomes their prey can escape back.</p>
+
+<p>Under the mouth lie the stomach, intestines, and
+the tendons by which they adhere to the shell.</p>
+
+<p>This then is the general character of the animal of
+the whole genus, whether with stems or without.</p>
+
+<p>I shall now give you a short description of the several
+kinds I have met with, besides those of your
+own, and shall divide them into two kinds; those
+that have stems, and those that adhere by their shelly
+bases.</p>
+
+<p>The first and most remarkable of those that have
+stems is the Barnacle, <a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 1.</a> This differs from the
+Lepas of Linnæus in not having a testaceous, only a
+cartilaginous or fleshy covering. On the top of it
+are two erect tubular figures like ears: these have a
+communication with the internal parts of the animal
+(<a href="#XXXIV"><i>See Fig. 1. b</i></a>). These inner parts agree with the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_849">[849]</span>
+general character already given. The stem, which
+is here dissected, was full of a soft spongy yellow
+substance, which appeared, when magnified, to consist
+of regular oval figures, connected together by
+many small fibres, and no doubt are the spawn of
+the animal.</p>
+
+<p>This extraordinary animal (of which there were
+seven together) was found sticking to the Whale
+Barnacle (<a href="#XXXIV"><i>See fig.</i> 1. & 7.</a>), by Mr. Smith of Stavenger
+in Norway, who cut both kinds together off a
+whale’s lip, that was thrown upon that coast last
+year, 1757, and immediately immersed them in spirits
+of wine; by which means we have been able
+more exactly to describe them.</p>
+
+<p>I have called this animal the Naked Fleshy Barnacle
+with Ears; but it appears to claim the name
+of Triton rather than Lepas, according to Linnæus,
+as having no shelly habitation.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 2.</a> is the next animal of this class: this is not
+yet described. I found several of them sticking to
+the Warted Norway Sea Fan, which Dr. Pantoppidan,
+the Bishop of North Bergen, sent you: from
+its appearance, I have called it the Norway Sea Fan
+Penknife. The stem of this is covered with little
+testaceous scales. The upper part of the animal is
+inclosed in thirteen distinct shells, six on each side,
+besides the hinge-shell at the back, which is common
+to both sides: these are connected together by
+a membrane that lines the whole inside. One of
+these is magnified a little at <a href="#XXXIV">fig. 2. <i>a</i></a>, in order to express
+the figure and situation of each shell the better.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 3.</a> is taken from D’Argentville’s <i>Lithologie,
+Pl. 30. fig.</i> H, who says it is found in the British<span class="pagenum" id="Page_850">[850]</span>
+channel sticking to sea plants; and that these shells
+consist of five pieces. This, from its appearance, I
+have called the British Channel Penknife, to distinguish
+it from the other.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 4.</a> is a species of Barnacle called Poussepieds
+by the French, and described by Rondeletius as commonly
+found adhering to rocks on the coast of Brittany.
+He says the people there boil and eat the stem,
+which is first of a mouse-colour, and afterwards becomes
+red like our prawns. There are many heads,
+that arise out of one stem, each of which consists of
+two shells, in which are the same parts of the animal
+as in the other species. This I have called the
+Cornucopia Barnacle. Some of the shells of this
+Barnacle were drawn from a specimen in the British
+Museum. This Lepas is the Mitella of Linnæus.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 5. and 6.</a> are the Barnacles called Conchæ
+Anatiferæ: these are the sorts so well known to
+sailors, and formerly supposed to produce a large
+species of duck called a Barnacle. These consist of
+five shells. The tube, that supports one of these
+kinds, branches out like some species of corallines,
+bearing a shelled animal at the end of each branch.
+They are generally found adhering to pieces of wood
+in the sea, and most ships have some of them sticking
+to their bottoms. Those of the southern and
+warmer climates are generally of a larger kind than
+those of the colder and more northern climates.</p>
+
+<p>The next division of these animals is, those that
+adhere by the base of their shells, having no stems.</p>
+
+<p>Here I must observe, that the bottoms of the several
+species of this division conform in shape to the
+substances they adhere to, or grasp them in such a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_851">[851]</span>
+peculiar manner, as to render their situation secure
+from the violence of the element they live in. Another
+provision of nature for the security of these
+animals are the four opercula, which, upon their retreating
+into the great shell, they can draw to so close
+after them, as to secure themselves from outward
+danger.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 7.</a> represents the Whale Barnacle, called Pediculus
+Ceti, just as it was cut off the whale’s lip, with
+the seven naked Barnacles with ears, already described.
+<a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 7.a</a> is the bottom of the shell. This
+has the appearance of the gills of a mushroom. All
+the spaces between these laminæ were filled with the
+blubber of the whale: by this means they adhere to
+the gristly skin of the fish. The narrow cavities between
+the branched laminæ are the places where the
+ligaments or tendons, that move the opercula, are
+inserted.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 8.</a> is the Cup Barnacle, taken off an East India
+ship from Sumatra. The testaceous flat bottom of
+this was marked with the seams and lines of the
+sheathing, and with the rust of the nails. In one
+of these shells the animal is represented protruding
+his claws thro’ the opercula.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 9.</a> is called the Bell-shaped Barnacle. This
+was taken off the bottom of a ship from Jamaica,
+and had its flat testaceous base marked as the former.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 10.</a> This represents part of a most elegant
+specimen in the curious collection of Dr. John Fothergill.
+It is called the Tulip Barnacle, and very
+properly, as well from the shape of its shell, as the
+beautiful stripes of red mixt with white. It adheres
+to a piece of the true red coral, and was fished up<span class="pagenum" id="Page_852">[852]</span>
+near Leghorn, on the coast of Italy. It is not improbable,
+but that these groups of Barnacles, growing
+at the same time with the animals that formed
+the red coral, may have received an addition to their
+fine red colour from the coral.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 11.</a> is a group of Barnacles of a conical form,
+composed of purplish tubes like small quills. <a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i>
+11.a</a> represents one of the same, with a view of its
+base, from the collection of Mr. Peter Collinson,
+F.R.S. This was brought from the East Indies.
+The insides of these shells have the appearance of
+the spongy parts of bones.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 12.</a> is called the Tortoise-wart Barnacle, being
+often found upon that animal. This shell is of a
+plano-convex shape, and looks like polished ivory.
+The divisions between the valves represent a star with
+six points. If these shells are put into soap lees, they
+will in a few hours separate into six pieces or valves,
+each shelly valve having two ears, like the scallop-shell:
+so that this species has its valves connected by
+membranes, instead of testaceous sutures, as most
+of the others have. <i><a href="#XXXIV">Fig. 12. a</a></i> represents the under
+part of the same shell.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 13.</a> This shell is marked with six rays like a
+star, as the former; but is much deeper in proportion
+to its diameter. Several of this kind were found
+sticking to a crab, that was lately brought from the
+island of Nevis; from whence I have called it the
+American Crabs-wart.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 14.</a> is called the Side-mouth Barnacle. This
+was found on the southern coast of Africa, near the
+Cape of Good Hope, where it adheres to a particular
+species of striated purple muscle. <a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 14.a</a> represents<span class="pagenum" id="Page_853">[853]</span>
+ two of the opercula of this Barnacle remarkably
+horned. The shell of this is very thin; but its obliquity
+may probably be owing to its situation.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 15.</a> This egg-shaped Barnacle with a small
+mouth is found in clusters sticking to the Buccinum
+tribe of shells in the West Indies.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 16.</a> is the Cornish Barnacle, shaped like a
+cone, and with a small mouth. This is described
+and figured by the Revᵈ. Mr. William Borlase, F.R.S.
+in his Natural History of Cornwall, lately published.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 17.</a> This is the common English Barnacle,
+that is found in such plenty upon all rocks and shells
+round this island. From the animal of this, examined
+in the microscope, I have taken the character
+of the fish of the Barnacle genus.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 18.</a> This I have called the Limpet-shaped
+Barnacle, from its likeness to some species of that
+shell. I am indebted to our late worthy member,
+Mr. Arthur Pond, for this shell, who assured me it
+was brought to him from Greenland. It was, with
+several more, found sticking to a very large species
+of muscle.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 19.a.</a> This Sea-Fan, with the Barnacles inclosed
+in it, was brought from Gibraltar. I have
+called it the Slipper Barnacle, from its shape. <i>See</i>
+<a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 19.</a> These shell-fish adhere, while they are
+young, to the slender branches, which are produced
+by the animals that compose this species of Sea-fan;
+and as the next succession of young animals of this
+sea-fan creep up its sides, to increase the bulk and
+extension of these first-formed ramifications, they inclose
+the shells all round, leaving only their mouths
+or apertures open, for the Barnacles to procure their<span class="pagenum" id="Page_854">[854]</span>
+food. But it frequently happens, that the animals
+of the Sea-fans destroy these Barnacles, by overrunning
+and involving them in the very center of their
+stems. These small Barnacles, interspersed here and
+there on the branches, have been taken for fruit or
+berries by some gentlemen, who look upon the internal
+or horny part of the Sea-fans to be vegetables.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 20.</a> is a very curious Barnacle, taken from an
+elegant specimen in the British Museum; which,
+from its figure, I have called the Persian Crown.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">I shall now add some further observations on the
+nature of these animals.</p>
+
+<p>Upon opening the shells of many of the common
+English Barnacles (<a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 1.</a>) while they were alive,
+I found the lower part of the shell, which contained
+a cavity equal to two thirds of the whole, full of
+spawn; so that the Barnacles, which adhere by the
+base of their shells, as well as those that are supported
+by fleshy tubes, are propagated by eggs, which they
+send forth in inconceivable numbers; as appears by
+the clusters of young shells, which we find adhering
+not only to the parent animals, but to all hard substances
+near them.</p>
+
+<p>The bottom shell of these animals, as well as
+their upper shells, vary in form according to their
+situation, which occasions some difficulty in determining
+their several species with exactness. The
+form of the base shell of our common English Barnacle,
+is the flat radiated figure represented adhering
+to a scallop shell in the front of a group of them at
+<a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 17.</a> The Barnacles at <a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 8. 9. 14. 15. and
+20.</a> have the same kind of base.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_855">[855]</span>
+
+I have very lately observed a singular kind of flat
+Balanus, on a white Mandrepora coral from the coast
+of Italy, in the possession of Mr. Mendez D’Acosta,
+F.R.S. whose base appears sunk into the coral, and
+of the form of an inverted cone, bending a little to
+one side. The inward surface of this conical base
+shell appears curiously striated with tubular radii,
+which terminate on the surface of the coral, to receive
+the extremities of the six valves, that compose
+the upper shell. This peculiar form of the base
+seems owing to the animals of the coral and of the
+Barnacle growing up together, the latter keeping
+possession of its proper space, while the former grew
+close about it.</p>
+
+<p>The bottom shell of the Barnacle like a Limpet,
+at <a href="#XXXIV"><i>Fig.</i> 18.</a> increases from a small point by many
+thin shelly margins, which exactly correspond to the
+indentations which we observe on the base of the
+outward shell; so that it appears not unlike the
+drawing of a fortification in miniature.</p>
+
+<p>
+I am,</p>
+<p class="center">
+Dear Sir,<br />
+<span class="margin">Your most affectionate Friend,</span><br />
+
+<span class="margina"><span class="large">John Ellis.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="hang"><i>P. S.</i> The Rev. Mr. William Borlase is now of
+opinion, that the Cornish Barnacle at <i>Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXIV">16.</a>
+which he has described in his History of Cornwall,
+is rather a Limpet or Patella.</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_856">[856]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">CXIV. <i>A further Account of the poisonous
+Effects of the</i> Oenanthe Aquatica Succo
+viroso crocante <i>of</i> Lobel, <i>or</i> Hemlock
+Dropwort, <i>by</i> W. Watson, <i>M.D. F.R.S.</i></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><i>To the</i> <span class="smcap">Royal Society</span>.</p>
+<p>
+Gentlemen,
+</p>
+<div class="sidenote">Read Dec. 21,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">IN the month of June 1746. I communicated
+to you some observations
+concerning the <i>Oenanthe aquatica Succo viroso crocante</i>
+of Lobel, in relation to its poisonous effects upon
+some French prisoners at Pembroke. These observations
+were afterwards published in the <i>Philosophical
+Transactions</i><a id="FNanchor_225" href="#Footnote_225" class="fnanchor">[225]</a>, with an accurate representation of
+the plant itself, from an original drawing by that
+compleat artist Mr. Ehret. This at that time I
+thought the more necessary, as it was of no small
+importance to the public, to be well acquainted with
+a plant, the effects of which, when taken into our
+bodies, were so much to be dreaded. This account
+of mine, as well as the representation of the plant,
+were republished from the Transactions into the periodical
+works of that time; from whence a more
+extensive knowlege of and acquaintance with this
+plant might have been hoped for. A late instance
+however has evinced, that these endeavours have not
+had their full effect, as the plant in question is not
+yet sufficiently known, and attended to.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_857">[857]</span></p>
+<p>John Midlane, a cabinet-maker of Havant in
+Hampshire, aged about 58, and of a gross habit of
+body, was advised to make use of the water parsnep,
+as a remedy for a severe scorbutic disorder, which
+he had long been troubled with; and for which he
+had taken a variety of medicines. Instead of the water
+parsnep, which he purposed to take, there were gathered
+for him some roots of the <i>oenanthe</i> above
+mentioned; a large one of which was pounded in a
+mortar, and the juice thereof squeezed through a
+linen cloth, and amounted to about five spoonfuls.
+This was suffered to stand all night, and the next
+morning (Mar. 31. 1758.), at about half an hour past
+five, he drank the whole quantity, except the sediment.</p>
+
+<p>In about an hour and half after he had taken this
+juice, he walked about the town upon some business;
+and a little before seven, upon his return home,
+about an hundred yards from his own house, he
+first complained that he was ill; and having walked
+about thirty yards further, was so bad as to go into
+a neighbour’s house to rest himself. He was soon
+led from thence to his own house by two men, and
+told them, that he was affected as though he had
+lost the use of his limbs. When he was placed
+in his chair, he complained greatly of pain all over
+him; but particularly in his head. His stomach was
+immediately after affected, and he had great reachings
+to vomit. At the second attempt he threw up about
+half a pint of a clear watry liquor; at the first and
+third attempt he discharged scarce any thing. He
+was then seized with a great propensity to go to stool,
+which went off in about three minutes. After this,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_858">[858]</span>
+he with the greatest difficulty was conducted upstairs
+ to bed, where he pulled off part of his cloaths
+himself. When he was put to bed, he was attacked
+with very severe convulsions, which in about a
+quarter of an hour deprived him of his senses; and
+continued, with a few intermissions, till he died, a
+little before nine o’clock; which was about three
+hours and half after the juice had been taken. A profuse
+sweat accompanied the whole of these symptoms:
+he foamed considerably at the mouth, and his belly
+swelled greatly. He purged very much soon after
+he was dead, but not before.</p>
+
+<p>As this poor man had taken this dose before his
+family were up, no one could imagine from whence
+his disorder arose; and consequently the apothecary,
+who was called to him, was able to form a judgment
+of his case only from the symptoms; as on his coming
+he found his patient senseless, and who had not,
+while his mind was undisturbed, told any one the
+probable cause of his complaints. He took from
+him however about ten ounces of blood, and endeavoured
+to get some <i>vinum ipecacuanhæ</i> into his
+mouth: but his jaws were closed so fast, not above
+a spoonful passed, and that by the accident of his
+mouth opening of itself.</p>
+
+<p>The symptoms, with which the person above-mentioned
+was attacked, were much the same as
+those which were observed in the French prisoners,
+who were poisoned by the same root at Pembroke.
+In both instances occurred those severe muscular
+spasms, which kept the under jaw so close to the
+upper, that, while the spasm continued, scarce any
+force could separate them. In both instances likewise
+ a considerable time passed before the persons,
+who had eaten of this root, though they had taken
+enough of it to destroy them, perceived themselves
+disordered by it.</p>
+<div class="sync"> </div>
+<div class="figcenter illowp96" id="facing859" style="max-width: 89.9375em;">
+<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XXXV"></a>XXXV. <i>p. <a href="#Page_859">859</a></i>.</div>
+ <img class="w100" src="images/facing859.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="right"><i><span class="small">J. Mynde sc.</span></i></div>
+</div><div class="sync"> </div>
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_859">[859]</span></p>
+
+<p>I am obliged for this communication to Richard
+Warner, Esq; of Woodford, a gentleman of great
+merit, whose zeal for the promotion of useful knowlege
+I have many times experienced.</p>
+
+<p>The expediency of laying before you observations
+of this sort, which may tend, by making people
+careful of what they take, to the saving the lives of
+many, makes no apology necessary for so doing. I
+am, with all possible regard,</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+Gentlemen,<br />
+<span class="margin">Your most obedient humble Servant,</span><br />
+
+<span class="margina"><span class="large">W. Watson.</span></span></p>
+<p>
+Lincoln’s-Inn-Fields,
+20 Dec. 1758.
+</p>
+<hr />
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">CXV. <i>Extract of a Letter to</i> John Eaton
+Dodsworth, <i>Esq; from Dr.</i> George Forbes
+<i>of</i> Bermuda, <i>relating to the</i> Patella, <i>or</i>
+Limpet Fish, <i>found there</i>.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="right">
+2 April, 1758.
