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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..938acc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #68269 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/68269) diff --git a/old/68269-0.txt b/old/68269-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 897ba40..0000000 --- a/old/68269-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,6364 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Apiary; or, Bees, bee-hives, and -bee culture (1865), by Alfred Neighbor - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The Apiary; or, Bees, bee-hives, and bee culture (1865) - being a familiar account of the habits of bees, and the most - improved methods of management, with full directions, adapted for - the cottager, farmer, or scientific apiarian - -Author: Alfred Neighbor - -Release Date: June 9, 2022 [eBook #68269] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Tom Cosmas compiled from materials made available at The - Internet Archive and placed in the Public Domain. - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE APIARY; OR, BEES, -BEE-HIVES, AND BEE CULTURE (1865) *** - - - - - -Transcriber Note - -Text emphasis denoted by _Italics_ and =Bold=. - - - - - THE APIARY - - OR, - - BEES, BEE-HIVES - - AND - - BEE CULTURE. - - - - - THE APIARY; - - OR, - - BEES, BEE-HIVES, - - AND - - BEE CULTURE: - - - - BEING A FAMILIAR ACCOUNT OF THE HABITS OF BEES, AND THE MOST - IMPROVED METHODS OF MANAGEMENT, WITH FULL DIRECTIONS, - ADAPTED FOR THE COTTAGER, FARMER, OR, - SCIENTIFIC APIARIAN. - - - - By ALFRED NEIGHBOUR. - - - - "Je connais beaucoup des personnes qu' aiment les abeilles, - mais ne personnes aiment les mediocrement, ils les - passionment."--Gelieu. - - - - LONDON: - - KENT AND CO., PATERNOSTER ROW - - GEO: NEIGHBOUR AND SONS, - - 149. REGENT STREET, AND 127, HIGH HOLBORN; - - AND ALL, BOOKSELLERS. - - 1865. - - - - -TABLE OF CONTENTS. - -[Illustration] - - - Preface--Introductory 1 - - -SECTION I. - - The inhabitants of the hive 2 - The queen 2 - The drone 6 - The worker bee 8 - Eggs of bees 8 - Increase of bees 9 - Swarming 11 - -SECTION II.--Modern Bee-Hives. - - Nutt's Collateral Hive 17 - Neighbour's Improved Single Box Hive 24 - Taylor's Amateur Shallow Box or Eight-bar Hive 26 - Taylor's Amateur Seven-bar Hive 27 - Neighbour's Improved Cottage 28 - Improved Cottage 31 - Ladies' Observatory or Crystal Bee-hive 32 - Cottagers' Hive for taking honey in straw - caps without the destruction of the bees 34 - Woodbury Bar and Frame Hives:-- - Wood 36 - Straw 37 - Glass 38 - Frame 39 - Improved Comb Bar 39 - Compound Bar and Frame 40 - Cover 41 - Taylor's Improved Cottage Hive 43 - " Eight Bar Straw 43 - Neighbour's Unicomb Observatory Hive 44 - Woodbury " " " 46 - Huber's Hive 50 - - -SECTION III.--Exterior Arrangements and Apparatus. - - - Bee House to contain two hives 53 - " " twelve hives 55 - " " nine hives 56 - Evening thoughts in January 56 - Exterior and interior of an Apiary 58 - Zinc Cover 59 - Ornamental Zinc Cover 59 - Cover of Zinc 60 - Bell Glasses 60 - Taylor's Glass 60 - Payne's Glass 61 - Bell Glass with lid 61 - Guide Comb for Glasses 61 - The New Bottle Feeder 63 - Round Bee Feeder 65 - Zinc Fountain Bee Feeder 65 - Nutt's Drawer Feeder 66 - Honey Cutters (13) 66 - Fumigator (11) 66 - Fumigator (12) 68 - Bee Dress or Protector 68 - Engraved Pressing Roller, for the guidance - of bees in the construction of honey-comb - on the bars 69 - Impressed Wax Sheets for artificial comb 70 - - -SECTION IV. - - Manipulation and uses of Bar and Frame Hives 73 - Putting on Super Hive 75 - Taking out Frames with Combs 76 - Artificial Swarming 79 - Driving 84 - Changing Old Stock to new Hives 86 - Weighing Hives, &c. 88 - - -SECTION V.--Miscellaneous Information. - - Stings: their Prevention and Cure 88 - Pollen or Food for Infant Bees 91 - Propolis or Bees' Cement 92 - Pasturage for Bees 93 - The Ligurian or Italian Alp Bee 95 - Living Bees at the International Exhibition of - 1862, sending Bees to Australia, &c. 100 - Bee-keeping in London 102 - Wasps and Moths 106 - Draining Honey from the Combs 110 - General Remarks 110 - On the First Flight of Bees in Spring 116 - - -APPENDIX.--Testimonials of the Press. - - Great Exhibition of 1801:-- - From the "Cottage Gardener" 119 - " "Illustrated London News" 119 - " "Express" 121 - International Exhibition of 1802:-- - From the "Illustrated London News" 121 - " "Journal of Horticulture" 121 - " "Illustrated News of the World" 122 - " "Gardener's Weekly Magazine" 123 - Bath and West of England Agricultural Show at - Exeter in June, 1863:-- - From the "Journal of Horticulture" 124 - " "Western Times" 124 - " "Devon Weekly Times" 126 - " "Exeter Gazette" 126 - Royal Agricultural Show, Newcastle, 1804:-- - From the "Northern Daily Express" 126 - -[Illustration] - - -ERRATA. - - At second line from bottom of page 23, for "cottage" read - "cottager." - - At page 30, fifth line from bottom, for "last page" read "page 25." - - At page 44, sixteenth line, for "_this_ plates of glass" read - "_thin_ plates of glass." - - At page 53, fourteenth line, read "bee hive" for "bee house." - -[Transcriber Note: Above ERRATA corrections were applied.] - - -EXPLANATIONS OMITTED. - - At page 62, "Hold the glass horizontally over the flame of the - candle." - - At page 80, "An empty hive should be placed on the stand when the - living hive is removed, for the purpose of amusing returning - bees. If the hive is kept in a bee-house, the entrance should be - shut down unto the hive is restored, when the clustered bees may - be at once admitted." - -[Transcriber Note: Above EXPLANATIONS were placed.] - - - - -PREFACE. - -[Illustration] - - - -Our apology for preparing a bee book is a very simple one. -We are so frequently applied to for advice on matters connected with -bees and bee-hives, that it seemed likely to prove a great advantage, -alike to our correspondents and ourselves, if we could point to a -"handy-book" of our own, which should contain full and detailed replies -sufficient to meet all ordinary enquiries. Most of the apiarian manuals -possess some special excellence or other, and we have no wish to -disparage any of them. Yet in all, we have found a want of explanations -relating to several of the more recent improvements. - -It has, more especially, been our aim to give explicit and detailed -directions on most subjects connected with the hiving and removing -of bees; and also, to show how, by judicious application of the -"depriving" system, the productive powers of the bees may be enormously -increased. - -We need say little here as to the interest that attaches to the apiary -as a source of perennial pleasure for the amateur naturalist. Many -of the hives and methods of management are described with a direct -reference to this class of bee-keepers; so that, besides plain and -simple directions suitable for cottagers with their ordinary hives, -this work will be found to include instructions useful for the -scientific apiarian, or, at least, valuable, for those who desire to -gain a much wider acquaintance with the secrets of bee-keeping than is -now usually possessed. We would lay stress on the term "acquaintance," -for there is nothing in the management of the various bar-and-frame -hives which is at all difficult when frequent practice has rendered -the bee-keeper familiar with them. Such explicit directions are herein -given as to how the right operations may be performed at the right -times, that a novice may at once commence to use the modern hives. -The word "new-fangled" has done good service for the indolent and -prejudiced; but we trust that our readers will be of a very different -class. Let them give a fair trial to the modern appliances for the -humane and depriving system of bee-keeping, and they will find offered -to them an entirely new field of interest and observation. At present, -our continental neighbours far surpass us as bee-masters; but we trust -that the season of 1865, if the summer be fine, will prove a turning -point in the course of. English bee-keeping. There is little doubt that -a greater number of intelligent and influential persons in this country -will become bee-keepers than has ever been the case before. - -Our task would have lost half its interest, did we not hope that it -would result in something beyond the encouragement of a refined and -interesting amusement for the leisurely classes. The social importance -of bee keeping as a source of pecuniary profit for small farmers and -agricultural labourers, has never been appreciated as it deserves. -Yet these persons will not, of themselves, lay aside the bungling and -wasteful plan of destroying the bees, or learn without being taught the -only proper method, that of deprivation. Their educated neighbours when -once interested in bee-keeping, will be the persons to introduce the -more profitable system of humane bee-keeping. The clergy, especially, -as permanent residents in the country, may have great influence in -this respect. There is not a rural or suburban parish in the kingdom -in which bee-keeping might not be largely extended, and the well being -of all but the very poorest inhabitants would be greatly promoted. -Not only would the general practice of bee-keeping add largely to the -national resources, but that addition would chiefly fall to the share -of those classes to whom it would be of most value. Moreover, in the -course of thus adding to their income, the uneducated classes would -become interested in an elevating and instructive pursuit. - -It is curious to observe that honey, whether regarded as a manufactured -article or as an agricultural product, is obtained under economical -conditions of exceptional advantage. If regarded as a manufactured -article, we notice that there is no outlay required for "labour," nor -any expense for "raw material." The industrious labourers are eager to -utilize all their strength: they never "combine" except for the benefit -of their master, they never "strike" for wages, and they provide their -own subsistence. All that the master manufacturer of honey has to do -financially, is to make a little outlay for "fixed capital" in the -needful "plant" of hives and utensils--no "floating capital" is needed. -Then, on the other hand, if we regard honey as an agricultural product, -it presents as such a still more striking contrast to the economists' -theory of what are the "requisites of production." Not only is there no -outlay needed for wages and none for raw material, but there is nothing -to be paid for "use of a natural agent." Every square yard of land -in the United Kingdom may come to be cultivated, as in China, but no -proprietor will ever be able to claim "rent" for those "waste products" -of the flowers and leaves, which none but the winged workers of the -hive can ever utilize. - -The recent domestication in England of the Ligurian or "Italian Alp" -bee adds a new and additional source of interest to bee-culture. We -have, therefore, gone pretty fully into this part of the subject; and -believe that what is here published with regard to their introduction -embodies the most recent and reliable information respecting them that -is possessed by English apiarians.[1] - -[Footnote 1: Some of our apiarian friends may be inclined to be -discouraged from cultivating the Ligurian bees in consequence of the -liability to their becoming hybridised when located in proximity to -the black bees. We can dispel these fears by stating that we have not -unfrequently found that hybrid queens possess the surprising fecundity -of the genuine Italian ones, whilst the English stocks in course of -time become strengthened by the infusion of foreign blood.] - -We are under many obligations for the advice and assistance that we -have on many occasions received from Mr. T. W. Woodbury, of Exeter, -whose apiarian skill is unrivalled in this country. Our acknowledgments -are also due to Mr. Henry Taylor, author of an excellent "Bee-Keeper's -Manual," for his help and counsel during the earlier years of our -apiarian experience. Both the before-mentioned gentlemen have freely -communicated to us their contrivances and suggestions, without thought -of fee or reward for them. In common with most recent writers on -bee-culture, we are necessarily largely indebted to the standard works -of Huber and succeeding apiarians. From the more recent volume of -the Rev. L. L. Langstroth we have also obtained useful information. -But having ourselves of later years had considerable experience in -the manipulation and practical management of bees, we are enabled to -confirm or qualify the statement of others, as well as to summarize -information gleaned from many various sources. We should state that our -thanks are due to Mr. W. Martin Wood, who has rendered us valuable aid -in the arrangement of this work. - -Let it be understood that we have no _patented devices_ to push: we -are free to choose out of the many apiarian contrivances that have -been offered of late years, and we feel perfectly at liberty to praise -or blame as our experience warrants us in doing. It does not follow -that we necessarily disparage hives which are not described herein; -we have sought, as much as possible, to indicate the _principles_ on -which _good hives_ must be constructed, whatever their outward size or -shape. All through the work, we have endeavoured to adopt the golden -rule of "submission to nature," by reference to which all the fancied -difficulties of bee-keeping may be easily overcome. In none of the -attempts of men to hold sway over natural objects, is the truth of -Bacon's leading doctrine more beautifully illustrated than in the power -that the apiarian exercises in the little world of bees. - -There are one or two literary peculiarities of this work to which we -ought to refer. It will be noticed that the numbers affixed to the -names of the various hives and utensils do not follow in regular order. -Those numbers refer to our Illustrated Catalogue, with which most -English apiarians have long been familiar, and we could not alter them -without great inconvenience. - -Some persons may consider we have used too many poetical quotations in -a book dealing wholly with matters of fact. We trust, however, that -an examination of the extracts will at once remove that feeling of -objection. - -We venture to hope that the following pages contain many valuable hints -and interesting statements which may tend to excite increased and -renewed attention to the most useful and industrious of all insects. -Although bees have neither reason nor religion for their guide, yet -from them man may learn many a lesson of virtue and industry, and may -even draw from them thoughts suggestive of trust and faith in God. - -We beg leave to conclude our preface, and introduce the subject, by the -following extract from Shakespeare,--who, without doubt, kept bees in -that garden at Stratford wherein he used to meditate:-- - - "So work the honey bees; - Creatures, that by a rule in Nature, teach - The art of order to a peopled kingdom. - They have a king and officers of sorts; - Where some, like magistrates, correct at home; - Others, like merchants, venture trade abroad; - Others, like soldiers, armed in their stings. - Make boot upon the Summer's velvet buds. - Which pillage they, with merry march, bring home - To the tent royal of their emperor: - Who, busied in his majesty, surveys - The singing masons building roofs of gold; - The civil citizens kneading up the honey; - The poor mechanic porters crowding in - Their heavy burdens at his narrow gate; - The sad-eyed justice, with his surly hum, - Delivering o'er to executors pale - The lazy, yawning drone."