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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6b7dc35 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #68276 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/68276) diff --git a/old/68276-0.txt b/old/68276-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 6b46246..0000000 --- a/old/68276-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1795 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Slavery and the slave trade in Africa, -by Henry M. Stanley - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Slavery and the slave trade in Africa - -Author: Henry M. Stanley - -Release Date: June 9, 2022 [eBook #68276] - -Language: English - -Produced by: The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at - https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SLAVERY AND THE SLAVE TRADE -IN AFRICA *** - - - - - -[Illustration: IN THE REAR OF A CARAVAN] - - - - - SLAVERY - AND THE SLAVE TRADE IN AFRICA - - BY - HENRY M. STANLEY - - ILLUSTRATED - - [Illustration] - - NEW YORK - HARPER & BROTHERS PUBLISHERS - 1893 - - - - -Harper’s “Black and White” Series. - -Illustrated. 32mo, Cloth, 50 cents each. - - - SLAVERY AND THE SLAVE TRADE IN AFRICA. By Henry M. Stanley. - - THE RIVALS. By François Coppée. - - THE JAPANESE BRIDE. By Naomi Tamura. - - WHITTIER: NOTES OF HIS LIFE AND OF HIS FRIENDSHIPS. By Annie Fields. - - GILES COREY, YEOMAN. By Mary E. Wilkins. - - JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL. An Address. By George William Curtis. - - COFFEE AND REPARTEE. By John Kendrick Bangs. - - SEEN FROM THE SADDLE. By Isa Carrington Cabell. - - A FAMILY CANOE TRIP. By Florence Watters Snedeker. - - A LITTLE SWISS SOJOURN. By William Dean Howells. - - A LETTER OF INTRODUCTION. A Farce. By William Dean Howells. - - IN THE VESTIBULE LIMITED. By Brander Matthews. - - THE ALBANY DEPOT. A Farce. By William Dean Howells. - -PUBLISHED BY HARPER & BROTHERS, NEW YORK. - -_For sale by all booksellers, or will be sent by the publishers, -postage prepaid, on receipt of price._ - - -Copyright, 1893, by HARPER & BROTHERS. - -_All rights reserved._ - - - - -ILLUSTRATIONS - - - IN THE REAR OF A CARAVAN _Frontispiece_ - - CAPTURING SLAVES _Facing p._ 28 - - A SLAVE MARKET ” 40 - - A SLAVER ” 50 - - BOY SLAVE ” 62 - - AN ARAB ” 74 - - - - -SLAVERY - -AND THE SLAVE TRADE IN AFRICA - - -“It is desirable that accurate information on the enormities of -the slave trade should be spread at home and abroad, and that to -slave-holding states all evidence proving the superior advantages -of free labor should be freely supplied,” was a sentiment uttered -by his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales at the jubilee meeting of -the Antislavery Society. His vast and influential audience cordially -responded to it. - -It seems to me that the same sentiment should also be published for -the benefit of all those in America or England who are or may become -interested in the welfare and progress of the negro races, and of -their advancement towards civilization. With that view, I shall -endeavor in this article to lay before you the present actual condition -of Africa in respect to slavery, the slave trade, and slave-raiding, -and the efforts which are being made to remedy their destructive -effects, and to extirpate the causes, by opening the continent to the -influences of legitimate trade. - -The maritime exploration of the African coasts by the Portuguese -navigators in the fifteenth century was the direct cause of the first -inception of the traffic in negroes, and first started the no less -inhuman system of slave-holding which this century has seen expiated by -one of the most sanguinary wars of which we have any full record. - -The exploration of the interior of the continent, accompanied as it has -been by revelations respecting the appalling sufferings of innocent -peoples, of the wholesale destruction of tribal communities, and the -annihilation of their humble industries, has so cleared the way to the -right comprehension of the worst features of the slave trade that we -begin now to see pretty clearly the measures that must be adopted not -only for its thorough suppression in the continent, but to obliterate -all traces of its past horrors. - -The excesses which were committed by the cupidity and hard -thoughtlessness of our forefathers have been atoned for to some extent -by their children by the immense sacrifices which they have made. They -have freely risked their lives on the battle-field, on board of the -cruisers along the unhealthy coasts of Africa during their long and -faithful service as the world’s maritime police, along the various -lines of exploration, in the many mission fields; they have also given -treasures of money towards freeing themselves from the shame of any -connection with the slave trade by moral or actual connivance, or by -countenancing its existence. - -In regard to the suppression of the slave trade in little-known Africa -we have been, however, too apt to adopt pessimistic views; and as in -North and South America we were slow to perceive our duties, or to -appreciate the advantages that would result from relieving ourselves -from the odium attached to slavery, so after the event we are too apt -to remind ourselves of the immense trouble and treasure it cost us -to cast it off. Our impatience is excited at the portentously large -figures of expense, compared to which the figures of profit seem so -infinitesimal, and the rate of progress so insignificant. My endeavor -shall be to lessen this feeling of disappointment, and to show how we -have been steadily advancing, even in mid-Africa, to extinguish the -traffic, and what prospects we have of eventually seeing it abolished -altogether from the face of the earth. - -From the year when Vasco de Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope -(1497) to the year 1807, when the British government prohibited -the exportation of slaves over the high seas, is a period of 310 -years. During all this time Africa was surrendered to the cruelty -of the slave-hunter, and the avarice of the slave-trader. While -its people were thus subject to capture and expatriation, it was -clearly impossible that any intellectual or moral progress could be -made by them. The greater number of those accessible from the coast -were compelled to study the best methods of avoiding the slaver and -escaping his force and his wiles--the rest only thought of the arts -of kidnapping their innocent and unsuspecting fellow-creatures. Yet -ridiculous as it may appear to us, there were not wanting zealous men -who devoted themselves to Christianizing the savages who were moved -by such an opposite spirit. In Angola, Congo, and Mozambique, and -far up the Zambezi, missionaries erected churches and cathedrals, -appointed bishops and priests, who converted and baptized, while at -the mouths of the Niger, the Congo, and the Zambezi their countrymen -built slave-barracoons and anchored their murderous slave-ships. -European governments legalized and sanctioned the slave trade, the -public conscience of the period approved it, the mitred heads of the -Church blessed the slave-gangs as they marched to the shore, and the -tax-collector received the levy per head as lawful revenue. - -But here and there during these guilty centuries words of warning are -not wanting. Queen Elizabeth, upon being informed of the forcible -capture of Africans for the purposes of sale, exclaims solemnly that -“such actions are detestable, and will call down vengeance on the -perpetrators.” When Las Casas, in his anxiety to save his Indians, -suggests that Africans be substituted for them, the Pope, Leo X., -declares that “not only the Christian religion but Nature herself cried -out against such a course.” - -One hundred and sixty-five years after the discovery of the Cape, Sir -John Hawkins pioneers the way for England to participate in the slave -trade, hitherto carried on by the Portuguese, the Spanish, and the -Dutch. - -A century later a king of England, Charles II., heads an English -company which undertakes to supply the British West Indies yearly with -30,000 negroes. - -After the Asiento Contract, under which for thirty years England -secured the monopoly of supplying the Spanish West Indies with slaves, -as many as 192 ships were engaged every year in the transportation -of slaves from the African coast. The countries which suffered most -from the superior British method of slave capturing and trading and -slave-carrying were Congo land, the Niger Valley, the Guinea and Gold -coasts, the Gambia, Cross, and Calabar lands. - -The system adopted by the British crews in those days was very similar -to that employed by the Arabs to-day in inner Africa. They landed at -night, surrounded the selected village, and then set fire to the huts, -and as the frightened people issued out of the burning houses, they -were seized and carried to the ships; or sometimes the skipper, in his -hurry for sea, sent his crew to range through the town he was trading -with, and, regardless of rank, to seize upon every man, woman, and -child they met. Old Town, Creek Town, and Duke Town, in Old Calabar, -have often witnessed this summary and high-handed proceeding. - -Boswell, the biographer of Dr. Johnson, called the slave trade “an -important and necessary branch of commerce;” and probably the largest -section of the British public, before those antislavery champions -Clarkson and Wilberforce succeeded in persuading their countrymen to -reflect a little, shared Boswell’s views, as well as his surprise and -indignation, when it became known that there were English people who -talked of suppressing it. - -That the slave trade must have been a lucrative commerce there can be -no doubt, when we consider that from 1777 to 1807 upwards of 3,000,000 -Africans had been sold in the West Indies. All those forts which -may be seen lining the west coast of Africa to-day were constructed -principally by means of the revenue derived from the slave tax. - -In 1833 slavery was abolished throughout the British dominions, and -the government agreed to pay the slave-owners of the West Indies -£20,000,000 redemption-money for 1,000,000 of slaves. On the 1st of -August, 1834, the famous Act of Emancipation came into operation. -Throughout the West Indies the eve of the great day was kept by watch -meetings, in acclamations of praise and thanksgiving. It is said -that when the hour of midnight began to strike, the singing and the -shouting ceased, and the congregations knelt down and listened with -bated breath to the solemn strokes of the bell which announced their -freedom, and ere the new day was a minute old the loud strains of -“Glory Allelujah!” burst from the now enfranchised people. They flung -themselves upon one another’s breasts, clapped their hands, cried and -laughed, but louder than all other sounds were the cries, “Praise God! -Glory! glory to God!” - -Ten years later, the abolition of the legal status of slavery in -India freed 9,000,000 of slaves. Then, little by little, the nations -implicated in slavery gravitated to the side of the emancipators. In -1846 the Bey of Tunis, through British influence, decreed that all -slaves touching his territory should become free. The French Republic -in 1848 declared by a brief act that no more slaves should be admitted -into French territory. In 1861 the autocrat of Russia decreed the -emancipation of 20,000,000 serfs. The history of the great struggle -in the United States is too recent for it to be forgotten that it -occasioned the proclamation of freedom on January 1, 1863, by which -6,000,000 of slaves were admitted to the rights of freemen. Finally, -and only four years ago, Brazil, after long and laborious efforts of -her most enlightened men, heard that the law of abolition of slavery -had passed through her Senate--and thus the cruel and inhuman system -of man holding fellow-man as a chattel and barterable property was -extinguished throughout all America. - -It therefore required eighty-two years to extirpate slavery within -lands professing to be civilized. Africa in the mean time was not -neglected. Her burdens and pains were gradually but surely being -reduced. The cruising squadrons sailing up and down the eastern and -western coasts made it extremely difficult for slave-ships to break -through the close blockade, and after the introduction of steam it was -rendered impossible. Education had also greatly spread, and it became -a universal conviction that slave-trading was as wicked as piracy. - -It has since been attempted by more than one power to continue the -trade under the disguised form of cooly and contract labor. Were it -honestly conducted, and the contracts punctually executed on the part -of the employers, there can be no doubt that it would be a means of -elevating the benighted people into a higher standard by the contact -with and example of a superior or, rather, more advanced race. But it -requires a strong and enlightened government to act as umpire in such -cases, and governments, unless they find their influence remunerative, -do not care to take too much trouble. The ignorant islanders of the -South Seas have suffered terribly from this supineness, indifference, -or want of close scrutiny and rigid enforcement of every detail in -the contract by the Queensland government. They have been decoyed -on board the labor-ships under various pretences, and conveyed away -never to return; or they have been allowed to go to the Queensland -plantations uncared and unprovided for; or, after the term of contract -has expired, they have been landed on islands with which they were -totally unacquainted, and become food for savages or been made slaves. -That such things should be possible in a British colony argues a -woful ignorance of the uses of a government, inexcusable stupidity, a -shocking lack of feeling, and an incredible amount of ingratitude. It -would not be difficult to prove such a system worse than open slavery. - -The Portuguese have also been until recently offenders against public -sentiment in the matter of exporting “colonials” from Angola for the -cocoa groves of Prince’s Island and the sugar estates of St. Thomas. -These colonials are natives collected from the interior, who, before -embarkation, are looked at by a government functionary, and then -have tin tickets slung around their necks, are given a blanket and -a few flimsy cottons, and are deported to the islands for a term -which to too many of them must be indefinite. The official declared -that all was fair and just, but no one with a fair mind on viewing -a barge-load of these unfortunates could possibly accept such a -statement from an underbred and illiterate official as a voucher. -It appears to me that if the colonials are absolutely required for -the islands by the Portuguese, or contract kanakas by Queensland -planters, their engagement might be made as honest as an agreement -with a number of English navvies for the Suakim-Berber Railway, or -Italians for the Congo Railway, or Jamaicans for the Panama Canal. -But it should be remembered that the lower, the more degraded, and -more ignorant the people from whom these labor gangs are drawn, the -greater are the responsibilities of the government sanctioning such -engagements. For in cases where the government authorizes “contract -labor” or “colonialism,” it should be prepared to supply to the -ignorant native that care, knowledge, prudence, and security which the -English, Italian, and Jamaican navvies possess by education, color, and -experience. And it is only in this way, and no other, that coolyism, -colonialism, and contract labor can be relieved of their objectionable -features. - -We may now see that the progress of the world in philanthropic feeling -and sentiment has been continuous, and as satisfactory as its progress -in the adoption and use of the mechanical inventions of the age. It -has been comparatively slow, but the world is large and its nations -are many; but for an idea--born in the sympathetic heart of the humble -Fox--to be found permeating the minds of all the civilized peoples -of the world, until all authority is ranged on its side, is surely -wonderful. Wherefore we may go on hoping and working till no son of -Adam shall be found a slave to his fellow in all the world. - -Now let us see what has already been done, or may in the near future -be done, in Africa, which has been during historic time the nursery of -slaves. I have before me an autograph letter of Dr. David Livingstone, -written in 1872, wherein he concludes a long exposé of the evils of -the slave trade which he had met in his travels thus: “The west coast -slave-trade is finished, but it is confidently hoped, now that you have -got rid of the incubus of slavery [in America], the present holders of -office will do what they can to suppress the infamous breaches of the -common law of mankind that still darken this eastern coast, and all I -can add in my loneliness is, may Heaven’s rich blessings descend on -whoever lends a helping hand!” - -It was this and other letters from Livingstone which provoked that -earnest attention to Africa which I feel convinced will not abate -until it will be as impossible to kidnap a slave there as in England. -The traveller’s death, which occurred a few months later, stirred his -countrymen into action. At a great meeting held at the Mansion House -the necessity for vigorously grappling with the slave trade on the east -coast was unmistakably expressed. It resulted in Sir Bartle Frere being -sent to Zanzibar to engage the Sultan’s co-operation. For that prince -derived a considerable revenue from the duty on imported slaves; his -subjects were the people against whom Livingstone had written those -terrible indictments; the British Indian merchants residing in his -capital furnished the means whereby the Arabs were equipped for their -marauding expeditions. But with all Sir Bartle’s tact, discretion, and -proverbial suavity, the mission intrusted to him narrowly approached -failure. Fortunately, in Dr. (now Sir) John Kirk, the consul-general, -the British government possessed an official of rare ability, and who -from long acquaintance with the Sultan knew him thoroughly. Through -his assistance, and the opportune appearance of Admiral Cumming with a -powerful fleet, a treaty was finally concluded, and the Zanzibar prince -was enlisted on the side of the antislavery cause. - -Those, however, who expected too much from the treaty were greatly -disappointed when, a few months later, reports reached England that the -slave trade was as flourishing as ever. No suspicion was entertained of -the sincerity of the Zanzibar prince, for upon every occasion involving -the punishment of the slavers he proved his honesty by permitting the -law, without protest, to be applied. The objects of the treaty were -being, however, evaded by the enterprising Arabs on the mainland, who -marched their caravans northward along the coast to points whence at -favorable opportunities they could ship their captives to ports in -southern Arabia or in the Egyptian protectorate. - -To counteract these new proceedings of the Arabs, another large meeting -was convened at Stafford House in May, 1874, for the consideration -of other means of suppression of the trade. I suggested at that -meeting that commissioners should be appointed at various ports along -the coast whose duty it would be to keep a record of the number of -persons attached to all caravans bound for the interior, as well as -of the material of their equipment; that each caravan leader, before -receiving permission to set out, should be compelled to bind himself -not to engage in the slave trade, and that such leader on returning to -the coast should, upon being convicted of having evaded or broken his -obligations, forfeit his bond and be fined $5000; that each captain of -a slave-vessel, upon conviction that he was engaged in the transport -of slaves, should receive capital punishment; that trading depots -should be established on Lakes Nyassa and Tanganika to encourage -legitimate commerce in the natural products of the interior; and that -the lake coasts should be patrolled by flotillas of steam-launches. -The above were the main features of a plan which I still believe would -have been adequate in meeting the wishes of the principal speakers in -that assembly. Those who know what has since been done by the imperial -German government along that same coast and on the lakes will perceive -how closely the suggestions are paralleled to-day by the actions of -the German commissioners and the trading depots on the lakes belonging -to the African Lakes Company. No caravan is permitted to leave without -search; gunpowder and arms are confiscated; slave-traders are tried, -and hanged after conviction (the chief judge on the German coast lately -sentenced seventeen Arabs to be hanged at Lindi). The trading depots of -the African Lakes Company are pre-eminently successful in subserving -the antislavery cause by suppressing the odious trade in slaves. Had -the British done then what is being done now, no other power could have -usurped her rights in the immense territory lately abandoned to the -Germans. - -The history of events at Zanzibar for some years following consists -principally of relations of capture of slave-dhows and the confiscation -of the vessels, the visit of the Zanzibar prince to England, the -appointment of a number of vice-consuls to the principal ports -along the coast, the departures of explorers for inner Africa, the -gradual but steady increase of missionaries in the interior, and the -establishment of Christian missions at Usambara, Mombasa, and Nyassa. - -Meanwhile the Arabs in the far interior had discovered a new field for -bolder operations in a country west of Lake Tanganika, called Manyuema, -and the enormous forested area adjoining it to the north, which has -lately been discovered to be about 400,000 square miles in extent. -Nyangwé, the principal town of Manyuema, is situate but a few miles -south of the vast forest, on the right bank of the Lualaba. It was the -furthest point of Livingstone’s explorations. Manyuema is surpassingly -beautiful, the soil is exceedingly fertile, and the people, though -troubled by tribal feuds, are industrious cultivators. By the time -Livingstone had penetrated the country the Arabs had