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read Dec. 21,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">AS a curiosity for your esteemed
+friend Mr. Theobald, the Captain
+will deliver you two fishes, intirely singular here,
+and never before observed amongst us. The one is
+of the shell kind, and changed its figure so often,
+that it was difficult to make a drawing. However<span class="pagenum" id="Page_860">[860]</span>
+I got a young man to take it in two different positions,
+and have sent the drawings with the fish. <i>See</i>
+<span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a href="#XXXV">XXXV.</a></p>
+
+<p>The small one may be called the sea-batt; and in
+some sort resembles that species of animals when it
+is swimming.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><i>Additional Remark by</i> Charles Morton, <i>M.D. F.R.S.</i></p>
+
+<p>The Patella, or Limpet Fish, whose generic characters,
+as enumerated by Bishop Wilkins, are, that
+it is an exanguious testaceous animal, not turbinated;
+an univalve, or having but one shell; being unmoved;
+sticking fast to rocks or other things; the convexity
+of whose shell doth somewhat resemble a short obtuse-angled
+cone, having no hole on the top.</p>
+<hr />
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">CXVI. <i>A Discourse on the</i> Cinnamon, Cassia,
+<i>or</i> Canella. <i>By</i> Taylor White, <i>Esquire,
+F.R.S.</i></h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Read Dec. 21,
+1758.</div>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">THE Cinnamon, Cassia, or Canella,
+are shrubs of no great height:
+they grow in Ceylon, Malabar, Java, Sumatra, and
+other places in the East Indies; as I think, in the island
+of St. Thomas, and on the coast of Coromandel.</p>
+
+<p>They are described by Mr. Ray, in his <i>History of
+Plants</i>, vol. ii. f. 1559. under the title <i>de Arboribus
+Pruniferis</i>.</p><div class="sync"> </div>
+<div class="figcenter illowp56" id="facing860" style="max-width: 152.375em;">
+<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XXXVI"></a>XXXVI. <i>p. <a href="#Page_860">860</a></i>.</div>
+ <img class="w100" src="images/facing860.jpg" alt="" />
+<div class="right"><i><span class="small">J. Mynde. sc.</span></i></div>
+</div>
+<div class="sync"> </div>
+<p>Linnæus, in his <i>Species Plantarum</i>, places them
+under the title <i>Enneandria Monogynia</i>, by the name
+Laurus.</p>
+
+<p>The leaf, flower, and fruit, of this plant, are particularly
+described by Mr. Ray.</p>
+
+<p>The leaf is smooth and shining; has one large
+vein running thro’ the midst, and a remarkable one
+on each side; the middle one generally running near
+the length of the leaf.</p>
+
+<p>The leaves differ in shape, some being more acute,
+others more oval or obtuse.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers grow in an umbel, somewhat like the
+Laurus Tinus; but they are small, consisting of one
+petal, of a tubular form at the bottom, and divided
+at the top into six segments in the form of a star.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are succeeded by berries growing out
+of a capsula, like acorns in shape; which berries
+contain a shining seed.</p>
+
+<p>The description of Mr. Ray of the flower, in his
+description of the Cinnamon of Malabar, is extremely
+accurate; as is also the figure in the <i>Hortus
+Malabaricus</i>, Nº. 54. and the description, fol. 107.
+under the name Carua. I shall therefore refer to
+those.</p>
+
+<p>I shall not trouble you with the question debated
+by Mr. Ray, whether the Cinnamon and Cassia of
+the ancients were, or were not, the same with those
+so called by the moderns? whether the Cinnamon
+of the ancients was the twigs of the tree bearing
+cloves, or any plant now unknown to us? Mr. Ray
+has largely treated on this subject; and to him I refer
+such as are curious to be informed on this subject.</p>
+
+<p>But as the Cinnamon and Cassia of the ancients
+are said to have been used as perfumes, and to make<span class="pagenum" id="Page_862">[862]</span>
+perfumed ointments, I think they must have differed
+from ours, whose smell is not very fragrant, nor is
+emitted to any great distance.</p>
+
+<p>The matter of the present inquiry is, whether the
+Cinnamon of Ceylon is the same sort of plant with
+that growing in Malabar, Sumatra, <i>&c.</i> differing only
+by the soil or climate, in which it grows, which is the
+opinion of Garcias; or from the culture or manner
+of curing the plant, as I am inclined to believe; or
+whether it is really a different genus or species of
+plant, as many people believe, and some botanical
+writers seem to indicate.</p>
+
+<p>I shall endeavour to explain this matter by producing,
+1st, The descriptions of the most celebrated
+authors:</p>
+
+<p>2dly, By producing the most accurate figures of
+the plants of Sumatra and Ceylon: [<i>See Tab.</i> <a href="#XXXVI">xxxvi.</a>]</p>
+
+<p>3dly, By shewing the specimen of the leaves and
+branches brought from Sumatra.</p>
+
+<p>I have no specimen from Ceylon; but have carefully
+examined the specimens kept in the British Museum,
+with the assistance of Dr. Maty and Mr. Empson,
+and compared them with the specimens I have
+from Sumatra; from whence I traced exactly the
+figures brought herewith: which specimens are undoubtedly
+brought from Ceylon, and were the collections
+of Boerhaave, Courteen, Plukenet, and Petiver.</p>
+
+<p>But, previous to this inquiry, I would premise,
+that the writers, who give the description of the
+Cinnamon of Ceylon, were probably not acquainted
+with that of Malabar at the time of their publishing
+their works.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_863">[863]</span></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ray also, who so accurately describes the
+flower of the Cinnamon of Malabar, seems not so
+well acquainted with its fruit; and probably had
+then never seen the specimens of the Cinnamon from
+Ceylon; for his description is plainly borrowed from
+others, and not his own. Tho’ I have reason to
+think he afterwards saw the specimens of Mr. Courteen,
+and was convinced, that the plants were the
+same.</p>
+
+<p>In his description of the Cinnamon of Ceylon, he
+supposes differences in the manner of veining the
+leaf, which are not found in the leaves themselves.
+He supposes, that the Cinnamon of Ceylon differs
+from that of Malabar by its berries growing in cups
+like acorns; which is apparently the same in both,
+as may be seen in its figure in the <i>Hortus Malabaricus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The other differences taken notice of by the botanic
+writers are as follow:</p>
+
+<p>In the <i>Flora Zeylanica</i>, p. 545. and in the <i>Materia
+Medica</i>, 190. the Cinnamon of Ceylon is called
+<i>Laurus foliis trinerviis ovato-oblongis nervis unientibus</i>:
+which description is adhered to in the <i>Hortus
+Cliffordiensis</i>, p. 154. under the name <i>Laurus foliis
+oblongo-ovatis nitidis planis</i>. And Burman, in his
+<i>Flora Zeylanica</i>, 62. T. 27. calls it <i>Cinamomum foliis
+latis ovatis</i>. Whereas the Cassia of Sumatra is distinguished
+by these writers: that in <i>Flora Zeyl.</i> 146.
+and in <i>Materia Medica</i>, 191. is called <i>Laurus foliis
+trinerviis lanceolatis nervis supra basin unitis</i>: and
+Burman, <i>Zeylan.</i> 63. T. 28. calls it <i>Cinamomum perpetuo
+florens folio tenuiore acuto</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The distinction therefore, which these writers would
+make us believe there is between these plants, consists<span class="pagenum" id="Page_864">[864]</span>
+in the leaves of the one being oval, the other sharp-pointed;
+and that the nerves are limited at the bottom
+in the Cinnamon, but not so in the Cassia: for as to
+the <i>semper florens</i>, mentioned by Burman, that must
+undoubtedly be common to both.</p>
+
+<p>Now as to the different shape of the leaves, we
+know how often this happens by seminal varieties,
+and from the age of plants, as in the leaves of holly
+and ivy; and that even the shapes of leaves vary
+greatly on the very same plant, and sometimes on
+the same branch; as in the ash, and many other
+plants, the leaves of the young shoots are more oval
+than those on the old boughs, which are generally
+more pointed. But this variety is much more frequent
+in the plants of warm countries. In the sassafras,
+part of the leaves generally near the bottom of
+the plant are plain, whilst the other leaves are divided
+into three lobes or segments. I have observed
+great difference also in the leaves of almost every
+one of the American oaks.</p>
+
+<p>In the Virginian cedar, the berries of the same plant
+produce some plants with juniper leaves, and others
+with leaves like the savin; and some plants with
+both leaves growing on the same plant.</p>
+
+<p>I must observe that Burman has, in his figures
+of the two plants before mentioned, made them
+extremely different. In that of Ceylon he has made
+all the leaves oval; and, to make the difference
+greater, has drawn the rudiments of the berries; to
+which he has added the flower, or part of it, at the
+top of the style or rudiment of the fruit: and in
+that of Malabar he has drawn the flower growing in
+the umbel.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_865">[865]</span></p>
+
+<p>On these drawings I must observe, that his drawing
+of the Cinnamon of Ceylon agrees with no one
+specimen in the British Museum; and scarcely is
+one leaf to be found of the shape, which he gives.</p>
+
+<p>The first figure, which I shall produce, is a drawing
+which I procured from the ingenious Mr. Ehret
+in the year 1754: which, as I am informed by Mr.
+Empson, was from a specimen, given to Mr. Ehret
+by him in that year, of the Cinnamon of Ceylon.
+<i>See Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXVI">1.</a></p>
+
+<p>This agrees in every thing with the drawing of the
+Cinnamon of Malabar in the <i>Hort. Malab.</i> fig. 54.
+fol. 107. and there called Carua; except that it
+wants the fruit: but that defect is supplied by Mr.
+Ray’s description of the Cinnamon of Ceylon above
+mentioned. <i>See fig. of the fruit, Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXVI">2.</a></p>
+
+<p>In the figure in the <i>Hort. Malabar.</i> it may be observed,
+that the nerves do not go quite to the bottom
+of the leaf. But this is merely accidental, as
+will appear by the leaves of the same plant brought
+from Sumatra, which I shall produce; in which, part
+of the leaves have veins going quite to the bottom,
+and united there, and the others not so. <i>See Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXVI">3.</a></p>
+
+<p>The next drawing I shall produce contains that
+of the leaves of the Cinnamon plant, from specimens
+in the British Museum.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXVI">4</a>. A specimen, with the flower, from the
+collection of Mr. Courteen, who lived long in
+Ceylon. These leaves were more pointed, but
+were broke at the end.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXVI">5</a>. A whole leaf, with its point, in the same
+collection, growing on a branch, on which are
+the rudiments of the fruit.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_866">[866]</span></p>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXVI">6</a>. A leaf in Plukenet’s specimens.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXVI">7</a>. Another leaf of the same collection, and
+of the same plant.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXVI">8</a>. A leaf of a large specimen from Boerhaave’s
+collection.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXVI">9</a>. Another leaf on the same branch.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXVI">10</a>. A specimen from Petiver’s collection.
+The points of the leaves are broken off.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXVI">11</a>. The flower of the first specimen.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> <a href="#XXXVI">12</a>. In the rudiment of the seed before formed,
+in the state given in Burman’s first drawing.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><i>Note</i>, It is to be observed also, that the specimens
+of the Cinnamon of Ceylon are probably of
+cultivated plants.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>From all these specimens it plainly appears, that
+the distinction of <i>foliis ovatis & lanceolatis</i> does not
+appear well founded.</p>
+
+<p>But were it otherwise, and that the leaves of the
+plants differed, it would by no means be a proof of
+any material difference in the nature or quality of the
+plants; as is well known to persons conversant in
+natural history.</p>
+
+<p>Before I leave this subject of the description of the
+plant, it may be proper to mention, that Bauhin
+calls the one of these plants <i>Cinnamomum</i> or <i>Canella
+Malabarica & Javanensis</i>, and the other <i>Cinnamomum
+Canella Zeylanica</i>, Bauhin. <i>pinax</i> 408 and 409; but
+neither from these names, nor from his description,
+can any conclusive argument be formed: and that
+Herman, in his <i>Hort. Lugd. Batav.</i> 129. t. 1655.
+calls this Cinnamon of Ceylon <i>Cassia Cinnamonia</i>.</p>
+
+<p>If any conjecture can arise from hence, it may be,
+that the Cinnamon of Ceylon was formerly, as well<span class="pagenum" id="Page_867">[867]</span>
+as that of Sumatra and Malabar, called Cassia; but
+that the Dutch writers, being acquainted with the
+excellent qualities, which the ancients ascribed to their
+Cinnamon, chose to add the name Cinnamon to that
+of Cassia: and in process of time they have found
+the name of Cinnamon more profitable than that of
+Cassia, by which we chuse to call our Canella, to
+our national loss of many thousands a year.</p>
+
+<p>Having now given an account of the figure of
+these plants, and in what respect they are said herein
+to differ; I shall proceed to consider the pretended
+differences in the Canella itself; which are supposed
+not to be in form only, but substantial and material;
+and are generally understood to be so by persons supposed
+to be acquainted with the subject.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ray states this matter fully in his <i>Hist. Plant.</i>
+vol. ii. p. 1560. in these words: <i>Officinæ nostræ Cassiam
+ligneam a Cinnamomo seu Canella distinctam faciunt,
+Cassiam Cinnamomo crassiorem plerumque esse,
+colore rubicundiorem, substantiâ duriorem, solidiorem
+& compactiorem, gustu magis glutinoso, odore quidem
+& sapore Cinnamomum aptius referre, tamen Cinnamomo
+imbecilliorum & minus vegetam esse, ex accurata
+observatione Tho. Johnson.</i></p>
+
+<p>From these reasons Mr. Ray draws a conclusion
+(I must own not very instructive), that the Cinnamon
+of Ceylon is Cinnamon; and the Cinnamon of
+Malabar, &c. is the Cassia of the shops.</p>
+
+<p>From the specimens I shall now produce, it will
+most plainly appear, that these differences are merely
+accidents arising from the age of the Canella, the
+part of the tree from whence it is gathered, and
+from the manner of cultivating and curing it.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_868">[868]</span></p>
+
+<p>In the <i>Philosoph. Transact.</i> Nº. 278. p. 1099. in
+Mr. Strachan’s account of Ceylon, which is abridged
+by Eames and Martyn, vol. ii. p. 183. he says, that
+there are two sorts of Cinnamon-trees, of which the
+tree, which is esteemed the best, has a leaf much
+larger and thicker than the other; but otherwise no
+difference is to be perceived.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><i>Note</i>, Here is no mention of the <i>folio ovato</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>I remember, in an account given some years ago
+to the Royal Society, three or four sorts were mentioned;
+and it was said the best sort was cut every
+three or four years.</p>
+
+<p>This superiority I then guessed (as well as the difference
+of leaves mentioned by Mr. Strachan) to
+arise from the cutting the tree down every three or
+four years; which occasioned it to produce strong
+and vigorous shoots, thicker and larger leaves, as
+well as greater quantity of bark, and of a superior
+quality.</p>
+
+<p>A large shoot or sucker of this plant was produced
+in the year 1750. or 51. by my worthy friend Dr.
+William Watson, together with an account of the
+Cinnamon-tree; which is published in the <i>Philosoph.
+Transact.</i> vol. xlvii. p. 301. This shoot was a plain
+proof to me, that the Cinnamon was frequently cut
+down, and that this shoot arose from the root of a
+plant so cut; for it was of the size of a walking-cane;
+and no shrub could have produced such a
+shoot, unless a strong plant cut down.</p>
+
+<p>This method of treating this plant accounts for
+the mistake of Garcias, mentioned by Mr. Ray; <i>viz.
+Quæ Garcias habet de duplice hujus arboris cortice
+ad modum suberis, nobis suspecta sunt, quæque de deliberatione<span class="pagenum" id="Page_869">[869]</span>
+ semel triennio facta; non enim puto renascitur
+cortex semel detractus.</i></p>
+
+<p>This shews, that the bark was gathered every
+three years: but Mr. Ray was not acquainted, that
+the plant was cut down, in order to take off the
+bark, once in three years.</p>
+
+<p>In the account above mentioned to be given to the
+Society by Dr. Watson, no descriptions are given
+either of the plants of Ceylon, or Malabar; but he
+quotes Burman, who says, that he had nine different
+sorts of Cinnamon from Ceylon, of which that,
+which is the best, is brought to us, and called by
+the name <i>Rasse Coronde</i>.</p>
+
+<p>What the differences between these sorts were,
+does not appear; whether in leaf or bark, or manner
+of culture. And I must observe, that in all the
+specimens in the British Museum I could observe
+no difference of species. But this is to be understood,
+that every sort coming from Ceylon is, by the
+Dutch and by the shops, called Cinnamon; and that
+of our own growth is by them always called Cassia.