-- - - Shakespeare's _Henry V., Act I., Scene 2._ - - - - -THE APIARY; - -OR - -BEES, BEE-HIVES, & BEE CULTURE. - -[Illustration] - - -There are two classes of persons for whom bee-culture should -have a strong interest, and two distinct purposes for which the pursuit -may be followed. First, there is the cottager or small farmer who, -in thousands of instances, might add considerably to his income by -bee-keeping; and secondly, there is the man of "retired leisure" and -refinement, who, in the personal tendance of an apiary would find -an easy and interesting occupation, and one which could not fail to -quicken his faculties of general scientific observation. Moreover, -in contemplating the wonderful skill, industry, and prevision of his -insect artisans, the bee-keeper would find in his apiary constant -illustrations of creative wisdom. - -Amongst the humbler classes in the rural districts, the neglect of -bee-keeping is to be attributed to an exaggerated idea of the trouble -needful for the care of a few hives, and also to ignorance of the -easier and more profitable methods of modern management. Many of the -wealthier country or suburban residents, also, are averse to the -personal trouble which they fancy needful in keeping an apiary; and, -perhaps, some gentlemen are more afraid than they would like to own -of that very efficient weapon of defence with which the honey bee is -provided. But the prejudices against bees are quite unnecessary; bees -are as tractable as they are intelligent, and it is the purpose of this -little book to show that bee-culture is an easy and safe, as well as a -deeply interesting, pursuit. Possibly, also, some who do us the favour -to read our detailed explanations, will see how the rural clergyman, -or the benevolent landlord, who keeps an apiary of his own, may be -of signal service to his poorer neighbours in explaining to them the -mysteries of bee-keeping. - - -I. THE INHABITANTS OF THE HIVE. - -Every hive or bee colony comprises three distinct classes of bees, each -class having functions peculiar to itself, and which are essential -to the well-being of the whole community. As each bee knows its own -proper duties, they all work harmoniously and zealously together, for -the common weal. Certain apparent exceptions to the good-fellowship of -the bees will be hereafter noticed, but those arise out of essential -conditions in the social economy of the bee community. - -The three classes of bees are:--the queen bee, with the pupæ or embryos -intended for queens; the working bees; and the drones or male bees. - -The Queen.--Dr. Evans[2] introduces the queen bee to our -notice thus:-- - - First of the throng, and foremost of the whole, - One 'stands confest the sovereign and the soul.' - -[Footnote 2: Dr. Evans,--who may be styled the poet-laureate of the -bees,--lived at Shrewsbury, where he practiced as a physician. His poem -on bees is written with great taste and careful elaboration, and it -describes the habits of bees with a degree of accuracy only attainable -after continuous scientific observation.] - -The queen may very readily be distinguished from the rest of the bees -by the greater length of her body, and the comparative shortness of her -wings; her legs are longer, and are not furnished with either brushes -or baskets as those of the working bee, for being constantly fed by -the latter, she does not need those implements; the upper surface of -her body is of a brighter black than the other bees, whilst her colour -underneath is a yellowish brown; her wings, which do not extend more -than half the length of her body, are sinewy and strong; her long -abdomen tapers nearly to a point; her head is rounder, her tongue more -slender, and not nearly so long, as that of the working bee, and her -sting is curved; her movements are measured and majestic, as she moves -in the hive the other bees form a circle round her, none venturing to -turn their backs upon her, but all anxious to show that respect and -attention due to her rank and station. Whenever in the exercise of her -sovereign will the queen wishes to travel amongst her subjects, she -experiences no inconvenience from overcrowding; although the part of -the hive to which she is journeying may be the most populous, way is -immediately made, the common bees tumbling over each other to get out -of her way, so great is their anxiety not to interfere with the royal -progress. - -It is the chief function of the queen to lay the eggs from which all -future bees originate, the multiplication of the species being the -purpose of her existence, and she follows it up with an assiduity -similar to that with which the workers construct combs or collect -honey. A queen is estimated to lay in the breeding season from 1,500 to -2,000 eggs a-day, and in the course of one year is supposed to produce -more than 100,000 bees. This is indeed a vast number; but when there -is taken into consideration the great number required for swarms, the -constant lessening of their strength by death in various ways, and the -many casualties attending them in their distant travels in search of -the luscious store, it does not seem that the case is over stated. - -In a Glass Unicomb Hive,--which we shall hereinafter describe,--all the -movements of the queen-bee may be traced; she may be seen thrusting -her head into a cell to discover whether it be occupied with an egg or -honey, and if empty, she turns round in a dignified manner and inserts -her long body--so long, that she is able to deposit the egg at the -bottom of the cell; she then passes on to another, and so continues -industriously multiplying her laborious subjects. It not unfrequently -happens when the queen is prolific, and if it be an early season, that -many eggs are wasted for want of unoccupied cells; for in that case -the queen leaves them exposed at the bottom of the hive when they -are greedily devoured by the bees. The queen-bee, unlike the great -majority of her subjects, is a stayer at home; generally speaking, she -only quits the hive twice in her life. The first occasion is on the -all-important day of her marriage, which always takes place at a great -height in the air, and generally on the second or third day of her -princess-life; she never afterwards leaves the hive, except to lead off -an emigrating swarm. Evans, with proper loyalty, has duly furnished a -glowing epithalamium for the queen-bee:--thus. - - When noon-tide Sirius glares on high, - Young love ascends the glowing sky, - From vein to vein swift shoots prolific fire. - And thrills each insect fibre with desire; - Then Nature to fulfil thy prime decree, - Wheels round in wanton rings, the courtier Bee; - Now shyly distant, now with bolder air, - He woos and wins the all-complying fair; - Through fields of ether, veiled in vap'ry gloom - They seek, with amorous haste, the nuptial room; - As erst the immortal pair, on Ida's height, - wreath'd round their noon of joy, ambrosial night, - -The loyalty and attachment of bees to their queen is one of their most -remarkable characteristics; they constantly supply her with food, and -fawn upon and caress her, softly touching her with their antennæ, a -favour which she occasionally returns. When she moves about the hive, -all the bees through whom she successively passes pay her the same -homage; those whom she leaves behind in her track close together, and -resume their accustomed occupations. - -The majestic deportment of the queen-bee and the homage paid to her is, -with a little poetic license, thus described by Evans:-- - - But mark of royal port and awful mien. - Where moves with measured pace the insect Queen! - Twelve chosen guards, with slow and solemn gait. - Bend at her nod, and round her person wait. - -This homage is, however, only paid to matron queens. -Whilst they continue princesses, they receive no distinctive marks -of respect. Dr. Dunbar, the noted Scotch apiarian, observed a very -striking instance of this whilst experimenting on the combative -qualities of the queen-bee. "So long," says he, "as the queen which -survived the rencontre with her rival, remained a virgin, not the -slightest degree of respect or attention was paid her--not a single bee -gave her food; she was obliged, as often as she required it, to help -herself; and in crossing the honey cells for that purpose, she had to -scramble, often with difficulty, over the crowd, not an individual of -which got out of her way, or seemed to care whether she fed or starved; -but no sooner did she become a mother, than the scene was changed, and -all testified towards her that most affectionate attention, which is -uniformly exhibited to fertile queens." - -The queen-bee, though provided with a sting, never uses it on any -account, except in combat with her sister queens. But she admits of -no rival to her throne; almost her first act on coming forth from the -cell, is an attempt to tear open and destroy the cells containing the -pupæ of princesses likely to become competitors. Should it so happen -that another queen of similar age does exist in the hive at the -same time, the two are speedily brought into contact with each other -in order to fight it out and decide by a struggle, mortal to one of -them, which is to be the ruler;--the stronger of course is victorious, -and remains supreme. This, it must be admitted, is a wiser method of -settling the affair than it would be to range the whole band under two -distinct banners, and so create a civil war, killing and destroying -each other for matters with which they individually have little or no -concern: for the bees care not which queen it is, as long as they are -certain of having one to rule over them and perpetuate the community. - -After perusing the description given above of the attachment of bees -to their queen, it may be easy to imagine the consternation a hive -is thrown into when deprived of her presence. The bees first make a -diligent search for their monarch in the hive, and then afterwards rush -forth in immense numbers to seek her. When such a commotion is observed -in an apiary, the experienced bee-master will repair the loss by giving -a queen: the bees have generally their own remedy for such a calamity, -in their power of raising a new queen from amongst their larvæ; but -if neither of these means be available, the whole colony dwindles and -dies. The following is the method by which working bees provide a -successor to the throne when deprived of their queen by accident, or in -anticipation of the first swarm, which is always led by the old queen:-- - -They select, when not more than three days old, an egg or grub -previously intended for a worker-bee, and then enlarge the cell so -selected by destroying the surrounding partitions; they thus form a -royal cradle, in shape very much like an acorn cup inverted. The chosen -embryo is then fed liberally with a peculiar description of nurture, -called by naturalists "royal jelly"--a pungent food, prepared by the -working bees exclusively for those of the larvæ that are destined to -become candidates for the honour of royalty. Should a queen be forcibly -separated from her subjects, she resents the interference, refuses -food, pines, and dies. - -The whole natural history of the queen-bee is in itself a subject that -will well repay for continuous study. Those who desire to follow it, we -would refer to the complete works of Huber--the greatest of -apiarians,--Swammerdam, Bevan, Langstroth, -&c. The observations upon the queen-bee needful to verify the above -mentioned facts can only be made in hives constructed for the purpose, -of which our "Unicomb Observatory Hive" is one of the best. In ordinary -hives the queen is scarcely ever to be seen; where there are several -rows of comb, she invariably keeps between them, both for warmth and -to be more secure from danger. The writer has frequently observed in -stocks which have unfortunately died, that the queen was one of the -last to expire; and she is always more difficult to gain possession of -than other bees, being by instinct taught that she is indispensable to -the welfare of her subjects. - -The queen enjoys a far longer life than any of her subjects, her age -generally extending to four or even five years. The drones, which are -mostly hatched in the early spring, seldom live more than three or -four months, even if they should escape the sting of the executioner, -to which they generally fall victims. The worker-bee, it is now a -well-ascertained fact, lives from six to eight months, in no case -exceeding the latter; so that we may reckon that the bees hatched in -April and May expire about the end of the year, and it is those of the -autumn who carry on the duties of the hive until the spring and summer, -that being the time when the greatest number of eggs are laid. The -population of a hive is very small during the winter, in comparison -with the vast numbers gathering produce in the summer,--produce which -they themselves live to enjoy but for a short period. So that not only, -as of old, may lessons of industry be learned from bees, but they also -teach self-denial to mankind, since they labour for the community -rather than for themselves. Evans, in describing the age of bees, thus -paraphrases the well known couplet of Homer in allusion to the fleeting -generations of men:-- - - Like leaves on trees, the race of bees is found, - Now green in youth, now withering on the ground; - Another race the spring or fall supplies. - They droop successive, and successive rise. - -The Drone.