assumed lordship -over it, and each chief was compelled to pay tribute to them in -ivory. The Arabs not only monopolized the ivory, but the fear of them -was so great among the Manyuema that, to protect themselves from -too many masters, they elected to serve some one powerful Arab, to -whom they surrendered themselves, their liberties, as well as their -properties of all kinds. In a few years Manyuema was emptied of its -elephant teeth. The Arabs then began to extend their operations into -the forest, suffering many a disaster and mishap as they advanced. -But continuous practice enabled them in the end to thwart the craft -of the forest natives, and to acquire that experience by which -eventually they easily became masters of every country they entered. -The success attending the ventures of such men as Dugumbi, Mtagamoyo, -Mohammed-bin-Nasur, and Abed-bin-Salim, and scores of lesser leaders, -increased the avarice and excited the ardor of younger and more daring -spirits. An apprenticeship with men who had grown gray in the arts of -slave-catching and ivory-raiding had taught them that it was a waste of -time to pretend to barter cloth and beads as practised in lands east of -Lake Tanganika. They had realized how complete was the isolation of the -forest aborigines, how the little settlements buried in the recesses of -the forest were too weak to resist their trained battalions, and how -the natives shrank from facing the muzzles of their thundering guns, -and how they might range at will and pillage to their hearts’ content -through an unlimited area without let or hindrance. - -Having become experts in the science of tracking, ambuscades, and -surprises, they became anxious to win fame and fortune after a manner -never dreamed of by the earlier traders. The verb “to buy” was to be -banished from the vernacular. All that was bestial and savage in the -human heart was given fullest scope, unchecked and unreproved. Hence -followed the most frightful barbarities and massacres, which spared no -age and regarded no sex; fire, spear, arrow, and iron bullet preluded -furious loot and pitiless seizure. - -Among the earliest to put into practice the terrible knowledge they -had gained during their tentative incursions into the forest were -Abed-bin-Salim, Tippu Tib, Sayid-bin-Habib, Muini Muhala, Rashid (the -nephew of Tippu), Nasur-bin-Suliman, and others. Abed-bin-Salim’s -case is typical. Among the young Swahili who followed his fortunes -were four youthful squires, or apprentices, named Karema, Kiburuga, -Kilonga-Longa, and Kibongé. The last of these has given his name -to an important Arab station just above Stanley Falls; the other -three have since become famous among the Central African rapparees -and slave-thieves. The names under which they have severally become -notorious, and for which they exchanged those derived from their -parents, are synonymes given by the bush natives for rapine, lust, -murder, arson. - -In 1878 Abed-bin-Salim despatched coastward a caravan consisting of -Manyuema slaves bearing 350 tusks. At Zanzibar the ivory was sold, -and the proceeds invested in double-barrelled guns, Minie rifles, -and carbines, gunpowder, percussion-caps, buckshot, and bar lead. -Within twenty months the new weapons and war munition reached Nyangwé. -Kibongé soon after was sent by his master Abed down the Lualaba as -supercargo and store-keeper at a station to be strategically chosen, -and his three confederates became leaders of three divisions of -booty-gatherers, and to draw all slaves, ivory, and flocks of goats -into the slave-hold of Kibongé. A native village near the confluence of -the Leopold with the Lualaba River was taken, and without loss of time -was palisaded as a measure of security. Canoe after canoe was added -to their flotilla, in order that detachments might make simultaneous -attacks at various points along the Leopold, Lufu, Lowwa, Lira, and -Ulindi rivers. - -Ivory was the first object of the raiders, women the second, children -the third. Ivory was now rapidly rising in value, for the slaughter of -fifty thousand elephants in a year makes it scarce. In this region, -hitherto unexploited, it was abundant. The natives frequently used it -to chop wood upon, or to rest their idols while shaping them with the -adze. Being so heavy, two tusks were used to keep their bedding of -phrynia leaves from being scattered. They made ivory into pestles to -pound their corn, or they stood the tusks on end round their idols, or -employed them as seats for their elders in the council-house. Women -were needed as wives and servants for the marauders; the little girls -could be trained to house-work, and bide the growth of the little boys, -with whom eventually they would wive, and who in the mean time would be -useful as field hands or for domestic duties. - -In a village there would probably be found, on an average, ten tusks, -good, bad, and indifferent, thirty full-grown women, and fifty -children above five years old, besides a few infants. At the first -alarm, a scream from a child or a woman, the warriors and their -families dash frantically and pell-mell out of their huts. Then from -the ambuscade a volley is fired, and a score fall dead or wounded -to the ground, whereat the unseen foes leap out of their coverts to -despatch the struggling and groaning victims with knife and spear; -and some make mad rushes at a group of terrified children; others -dart for a likely-looking woman; a few leap in pursuit of a girl who -is flying naked from the scene; some chase a lad who bounds like an -antelope over the obstructions. Those not engaged in the fierce chase -enter the village, and collect to argue over the rights to this or -that child. When four or five hundred men rise upon a village whose -inhabitants are numerically inferior to them, the event is followed -by much fierce discussion of the kind which is not always amicably or -easily settled, even when the matter is submitted to the arbitration of -the leaders. The rest of the band scatter wildly through the village, -and begin collecting the frightened fowls and the bleating goats, -rummaging roofs, insides of gourds, and every imaginable place -where a poor savage might be likely to hide his little stock of curios -and valuables; others manacle the captives, and question them harshly -about their neighbors, or indulge in barbarous fun with some decrepid -whitehead. When the results of these pillaging expeditions became known -in Nyangwé, and the laden canoes disembarked their ivory, slaves, and -fat goats of the famous forest breed, it kindled the envy and cupidity -of even Tippu Tib and Sayid-bin-Habib. - -[Illustration: CAPTURING SLAVES] - -Up to 1876, Tippu Tib had been the acknowledged leader of the -slavers, on account of his marvellous success. His career had been -romantic. From a poor coast slaver, involved in debt to the usurers -and money-lenders of Zanzibar, he had grown wealthy and famous. By -the storming and capture of Nsama’s stronghold (May, 1867) he had -become possessed of a fortune in ivory and slaves. He had relieved -himself as soon as possible of his embarrassing store by sending his -brother Mohammed in charge of his plunder to Unyanyembé, and, with -five hundred guns, continued a triumphant and unchecked course from -the south of Tanganika through the heart of Rua, to Nyangwé. As he -marched, he ravaged to the right and left of his route, gathered ivory, -and made slaves by hundreds. Not far from a district called Mtotila -he learned from a captive that the king had disappeared mysteriously -many years before, and that though frequent search had been made for -him, nothing was known of his whereabouts. Tippu Tib artfully conceived -the plan of representing himself as his son, and accordingly schooled -himself in all the local knowledge necessary for the deception he -intended to practise. By the time he approached Mtotila, Tippu Tib -could rehearse the long line of the king’s ancestry, the names of his -living relatives, and the elders of the land, and was familiar with the -events, traditions, and customs of Mtotila. He despatched messengers -into the country to announce his arrival, and to tell the wondering -people the news of his father’s fate, and of his intention to assume -his father’s rights. The people accepted the story without difficulty, -as it harmonized so well with their own conceptions and expectations. -The elders were deputed to go and meet their prince. They brought rich -presents of ivory and abundance of food, and offered to escort him with -honor to his father’s land, which Tippu Tib courteously accepted. At -every stage of his journey he was welcomed and feasted. On reaching -the town of Mtotila he received the chiefs and elders in a grand -_barzah_, at which he told the story of his father’s disappearance, -with a wealth of fictitious details of love and marriage with a king’s -daughter, of honors showered upon his father, and of the reluctance -to his departure which the natives manifested; of his own birth and -life; of his recollections of his father’s conversations with him -respecting Mtotila country, his relatives, and local events--until -all were thoroughly persuaded that this able and affable stranger was -no other than their lost king’s son. He was at once formally accepted -and installed as their king, and to ingratiate himself still more, -he distributed liberal largesses of showy beads and copper and brass -trinkets. Before many days had passed the people of Mtotila understood -that ivory was very acceptable to their king, and as the article -was abundant, and of little value to them, the entire country was -ransacked for it, and heaps of it were daily laid before him, until -his store of ivory became prodigious. Breaches of the peace between -his subjects were compounded by payment in ivory, his favors were -sold for ivory; in every imaginable way he augmented his treasure. -Finally, when he had depleted Mtotila of elephants’ teeth, he sought -occasion to embroil Mtotila with the surrounding countries, and his -myrmidons were despatched with the native forces to despoil them. -Within fifteen months he had gathered nine hundred tusks. He proposed -now to the Mtotilas that they should muster carriers to convey his -treasure to Kasongo, another country which, according to his reports, -he owned, where he had great houses and great estates. In this manner -he succeeded in obtaining vast wealth, and the Arabs of the Manyuema -settlements, when they viewed his vast store of ivory and innumerable -retinue, hailed him as a genius, and recognized his superiority. - -The general admiration which had been excited by his genius had greatly -subsided by the time I reached Nyangwé in 1876. He was then induced to -escort my trans-African expedition a few marches north of Nyangwé, and -on his return he undertook the transport of his immense collections -of ivory to Zanzibar, where it is said that he realized the large sum -of £30,000 by its sale. Out of these lucrative returns he was able -to pay the usurers of Zanzibar the advances of money he had received, -with the heavy interest accruing, and with the residue he equipped his -large force with the best weapons procurable. In 1881 he was back again -in Manyuema, and witnessed with his own eyes the disembarkation of the -ivory and slaves obtained by Abed-bin-Salim’s agents. Fired at the -sight, he lost no time in making his preparations for a second great -campaign, which should excel in results his own previous exploits and -surpass Abed’s successes. - -He divided his forces into two divisions. The land force he despatched -under his nephew Rashid to the Lumami; the flotilla descending the -Lualaba he led himself, assisted by his brother and son. The vessels -were navigated by the Wenya fishermen, whom during his long residence -in Manyuema he had protected and propitiated. These people numbered -several thousands, and were scattered along the left bank of the river -from the confluence of the Luama to Stanley Falls. The cataracts were -therefore no interruption to Tippu Tib’s progress or his projects. -On a large island just above the lowest of the Stanley Falls, called -Wané Sironga (Sons of Sironga), Tippu halted and established his -headquarters, whence he was to operate on the left bank as far as -the Lumami in conjunction with his nephew Rashid. But for some -months before his arrival Abed-bin-Salim’s agents had extended their -depredations below the Falls along the right bank, leaving a broad -desolate track as a witness of their crimes. - -It may be true that the development of a country can only take -place after a drastic purgation of some sort, but it is also true, -fortunately, that there always is some cause to arrest total ruin. In -this instance the Arabs themselves had aided the cause. The enslaving -bands which escorted me from Nyangwé consisted of trained and -educated boy slaves from Manyuema and Unyamuezi and Zanzibar. Many a -trusted slave was in the ranks of the expedition which descended the -Lualaba to the Atlantic, through whose means a watery highway into -the heart of the continent was discovered, and by whom the course of -the westward-rolling waves of fire and slaughter was destined to be -arrested. - -Seven years after we had parted from Tippu Tib in 1876 a small flotilla -of steamers was advancing towards Stanley Falls, which was barely sixty -miles off, and this is what we saw, as entered in a journal at the time: - -“Surely there had been a great change. As we moved slowly up the -stream, a singular scene attracted our gaze. This was two or three long -canoes standing on their ends, like split hollow columns, upright on -the verge of the bank. What freak was this, and what did it signify? -To have tilted and raised such weights argued numbers and union. It -could never have been the work of a herd of chattering savages. They -are Arabs who have performed this feat of strength, and these upright -columnar canoes betray the advent of the slave-traders in the region -below the Falls. We learned later that on this now desolate spot once -stood the town of Yomburri. - -“A few miles higher on the same bank we came abreast of another scene -of desolation, where a whole town had been burnt, the palm-trees cut -down, the bananas scorched, and many acres of them laid level with the -ground, and the freak of standing canoes on end repeated. - -“We continued on our journey, advancing as rapidly as our steamers -could breast the stream. Every three or four miles we came in view of -the black traces of the destroyers. The charred stakes, poles of once -populous settlements, scorched banana groves, and prostrate palms, all -betokened ruthless ruin. - -“On the morning of the 27th November (1883) we detected some object of -a slaty color floating down stream. The man in the bow turned it over -with a boat-hook. We were shocked to discover the bodies of two women -bound together with cord. - -“A little later we came in sight of the Arab camp, and discovered that -this horde of banditti--for in reality they were nothing else--was -under the leadership of several chiefs, but principally under Karema -and Kiburuga. They had started sixteen months previously from Wané -Kirundu, about thirty miles below Vinya Njara. For eleven months the -band had been raiding successfully between the Congo and Lubiranzi. -They had then undertaken to perform the same cruel work between the -Aruwimi and the Falls. On looking at my map I find that the area -of such a territory as described above would measure 16,200 square -geographical miles on the left of the Lualaba, and 10,500 square -geographical miles on the right of it, the total of which would be -equal in statute mileage to 34,570 miles--an area a little larger than -the whole of Ireland, and which, according to a rough estimate, was -inhabited by about one million people. - -“The slave-traders admit they have only 2300 captives in their fold. -The banks of the river prove that 118 villages and 43 tribal districts -have been devastated, out of which they have only this scant profit -of 2300 females and children and about 2000 tusks of ivory. Given -that these 118 villages contained only 118,000 people, we have only a -profit of two per cent.; and by the time all these captives have been -subjected to the accidents of the long river voyage before them, of -camp life and its harsh miseries, to the havoc of small-pox, and the -pests which misery breeds, there will only remain a scant one per cent. -upon the bloody ventures.” - -If the pitiless course of the slave-hunters were not soon checked, -it was easy to perceive that the main Congo, with its 2000 miles of -shores, would have soon become a prey to these marauders, that in a -little while the scope and incentives to daring enterprise held out -by the defenceless river-banks would have emptied Manyuema and Ujiji -and Unyanyembé to extend devastation as far as Stanley Pool, and that -the great tributaries, with their 14,000 miles of shores, would have -been next visited, until the best portions of Africa would have been -depopulated. The Arabs were not pursuing any fixed scheme, but pushed -forward according to their means, and would continue to do so in -increasing numbers until they met a barrier of some kind. The barrier -fortunately had advanced to meet them, and was to be established at -Stanley Falls, 1400 miles from the Atlantic. Along the course of the -noble river were a series of military stations, which, with the aid of -the steamers, could furnish in case of need a very strong defensive -force. As, however, the stations were but newly planted, and the -natives as yet were not familiar with their purposes, time was needed -for their education and the consolidation of the infant state. - -[Illustration: A SLAVE MARKET] - -On February 25, 1885, the powers of Europe and America gave their -cordial recognition to the Congo Free State, and sanctioned the -employment of all civilized means for the preservation of order, the -introduction of civilization and lawful commerce, for the guarantees of -the safety of its people and efficient administration. It was markedly -stipulated that the new state should watch over the preservation of the -native races and the moral and material conditions of their existence, -should suppress slavery, and, above all, the slave trade, and punish -those engaged in it; that it should protect and encourage without -distinction of nationality or creed all institutions and enterprises, -religious, scientific, or charitable, organized for this object. - -In time to come the regenerated peoples of central Africa will point -to the acts of the Berlin Conference as their charters of freedom from -the civilized world. For not only did this world-wide recognition -hearten the sovereign of the new state and founder of the association -which fathered it to continue his benevolent work, but the principles -formulated during the sitting of the Conference suggested to ambitious -powers the possibilities of immediate expansion of territory, after the -example of King Leopold II. The exigencies of diplomacy, even during -the Conference, had forced the powers to recognize immense concessions -of territory to France and Portugal, so that without the expenditure of -a copper French Gaboon was extended to the Congo, and Portuguese Angola -was amplified northward until its shores faced the only sea-port of -the young state. These political distributions disposed of over one -million and a half square miles of African territory. - -In February, 1885, when the fate of this section of Africa was being -decided by Europe and America in Berlin, there were only three -steam-launches and three steel row-boats on the waters of the upper -Congo. They had been conveyed in pieces of sixty pounds weight, or -hauled on wagons past the cataracts, after an enormous expenditure of -money and labor. But now that the new state was fairly launched into -existence, it was necessary to increase the flotilla, and provide -means commensurate with the long list of duties which it had accepted. -The revenue which hitherto had solely been the bounty of King Leopold -was increased by an export tax on the commercial shipments from the -Congo. King Leopold also guaranteed the continuation of his bounty to -the year 1900 of £40,000 annually. Belgium granted the annual subsidy -of £80,000. From all sources there was an assured revenue of about -£150,000. The government, mission societies, and mercantile companies -hastened to provide means for the utilization of the long stretches -of navigable water above the cataracts. Steamer after steamer, boat -after boat, have been sent up, until now on the waters of the upper -river there are over thirty steamers and forty steel boats. The banks -of the main river are now free from danger of invasion, even were all -the numerous bands and slavers south of the equator united in array -against the state. At the mouth of the Aruwimi, 150 miles below Stanley -Falls, there is a garrison of 600 soldiers, and attached to the station -are steamers and boats of its own to convey immediate reinforcements -to the military outpost yet maintained at Stanley Falls. Three -hundred miles below is Bangala, which contains a still larger force. -This station would be no discredit to any part of the African coast. -The establishments are mostly built of brick manufactured on the -premises. Strong bastions, on which are mounted Krupp nine-pounders, -command the approaches. The military force of the state now numbers -4000 rifle-armed police. It is mostly recruited from the powerful and -warlike tribe of Bangala, which in 1877, during our descent of the -Congo, poured out in almost overpowering numbers to arrest our descent. - -The banks of the great tributaries, Aruwimi, Wellé-Mobangi, Lumami, and -Kassai, are equally protected against the incursions of the destroying -bands. But though the efforts of the young state, after straining its -resources to the utmost, have been marked by signal and unexpected -success, a great deal more has to be accomplished before it can -proclaim that the slave hunts and ivory raids have altogether ceased. - -Wheresoever exploration has revealed a slave-hunter’s route, wherever -the pioneer has indicated the objective of the raider, wherever -it has been supposed danger might arise from northern or eastern -Arab, the state has done its best to put a barrier in the shape of -a military