+The reason is obvious.</p>
+
+<p>The specimens, which I now produce, of the
+Canella or bark of the Cinnamon of Sumatra, I procured
+in the year 1755. from Mr. Tho. Combes, a
+gentleman then in the service of the East India
+Company in Sumatra, by means of a friend.</p>
+
+<p>I was then attempting to form a society for the
+carrying on a General Natural History, to try proper
+experiments, and to employ proper painters and engravers
+suitable to the importance of the subject; and
+therefore attempted to establish a correspondence in
+those parts, whose productions are as yet little known
+to the public.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_870">[870]</span></p>
+
+<p>I mention this design, because it would not be possible
+else to explain what Mr. Combes means by
+the word <i>Society</i>, which he so often mentions in his
+letter; of which I shall produce an extract, so far
+as it relates to the present inquiry.</p>
+
+<p>It seemed to me very improbable (as the same
+plants are generally found in the same latitude and
+soil), that the spices now in the possession of the
+Dutch should grow only in that small tract of land,
+which is in their possession. And I had many credible
+informations, that, whatever they may pretend to the
+contrary, this is only a pretence.</p>
+
+<p>I therefore desired to obtain the best information
+of the nature and culture of the plants producing
+spices, as well as of many other things, which are
+foreign from this inquiry.</p>
+
+<p>I desired to know, how the spices were dried and
+cured; and that different specimens might be sent
+me of the plants, their seed, flower, leaf, and bark,
+and properly cured and prepared.</p>
+
+<p>This produced the answer I lay before you herewith,
+together with the specimens now produced.</p>
+
+<p>You see hereby, that the Dutch dry their Cinnamon
+in sand; probably to take away that viscosity,
+which is complained of in the Cassia.</p>
+
+<p>And you will observe also, that the specimen
+produced dried and cured is also as free from any
+viscosity, as the Cinnamon of Ceylon: That it agrees
+also with the Cinnamon in every other quality, and
+in colour; and that none of the distinctions mentioned
+by Mr. Ray can be found herein; but that
+they may arise from the part of the tree, from whence
+the bark was taken; the inner bark of the large
+wood being red, as you see by the other specimen<span class="pagenum" id="Page_871">[871]</span>
+produced. And the common Cassia taken from the
+larger branches, and not cured, has the viscosity
+complained of in some degree, tho’ much less than
+it had four years since, when I received it.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ray says, that one is weaker in taste, as he
+supposes, than the other. That may be so from its
+manner of drying, or keeping of it. Dried in large
+quantities, and by a stronger heat, it will probably
+be stronger, than if it is dried in a lesser quantity, and
+slower.</p>
+
+<p>As for the viscosity, the glutinous part is found
+in every plant in some degree, as well as in every
+animal. It preserves the parts from moisture; but
+will be consumed by heat or time; and it will be a
+preservative to the plant, till it is destroyed; which
+was the reason, as I suppose, that Mr. Ray mentions
+Cassia to have kept good thirty years, the viscosity
+not having been destroyed by drying.</p>
+
+<p>I suppose the reason, which the Dutch have to
+dry it, is to make it sooner fit for the market, and
+possibly fitter for distillation.</p>
+
+<p>You will see from Mr. Combes’s letters and specimens,
+that he thinks there may be two sorts of
+Cassia or Cinnamon in Sumatra: possibly there may
+be the same difference in Ceylon; but, if so, I suspect
+them both to be only seminal varieties, and that their
+virtues are the same.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Barlow, some time since a Surgeon in the
+service of the India company, made a considerable
+quantity of oil of the Cassia of Sumatra, which was
+very little, if any thing, inferior to that drawn from
+Cinnamon; and it was sold to great profit.</p>
+
+<p>If these plants are really the same, or if they are
+of equal goodness, supposing there was a small difference<span class="pagenum" id="Page_872">[872]</span>
+ in the form of the leaf, it might be well
+worth the attention of the East India company to try
+to cultivate these plants in the manner they do in
+Ceylon; that is, to make plantations in a proper
+soil; and to have regard to the proper distance from
+the sea of the place, where they try the experiment:
+for some plants require to be near the sea, and others
+far from it, in Sumatra; which is the case of the
+Mango, and Mangosteen; the one of which must
+be near the sea, the other at a distance from it.</p>
+
+<p>I think the plants should be suffered to grow
+strong, to be six or seven years old, and then cut
+every three years, the bark peel’d off and dried in
+hot sand, and packed close and kept dry. This I
+take to be all necessary to be done, to try, if our
+Cinnamon will not produce as good a price as that
+of the Dutch.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps the plants need not stand so long before
+cut; for the vegetation of plants in hot countries is
+very great.</p>
+
+<p>There are many other most valuable vegetables in
+Sumatra, which might be made staple commodities, as
+sagoe, camphire, several sorts of ginger, rice, and many
+other, which are foreign to the present inquiry.</p>
+
+<p>But it may not be amiss to recommend it to the
+traders to Sumatra to bring some quantity of the
+twig-bark of the true Cassia, well cured; and also
+to the company, to have a chemist at Sumatra, to
+extract carefully the oil of Cassia; which is best, and
+in greatest quantities, produced from the bark of the
+body, and of the larger branches of the tree: and
+also that the company would procure an exemption
+of all customs or duties on Cassia, or on the oil of
+Cassia, for some time: and also that the college of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_873">[873]</span>
+physicians in their dispensatory would direct Cassia
+or Cinnamon of Malabar or Sumatra to be used,
+instead of the Cinnamon of Ceylon; and that the
+same should be used by apothecaries and distillers,
+and in all simple and compound waters, in which
+Cinnamon is used.</p>
+
+<p class="center p2"><i>Extract of a Letter from Mr.</i> <span class="smcap">Thomas Combes</span>,
+<i>dated</i> Fort Marlborough, 5 Jan. 1755.</p>
+
+<p class="drop-capi">IN regard to the first article of your paper, now
+before me, which is the inquiry desired to be
+made concerning the spices, I am of opinion, that
+the true Cinnamon grows no-where but on the island
+of Ceylon, unless Cassia be allowed to be the same
+tree, which I am inclined to think.</p>
+
+<p>Nº. 9. contains seeds of the Cassia or wild Cinnamon-tree.
+As for the seeds of the true Cinnamon-tree,
+I believe they are very difficult to be got; for
+as the Dutch are the sole masters of this spice, and
+get a good deal of money by it, I fancy, according
+to their usual custom, they have very well guarded
+against the transplantation of it. I hope however,
+that these seeds will not be unacceptable to the society,
+as Cassia itself is of some value; and as I am
+very doubtful, whether this tree is not the same with
+the true Cinnamon, being of opinion, that the difference
+observed in them arises from the different
+method of curing their barks, or from the taking
+the bark from different parts of the tree, or at different
+seasons, or of different ages, or perhaps all
+these.</p>
+
+<p>I have made inquiry concerning this from some
+very intelligent persons, and found them to be of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_874">[874]</span>
+opinion, that the Cassia and Cinnamon-tree were of
+the same genus. I have inquired further concerning
+the method of curing it at Ceylon; but as this is done
+by the natives, the Dutch are not very well acquainted
+with it; nor could I obtain any good account of it,
+different people giving me different relations. Some
+said, it was the inner bark, some the middle, and
+some the outer; tho’ of the young branches, they
+seemed in general to agree, that it was gathered at a
+certain season of the year, and that one part of the
+cure was burying it in sand for some time. This
+may be tried with Cassia, and may perhaps take away
+that viscosity or glutinous quality observed by chewing
+it, and which is the principal mark for distinguishing
+it from Cinnamon. As to their chemical
+oils, I have heard many people say, that they are
+not distinguishable otherwise, than that from Cinnamon
+is generally better, or, as it may be called,
+stronger, than that from Cassia; and accordingly
+bears a better price. But the Dutch company’s
+chemist at Batavia, if I may give him this title, informed
+me, that they are essentially different, and
+plainly distinguishable. But I must confess myself
+very doubtful of the knowlege or veracity of this
+chemist, and strongly suspect, that they are no otherwise
+different than in goodness, as many other oils
+drawn from the same subject are.</p>
+
+<p>I observe the price of Cassia is greatly risen in
+England within these two or three years; but whether
+this be owing to an increase in the consumption,
+or a decrease in the importation of this commodity,
+I cannot say.</p>
+
+<p>The Dutch government of Batavia has this year,
+in some new regulations of their trade, prohibited to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_875">[875]</span>
+all persons the dealing in any of the fine quilled sort
+of Cassia, and declared the same to be contraband,
+and reserved for their company only; and put it
+upon the same footing as their Cinnamon.</p>
+
+<p>What reasons induced them to this, I am yet a
+stranger to; but it makes me suspect, that the rise
+of this commodity in Europe is owing to some other
+cause than a deficiency in the importation thereof.
+Perhaps some discovery has been made rendering
+Cassia equal to Cinnamon.</p>
+
+<p>In Persia, I think, they make not so great a difference
+between them as elsewhere; and I myself, for
+want of Cinnamon here for some months past, made
+use of the fine quilled Cassia; and the difference I
+observe between them I imagine to arise rather from
+the greenness and want of dryness in the Cassia, than
+any thing else, or perhaps from the method of curing
+it: for if there happens to be a little too much Cassia
+put into my chocolate (and other things I use in it),
+a little bitterish taste arises, something like what we
+meet with in most barks; tho’ I do not remember
+to have observed this of Cinnamon: but as to its
+boiling to a jelly, as Quincy mentions, I find no
+such thing, and think it bears boiling as well as
+Cinnamon. Nor do I think its distilled water more
+subject to an empyreuma than that of Cinnamon.</p>
+
+<p>I have inquired of the country people here, who
+bring it us, and they tell me the finest sort is the
+inner bark of the small branches; and indeed that it
+is the inner bark, I think, is evident in Cinnamon as
+well as Cassia; no outer bark of the youngest branches
+of any tree having, in my opinion, that smooth surface
+observable in both these barks.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_876">[876]</span></p>
+
+<p>I once thought, that it was better to take the bark
+from the body of the tree than from the branches,
+imagining that the bark from the trunk or body of
+all trees must in general be stronger, let its natural
+taste be what it will, than from its branches. This
+I find to be so in Cassia; and I have been informed,
+that the large ligneous pieces of Cassia have afforded
+rather more oil in distillation than the fine quilled
+sort, their weight being equal; but upon trial I could
+not make the bark from the trunk curl or roll up, as
+it ought to do, owing, as I suppose, to my unskilfulness,
+or to rigidity, or the natural position of its fibres;
+for the bark of the younger branches curled of itself,
+wanting hardly any other assistance than the
+sun.</p>
+
+<p>I have already observed, that Cassia is found in
+chewing to have a viscidness, which Cinnamon has
+not. I have endeavoured to remove this in a little I
+send you, marked B: pray let me know, if it answers;
+and be assured, it was taken from the younger
+branches of the tree, of which I send you the seeds.</p>
+
+<p>I send you also, marked C, some of the bark
+taken from the same tree; as also some of the leaves,
+marked D.</p>
+
+<p>I have sent you also a little of the bark of the
+trunk of a tree, which, tho’ called Cassia, seems not
+to be so, marked E; and also the leaves of the same
+tree, marked F.</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">END <i>of the</i> <span class="smcap">Fiftieth Volume</span>.</p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_877">[877]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="AN"><small>AN</small>
+<br />
+ INDEX
+<br />
+ TO THE<br />
+ FIFTIETH VOLUME
+<br />
+ OF THE
+<br />
+ <span class="smcap">Philosophical Transactions</span>,
+<br />
+ For the <span class="smcap">Years</span> 1757 and 1758.</h2>
+
+</div>
+<ul class="hang">
+<li class="center">A</li>
+
+<li><span class="dropcap"><i>A</i></span><i>IR</i>, Remarks on the heat of it in July 1757, by Dr. J. Huxham; with some additional ones by Dr. W. Watson, page <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_428">428</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— on its different temperature at Edystone from that observed at Plymouth, between July 7 and 14, 1757, p. <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Akenside</i>, Mark, M. D. his observations on the origin and use of the lymphatic vessels in animals, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_322">322</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Alga Marina latifolia</i>, observations on it, p. <a href="#Page_631">631</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Allegator</i>, the fossil bones of one, found on the sea-shore near Whitby, p. <a href="#Page_688">688</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>America</i>, North, account of an earthquake felt in it Nov. 18. 1755. p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_1">1</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>American</i> Sea Sun-Crown, observations on it, p. <a href="#Page_843">843</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Antiquities</i>, accounts of the late discoveries of some at Herculaneum, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_49">49</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_88">88</a>. <a href="#Page_619">619</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_878">[878]</span>
+</li>
+<li><i>Aneurism</i>, remarkable case of one in the principal artery of the thigh, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_363">363</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Apple</i>, the Manchenille, singular observations upon it, p. <a href="#Page_772">772</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Arderon</i>, Mr. William, abstract of a letter on giving magnetism and polarity to brass, p. <a href="#Page_774">774</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Assize</i>, the Black, at Oxford, account of it, p. <a href="#Page_699">699</a>.
+</li>
+
+<li class="p2 center">B</li>
+
+<li><i>Baker</i>, Mr. Henry, his account of the Opuntia, or Prickly Pear, and of the Indigo plant, in colouring the juices of living animals, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_296">296</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— —— of the Sea Polypus, p. <a href="#Page_777">777</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Bark</i>, remarkable case of its efficacy in a mortification, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_379">379</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— —— —— in the delirium of a fever, p. <a href="#Page_609">609</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Barnacles</i>, an account of several rare species, p. <a href="#Page_845">845</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Baster</i>, Job. observationes de corallinis, iisque insidentibus Polypis, aliisque animalculis marinis, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_258">258</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Bladder</i>, human urinary, four rough stones extracted from it by the lateral method of cutting for the stone, p. <a href="#Page_579">579</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Blisters</i>, remarkable effects of them in lessening the quickness of the pulse in coughs attended with infarction of the lungs, p. <a href="#Page_569">569</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Bones</i>, some fossil ones of an allegator, found on the sea-shore near Whitby, p. <a href="#Page_688">688</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Borlase</i>, Rev. Mr. Wm. his account of some trees discovered under-ground on the sea-shore at Mount’s-Bay in Cornwall, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_51">51</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— —— —— of an earthquake in the west parts of Cornwall, July 15. 1757, p. <a href="#Page_499">499</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Bradley</i>, James, D. D. his observations on the comet of Sept. and Oct. 1757, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_408">408</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Brakenridge</i>, Rev. Wm. D. D. his answer to the Rev. Mr. Forster’s letter concerning the numbers and increase of the people of England, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_465">465</a>.
+</li><li><span class="pagenum" id="Page_879">[879]</span>
+<i>Brass</i>, abstract of a letter on giving magnetism and polarity to it, p. <a href="#Page_774">774</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Bridges</i>, concerning the fall of water under them, p. <a href="#Page_492">492</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Brydone</i>, Mr. Patrick, his account of a paralytic patient cured by electricity, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_392">392</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Burrow</i>, James, Esq; his account of an earthquake felt at Linfield in Surrey, and at Edenbridge in Kent, Jan. 24. 1758, p. <a href="#Page_614">614</a>.
+</li>
+
+<li class="p2 center">C</li>
+
+<li><i>Carlsbad</i> mineral waters, account of them, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_25">25</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— their lithontriptic virtue, with lime-water and soap, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_386">386</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Case</i> of Lord Horace Walpole; being a sequel to that in Phil. Trans. vol. xlvii. p. 43 and 47,—p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_205">205</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Cassia</i>, or <i>Canella</i>, a discourse on it, by Taylor White, Esq.; p. <a href="#Page_860">860</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Cavendish</i>, Lord Charles, his description of some thermometers for particular uses, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_300">300</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Chapman</i>, Capt. Wm. his account of a method of distilling fresh water from sea-water by wood-ashes, p. <a href="#Page_635">635</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— —— —— of the fossil bones of an allegator found on the sea-shore near Whitby in Yorkshire, p. <a href="#Page_688">688</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Characters</i>, Phœnician Numeral, antiently used at Sidon, dissertation upon them, p. <a href="#Page_791">791</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Charts</i> and Maps, a short dissertation on them, p. <a href="#Page_563">563</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Chevalier</i>, Joan. observatio eclipsis lunæ die 27 Martii 1755, Olissipone habita, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_374">374</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— —— —— die 30 Julii 1757, Olissipone habita, p. <a href="#Page_769">769</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— observationes eclipsium satellitum Jovis, Olissipone habitæ, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_377">377</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— ——, &c. observationes eclipsium satellitum Jovis, anno 1757, Olissipone habitæ, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_378">378</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— et Theodor. de Almeida, observationes eclipsis lunæ die 4 Feb. ann. 1757, Olissipone habitæ, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_376">376</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_880">[880]</span>
+</li>
+<li><i>Cinnamon</i>, a discourse on it, by Taylor White, Esq; p. <a href="#Page_860">860</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Coin</i>, a Parthian, with a Greek and Parthian legend, some remarks on it, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_175">175</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Collet</i>, John, M. D. his letter concerning the peat-pit near Newbury in Berkshire, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_109">109</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Comet</i>, observations on that of Sept. and Oct. 1757, made at the Royal Observatory, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_408">408</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— made at the Hague, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_438">438</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Convulsive Fits</i>, case of a boy troubled with them, cured by the discharge of worms, p. <a href="#Page_518">518</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Convulsions</i>, some extraordinary effects arising from them, p. <a href="#Page_743">743</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Coral</i>, Red, a very singular kind from the Indies, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_159">159</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Corallinis</i> de, iisque insidentibus polypis, aliisque animalculis marinis observationes, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_258">258</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Cornwall</i>, account of an earthquake in the west parts of it, July 15, 1757, p. <a href="#Page_499">499</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Corona</i> Solis Marina Americana, observations on it, p. <a href="#Page_843">843</a>.
+</li>
+
+<li class="p2 center">D</li>
+
+<li><i>Da Costa</i>, Emanuel Mendez, his account of the impressions of plants on the slates of coals, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_228">228</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Darwin</i>, Erasmus, M.D. his remarks on the opinion of Henry Eles, Esq; concerning the ascent of vapour, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_240">240</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Delirium</i>, of a fever, an extraordinary case of the efficacy of the bark in one, p. <a href="#Page_609">609</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Diseases</i>, effects of electricity in the cure of some particular ones, p. <a href="#Page_695">695</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Dodson</i> and Mountaine, tables of the variation of the magnetic needle by them, adapted to every 5 degrees of lat. and long. in the more frequented oceans, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_329">329</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Dollond</i>, Mr. John, his account of some experiments concerning the different refrangibility of light, p. <a href="#Page_733">733</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Dust</i>, Black, an extraordinary shower, which fell in the island of Zetland, Oct. 20. 1755, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_297">297</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_881">[881]</span>
+</li>
+
+<li class="p2 center">E</li>
+
+<li><i>Earthquake</i>, account of one in the island of Sumatra, in the East Indies, Nov. and Dec. 1756, p. <a href="#Page_491">491</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— —— in the west parts of Cornwall, July 15, 1757, p. <a href="#Page_499">499</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— —— at Lingfield in Surrey, and Edenbridge in Kent, Jan. 24, 1758, p. <a href="#Page_614">614</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— —— at Herculaneum, p. <a href="#Page_619">619</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— —— in New England, and the neighbouring parts of America, Nov. 18, 1755, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_1">1</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— observations upon a very particular tho’ slight one, p. <a href="#Page_645">645</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Eclipsis</i> lunaris facta Matriti, a P. Joanne Wendlingen, die 30 Julii, 1757, p. <a href="#Page_640">640</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— lunæ observatio, die 30 Julii, 1757, Olissipone habita, p. <a href="#Page_769">769</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— —— die 27 Martii, 1755, Olissipone habita, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_374">374</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— —— die 4 Februarii, 1757, Olissipone habita, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_376">376</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Eclipsium</i> satellitum Jovis observationes, Olissipone habitæ, anno 1757, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_378">378</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— —— observationes, Olissipone habitæ, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_377">377</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Edystone</i>, remarks on the different temperature of the air there from that observed at Plymouth, between July 7 and 14, 1757, p. <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Edenbridge</i>, account of an earthquake felt there, Jan. 24. 1758, p. <a href="#Page_614">614</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Edwards</i>, Mr. Geo. his observations on an evening, or rather nocturnal, solar Iris, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_293">293</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— —— account of a new-discovered species of snipe, or tringa, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_255">255</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Eles</i>, Henry, Esq; remarks on his opinion concerning the ascent of vapour, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_240">240</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Electricity</i>, the effects of it in paralytic cases, p. <a href="#Page_481">481</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_882">[882]</span>
+</li>
+<li>—— further account of its effects in curing some diseases, p. <a href="#Page_695">695</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— its virtue in the cure of a palsey, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_392">392</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Ellis</i>, Mr. John, his account of a red coral from the East Indies, of a very singular kind, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_189">189</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— remarks on Dr. Job. Baster’s observationes de corallinis, &c. p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_280">280</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— answer to the remarks upon his letter to Philip Carteret Webb, Esq; p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_441">441</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— account of several rare species of Barnacles, p. <a href="#Page_845">845</a>.