--The drones are male bees; they possess no sting, -are more hairy and larger than the common bee, and may be easily -distinguished by their heavy motion, thick-set form, and louder -humming. Evans thus describes the drones:-- - - Their short proboscis sips. - No luscious nectar from the wild thyme's lips; - From the lime leaf no amber drops they steal. - Not bear their grooveless thighs the foodful meal: - On others' toils in pampered leisure thrive, - The lazy fathers of the industrious hive; - Yet oft, we're told, these seeming idlers share - The pleasing duties of parental care; - With fond attention guard each genial cell, - And watch the embryo bursting from the shell. - -But Dr. Evans had been "told" what was not correct when he sought to -dignify drones with the office of "nursing fathers,"--that task is -undertaken by the younger of the working-bees. No occupation falls -to the lot of the drones in gathering honey, nor have they the means -provided them by nature for assisting in the labours of the hive. The -drones are the progenitors of working bees, and nothing more; so far as -is known, that is the only purpose of their short existence. - -In a well-populated hive the number of drones is computed at from -one to two thousand. "Naturalists," says Huber, "have been extremely -embarrassed to account for the number of males in most hives, and -which seem only a burden to the community, since they appear to -fulfil no function. But we now begin to discern the object of nature -in multiplying them to such an extent. As fecundation cannot be -accomplished within the hive, and as the queen is obliged to traverse -the expanse of the atmosphere, it is requisite that the males should -be numerous, that she may have the chance of meeting some one of them -in her flight. Were only two or three in each hive, there would be -little probability of their departure at the same instant with the -queen, or that they would meet her in their excursions; and most -of the females might thus remain sterile." It is important for the -safety of the queen-bee that her stay in the air should be as brief -as possible: her large size, and the slowness of her flight, render -her an easy prey to birds. It is not now thought that the queen always -pairs with a drone of the same hive, as Huber seems to have supposed. -Once impregnated,--as is the case with most insects,--the queen-bee -continues productive during the remainder of her existence. It has, -however, been found that though old queens cease to lay worker eggs, -they may continue to lay those of drones. The swarming season being -over, that is about the end of July, a general massacre of the "lazy -fathers" takes place. Dr. Bevan, in the "Honey Bee," observes on this -point, "the work of the drones being now completed, they are regarded -as useless consumers of the fruits of others' labour, love is at once -converted into hate, and a general proscription takes place. The -unfortunate victims evidently perceive their danger, for they are -never, at this time, seen resting in one place, but darting in and -out of the hive with the utmost precipitation, as if in fear of being -seized." - -Their destruction is thought, by some, to be caused by their being -harassed until they quit the hive; but Huber says he ascertained that -the death of the drones was caused by the stings of the workers. -Supposing the drones come forth in May, which is the average period -of their being hatched, their destruction takes place somewhere about -the commencement of August, so that three months is the usual extent -of their existence; but should it so happen that the usual development -of the queen has been retarded, or that the hive has in any case -been deprived of her, the massacre of the drones is deferred. But in -any case, the natural term of the life of drone bees does not exceed -four months, so that they are all dead before the winter, and are not -allowed to be useless consumers of the general store. - -The Worker Bee.--The working bees form, by far, the most -numerous class of the three kinds contained in the hive, and least of -all require description. They are the smallest of the bees, are dark -brown in colour or nearly black, and much more active on the wing than -are either drones or queens. The usual number in a healthy hive varies -from twelve to thirty thousand; and, previous to swarming, exceeds the -larger number. The worker-bee is of the same sex as the queen, but is -only partially developed. Any egg of a worker-bee,--by the cell being -enlarged, as already described, and the "royal jelly" being supplied -to the larva,--may be hatched into a mature and perfect queen. This, -one of the most curious facts connected with the natural history of -bees, may be verified in any apiary by most interesting experiments, -which may be turned to important use. With regard to the supposed -distinctions between "nursing" and working bees, it is now agreed that -it only consists in a division of labour,--the young workers staying -at home to feed the larvæ until they are themselves vigorous enough -to range the fields in quest of supplies. But, for many details of -unfailing interest, we must again refer our readers to the standard -works on bees that have already been named. - -The Eggs of Bees.--It is necessary that some explanation -should be given as to the existence of the bee before it emerges from -the cell. - -The eggs of all the three kinds of bees when first deposited are of an -oval shape, and of a bluish-white colour. In four or five days the egg -changes to a worm, and in this stage is known by the names of larva -or grub, in which state it remains four to six days more; during this -period it is fed by the nurse-bees with a mixture of farina and honey, -a constant supply of which is given to it: the next transformation is -to the nymph or pupa form; the nurse-bees now seal up the cell with a -preparation similar to wax; and then the pupa spins round itself -a film or cocoon, just as a silkworm does in its chrysalis state. The -microscope shows that this cradle-curtain is perforated with very -minute holes, through which the baby-bee is duly supplied with air. No -further attention on the part of the bees is now requisite except a -proper degree of heat, which they take care to keep up, a position for -the breeding cells being selected in the centre of the hive where the -temperature is likely to be most congenial. - -Twenty-one days after the egg is first laid (unless cold weather should -have retarded it) the bee quits the pupa state, and nibbling its way -through the waxen covering that has enclosed it, comes forth a winged -insect. In the Unicomb Observatory Hive, the young bees may distinctly -be seen as they literally fight their way into the world, for the other -bees do not take the slightest notice, nor afford them any assistance. -We have frequently been amused in watching the eager little new-comer, -now obtruding its head, and anon compelled to withdraw into the cell, -to escape being trampled on by the apparently unfeeling throng, until -at last it has succeeded in making its exit. The little grey creature, -after brushing and shaking itself, enters upon its duties in the hive, -and in a day or two may be seen gathering honey in the fields--some -say on the day of its birth,--thus early illustrating that character -for industry, which has been proverbial, at least, since the days of -Aristotle, and which has in our day been rendered familiar even to -infant minds through the nursery rhymes of Dr. Watts. - -Increase of Bees.--Every one is familiar with the natural -process of "swarming," by which bees provide themselves with fresh -space and seek to plant colonies to absorb their increase of -population. But the object of the bee-master is to train and educate -his bees, and in so doing he avoids much of the risk and trouble which -is incurred by allowing the busy folk to follow their own devices. The -various methods for this end adopted by apiarians all come under the -term of the "depriving" system; and they form part of the great object -of humane and economical bee-keeping, which is to save the bees alive -instead of slaughtering them as under the old clumsy system. A very -natural question is often asked,--how it is that upon the depriving -system, where our object is to prevent swarming, the increase of -numbers is not so great as upon the old plan? It will be seen that the -laying of eggs is performed by the queen only, and that there is but -one queen to each hive; so that where swarming is prevented, there -remains only one hive or stock, as the superfluous princesses are not -allowed to come to maturity. Our plan of giving additional store-room -will, generally speaking, prevent swarming; this stay-at-home policy, -we contend, is an advantage, for instead of the loss of time consequent -upon a swarm hanging out preparatory to flight, all the bees are -engaged in collecting honey, and that at a time when the weather is -most favourable and the food most abundant. Upon the old system, the -swarm leaves the hive simply because the dwelling has not been enlarged -at the time when the bees are increasing. The emigrants are always led -off by the old queen, leaving either young or embryo queens to lead off -after swarms, and to furnish a mistress for the old stock, and carry -on the multiplication of the species. Upon the antiquated and inhuman -plan where so great a destruction takes place by the brimstone match, -breeding must, of course, be allowed to go on to its full extent to -make up for such sacrifices. Our chief object under the new system is -to obtain honey free from all extraneous matter. Pure honey cannot be -gathered from combs where storing and breeding are performed in the -same compartment. For fuller explanations on this point, we refer to -the various descriptions of our improved hives in a subsequent section -of this work. - -There can now be scarcely two opinions as to the uselessness of the -rustic plan of immolating the poor bees after they have striven through -the summer so to "improve each shining hour." The ancients in Greece -and Italy took the surplus honey and spared the bees, and now for every -intelligent bee-keeper there are ample appliances wherewith to attain -the same results. Mr. Langstroth quotes from the German the following -epitaph which, he says, "might be properly placed over every pit of -brimstoned bees:"-- - - Here Rests, - - CUT OFF FROM USEFUL LABOUR, - - A COLONY OF - - INDUSTRIOUS BEES, - - BASELY MURDERED - - BY ITS - - UNGRATEFUL AND IGNORANT OWNER. - - -And Thomson, the poet of "The Seasons," has recorded an eloquent poetic -protest against the barbarous practice, for which, however, in his day -there was no alternative:-- - - All, see, where robbed and murdered in that pit, - Lies the still heaving hive! at evening snatched, - Beneath the cloud of guilt-concealing night, - And fix'd o'er sulphur! while, not dreaming ill, - The happy people, in their waxen cells, - Sat tending public cares. - Sudden, the dark, oppressive steam ascends. - And, used to milder scents, the tender race. - By thousands, tumble from their honied dome - Into a gulf of blue sulphureous flame! - -It will be our pleasing task in subsequent chapters to show "a more -excellent way." - - -SWARMING. - -The spring is the best period at which to open an apiary, and -swarming-time is a good starting point for the new bee-keeper. The -period known as the swarming season is during the months of May and -June. With a very forward stock, and in exceedingly fine weather, bees -do occasionally swarm in April. The earlier the swarm the greater is -its value. If bees swarm in July, they seldom gather sufficient to -sustain themselves through the winter; though, by careful feeding, they -may easily be kept alive, if hived early in the month. - -The cause of a swarm leaving the stock-hive is, that the population has -grown too large for it. Swarming is a provision of nature for remedying -the inconvenience of overcrowding, and is the method whereby the bees -seek for space in which to increase their stores. By putting on "super -hives," the required relief may, in many cases, be given to them; but -should the multiplication of stocks be desired, the bee-keeper will -defer increasing the space until the swarm has issued forth. In May, -when the spring has been fine, the queen-bee is very active in laying -eggs, and the increase in a strong healthy hive is so prodigious that -emigration is necessary, or the bees would cease to work. - -It is now a well established fact that the old queen goes forth with -the first swarm, preparation having been made to supply her place as -soon as the bees determine upon the necessity of a division of their -commonwealth. Thus the sovereignty of the old hive, after the first -swarm has issued, devolves upon a young queen. - -As soon as the swarm builds combs in its new abode, the emigrant-queen, -being impregnated and her ovaries full, begins laying eggs in the -cells, and thereby speedily multiplies the labourers of the new -colony. Although there is now amongst apiarians no doubt that the old -queen quits her home, there is no rule as to the composition of the -swarm--old and young alike depart. Some show unmistakable signs of age -by their ragged wings, others their extreme youth by their lighter -colour; how they determine which shall stay and which shall go has not -yet been ascertained. In preparation for flight, bees commence filling -their honey bags, taking sufficient, it is said, for three days' -sustenance. This store is needful, not only for food, but to enable -the bees to commence the secretion of wax and the building of combs in -their new domicile. - -On the day of emigration the weather must be fine, warm, and clear, -with but little wind stirring; for the old queen, like a prudent -matron, will not venture out unless the day is in every way favorable. -Whilst her majesty hesitates, either for the reasons we have mentioned, -or because the internal arrangements are not sufficiently matured, the -bees will often fly about or hang in clusters at the entrance of the -hive for two or three days and nights together, all labour meanwhile -being suspended. The agitation of the little folk is well described by -Evans:-- - - See where, with hurried step, the impassioned throng - Pace o'er the hive, and seem, with plaintive song, - T' invite the loitering queen; now range the floor, - And hang in cluster'd columns from the door; - Or now in restless rings around they fly, - Nor spoil thy sip, nor load the hollowed thigh; - E'en the dull drone his wonted ease gives o'er, - Haps his unwieldly wings, and longs to soar. - -But when all is ready, a scene of the most violent agitation takes -place; the bees rush out in vast numbers, forming quite a dark cloud as -they traverse the air. - -The time selected for the departure of the emigrants is generally -between 10 a.m. and 3 p.m.; most swarms come off within an hour of -noon. It is a very general remark that bees choose a Sunday for -swarming, and probably this is because then greater stillness reigns -around. It will not be difficult to imagine that the careful bee-keeper -is anxious to keep a strict watch, lest he should lose such a treasure -when once it takes wing. The exciting scene at a bee-swarming has been -well described by the apiarian laureate:-- - - Up mounts the chief, and, to the cheated eye, - Ten thousand shuttles dart along the sky; - As swift through æther rise the rushing swarms, - Gay dancing to the beam their sunbright forms; - And each thin form, still lingering on the sight. - Trails as it shoots, a line of silver light. - High poised on buoyant wing, the thoughtful queen, - In gaze attentive, views the varied scene, - And soon her far-fetched ken discerns below; - The light laburuam lift her polished brow. - Wave her green leafy ringlets o'er the glade. - Swift as the falcon's sweep, the monarch bends - Her flight abrupt; the following host descends - Round the fine twig, like clustered grapes they close - In thickening wreaths, and court a short repose. - -In many country districts it is a time-honoured custom for the good -folks of the village to commence on such occasions a terrible noise -of tanging and ringing with frying pan and key. This is done with -the absurd notion that the bees are charmed with the clangorous din, -and may by it be induced to settle as near as possible to the source -of such sweet sounds. This is, however, quite a mistake; there are -other and better means for the purpose. The practice of ringing was -originally adopted for a different and far more sensible object, -viz., for the purpose of giving notice that a swarm had issued forth, -and that the owner was anxious to claim the right of following, even -though it should alight on a neighbour's premises. It would DC curious -to trace how this ancient ceremony has thus got corrupted from the -original design. - -In case the bees do not speedily after swarming manifest signs of -settling, a few handfuls of sand or loose mould may be thrown up in the -air so as to fall among the winged throng; they mistake this for rain, -and then very quickly determine upon settling. Some persons squirt a -little water from a garden engine in order to produce the same effect. - -There are, indeed, many ingenious devices used by apiarians for -decoying the swarms. Mr. Langstroth mentions a plan of stringing dead -bees together, and tying a bunch of them on any shrub or low tree upon -which it is desirable that they should alight; another plan is, to -hang some black woven material near the hives, so that the swarming -bees may be led to suppose they see another colony, to which they will -hasten to attach themselves. Swarms have a great affinity for each -other when they are adrift in the air; but, of course, when the union -has been effected, the rival queens have to do battle for supremacy. A -more ingenious device than any of the above, is by means of a mirror to -flash a reflection of the sun's rays amongst a swarm, which bewilders -the bees, and checks their flight. It is manifestly often desirable -to use some of these endeavours to induce early settlement, and to -prevent, if possible, the bees from clustering in high trees or under -the eaves of houses, where it may be difficult to hive them. - -Should prompt measures not be taken to hive the bees as soon as the -cluster is well formed, there is danger of their starting on a second -flight; and this is what the apiarian has so much to dread. If the bees -set off a second time, it is generally for a long flight, often for -miles, so that in such a case it is usually impossible to follow them, -and consequently a valuable colony may be irretrievably lost. - -Too much care cannot be exercised to prevent the sun's rays falling -on a swarm when it has once settled. If exposed to heat in this way, -bees are very likely to decamp. We have frequently stretched matting or -sheeting on poles so as to intercept the glare, and thus render their -temporary position cool and comfortable. - -Two swarms sometimes depart at the same time and join together; in such -a case, we recommend that they be treated as one by putting them into a -hive as before described, taking care to give abundant room, and not to -delay affording access to the super hive or glasses. They will settle -their own notions of sovereignty by one queen destroying the other. -There are means of separating two swarms if done at the time; but the -operation is a formidable one, and does not always repay even those -most accustomed to such manipulation. - -With regard to preparations for taking a swarm, our advice to the -bee-keeper must be the reverse of Mrs. Glass's notable injunction as -to the cooking of a hare. Some time before you expect to take a swarm, -be sure to have a proper hive in which to take it, and also every -other requisite properly ready. Here we will explain what was said -in the introduction as to the safety of moving and handling bees. A -bee-veil or dress will preserve the most sensitive from the possibility -of being stung. This article, which may be bought with the hives, is -made of net close enough to exclude bees, but open enough for the -operator's vision. It is made to go over the hat of a lady or cap of a -gentleman; it can be tied round the waist, and has sleeves fastening at -the wrist. A pair of photographer's india rubber gloves completes the -full dress of the apiarian, who is then invulnerable even to enraged -bees. But bees when swarming are in an eminently peaceful frame of -mind; having dined sumptuously, they require to be positively provoked -before they will sting. Yet there may be one or two foolish bees who, -having neglected to fill their honey bags, are inclined to vent their -ill-humour on the kind apiarian. When all is ready, the new hive is -held or placed in an inverted position under the cluster of bees, which -the operator detaches from their perch with one or two quick shakes; -the floorboard is then placed on the hive, which is then slowly turned -up on to its base, and it is well to leave it a short time in the same -place, in order to allow of stragglers joining their companions. - -If the new swarm is intended for transportation to a distance, it is -as well for it to be left at the same spot until evening, provided the -sun is shaded from it: but if the hive is meant to stand in or near -the same garden, it is better to remove it within half an hour to its -permanent position, because so eager are newly-swarmed bees for pushing -forward the work of furnishing their empty house, that they sally forth -at once in search of materials. - -A swarm of bees in their natural state contains from 10,000 to 20,000 -insects, whilst in an established hive they number 40,000 and upwards. -5,000 bees are said to weigh one pound; a good swarm will weigh from -three to five pounds. We have known swarms not heavier than 2½ pounds, -that were in very excellent condition in August as regards store for -the winter. - -Hitherto, all our remarks have had reference to first or "prime" -swarms; these are the best, and when a swarm is purchased such should -be bargained for. - -Second swarms, known amongst cottage bee-keepers as "casts," usually -issue from the hive nine or ten days after the first has departed. -It is not always that a second swarm issues, so much depends on the -strength of the stock, the weather, and other causes; but should the -bees determine to throw out another, the first hatched queen in the -stock-hive is prevented by her subjects from destroying the other -royal princesses, as she would do if left to her own devices. The -consequence is that, like some people who cannot have their own way, -she is highly indignant; and when thwarted in her purpose, utters, in -quick succession, shrill, angry sounds, much resembling "_peep, peep_," -commonly called "piping," but which more courtly apiarians have styled -the _vox regalis_. - -This royal wailing continues during the evening, and is sometimes so -loud as to be distinctly audible many yards from the hive. When this is -the case, a swarm may be expected either on the next day, or at latest -within three days. The second swarm is not quite so chary of weather as -the first; it was the old lady who exercised so much caution, disliking -to leave home except in the best of summer weather. - -In some instances, owing to favourable breeding seasons and prolific -queens, a third swarm issues from the hive, this is termed a "colt;" -and in remarkable instances, even a fourth, which in rustic phrase is -designated a "filly." A swarm from a swarm is called a "maiden" swarm, -and according to bee theory, will again have the old queen for its -leader. - -The bee-master should endeavour to prevent his labourers from swarming -more than once; his policy is rather to encourage the industrious -gathering of honey by keeping a good supply of "supers" on the hives. -Sometimes, however, he may err in putting on the supers too early or -unduly late, and the bees will then swarm a second time, instead of -making use of the store-rooms thus provided. In such a case, the clever -apiarian, having spread the swarm on the ground, will select the queen, -and cause the bees to go back to the hive from whence they came. This -operation requires an amount of apiarian skill which, though it may -easily be attained, is greater than is usually possessed. - - - - -II. MODERN BEE HIVES. - - -NUTT'S COLLATERAL HIVE. No. 1. - -The late Mr. Nutt, author of "Humanity to Honey Bees," may be -regarded as a pioneer of modern apiarians; we therefore select his -hive wherewith to begin a description of those we have confidence in -recommending. Besides, an account of Mr. Nutt's hive will necessarily -include references to the various principles which subsequent inventors -have kept in view. - -[Illustration] - -Nutt's Collateral Hive consists of three boxes placed side by side (C. -A. C), with an octagonal box B on the top which covers a bell-glass. -Each of the three boxes is 9 inches high, 9 inches wide, and 11 -inches from back to front; thin wooden partitions,--in which six or -seven openings corresponding with each other are made--divide these -compartments, so that free access from one box to the other is afforded -to the bees; this communication is stopped when necessary by a zinc -slide passing down between each box. The octagonal cover B is about 10 -inches in diameter and 20 high, including the sloping octagonal roof, -surmounted with an acorn as a finish. There are two large windows in -each of the end boxes, and one smaller one in the centre box; across -the latter is a thermometer scaled and marked, so as to be an easy -guide to the bee-master, showing him by the rise in temperature the -increased accommodation required. This thermometer is a fixture, the -indicating part being protected by two pieces of glass, to prevent the -bees from coming between it and the window, and thereby obstructing the -view. - -D D are ventilators. In the centre of each of the end boxes is a -double zinc tube reaching down a little below the middle, the outer -tube is a casing of plain zinc, with holes about a quarter of an inch -wide dispersed over it; the inside one is of perforated zinc, with -openings so small as to prevent the escape of the bees, a flange or -rim keeps the tubes suspended through a hole made to receive it. The -object in having double tubing, is to allow the inner one to be drawn -up and the perforations to be opened by pricking out the wax, or rather -the propolis, with which bees close all openings in their hives. These -tubes admit a thermometer enclosed in a cylindrical glass, to be -occasionally inserted during the gathering season; it requires to be -left in the tube for about a quarter of an hour; and on its withdrawal, -if found indicating 90 degrees or more, ventilation must be adopted to -lower the temperature--the ornamental zinc top D must be left raised, -and is easily kept in that position by putting the perforated part a -little on one side. - -The boxes before described are placed on a raised double floor-board, -extending the whole length, viz., about 36 inches. The floor-board -projects a few inches in front. In the centre is the entrance;--as our -engraving only shows the back of the hive, we must imagine it on the -other side,--it is made by cutting a sunken way of about half-an-inch -deep and 3 inches wide, in the floor-board communicating only with -the middle box; it is through this entrance alone that the bees find -their way into the hive,--access to the end boxes and the super -being obtained from the inside. An alighting board is fitted close -under the entrance for the bees to settle upon when returning laden -with honey; this alighting board is removable for the convenience of -packing. The centre, or stock-box, A, called by Mr. Nutt the Pavilion -of Nature, is the receptacle for the swarm; for stocking this, it will -be necessary to tack the side tins so as to close the side openings -in the partition, and to tack some perforated zinc over the holes at -top; the swarm may then be hived into it just the same as with a common -hive. A temporary bottom-board may be used if the box has to be sent -any distance; or a cloth may be tied round to close the bottom (the -latter plan is best, because allowing plenty of air), and when brought -home at night, the bees being clustered at the top, the cloth or -temporary bottom must be removed, and the box gently placed on its own -floor-board, and the hive set in the place it is permanently to occupy. -E E are two block fronts which open with a hinge, a semicircular hole -3 inches long, 2 wide in the middle, is cut in the upper bottom-board -immediately under the window of each box; these apertures are closed by -separate perforated zinc slides; these blocks, when opened, afford a -ready means of reducing the temperature of the side boxes, a current of -air being quickly obtained, and are also useful for allowing the bees -to throw out any refuse. - -The centre F is a drawer in which is a feeding trough, so constructed -that the bees can descend through the opening before mentioned on -to a false bottom of perforated zinc; liquid food is readily poured -in by pulling out the drawer a little way, the bees come down on to -the perforated zinc and take the food by inserting their proboscis -through the perforations, with no danger of being drowned. Care must be -exercised that the food is not given in such quantity as to come above -the holes; by this means, each hive has a supply of food accessible -only to the inmates, with no possibility, when closely shut in, of -attracting robber bees from other hives. - -The exterior of these hives is _well_ painted with two coats of lead -colour, covered with two coats of green, and varnished. Notwithstanding -this preservation, it is absolutely essential to