station; but there is an extent of country 500 miles in -length between the sources of the Aruwimi and the Lukuga affluent, and -an area of 200,000 square miles, wholly at the mercy of the Arabs of -the east coast, and southwestern Tanganika and Rua are not yet under -surveillance. - -Meantime every event that is occurring in that part of Africa tends -to the early extirpation of slave hunting and trading. Five years -ago no one could have anticipated that any measure devised by human -wisdom could have checked the destroying advance of the slavers. Yet -a more remarkable success has never been achieved before. It has been -effected solely by a continuously increasing and silent pressure from -civilization. There have been no bloody conflicts and no violence. -Tact mainly has guided the advance, and a constant pushing up of men -and supplies has obviated the necessity of retreat. Advantageous sites -near the camp of the slavers have been quietly occupied. Modest little -huts have been put up for temporary shelter; but with every voyage -of the river steamers new men and more supplies have been brought -up; the surroundings are more cleared; the officers continue their -amiable intercourse; there is no overstrenuous insistence, no imperious -mandate--until in a few months the camp imperceptibly has become a fort -and the little following has become a numerous garrison, and resistance -to the pressure is out of the question. - -Close upon this progressive and silent governmental opposition to -barbarism another important and valuable element comes into operation. -I mean the influence of Christianity, as efficacious and necessary in -its way as the other. There are now Roman Catholic missions at Boma, -Kwamouth, New Antwerp in the Bangala country, and New Bruges at the -confluence of the Kwango and Kassai, and at New Ghent, nearly opposite -Bangala. The English Baptists are stationed at Ngombe, Ntundwa, -Kinshassa, Lukolela, Bolobo, Lutete’s, Lukungu, Bangala, and Upoto, -and the Congo Bololo Mission is at Molongo. The American Baptist -Missionary Union have their establishments at Palaballa, Banza Manteka, -Lukungu, Leopoldville, Chumbiri, Mossembo, Irebu, and Equatorville; -Bishop Taylor’s mission is represented by missions at Vivi, Ntombé, and -Kimpoko, and the Evangelical Alliance at Ngangelo, while the Swedes -are at Mukinbungu. These twenty-eight mission stations represent -about a hundred Roman Catholic priests and Protestant clergy, who -have volunteered in the good work of Christianizing the natives and -improving their moral conditions. In 1887 I saw indisputable proofs -of the value of their instruction and example. As a late report from -the Congo states, “slowly but surely the negro is being transformed; -his intellectual horizon is becoming enlarged, his feelings are being -refined.” Many natives now volunteer as readily as the Zanzibari -for service at remote posts for a term of years. They are to be -found in military uniform in the sea-port of Banana, as well as at -the most northern line of the state, waiting in little fortlets for -opportunities to prove their mettle against roving Mahdists. Their -children attend the mission schools, and are proving their aptitude -in acquiring elementary education, and in workmanly skill in various -trades. While parents may still fondly remember many an atrocious -feast, their sons affect the manners and customs of civilized men, and -become attached to honorable and useful employments, as mechanics, -warehouse-men, clerks, postmen, brick-makers, boat-builders, navvies, -etc. - -A wonderfully encouraging evidence to my mind that the labor and -thoughtfulness of good men in behalf of Africa is not in vain may -be found in the vast army of carriers now employed in the transport -of European goods to Stanley Pool, past the cataract region. Ocean -steamers ascend the Lower Congo for over a hundred miles, and -discharge their miscellaneous cargoes at Mataddi. The loads for -transport overland are of sixty and seventy pounds weight. As they are -discharged by the ships, they are stacked in warehouses until the human -burden-bearers demand their freight. These apply in companies from ten -to two hundred strong, under their respective headmen. The price for -carrying a man’s load from Mataddi to the Pool is a sovereign’s worth -of barter stuffs, according to each carrier’s personal selection. The -distance of portage between the two points is about 230 miles, and is -performed in between fifteen and twenty days. Though a trying work for -natives unaccustomed to it, the Bakongo, who have been carriers for -generations, handle their burdens with ease. Travellers passing up -and down the road might expect to see a track travelled by so many -thousands marked by skeletons and littered with human bones. I have -never seen any such sinister objects along the route, nor have I ever -heard of any having been met with by later travellers. The way-bill, -with lists of the loads intrusted with the caravan, is given to the -headman, and all further care of them on the part of the consigners and -consignees ceases, until the loads arrive at their destination, and are -checked by the receiving officer, who then hands the signed receipt -which entitles the caravan to the stipulated payment. Frequently -there are burdens of baggage, ivory, rubber, etc., awaiting transport -down river, in which case they are re-engaged at the same rates for -Mataddi, and both checks are cashed at the main depot. Within less -than six weeks each carrier has gained two sovereign’s worth of trade -goods, which he conveys to his home for the benefit of his family, -or to store up until he possesses sufficient means to engage in trade -independently, or purchase some property he has long desired. - -[Illustration: A SLAVER] - -In 1884, when I left the Congo, the total number of carriers thus -employed did not exceed 300. But such has been the rapid progress -of events, and the favor with which the carrier profession has been -regarded by the natives, that the total number of carriers furnished by -an area of not more than 30,000 square miles is now about 75,000. Yet -this immense army is wholly insufficient to transport the vast quantity -of material discharged every month from the ships. - -It was calculated by the promoters of the Congo Railway, now in process -of construction, that one train a week would be sufficient for some -years for the necessities of the upper Congo, but the crowded magazines -of Mataddi and the increasing demands for transport prove that a daily -train will scarcely suffice. I have lately received a large supply of -photographs of the railway cuttings and bridge-work, and one glance at -them shows the serious nature of the undertaking. The engineers are -still engaged in the rocky defiles, slowly laboring up the slopes to -gain the altitude of the ancient plateau. Fifteen miles of the track, -I have been told, are in running order, and the embankments extend -for twenty-five miles farther. When the rails have been laid thus -far, the progress will be much more rapid, and the engineers will be -able to state with precision how long a time must elapse before its -completion. It is scarcely necessary to add that the arrival of the -railway at Stanley Pool will insure the salvation of two-thirds of the -Congo basin. After that, attention will have to be drawn to Stanley -Falls, 1100 miles higher, and a railway of thirty-two miles in length -will enable us to pass the series of cataracts in that region, and to -command the river for about 1700 miles of its course.[1] - -[1] Last December (1891) the foreign population of the Congo State was -as follows: - -Belgians, 338; British, 72; Italians, 63; Portuguese, 56; Dutch, 47; -Swedes, 35; Danes, 32; French, 18; other nationalities, 83. Total, 744. - -Their professions are as follows: - -State officials, 271; merchants and clerks, 175; consuls, 2; doctors, -4; missionaries, 80; captains and sailors, 43; engineers, 12; artisans, -157. Total, 744. - - -We must not omit to mention that while Livingstone was making his -terrible disclosures respecting the havoc wrought by the slave-trader -in east central Africa, Sir Samuel Baker was striving to effect in -north central Africa what has been so successfully accomplished in -the Congo State. During his expedition for the discovery of the -Albert Nyanza, his explorations led him through one of the principal -man-hunting regions, wherein murder and spoliation were the constant -occupations of powerful bands from Egypt and Nubia. These revelations -were followed by diplomatic pressure upon the Khedive Ismail, and -through the personal influence of an august personage he was finally -induced to delegate to Sir Samuel the task of arresting the destructive -careers of the slavers in the region of the upper Nile. In his book -_Ismailïa_ we have the record of his operations by himself. The firman -issued to him was to the effect that he “was to subdue to the Khedive’s -authority the countries to the south of Gondokoro, to suppress the -slave trade, to introduce a system of regular commerce, to open to -navigation the great lakes of the equator, and to establish a chain of -military stations and commercial depots throughout central Africa.” -This mission began in 1869, and continued until 1874. - -On Baker’s retirement from the command of the equatorial Soudan the -work was intrusted to Colonel C. G. Gordon--commonly known as Chinese -Gordon. Where Baker had broken ground, Gordon was to build; what his -predecessor had commenced, Gordon was to perfect and to complete. If -energy, determination, and self-sacrifice received their due, then had -Gordon surely won for the Soudan that peace and security which it was -his dear object to obtain for it. But slaving was an old institution -in this part of the world. Every habit and custom of the people had -some connection with it. They had always been divided from prehistoric -time into enslavers and enslaved. How could two Englishmen, accompanied -by only a handful of officers, removed 2000 miles from their base of -supplies, change the nature of a race within a few years? Though much -wrong had been avenged, many thousands of slaves released, many a -slaver’s camp scattered, and many striking examples made to terrify the -evil-doers, the region was wide and long; and though within reach of -the Nile waters there was a faint promise of improvement, elsewhere, -at Kordofan, Darfoor, and Sennaar, the trade flourished. After three -years of wonderful work, Gordon resigned. A short time afterwards, -however, he resumed his task, with the powers of a dictator, over a -region covering 1,100,000 square miles. But the personal courage, -energy, and devotion of one man opposed to a race can effect but -little. His peculiar qualities shone forth conspicuously. He underwent -the same trials as formerly. He signalized his detestation of the -slavers by severe punishments, by summary dismissals of implicated -pashas and mudirs, by disbandment of the suspected soldiery; but the -land still suffered from waste, the roads in the interior were still -being strewn with bones, and after another period of three years he -again resigned. - -Then followed a revulsion. The Khedivial government reverted to the -old order of things, Gordon’s decrees were rescinded, the dismissed -officers were reinstated, venality and oppression and demoralization -replaced justice and equity and righteousness, until the sum of the -enormities was so great that it provoked the great revolution in the -Soudan. Then ended the attempt to suppress slavery in north central -Africa. All traces of the work of Baker and Gordon have long ago been -completely obliterated. - -Attention has been given of late to Morocco. This near neighbor of -England is just twenty years behind Zanzibar. The sentiments which the -English people expressed at the Mansion House and Stafford House in -regard to the slave trade at Zanzibar in 1873-4 are remarkably like -those which are uttered to-day respecting Morocco. But it will require -something more than diplomatic missions to the court of the Sultan to -suppress the Moorish slave trade. Sir John D. Hay, who during his long -stay in that country won the titles of the “Mussulman’s Friend” and -“Counsellor of the Throne,” was accustomed to make periodical journeys -to the Moorish court, and the Sultan used to meet his representations -with promises of reform and amendment, but as soon as he set out on -his return to Tangier, the native officials would set themselves to -undo the good caused by Sir John’s visit. Sir William Kirby Green, his -successor, was also successful in eliciting assurances that the trade -would be stopped, and now Sir Charles Euan-Smith lately paid a visit, -but unfortunately the results have been _nil_. It is doubtful whether -England alone can induce the Sultan and his ministers to press the -needed reforms in the face of national opposition, or that anything -less than the concerted action of England, France, Germany, and Spain -can succeed. A demonstration by England alone, without the cordial -assent of the other powers, would doubtless be regarded as a step -towards annexation rather than as an expression of the hostility of -the British nation to the slave trade. But meantime the importation -of negroes from the Nigritian basin and southwestern Soudan into the -public slave markets of Morocco will continue until for very shame -it will irritate Europe into taking more decided steps in the name -of humanity to force the ever-maundering authorities to decree the -abolition of the slave trade, and to carry the decree into immediate -effect. It is surely high time that the “China of the West,” as it has -been called, should be made to feel that its present condition is a -standing reproach to Europe. While the heart of Africa responds to the -civilizing influences moving from the east and the west and the south, -Morocco remains stupidly indifferent and inert, a pitiful example of -senility and decay. - -The remaining portion of North Africa which still fosters slavery is -Tripoli. The occupation of Tunis by France has diverted such traffic -in slaves as it maintained to its neighbor. Though the watchfulness -of the Mediterranean cruisers renders the trade a precarious one, the -small lateen boats are frequently able to sail from such ports as -Benghazi, Derna, Solum, etc., with living freight, along the coast to -Asia Minor. In the interior, which is inaccessible to travellers, owing -to the fanaticism of the Senoussi sect, caravans from Darfoor and Wadai -bring large numbers of slaves for the supply of Tripolitan families -and Senouissian sanctuaries. The country is of course under Turkish -authority, and vizirial letters and firmans have been frequently issued -since 1848 forbidding the importation of slaves and all traffic in -them, but we might as well expect the Bedouins of Arabia to cease their -nomadic life at the bidding of the Pasha of Haleb as the fanatical -Mussulmans of the Fezzan to abstain from slavery at the mere command of -the Governor of Tripoli. - -The descent of the Congo to the Atlantic in 1877 suggested to King -Leopold the foundation of a state. The Berlin Conference was a -consequence of the success attained by the King. The partition of -Southwest Africa among France, Portugal and Belgium inspired the -Germans to seek territorial possessions in the Dark Continent, and the -movement of Germany excited Great Britain to action, and thus public -attention was once more diverted to eastern Africa. - -[Illustration: BOY SLAVE] - -From the Abyssinian frontier as far as the Portuguese possessions, and -stretching inland to a line which may roughly be said to be about east -longitude 30°, was an area covering about 1,500,000 square miles which -belonged to no power. It was agreed that it should be divided into -three spheres of influence. The Germans fixed upon the southernmost, -the Italians upon the most northern; the British chose the central. -Each power contracted to confine its operations within its own sphere, -and to proceed to organize and administer it as opportunity offered -upon a civilized basis. There was no intention to launch out into any -enterprise of conquest, but each power proposed to make its title good -by renting or leasing tracts within its sphere from the native princes -or tribal chiefs, by making treaties with them for the sovereignty -of their lands, in return for annual subsidies and protection from -violence, meanwhile being certain of immunity from all interference or -opposition from its neighbor. - -The Germans were the earliest to commence work. Through the agency of -a company they made a treaty with the Sultan of Zanzibar for his long -strip of coast land, undertaking to pay him a certain sum per annum for -the right of collecting the customs. But the imprudent conduct of the -officers, their imperious and peremptory manner of proceeding, impelled -the Arabs to attempt to drive them from the coast. At Kilwa, Dar -Salaam, Bagamoyo, and Saadani the officers of the German company were -attacked; some had to fly, others were massacred, and innocent British -missionaries returning home after a long residence in the interior were -waylaid and murdered by the excited natives; and the first attempts -of German colonization ended disastrously. Naturally the imperial -German government could not brook this humiliation, and Major Wissmann, -a well-known explorer, was appointed with full powers to suppress -the revolt. Within two years the Arabs were crushed, but the German -position in East Africa became completely changed in consequence. It -had been originally proposed to hold the East African coast by lease -from the Sultan, with the view of including the Hinterland as far as -Lake Tanganika within the sphere of their colonizing operations when -results would permit; but the Germans now claimed nearly the whole -of the east coast and east central Africa. This led in 1890 to the -Anglo-German Convention, by which the German frontier was drawn south -of latitude 1° S., across the Victoria Nyanza, thence east to the -Indian Ocean, skirting the northern base of Kilima-Njaro to Wanga, a -few miles south of the port of Mombasa. The British territory extended -north from Wanga on the sea as far as the mouth of the Juba River, a -distance of about 450 miles, thence inland as far as the Congo State. -These two great divisions of Africa, now converted into British and -German territory, included the major part of the area wherein the slave -trade of the east central part of the continent so long flourished. -The countries west of Lake Nyassa, extending westward to Portuguese -territory and south to the Zambezi, conceded to the great South African -Company, absorbed the remainder of the slavery area. These last are -under the control of a British commissioner, Mr. H. H. Johnston, to -whom is granted an annual subsidy of £10,000 from the South African -Company, and who, with the aid of two British gunboats now on their way -to Lake Nyassa, must shortly succeed in closing the interior of Africa -in that direction to all slave caravans. - -Since the Anglo-German Convention the Germans have shown themselves -ready and willing to do their part towards the suppression of the -slave trade in the same thorough manner that they met the rising -of the Arabs. The coast towns are fortified and garrisoned; they -are marking their advance towards Lake Tanganika by the erection of -military stations; severe regulations have been issued against the -importation of arms and gunpowder; the Reichstag has been unstinted -in its supplies of money; an experienced administrator, Baron von -Soden, has been appointed an imperial commissioner, and scores of -qualified subordinates assist him. The Belgian Antislavery Society is -sending a steamer, _viâ_ the Congo, Kasai, Sankuru, and Lumami, to -Lake Tanganika as a cruiser for that lake; the German Catholic African -Society is sending another steamer, in charge of Major von Wissman, -_viâ_ the Zambezi, Shiré, Lake Nyassa, and Stevenson Road to Tanganika. -These two steamers will effectually prevent slaves being transported -across the lake from the eastern part of the Congo State. In German -East Africa itself slave hunts have ceased for many years; but it is -traversed in several places by slave caravans, principally from the -southwest and west. These routes will now be closed by the cruisers -on Lakes Nyassa and Tanganika, and the stations along the Stevenson -Road. Henceforward we need have no concern about that part of Africa. -The northern boundaries, a thousand miles in length, are not so well -guarded, though the Germans are engaged in the transport of a steamer -to Lake Victoria, and possess three stations along the southwestern -shores; but between Lakes Tanganika and Victoria is a broad tract of -country which will no doubt have to be watched, lest the slavers, -finding this unguarded, may unite in making this a pathway to the coast. - -These strategic efforts to the west and southwest of German East -Africa, and the continuous upward advance of the stations and -flotillas of King Leopold towards the east, limit the operations -of the slave-traders to that narrowing and untravelled area lying -between Stanley Falls and Lake Tanganika, and will have the effect of -determining the Arabs to seek outlets eastward through British East -Africa, which, in its present state, is most backward in fulfilling -the objects of united Europe. Were it not for the condition that -British East Africa is in to-day we could say that the slave trade in -equatorial Africa was completely extinguished, and we could almost -point to the period wherein even slavery would be extirpated. - -The partition of Africa among the European powers, as will have been -seen, was the first effective blow dealt to the slave trade in inner -Africa. The east coast, whence a few years ago the slavers marched -in battalions to scatter over the wide interior of the continent for -pillage and devastation, is to-day guarded by garrisons of German -and British troops. The island of Zanzibar, where they were equipped -for their murderous enterprises, is under the British flag. Trading -steamers run up and down the coast; the Tana and Juba rivers are -being navigated by British steamers; two lines of stations secure -communications inland for 300 miles from the sea. Major von Wissman -is advancing