+</li>
+<li>——, Henry, Esq; his account of the heat of the weather in Georgia, p. <a href="#Page_754">754</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Equator</i>, Terrestrial, resolution of a general proposition for determining the horary alteration of the position of it, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_416">416</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Eye</i>, diseased, an extraordinary case of one, p. <a href="#Page_747">747</a>.
+</li>
+
+<li class="p2 center">F</li>
+
+<li><i>Fauquier</i>, Francis, Esq; his account of an extraordinary storm of hail in Virginia, p. <a href="#Page_746">746</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Fire-Engine</i>, further experiments for increasing the quantity of steam in it, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_370">370</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— attempt to improve the manner of working ventilators by the help of it, p. <a href="#Page_727">727</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Fitz-Gerald</i>, Keane, Esq; his further experiments for increasing the quantity of steam in a fire-engine, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_370">370</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— experiments on applying Dr. Hales’s method of distilling salt water to the steam-engine, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_53">53</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— concerning an attempt to improve the manner of working ventilators by the assistance of the fire-engine, p. <a href="#Page_727">727</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Flexor</i> tendon, an account of one torn out in its whole extent, together with the first joint of the thumb, p. <a href="#Page_617">617</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Forbes</i>, Dr. George, his letter concerning the Patella, or Limpet-Fish, found at Bermuda, p. <a href="#Page_859">859</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_883">[883]</span>
+</li>
+<li><i>Forster</i>, Rev. Mr. Richard, his extract of the register of the parish of Great Shefford, with observations, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_356">356</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— —— his letter concerning the number of the people of England, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_457">457</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Fruits</i>, fossil, and other bodies, account of some found in the island of Shepey, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_396">396</a>.
+</li>
+
+<li class="p2 center">G</li>
+
+<li><i>Gaze</i>, Mr. John, his account of a boy cured of convulsive fits by the discharge of worms, p. <a href="#Page_521">521</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Gall-stones</i>, two extraordinary cases relating to them, p. <a href="#Page_543">543</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Gaubil</i>, F. his description of the plan of Peking, p. <a href="#Page_704">704</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Georgia</i>, account of the heat of the weather there, p. <a href="#Page_754">754</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Glass</i>, in windows, dissertation on the antiquity of it, p. <a href="#Page_601">601</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Gravity</i>, Specific, of living men, essay towards ascertaining it, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_30">30</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Grindall</i>, Mr. Richard, his account of the efficacy of the bark in a mortification, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_379">379</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Guadaloupe</i>, Isle of, account of a visitation of the leprous persons there, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_38">38</a>.
+</li>
+
+<li class="p2 center">H</li>
+
+<li><i>Hague</i>, state of thermometer there, Jan. 9, 1757, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_148">148</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— observations there on the comet in Sept. and Oct. 1757, p. <a href="#Page_483">483</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Hail</i>, an extraordinary storm in Virginia, p. <a href="#Page_746">746</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Herculaneum</i>, accounts of the late discoveries of antiquities made there, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_619">619</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Heat</i> of the air, July 1757, remarks on it by Dr. Huxham and Dr. Watson, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_428">428</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— of the weather, account of that in July 1757, by Dr. Huxham, p. <a href="#Page_523">523</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— of the weather in Georgia, account of it, p. <a href="#Page_754">754</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Hemlock Dropwort</i>, further account of its poisonous effects, p. <a href="#Page_556">556</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Himsel de</i>, Nicholai, M. D. de rariori quadam specie, in Suecia reperta, tractatus, p. <a href="#Page_692">692</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_884">[884]</span>
+</li>
+<li><i>Home</i>, Robert, Surgeon, his account of the flexor tendon torn out in its whole extent, and the first joint of the thumb torn off, p. <a href="#Page_617">617</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Horned Cattle</i>, the usefulness of inoculation to prevent the contagious distemper among them, p. <a href="#Page_528">528</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Huxham</i>, John, M. D. his remarks on the heat of the air, July 1757, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_428">428</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— —— —— on the extraordinary heat of the weather in July 1757, p. <a href="#Page_523">523</a>.
+</li>
+
+<li class="p2 center">I</li>
+
+<li><i>Jenty</i>, Nicholas, his account of a man, whose intestines, &c. all cohered, and who after death fell under his inspection, p. <a href="#Page_550">550</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Ileum</i>, the gut, cut thro’ by a knife, instance of the successful treatment of it, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_35">35</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Indigo</i> plant, effects of it, and of the opuntia, or prickly pear, in colouring the juices of living animals, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_296">296</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Inoculation</i>, its usefulness on horned cattle, to prevent the contagious distemper among them, p. <a href="#Page_528">528</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Intestines</i>, remarkable case of the cohesions of all of them in a man, p. <a href="#Page_550">550</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Johnstone</i>, James, M. D. his account of two extraordinary cases of gall-stones, p. <a href="#Page_543">543</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Iris</i>, solar, observations on an evening, or rather nocturnal one, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_293">293</a>.
+</li>
+
+<li class="p2 center">K</li>
+
+<li><i>Klinkenberg</i>, Mr. D. his observations upon the comet in Sept. and Oct. 1757, p. <a href="#Page_483">483</a>.
+</li>
+
+<li class="p2 center">L</li>
+
+<li><i>Lacteals</i>, experiment to prove that salt of steel does not enter them, p. <a href="#Page_594">594</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Lanreath</i>, effects of a storm of thunder and lightning there, June 27, 1756, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_104">104</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Layard</i>, Daniel Peter, M. D. his account of an extraordinary case of a diseased eye, p. <a href="#Page_747">747</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_885">[885]</span>
+</li>
+<li>—— Daniel Peter, M. D. his discourse on the usefulness of inoculating the horned cattle, p. <a href="#Page_528">528</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Leprous</i> persons in the isle of Guadaloupe, account of a visitation of them, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_38">38</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Lestwithiel</i>, in Cornwall, effects of lightning upon the church and steeple there, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_198">198</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Lewis</i>, William, M. B. his experimental examination of Platina, Paper V. and VI. p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_156">156</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Lichen</i>, memoir concerning it, p. <a href="#Page_652">652</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Light</i>, some experiments concerning its different refrangibility, p. <a href="#Page_733">733</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Lightning</i>, its effects upon the church and steeple of Lestwithiel in Cornwall, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_198">198</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Limax</i> non cochleata, observations on it, p. <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Lime-water</i>, its lithontriptic virtue, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_386">386</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Limpet-Fish</i>, found at Bermuda, account of it, p. <a href="#Page_859">859</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Linnæus</i>, his account of the faculty called Vigiliæ Florum, with an enumeration of several plants subject to that law, p. <a href="#Page_506">506</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Lingfield</i>, in Surry, account of an earthquake felt there, Jan. 24, 1758, p. <a href="#Page_614">614</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Looe</i>, effects of a storm of thunder and lightning there, June 27, 1756, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_104">104</a>.
+</li>
+
+<li class="p2 center">M</li>
+
+<li><i>Maps</i>, Geographical, the best form of them, p. <a href="#Page_553">553</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— and Charts, a short dissertation on them, p. <a href="#Page_563">563</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Magnetism</i>, and Polarity, given to brass, p. <a href="#Page_774">774</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Malverne</i> waters, their good effects, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_23">23</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Memoir</i>, an historical one on the genus of plants called Lichen, Usnea, Coralloides, and Lichenoides, p. <a href="#Page_652">652</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Men</i>, living, essay towards ascertaining their specific gravity, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_30">30</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Milles</i>, Jeremiah, D. D. letters to him, with accounts of the effects of thunder and lightning at Looe and Lanreath, June 27, 1756, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_104">104</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— his account of the Carlsbad mineral waters in Bohemia, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_25">25</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_886">[886]</span>
+</li>
+<li><i>Miller</i>, Mr. Philip, concerning the effects of a storm at Wigton in Cumberland, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_194">194</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— his remarks on a letter of Mr. John Ellis to P. C. Webb, Esq; printed in Phil. Trans. vol. xlix. part ii. p. <a href="#Page_806">806</a>.—p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_430">430</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Mitchell</i>, Sir Andrew, his account of an extraordinary shower of black dust, that fell in the Island of Zetland, Oct. 20, 1755, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_297">297</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Mixtures</i>, effervescent, strange effects of some, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_19">19</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Moffat</i>, in Annandale, a new medicinal well lately discovered there, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_117">117</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Mortification</i>, remarkable efficacy of the bark in one, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_379">379</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Mount’s-Bay</i>, account of some trees discovered underground on the shore there, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_51">51</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Mounsey</i>, James, M. D. his account of the strange effects of some effervescent mixtures, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_19">19</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Mountaine</i> and Dodson, tables of the variation of the magnetic needle by them, adapted to every five degrees of lat. and long. in the more frequented oceans, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_329">329</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— Wm. his dissertation on maps and charts, p. <a href="#Page_563">563</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Murdoch</i>, Patrick, his description of the best form of geographical maps, p. <a href="#Page_553">553</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— his trigonometry abridged, p. <a href="#Page_538">538</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Munckley</i>, Nich. M. D. his account of the extraordinary efficacy of the bark in the delirium of a fever, p. <a href="#Page_609">609</a>.
+</li>
+
+<li class="p2 center">N</li>
+
+<li><i>Needle</i>, magnetic, its variation, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_329">329</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>New England</i>, account of an earthquake felt there, Nov. 18, 1755. p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_1">1</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Newbury</i>, in Berkshire, account of the peat-pit near it, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_109">109</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Nightshade</i>, deadly, botanical and medical history of it, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_62">62</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Nixon</i>, Rev. John, A. M. his account of some of the antiquities discovered at Herculaneum, &c. p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_88">88</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_887">[887]</span>
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— —— his account of the temple of Serapis at Pozzuoli in Naples, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_166">166</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— —— his dissertation on the antiquity of glass in windows, p. <a href="#Page_601">601</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Norfolk</i> Boy, observations on the case of one, who was cured of convulsive fits by the discharge of worms, p. <a href="#Page_836">836</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Number</i> of the people of England, observations on it, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_465">465</a>.
+</li>
+
+<li class="p2 center">O</li>
+
+<li><i>Observationes</i> anatomico-medicæ de monstro bicorporeo virgineo, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_311">311</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Oenanthe</i> aquatica succo viroso crocante of Lobel, farther account of its poisonous effects, p. <a href="#Page_856">856</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Oil</i>, its efficacy, taken as a vermifuge, p. <a href="#Page_837">837</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Operation</i>, an extraordinary one performed in the dock-yard at Portsmouth, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_288">288</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Opuntia</i>, or prickly pear, effects of it, and of the Indigo plant, in colouring the juices of living animals, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_296">296</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Orthoceratitis</i>, de rariori quadam specie, in Suecia reperta, tractatus, p. <a href="#Page_692">692</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Oram</i>, Rev. Richard, his account of a boy cured of convulsive fits by the discharge of worms, p. <a href="#Page_518">518</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Oxford</i>, account of the black assize there, p. <a href="#Page_699">699</a>.
+</li>
+
+<li class="p2 center">P</li>
+
+<li><i>Paderni</i>, Camillo, his account of the late discoveries at Herculaneum, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_49">49</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— —— of an earthquake at Herculaneum, and of some late discoveries there, p. <a href="#Page_619">619</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Palsey</i>, instance of the cure of it by electricity, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_392">392</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Pantheon</i>, at Rome, account of the alterations making in it, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_115">115</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Parsons</i>, James, M. D. his account of some extraordinary tumours upon the head of a man in St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_350">350</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_888">[888]</span>
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— his account of fossil fruits, and other bodies, found in the island of Shepey, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_396">396</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Paralytic</i> cases, the effects of electricity in them, p. <a href="#Page_481">481</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Patella</i>, or Limpet-Fish, found at Bermuda, account of it, p. <a href="#Page_859">859</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Peyssonel</i>, John Andrew, M. D. his account of a visitation of the leprous persons in the isle of Guadaloupe, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_38">38</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— —— his observations on the worms that form sponges, p. <a href="#Page_590">590</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— —— observations on the Limax non cochleata purpur ferens, p. <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— —— observations on the Alga marina latifolia, p. <a href="#Page_631">631</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— —— observations on a slight but very particular earthquake, p. <a href="#Page_645">645</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— —— observations on the Manchenille apple, p. <a href="#Page_772">772</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— —— observations on the Corona Solis Marina Americana, or American Sea-Sun-Crown, p. <a href="#Page_843">843</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Peat-pit</i>, account of one near Newbury in Berkshire, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_109">109</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>People</i> of England, concerning the number of them, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_457">457</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— an answer to Mr. Forster’s letter, concerning their number and increase, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_465">465</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Peking</i>, a description of the plan of it, p. <a href="#Page_704">704</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Perry</i>, Mr. his letter to Dr. Stukeley, concerning the Earthquake at Sumatra in Nov. and Dec. 1756, p. <a href="#Page_491">491</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Phœnician</i> numeral characters anciently used at Sidon, dissertation on them, p. <a href="#Page_791">791</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Plants</i>, impressions of them on the slates of coals, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_228">228</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— catalogue of the fifty from Chelsea Garden, for 1756, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_236">236</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— observations on the sleep of them, p. <a href="#Page_506">506</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— catalogue of the fifty from Chelsea Garden, for 1757, p. <a href="#Page_648">648</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_889">[889]</span>
+</li>
+<li><i>Platina</i>, experimental examination of it, Paper V. and VI. p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_156">156</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Platt</i>, Mr. Joshua, his account of the fossil thigh-bone of an animal dug up at Stonesfield, near Woodstock, p. <a href="#Page_524">524</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Polarity</i> and Magnetism, communicated to brass, p. <a href="#Page_774">774</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Polypus</i>, Sea, account of it, p. <a href="#Page_777">777</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Pozzuoli</i>, account of the temple of Serapis there, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_166">166</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Postscript</i> to Dr. Whytt’s observations on Lord Walpole’s case, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_385">385</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Pringle</i>, John, M. D. on the virtues of soap in dissolving the stone, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_221">221</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— —— his account of the effects of electricity in paralytic cases, p. <a href="#Page_481">481</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Problems</i>, isoperimetrical, a further attempt to facilitate the solution of them, p. <a href="#Page_623">623</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Pulteney</i>, M. Richard, his botanical and medical history of the Solanum Lethale, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_62">62</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— his observations on the sleep of plants, p. <a href="#Page_506">506</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Pulse</i>, quickness of it in coughs, attended with infarction of the lungs, lessened by blisters, p. <a href="#Page_569">569</a>.
+</li>
+
+<li class="p2 center">R</li>
+
+<li><i>Register</i>, Parish, extract of that in Great Shefford in Berkshire, with observations, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_356">356</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Remarks</i> on Dr. Job Baster’s Observationes de corallinis, &c. p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_280">280</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Robertson</i>, Mr. John, his essay towards ascertaining the specific gravity of living men, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_30">30</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— —— account of an extraordinary operation performed in Portsmouth dock-yard, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_288">288</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— —— —— of the fall of water under bridges, p. <a href="#Page_492">492</a>.