place such a hive -under a shed or cover of some sort, as the action of the sun and rain -is likely to cause the wood to decay, whilst the extreme heat of a -summer sun might cause the combs to fall from their foundations. - -Neat and tasteful sheds may be erected, either of zinc supported by -iron or wooden rods, or a thatched roof may be supported in the same -manner, and will form a pretty addition to the flower garden. - -When erecting a covering, it will be well to make it a foot or two -longer, so as to allow of a cottage hive on either side, as the -appearance of the whole is much improved by such an arrangement. - -The following directions, with some adaptation, are from "Nutt on Honey -Bees:"-- - -In the middle box the bees are to be first placed;--in it they should -first construct their beautiful combs, and under the government of -one sovereign--the mother of the hive--carry on their curious work, -and display their astonishing architectural ingenuity. In this box, -the _regina_ of the colony, surrounded by her industrious, happy, -humming subjects, carries on the propagation of her species, deposits -in the cells prepared for the purpose by the other bees, thousands of -eggs, though she seldom deposits more than one egg in a cell at a -time: these eggs are nursed up into a numerous progeny by the other -inhabitants of the hive. It is at this time, when hundreds of young -bees are daily coming into existence, that the collateral boxes are -of the utmost importance--both to the bees domiciled in them, and to -their proprietors; for when the brood become perfect bees in a common -cottager's hive, a swarm is the necessary consequence. The queen, -accompanied by a vast number of her subjects, leaves the colony, -and seeks some other place in which to carry on the work nature has -assigned her. But as swarming may by proper precaution and attention -to this mode of management generally be prevented, it is good practice -to do so; because the time necessarily required to establish a new -colony, even supposing the cottager succeeds in saving the swarm, -would otherwise be employed in collecting honey, and in enriching the -old hive. Here, then, is one of the features of this plan--viz., _the -prevention of swarming_. When symptoms of swarming begin to present -themselves, which may be known by an unusual noise, the appearance -of more than common activity among the bees in the middle box, and, -above all, by a sudden rise of temperature, which will be indicated -by the quicksilver in the thermometer rising to 75 degrees as scaled -on the thermometer in the box; when these symptoms are apparent, the -bee master may conclude that additional space is required. The top -sliding tin should now be withdrawn from under the bell glass, which -will open to the bees a new store-room; this they will soon occupy, and -fill with combs and honey of pure whiteness, if the weather be fine to -allow of their uninterrupted labour. It may be well here to mention, -that if the glass have a small piece of clean worker comb attached to -the perforated ventilating tube, the bees will more speedily commence -their operations in it. When the glass is nearly filled, which in a -good season will be in a very short space of time, the bees will again -require increased accommodation; this will also be indicated by the -thermometer further rising to 85; the end box, as thereon marked, -must now be given them. Previously to drawing up a slide to enlarge -their crowded house, the manager should take off the empty end box -he intends to open to them, carefully and thoroughly cleanse it, and -then smear or dress the inside of it with a little liquid honey. Thus -prepared, he must return the box to its proper situation, and then -withdraw the sliding tin that hitherto has cut it off from the middle -box; by so doing the store-room is again enlarged. The bees will -commence operations in this new apartment. This simple operation, done -at the proper time, generally prevents swarming; by it, the queen -gains a vast addition to her dominions, and, consequently, increasing -space for the multiplying population of her domicile. Provided the -weather continue fine, and the thermometer has risen to 95 degrees, as -marked on the scale, the remaining tin may be also withdrawn, thereby -giving the bees, admittance to another box; there is now no lack of -store-rooms nor of employment for our indefatigable labourers. The -cylinder thermometer is required to be occasionally dropped into the -ventilating tube of the side boxes to ascertain their temperature; for -if exceeding or approaching that of the middle box, it must be reduced -by ventilating; this is done by raising the zinc tops, to allow the air -to pass through the perforations. The grand object of this system is -to keep the end boxes and the bell glass cooler than the pavilion or -middle box, so as to induce the queen to propagate her species there -and there only, and not in the depriving part of the hive; by this -means the side and upper combs are in no way discoloured by brood. The -queen requires a considerable degree of warmth; the middle box does not -require more ventilation than the additional openings afford. The bees -enjoy coolness in the side boxes, and thereby the whiteness and purity -of the luscious store are increased. - -After having given directions for the working of the hive, it remains -to be told how to obtain possession of the store, and to get rid of -our industrious tenants from the super and end boxes, of which the -super glass will be almost sure to be filled first, having been first -given to them. The operation of taking honey is best performed in the -middle of a fine sunny day. The best mode that we know of is to pass -an ordinary table-knife all round underneath the rim of the glass to -loosen the cement, properly called propolis; then take a piece of -fine wire, or a piece of string will do, and, having hold of the two -ends, draw it under the glass very slowly, so as to allow the bees -to get out of the way. Having brought the string through, the glass -is now separated from the hive; but it is well to leave the glass in -its place for an hour or so, the commotion of the bees will then have -subsided; and another advantage we find is, that the bees suck up the -liquid and seal up the cells broken by the cutting off. You can then -pass underneath the glass two pieces of tin or zinc; the one may be -the proper slide to prevent the inmates of the hive coming out at -the apertures, the other tin keeps all the bees in the glass close -prisoners. After having been so kept a short time, the apiarian must -see whether the bees in the glass manifest symptoms of uneasiness, -because if they do not, it may be concluded that the queen is among -them. In such a case, replace the glass, and recommence the operation -on a future day. It is not often that her majesty is in the depriving -hive or glass; but this circumstance does sometimes happen, and -the removal at such a time must be avoided. When the bees that are -prisoners run about in great confusion and restlessness, the operator -may then conclude that the queen is absent, and that all is right. -The glass may be taken away a little distance off, and placed in a -flower-pot or other receptacle where it will be safe when inverted and -the tin taken away, then the bees will be glad to make their escape -back to their hive. A little tapping at the sides of the glass will -render their tarriance uncomfortable, and the glass may then be taken -into a darkened room or out-house with only a small aperture admitting -light which must be open; the bees, like all insects, make towards -the light and so escape. The bee-master should brush them off with a -feather from the comb as they can be reached; but on no account, if -there are many bees, should the glass be left, because the bees that -are in the glass will gorge themselves to their full and speedily bring -a host of others from the adjacent hives, who, in a very little time, -would leave only the empty combs. It is truly marvellous how soon they -will carry all the store back again, if allowed to do so. An empty -glass should be put on to the hive in place of the full one, as it will -attract the bees up, thereby preventing the too close crowding of the -hive; and, if the summer be not too far advanced, they will work more -honey-comb in it. - -The taking away of the end boxes is a somewhat similar process; but -they should on no account be taken at the same time as the glass, or -indeed at the same time as any other hive may be--_robbed_ we were -going to say, for it is robbery to the bees,--they intended the honey -for their winter food, and are much enraged at being deprived of it. -First shut down the dividing tin; the bees in the end box are now -prisoners separated from the hive, keep them so half an hour, then take -away the box bodily to another part of the garden, or into the dark -out-house as before recommended. - -It may not be out of place here to say something respecting the -enthusiastic inventor of the Collateral Hive--Thomas Nutt, who was -an inhabitant of Spalding, in Lincolnshire. Having been disabled -during a considerable period by rheumatic fever, he devoted all his -attention to bees, at a time when bee-culture was but little valued; -and, although it must be admitted that two boxes were used side by side -long before Mr. Nutt's day, still it is due to him to state that the -adoption of three boxes was entirely his own idea, and that as far as -he then knew, the collateral system was his original invention. His -statements have been severely criticised, and it does appear that the -weight of honey which he names as having been produced in one season is -perfectly incredible. But as in the district where he lived there is -grown an immense quantity of mustard seed--the flowers of which afford -excellent forage for bees--the honey harvests there, would doubtless, -be very large. If Mr. Nutt has given his little favourites too much -praise, it will be only charitable, now, to account for his statements -by an excess of zeal and enthusiasm in this his study of bee-culture. -It may be that the golden harvests he spoke and wrote of have been so -far useful that they have induced many to commence bee-keeping, some -of whom, whilst they condemned his statements, have themselves written -really useful and practical works on the subject, which otherwise -might possibly never have appeared. As the monks of old kept the -lamp of religion burning, however dimly, until a more enlightened -age, so Thomas Nutt may have assisted in a somewhat similar manner -by energetically propounding his views, and thereby causing other -apiarians to rise up whose names are now as familiar to us as household -words, and whose works posterity will value. The writer of these pages -has often accompanied Mr. Nutt on his visits to his patrons in the -neighbourhood of London, and seen him perform his operations regardless -of the anger of bees, and free from all fear of their stings. He often -expatiated on the cruelty of the brimstone match and suffocation, -denouncing the barbarous custom in the following terms:--"You may as -well kill the cow for her milk, or the hen for her eggs, as the bee for -its honey; why continue to light the fatal match, when every cottage in -England has the means of saving this most useful and valuable insect?" - - -NEIGHBOUR'S IMPROVED SINGLE BOX HIVE. No. 2. - -[Illustration] - -We have introduced the "Single Box Hive" to suit the convenience of -those who, though desirous of keeping bees on the improved principle, -do not wish to incur the expense or devote the space which is necessary -for Nutt's hive. - -It consists of a lower or stock-box A., 11 inches square, 9 inches -deep, with three large windows, a thermometer D, as in Nutt's, being -fixed across the front one, protected at the sides by strips of glass -to prevent the bees obscuring the quicksilver from sight. B is a cover -the same size as the lower hive, large enough to allow space for a -bell-glass 9 inches wide, 6 inches deep. E is the ventilator between -the glass and the stock-hive, intended to prevent the queen travelling -into the super hive, and also by cooling the hive to endeavour to -prevent swarming; a sloping pagoda roof with an acorn top completes the -upper story. A floor-board with a block front, as in Nutt's collateral, -forms the base, the entrance being sunk as before described, and -furnished with zinc slides to reduce or close it as may be required. -To stock a hive of this description, it is necessary to send the -stock-box to the party with whom you have agreed for the supply of a -swarm. In the evening of the day the hive is thus tenanted, remove it -to the position it is designed permanently to occupy; if the swarm has -to be procured from a distance, and is transported by rail or other -conveyance, a perforated zinc slide should be substituted for the -plain slide that covers the top, and a large piece of perforated zinc -must also be tacked to the bottom after the swarm has settled in; thus -securely confined, with a free circulation of air throughout, bees that -have been swarmed the day before may be safely sent any distance that -will allow of their being released the day after, because bees, though -they provision themselves for a couple of days, cannot with safety be -confined in an empty hive much longer. - -Having now, we will suppose, procured your swarm, and having placed -it in a south or south-east aspect, you may with advantage, if the -weather be wet, give a little liquid food; the feeding in this hive -is performed at the top of stock-box, where the glass is worked. Our -round Feeding Pan or the new Feeding-Bottle may here be used. Any fancy -as to the position may be indulged in, but must be settled on by the -time the bees are set at liberty, because any alteration afterwards -is detrimental to the working of the hive. The bees on first issuing -forth, carefully mark their new abode and the surrounding objects, -so that if a change be made, they are completely thrown out in their -observations, which confuses them not a little, and occasions loss. -Bees always return to the same spot; it is the locality that they know, -and if the hive is moved a less distance than a mile, thousands return -to the spot on which the hive has been accustomed to stand. - -Allow your bees to collect honey and build their combs for ten days or -a fortnight. Much now depends on the weather; if fine, by this time -they will require additional room, which will be indicated by the -thermometer D rapidly rising; 100 degrees is the swarming point, the -hive must be kept below this by ventilation. - -Access must now be given to the flat bell-glass at the top, which -is done by withdrawing the