upon Lake Tanganika; Herr Boorchert is marching upon -Lake Victoria; Captain Williams is holding Uganda. These results have -followed very rapidly the political partition of the continent. - -The final blow has been given by the act of the Brussels Antislavery -Conference, lately ratified by the powers, wherein modern civilization -has fully declared its opinions upon the question of slavery, and no -single power will dare remain indifferent to them, under penalty of -obloquy and shame. - -The first article of the Brussels act is as follows: - - “The powers declare that the most effective means for counteracting - the slave trade in the interior of Africa are the following: - - “1. Progressive organization of the administration; judicial, - religious, and military services in the African territories placed - under the sovereignty or protectorate of civilized nations. - - “2. The gradual establishment in the interior by the responsible power - in each territory of strongly occupied stations in such a way as to - make their protective or repressive action effectively felt in the - territories devastated by man-hunters. - - “3. The construction of roads, and, in particular, of railways - connecting the advanced stations with the coast, and presenting easy - access to the inland waters and to the upper reaches of streams and - rivers which are broken by rapids and cataracts, so as to substitute - economical and speedy means of transport for the present means of - portage by men. - - “4. Establishment of steamboats on the inland navigable waters and on - the lakes, supported by fortified posts established on the banks. - - “5. Establishment of telegraphic lines, assuring the communication of - the posts and stations with the coast and with administrative centres. - - “6. Organization of expeditious and flying columns to keep up the - communication of the stations with each other and with the coast, to - support repressive action, and to assume the security of roadways. - - “7. Restriction of the importation of fire-arms.” - -The above articles concern three powers especially, Great Britain, -Germany, and the Congo State, so far as regards the efficient -counteraction of the slave trade. In examining them one by one, we find -that Great Britain, which in the past was foremost in the cause of the -slave, has done and is doing least to carry out the measures suggested -by the great Antislavery Conference. We must also admit that as regards -furthering the good cause, France is a long way ahead of England. - -The Congo State devotes her annual subsidies of £120,000 and the export -tax of £30,000 wholly to the task of securing her territory against the -malign influences of the slave trade, and elevating it to the rank of -self-protecting states. - -The German government undertakes the sure guardianship of its vast -African territory as an imperial possession, so as to render it -inaccessible to the slave-hunter, and free from the terrors, the -disturbances, the internecinal wars, and the distractions arising from -the presence or visits of slavers. It has spent already large sums of -money, and finds no difficulty in obtaining from Parliament the sums -requisite for the defence and the thorough control and management of -the territory as a colonial possession. So far the expenses, I think, -have averaged over £100,000 annually. - -The French government devotes £60,000 annually for the protection and -administration of its Gaboon and Congo territory. These two objects -include in brief all that the Antislavery Conference deemed necessary, -for with due protection and efficient administration there can be no -room for slave hunting or trading. - -Now the question comes, what has England done in the extensive and -valuable territory in East Africa which fell to her share as per -Anglo-German agreement signed July 1, 1890? The answer must be that she -has done less than the least of all those concerned in the extirpation -of the slave trade. - -The Germans have crushed the slave-traders, have built fortified -stations in the interior, have supplied their portion of the east coast -with a powerful flotilla of steamers, are engaged in transporting -cruisers to the three great lakes on their borders, have surveyed and -are extending surveys for several railways in the interior, have not -lost time in discovering ways of evading the territorial wants, but -have set about to supply these wants as indicated by the International -Conference of Brussels; and were we able to obtain an instantaneous -photograph of the present movements of the Germans throughout their -territory, we should know how to fully appreciate the hearty spirit -with which they are performing their duties. - -And were we able to glance in the same way as to what is occurring on -British soil, we should be struck by the earnestness of the Germans as -compared with the British. - -[Illustration: AN ARAB] - -Both governments started with delegating their authority to chartered -companies. On the part of the Germans, however, the imprudence of their -agents imperilled their possessions, and the imperial government set -itself the task of reducing malcontentism to order, and settling the -difficulties in its own masterful manner, and is engaged in providing -against their recurrence before surrendering the territory again to the -influences of the company. - -The British East African Company, on the other hand, has been -comparatively free to commence its commercial operations, undisturbed -by armed opposition of aborigines or of Arab and Swahili residents. -The welcome given to it has been almost universally cordial. The -susceptibilities of the Arabs were not wounded, and the aborigines -gratefully recognized that the new-comers were not hostile to them. -Concessions were obtained at a fair price, and on payment of the -stipulated value the company entered into possession, and became, with -the consent of all concerned, masters of the British East African -territory--a territory far more ample than what the founders of the -company had hoped for at first. - -Had the British East African Company confined its transactions and -operations to the coast, it is well known that the returns would have -been most lucrative, for over and above the expenditure we see by their -reports that there would have been a yearly net gain of over £6000 -available for dividend, which by this time would have been trebled. - -But the Berlin Conference of 1884-5 expressly stipulated (Article VI.) -that all powers exercising sovereign rights or having influence in -the said territories (shall) undertake to watch over the preservation -of the native races and the amelioration of the moral and material -conditions of their existence, and to co-operate in the suppression of -slavery, and, above all, of the slave trade; (that) they will protect -and encourage all institutions and enterprises, religions, etc., -re-established or organized, which tend to educate the natives; and -in Article XXXV. it is stipulated that the power which in future takes -possession of a territory, or assumes a protectorate, recognizes the -obligation to insure in the territories occupied by it on the coasts of -the African continent the existence of an adequate authority to enforce -respect for acquired rights. - -Therefore the back-land of British East Africa could not remain the -theatre of slave raids, or unclaimed. - -It devolved upon the occupants of the sea-frontage to exercise their -sovereign rights, and in the due exercise of these to watch over the -native races of the back-lands, and to co-operate for the suppression -of slavery and the slave trade. It was incumbent upon them also to -protect and encourage the Christian missions, without distinction -of nationality or creed, which were established in Uganda--the most -important because most populous and most promising of these back-lands. -And to insure its acquired right to those countries it was necessary -that the British company should be represented by adequate authority -there, otherwise it would be in the power of any person, society, or -power to bar its claim to them by actual occupation. - -Following the declarations of the powers at the Berlin Conference -in 1885 is the act of assembled civilization at Brussels in 1890, -emphasizing and reiterating the conditions upon which sovereignty shall -be recognized. They point out in detail what ought, what indeed must -be done. They say that the responsible power _ought_--which is almost -equivalent to _must_ in this case--to organize administration, justice, -and the religious and the military services, to establish strongly -occupied stations, to make roads, particularly railroads, for the sake -of easy access to the inland waters, to inaugurate steamer service on -the lakes, erect telegraphic lines, and restrict the importation of -fire-arms. - -The British East African Company as a commercial company is unable -with its own means to meet these conditions. What it can it will, and -its ability is limited to a sacrifice of all the dividends available -from its commercial operations on the coast for the benefit of the -whole territory, and subscribing a few more thousands of pounds to -postpone retreat. Yet as the delegate of the British government -the company is bound not to neglect the interior. It is pledged to -insure the protection of British subjects in Uganda, to protect the -Waganda from internecine and factional wars, to place steamers on -Lake Victoria for the protection of the lake coasts, and to prevent -the wholesale importation of fire-arms. But in the attempt to do what -Europe expects to be done the company has been involved in an expense -which has been disastrous to its interests. It has established adequate -authority in Uganda, but the maintenance of the communication between -Uganda and the coast is absolutely ruinous. It has to pay £300, or -thereabouts, the ton for freight. Thus, to send 150,000 rounds of -ammunition, which is equal to twelve tons, costs £3600. To send the -cloth currency required for purchase of native provisions for the force -costs £12,000. Add the cost of conveyance of miscellaneous baggage, -European provisions and medicines, tools, utensils, tents, besides the -first cost of these articles and the pay of the men, and we at once -see that £40,000 per annum is but a small estimate of the expense thus -entailed upon the company. Meantime the transportation of steamers to -Lake Victoria, the erection of stations connecting the lake with the -sea, and many other equally pressing duties, are utterly out of the -question. The directors understand too well what is needed, but they -are helpless. We must accept the will for the deed. - -This much, however, is clear: Europe will not hold the British East -African Company, but England, responsible for not suppressing the -slave trade and slave hunt. The agreement with Europe was not made -by the company, but by Great Britain through her official and duly -appointed representatives. When her official representatives signed the -act of the Brussels Antislavery Conference, they undertook in the name -of Great Britain the important responsibilities and duties specified -within the act. The representatives of all Europe and the United States -were witnesses to the signing of the act. To repudiate the obligations -so publicly entered into would be too shameful, and if the majority in -Parliament represents the will of the people there is every reason to -think that the railway to the Victoria Nyanza, which is necessary for -carrying into effect the suggestions of the Antislavery Conference, -will be constructed. - -I have been often asked what trade will be benefited by this railway -to the Nyanza, or what can be obtained from the interior of Africa to -compensate for the expense--say £2,000,000--of building the railway. -There is no necessity for me to refer to the commercial aspect of the -question in such an article as this, but there are some compensating -advantages specially relating to my subject-matter which may be -mentioned. - -First. England will prove to Europe and the world that she is second to -no other power in the fulfilment of her obligations, moral or material. - -Second. She will prove that she does not mean to be excelled by -Germany, France, or Belgium in the suppression of the slave trade and -the man hunt, nor is averse to do justice to the Africans whom she has -taken under her wing. - -Third. She will prove that the people on British territory shall not be -the last to enjoy the mercies and privileges conceded to the negroes -by civilization, that the preservation of the native races and their -moral and material welfare are as dear to England as to any other -power, that the lives of her missionaries shall not be sacrificed in -vain, that the labors of her explorers are duly appreciated, that she -is not deaf to the voices of her greatest and best, and, in brief--to -use the words uttered lately by one of her ministers--she will prove -that “her vaunted philanthropy is not a sham, and her professed love of -humanity not mere hypocrisy.” - -The objective point for the British East African Company, for the -people and government of Great Britain, is the Victoria Nyanza, with -1400 miles of coast-line. So far as the British as a slavery-hating -nation are concerned, their duties are simply shifted from the ocean -coast to the Nyanza coast, 500 miles inland. The slave-trader has -disappeared from the east coast almost entirely, and is to be found now -on the lake coasts of the Victoria, or within British territory. The -ocean cruiser can follow him no farther; but the lake cruiser must -not only debar the guilty slave-dhow from the privilege of floating on -the principal fountain of the Nile, but she must assist to restrict -the importation of fire-arms from German territory, from the byways of -Arab traffic, from the unguarded west; she must prevent the flight of -fugitives and rebels and offenders from British territory; she must -protect the missionaries and British subjects in their peaceful passage -to and fro across the lake; she must teach the millions on the lake -shores that the white ensign waving from her masthead is a guarantee of -freedom, life, and peace. - -To make these great benefits possible, the Victorian lake must be -connected with the Indian Ocean by a railway. That narrow iron track -will command effectively 150,000 square miles of British territory. -It is the one remedy for the present disgraceful condition of British -East Africa. It will enable the company to devote the thousands now -spent wastefully upon porterage to stimulating legitimate traffic, and -to employ its immense caravans in more remunerative work than starving -and perishing on British soil; to grace the surroundings of its many -stations with cornfields and gardens; to promote life, interest, and -intellect, instead of being stupefied by increasing loss of brave men -and honest money. It will create trade in the natural productions of -the land, instead of letting Arabs traffic in the producers. Clarkson -long ago said that legitimate trade would kill the slave traffic; -Buxton repeated it. Wherever honest trade has been instituted and -fairly tried, as in the southern part of the United States, in Jamaica -and Brazil, as in Sierra Leone and Lagos, in Old Calabar, in Egypt and -the lower Congo, always and everywhere it has been proved that lawful -commerce is a great blessing to a land by the peace it brings, by its -power of creating scores of little channels for thrifty industry, by -the force of attraction it possesses to draw the marketable products -into the general mart. And this is what will surely happen upon the -completion of the Victoria Nyanza Railway, for the slave trade and -slavery will then be rendered impossible in British African territory. - - THE END - - - - -Transcriber’s Notes - -Page 37: “peformed this feat of strength” changed to “performed this -feat of strength” - -Page 38: “undertaken to peform” changed to “undertaken to perform” - -Page 76: “over and above the expediture” changed to “over and above the -expenditure” - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SLAVERY AND THE SLAVE TRADE IN -AFRICA *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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Stanley—A Project Gutenberg eBook - </title> - <link rel="icon" href="images/cover.jpg" type="image/x-cover" /> - <style> /* <![CDATA[ */ - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - - h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { - text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ - clear: both; -} - -p { - margin-top: .51em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .49em; - text-indent: 1em; -} - -abbr[title] { - text-decoration: none; -} - -.p2 {margin-top: 2em;} -.p4 {margin-top: 4em;} - -hr { - width: 33%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - margin-left: 33.5%; - margin-right: 33.5%; - clear: both; -} - -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} -@media print { hr.chap {display: none; visibility: hidden;} } - -hr.r5 {width: 5%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 47.5%; margin-right: 47.5%;} - -div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} - -table { - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; -} -table.autotable { border-collapse: collapse; width: 60%;} -table.autotable td, -table.autotable th { padding: 4px; } -.x-ebookmaker table {width: 95%;} - -.tdl {text-align: left;} -.tdr {text-align: right;} -.page {width: 3em;} - -.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ - /* visibility: hidden; */ - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; - font-weight: normal; - font-variant: normal; -} /* page numbers */ - -.blockquot { - margin-left: 5%; - margin-right: 5%; -} - - -.bbox {border: 2px solid; margin-left: 12.5%; width: 75%;} - -.center {text-align: center; text-indent: 0em;} - -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - -.allsmcap {font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;} - -.caption {font-weight: bold;} - -/* Images */ - -img { - max-width: 100%; - height: auto; -} -img.w75 {width: 75%;} -.x-ebookmaker .w75 {width: 95%;} -.w50 {width: 50%;} -.x-ebookmaker .w50 {width: 75%;} -.w10 {width: 10%;} -.x-ebookmaker .w10 {width: 15%;} - - -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; - page-break-inside: avoid; - max-width: 100%; -} - -/* Footnotes */ - -.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} - -.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} - -.fnanchor { - vertical-align: super; - font-size: .8em; - text-decoration: - none; -} - -/* Transcriber's notes */ -.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size:smaller; - padding:0.5em; - margin-bottom:5em; - font-family:sans-serif, serif; } - -.small {font-size: 0.8em;} - /* ]]> */ </style> -</head> -<body> -<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Slavery and the slave trade in Africa, by Henry M. Stanley</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Slavery and the slave trade in Africa</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Henry M. Stanley</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: June 9, 2022 [eBook #68276]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SLAVERY AND THE SLAVE TRADE IN AFRICA ***</div> - -<p class="center p2"><span class="figcenter" id="img002"> - <img src="images/002.jpg" class="w50" alt="IN THE REAR OF A CARAVAN" /> -</span></p> -<p class="center caption">IN THE REAR OF A CARAVAN<br /></p> - -<hr class="x-ebookmaker-drop chap" /> -<div class="chapter"> - -<h1> SLAVERY<br /> -<span class="small">AND THE SLAVE TRADE IN AFRICA</span></h1> - -<p class="center p2"> BY<br /> - HENRY M. STANLEY</p> - -<p class="center p2"> ILLUSTRATED</p> - -<p class="center p2"><span class="figcenter" id="img001"> - <img src="images/001.jpg" class="w10" alt="Publisher mark" /> -</span></p> - -<p class="center p2"> NEW YORK<br /> -<span class="small">HARPER & BROTHERS PUBLISHERS</span><br /> - 1893 -</p> -</div> -<hr class="x-ebookmaker-drop chap" /> -<div class="chapter"> - -<div class="bbox"> -<h2>Harper’s “Black and White” Series.</h2> - -<p class="center">Illustrated. 32mo, Cloth, 50 cents each.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="center"> - <span class="smcap">Slavery and the Slave Trade in Africa.</span> By Henry M. Stanley.</p> - -<p class="center"> <span class="smcap">The Rivals.</span> By François Coppée.</p> - -<p class="center"> <span class="smcap">The Japanese Bride.</span> By Naomi Tamura.</p> - -<p class="center"> <span class="smcap">Whittier: Notes of his Life and of his Friendships.</span> By Annie - Fields.</p> - -<p class="center"> <span class="smcap">Giles Corey, Yeoman.</span> By Mary E. Wilkins.</p> - -<p class="center"> <span class="smcap">James Russell Lowell.</span> An Address. By George William Curtis.</p> - -<p class="center"> <span class="smcap">Coffee and Repartee.</span> By John Kendrick Bangs.</p> - -<p class="center"> <span class="smcap">Seen from the Saddle.</span> By Isa Carrington Cabell.</p> - -<p class="center"> <span class="smcap">A Family Canoe Trip.</span> By Florence Watters Snedeker.</p> - -<p class="center"> <span class="smcap">A Little Swiss Sojourn.</span> By William Dean Howells.</p> - -<p class="center"> <span class="smcap">A Letter of Introduction.</span> A Farce. By William Dean Howells.</p> - -<p class="center"> <span class="smcap">In the Vestibule Limited.</span> By Brander Matthews.</p> - -<p class="center"> <span class="smcap">The Albany Depot.</span> A Farce. By William Dean Howells.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Published by HARPER & BROTHERS, New York.</span></p> - -<p class="center"><i>For sale by all booksellers, or will be sent by the publishers, -postage prepaid, on receipt of price.</i></p></div> - -<p class="center p4">Copyright, 1893, by <span class="smcap">Harper & Brothers</span>.</p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="center small"><i>All rights reserved.</i></p> - - -</div> -<hr class="x-ebookmaker-drop chap" /> -<div class="chapter"> - - -<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> -<hr class="r5" /> - -<table class="autotable"> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"> -<a href="#img002"><span class="allsmcap">IN THE REAR OF A CARAVAN</span></a> -</td> -<td class="tdr page"> -<a href="#img002"><i>Frontispiece</i></a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"> -<a href="#img003"><span class="allsmcap">CAPTURING SLAVES</span></a> -</td> -<td class="tdr page"> -<i>Facing</i> <a href="#img003"><i>p.