+</li>
+
+<li class="p2 center">S</li>
+
+<li><i>Salt-water</i>, experiments on applying Dr. Hales’s method of distilling it to the steam-engine, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_53">53</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_890">[890]</span>
+</li>
+<li><i>Satellite</i>, concerning the irregularities in the motion of one, arising from the spheroidical figure of its primary planet, p. <a href="#Page_807">807</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Sea-water</i>, method of making it fresh with wood-ashes, p. <a href="#Page_635">635</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Sea Alga</i> with broad leaves, observations on it, p. <a href="#Page_631">631</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Series</i>, invention of a general method for determining the sum of every 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, &c. term of one, taken in order, p. <a href="#Page_757">757</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Serapis</i>, Temple of, at Pozzuoli, account of it, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_166">166</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Shepey</i> Island, account of fossil fruits, and other bodies, found there, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_396">396</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Short</i>, James, M. A. his account of some experiments concerning the different refrangibility of light by Mr. John Dollond, p. <a href="#Page_733">733</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Shefford</i>, Great, extract of the parish register there, with observations, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_356">356</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Simpson</i>, Mr. Tho. his resolution of a general proposition for determining the horary alteration of the terrestrial equator, &c. p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_416">416</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— —— further attempt to facilitate the resolution of isoperimetrical problems, p. <a href="#Page_623">623</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— —— invention of a general method for determining the sum of every 2d, 3d, 4th, or 5th, &c. term of a series, taken in order, p. <a href="#Page_757">757</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Skeleton</i> of an animal, description of a fossil one found in the alum rock near Whitby, p. <a href="#Page_786">786</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Slates</i> of Coals, account of the impressions of plants on some, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_228">228</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Sleep</i> of plants, observations on it, p. <a href="#Page_506">506</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Smeaton</i>, Mr. John, concerning the effects of lightning upon the church and steeple of Lestwithiel in Cornwall, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_198">198</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— his remarks on the different temperature of the air at Edystone, from that observed at Plymouth, between July 7th and 14th, 1757, p. <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Snail</i>, the naked, producing purple, observations on it, p. <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_891">[891]</span>
+</li>
+<li><i>Snipe</i>, or Tringa, a new-discovered species of it, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_255">255</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Solanum</i> Lethale, Bella-Donna, or Deadly Nightshade, brief botanical and medical history of it, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_62">62</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Soap</i>, its virtues in dissolving the stone, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_386">386</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Sponges</i>, formed by worms, new observations on them, p. <a href="#Page_590">590</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Steam-Engine</i>, experiments on applying Dr. Hales’s method of distilling salt-water to it, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_53">53</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Steam</i>, farther experiments for increasing the quantity of it in a fire-engine, p. <a href="#Page_570">570</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Stone</i>, the virtues of soap in dissolving it, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_221">221</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Stones</i>, remarkable instance of four rough ones discovered in an human urinary bladder, extracted by the lateral method of cutting for the stone, p. <a href="#Page_579">579</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Storm</i>, effects of one at Wigton in Cumberland, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_194">194</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— —— at Looe and Lanreath, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_104">104</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Stonesfield</i>, account of the fossil thigh-bone of an animal dug up there, p. <a href="#Page_524">524</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Sumatra</i>, Island of, account of an earthquake felt there in Nov. and Dec. 1756, p. <a href="#Page_491">491</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Swinton</i>, the Rev. John, his remarks on a Parthian coin with a Greek and Parthian legend, never before published, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_175">175</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— —— —— dissertation upon the Phœnician numeral characters antiently used at Sidon, p. <a href="#Page_791">791</a>.
+</li>
+
+<li class="p2 center">T</li>
+
+<li><i>Tables</i> of the variation of the magnetic needle, a sett, which exhibit the result of upwards of fifty thousand observations, adapted to every five degrees of lat. and long. in the more frequented oceans, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_329">329</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Tendon</i>, Flexor, one torn out in its whole extent, and the first joint of the thumb torn off, p. <a href="#Page_617">617</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Thermometer</i>, state of it at the Hague, Jan. 9, 1757. p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_148">148</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Thermometers</i>, description of some for particular uses, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_300">300</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_892">[892]</span>
+</li>
+<li><i>Thigh-bone</i> of a large animal, a fossil one dug up at Stonesfield, near Woodstock, in Oxfordshire, p. <a href="#Page_524">524</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Thunder</i> and Lightning, the effects of them in the parishes of Looe and Lanreath, June 27th, 1756, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_104">104</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Torkos</i>, Just. Joan. observationes anatomico-medicæ de monstro bicorporeo virgineo, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_311">311</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Travers</i>, Mr. Peter, his successful treatment of the gut ileum cut thro’ by a knife, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_35">35</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Trees</i>, some discovered under-ground on the shore at Mount’s-Bay in Cornwall, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_51">51</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Trembley</i>, Mr. Abraham, extract of a letter from him on several curious subjects of natural history, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_58">58</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— his state of the thermometer at the Hague, Jan. 9, 1757, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_148">148</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Trigonometry</i>, abridgement of it, p. <a href="#Page_538">538</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Tumours</i>, some extraordinary ones upon the head of a man in St. Bartholomew’s-Hospital, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_350">350</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Tringa</i>, or Snipe, account of a new-discovered species, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_255">255</a>.
+</li>
+
+<li class="p2 center">V</li>
+
+<li><i><a id="Vapour"></a>Vapour</i>, remarks on the opinion of <span class="err" title="original: Henry Eeles">Henry Eles</span>, Esq; concerning the ascent of it, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_240">240</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Ventilators</i>, attempt to improve the manner of working them by the help of a fire-engine, p. <a href="#Page_727">727</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Vessels</i>, lymphatic, of animals, observations on their origin and use, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_322">322</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Vigiliæ florum</i>, account of that faculty, p. <a href="#Page_506">506</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Virginia</i>, remarkable storm of hail there, p. <a href="#Page_746">746</a>.
+</li>
+
+<li class="p2 center">W</li>
+
+<li><i>Wall</i>, John, M.D. concerning the good effects of Malverne waters, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_23">23</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— his observations on the case of the Norfolk Boy cured of convulsions by the discharge of worms, p. <a href="#Page_836">836</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Walmesley</i>, Mr. Charles, his letter on the irregular motions of a satellite, p. <a href="#Page_807">807</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_893">[893]</span>
+</li>
+<li><i>Walker</i>, Mr. John, his account of a new medicinal well lately discovered at Moffat in Annandale, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_117">117</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Walpole</i>, Lord Horace, sequel to his account of his own case (Phil. Trans. vol. xlvii. p. 43 & 472.) p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_205">205</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Ward</i>, John, LL.D. letter communicated by him, with an account of the alterations making in the Pantheon at Rome, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_115">115</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— his account of the black assize at Oxford, p. <a href="#Page_699">699</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Warner</i>, Jos. Surgeon, his account of a remarkable case of an aneurism, &c. p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_363">363</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— —— instance of four rough stones extracted from the urinary bladder of a man, by the lateral method of cutting for the stone, p. <a href="#Page_579">579</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Water</i>, account of its fall under bridges, p. <a href="#Page_492">492</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— fresh, method of procuring it from salt water with wood-ashes, p. <a href="#Page_635">635</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Waters</i>, the Carlsbad mineral, account of them, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_25">25</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— —— their lithontriptic virtue with lime-water and soap, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_386">386</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— Malverne, the good effects of them, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_23">23</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— medicinal, at Moffat in Annandale, account of them, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_117">117</a>.
+ Various experiments on them, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_121">121</a>.</li>
+
+<li><i>Watson</i>, William, M. D. memoir concerning a genus of plants called Lichen, &c. p. <a href="#Page_652">652</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— his account of some extraordinary effects arising from convulsions, p. <a href="#Page_743">743</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— his further account of the poisonous effects of the Oenanthe aquatica succo viroso crocanthe of Lobel, or Hemlock Dropwort, p. <a href="#Page_856">856</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Well</i>, medicinal, a new one discovered near Moffat in Annandale, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_117">117</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Weather</i>, extraordinary heat of it in July 1757, p. <a href="#Page_523">523</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— —— —— in Georgia, p. <a href="#Page_754">754</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Wendlingen</i>, P. Joan. observatio eclipsis lunaris facta Matriti, die 30 Julii 1757, p. <a href="#Page_640">640</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>White</i>, Taylor, Esq; his discourse on the Cinamon, Cassia, or Canella, p. <a href="#Page_860">860</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_894">[894]</span>
+</li>
+<li><i>Whytt</i>, Robert, M. D. his account of the lithontriptic virtue of the Carlsbad waters, lime-water and soap, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_386">386</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— —— —— concerning the remarkable effects of blisters in lessening the quickness of the pulse in coughs attended with infarction of the lungs, p. <a href="#Page_569">569</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Wigton</i>, in Cumberland, effects of a storm there, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_194">194</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Winthrop</i>, Mr. Professor, concerning an earthquake felt in New England, and the neighbouring parts of America, Nov. 18, 1755, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_1">1</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Windows</i>, dissertation on the antiquity of glass in them, p. <a href="#Page_601">601</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Wright</i>, Edward, M.D. his account of an experiment, whereby it appears that salt of steel does not enter the lacteals, p. <a href="#Page_594">594</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Wood-ashes</i>, their use in distilling fresh water from sea-water, p. <a href="#Page_635">635</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Wooller</i>, Mr. his description of the fossil skeleton of an animal found in the alum rock near Whitby, p. <a href="#Page_786">786</a>.
+</li>
+<li><i>Worms</i>, account of a boy cured of convulsive fits by the discharge of some, p. <a href="#Page_518">518</a>.
+ Other cases of the like nature, p. <a href="#Page_839">839</a>.
+</li>
+<li>—— that form sponges, new observations on them, p. <a href="#Page_590">590</a>.
+</li>
+
+<li class="p2 center">Z</li>
+
+<li><i>Zetland</i>, island of, account of an extraordinary shower of black dust which fell there, Oct. 20, 1755, p. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_297">297</a>.
+</li></ul>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak">ERRATA.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>P.</i> <a href="#Page_769">769</a>. <i>l.</i> 3. <i>read</i> the order of</p>
+
+<p><i>P.</i> <a href="#Page_791">791</a>. <i>l.</i> 6. <i>for</i> Oxon, <i>with a comma, read</i> Oxon. <i>with
+a full-point</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>P.</i> <a href="#Page_792">792</a>. <i>l.</i> 5. <i>of the quotations, for</i> Froel. <i>read</i> Frœl.</p>
+
+<p><i>In the Contents to Part</i> I. <i>of this Vol. Page</i> 5. <i>l.</i> 21. <i>for</i> 115.
+<i>read</i> 117.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> Manna lies about 50 miles to the southward of Marlborough.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">[2]</a> The island of Sumatra is between 7 and 800 miles long
+from north to south.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">[3]</a> Cumberland-house is a new well-built house for the governor
+of the place.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">[4]</a> <i>N. B. Both these are contiguous to the fort.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="label">[5]</a> Laye house or factory is about 30 miles to the northward of
+Marlborough, and Manna house or factory fifty miles to the southward.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6" class="label">[6]</a> The sugar-plantation is five or six miles from Marlborough.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7" class="label">[7]</a> The <i>qualloe</i> is the country word for a river’s mouth.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8" class="label">[8]</a> Poblo Point lies about three leagues to the southward of
+Marlborough.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9" class="label">[9]</a> <i>Doosoons</i> are villages.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10" class="label">[10]</a> Letter from William Veale, Esq;</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11" class="label">[11]</a> Letter from John Trehawk, Esq;</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12" class="label">[12]</a> A timber support of the deads.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13" class="label">[13]</a> Loose rubbish and broken stones of the mine.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_14" href="#FNanchor_14" class="label">[14]</a> Mr. J. Nantcarrow.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_15" href="#FNanchor_15" class="label">[15]</a> Trifolium quoque inhorrescere et folia contra tempestatem
+subrigere certum est. Hist. Nat. lib. xviii. cap. 35.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_16" href="#FNanchor_16" class="label">[16]</a> Flor. Lappon. p. 222.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_17" href="#FNanchor_17" class="label">[17]</a> Prosp. Alpin. de plantis Ægypti, cap. 10.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_18" href="#FNanchor_18" class="label">[18]</a> It is not improbable, that a considerable portion of whiting
+might be used instead of pure white lead, which is frequently
+done: and this supposition is favoured by the mixture’s not proving
+fatal to the boy, as such a quantity of white lead in all probability
+would.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_19" href="#FNanchor_19" class="label">[19]</a> What Lhwyd calls <i>ostreum minus falcatum</i>, Nº. 451.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_20" href="#FNanchor_20" class="label">[20]</a> Memoires de l’Acad. des Sciences, anno 1748. p. 326.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_21" href="#FNanchor_21" class="label">[21]</a> Ibid. p. 338.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_22" href="#FNanchor_22" class="label">[22]</a> Ibid. p. 337.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_23" href="#FNanchor_23" class="label">[23]</a> See my Essay on the contagious Distemper, p. 70.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_24" href="#FNanchor_24" class="label">[24]</a> Pag. 143 and 338.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_25" href="#FNanchor_25" class="label">[25]</a> Essay on the Plague.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_26" href="#FNanchor_26" class="label">[26]</a> See Logarith. Canon. deser. <i>Edinb.</i> 1614. p. 48.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_27" href="#FNanchor_27" class="label">[27]</a> <i>Senex</i> drew several of that form.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_28" href="#FNanchor_28" class="label">[28]</a> See the Preface to the small Berlin Atlas.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_29" href="#FNanchor_29" class="label">[29]</a> This constant logarithm contains the reduction of the diff.
+of longitude to parts of radius unity, and to <i>Briggs</i>’s Modulus.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_30" href="#FNanchor_30" class="label">[30]</a> See <i>Cotesii</i> Logometr. prop. 6.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_31" href="#FNanchor_31" class="label">[31]</a> Physiological Essays, p. 69.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_32" href="#FNanchor_32" class="label">[32]</a> Physiological Essays, p. 69.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_33" href="#FNanchor_33" class="label">[33]</a> Dr. Pringle’s Observations on the Diseases of the Army,
+part iii. chap. 2.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_34" href="#FNanchor_34" class="label">[34]</a> Vincentius Menghinus <i>de Ferrearum particularum progressu
+in Sanguinem. Comment. Acad. Bonon.</i> T. II. P. 2. pag. 475.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_35" href="#FNanchor_35" class="label">[35]</a> Phil. Transact. by Lowthorpe, vol. iii. p. 102. edit. 1749.
+the same by Jones, vol. v. p. 259.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_36" href="#FNanchor_36" class="label">[36]</a> Vol. I. art. xii. p. 364.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_37" href="#FNanchor_37" class="label">[37]</a> In a paper read Feb. 24. 1757. See Art. xiii. p. 88.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_38" href="#FNanchor_38" class="label">[38]</a> <i>Porticuum, in quibus spatiari consueverat (Domitianus) parietes
+phengite lapide distinxit, e cujus splendore per imagines quicquid
+a tergo fieret, provideret.</i> Sueton. Domit. c. 14.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_39" href="#FNanchor_39" class="label">[39]</a> Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. xxxvi. c. 26. §. 66.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_40" href="#FNanchor_40" class="label">[40]</a> Pliny mentions a kind of glass or jet called <i>obsidianum</i>:—<i>nigerrimi
+coloris, aliquando et translucidi, crassiore visu, atque in
+speculis parietum pro imagine umbras reddente</i>. Nat. Hist. lib. xxxvi.
+c. 26. §. 67.</p>
+
+<p>And that the practice of staining glass was known in his time,
+appears from what he says concerning the <i>obsidianum</i> mentioned
+above:—<i>Fit et genere tincturæ—totum rubens vitrum, atque non
+translucidum</i>. Ibid.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_41" href="#FNanchor_41" class="label">[41]</a> Panciroll. Rer. Mem. p. 288.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_42" href="#FNanchor_42" class="label">[42]</a> These glass balls had sometimes water within them: <i>Cùm
+additâ aquâ vitreæ pilæ sole adverso in tantum excandescant, ut vestes
+exurant</i>. Plin. lib. xxxvi. c. 22. §. 45.</p>
+
+<p><i>Invenio medicos, quæ sunt urenda corporum, non alitèr utilius id
+fieri putare, quam crystallinâ pilâ adversis positâ solis radiis.</i> Plin.
+Nat. Hist. lib. xxxvii. c. 6. §. 10.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_43" href="#FNanchor_43" class="label">[43]</a> Vid. Mons. Renaudot Memoires de l’Acad. des Inscript.
+tom. I.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_44" href="#FNanchor_44" class="label">[44]</a> Vid. infra, not. 11.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_45" href="#FNanchor_45" class="label">[45]</a> <i>Theatrum Scauri</i>——<i>scena ei triplex in altitudinem</i> <span class="allsmcap">CCCLX</span>
+<i>columnarum</i>.——<i>Ima pars scenæ e marmore fuit</i>: media e vitro:
+<i>summa e tabulis inauratis</i>. Nat. Hist. lib. xxxvi. c. 15.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_46" href="#FNanchor_46" class="label">[46]</a> A. V. 678. Hard. not. Plin. lib. xxxvi. c. 8.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_47" href="#FNanchor_47" class="label">[47]</a> <i>Agrippa in thermis, quas Romæ fecit, figlinum opus encausto
+pinxit, in reliquis albaria adornavit: non dubiè</i> vitreas facturus cameras,
+si prius inventum id fuisset, <i>aut a parietibus scenæ—Scauri
+pervenisset in cameras</i>. Lib. xxxvi. c. 25. §. 64.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_48" href="#FNanchor_48" class="label">[48]</a> Seneca, exposing the luxury of the Romans with regard to
+their baths, says, <i>Pauper sibi videtur ac sordidus, nisi parietes
+magnis ac pretiosis orbibus refulserint—nisi</i> vitro absconditur camera.—Ep.
+86.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_49" href="#FNanchor_49" class="label">[49]</a> Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. xxxvi. c. 22. §. 45.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_50" href="#FNanchor_50" class="label">[50]</a> Nat. Hist. lib. xxxvi. c. 22. §. 45.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_51" href="#FNanchor_51" class="label">[51]</a> Vid. Salmasius in a passage to be produced hereafter.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_52" href="#FNanchor_52" class="label">[52]</a> Hist. de l’Acad. des Inscrip. tom. I.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_53" href="#FNanchor_53" class="label">[53]</a> Montfauc. Antiq. vol. III. part i. lib. iii. c. 4. Lipsius in
+loc. <i>&c.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_54" href="#FNanchor_54" class="label">[54]</a> <i>Quædam nostrâ demum prodiisse memoriâ scimus; ut speculariorum
+usum, perlucente testâ, clarum transmittentium lumen.</i> Sen.
+ep. 90.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_55" href="#FNanchor_55" class="label">[55]</a> <i>Quod fenestris obducebatur ad translucendum, ac lucem admittendam</i>
+specular <i>vetens Latini vocârunt. Idque ex speculari lapide,
+quí est</i> φεγγιτης, <i>aut</i> ex vitro <i>fiebat, aut aliâ translucidâ materiâ.
+Nam</i> specular dictum, non quod ex speculari lapide <i>factum
+esset, sed quod visum transmitteret, ac per id</i> speculari <i>liceret</i>. Salm.