top slide. In a few hours, sometimes -immediately, the work of comb-building begins in the glass--all the -sooner, if a piece of clean empty comb be placed therein. - -It is of service to keep the glass warm by means of a worsted or baize -bag, it prevents the temperature from falling at night when much -comb-building is carried on, providing the heat is not allowed to -escape. Probably, if all goes on well, in three weeks the glass will be -found to be filled with fine white honey-comb. When you find that the -comb is well sealed up, it is time to take it off, but if the cells -are unfilled and unsealed, let the little labourers complete their -work--a little experience will soon enable the bee-keeper to determine -this point. - -The plan to be adopted for taking glasses of honey-comb is the same as -described for hive No. 1, page 21. - - -TAYLOR'S AMATEUR SHALLOW BOX OR EIGHT BAR HIVE. No. 3. - -[Illustration] - -Taylor's Amateur Hive, as seen by reference to the engraving, consists -of three boxes, the lower one A, is the stock box, in which the swarm -is first placed; B is the first super; and C the centre box; all three -boxes are of the same diameter, viz., 13½ inches square inside; A, -the stock box, is 7½ deep; B, 6½ inches; both are fitted with eight -moveable bars, each bar being 1⅛ wide, with spaces of half an inch -between, and all are easily removed by unscrewing the crown board, in -which are two openings closed by zinc slides; the middle box C has no -bars, and is still shallower than either of the other boxes, being 5 -inches deep. In many localities and seasons, the third box may not be -required. Each box has two windows--one at the back and another at the -side, a zinc shutter sliding in a groove, excluding light and retaining -warmth; the box C differs from the others in another respect; instead -of bars it has a grating made by seven openings, each ½ an inch wide -and 9 inches long; these three boxes stand on a stout floor-board, in -which is cut the entrance way, 4 inches wide and ⅜ of an inch high. The -floor-board projects so as to support an outer cover of half-inch wood, -surmounted by a sloping roof. This is an effectual protection from the -weather, and is necessary when hives are exposed; of course, if placed -in a bee-house such protection may be dispensed with. The outer case -is well painted, of a green colour, and when it is used the hive may -be placed in any part of the garden. The dimensions of this hive, with -outside cover, are 18 inches square, 2 feet 6 inches high. - -Suitable stands are provided, consisting of a stout pedestal with four -feet. Stakes should be driven into the ground to secure the whole -against wind. Height from the ground, 4 feet 3 inches. - -The bars before alluded to are for the purpose of inducing the bees to -build parallel combs; for without this, extraction would be impossible. -It is a great convenience, in many ways, to be able to take out a bar -of comb, it gives such complete control over the hive. - -To ensure comb-building on the bars, pieces of clean worker comb should -always be carefully preserved; and before a swarm is put in, either -every bar, or if guide comb is not plentiful, every other bar should -have a piece fixed to it in the following manner: cut a piece of clean -empty comb of the required size, say two inches square, not less; -heat a common flat iron, and slightly warm the bar with it, then melt -a little bees-wax upon it; draw the comb quick over the heated iron, -hold it down on the centre of the bar, giving a very slight movement -backwards and forwards, then leave it to grow cold; and if cleverly -managed, it will be found to be firmly attached. Care must be taken -that the pitch or inclination of the comb be the same as it is in the -hives--upwards from the centre of each comb. A new plan has lately -been introduced by Mr. Woodbury, of Exeter, to facilitate the correct -construction of parallel combs. - - -TAYLOR'S AMATEUR BAR HIVE. No. 4. - -Taylor's Amateur Bar Hive is stocked exactly in the same way as before -described--viz., by hiving the swarm into the lowest box A, as with an -ordinary Cottage Hive, and in a fortnight's time the box B is placed -over it, and the zinc slides withdrawn. After this has been given them, -and is nearly filled, the super B is raised, and the box C is placed -between, immediately over the stock box, to induce the bees to continue -the combs. - -This hive consists of three boxes, one above the other, similar to the -No. 3. The boxes are less in diameter than the foregoing, and have -seven moveable bars in each. Recent improvements and observations led -Mr. Taylor to prefer eight bars, and to have the boxes made a little -more shallow. - -The mode of stocking and management of this hive are the same as that -last described. There is no outside cover or protection from the -weather, but the wood is additionally thick and is well painted. - -We quite concur with Mr. Taylor in recommending a broader and shallower -hive, and advise intending purchasers to select the eight-bar hive in -preference. - - -NEIGHBOUR'S IMPROVED COTTAGE HIVE. No. 5. - -[Illustration] - -Our "Improved Cottage Hive" is neatly made of straw bound with cane, -and therefore very durable.[3] The lower hive is covered with a wooden -top having in it three holes, through which the bees convey their honey -into three middle sized bell glasses with ventilators, which when -filled hold about 6 lb. each. There is a hoop at the bottom, another -round the top of the lower hive; to this the wooden crown board is -fastened. These hoops are a great improvement, and are less liable to -harbour insects than if straw alone were used. The floor-board, as -its name implies, is a wooden board, 1¼ inch thick, with a projection -of 3 or 4 inches under the entrance to form an alighting place. This -entrance is cut out of, or sunk in the board. - -[Footnote 3: This is the hive referred to by the Bee-Master of the -Times, when he says:--"The second kind of hive I alluded to is made of -straw, and may be purchased at Neighbour's, in Holborn. * * * * It is -so well made that it will last very long. I have had one in constant -use during ten years, and it is still as good us when it was bought."] - -There are three windows in the lower hive, each closed with a shutter, -these are very useful and interesting for inspecting the progress made. -Across the centre window is a thermometer, enclosed at the sides by -slips of glass. The window shutters being painted green, add very much -to its appearance. The upper hive, which is merely a cover for the -glasses, is a conical topped hive, also made of straw bound with cane; -a hoop is worked into the straw, and made sufficiently large to allow -the cover to drop over the top hoop of the lower hive, keeping the -whole close, and preventing wet from drifting in. A zinc ventilator, -ornamentally painted, forms the apex: this is useful in letting the -confined hot air pass away in warm weather. The ventilator is opened -by raising it. The dimensions of the lower or stock hive are 15 inches -diameter, 9½ inches deep outside, its weight when empty 7½ lbs., the -cover or top hive is 12 inches deep, and 15 inches in diameter, the -ornamental zinc top being 4 inches deep. The whole is about 24 inches -high. The weight of a hive packed, including glasses, &c., is about 18 -lbs. - -These hives have a tasteful appearance in the garden, but they require -some further protection from the weather in the form of a cover or of a -bee-house--contrivances that have yet to be described. In extreme cold -weather, a little additional protection by having matting folded round -them will be advisable. - -One of the advantages this hive has over the common cottage hive is -that it affords opportunity for the humane management of bees. The -owner has also the power of taking a glass of honey-comb of pure -quality, free from the extraneous matter, known as "bee-bread," instead -of combs that are darkened by having brood hatched in them. By this -system, we have combs newly made and used only for depositing the honey -first put into them, hence the name "virgin honey." These glasses have -a very pretty appearance, and when nicely filled, are very convenient -for home use or for making presents. The lower hive is the receptacle -for the bees; when a swarm is placed in this hive, they immediately -proceed to fill it with combs, in which to store honey for themselves, -and for cells to breed in. This hive remains undisturbed. - -The best mode of tenanting a hive of this description is by placing -an early and strong swarm in it, which may be generally procured of -a neighbouring bee-keeper; if from a distance, considerable care is -necessary to admit plenty of air; the shaking attendant upon carriage -irritates the bees so much that, if not well ventilated, there is -danger of the swarm being stifled, and the finer the swarm, the greater -the danger. For the purpose of ventilation, remove the slides and -substitute perforated zinc, wrapping the hive up in a coarse cloth of -open texture (dispensing with the floor-board during transit when the -distance is great). - -It is necessary only to send the lower or stock hive to the party -furnishing the swarm, taking the precaution to fix the slides at top -with tacks, as the hive has to be inverted to receive the bees. They -are shaken into it in the usual manner, as they cluster around the -branch of the tree or shrub on which they may have chosen to alight. -After the hiving is accomplished, the hive should be left near to -catch any stragglers, for there will always be a few; towards evening, -close the entrance, and remove them to the exact position they are -intended permanently to occupy. Success depends on this, and also on -their careful removal on the day or evening of swarming. The following -morning the bees labour in the new location, marking well their -habitation before they take flight, and to which they will not fail to -return loaded with luscious store. - -A fortnight must be allowed for filling the stock hive; then, if the -weather be fine and warm, they will prepare to swarm again, as will be -indicated by the thermometer rising rapidly to 100 degrees or upwards; -one of the zinc slides on the wooden top must now be withdrawn, and a -bell glass put on covered and protected by the upper hive, the other -glasses may then be given in the same manner; a day or two after which, -should the weather continue favourable, all signs of swarming will at -once disappear, the bees now having increased store room which they -will readily fill with comb. It is often found useful to attach a piece -of clean empty honey comb to the ventilating tube of the glass; it is -an attraction, and induces the bees to commence working in it sooner -than they otherwise would do. The ventilator should also remain open -during the day to allow the hot air to pass away from the interior, -thereby contributing to the whiteness and beauty of the work; the bees -enjoy the refreshment of coolness thereby afforded, and they work the -faster for it. At evening all ventilation should be stopped, and the -glasses wrapped round with flannel or some warm material, for the -reasons mentioned on last page. - -The directions for taking honey are also the same as before mentioned. - -The holes on the wooden top of this hive are of a peaked shape, being -a preventive against slaughtering any bees whilst pushing the slide -in for the purpose of removing the glass when full; the tacks before -alluded to should be removed from the slides when the hive is fixed in -its place, they are now in the way of cutting off the glass. The hive -entrance has two slides: the perforated one is but seldom required, -the bees object to being closely confined, it is only necessary when -removing, and then for as little time as possible; the other slide -is very serviceable during the winter months to lessen the passage -way, thereby preventing the admission of too much cold air; it is -also occasionally useful on a summer evening, to lessen the entrance -when moths are troublesome, for if there be only a small opening, the -bees can guard it, and easily repulse intruders. During the time of -gathering they require the whole width to remain open. - -When the weather is so unfavourable as to prevent the bees leaving home -for a few days after being hived, it will be necessary to feed them. -Bees should not be fed in the midst of winter; the proper time is in -the autumn or in the spring. - -The best mode of feeding is at the top of the Stock Hive. This is done -by using the Round Feeder. - -The Bottle Feeder may be used instead of the Round Feeder, and in the -same place, by those who give the preference to that method. - -The simplicity and easy management of this hive have deservedly -rendered it an especial favourite, combining, as it does, real utility -with many conveniences to satisfy the curious. Not a few bee-keepers -desire to unite the two qualifications, and no hive combines these -advantages in a greater degree than "Neighbour's Improved Cottage Hive." - - -IMPROVED COTTAGE HIVE. No. 6. - -The No. 6 hive is of precisely the same size, construction, and -management as the last mentioned, with the exception that it has no -windows or thermometer in the lower or stock hive. The apiarian with -this hive will have to trust more to his own judgment as regards the -likelihood of swarming, and must watch the appearance the bees present -at the entrance. When it is time to put on supers in order to prevent -swarming, premonition will be given by the unusual numbers crowding -about the entrance, as well as by the heat of the weather, making it -evident that more room is required for the increasing population. - -Not being able to form an idea of the state of the hive in spring and -autumn by looking into the stock hive, it will be advisable to adopt -the means of weighing. A stock at Michaelmas should weigh 20 lbs. -exclusive of the hive, or be made up to that weight by feeding. - - -THE LADIES' OBSERVATORY OF CRYSTAL BEE-HIVE. No. 7. - -[Illustration] - -This engraving illustrates the construction of the "Ladies Observatory" -hive. The stock hive cylindrical with a flat top and a hole in the -centre; the dimensions 12½ inches inside, 8½ inches deep, the outer -cover being raised, and is made of stout glass, so as not easily to -break. - -A support, composed of seven wooden bars fixed on a pedestal from the -floorboard, is very useful for the bees to cling to and attach their -combs, instead of resting wholly against the glass. - -The floor-board is of mahogany, the border being French polished. A -middle sized bell-glass for deprivation is placed over the hole; this -hole may be closed by a zinc slide. A cover of straw, 18 inches deep, -15 inches