</i> 28</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"> -<a href="#img004"><span class="allsmcap">A SLAVE MARKET</span></a> -</td> -<td class="tdr page"> -     ”     <a href="#img004">40</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"> -<a href="#img005"><span class="allsmcap">A SLAVER</span></a> -</td> -<td class="tdr page"> -     ”     <a href="#img005">50</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"> -<a href="#img006"><span class="allsmcap">BOY SLAVE</span></a> -</td> -<td class="tdr page"> -     ”     <a href="#img006">62</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"> -<a href="#img007"><span class="allsmcap">AN ARAB</span></a> -</td> -<td class="tdr page"> -     ”     <a href="#img007">74</a> -</td> -</tr> -</table> - - -</div> -<hr class="x-ebookmaker-drop chap" /> -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2>SLAVERY<br /> -<span class="small">AND THE SLAVE TRADE IN AFRICA</span></h2> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<p>“It is desirable that accurate information on the enormities of -the slave trade should be spread at home and abroad, and that to -slave-holding states all evidence proving the superior advantages -of free labor should be freely supplied,” was a sentiment uttered -by his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales at the jubilee meeting of -the Antislavery Society. His vast and influential audience cordially -responded to it.</p> - -<p>It seems to me that the same sentiment should also be published for -the benefit of all those in America or England who are or may become -interested in the welfare<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</span> and progress of the negro races, and of -their advancement towards civilization. With that view, I shall -endeavor in this article to lay before you the present actual condition -of Africa in respect to slavery, the slave trade, and slave-raiding, -and the efforts which are being made to remedy their destructive -effects, and to extirpate the causes, by opening the continent to the -influences of legitimate trade.</p> - -<p>The maritime exploration of the African coasts by the Portuguese -navigators in the fifteenth century was the direct cause of the first -inception of the traffic in negroes, and first started the no less -inhuman system of slave-holding which this century has seen expiated by -one of the most sanguinary wars of which we have any full record.</p> - -<p>The exploration of the interior of the continent, accompanied as it has -been by revelations respecting the appalling sufferings of innocent -peoples, of the wholesale destruction of tribal communities,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</span> and the -annihilation of their humble industries, has so cleared the way to the -right comprehension of the worst features of the slave trade that we -begin now to see pretty clearly the measures that must be adopted not -only for its thorough suppression in the continent, but to obliterate -all traces of its past horrors.</p> - -<p>The excesses which were committed by the cupidity and hard -thoughtlessness of our forefathers have been atoned for to some extent -by their children by the immense sacrifices which they have made. They -have freely risked their lives on the battle-field, on board of the -cruisers along the unhealthy coasts of Africa during their long and -faithful service as the world’s maritime police, along the various -lines of exploration, in the many mission fields; they have also given -treasures of money towards freeing themselves from the shame of any -connection with the slave trade by moral or actual connivance, or by -countenancing its existence.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</span></p> - -<p>In regard to the suppression of the slave trade in little-known Africa -we have been, however, too apt to adopt pessimistic views; and as in -North and South America we were slow to perceive our duties, or to -appreciate the advantages that would result from relieving ourselves -from the odium attached to slavery, so after the event we are too apt -to remind ourselves of the immense trouble and treasure it cost us -to cast it off. Our impatience is excited at the portentously large -figures of expense, compared to which the figures of profit seem so -infinitesimal, and the rate of progress so insignificant. My endeavor -shall be to lessen this feeling of disappointment, and to show how we -have been steadily advancing, even in mid-Africa, to extinguish the -traffic, and what prospects we have of eventually seeing it abolished -altogether from the face of the earth.</p> - -<p>From the year when Vasco de Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope -(1497) to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</span> the year 1807, when the British government prohibited -the exportation of slaves over the high seas, is a period of 310 -years. During all this time Africa was surrendered to the cruelty -of the slave-hunter, and the avarice of the slave-trader. While -its people were thus subject to capture and expatriation, it was -clearly impossible that any intellectual or moral progress could be -made by them. The greater number of those accessible from the coast -were compelled to study the best methods of avoiding the slaver and -escaping his force and his wiles—the rest only thought of the arts -of kidnapping their innocent and unsuspecting fellow-creatures. Yet -ridiculous as it may appear to us, there were not wanting zealous men -who devoted themselves to Christianizing the savages who were moved -by such an opposite spirit. In Angola, Congo, and Mozambique, and -far up the Zambezi, missionaries erected churches and cathedrals, -appointed bishops and priests, who<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span> converted and baptized, while at -the mouths of the Niger, the Congo, and the Zambezi their countrymen -built slave-barracoons and anchored their murderous slave-ships. -European governments legalized and sanctioned the slave trade, the -public conscience of the period approved it, the mitred heads of the -Church blessed the slave-gangs as they marched to the shore, and the -tax-collector received the levy per head as lawful revenue.</p> - -<p>But here and there during these guilty centuries words of warning are -not wanting. Queen Elizabeth, upon being informed of the forcible -capture of Africans for the purposes of sale, exclaims solemnly that -“such actions are detestable, and will call down vengeance on the -perpetrators.” When Las Casas, in his anxiety to save his Indians, -suggests that Africans be substituted for them, the Pope, Leo X., -declares that “not only the Christian religion but Nature herself cried -out against such a course.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</span></p> - -<p>One hundred and sixty-five years after the discovery of the Cape, Sir -John Hawkins pioneers the way for England to participate in the slave -trade, hitherto carried on by the Portuguese, the Spanish, and the -Dutch.</p> - -<p>A century later a king of England, Charles II., heads an English -company which undertakes to supply the British West Indies yearly with -30,000 negroes.</p> - -<p>After the Asiento Contract, under which for thirty years England -secured the monopoly of supplying the Spanish West Indies with slaves, -as many as 192 ships were engaged every year in the transportation -of slaves from the African coast. The countries which suffered most -from the superior British method of slave capturing and trading and -slave-carrying were Congo land, the Niger Valley, the Guinea and Gold -coasts, the Gambia, Cross, and Calabar lands.</p> - -<p>The system adopted by the British crews in those days was very similar -to that employed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span> by the Arabs to-day in inner Africa. They landed at -night, surrounded the selected village, and then set fire to the huts, -and as the frightened people issued out of the burning houses, they -were seized and carried to the ships; or sometimes the skipper, in his -hurry for sea, sent his crew to range through the town he was trading -with, and, regardless of rank, to seize upon every man, woman, and -child they met. Old Town, Creek Town, and Duke Town, in Old Calabar, -have often witnessed this summary and high-handed proceeding.</p> - -<p>Boswell, the biographer of <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Johnson, called the slave trade “an -important and necessary branch of commerce;” and probably the largest -section of the British public, before those antislavery champions -Clarkson and Wilberforce succeeded in persuading their countrymen to -reflect a little, shared Boswell’s views, as well as his surprise and -indignation, when it became known that there were<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span> English people who -talked of suppressing it.</p> - -<p>That the slave trade must have been a lucrative commerce there can be -no doubt, when we consider that from 1777 to 1807 upwards of 3,000,000 -Africans had been sold in the West Indies. All those forts which -may be seen lining the west coast of Africa to-day were constructed -principally by means of the revenue derived from the slave tax.</p> - -<p>In 1833 slavery was abolished throughout the British dominions, and -the government agreed to pay the slave-owners of the West Indies -£20,000,000 redemption-money for 1,000,000 of slaves. On the 1st of -August, 1834, the famous Act of Emancipation came into operation. -Throughout the West Indies the eve of the great day was kept by watch -meetings, in acclamations of praise and thanksgiving. It is said -that when the hour of midnight began to strike, the singing and the -shouting ceased, and the congregations knelt<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</span> down and listened with -bated breath to the solemn strokes of the bell which announced their -freedom, and ere the new day was a minute old the loud strains of -“Glory Allelujah!” burst from the now enfranchised people. They flung -themselves upon one another’s breasts, clapped their hands, cried and -laughed, but louder than all other sounds were the cries, “Praise God! -Glory! glory to God!”</p> - -<p>Ten years later, the abolition of the legal status of slavery in -India freed 9,000,000 of slaves. Then, little by little, the nations -implicated in slavery gravitated to the side of the emancipators. In -1846 the Bey of Tunis, through British influence, decreed that all -slaves touching his territory should become free. The French Republic -in 1848 declared by a brief act that no more slaves should be admitted -into French territory. In 1861 the autocrat of Russia decreed the -emancipation of 20,000,000 serfs. The history of the great struggle -in the United States<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span> is too recent for it to be forgotten that it -occasioned the proclamation of freedom on January 1, 1863, by which -6,000,000 of slaves were admitted to the rights of freemen. Finally, -and only four years ago, Brazil, after long and laborious efforts of -her most enlightened men, heard that the law of abolition of slavery -had passed through her Senate—and thus the cruel and inhuman system -of man holding fellow-man as a chattel and barterable property was -extinguished throughout all America.</p> - -<p>It therefore required eighty-two years to extirpate slavery within -lands professing to be civilized. Africa in the mean time was not -neglected. Her burdens and pains were gradually but surely being -reduced. The cruising squadrons sailing up and down the eastern and -western coasts made it extremely difficult for slave-ships to break -through the close blockade, and after the introduction of steam it was -rendered impossible. Education<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</span> had also greatly spread, and it became -a universal conviction that slave-trading was as wicked as piracy.</p> - -<p>It has since been attempted by more than one power to continue the -trade under the disguised form of cooly and contract labor. Were it -honestly conducted, and the contracts punctually executed on the part -of the employers, there can be no doubt that it would be a means of -elevating the benighted people into a higher standard by the contact -with and example of a superior or, rather, more advanced race. But it -requires a strong and enlightened government to act as umpire in such -cases, and governments, unless they find their influence remunerative, -do not care to take too much trouble. The ignorant islanders of the -South Seas have suffered terribly from this supineness, indifference, -or want of close scrutiny and rigid enforcement of every detail in -the contract by the Queensland government. They have been decoyed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span> -on board the labor-ships under various pretences, and conveyed away -never to return; or they have been allowed to go to the Queensland -plantations uncared and unprovided for; or, after the term of contract -has expired, they have been landed on islands with which they were -totally unacquainted, and become food for savages or been made slaves. -That such things should be possible in a British colony argues a -woful ignorance of the uses of a government, inexcusable stupidity, a -shocking lack of feeling, and an incredible amount of ingratitude. It -would not be difficult to prove such a system worse than open slavery.</p> - -<p>The Portuguese have also been until recently offenders against public -sentiment in the matter of exporting “colonials” from Angola for the -cocoa groves of Prince’s Island and the sugar estates of <abbr title="saint">St.</abbr> Thomas. -These colonials are natives collected from the interior, who, before -embarkation, are looked at by a government<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span> functionary, and then -have tin tickets slung around their necks, are given a blanket and -a few flimsy cottons, and are deported to the islands for a term -which to too many of them must be indefinite. The official declared -that all was fair and just, but no one with a fair mind on viewing -a barge-load of these unfortunates could possibly accept such a -statement from an underbred and illiterate official as a voucher. -It appears to me that if the colonials are absolutely required for -the islands by the Portuguese, or contract kanakas by Queensland -planters, their engagement might be made as honest as an agreement -with a number of English navvies for the Suakim-Berber Railway, or -Italians for the Congo Railway, or Jamaicans for the Panama Canal. -But it should be remembered that the lower, the more degraded, and -more ignorant the people from whom these labor gangs are drawn, the -greater are the responsibilities of the government sanctioning<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</span> such -engagements. For in cases where the government authorizes “contract -labor” or “colonialism,” it should be prepared to supply to the -ignorant native that care, knowledge, prudence, and security which the -English, Italian, and Jamaican navvies possess by education, color, and -experience. And it is only in this way, and no other, that coolyism, -colonialism, and contract labor can be relieved of their objectionable -features.</p> - -<p>We may now see that the progress of the world in philanthropic feeling -and sentiment has been continuous, and as satisfactory as its progress -in the adoption and use of the mechanical inventions of the age. It -has been comparatively slow, but the world is large and its nations -are many; but for an idea—born in the sympathetic heart of the humble -Fox—to be found permeating the minds of all the civilized peoples -of the world, until all authority is ranged on its side, is surely -wonderful. Wherefore we may<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</span> go on hoping and working till no son of -Adam shall be found a slave to his fellow in all the world.</p> - -<p>Now let us see what has already been done, or may in the near future -be done, in Africa, which has been during historic time the nursery of -slaves. I have before me an autograph letter of <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> David Livingstone, -written in 1872, wherein he concludes a long exposé of the evils of -the slave trade which he had met in his travels thus: “The west coast -slave-trade is finished, but it is confidently hoped, now that you have -got rid of the incubus of slavery [in America], the present holders of -office will do what they can to suppress the infamous breaches of the -common law of mankind that still darken this eastern coast, and all I -can add in my loneliness is, may Heaven’s rich blessings descend on -whoever lends a helping hand!”</p> - -<p>It was this and other letters from Livingstone which provoked that -earnest attention<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</span> to Africa which I feel convinced will not abate -until it will be as impossible to kidnap a slave there as in England. -The traveller’s death, which occurred a few months later, stirred his -countrymen into action. At a great meeting held at the Mansion House -the necessity for vigorously grappling with the slave trade on the east -coast was unmistakably expressed. It resulted in Sir Bartle Frere being -sent to Zanzibar to engage the Sultan’s co-operation. For that prince -derived a considerable revenue from the duty on imported slaves; his -subjects were the people against whom Livingstone had written those -terrible indictments; the British Indian merchants residing in his -capital furnished the means whereby the Arabs were equipped for their -marauding expeditions. But with all Sir Bartle’s tact, discretion, and -proverbial suavity, the mission intrusted to him narrowly approached -failure. Fortunately, in <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> (now Sir) John Kirk,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</span> the consul-general, -the British government possessed an official of rare ability, and who -from long acquaintance with the Sultan knew him thoroughly. Through -his assistance, and the opportune appearance of Admiral Cumming with a -powerful fleet, a treaty was finally concluded, and the Zanzibar prince -was enlisted on the side of the antislavery cause.</p> - -<p>Those, however, who expected too much from the treaty were greatly -disappointed when, a few months later, reports reached England that the -slave trade was as flourishing as ever. No suspicion was entertained of -the sincerity of the Zanzibar prince, for upon every occasion involving -the punishment of the slavers he proved his honesty by permitting the -law, without protest, to be applied. The objects of the treaty were -being, however, evaded by the enterprising Arabs on the mainland, who -marched their caravans northward along the coast to points whence at -favorable opportunities they could ship<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</span> their captives to ports in -southern Arabia or in the Egyptian protectorate.</p> - -<p>To counteract these new proceedings of the Arabs, another large meeting -was convened at Stafford House in May, 1874, for the consideration -of other means of suppression of the trade. I suggested at that -meeting that commissioners should be appointed at various ports along -the coast whose duty it would be to keep a record of the number of -persons attached to all caravans bound for the interior, as well as -of the material of their equipment; that each caravan leader, before -receiving permission to set out, should be compelled to bind himself -not to engage in the slave trade, and that such leader on returning to -the coast should, upon being convicted of having evaded or broken his -obligations, forfeit his bond and be fined $5000; that each captain of -a slave-vessel, upon conviction that he was engaged in the transport -of slaves, should receive capital punishment; that trading depots -should<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</span> be established on Lakes Nyassa and Tanganika to encourage -legitimate commerce in the natural products of the interior; and that -the lake coasts should be patrolled by flotillas of steam-launches. -The above were the main features of a plan which I still believe would -have been adequate in meeting the wishes of the principal speakers in -that assembly. Those who know what has since been done by the imperial -German government along that same coast and on the lakes will perceive -how closely the suggestions are paralleled to-day by the actions of -the German commissioners and the trading depots on the lakes belonging -to the African Lakes Company. No caravan is permitted to leave without -search; gunpowder and arms are confiscated; slave-traders are tried, -and hanged after conviction (the chief judge on the German coast lately -sentenced seventeen Arabs to be hanged at Lindi). The trading depots of -the African Lakes Company are pre-eminently<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</span> successful in subserving -the antislavery cause by suppressing the odious trade in slaves. Had -the British done then what is being done now, no other power could have -usurped her rights in the immense territory lately abandoned to the -Germans.</p> - -<p>The history of events at Zanzibar for some years following consists -principally of relations of capture of slave-dhows and the confiscation -of the vessels, the visit of the Zanzibar prince to England, the -appointment of a number of vice-consuls to the principal ports -along the coast, the departures of explorers for inner Africa, the -gradual but steady increase of missionaries in the interior, and the -establishment of Christian missions at Usambara, Mombasa, and Nyassa.