+Exerc. Plin. in Solin. tom. II. p. 771.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_56" href="#FNanchor_56" class="label">[56]</a> Villa’s of the Anc. illustrated, p. iv.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_57" href="#FNanchor_57" class="label">[57]</a> One of Pliny’s cautions for preserving apples is—<i>Austros
+specularibus arcere</i>. Nat. Hist. lib. xv. c. 16.</p>
+
+<p>Martial further informs us, that the Romans used to screen their
+orchards of choice fruit-trees with <i>specularia</i>. Lib. viii. epig. 14.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_58" href="#FNanchor_58" class="label">[58]</a> I suppose he means that of Fortuna Seia. Lib. xxxvi.
+c. 22.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_59" href="#FNanchor_59" class="label">[59]</a> Salmasius, speaking of the custom of adorning chambers
+with glass, says—<i>Quod proximè ætatem suam incepisse fieri narrat
+Plinius. Quum M. Scaurus</i>——Ex. Plin. tom. II. p. 854.</p>
+
+<p>I do not find this expresly asserted by Pliny: but it might have
+been so in fact. This fashion indeed was not begun till after
+Agrippa had built his <i>thermæ</i>: but if we suppose that to have been
+even as late as his third consulship, <i>viz. ante Christ.</i> 27. (<i>Helvicus</i>),
+when he erected the Pantheon (or at least its portico), near
+adjoining to those <i>thermæ</i>, there would have been sufficient room,
+from that period to the birth of Pliny (<i>viz. anno Christi</i> 24), for
+the introduction of this usage.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_60" href="#FNanchor_60" class="label">[60]</a> Plin. Ep. V. I. 111.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_61" href="#FNanchor_61" class="label">[61]</a> Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. xxxvi. c. 26. §. 66.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_62" href="#FNanchor_62" class="label">[62]</a> Vid. supra.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_63" href="#FNanchor_63" class="label">[63]</a> Anno Christi 80.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_64" href="#FNanchor_64" class="label">[64]</a> In order to justify my placing the testimony of this Father
+so high, I would observe, that St. Jerome (<i>De Scriptor. Eccles.</i>)
+says, that Lactantius—<i>Extremâ senectute magister Cæsaris Crispi
+filii Constantini in Gallia fuit</i>. He must probably have exercised this charge between <i>anno Christi</i> 309, when Constantine began to
+reign, and 320. If he was then of a great age, he might have
+composed the treatise, out of which this authority is produced, and
+which was one of the earliest of his works, that are extant (<i>Vid.
+Sparkii præf. ad Lactant.</i>), 40 years before, <i>viz.</i> about <i>anno Christi</i>
+280; which brings us up to 200 years after the overthrow of Herculaneum,
+as above.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_65" href="#FNanchor_65" class="label">[65]</a> Lib. i. c. 20. See this subject largely discussed in Bodæus
+à Stapel Comment. in Theoph. p. 156. et seq.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_66" href="#FNanchor_66" class="label">[66]</a> Opera omnia à C. B. edit. 1598. p. 64.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_67" href="#FNanchor_67" class="label">[67]</a> <i>Usnea vulgaris loris longis implexis</i> Hist. Musc. p. 56. <i>Lichen
+plicatus</i> Lin. Sp. Pl. 1154. <i>Muscus arboreus: Usnea</i> Officin.
+C. B. Raii Syn. III. p. 64.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_68" href="#FNanchor_68" class="label">[68]</a> <i>Usnea barbata loris tenuibus fibrosis</i> Hist. Musc. p. 63. <i>Lichen
+barbatus</i> Lin. Sp. Pl. 1155. <i>Quercus excrementum villosum</i>
+C. B. p. 422. Bauhine took this to be the true <i>Usnea Arabum</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_69" href="#FNanchor_69" class="label">[69]</a> <i>Usnea ceratoides candicans glabra et odorata</i> Hist. Musc. p. 71.
+<i>Muscus arboreus candicans et odorifer</i> Camelli Raii Hist. III. Append.
+p. 3.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_70" href="#FNanchor_70" class="label">[70]</a> Civil and Natural History of Jamaica, p. 80.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_71" href="#FNanchor_71" class="label">[71]</a> Hist. Plant. I. par. ii. p. 88.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_72" href="#FNanchor_72" class="label">[72]</a> Flor. Lap. p. 342. Ɛ. Flor. Suec. Ed. II. p. 416.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_73" href="#FNanchor_73" class="label">[73]</a> Flor. Lap. p. 348.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_74" href="#FNanchor_74" class="label">[74]</a> Hist. Plant. I. p. 115.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_75" href="#FNanchor_75" class="label">[75]</a> <i>Usnea jubata nigricans.</i> Dillen. Hist. Musc. p. 64. <i>Lichen
+jubatus</i> Lin. Sp. Pl. 1155. <i>Muscus corallinis saxatilis fæniculaceus</i>,
+Rock-hair. Raii Syn. III. p. 65. n. 7.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_76" href="#FNanchor_76" class="label">[76]</a> <i>Usnea capillacea et nodosa</i> Dillen. Hist. Musc. 60. <i>Muscus
+arboreus nodosus</i> C. B. p. 361. Raii Syn. III. p. 65. n. 4.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_77" href="#FNanchor_77" class="label">[77]</a> Raii Hist. Pl. III. p. 28.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_78" href="#FNanchor_78" class="label">[78]</a> Natural History of Norway, p. 148.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_79" href="#FNanchor_79" class="label">[79]</a> <i>Usnea capillacea citrina frutriculi specie.</i> Hist. Musc. p. 73.
+<i>Muscus aureus tenuissimus</i> Merret. Pin. p. 79. Raii syn. p. 65. nº. 8.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_80" href="#FNanchor_80" class="label">[80]</a> Flor. Suec. Ed. II. p. 427.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_81" href="#FNanchor_81" class="label">[81]</a> Hist. Plant. III. P. ii. lib. 9. p. 273.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_82" href="#FNanchor_82" class="label">[82]</a> <i>Usnea dichotoma compressa segmentis capillaceis teretibus.</i> Hist.
+Musc. 72. <i>Muscus arboreus aurantiacus flaminibus tenuissimis</i> Pluk.
+Alm. p. 254. Raii Hist. III. 28.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_83" href="#FNanchor_83" class="label">[83]</a> <i>Coralloides corniculis longioribus et rarioribus.</i> Dillen. Hist.
+Musc. p. 103. <i>Muscus corniculatus</i> Ger. p. 1372. Park. 1308.
+Raii Hist. I. p. 112. III. p. 28. <i>Lichenoides tubulosum cinereum
+minus crustaceum minusque ramosum</i> Raii Syn. 3. p. 67.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_84" href="#FNanchor_84" class="label">[84]</a> <i>Coralloides montanum fruticuli specie ubique candicans</i> Hist.
+Musc. p. 107. <i>Lichen rangiferinus</i> Lin. Sp. Pl. 1153. <i>Muscus
+corallinus.</i> Tab. Ger. em.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_85" href="#FNanchor_85" class="label">[85]</a> Flor. Lappon. p. 332.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_86" href="#FNanchor_86" class="label">[86]</a> Enum. Stirp. Helv. p. 69. Nº. 38.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_87" href="#FNanchor_87" class="label">[87]</a> The Novaccolæ are a people originally sprung from the
+Finlanders: they fixed themselves in Lapland not long since, and
+traffick with the old inhabitants.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_88" href="#FNanchor_88" class="label">[88]</a> <i>Coralloides crispum et botryforme Alpinum</i> Hist. Musc. p. 114.
+<i>Lichen paschalis</i> Lin. Sp. Pl. <i>Lichenoides non tubulum cinereum ramosum
+totum crustaceum</i> Raii Syn. III. 66. N. 11. This moss is
+not common in England. Dr. Dillenius found it upon some of
+the mountains in Wales. It is found in many places on Charley-forest,
+Leicestershire.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_89" href="#FNanchor_89" class="label">[89]</a> Flor. Lappon. Nº. 489.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_90" href="#FNanchor_90" class="label">[90]</a> <i>Coralloides corniculatum fasciculare tinctorium fuci teretis facie</i>
+Dillen. Hist. Musc. p. 120. <i>Cladonia tophacea</i> Hill. Hist. Pl. p. 93.
+<i>Fucus capillaris tinctorius</i> Raii Hist. I. p. 74. <i>Lichen (Rocelia) fruticulosus
+solidus aphyllus subramosus tuberculis alternis</i> Lin. Sp. Pl.
+1154.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_91" href="#FNanchor_91" class="label">[91]</a> L’Art de la Teinture des lains et des Etoffes de lain; Paris
+1750, p. 543.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_92" href="#FNanchor_92" class="label">[92]</a> Raii Hist. Plant. I. p. 74.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_93" href="#FNanchor_93" class="label">[93]</a> Nova Plant. Gener. p. 78.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_94" href="#FNanchor_94" class="label">[94]</a> <i>Coralloides schyphiforme tuberculis fuscis</i> Hist. Musc. 79.
+<i>Lichenoides tubulosum pyxidatum cinereum.</i> Raii Syn. III. p. 68.
+<i>Pyxidium margine leviter serrato.</i> Hill. Hist. Plant. p. 94.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_95" href="#FNanchor_95" class="label">[95]</a> Willis Pharm. Rational. sect. I. cap. 6. <i>de tussi puerorum
+convulsiva</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_96" href="#FNanchor_96" class="label">[96]</a> De Aëre et Morbis epidemicis, p. 76, 77. vol. I.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_97" href="#FNanchor_97" class="label">[97]</a> Lowthorp’s Abridgment, vol. II. p. 660.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_98" href="#FNanchor_98" class="label">[98]</a> <i>Lichenoides tartareum tinctorium candidum tuberculis atris.</i>
+Hist. Musc. p. 128.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_99" href="#FNanchor_99" class="label">[99]</a> <i>Lichen (calcareus) leprosus candidus tuberculis atris</i> Spec.
+Plant. 1140.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_100" href="#FNanchor_100" class="label">[100]</a> <i>Lichenoides leprosum tinctorium scutellis lapidum Caneri figura</i>
+Hist. Musc. 130. <i>Lichenoides crustaceum et leprosum scutellare cinereum.</i>
+Raii Syn. p. 70.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_101" href="#FNanchor_101" class="label">[101]</a> Tournefort’s Voyage to the Levant, Eng. edit. Lond.
+1741. in 8º, vol. I. p. 248.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_102" href="#FNanchor_102" class="label">[102]</a> <i>Lichenoides tartareum farinaceum scutellarum umbone fusco.</i>
+Hist. Musc. 132. <i>Placodium bracteis majusculis limbo albo cinctis</i>
+Hill. Hist. Pl. p. 97.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_103" href="#FNanchor_103" class="label">[103]</a> Flor. Suec. Ed. II. p. 407.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_104" href="#FNanchor_104" class="label">[104]</a> <i>Lichenoides crustaceum et leprosum acetabulis majoribus luteis
+limbis argenteis</i> Raii Syn. p. 71. N. 46. Hist. Musc. p. 132.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_105" href="#FNanchor_105" class="label">[105]</a> <i>Vide</i> Œconom. Natur. in Amœn. Acad. vol. II. p. 17.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_106" href="#FNanchor_106" class="label">[106]</a> <i>Lichenoides vulgatissimum cinereo-glaucum lacunosum et cirrosum</i>
+Hist. Musc. p. 88. <i>Lichenoides crusta foliosa superne cinereo-glauca,
+inferne nigra et cirrosa scutellis nigricantibus.</i> R. Syn. p. 72.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_107" href="#FNanchor_107" class="label">[107]</a> <i>Lichenoides saxatile tinctorium foliis pilosis purpureis</i> Raii
+Syn. p 74. Nº. 70. Hist. Musc. p. 185. <i>Lichen petræus purpureus
+Derbiensis</i> Park. Theat. p. 1315. <i>Lichen omphalodes</i> Lin. Spec.
+Pl. 1143.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_108" href="#FNanchor_108" class="label">[108]</a> Park. Theat. Botan. p. 1315.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_109" href="#FNanchor_109" class="label">[109]</a> Raii Hist. Plant. p. 116.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_110" href="#FNanchor_110" class="label">[110]</a> Flor. Lappon. p. 343. V.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_111" href="#FNanchor_111" class="label">[111]</a> Otherwise called <i>arnotto</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_112" href="#FNanchor_112" class="label">[112]</a> <i>Lichenoides vulgare sinuosum foliis et scutellis luteis.</i> Hist.
+Musc. p. 180. <i>Lichenoides crusta foliosa scutellata flavescens.</i> Raii
+Syn. p. 72. Nº. 59.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_113" href="#FNanchor_113" class="label">[113]</a> Flor. Suec. Ed. II. p. 416. Nº. 1093.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_114" href="#FNanchor_114" class="label">[114]</a> Linnæus has intitled this moss <i>Lichen (stygius) imbricatus,
+folio is palmatis incurvis atris</i>. Fl. Suec. I. 949. Spec. Plant. 1143.
+Fl. Suec. II. Nº. 1079.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_115" href="#FNanchor_115" class="label">[115]</a> <i>Lichenoides coralliforme rostratum et canaliculatum.</i> Hist.
+Musc. 170. <i>Lichenoides arboreum ramosum angustioribus cinereo-virescentibus
+ramulis.</i> Raii Syn. 75. <i>Lichen calicaris</i> Lin. Spec.
+Plant. 1146.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_116" href="#FNanchor_116" class="label">[116]</a> <i>Lichenoides fuciforme tinctorium corniculis longioribus et acutioribus.</i>
+Hist. Musc. 168. <i>Platysma corniculatum.</i> Hill Hist. Plant.
+90. <i>Lichen fuciformis</i> Lin. Sp. Pl. 1147.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_117" href="#FNanchor_117" class="label">[117]</a> <i>Lichenoides digitatum cinereum lactucæ foliis sinuosis</i> Dillen.
+Hist. Musc. 200. <i>Platysma sinuosum scutellis ovato-rotundis</i> Hill
+Hist. Pl. 89. <i>Lichen caninus</i> Lin. Sp. Pl. 1149.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_118" href="#FNanchor_118" class="label">[118]</a> See Lowthorp’s Abridgment, vol. III. p. 284.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_119" href="#FNanchor_119" class="label">[119]</a> Dr. Van Swieten. See Comment. in Boerh. Aphor. §. 1147.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_120" href="#FNanchor_120" class="label">[120]</a> Mechanical Account of Poisons, ed. 4th, p. 156.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_121" href="#FNanchor_121" class="label">[121]</a> <i>Lichenoides pulmonium reticulatum vulgare marginibus peltiferis</i>
+Dill. Hist. Musc. 212. <i>Lichenoides peltatum arboreum maximum.</i>
+Raii Syn. p. 76. <i>Musc. pulmonarius</i> C. B.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_122" href="#FNanchor_122" class="label">[122]</a> Dillen. Hist. Musc. p. 213.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_123" href="#FNanchor_123" class="label">[123]</a> <i>Lichenoides digitatum læte virens verrucis nigris notatum.</i>
+Ibid. p. 207.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_124" href="#FNanchor_124" class="label">[124]</a> Boerhaav. Aphorism. §. 982.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_125" href="#FNanchor_125" class="label">[125]</a> Vol. II, p. 69. <i>De Tœnia.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_126" href="#FNanchor_126" class="label">[126]</a> <i>Musca apiformis, tota fusca, cauda obtusa, ex ejula caudata
+in latrinis degente orta.</i> Raii Hist. Insect, p. 272.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_127" href="#FNanchor_127" class="label">[127]</a> Faun. Suecica, Nº. 1084.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_128" href="#FNanchor_128" class="label">[128]</a> See two cases nearly of this kind observed by Dr. Lister.
+Lowthorp’s Abridgment, vol. III. p. 135.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_129" href="#FNanchor_129" class="label">[129]</a> <i>Lichenoides rigidum eryngii folia referens</i> Dillen. Hist. Musc.
+p. 209. Raii Syn. p. 77. <i>Lichen foliis oblongis laciniatis marginibus
+conniventibus ciliaribus.</i> Flor. Lappon. Hall. Helv. 75. <i>Lichen
+(islandicus) foliaceus adscendens laciniatus marginibus elevatis ciliaribus</i>
+Lin. Flor. Suec. I. 959. II. 1085. Mat. Med. Nº. 493. Spec.