wide, with a zinc ventilating top similar to that affixed to -the No. 5 hive, completes the arrangements. The weight of the stock -hive and board is about 16 lbs. - -This hive is well adapted for those persons who are desirous of having -the opportunity of more closely examining the workmanship of these -industrious and interesting insects, as the whole of the interior -may be exposed to view; it is particularly suitable for a window or -an indoor apiary, and also will be found a valuable addition to the -green house. Under these circumstances, the entrance-way should be -covered with a flat piece of glass, and an aperture cut in the sash -corresponding with the entrance to the hive; through the glazed passage -the bees may then find egress and ingress without being able to gain -access to the apartment; an alighting board four inches wide must be -fixed outside on a level with the entrance. - -We had a hive of this kind in operation in the Great Exhibitions -of 1851 and 1862, fixed in the manner above described. It answered -admirably, and excited much interest and curiosity, though placed there -under many disadvantages. - -When a hive of this kind is to be stocked, procure an early and strong -swarm, which must be temporarily hived in a common straw hive, from -which dislodge the bees into the glass hive, but for this purpose a -little preparation will have to be made. Spread a sheet on the ground, -place the mahogany floorboard on it with the support, put three bricks, -or some solid blocks of about the same substance, upon which the glass -will rest; then with a sharp and sudden blow precipitate the swarm out -of the straw hive on to the floorboard and support, place the glass -hive on the bricks, and the bees will collect under the bars and on -to the pedestal. In about one hour's time the whole will have settled -quietly, and all the stragglers on the board will have collected -together, the swarm hanging pear-shaped from the bar support; the -bricks can now be removed, and the glass put in its right place on the -floorboard. The straw cover being put on the hive, it can be removed to -the place it is destined permanently to occupy. - -The light should not be admitted for some days after hiving; if -undisturbed, the bees will speedily build comb, working from the wooden -bars which are placed there for their assistance and support. In ten -days or a fortnight, if the weather continues fine and warm, they will -prepare to swarm again; the opening at the top must now be unstopped, -and the bell-glass put on, guide comb having been previously fixed. -The directions given for the No. 5, Cottage Hive equally apply to the -Ladies' Observatory Hive. - -It is advisable in winter to furnish the glass stock hive with more -protection from cold than is afforded by the straw cover alone; some -thick baize or wrapper of wadding, for which there is space between -the glass hive and the cover, will prevent so much moisture condensing -on the sides of the glass. Moisture is injurious, causing the combs -to grow mouldy; a little protection in the way of wrapping very much -prevents this. - -The hole at top is used for supplying food should the apiarian fear the -stock of honey is in danger of running short; either the bottle feeder, -or the round feeder, may be used for the purpose. - - -COTTAGER'S HIVE, No. 8. - -FOR TAKING HONEY IN STRAW CAPS WITHOUT THE DESTRUCTION OF THE BEES. - -[Illustration] - -A very prevalent opinion exists that bees do better in straw than in -hives made of any other material. Another opinion prevails, viz., that -the old fashioned straw hive is the least expensive, the most simple, -and the most productive. Although we cannot go so far as this, we are -willing to admit that a simplified adaptation of the humane system to -the old common straw hive is the most suitable to put into the hands -of that large class of bee-keepers--_Cottagers_. By these the more -fanciful hives will be instantly condemned; besides, the expense puts -them quite beyond the reach of the poorer class. The object aimed at -in planning our Cottager's Hive has been to furnish a depriving hive -that should be at once easy of management, inexpensive, and convenient. -The stock hive, into which the bees are first hived, is a round straw -hive, having a flat top with a hole in the centre. The size of this -lower hive is 7 or 8 inches deep, 14 inches across the bottom, finished -with a wooden hoop, which adds very much to the firmness and durability -of the hive. The floorboard is 1¼ inch thick, with a way sunk therein -for the entrance. A small round mat of straw closes the hole on the -top; this mat may be fixed by wooden pegs. We have now described what -is termed the _stock hive_, which is, in fact, an old fashioned straw -hive adapted, modernised, and improved to the more humane, viz., the -depriving system. The weight of the stock hive with its floorboard is -about 7 lbs. - -The super or cap hive is about 7 inches deep, 8 inches in diameter, and -when filled contains about 10 lbs. of honey and comb. A glass window -which is placed at the side is useful for inspecting the progress made -in filling it. - -A common straw hive, sufficiently deep to cover, drops over the super, -keeping the window dark and fitting close on to the stock hive. -This cover hive may be made fast by driving in two skewers, one on -either side, to keep the whole firm. Unless placed in a bee-house or -under a shed, the outside should be painted; or a piece of oil-cloth -or waterproof covering of any kind shaped so as to shoot off the -rain, will save the trouble of paint, and answer the purpose. If no -protection of this sort is used, the rain is likely to rot the straw. -As a covering cottagers often use straight stiff thatching straw -sewed together; this contrivance is termed a hackle, and has a pretty -appearance, particularly if a number of hives are in a row. Care has to -be exercised that mice do not make the covering hive a resting place. -Mortar is often used for fastening round the hive at the bottom; this -is a bad plan, as it forms a harbour for insects; the wooden hoop fits -so close as to leave little necessity for anything of the kind. - -The principle of the depriving system is so much the same with all our -hives, that a good deal of repetition is necessary in describing in -detail the management of each separate variety. The object aimed at -with the Cottager's Hive, as indeed with all our hives, is to provide -a compartment for the bees to live in with their queen, she being the -mother of all. It is intended, by inducing the queen to remain in her -original apartment, that all breeding should be there performed, as -well as the storing of bee-bread and honey for the winter sustenance -of the bees. The cap hive or upper chamber, known as the "super," is -for the storing of honey which the bee-keeper looks upon as a surplus, -and which, at the close of the honey gathering, or as soon as filled, -he intends to deprive the bees of, and appropriate to his own use,--of -course taking care to leave sufficient in the lower or stock hive for -winter sustenance. - -The mode of stocking a hive of this kind is so familiarly known that -any who at all understand the hiving of bees into a common straw hive, -can make no mistake or find any difficulty in performing it. Lest these -pages should fall into the hands of persons who are not so acquainted, -we will refer them to the directions already given. - -The hive may be smeared inside with a little honey if at hand; but this -is unimportant, as a clean hive answers well. Some older bee-keepers -prefer to give a little dressing to encourage the bees to like their -new home. - -After the swarm has been in the hive two weeks, the straw super hive -may be put on, first removing the straw mat to give the bees access -to it. If the hive be a stock, that is a swarm of the last or previous -years, the super may be put on as soon as the weather is fine and warm -in May. But much depends on the weather and the strength of the hive -as regards the time occupied by the bees in filling the super; in -favourable weather a fortnight suffices. - -If, on looking in at the little window, the bee-master sees that the -cells are scaled over, the cap of honey may be removed in the mode -already described. The cells near the window are the last to be filled, -so when they are sealed, it is safe to conclude that the combs in the -unseen parts are also finished. - -Sometimes the queen ascends and deposits her eggs; if, on turning up -the super, brood be visible, replace the cap for a few days, until the -young bees quit their cells. When thus emptied, honey will be deposited -in lieu of the brood. - -Suitable pedestals for these hives to stand upon may be obtained. It is -important that these be firmly fixed, and the hive also made fast to -the stand, to prevent its being blown over by high winds. - - -BAR AND FRAME HIVES. - -[Illustration] - -Mr. Woodbury's Bar and Frame Hive, as originally made, consists of a -wooden box 14½ inches square inside, 9 inches deep. This is a hive of -large size, but the actual habitable space inside is lessened by the -room occupied by the frames, of which there are ten; these rest on a -rabbet a little below the surface, leaving a space of ⅜ of an inch -between the upper side of the bars and the crown board. This allows a -free passage on the top for the bees, entirely obviating the necessity -of making excavations in the crown board, as has hitherto been -recommended. Each frame is ⅞ of an inch wide, and rests in notches, -with a space of ½ an inch between each. The frames extend to within ⅜ -of an inch of the floorboard, so as to hang without touching any part, -leaving about the same distance from the sides. It will be seen that -there is a free passage for the bees on every side, and they are thus -kept from coming in contact with the sides of the hive. Our engraving -shows the hive open, and exposes to view the top of the ten bars and -frames as they range from back to front. A window is also shown; this -is placed in the engraving over the entrance, but the proper position -would be just opposite. The drawing is made so as to show back and -front at once. The floorboard is 1¼ inch thick, having two "keys" on -the underside to prevent warping. - - -STRAW BAR AND FRAME HIVE. No. 45. - -[Illustration] - -Since the introduction of the wood hive by Mr. Woodbury, that gentleman -has recommended, in the _Journal of Horticulture_, that the stock hive -be made of straw, of exactly the same dimensions; this material being -warmer in winter, slightly ventilating, and allowing of absorption. -Bees during cold weather cluster together to generate the requisite -degree of heat, the temperature of the interior of the hive being thus -so much higher than the external atmosphere, a good deal of moisture -condenses at the top and on the sides of the hive; the straw, as before -stated, prevents this dampness hanging about the hive, and tends to -keep the inmates more healthy. Dampness in a hive is a fruitful source -of mischief, causing empty combs to grow mouldy, and is injurious in -many ways. - -The square straw hives, and a machine for making them, exhibited in the -Austrian department of the International Exhibition of 1862, suggested -the idea of employing that material for English bar and frame hives. -We have had made a machine somewhat similar to the one exhibited and -suited to the size of our hives, by which our hive maker is able to -manufacture neat square straw hives. These have a wood frame at top an -inch deep, with the requisite notches to allow the ten comb frames to -hang. A similar frame forms the base, the straw being worked between. -The floorboard is 1¼ inch thick, "keyed" with stout keys as before -mentioned. An inch projection is left on all sides beyond the exterior -of the hive, from which it is slightly chamfered down. An entrance 4 -inches wide is cut out of the substance of the board, beginning at the -edge, and continuing on the same level until inside the hive, where it -slopes upwards. This entrance is about ⅜ of an inch high where the hive -crosses it. - -These straw hives have been generally made without windows; as Mr. -Woodbury and other scientific apiarians so prefer them. They consider -that glass windows are unsuited for winter, because then moisture -condenses on the glass. There is no doubt that the having a peep -hole or two in a hive adds very agreeably to its value for amateur -bee-keepers, and to meet the wishes of such, we have had straw hives -constructed with windows. It is not every one who would like to lift -out the frames as often as is necessary for an inspection of the state -of the colony, nor, perhaps, is it advisable to be often thus meddling. -The windows have also a very neat appearance. We have hives with one, -and some with two and three windows; of course, a little extra expense -is incurred where these are made; but that is not objected to by those -who approve of the additional convenience. The crown board (if correct -to call a straw top by that name) has, like the hive, a frame of wood -all round, and a square piece of wood in the centre, with a two inch -hole; this hole is for the purpose of administering food in a mode to -be explained hereafter. A circular block of wood, 4 inches in diameter, -closes the opening. - - -GLASS BAR AND FRAME HIVES. - -[Illustration] - -Some bee-keepers like to be able to make a full and daily inspection of -the hive; we have therefore prepared a few hives, constructed of wooden -frames enclosed on all sides and on the top with window glass. The -dimensions are precisely the same as those before mentioned, and allow -of the same number of bars and frames (ten). The crown has a round hole -cut in the glass to admit of feeding. The four sides are constructed -of double glass, to preserve the bees from variations of temperature. -We cannot, however, recommend this hive for a winter residence for -the bees; we should prefer lifting the combs out with the bees, and -placing them in a straw hive of similar construction, to pass through -the ordeal of the winter season. A stock of bees might be kept through -the year in a hive of this kind, but would require well wrapping round -to keep out the cold. There should be a small glass over the hole at -top so as to allow the moisture to arise and condense, instead of -doing so in the hive. The operation of exchanging the hive is so easy, -that we should be content to place a stock in one, say, from April to -September, and shift it in the autumn. Such a hive is a very pleasing -object of interest, as in it the whole commonwealth of bees is exposed -to view; and the hive need not be obscured from daylight, provided it -be protected from sun and rain. All the external wood-work is of oak -colour varnished, so that the appearance of the "Glass Bar and Frame -Hive" is extremely neat and much approved of. - -[Illustration] - -Frame.