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile the Arabs in the far interior had discovered a new field for -bolder operations in a country west of Lake Tanganika, called Manyuema, -and the enormous forested area adjoining it to the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</span> north, which has -lately been discovered to be about 400,000 square miles in extent. -Nyangwé, the principal town of Manyuema, is situate but a few miles -south of the vast forest, on the right bank of the Lualaba. It was the -furthest point of Livingstone’s explorations. Manyuema is surpassingly -beautiful, the soil is exceedingly fertile, and the people, though -troubled by tribal feuds, are industrious cultivators. By the time -Livingstone had penetrated the country the Arabs had assumed lordship -over it, and each chief was compelled to pay tribute to them in -ivory. The Arabs not only monopolized the ivory, but the fear of them -was so great among the Manyuema that, to protect themselves from -too many masters, they elected to serve some one powerful Arab, to -whom they surrendered themselves, their liberties, as well as their -properties of all kinds. In a few years Manyuema was emptied of its -elephant teeth. The Arabs then began to extend their operations<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</span> into -the forest, suffering many a disaster and mishap as they advanced. -But continuous practice enabled them in the end to thwart the craft -of the forest natives, and to acquire that experience by which -eventually they easily became masters of every country they entered. -The success attending the ventures of such men as Dugumbi, Mtagamoyo, -Mohammed-bin-Nasur, and Abed-bin-Salim, and scores of lesser leaders, -increased the avarice and excited the ardor of younger and more daring -spirits. An apprenticeship with men who had grown gray in the arts of -slave-catching and ivory-raiding had taught them that it was a waste of -time to pretend to barter cloth and beads as practised in lands east of -Lake Tanganika. They had realized how complete was the isolation of the -forest aborigines, how the little settlements buried in the recesses of -the forest were too weak to resist their trained battalions, and how -the natives shrank from facing the muzzles of their<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</span> thundering guns, -and how they might range at will and pillage to their hearts’ content -through an unlimited area without let or hindrance.</p> - -<p>Having become experts in the science of tracking, ambuscades, and -surprises, they became anxious to win fame and fortune after a manner -never dreamed of by the earlier traders. The verb “to buy” was to be -banished from the vernacular. All that was bestial and savage in the -human heart was given fullest scope, unchecked and unreproved. Hence -followed the most frightful barbarities and massacres, which spared no -age and regarded no sex; fire, spear, arrow, and iron bullet preluded -furious loot and pitiless seizure.</p> - -<p>Among the earliest to put into practice the terrible knowledge they -had gained during their tentative incursions into the forest were -Abed-bin-Salim, Tippu Tib, Sayid-bin-Habib, Muini Muhala, Rashid (the -nephew of Tippu), Nasur-bin-Suliman,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</span> and others. Abed-bin-Salim’s -case is typical. Among the young Swahili who followed his fortunes -were four youthful squires, or apprentices, named Karema, Kiburuga, -Kilonga-Longa, and Kibongé. The last of these has given his name -to an important Arab station just above Stanley Falls; the other -three have since become famous among the Central African rapparees -and slave-thieves. The names under which they have severally become -notorious, and for which they exchanged those derived from their -parents, are synonymes given by the bush natives for rapine, lust, -murder, arson.</p> - -<p>In 1878 Abed-bin-Salim despatched coastward a caravan consisting of -Manyuema slaves bearing 350 tusks. At Zanzibar the ivory was sold, -and the proceeds invested in double-barrelled guns, Minie rifles, -and carbines, gunpowder, percussion-caps, buckshot, and bar lead. -Within twenty months the new weapons and war munition reached Nyangwé. -Kibongé<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</span> soon after was sent by his master Abed down the Lualaba as -supercargo and store-keeper at a station to be strategically chosen, -and his three confederates became leaders of three divisions of -booty-gatherers, and to draw all slaves, ivory, and flocks of goats -into the slave-hold of Kibongé. A native village near the confluence of -the Leopold with the Lualaba River was taken, and without loss of time -was palisaded as a measure of security. Canoe after canoe was added -to their flotilla, in order that detachments might make simultaneous -attacks at various points along the Leopold, Lufu, Lowwa, Lira, and -Ulindi rivers.</p> - -<p>Ivory was the first object of the raiders, women the second, children -the third. Ivory was now rapidly rising in value, for the slaughter of -fifty thousand elephants in a year makes it scarce. In this region, -hitherto unexploited, it was abundant. The natives frequently used it -to chop wood upon, or to rest their idols<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</span> while shaping them with the -adze. Being so heavy, two tusks were used to keep their bedding of -phrynia leaves from being scattered. They made ivory into pestles to -pound their corn, or they stood the tusks on end round their idols, or -employed them as seats for their elders in the council-house. Women -were needed as wives and servants for the marauders; the little girls -could be trained to house-work, and bide the growth of the little boys, -with whom eventually they would wive, and who in the mean time would be -useful as field hands or for domestic duties.</p> - -<p>In a village there would probably be found, on an average, ten tusks, -good, bad, and indifferent, thirty full-grown women, and fifty -children above five years old, besides a few infants. At the first -alarm, a scream from a child or a woman, the warriors and their -families dash frantically and pell-mell out of their huts. Then from -the ambuscade a volley<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</span> is fired, and a score fall dead or wounded -to the ground, whereat the unseen foes leap out of their coverts to -despatch the struggling and groaning victims with knife and spear; -and some make mad rushes at a group of terrified children; others -dart for a likely-looking woman; a few leap in pursuit of a girl who -is flying naked from the scene; some chase a lad who bounds like an -antelope over the obstructions. Those not engaged in the fierce chase -enter the village, and collect to argue over the rights to this or -that child. When four or five hundred men rise upon a village whose -inhabitants are numerically inferior to them, the event is followed -by much fierce discussion of the kind which is not always amicably or -easily settled, even when the matter is submitted to the arbitration of -the leaders. The rest of the band scatter wildly through the village, -and begin collecting the frightened fowls and the bleating goats, -rummaging roofs, insides of gourds,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</span> and every imaginable place -where a poor savage might be likely to hide his little stock of curios -and valuables; others manacle the captives, and question them harshly -about their neighbors, or indulge in barbarous fun with some decrepid -whitehead. When the results of these pillaging expeditions became known -in Nyangwé, and the laden canoes disembarked their ivory, slaves, and -fat goats of the famous forest breed, it kindled the envy and cupidity -of even Tippu Tib and Sayid-bin-Habib.</p> - -<p class="center p2"><span class="figcenter" id="img003"> - <img src="images/003.jpg" class="w75" alt="CAPTURING SLAVES" /> -</span></p> -<p class="center caption">CAPTURING SLAVES<br /></p> - -<p>Up to 1876, Tippu Tib had been the acknowledged leader of the -slavers, on account of his marvellous success. His career had been -romantic. From a poor coast slaver, involved in debt to the usurers -and money-lenders of Zanzibar, he had grown wealthy and famous. By -the storming and capture of Nsama’s stronghold (May, 1867) he had -become possessed of a fortune in ivory and slaves. He had relieved -himself as soon as possible of his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</span> embarrassing store by sending his -brother Mohammed in charge of his plunder to Unyanyembé, and, with -five hundred guns, continued a triumphant and unchecked course from -the south of Tanganika through the heart of Rua, to Nyangwé. As he -marched, he ravaged to the right and left of his route, gathered ivory, -and made slaves by hundreds. Not far from a district called Mtotila -he learned from a captive that the king had disappeared mysteriously -many years before, and that though frequent search had been made for -him, nothing was known of his whereabouts. Tippu Tib artfully conceived -the plan of representing himself as his son, and accordingly schooled -himself in all the local knowledge necessary for the deception he -intended to practise. By the time he approached Mtotila, Tippu Tib -could rehearse the long line of the king’s ancestry, the names of -his living relatives, and the elders of the land, and was familiar -with the events, traditions, and customs<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</span> of Mtotila. He despatched -messengers into the country to announce his arrival, and to tell the -wondering people the news of his father’s fate, and of his intention -to assume his father’s rights. The people accepted the story without -difficulty, as it harmonized so well with their own conceptions and -expectations. The elders were deputed to go and meet their prince. -They brought rich presents of ivory and abundance of food, and offered -to escort him with honor to his father’s land, which Tippu Tib -courteously accepted. At every stage of his journey he was welcomed -and feasted. On reaching the town of Mtotila he received the chiefs -and elders in a grand <i>barzah</i>, at which he told the story of his -father’s disappearance, with a wealth of fictitious details of love and -marriage with a king’s daughter, of honors showered upon his father, -and of the reluctance to his departure which the natives manifested; -of his own birth and life; of his recollections<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</span> of his father’s -conversations with him respecting Mtotila country, his relatives, and -local events—until all were thoroughly persuaded that this able and -affable stranger was no other than their lost king’s son. He was at -once formally accepted and installed as their king, and to ingratiate -himself still more, he distributed liberal largesses of showy beads and -copper and brass trinkets. Before many days had passed the people of -Mtotila understood that ivory was very acceptable to their king, and -as the article was abundant, and of little value to them, the entire -country was ransacked for it, and heaps of it were daily laid before -him, until his store of ivory became prodigious. Breaches of the peace -between his subjects were compounded by payment in ivory, his favors -were sold for ivory; in every imaginable way he augmented his treasure. -Finally, when he had depleted Mtotila of elephants’ teeth, he sought -occasion to embroil Mtotila with the surrounding<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</span> countries, and his -myrmidons were despatched with the native forces to despoil them. -Within fifteen months he had gathered nine hundred tusks. He proposed -now to the Mtotilas that they should muster carriers to convey his -treasure to Kasongo, another country which, according to his reports, -he owned, where he had great houses and great estates. In this manner -he succeeded in obtaining vast wealth, and the Arabs of the Manyuema -settlements, when they viewed his vast store of ivory and innumerable -retinue, hailed him as a genius, and recognized his superiority.</p> - -<p>The general admiration which had been excited by his genius had greatly -subsided by the time I reached Nyangwé in 1876. He was then induced to -escort my trans-African expedition a few marches north of Nyangwé, and -on his return he undertook the transport of his immense collections -of ivory to Zanzibar, where it is said that he realized the large sum -of £30,000<span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</span> by its sale. Out of these lucrative returns he was able -to pay the usurers of Zanzibar the advances of money he had received, -with the heavy interest accruing, and with the residue he equipped his -large force with the best weapons procurable. In 1881 he was back again -in Manyuema, and witnessed with his own eyes the disembarkation of the -ivory and slaves obtained by Abed-bin-Salim’s agents. Fired at the -sight, he lost no time in making his preparations for a second great -campaign, which should excel in results his own previous exploits and -surpass Abed’s successes.</p> - -<p>He divided his forces into two divisions. The land force he despatched -under his nephew Rashid to the Lumami; the flotilla descending the -Lualaba he led himself, assisted by his brother and son. The vessels -were navigated by the Wenya fishermen, whom during his long residence -in Manyuema he had protected and propitiated. These people numbered -several<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</span> thousands, and were scattered along the left bank of the river -from the confluence of the Luama to Stanley Falls. The cataracts were -therefore no interruption to Tippu Tib’s progress or his projects. -On a large island just above the lowest of the Stanley Falls, called -Wané Sironga (Sons of Sironga), Tippu halted and established his -headquarters, whence he was to operate on the left bank as far as -the Lumami in conjunction with his nephew Rashid. But for some -months before his arrival Abed-bin-Salim’s agents had extended their -depredations below the Falls along the right bank, leaving a broad -desolate track as a witness of their crimes.</p> - -<p>It may be true that the development of a country can only take -place after a drastic purgation of some sort, but it is also true, -fortunately, that there always is some cause to arrest total ruin. In -this instance the Arabs themselves had aided the cause. The enslaving -bands which escorted me from Nyangwé consisted<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</span> of trained and -educated boy slaves from Manyuema and Unyamuezi and Zanzibar. Many a -trusted slave was in the ranks of the expedition which descended the -Lualaba to the Atlantic, through whose means a watery highway into -the heart of the continent was discovered, and by whom the course of -the westward-rolling waves of fire and slaughter was destined to be -arrested.</p> - -<p>Seven years after we had parted from Tippu Tib in 1876 a small flotilla -of steamers was advancing towards Stanley Falls, which was barely sixty -miles off, and this is what we saw, as entered in a journal at the time:</p> - -<p>“Surely there had been a great change. As we moved slowly up the -stream, a singular scene attracted our gaze. This was two or three long -canoes standing on their ends, like split hollow columns, upright on -the verge of the bank. What freak was this, and what did it signify? -To have tilted and raised such weights<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</span> argued numbers and union. It -could never have been the work of a herd of chattering savages. They -are Arabs who have performed this feat of strength, and these upright -columnar canoes betray the advent of the slave-traders in the region -below the Falls. We learned later that on this now desolate spot once -stood the town of Yomburri.</p> - -<p>“A few miles higher on the same bank we came abreast of another scene -of desolation, where a whole town had been burnt, the palm-trees cut -down, the bananas scorched, and many acres of them laid level with the -ground, and the freak of standing canoes on end repeated.</p> - -<p>“We continued on our journey, advancing as rapidly as our steamers -could breast the stream. Every three or four miles we came in view of -the black traces of the destroyers. The charred stakes, poles of once -populous settlements, scorched banana groves, and prostrate palms, all -betokened ruthless ruin.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</span></p> - -<p>“On the morning of the 27th November (1883) we detected some object of -a slaty color floating down stream. The man in the bow turned it over -with a boat-hook. We were shocked to discover the bodies of two women -bound together with cord.</p> - -<p>“A little later we came in sight of the Arab camp, and discovered that -this horde of banditti—for in reality they were nothing else—was -under the leadership of several chiefs, but principally under Karema -and Kiburuga. They had started sixteen months previously from Wané -Kirundu, about thirty miles below Vinya Njara. For eleven months the -band had been raiding successfully between the Congo and Lubiranzi. -They had then undertaken to perform the same cruel work between the -Aruwimi and the Falls. On looking at my map I find that the area -of such a territory as described above would measure 16,200 square -geographical miles on the left of the Lualaba, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</span> 10,500 square -geographical miles on the right of it, the total of which would be -equal in statute mileage to 34,570 miles—an area a little larger than -the whole of Ireland, and which, according to a rough estimate, was -inhabited by about one million people.</p> - -<p>“The slave-traders admit they have only 2300 captives in their fold. -The banks of the river prove that 118 villages and 43 tribal districts -have been devastated, out of which they have only this scant profit -of 2300 females and children and about 2000 tusks of ivory. Given -that these 118 villages contained only 118,000 people, we have only a -profit of two per cent.; and by the time all these captives have been -subjected to the accidents of the long river voyage before them, of -camp life and its harsh miseries, to the havoc of small-pox, and the -pests which misery breeds, there will only remain a scant one per cent. -upon the bloody ventures.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</span></p> - -<p>If the pitiless course of the slave-hunters were not soon checked, -it was easy to perceive that the main Congo, with its 2000 miles of -shores, would have soon become a prey to these marauders, that in a -little while the scope and incentives to daring enterprise held out -by the defenceless river-banks would have emptied Manyuema and Ujiji -and Unyanyembé to extend devastation as far as Stanley Pool, and that -the great tributaries, with their 14,000 miles of shores, would have -been next visited, until the best portions of Africa would have been -depopulated. The Arabs were not pursuing any fixed scheme, but pushed -forward according to their means, and would continue to do so in -increasing numbers until they met a barrier of some kind. The barrier -fortunately had advanced to meet them, and was to be established at -Stanley Falls, 1400 miles from the Atlantic. Along the course of the -noble river were a series of military stations, which, with the aid of -the steamers,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</span> could furnish in case of need a very strong defensive -force. As, however, the stations were but newly planted, and the -natives as yet were not familiar with their purposes, time was needed -for their education and the consolidation of the infant state.</p> - -<p class="center p2"><span class="figcenter" id="img004"> - <img src="images/004.jpg" class="w75" alt="A SLAVE MARKET" /> -</span></p> -<p class="center caption">A SLAVE MARKET<br /></p> - - -<p>On February 25, 1885, the powers of Europe and America gave their -cordial recognition to the Congo Free State, and sanctioned the -employment of all civilized means for the preservation of order, the -introduction of civilization and lawful commerce, for the guarantees of -the safety of its people and efficient administration. It was markedly -stipulated that the new state should watch over the preservation of the -native races and the moral and material conditions of their existence, -should suppress slavery, and, above all, the slave trade, and punish -those engaged in it; that it should protect and encourage without -distinction of nationality or creed all institutions and enterprises, -religious,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</span> scientific, or charitable, organized for this object.</p> - -<p>In time to come the regenerated peoples of central Africa will point -to the acts of the Berlin Conference as their charters of freedom from -the civilized world. For not only did this world-wide recognition -hearten the sovereign of the new state and founder of the association -which fathered it to continue his benevolent work, but the principles -formulated during the sitting of the Conference suggested to ambitious -powers the possibilities of immediate expansion of territory, after the -example of King Leopold II. The exigencies of diplomacy, even during -the Conference, had forced the powers to recognize immense concessions -of territory to France and Portugal, so that without the expenditure of -a copper French Gaboon was extended to the Congo, and Portuguese Angola -was amplified northward until its shores faced the only sea-port of -the young state. These political distributions disposed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</span> of over one -million and a half square miles of African territory.