+Plant. 1145.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_130" href="#FNanchor_130" class="label">[130]</a> Raii Hist. Plant. p. 114.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_131" href="#FNanchor_131" class="label">[131]</a> Flor. Lappon. Nº. 445.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_132" href="#FNanchor_132" class="label">[132]</a> Horrebow’s Natural History of Iceland, p. 36.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_133" href="#FNanchor_133" class="label">[133]</a> For the first account, see part first, <a href="https://gutenberg.org/files/65867/65867-h/65867-h.htm#Page_392">p. 392</a>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_134" href="#FNanchor_134" class="label">[134]</a> Sic in regist. et postea haud semel.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_135" href="#FNanchor_135" class="label">[135]</a> Sic in regist.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_136" href="#FNanchor_136" class="label">[136]</a> Sic in regist.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_137" href="#FNanchor_137" class="label">[137]</a> Sic in regist.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_138" href="#FNanchor_138" class="label">[138]</a> Sic in regist.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_139" href="#FNanchor_139" class="label">[139]</a> Sic in regist.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_140" href="#FNanchor_140" class="label">[140]</a> Page 285. edit. Lugd. Batav. 1625.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_141" href="#FNanchor_141" class="label">[141]</a> Page 681. edit. London, 1631.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_142" href="#FNanchor_142" class="label">[142]</a> Wood Hist. et Antiqu. Universit. Oxon. lib. i. p. 295. and
+Athen. Oxon. vol. I. col. 237.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_143" href="#FNanchor_143" class="label">[143]</a> Hist. & Antiquit. Universit. Oxon. ubi supra.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_144" href="#FNanchor_144" class="label">[144]</a> Page 290, 2d edit.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_145" href="#FNanchor_145" class="label">[145]</a> When the emperor goes out or comes into the palace, this
+bell is rung.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_146" href="#FNanchor_146" class="label">[146]</a> In these two houses are Jesuits of other nations. They are
+stiled Portuguese, because these houses and churches depend on
+the mission of the Jesuits founded by the king of Portugal.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_147" href="#FNanchor_147" class="label">[147]</a> There are beaten there the five watches of the night. The
+sound is heard thro’ the whole city.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_148" href="#FNanchor_148" class="label">[148]</a> <i>Yong lo</i>, emperor of the last dynasty <i>Ming</i>, built these two
+towers.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_149" href="#FNanchor_149" class="label">[149]</a> The tribunals of the ministers and grand masters of the emperor’s
+house are in the inclosure <i>Tse kin</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_150" href="#FNanchor_150" class="label">[150]</a> The feet are different in China; but 1800 feet always make
+a <i>ly</i>. According to the measure of the foot the <i>ly</i> will be greater
+or less.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_151" href="#FNanchor_151" class="label">[151]</a> This power is called in China the dynasty <i>Leao</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_152" href="#FNanchor_152" class="label">[152]</a> There is extant, in the Chinese and Tartar <i>Mantcheou</i> languages,
+an history of the dynasty of <i>Ki tan</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_153" href="#FNanchor_153" class="label">[153]</a> Of which dynasty there is extant a very curious history.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_154" href="#FNanchor_154" class="label">[154]</a> Book I. Part ii. Prop. 3. Experiment 8. of his Optics.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_155" href="#FNanchor_155" class="label">[155]</a>
+If α, β, γ, δ, <i>&c.</i> be supposed to represent the co-sines of the angles
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">360°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span>, 2 × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">360°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span>, 3 × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">360°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span>, <i>&c.</i> (the radius being unity); then the
+roots of the equation <i>zⁿ</i> - 1 = 0 (expressing the several values of <i>p</i>, <i>q</i>,
+<i>r</i>, <i>s</i>, <i>&c.</i>) will be truly defined by 1, α + √<span class="bt">αα - 1</span>, α - √<span class="bt">αα - 1</span>,
+β + √<span class="bt">ββ - 1</span>, β - √<span class="bt">ββ - 1</span>, <i>&c.</i> The demonstration of this
+will be given farther on.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_156" href="#FNanchor_156" class="label">[156]</a>
+Because <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">-<i>ẋ</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">√(1 - <i>xx</i>)</span></span>
+and <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">-<i>Ẋ</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">√(1 - <i>XX</i>)</span></span> are known to express the
+fluxions of the circular arcs whose co-sines are <i>x</i> and <i>X</i>, it is evident,
+if those arcs be supposed in any constant ratio of 1 to <i>n</i>, that
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>nẋ</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">√(1 - <i>xx</i>)</span></span> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>Ẋ</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">√(1 - <i>XX</i>)</span></span>, and consequently that <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>nẋ</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">√(<i>xx</i> - 1)</span></span>
+(= <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>nẋ</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">√-1 × √(1 - <i>xx</i>)</span></span> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>Ẋ</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">√-1 × √(1 - <i>XX</i>)</span></span>) = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>Ẋ</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden">√(<i>XX</i> - 1)</span></span>.
+From whence, by taking the fluents, <i>n</i> × Log. (<i>x</i> + √<span class="bt"><i>xx</i></span> - 1) (or Log.
+(<i>x</i> + √<span class="bt"><i>xx</i></span> - 1)<i>ⁿ</i>) = Log. <i>X</i> + √<span class="bt"><i>XX</i> - 1</span>; and consequently
+(<i>x</i> + √<span class="bt"><i>xx</i> - 1</span>)<i>ⁿ</i> = <i>X</i> + √<span class="bt"><i>XX</i> - 1</span>: whence also, seeing <i>x</i> - √<span class="bt"><i>xx</i> - 1</span>
+is the reciprocal of <i>x</i> + √<span class="bt"><i>xx</i> - 1</span>, and <i>X</i> - √<span class="bt"><i>XX</i> - 1</span> of <i>X</i> +
+√<span class="bt"><i>XX</i> - 1</span>, it is likewise evident, that (<i>x</i> - √<span class="bt"><i>xx</i></span> - 1)<i>ⁿ</i> = <i>X</i> - √<span class="bt"><i>XX</i> - 1</span>.
+Hence, not only the truth of the above assumption, but what has been
+advanced in relation to the roots of the equation <i>zⁿ</i> - 1 = 0, will appear
+manifest. For if <i>x</i> ± √<span class="bt"><i>xx</i> - 1</span> be put = <i>z</i>, then will <i>zⁿ</i> (= (<i>x</i> ± √<span class="bt"><i>xx</i> - 1</span>)<i>ⁿ</i>) = <i>X</i> ± √<span class="bt"><i>XX</i> - 1</span>:
+where, assuming <i>X</i> = 1 = co-s. 0 = co-s. 360° = co-s. 2 × 360° = co-s. 3 × 360°, <i>&c.</i> the equation
+will become <i>zⁿ</i> = 1, or <i>zⁿ</i> - 1 = 0; and the different values of <i>x</i>,
+in the expression (<i>x</i> ± √<span class="bt"><i>xx</i> - 1</span>) for the root <i>z</i>, will consequently be
+the co-sines of the arcs, <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">0</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span>, <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">360°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span>, <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2 × 360°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span>, <i>&c.</i> these arcs being
+ the corresponding <i>submultiples</i> of those above, answering to the co-sine
+<i>X</i> (= 1).——In the same manner, if <i>X</i> be taken = -1 =
+co-s. 180° = co-s. 3 × 180° = co-s. 5 × 180°, <i>&c.</i> then will <i>zⁿ</i> = -1,
+or <i>zⁿ</i> + 1 = 0; and the values of <i>x</i> will, in this case, be the co-sines
+of <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">180°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span>, 3 × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">180°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span>, 5 × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">180°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span>, <i>&c.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_157" href="#FNanchor_157" class="label">[157]</a> <i>Avellana purgatrix</i>; in French, <i>medicinier</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_158" href="#FNanchor_158" class="label">[158]</a> This refers to Mr. Baker’s having supposed, that old iron
+and old brass may be mixt sometimes, and melted down together.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_159" href="#FNanchor_159" class="label">[159]</a> Vide Wilkins’s real Character, p. 131. Bellon. aquat. p. 330.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_160" href="#FNanchor_160" class="label">[160]</a> Some of the Pour-contrel kind have but one row of suckers on
+the arms: such an one I have seen, whose arms were thirty inches
+long.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_161" href="#FNanchor_161" class="label">[161]</a> Of this I gave an account some years ago, in my attempt
+towards a Natural History of the Polype, chap. v.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_162" href="#FNanchor_162" class="label">[162]</a> See Plate <a href="#XXXI">xxxi</a>. Fig. 1.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_163" href="#FNanchor_163" class="label">[163]</a> <i>De Num. quibusd. Sam. et Phœn. &c. Dissert.</i> p. 56-59.
+& Tab. II. Oxon. 1750.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_164" href="#FNanchor_164" class="label">[164]</a> <i>Marm. Palmyren. a Cl.</i> Dawk. <i>edit.</i> pass.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_165" href="#FNanchor_165" class="label">[165]</a> Vid. Hadr. Reland. <i>Palæst. Illustrat.</i> p. 1014. Traject.
+Batavor. 1714. Erasm. <span class="err" title="original: Froel">Frœl.</span> ad <i>Annal. Compendiar. Reg. & Rer.
+Syr.</i> Tab. VIII. &c. Viennæ, 1754.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_166" href="#FNanchor_166" class="label">[166]</a> <i>De Antiq. Hebræor. et Græcor. Lit. Libel.</i> Joan. Baptist.
+Biancon. p. 31, 32. Bononiæ, 1748.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_167" href="#FNanchor_167" class="label">[167]</a> 1. Maccab. i. 10.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_168" href="#FNanchor_168" class="label">[168]</a> Hadr. Reland. <i>De Num. Vet. Hebr.</i> pass. Trajecti ad <i>Rhenum</i>,
+1709.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_169" href="#FNanchor_169" class="label">[169]</a> See Plate <a href="#XXXI">xxxi</a>. Fig. 2.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_170" href="#FNanchor_170" class="label">[170]</a> Honor. Arigon. <i>Num. Phœnic.</i> Tab. I. Num. 3, 6. Tarvisii,
+1745.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_171" href="#FNanchor_171" class="label">[171]</a> Nicol. Haym Roman. <i>Del Tesor. Britan.</i> Vol. i. p. 106.
+In Londra, 1719.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_172" href="#FNanchor_172" class="label">[172]</a> See Plate <a href="#XXXI">xxxi</a>. Fig. 3.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_173" href="#FNanchor_173" class="label">[173]</a> See Plate <a href="#XXXI">xxxi</a>. Fig. 3.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_174" href="#FNanchor_174" class="label">[174]</a> See Plate <a href="#XXXI">xxxi</a>. Fig. 3.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_175" href="#FNanchor_175" class="label">[175]</a> See the Phœnician Numerals in Plate <a href="#XXXII">xxxii</a>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_176" href="#FNanchor_176" class="label">[176]</a> <i>Philosoph. Transact.</i> Vol. xlviii. Par. ii. p. 726.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_177" href="#FNanchor_177" class="label">[177]</a> <i>De Num. quibusd. Sam. et Phœn. &c. Dissert.</i> p. 59-61.
+& Tab. II. Oxon. 1750.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_178" href="#FNanchor_178" class="label">[178]</a> See Plate <a href="#XXXI">xxxi</a>. Fig. 4.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_179" href="#FNanchor_179" class="label">[179]</a> Haym, ubi sup. p. 107.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_180" href="#FNanchor_180" class="label">[180]</a> See Plate <a href="#XXXI">xxxi</a>. Fig. 5.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_181" href="#FNanchor_181" class="label">[181]</a> See Plate <a href="#XXXI">xxxi</a>. Fig. 5.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_182" href="#FNanchor_182" class="label">[182]</a> Honor. Arigon. <i>Num. Phœnic.</i> Tab. I, II. Tarvisii, 1745.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_183" href="#FNanchor_183" class="label">[183]</a> Id. ibid. Tab. I. N. 5.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_184" href="#FNanchor_184" class="label">[184]</a> See Plate <a href="#XXXI">xxxi</a>. Fig. 6.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_185" href="#FNanchor_185" class="label">[185]</a> See p. <a href="#Page_793">793</a>, <a href="#Page_794">794</a>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_186" href="#FNanchor_186" class="label">[186]</a> See plate <a href="#XXXI">xxxi</a>. Fig. 7.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_187" href="#FNanchor_187" class="label">[187]</a> See Plate <a href="#XXXI">xxxi</a>. Fig. 8.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_188" href="#FNanchor_188" class="label">[188]</a> <i>Recherches Curieuses des Monoyes de France &c. Par</i>
+Claude Bouterouë, p. 33. A Paris, 1666.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_189" href="#FNanchor_189" class="label">[189]</a> See Plate <a href="#XXXI">xxxi</a>. Fig. 9.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_190" href="#FNanchor_190" class="label">[190]</a> Honor. Arigon. ubi sup. Tab. I. Num. 2.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_191" href="#FNanchor_191" class="label">[191]</a> Claud. Bouterouë, ubi sup. p. 24.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_192" href="#FNanchor_192" class="label">[192]</a> See Plate <a href="#XXXI">xxxi</a>. Fig. 9.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_193" href="#FNanchor_193" class="label">[193]</a> See Plate <a href="#XXXI">xxxi</a>. Fig. 9.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_194" href="#FNanchor_194" class="label">[194]</a> <i>Mémoires de Litterature, tirés des Registres &c.</i> Tom. xxiv.
+p. 64. A Paris, 1756.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_195" href="#FNanchor_195" class="label">[195]</a> The whole note, here referred to, in the original runs thus.
+“J’avois lû ce Mémoire à l’Académie en 1749, je le communiquai
+dans le même temps à un étranger qui se trouvoit alors à
+Paris, & qui ayant passé tout de suite en Angleterre, fit part à
+un docteur d’Oxford de l’explication que j’avois donnée de la
+médaille de Jonathan. Ce dernier <i>m’a fait l’honneur de l’adopter</i>
+dans une savante Dissertation imprimée a Oxford en 1750, à
+la suite d’une autre Dissertation sur deux inscriptions Phéniciennes.” <i>Mémoires de Litterature, tirés des Registres de l’Académie
+Royale des Inscriptions & Belles-Lettres, &c.</i> Tom. xxiv. p. 60.
+A Paris, 1756.</p>
+
+<p>For the better understanding of this note, it will be proper to
+observe, that the stranger therein mentioned was M. Brucker,
+Professor of History in the University of Basil; with whom I contracted
+an acquaintance when at Oxford, towards the close of
+March 1750. This gentleman then informed me, that M. l’Abbé
+Barthelemy communicated to him draughts of three Samaritan
+coins of Jonathan, prince and high-priest of the Jews. He added,
+that one of these exhibited the words ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ;
+which, according to him, M. l’Abbé Barthelemy interpreted of
+Alexander the Great, taking the piece to have been twice struck.
+This M. Brucker afterwards in a great measure confirmed, by a
+letter he wrote to me at Oxford; which I published intire in 1750,
+and endeavoured to prove, that the foregoing inscription was to be
+understood of Alexander I. king of Syria, and not of Alexander
+the Great. The Samaritan inscription, which M. Brucker only
+just touched upon, as is manifest from his letter, I likewise attempted
+to explain; producing proper vouchers, in support of what
+I advanced. Thus stands the fact, which seems to have given some
+offence to M. l’Abbé, stated in the most concise manner possible;
+and from it, thus stated, as I apprehend, are naturally deducible
+the following observations.</p>
+
+<p>1. As I differed in opinion from M. l’Abbé, with regard to the
+words ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ, as well as in several other respects,
+and supported by indisputable authorities what I in all points
+advanced, without receiving from any person whatsoever the least
+information relative thereto; it very evidently appears, that I did
+not <i>adopt</i> M. l’Abbé’s explication of the coin in question.</p>
+
+<p>2. By publishing M. Brucker’s letter, which I have still by me,
+intire, I both did him justice, and clearly acknowledged M. l’Abbé
+to have first discovered the medals it treats of to belong to Jonathan, prince and high-priest of the Jews; and therefore have by
+no means endeavoured, as he would insinuate, to rob him of the
+glory of such a discovery.</p>
+
+<p>3. As M. l’Abbé in effect owns himself to have seen my dissertation,
+and has (if M. Brucker rightly informed me) since the reading
+of his memoir, substituted my notion, relating to the words,
+ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ, in the room of his own; some people
+may perhaps imagine, that I have at least as much reason to
+recriminate on this occasion, as he had to charge me with the <i>adoption</i>
+of his explication. Nay, as he expresly acquaints the public,
+that M. Brucker imparted to me the very interpretation of the
+coin he (M. l’Abbé) had before communicated to him, and as
+this interpretation most evidently makes it to have been first struck
+in the reign of Alexander the Great; every unprejudiced person,
+unacquainted with the elevated genius and extensive erudition of
+M. l’Abbé, will be strongly induced to believe, that there would
+be no great injustice in a recrimination. But far be it from me to
+retort the accusation upon M. l’Abbé. His uncommon learning,
+his singular modesty, his strict honour, his utter contempt of vanity
+and ostentation in every shape, so conspicuous to all the world,
+must set him infinitely above the reach of such an imputation.
+However, notwithstanding the superior merit and exalted abilities
+of M. l’Abbé, notwithstanding the known aversion of the French
+writers to the practice here hinted at, and their most generous and
+candid treatment hitherto of those belonging to the British nation,
+it will perhaps hereafter be thought expedient, by the <span class="smcap">Academy
+of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres</span>, not frequently to
+suffer an interval of seven years to elapse, between the reading and
+publication of their memoirs. For by such unaccountable delays,
+if often repeated, a handle may possibly be given to many of the
+<i>haughty islanders</i> of reflecting upon, or at least entertaining unfavourable
+sentiments of, some of the members of that illustrious
+body.</p>
+
+<p>See <i>De Num. quibusd. Sam. & Phœn. &c. Dissert.</i> p. 61-72.
+Oxon. 1750.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_196" href="#FNanchor_196" class="label">[196]</a> F. Henric. Nor. Veronens. <i>An. et Epoch. Syromaced. &c.</i> p.
+414-424. Lipsiæ, 1696.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_197" href="#FNanchor_197" class="label">[197]</a> Erasm. Frœl. <i>Annal. Compend. Reg. et Rer. Syr.</i> p. 113.
+Viennæ, 1754.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_198" href="#FNanchor_198" class="label">[198]</a> Joan. Harduin. <i>Op. Select.</i> p. 155, 156. Amst. 1709.
+Joan. Foy-Vaillant Bellovac. <i>Numismat. Ær. Imperator. &c. Par.
+Alt.</i> p. 97. Parisiis, 1695.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_199" href="#FNanchor_199" class="label">[199]</a> Iidem ibid. & alib.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_200" href="#FNanchor_200" class="label">[200]</a> F. Henr. Nor. Veronens. ubi sup.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_201" href="#FNanchor_201" class="label">[201]</a> Diod. Sic. lib. xix. Plutarch. in <i>Demetr.</i> Appian. in <i>Syriac</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_202" href="#FNanchor_202" class="label">[202]</a> F. Henr. Nor. Veronens. ubi sup.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_203" href="#FNanchor_203" class="label">[203]</a> Erasm. Frœl. ubi sup. p. 39. Joan. Foy-Vaill. <i>Seleucidar,
+Imper.</i> p. 1-150. Lutet. Parisior. 1681.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_204" href="#FNanchor_204" class="label">[204]</a> Joan. Foy-Vaill. Erasm. Frœl. Nicol. Haym Roman. &c.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_205" href="#FNanchor_205" class="label">[205]</a> See above, p. <a href="#Page_793">793</a>, <a href="#Page_794">794</a>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_206" href="#FNanchor_206" class="label">[206]</a> Erasm. Frœl. ubi sup. p. 101.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_207" href="#FNanchor_207" class="label">[207]</a> 1. Maccab. i. 10.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_208" href="#FNanchor_208" class="label">[208]</a> See Plate <a href="#XXXI">xxxi</a>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_209" href="#FNanchor_209" class="label">[209]</a> See Plate <a href="#XXXII">xxxii</a>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_210" href="#FNanchor_210" class="label">[210]</a> It may not however be amiss to remark, that most of the
+forms of the Phœnician centenary and decimal numeral characters
+rather resemble the correspondent Palmyrene numerals of Gruter
+than those of Mr. Dawkins; as will be obvious to every one, who
+shall think proper to compare all those different characters one with
+another. <i>Philosoph. Transact.</i> Vol. xlviii. Par. ii. p. 721, 741.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_211" href="#FNanchor_211" class="label">[211]</a> See Plate <a href="#XXXI">xxxi</a>. Fig. 5. & Arigon. Tab. II. Num. 11.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_212" href="#FNanchor_212" class="label">[212]</a> See above, p. <a href="#Page_791">791</a>, <a href="#Page_792">792</a>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_213" href="#FNanchor_213" class="label">[213]</a> Nicol. Haym Roman. ubi sup. p. 100. Erasm. Frœl. ubi
+sup. p. 111. Tab. XV.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_214" href="#FNanchor_214" class="label">[214]</a> Joan. Foy-Vaill. ubi sup. p. 238. Erasm. Frœl. ubi sup.
+p. 57. Tab. VII. Num. 1.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_215" href="#FNanchor_215" class="label">[215]</a> Nicol. Haym Roman. ubi sup. p. 101. Erasm. Frœl. ubi
+sup. p. 111.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_216" href="#FNanchor_216" class="label">[216]</a> Nicol. Haym Roman. ubi sup. p. 105, 106.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_217" href="#FNanchor_217" class="label">[217]</a> Joan. Foy-Vaill. ubi sup. p. 200. Erasm. Frœl. ubi sup.
+p. 63. Tab. VIII. Num. 30.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_218" href="#FNanchor_218" class="label">[218]</a> Hadr. Reland. <i>Palæst. Illustrat.</i> p. 1014.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_219" href="#FNanchor_219" class="label">[219]</a> Nicol. Haym Roman. ubi sup. p. 100, 101.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_220" href="#FNanchor_220" class="label">[220]</a> Joan. Foy-Vaill. ubi sup. p. 375, 378. Haym, ubi sup.
+p. 100. Erasm. Frœl. ubi sup. p. 111. Tab. XV.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_221" href="#FNanchor_221" class="label">[221]</a> Gul. Bevereg. <i>Institut. Chronologic.</i> p. 278-331. Eond.
+1721.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_222" href="#FNanchor_222" class="label">[222]</a> Oleosis magna tribuitur efficacia, quæ maxime experimento
+Fr. Rhedi videtur confirmata, dum muscas et alia insecta variis
+liquoribus immersa in vivis permansisse refert, exceptis aliis oleo
+perunctis et infusis, quæ invicem mortua vitam non receperunt, licet
+radiis solaribus fuerint exposita. Equidem libenter concedo hæc
+omnia veritati esse consona, atque etiam oleosa, ut ol. oliv. rapar.
+et amygd. dulc. non sine fructu adhiberi: sed scire licet minime
+illa eo unquam scopo posse offerri, ut vermes enecent, quia admodum
+magna oleorum copia requireretur, si immediatè vermes per totum
+intestinorum volumen dispersos deberent extinguere. Multo magis
+oleosa in gravibus a lumbricis symptomatibus ideo censerem utilia,
+quia sensibiles intestinorum tunicas spasmo constrictas relaxant, et
+mucilagine quasi obliniunt atque defendunt, ut postea acriora quaædam
+et purgantia remedia magis secure et sine læsione exhiberi possint.
+Ita ego sæpius mirabili cum effectu ad vermes enecandos et
+symptomata lenienda ol. amygd. d. ad aliquot cochlearia, imo ℥j
+ vel ℥ij circa lecti introitum vel summo mane pueris præscripsi sumendum,
+subjungendo aliquot horas post pilulas ex extracto panchymagogo
+Crollii, resina jalappæ, et mercurio dulci paratas.</p>
+
+<p class="margin hang">
+<i>Hoffmann. Supplement. ad Med. Systemat. de Infant. Morb.
+cap. 10. de Vermibus.</i>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_223" href="#FNanchor_223" class="label">[223]</a> I have since been informed, that the boy’s parents being extremely
+poor, the medicines were left off as soon as he began to
+recover; and that, upon their disuse for some time, he was again
+attacked with the same fits as before.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_224" href="#FNanchor_224" class="label">[224]</a> All oils dry more readily after they have been boiled; by
+which the superfluous aqueous parts are carried off. Drying oils
+are also made by the addition of such substances, as absorb humidities.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_225" href="#FNanchor_225" class="label">[225]</a> See Phil. Trans. Nº. 480. p. 227.</p>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<div class="transnote">
+<h3 class="nobreak" id="Corrections">Corrections</h3>
+<p><a href="#CXVI">Contents</a></p>
+<ul><li>CVI. A Discourse on the Cinnamon</li>
+<li><span class="u">CXVI.</span> A Discourse on the Cinnamon</li></ul>
+<p>p. <a href="#Page_593">593</a></p>
+
+<ul><li>the sea, nor to any other accident whatesover,</li>
+
+<li>the sea, nor to any other accident<span class="u"> whatsoever</span>,</li></ul>
+
+<p>p. <a href="#Page_616">616</a></p>
+
+<ul><li>and also heard a noise, like the distant
+dicharge of a cannon: </li>
+
+<li>and also heard a noise, like the distant
+<span class="u">discharge</span> of a cannon: </li></ul>
+
+<p>p. <a href="#Page_618">618</a></p>
+
+<ul><li>that the
+whole weight of his body was supended by it,</li>
+
+<li>that the
+whole weight of his body was <span class="u">suspended</span> by it,</li></ul>
+
+<p>p. <a href="#Page_681">681</a></p>
+
+<ul><li>by almost all the
+the botanic writers</li>
+
+<li>by almost <span class="u">all the
+ botanic</span> writers</li></ul>
+
+<p>p. <a href="#Page_712">712</a></p>
+
+<ul><li>are pretty spacious inclosures, each of which has it
+number.</li>
+
+<li>are pretty spacious inclosures, each of which has <span class="u">its</span>
+number.</li></ul>
+
+<p>p. <a href="#Page_730">730</a></p>
+
+<ul><li>When it moves upwards, the
+click <i>b</i> fixed to the frame, stops the larger rocket C,</li>
+
+<li>When it moves upwards, the
+click <i>b</i> fixed to the frame, stops the larger <span class="u">rochet</span> C,</li>
+</ul>
+<p>p. <a href="#Page_735">735</a></p>
+
+<ul><li>which would not be affected
+by the different refrangibilty of light;</li>
+
+<li>which would not be affected
+by the different <span class="u">refrangibility</span> of light;</li></ul>
+
+<p>p. <a href="#Page_741">741</a></p>
+
+<ul><li>Having thus got rid of the principal cause of the
+imperfection of refracting telelescopes</li>
+
+<li>Having thus got rid of the principal cause of the
+imperfection of refracting <span class="u">telescopes</span></li>
+</ul>
+<p>p. <a href="#Page_759">759</a></p>
+
+<ul><li>and the <i>same cofficients</i> with the original series</li>
+
+<li>and the <i>same <span class="u">coefficients</span></i> with the original series</li></ul>
+
+<p>p. <a href="#Page_766">766</a></p>
+<ul><li>
+the measures
+of the angles expressed by
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">360°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span> × <i>m</i>,
+2 × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">360</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span> × <i>m</i>,
+3 × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">360</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span> × <i>m</i>, &c.
+</li>
+
+<li>the measures
+of the angles expressed by <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">360°</span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span> × <i>m</i>,
+2 × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">360<span class="u">°</span></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span> × <i>m</i>,
+3 × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">360<span class="u">°</span></span><span class="bar"> ⁄</span> <span class="fden"><i>n</i></span></span> × <i>m</i>, &c.
+</li></ul>
+
+<p>p. <a href="#Page_768">768</a></p>
+
+<ul><li>The soluion of this case, in a manner a little different,</li>
+
+<li>The <span class="u">solution</span> of this case, in a manner a little different,</li></ul>
+
+<p>p. <a href="#Page_773">773</a></p>
+
+<ul><li>We see by this, that the effects of the
+poison of the Manchinelle are different</li>
+
+<li>We see by this, that the effects of the
+poison of the <span class="u">Manchenille</span> are different</li></ul>
+
+<p>p. <a href="#Page_842">842</a></p>
+
+<ul><li>I beg leave to subjoin
+it by way of postcript.</li>
+
+<li>I beg leave to subjoin
+it by way of <span class="u">postscript</span>.</li></ul>
+
+<p>p. <a href="#Page_846">846</a></p>
+
+<ul><li>coverings in different parts of the
+the world.</li>
+
+<li>coverings in different parts <span class="u">of the
+world.</span></li></ul>
+<p><a href="#Vapour">Index</a></p>
+
+<ul><li><i>Vapour</i>, remarks on the opinion of Henry Eeles, Esq; concerning the ascent of it, p. 240.</li>
+
+<li><i>Vapour</i>, remarks on the opinion of <span class="u">Henry Eles</span>, Esq; concerning the ascent of it, p. 240.</li>
+</ul>
+<h4><a id="Errata"></a>Errata</h4>
+
+<p>p. <a href="#Page_497">497</a></p>
+<p>
+Also (2<i>a</i>)²: <i>vv</i>∷ <i>a</i>: <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>vv</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">4<i>a</i></span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p>should be</p>
+
+<p>Also <span class="u">(2<i>a</i>)²: <i>vv</i>∷ <i>a</i>: (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">25b</span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">21c</span></span>)² × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>vv</i></span><span class="bar"> ⁄ </span><span class="fden">4<i>a</i></span></span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p>p. <a href="#Page_542">542</a></p>
+<p>sin. <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">AC + AM</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span> × sin.
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">AC - AM</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span> = ((<i>b</i> + <i>d</i>) × (<i>b</i> - <i>d</i>) =)
+(sin. ½ AC +
+sin. ½ AM) × (sin. ½ AC - sin. ½ AM).</p>
+
+<p>should be</p>
+<p>sin. <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">AC + AM</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span> × sin.
+<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">AC - AM</span> <span class="bar">⁄</span> <span class="fden">2</span></span> = ((<i>b</i> + <i>d</i>) × (<i>b</i> - <span class="u"><i>d</i>)) =</span>
+(sin. ½ AC +
+sin. ½ AM) × (sin. ½ AC - sin. ½ AM).</p>
+<p>p. <a href="#Page_830">830</a></p>
+<p>
+hincque motus apsidis spatio unius anni solaris prodit
+33´, 95 vel ferè 34´ in consequentia, qui tempore</p>
+
+<p>should be</p>
+
+<p>hincque motus apsidis spatio unius anni solaris prodit
+33´, <span class="u">95’’ vel ferè</span> 34´ in consequentia, qui tempore</p>
+</div>
+<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS, ***</div>
+<div style='text-align:left'>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
+be renamed.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
+law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
+so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
+States without permission and without paying copyright
+royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
+of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
+Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™
+concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
+and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
+the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
+of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
+copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
+easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
+of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project
+Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may
+do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected
+by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark
+license, especially commercial redistribution.
+</div>
+
+<div style='margin-top:1em; font-size:1.1em; text-align:center'>START: FULL LICENSE</div>
+<div style='text-align:center;font-size:0.9em'>THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE</div>
+<div style='text-align:center;font-size:0.9em'>PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
+Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
+Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
+www.gutenberg.org/license.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'>
+Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
+destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
+possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
+Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
+by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person
+or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
+paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
+agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™
+electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
+Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
+of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual
+works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
+States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
+United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
+claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
+displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
+all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
+that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting
+free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™
+works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
+Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily
+comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
+same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when
+you share it without charge with others.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
+in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
+check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
+agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
+distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
+other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no
+representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
+country other than the United States.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
+immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear
+prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work
+on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the
+phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed,
+performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
+</div>
+
+<blockquote>
+ <div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+ This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
+ other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+ whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
+ of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
+ at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you
+ are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws
+ of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
+ </div>
+</blockquote>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is
+derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
+contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
+copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
+the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
+redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
+Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
+either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
+obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™
+trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
+additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
+will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works
+posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
+beginning of this work.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg™ License.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
+any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
+to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format
+other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official
+version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
+(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
+to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
+of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
+Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
+full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
+provided that:
+</div>
+
+<div style='margin-left:0.7em;'>
+ <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'>
+ • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+ the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method
+ you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
+ to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has
+ agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
+ Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
+ within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
+ legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
+ payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
+ Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
+ Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
+ Literary Archive Foundation.”
+ </div>
+
+ <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'>
+ • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+ you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+ does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
+ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
+ copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
+ all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™
+ works.
+ </div>
+
+ <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'>
+ • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
+ any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+ electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
+ receipt of the work.
+ </div>
+
+ <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'>
+ • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+ distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
+Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than
+are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
+from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
+the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
+forth in Section 3 below.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.F.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
+Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™
+electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
+contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
+or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
+intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
+other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
+cannot be read by your equipment.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right
+of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
+with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
+with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
+lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
+or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
+opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
+the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
+without further opportunities to fix the problem.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
+OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
+damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
+violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
+agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
+limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
+unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
+remaining provisions.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in
+accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
+production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™
+electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
+including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
+the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
+or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or
+additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any
+Defect you cause.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'>
+Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
+computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
+exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
+from people in all walks of life.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
+generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
+Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'>
+Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
+U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,
+Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
+to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
+and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'>
+Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread
+public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
+DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state
+visit <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/donate/">www.gutenberg.org/donate</a>.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
+donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'>
+Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
+Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
+freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
+distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
+volunteer support.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
+the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
+necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
+edition.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
+facility: <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+</div>
+
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/68412-h/images/cover.jpg b/68412-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..cc0e350 --- /dev/null +++ b/68412-h/images/cover.jpg diff --git a/68412-h/images/facing525.jpg b/68412-h/images/facing525.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4e46cef --- /dev/null +++ b/68412-h/images/facing525.jpg diff --git a/68412-h/images/facing539.jpg b/68412-h/images/facing539.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6a97b9c --- /dev/null +++ b/68412-h/images/facing539.jpg diff --git a/68412-h/images/facing554a.jpg b/68412-h/images/facing554a.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a2a2657 --- /dev/null +++ b/68412-h/images/facing554a.jpg diff --git a/68412-h/images/facing584a.jpg b/68412-h/images/facing584a.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..274b45f --- /dev/null +++ b/68412-h/images/facing584a.jpg diff --git a/68412-h/images/facing689.jpg b/68412-h/images/facing689.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d43379b --- /dev/null +++ b/68412-h/images/facing689.jpg diff --git a/68412-h/images/facing692.jpg b/68412-h/images/facing692.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..25a2d40 --- /dev/null +++ b/68412-h/images/facing692.jpg diff --git a/68412-h/images/facing704-2.jpg b/68412-h/images/facing704-2.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8f2083b --- /dev/null +++ b/68412-h/images/facing704-2.jpg diff --git a/68412-h/images/facing704.jpg b/68412-h/images/facing704.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4525f75 --- /dev/null +++ b/68412-h/images/facing704.jpg diff --git a/68412-h/images/facing730-2.jpg b/68412-h/images/facing730-2.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1556b87 --- /dev/null +++ b/68412-h/images/facing730-2.jpg diff --git a/68412-h/images/facing730-3.jpg b/68412-h/images/facing730-3.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..09a5be1 --- /dev/null +++ b/68412-h/images/facing730-3.jpg diff --git a/68412-h/images/facing730.jpg b/68412-h/images/facing730.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8e2090e --- /dev/null +++ b/68412-h/images/facing730.jpg diff --git a/68412-h/images/facing779.jpg b/68412-h/images/facing779.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a979365 --- /dev/null +++ b/68412-h/images/facing779.jpg diff --git a/68412-h/images/facing786.jpg b/68412-h/images/facing786.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f35778d --- /dev/null +++ b/68412-h/images/facing786.jpg diff --git a/68412-h/images/facing791.jpg b/68412-h/images/facing791.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..2ed4dff --- /dev/null +++ b/68412-h/images/facing791.jpg diff --git a/68412-h/images/facing805.jpg b/68412-h/images/facing805.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0a3ae0e --- /dev/null +++ b/68412-h/images/facing805.jpg diff --git a/68412-h/images/facing809.jpg b/68412-h/images/facing809.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0eb7f32 --- /dev/null +++ b/68412-h/images/facing809.jpg diff --git a/68412-h/images/facing845a.jpg b/68412-h/images/facing845a.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..19eb0dd --- /dev/null +++ b/68412-h/images/facing845a.jpg diff --git a/68412-h/images/facing859.jpg b/68412-h/images/facing859.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7cf668e --- /dev/null +++ b/68412-h/images/facing859.jpg diff --git a/68412-h/images/facing860.jpg b/68412-h/images/facing860.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c39da10 --- /dev/null +++ b/68412-h/images/facing860.jpg diff --git a/68412-h/images/image548.jpg b/68412-h/images/image548.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ad7495d --- /dev/null +++ b/68412-h/images/image548.jpg diff --git a/68412-h/images/image624.jpg b/68412-h/images/image624.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..eae835e --- /dev/null +++ b/68412-h/images/image624.jpg diff --git a/68412-h/images/image706.jpg b/68412-h/images/image706.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4e83858 --- /dev/null +++ b/68412-h/images/image706.jpg |