</p> - -<p>In February, 1885, when the fate of this section of Africa was being -decided by Europe and America in Berlin, there were only three -steam-launches and three steel row-boats on the waters of the upper -Congo. They had been conveyed in pieces of sixty pounds weight, or -hauled on wagons past the cataracts, after an enormous expenditure of -money and labor. But now that the new state was fairly launched into -existence, it was necessary to increase the flotilla, and provide -means commensurate with the long list of duties which it had accepted. -The revenue which hitherto had solely been the bounty of King Leopold -was increased by an export tax on the commercial shipments from the -Congo. King Leopold also guaranteed the continuation of his bounty to -the year 1900 of £40,000 annually. Belgium granted the annual subsidy -of £80,000. From all sources there was an assured<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</span> revenue of about -£150,000. The government, mission societies, and mercantile companies -hastened to provide means for the utilization of the long stretches -of navigable water above the cataracts. Steamer after steamer, boat -after boat, have been sent up, until now on the waters of the upper -river there are over thirty steamers and forty steel boats. The banks -of the main river are now free from danger of invasion, even were all -the numerous bands and slavers south of the equator united in array -against the state. At the mouth of the Aruwimi, 150 miles below Stanley -Falls, there is a garrison of 600 soldiers, and attached to the station -are steamers and boats of its own to convey immediate reinforcements -to the military outpost yet maintained at Stanley Falls. Three -hundred miles below is Bangala, which contains a still larger force. -This station would be no discredit to any part of the African coast. -The establishments are mostly built of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</span> brick manufactured on the -premises. Strong bastions, on which are mounted Krupp nine-pounders, -command the approaches. The military force of the state now numbers -4000 rifle-armed police. It is mostly recruited from the powerful and -warlike tribe of Bangala, which in 1877, during our descent of the -Congo, poured out in almost overpowering numbers to arrest our descent.</p> - -<p>The banks of the great tributaries, Aruwimi, Wellé-Mobangi, Lumami, and -Kassai, are equally protected against the incursions of the destroying -bands. But though the efforts of the young state, after straining its -resources to the utmost, have been marked by signal and unexpected -success, a great deal more has to be accomplished before it can -proclaim that the slave hunts and ivory raids have altogether ceased.</p> - -<p>Wheresoever exploration has revealed a slave-hunter’s route, wherever -the pioneer has indicated the objective of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</span> raider, wherever -it has been supposed danger might arise from northern or eastern -Arab, the state has done its best to put a barrier in the shape of -a military station; but there is an extent of country 500 miles in -length between the sources of the Aruwimi and the Lukuga affluent, and -an area of 200,000 square miles, wholly at the mercy of the Arabs of -the east coast, and southwestern Tanganika and Rua are not yet under -surveillance.</p> - -<p>Meantime every event that is occurring in that part of Africa tends -to the early extirpation of slave hunting and trading. Five years -ago no one could have anticipated that any measure devised by human -wisdom could have checked the destroying advance of the slavers. Yet -a more remarkable success has never been achieved before. It has been -effected solely by a continuously increasing and silent pressure from -civilization. There have been no bloody conflicts and no violence. -Tact mainly has guided the advance,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</span> and a constant pushing up of men -and supplies has obviated the necessity of retreat. Advantageous sites -near the camp of the slavers have been quietly occupied. Modest little -huts have been put up for temporary shelter; but with every voyage -of the river steamers new men and more supplies have been brought -up; the surroundings are more cleared; the officers continue their -amiable intercourse; there is no overstrenuous insistence, no imperious -mandate—until in a few months the camp imperceptibly has become a fort -and the little following has become a numerous garrison, and resistance -to the pressure is out of the question.</p> - -<p>Close upon this progressive and silent governmental opposition to -barbarism another important and valuable element comes into operation. -I mean the influence of Christianity, as efficacious and necessary in -its way as the other. There are now Roman Catholic missions at Boma, -Kwamouth, New Antwerp in the Bangala<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</span> country, and New Bruges at the -confluence of the Kwango and Kassai, and at New Ghent, nearly opposite -Bangala. The English Baptists are stationed at Ngombe, Ntundwa, -Kinshassa, Lukolela, Bolobo, Lutete’s, Lukungu, Bangala, and Upoto, -and the Congo Bololo Mission is at Molongo. The American Baptist -Missionary Union have their establishments at Palaballa, Banza Manteka, -Lukungu, Leopoldville, Chumbiri, Mossembo, Irebu, and Equatorville; -Bishop Taylor’s mission is represented by missions at Vivi, Ntombé, and -Kimpoko, and the Evangelical Alliance at Ngangelo, while the Swedes -are at Mukinbungu. These twenty-eight mission stations represent -about a hundred Roman Catholic priests and Protestant clergy, who -have volunteered in the good work of Christianizing the natives and -improving their moral conditions. In 1887 I saw indisputable proofs -of the value of their instruction and example. As a late report from -the Congo states, “slowly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</span> but surely the negro is being transformed; -his intellectual horizon is becoming enlarged, his feelings are being -refined.” Many natives now volunteer as readily as the Zanzibari -for service at remote posts for a term of years. They are to be -found in military uniform in the sea-port of Banana, as well as at -the most northern line of the state, waiting in little fortlets for -opportunities to prove their mettle against roving Mahdists. Their -children attend the mission schools, and are proving their aptitude -in acquiring elementary education, and in workmanly skill in various -trades. While parents may still fondly remember many an atrocious -feast, their sons affect the manners and customs of civilized men, and -become attached to honorable and useful employments, as mechanics, -warehouse-men, clerks, postmen, brick-makers, boat-builders, navvies, -etc.</p> - -<p>A wonderfully encouraging evidence to my mind that the labor and -thoughtfulness<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</span> of good men in behalf of Africa is not in vain may -be found in the vast army of carriers now employed in the transport -of European goods to Stanley Pool, past the cataract region. Ocean -steamers ascend the Lower Congo for over a hundred miles, and -discharge their miscellaneous cargoes at Mataddi. The loads for -transport overland are of sixty and seventy pounds weight. As they are -discharged by the ships, they are stacked in warehouses until the human -burden-bearers demand their freight. These apply in companies from ten -to two hundred strong, under their respective headmen. The price for -carrying a man’s load from Mataddi to the Pool is a sovereign’s worth -of barter stuffs, according to each carrier’s personal selection. The -distance of portage between the two points is about 230 miles, and is -performed in between fifteen and twenty days. Though a trying work for -natives unaccustomed to it, the Bakongo, who have been carriers for -generations,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</span> handle their burdens with ease. Travellers passing up -and down the road might expect to see a track travelled by so many -thousands marked by skeletons and littered with human bones. I have -never seen any such sinister objects along the route, nor have I ever -heard of any having been met with by later travellers. The way-bill, -with lists of the loads intrusted with the caravan, is given to the -headman, and all further care of them on the part of the consigners and -consignees ceases, until the loads arrive at their destination, and are -checked by the receiving officer, who then hands the signed receipt -which entitles the caravan to the stipulated payment. Frequently -there are burdens of baggage, ivory, rubber, etc., awaiting transport -down river, in which case they are re-engaged at the same rates for -Mataddi, and both checks are cashed at the main depot. Within less -than six weeks each carrier has gained two sovereign’s worth of trade -goods,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</span> which he conveys to his home for the benefit of his family, -or to store up until he possesses sufficient means to engage in trade -independently, or purchase some property he has long desired.</p> - -<p class="center p2"><span class="figcenter" id="img005"> - <img src="images/005.jpg" class="w50" alt="A SLAVER" /> -</span></p> -<p class="center caption">A SLAVER<br /></p> - -<p>In 1884, when I left the Congo, the total number of carriers thus -employed did not exceed 300. But such has been the rapid progress -of events, and the favor with which the carrier profession has been -regarded by the natives, that the total number of carriers furnished by -an area of not more than 30,000 square miles is now about 75,000. Yet -this immense army is wholly insufficient to transport the vast quantity -of material discharged every month from the ships.</p> - -<p>It was calculated by the promoters of the Congo Railway, now in process -of construction, that one train a week would be sufficient for some -years for the necessities of the upper Congo, but the crowded magazines -of Mataddi and the increasing demands for transport prove that a daily<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</span> -train will scarcely suffice. I have lately received a large supply of -photographs of the railway cuttings and bridge-work, and one glance at -them shows the serious nature of the undertaking. The engineers are -still engaged in the rocky defiles, slowly laboring up the slopes to -gain the altitude of the ancient plateau. Fifteen miles of the track, -I have been told, are in running order, and the embankments extend -for twenty-five miles farther. When the rails have been laid thus -far, the progress will be much more rapid, and the engineers will be -able to state with precision how long a time must elapse before its -completion. It is scarcely necessary to add that the arrival of the -railway at Stanley Pool will insure the salvation of two-thirds of the -Congo basin. After that, attention will have to be drawn to Stanley -Falls, 1100 miles higher, and a railway of thirty-two miles in length -will enable us to pass the series of cataracts in that region, and to -command<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</span> the river for about 1700 miles of its course.<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> Last December (1891) the foreign population of the Congo -State was as follows:</p> - -<p>Belgians, 338; British, 72; Italians, 63; Portuguese, 56; Dutch, 47; -Swedes, 35; Danes, 32; French, 18; other nationalities, 83. Total, 744.</p> - -<p>Their professions are as follows:</p> - -<p>State officials, 271; merchants and clerks, 175; consuls, 2; doctors, -4; missionaries, 80; captains and sailors, 43; engineers, 12; artisans, -157. Total, 744.</p> - -</div> - -<p>We must not omit to mention that while Livingstone was making his -terrible disclosures respecting the havoc wrought by the slave-trader -in east central Africa, Sir Samuel Baker was striving to effect in -north central Africa what has been so successfully accomplished in -the Congo State. During his expedition for the discovery of the -Albert Nyanza, his explorations led him through one of the principal -man-hunting regions, wherein murder and spoliation were the constant -occupations of powerful bands from Egypt<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</span> and Nubia. These revelations -were followed by diplomatic pressure upon the Khedive Ismail, and -through the personal influence of an august personage he was finally -induced to delegate to Sir Samuel the task of arresting the destructive -careers of the slavers in the region of the upper Nile. In his book -<i>Ismailïa</i> we have the record of his operations by himself. The -firman issued to him was to the effect that he “was to subdue to -the Khedive’s authority the countries to the south of Gondokoro, to -suppress the slave trade, to introduce a system of regular commerce, -to open to navigation the great lakes of the equator, and to establish -a chain of military stations and commercial depots throughout central -Africa.” This mission began in 1869, and continued until 1874.</p> - -<p>On Baker’s retirement from the command of the equatorial Soudan the -work was intrusted to Colonel C. G. Gordon—commonly known as Chinese -Gordon.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</span> Where Baker had broken ground, Gordon was to build; what his -predecessor had commenced, Gordon was to perfect and to complete. If -energy, determination, and self-sacrifice received their due, then had -Gordon surely won for the Soudan that peace and security which it was -his dear object to obtain for it. But slaving was an old institution -in this part of the world. Every habit and custom of the people had -some connection with it. They had always been divided from prehistoric -time into enslavers and enslaved. How could two Englishmen, accompanied -by only a handful of officers, removed 2000 miles from their base of -supplies, change the nature of a race within a few years? Though much -wrong had been avenged, many thousands of slaves released, many a -slaver’s camp scattered, and many striking examples made to terrify the -evil-doers, the region was wide and long; and though within reach of -the Nile waters there was a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</span> faint promise of improvement, elsewhere, -at Kordofan, Darfoor, and Sennaar, the trade flourished. After three -years of wonderful work, Gordon resigned. A short time afterwards, -however, he resumed his task, with the powers of a dictator, over a -region covering 1,100,000 square miles. But the personal courage, -energy, and devotion of one man opposed to a race can effect but -little. His peculiar qualities shone forth conspicuously. He underwent -the same trials as formerly. He signalized his detestation of the -slavers by severe punishments, by summary dismissals of implicated -pashas and mudirs, by disbandment of the suspected soldiery; but the -land still suffered from waste, the roads in the interior were still -being strewn with bones, and after another period of three years he -again resigned.</p> - -<p>Then followed a revulsion. The Khedivial government reverted to the -old order of things, Gordon’s decrees were<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</span> rescinded, the dismissed -officers were reinstated, venality and oppression and demoralization -replaced justice and equity and righteousness, until the sum of the -enormities was so great that it provoked the great revolution in the -Soudan. Then ended the attempt to suppress slavery in north central -Africa. All traces of the work of Baker and Gordon have long ago been -completely obliterated.</p> - -<p>Attention has been given of late to Morocco. This near neighbor of -England is just twenty years behind Zanzibar. The sentiments which the -English people expressed at the Mansion House and Stafford House in -regard to the slave trade at Zanzibar in 1873-4 are remarkably like -those which are uttered to-day respecting Morocco. But it will require -something more than diplomatic missions to the court of the Sultan to -suppress the Moorish slave trade. Sir John D. Hay, who during his long -stay in that country won the titles of the “Mussulman’s<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</span> Friend” and -“Counsellor of the Throne,” was accustomed to make periodical journeys -to the Moorish court, and the Sultan used to meet his representations -with promises of reform and amendment, but as soon as he set out on -his return to Tangier, the native officials would set themselves to -undo the good caused by Sir John’s visit. Sir William Kirby Green, his -successor, was also successful in eliciting assurances that the trade -would be stopped, and now Sir Charles Euan-Smith lately paid a visit, -but unfortunately the results have been <em>nil</em>. It is doubtful -whether England alone can induce the Sultan and his ministers to -press the needed reforms in the face of national opposition, or that -anything less than the concerted action of England, France, Germany, -and Spain can succeed. A demonstration by England alone, without the -cordial assent of the other powers, would doubtless be regarded as a -step towards annexation rather than as an<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</span> expression of the hostility -of the British nation to the slave trade. But meantime the importation -of negroes from the Nigritian basin and southwestern Soudan into the -public slave markets of Morocco will continue until for very shame -it will irritate Europe into taking more decided steps in the name -of humanity to force the ever-maundering authorities to decree the -abolition of the slave trade, and to carry the decree into immediate -effect. It is surely high time that the “China of the West,” as it has -been called, should be made to feel that its present condition is a -standing reproach to Europe. While the heart of Africa responds to the -civilizing influences moving from the east and the west and the south, -Morocco remains stupidly indifferent and inert, a pitiful example of -senility and decay.</p> - -<p>The remaining portion of North Africa which still fosters slavery is -Tripoli. The occupation of Tunis by France has diverted such traffic -in slaves as it maintained<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</span> to its neighbor. Though the watchfulness -of the Mediterranean cruisers renders the trade a precarious one, the -small lateen boats are frequently able to sail from such ports as -Benghazi, Derna, Solum, etc., with living freight, along the coast to -Asia Minor. In the interior, which is inaccessible to travellers, owing -to the fanaticism of the Senoussi sect, caravans from Darfoor and Wadai -bring large numbers of slaves for the supply of Tripolitan families -and Senouissian sanctuaries. The country is of course under Turkish -authority, and vizirial letters and firmans have been frequently issued -since 1848 forbidding the importation of slaves and all traffic in -them, but we might as well expect the Bedouins of Arabia to cease their -nomadic life at the bidding of the Pasha of Haleb as the fanatical -Mussulmans of the Fezzan to abstain from slavery at the mere command of -the Governor of Tripoli.</p> - -<p>The descent of the Congo to the Atlantic<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</span> in 1877 suggested to King -Leopold the foundation of a state. The Berlin Conference was a -consequence of the success attained by the King. The partition of -Southwest Africa among France, Portugal and Belgium inspired the -Germans to seek territorial possessions in the Dark Continent, and the -movement of Germany excited Great Britain to action, and thus public -attention was once more diverted to eastern Africa.</p> - -<p class="center p2"><span class="figcenter" id="img006"> - <img src="images/006.jpg" class="w50" alt="BOY SLAVE" /> -</span></p> -<p class="center caption">BOY SLAVE<br /></p> - -<p>From the Abyssinian frontier as far as the Portuguese possessions, and -stretching inland to a line which may roughly be said to be about east -longitude 30°, was an area covering about 1,500,000 square miles which -belonged to no power. It was agreed that it should be divided into -three spheres of influence. The Germans fixed upon the southernmost, -the Italians upon the most northern; the British chose the central. -Each power contracted to confine its operations within its own sphere, -and to proceed to organize<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</span> and administer it as opportunity offered -upon a civilized basis. There was no intention to launch out into any -enterprise of conquest, but each power proposed to make its title good -by renting or leasing tracts within its sphere from the native princes -or tribal chiefs, by making treaties with them for the sovereignty -of their lands, in return for annual subsidies and protection from -violence, meanwhile being certain of immunity from all interference or -opposition from its neighbor.</p> - -<p>The Germans were the earliest to commence work. Through the agency of -a company they made a treaty with the Sultan of Zanzibar for his long -strip of coast land, undertaking to pay him a certain sum per annum for -the right of collecting the customs. But the imprudent conduct of the -officers, their imperious and peremptory manner of proceeding, impelled -the Arabs to attempt to drive them from the coast. At Kilwa, Dar -Salaam, Bagamoyo, and Saadani the officers<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</span> of the German company were -attacked; some had to fly, others were massacred, and innocent British -missionaries returning home after a long residence in the interior were -waylaid and murdered by the excited natives; and the first attempts -of German colonization ended disastrously. Naturally the imperial -German government could not brook this humiliation, and Major Wissmann, -a well-known explorer, was appointed with full powers to suppress -the revolt. Within two years the Arabs were crushed, but the German -position in East Africa became completely changed in consequence. It -had been originally proposed to hold the East African coast by lease -from the Sultan, with the view of including the Hinterland as far as -Lake Tanganika within the sphere of their colonizing operations when -results would permit; but the Germans now claimed nearly the whole -of the east coast and east central Africa. This led in 1890 to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</span> the -Anglo-German Convention, by which the German frontier was drawn south -of latitude 1° <abbr title="south">S.</abbr>, across the Victoria Nyanza, thence east to the -Indian Ocean, skirting the northern base of Kilima-Njaro to Wanga, a -few miles south of the port of Mombasa. The British territory extended -north from Wanga on the sea as far as the mouth of the Juba River, a -distance of about 450 miles, thence inland as far as the Congo State. -These two great divisions of Africa, now converted into British and -German territory, included the major part of the area wherein the slave -trade of the east central part of the continent so long flourished. -The countries west of Lake Nyassa, extending westward to Portuguese -territory and south to the Zambezi, conceded to the great South African -Company, absorbed the remainder of the slavery area. These last are -under the control of a British commissioner, <abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> H. H. Johnston, to -whom is granted an annual<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</span> subsidy of £10,000 from the South African -Company, and who, with the aid of two British gunboats now on their way -to Lake Nyassa, must shortly succeed in closing the interior of Africa -in that direction to all slave caravans.</p> - -<p>Since the Anglo-German Convention the Germans have shown themselves -ready and willing to do their part towards the suppression of the -slave trade in the same thorough manner that they met the rising -of the Arabs. The coast towns are fortified and garrisoned; they -are marking their advance towards Lake Tanganika by the erection of -military stations; severe regulations have been issued against the -importation of arms and gunpowder; the Reichstag has been unstinted in -its supplies of money; an experienced administrator, Baron von Soden, -has been appointed an imperial commissioner, and scores of qualified -subordinates assist him. The Belgian Antislavery Society is sending a -steamer, <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">viâ</i><span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</span> the Congo, Kasai, Sankuru, and Lumami, to Lake -Tanganika as a cruiser for that lake; the German Catholic African -Society is sending another steamer, in charge of Major von Wissman, -<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">viâ</i> the Zambezi, Shiré, Lake Nyassa, and Stevenson Road to -Tanganika. These two steamers will effectually prevent slaves being -transported across the lake from the eastern part of the Congo State. -In German East Africa itself slave hunts have ceased for many years; -but it is traversed in several places by slave caravans, principally -from the southwest and west. These routes will now be closed by the -cruisers on Lakes Nyassa and Tanganika, and the stations along the -Stevenson Road. Henceforward we need have no concern about that part -of Africa. The northern boundaries, a thousand miles in length, are -not so well guarded, though the Germans are engaged in the transport -of a steamer to Lake Victoria, and possess three stations along the -southwestern<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</span> shores; but between Lakes Tanganika and Victoria is a -broad tract of country which will no doubt have to be watched, lest the -slavers, finding this unguarded, may unite in making this a pathway to -the coast.</p> - -<p>These strategic efforts to the west and southwest of German East -Africa, and the continuous upward advance of the stations and -flotillas of King Leopold towards the east, limit the operations -of the slave-traders to that narrowing and untravelled area lying -between Stanley Falls and Lake Tanganika, and will have the effect of -determining the Arabs to seek outlets eastward through British East -Africa, which, in its present state, is most backward in fulfilling -the objects of united Europe. Were it not for the condition that -British East Africa is in to-day we could say that the slave trade in -equatorial Africa was completely extinguished, and we could almost -point to the period wherein even slavery would be extirpated.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</span></p> - -<p>The partition of Africa among the European powers, as will have been -seen, was the first effective blow dealt to the slave trade in inner -Africa. The east coast, whence a few years ago the slavers marched -in battalions to scatter over the wide interior of the continent for -pillage and devastation, is to-day guarded by garrisons of German -and British troops. The island of Zanzibar, where they were equipped -for their murderous enterprises, is under the British flag. Trading -steamers run up and down the coast; the Tana and Juba rivers are -being navigated by British steamers; two lines of stations secure -communications inland for 300 miles from the sea. Major von Wissman -is advancing upon Lake Tanganika; Herr Boorchert is marching upon -Lake Victoria; Captain Williams is holding Uganda. These results have -followed very rapidly the political partition of the continent.</p> - -<p>The final blow has been given by the act of the Brussels Antislavery -Conference,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</span> lately ratified by the powers, wherein modern civilization -has fully declared its opinions upon the question of slavery, and no -single power will dare remain indifferent to them, under penalty of -obloquy and shame.</p> - -<p>The first article of the Brussels act is as follows:</p> -<div class="blockquot"> -<p> - “The powers declare that the most effective means for counteracting - the slave trade in the interior of Africa are the following:</p> - -<p> “1. Progressive organization of the administration; judicial, - religious, and military services in the African territories placed - under the sovereignty or protectorate of civilized nations.</p> - -<p> “2. The gradual establishment in the interior by the responsible power - in each territory of strongly occupied stations in such a way as to - make their protective or repressive action effectively felt in the - territories devastated by man-hunters.</p> - -<p> “3. The construction of roads, and, in particular, of railways - connecting the advanced stations with the coast, and presenting easy - access to the inland waters and to the upper<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</span> reaches of streams and - rivers which are broken by rapids and cataracts, so as to substitute - economical and speedy means of transport for the present means of - portage by men.</p> - -<p> “4. Establishment of steamboats on the inland navigable waters and on - the lakes, supported by fortified posts established on the banks.</p> - -<p> “5. Establishment of telegraphic lines, assuring the communication of - the posts and stations with the coast and with administrative centres.</p> - -<p> “6. Organization of expeditious and flying columns to keep up the - communication of the stations with each other and with the coast, to - support repressive action, and to assume the security of roadways.</p> - -<p> “7. Restriction of the importation of fire-arms.”</p> -</div> -<p>The above articles concern three powers especially, Great Britain, -Germany, and the Congo State, so far as regards the efficient -counteraction of the slave trade. In examining them one by one, we find -that Great Britain, which in the past was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</span> foremost in the cause of the -slave, has done and is doing least to carry out the measures suggested -by the great Antislavery Conference. We must also admit that as regards -furthering the good cause, France is a long way ahead of England.</p> - -<p>The Congo State devotes her annual subsidies of £120,000 and the export -tax of £30,000 wholly to the task of securing her territory against the -malign influences of the slave trade, and elevating it to the rank of -self-protecting states.</p> - -<p>The German government undertakes the sure guardianship of its vast -African territory as an imperial possession, so as to render it -inaccessible to the slave-hunter, and free from the terrors, the -disturbances, the internecinal wars, and the distractions arising from -the presence or visits of slavers. It has spent already large sums of -money, and finds no difficulty in obtaining from Parliament the sums -requisite for the defence and the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</span> thorough control and management of -the territory as a colonial possession. So far the expenses, I think, -have averaged over £100,000 annually.</p> - -<p>The French government devotes £60,000 annually for the protection and -administration of its Gaboon and Congo territory. These two objects -include in brief all that the Antislavery Conference deemed necessary, -for with due protection and efficient administration there can be no -room for slave hunting or trading.</p> - -<p>Now the question comes, what has England done in the extensive and -valuable territory in East Africa which fell to her share as per -Anglo-German agreement signed July 1, 1890? The answer must be that she -has done less than the least of all those concerned in the extirpation -of the slave trade.</p> - -<p>The Germans have crushed the slave-traders, have built fortified -stations in the interior, have supplied their portion of the east coast -with a powerful flotilla<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</span> of steamers, are engaged in transporting -cruisers to the three great lakes on their borders, have surveyed and -are extending surveys for several railways in the interior, have not -lost time in discovering ways of evading the territorial wants, but -have set about to supply these wants as indicated by the International -Conference of Brussels; and were we able to obtain an instantaneous -photograph of the present movements of the Germans throughout their -territory, we should know how to fully appreciate the hearty spirit -with which they are performing their duties.</p> - -<p>And were we able to glance in the same way as to what is occurring on -British soil, we should be struck by the earnestness of the Germans as -compared with the British.</p> - -<p class="center p2"><span class="figcenter" id="img007"> - <img src="images/007.jpg" class="w50" alt="AN ARAB" /> -</span></p> -<p class="center caption">AN ARAB<br /></p> - -<p>Both governments started with delegating their authority to chartered -companies. On the part of the Germans, however, the imprudence of their -agents<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</span> imperilled their possessions, and the imperial government set -itself the task of reducing malcontentism to order, and settling the -difficulties in its own masterful manner, and is engaged in providing -against their recurrence before surrendering the territory again to the -influences of the company.</p> - -<p>The British East African Company, on the other hand, has been -comparatively free to commence its commercial operations, undisturbed -by armed opposition of aborigines or of Arab and Swahili residents. -The welcome given to it has been almost universally cordial. The -susceptibilities of the Arabs were not wounded, and the aborigines -gratefully recognized that the new-comers were not hostile to them. -Concessions were obtained at a fair price, and on payment of the -stipulated value the company entered into possession, and became, with -the consent of all concerned, masters of the British East African -territory—a territory far more<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</span> ample than what the founders of the -company had hoped for at first.</p> - -<p>Had the British East African Company confined its transactions and -operations to the coast, it is well known that the returns would have -been most lucrative, for over and above the expenditure we see by their -reports that there would have been a yearly net gain of over £6000 -available for dividend, which by this time would have been trebled.</p> - -<p>But the Berlin Conference of 1884-5 expressly stipulated (Article VI.) -that all powers exercising sovereign rights or having influence in -the said territories (shall) undertake to watch over the preservation -of the native races and the amelioration of the moral and material -conditions of their existence, and to co-operate in the suppression of -slavery, and, above all, of the slave trade; (that) they will protect -and encourage all institutions and enterprises, religions, etc., -re-established or organized, which tend to educate the natives;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</span> and -in Article XXXV. it is stipulated that the power which in future takes -possession of a territory, or assumes a protectorate, recognizes the -obligation to insure in the territories occupied by it on the coasts of -the African continent the existence of an adequate authority to enforce -respect for acquired rights.</p> - -<p>Therefore the back-land of British East Africa could not remain the -theatre of slave raids, or unclaimed.</p> - -<p>It devolved upon the occupants of the sea-frontage to exercise their -sovereign rights, and in the due exercise of these to watch over the -native races of the back-lands, and to co-operate for the suppression -of slavery and the slave trade. It was incumbent upon them also to -protect and encourage the Christian missions, without distinction -of nationality or creed, which were established in Uganda—the most -important because most populous and most promising of these back-lands. -And to insure its acquired right to those countries it<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</span> was necessary -that the British company should be represented by adequate authority -there, otherwise it would be in the power of any person, society, or -power to bar its claim to them by actual occupation.</p> - -<p>Following the declarations of the powers at the Berlin Conference -in 1885 is the act of assembled civilization at Brussels in 1890, -emphasizing and reiterating the conditions upon which sovereignty shall -be recognized. They point out in detail what ought, what indeed must be -done. They say that the responsible power <em>ought</em>—which is almost -equivalent to <em>must</em> in this case—to organize administration, -justice, and the religious and the military services, to establish -strongly occupied stations, to make roads, particularly railroads, for -the sake of easy access to the inland waters, to inaugurate steamer -service on the lakes, erect telegraphic lines, and restrict the -importation of fire-arms.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</span></p> - -<p>The British East African Company as a commercial company is unable -with its own means to meet these conditions. What it can it will, and -its ability is limited to a sacrifice of all the dividends available -from its commercial operations on the coast for the benefit of the -whole territory, and subscribing a few more thousands of pounds to -postpone retreat. Yet as the delegate of the British government -the company is bound not to neglect the interior. It is pledged to -insure the protection of British subjects in Uganda, to protect the -Waganda from internecine and factional wars, to place steamers on -Lake Victoria for the protection of the lake coasts, and to prevent -the wholesale importation of fire-arms. But in the attempt to do what -Europe expects to be done the company has been involved in an expense -which has been disastrous to its interests. It has established adequate -authority in Uganda, but the maintenance of the communication between<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</span> -Uganda and the coast is absolutely ruinous. It has to pay £300, or -thereabouts, the ton for freight. Thus, to send 150,000 rounds of -ammunition, which is equal to twelve tons, costs £3600. To send the -cloth currency required for purchase of native provisions for the force -costs £12,000. Add the cost of conveyance of miscellaneous baggage, -European provisions and medicines, tools, utensils, tents, besides the -first cost of these articles and the pay of the men, and we at once -see that £40,000 per annum is but a small estimate of the expense thus -entailed upon the company. Meantime the transportation of steamers to -Lake Victoria, the erection of stations connecting the lake with the -sea, and many other equally pressing duties, are utterly out of the -question. The directors understand too well what is needed, but they -are helpless. We must accept the will for the deed.</p> - -<p>This much, however, is clear: Europe will not hold the British East -African<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</span> Company, but England, responsible for not suppressing the -slave trade and slave hunt. The agreement with Europe was not made -by the company, but by Great Britain through her official and duly -appointed representatives. When her official representatives signed the -act of the Brussels Antislavery Conference, they undertook in the name -of Great Britain the important responsibilities and duties specified -within the act. The representatives of all Europe and the United States -were witnesses to the signing of the act. To repudiate the obligations -so publicly entered into would be too shameful, and if the majority in -Parliament represents the will of the people there is every reason to -think that the railway to the Victoria Nyanza, which is necessary for -carrying into effect the suggestions of the Antislavery Conference, -will be constructed.</p> - -<p>I have been often asked what trade will be benefited by this railway -to the Nyanza,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</span> or what can be obtained from the interior of Africa to -compensate for the expense—say £2,000,000—of building the railway. -There is no necessity for me to refer to the commercial aspect of the -question in such an article as this, but there are some compensating -advantages specially relating to my subject-matter which may be -mentioned.</p> - -<p>First. England will prove to Europe and the world that she is second to -no other power in the fulfilment of her obligations, moral or material.</p> - -<p>Second. She will prove that she does not mean to be excelled by -Germany, France, or Belgium in the suppression of the slave trade and -the man hunt, nor is averse to do justice to the Africans whom she has -taken under her wing.</p> - -<p>Third. She will prove that the people on British territory shall not be -the last to enjoy the mercies and privileges conceded to the negroes -by civilization, that the preservation of the native races and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</span> their -moral and material welfare are as dear to England as to any other -power, that the lives of her missionaries shall not be sacrificed in -vain, that the labors of her explorers are duly appreciated, that she -is not deaf to the voices of her greatest and best, and, in brief—to -use the words uttered lately by one of her ministers—she will prove -that “her vaunted philanthropy is not a sham, and her professed love of -humanity not mere hypocrisy.”</p> - -<p>The objective point for the British East African Company, for the -people and government of Great Britain, is the Victoria Nyanza, with -1400 miles of coast-line. So far as the British as a slavery-hating -nation are concerned, their duties are simply shifted from the ocean -coast to the Nyanza coast, 500 miles inland. The slave-trader has -disappeared from the east coast almost entirely, and is to be found now -on the lake coasts of the Victoria, or within British territory. The -ocean cruiser can<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</span> follow him no farther; but the lake cruiser must -not only debar the guilty slave-dhow from the privilege of floating on -the principal fountain of the Nile, but she must assist to restrict -the importation of fire-arms from German territory, from the byways of -Arab traffic, from the unguarded west; she must prevent the flight of -fugitives and rebels and offenders from British territory; she must -protect the missionaries and British subjects in their peaceful passage -to and fro across the lake; she must teach the millions on the lake -shores that the white ensign waving from her masthead is a guarantee of -freedom, life, and peace.</p> - -<p>To make these great benefits possible, the Victorian lake must be -connected with the Indian Ocean by a railway. That narrow iron track -will command effectively 150,000 square miles of British territory. -It is the one remedy for the present disgraceful condition of British -East Africa. It will enable the company to devote the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</span> thousands now -spent wastefully upon porterage to stimulating legitimate traffic, and -to employ its immense caravans in more remunerative work than starving -and perishing on British soil; to grace the surroundings of its many -stations with cornfields and gardens; to promote life, interest, and -intellect, instead of being stupefied by increasing loss of brave men -and honest money. It will create trade in the natural productions of -the land, instead of letting Arabs traffic in the producers. Clarkson -long ago said that legitimate trade would kill the slave traffic; -Buxton repeated it. Wherever honest trade has been instituted and -fairly tried, as in the southern part of the United States, in Jamaica -and Brazil, as in Sierra Leone and Lagos, in Old Calabar, in Egypt and -the lower Congo, always and everywhere it has been proved that lawful -commerce is a great blessing to a land by the peace it brings, by its -power of creating scores of little channels<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</span> for thrifty industry, by -the force of attraction it possesses to draw the marketable products -into the general mart. And this is what will surely happen upon the -completion of the Victoria Nyanza Railway, for the slave trade and -slavery will then be rendered impossible in British African territory.</p> - -<p class="center p2"> - THE END</p> - - - -</div> -<hr class="x-ebookmaker-drop chap" /> -<div class="chapter transnote"> - -<h2>Transcriber’s Notes</h2> - -<p><a href="#Page_37">Page 37</a>: “peformed this feat of strength” changed to “performed this -feat of strength”</p> - -<p><a href="#Page_38">Page 38</a>: “undertaken to peform” changed to “undertaken to perform”</p> - -<p><a href="#Page_76">Page 76</a>: “over and above the expediture” changed to “over and above the -expenditure”</p> -</div> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SLAVERY AND THE SLAVE TRADE IN AFRICA ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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