--As before mentioned, each stock hive has ten of these -frames, each 13 inches long by 7¼ inches high, with a ⅝ inch projection -at either upper end, which rests in the notch, either back or front. -The width both of the bar and frame is ⅞ of an inch; this is less by -¼ of an inch than the bar recommended by the older apiarians. Mr. -Woodbury,--whose authority on the modern plans for keeping bees is of -great weight,--finds the ⅞ of an inch bar an improvement, because with -them the combs are closer together, and require fewer bees to cover -the brood. Then, too, in the same space that eight old fashioned bars -occupied the narrower frames admit of an additional bar, so that, by -using these, increased accommodation is afforded for breeding and the -storing of honey. - -[Illustration: Section of bar.] - -Improved Comb Bar.--Mr. Woodbury says that this little -contrivance has proved very effectual in securing straight combs when -guide combs are not obtainable. The lower angles are rounded off, -whilst a central rib is added of about ⅛ of an inch in breadth and -depth. This central rib extends to within ½ an inch of each end, where -it is removed in order to admit of the bar fitting into the usual -notch. All that is necessary to insure the regular formation of combs -is, to coat the underneath surface of the central rib with melted wax. -Mr. Woodbury further says, "my practice is to use plain bars whenever -guide-combs are attainable, as these can be attached with much greater -facility to a plain than to a ribbed bar; but whenever I put in a bar -without comb, I always use one of the improved ones. By this method, -crooked and irregular combs are altogether unknown in my apiary." - -Most of our bars are made with the ridge; but should any of our -customers prefer the flat ones, we keep a few to supply their -requirements. - -With the moveable "bar and frame hive" every comb is available for -extraction, and may easily be taken out of the hive; each comb being -fixed within its frame, there is less disturbance to the bees than if -the combs were fixed to the sides, as is the case with ordinary hives. -A strip of wood, about ½ an inch wide, rests on the floorboard; in this -strip are ten notches, made to receive the lower part of the frames, so -as to retain them in their places at equal distances from each other. -A difficulty is found with a well stocked hive in dropping the frames -into the exact notches, so that it is not necessary to have these -rack works always in use; but when any movement of the hive is made, -it is essential to have the frames firmly fixed by the aid of this -contrivance. It is also advisable to have the frames perpendicularly -supported until the combs are built, so in order that the frames should -hang true, the hive ought to be on the level. A little inclination may -be given to it from back to front, causing the hive slightly to fall -towards the entrance, so as to allow the moisture inside the hive, -caused by the exhalations of the bees, to run off. - -[Illustration] - -"Compound Bar Frame."--In the _Journal of Horticulture_, -Mr. Woodbury thus describes the compound bar frame. Being his own -adaptation, we cannot do better than use his own words. "This is a -contrivance of my own, which I have found very advantageous in enabling -me to use frames in stock hives and bars in supers, without forfeiting -the advantages arising from the unlimited interchangeability of every -comb in every hive and super in the apiary. Its construction will be -readily understood by an inspection of the annexed sketch, in which the -comb bar is shown slightly raised from its frame. The bar itself is -13¼ inches long by ⅞ of an inch wide and ⅜ of an inch thick. When the -comb bar is in its place, the whole forms a frame 13 inches long by 7¼ -inches high (inside measure), with ⅝ of an inch projection at each end, -which rests in its appropriate notch in either the back or front of the -hive. When filled with comb, the bar becomes so firmly cemented to the -frame as to admit of its being handled with facility." This contrivance -is, no doubt, very excellent in the hands of Mr. Woodbury; but in the -hands of the unpractised severe mishaps may arise. In warm weather the -propolis and wax, with which the bees cement the bar to the frame, -becomes soft, consequently in handling the frames, unless dexterity is -used, the comb is likely to drop out. We, therefore, recommend that -the bar and frame be made both in one: greater firmness and simplicity -are thereby gained. Some of these compound bars and frames are kept -in stock at our establishment, though they cannot be recommended for -general use; but should any one prefer them, they can be supplied at -the same price as the common frames. - -[Illustration] - -In describing the stock hives of wood, straw, and glass, allusion -has frequently been made to the depriving hives, technically called -"supers." These are also made of glass in wood frames, 13 inches -inside, 6 inches deep, with eight bars (without frames). The -accompanying cut represents the super used with the bar and frame hive. - -Honey-combs in supers are better when made thicker than those for -breeding, consequently the bars are placed a little further apart than -in the lower or stock hive; they are either the "Woodbury Ribbed," -contrived to induce the straight building of combs, or flat bars with -guide combs affixed. - -Cover.--A loose outer case, forming a complete cover for -the hive, is found very useful. The case is made in two parts for -convenience, the roof is also separate, having an acorn at top which -forms a neat finish. These outside cases are made of wood, and drop -lightly over all; when thus protected and fixed on a pedestal, the -hive may be placed in the open air in such position as fancy may -dictate. The aspect should be south or south-east, and if against a -wall, sufficient space must be allowed for a free passage behind, as it -is from thence all operations must be conducted by the apiarian. The -case and roof with the stand being the only parts exposed to weather, -will be the only portions that require painting; they are sometimes -stained and varnished, and we are inclined to prefer the latter for -appearance. Should the apiarian have a complete bee-hive house, the -cover and stands will not be needed. - -[Illustration] - -When removing or replacing the covers, care should be taken to do so -very gently, or the bees will be enraged and rush out, and may inflict -stings upon those within their reach. The necessity for lifting off -the cover for the purpose of looking in, either at the window of the -stock hive or of the super, we have obviated by making a door both in -the upper and lower parts of the outside case. These doors, or unglazed -windows, are hinged at the bottom so as to open downwards, rendering -inspection easy without disturbance to the bees. - -A wooden range for supporting a number of hives makes a safe and -economical stand; it may be formed by driving firmly into the ground -two rows of posts, each row about 13 inches apart; to these two rails -about 2 inches square are nailed, and upon these the hives firmly rest. -Care should be taken not to have the hives nearer together than 18 -inches; the intermediate space will be found very convenient on which -to rest the cover, or for supporting an empty hive during the proper -performance of any operation. - -Mr. Woodbury has his hives arranged on rails, somewhat after the plan -before described. - -In describing as above the various hives and frames, some hints have -been given as to the methods of handling them. This, however, will not -suffice for an induction to the mysteries of practical bee-keeping; and -we must refer the reader to a subsequent section, wherein the details -as to manipulation will be fully explained, and the results of the -experience of several distinguished apiarians will be embodied. - - -TAYLOR'S IMPROVED COTTAGE HIVE. No. 14. - -[Illustration] - -No. 14 hive is similar in principle to No. 8. It is also similar in -size, with the exception of being quite straight at the sides. A zinc -rim affords protection from the weather. Under the upper straw hive a -bell glass is worked. A mahogany adapting board, with a 4 inch hole -in the centre corresponding with that of the hive, supplies an even -surface for the glass to rest on, and facilitates its removal when -full. For particulars for stocking and management see directions for -No. 8 and No. 5 hives. - - -EIGHT-BAR STRAW HIVE. No. 18. - -[Illustration] - -This is an ingenious contrivance of Mr. Taylor's. Hoops are worked in -the straw, both at top and bottom of the stock hive, and in the upper -hoop are openings cut to receive eight comb bars; each bar is 1¼ of an -inch wide, with a space of h an inch between. Since the introduction of -square straw bar and frame hives, these have not been much in request. -Considerable inconvenience is found with this hive, because the bars -being of unequal lengths they cannot be interchanged one with the other. - -The description given of No. 3 hive, and mode of stocking and -furnishing it with guide comb, apply to this hive. The large straw hive -raised up in the engraving is an outside case; the roof is a large zinc -cover. If placed in a bee-house, the outside case and zinc roof are not -required. - - -NEIGHBOUR'S UNICOMB OBSERVATORY HIVE. No. 20. - -[Illustration] - -This hive is well adapted for those persons who are desirous of -having the opportunity of closely examining the workmanship of these -industrious and interesting insects. It is particularly intended -for a window recess or an indoor apiary; and will also be found an -interesting addition to the green house. An aperture should be cut in -the sash corresponding with the entrance to the hive, through which the -bees may find egress and ingress, without being able to gain access to -the apartment, as on the plan in the case of the Ladies' Observatory -Hive. - -The Unicomb Hive is constructed of so narrow a width between this -plates of glass that it admits of one comb only to be built, and at the -same time leaves space between the comb and the glass on either side -for the bees to pass and repass. It is thus made so that every bee may -be exposed to view. The queen forming the most prominent feature of -attention, she is readily distinguished by the greater length of her -body, as well as by the attention paid to her by the other bees. - -The mode of stocking this hive is as follows:--procure a strong swarm -if practicable, and let it be first hived into a common straw hive in -the usual way. Take care to make the necessary preparations previous -to the operation of stocking; for this purpose first unscrew the top -and take out the bar intended for the foundation of the comb. A sort -of wooden trough, contrived to act as a funnel, is provided with this -hive. It is in separate pieces, so as to be packed conveniently, and -requires screwing together. The funnel must now be attached to the -hive, and care be taken that it is quite firmly fixed--the metal plates -are attached for this purpose. Having made these preparations at dusk, -dash the bees out on to a cloth or sheet spread on the ground, place -four pieces of wood so as to raise the hive a little from the cloth; -then invert the hive so as to have the funnel downwards, placing it -over the bees, and letting it rest on the four pieces of wood just -named. In a short time (say half an hour or an hour) the bees will -ascend into the hive; they will go up more quickly if occasionally -stirred with the feather of a goose quill. - -When the bees have ascended into the hive, take off the funnel, replace -the bar, screw on the top board, take it to the place intended for it -permanently to occupy, and which has been prepared for it. It will be -as well to screen the hive from view for a few days until the bees -become settled in their new domicile. Although this hive is constructed -of double glass to keep up a more uniform degree of warmth, still from -the cold nature of glass and the close contact into which the bees -are brought with it, it is advisable to place flannel between the -outer shutters and the glass of the hive on both sides; this is found -essential in winter, and very much adds to the comfort of the bees if -placed so every cold night during most of the year. In the day time -in summer months with the hive being of double glass the whole may be -fully exposed to view. If the temperature of the apartment in which the -hive stands be kept at 60 degrees, this extra attention will not be -so needful. Bees cease to appear disturbed when the exposure to light -is continuous. As soon as the bees are settled, comb building will -immediately commence, and in about two weeks' time there will be one -comb spreading over the whole hive. The queen may be viewed depositing -her eggs, and all the usual operations of the rearing of brood, -storing of honey, and the building of combs, will be open to full -inspection, with perfect ease to the spectator. As an object of lively -and permanent interest for the breakfast parlour or conservatory, the -"Unicomb Observatory Hive" may be regarded as infinitely superior to an -Aquarium or Fernery. - -At the Exposition Universelle of 1855 in Paris, we exhibited a hive -of this description in full working order. The bees left London on -the 5th of July of that year, and were placed in the Exposition on -the following morning. An entrance was made for them through the -side of the building, as before explained. Our bees had no national -antipathies, and they immediately sallied forth to their "fresh fields -and pastures new" in the Champs Elysées, the gardens of the Tuileries, -the Luxembourg, &c., whence they soon returned laden with luscious -store from French flowers. - -The Jurors of the Exposition awarded us a Prize Medal for bee-hives. - - -WOODBURY UNICOMB HIVE. - -[Illustration] - -The "Woodbury Unicomb Hive" has many advantages over hives of this kind -as previously constructed. The engraving shows the interior compartment -divided into six; these are six Woodbury frames. The inner sash opens -to admit of hanging up the frames on the notches prepared for them. The -width of the hive between the glasses of the sashes is just sufficient -to admit of one thickness of comb with space on either side for the -bees to pass and repass, the same as in Neighbour's Unicomb. There -is, however, a great advantage in the use of this hive; with it, any -one possessing a Woodbury box or straw bar and frame hive can readily -commence a Unicomb, and as readily put the combs and bees back into the -square hive again. The outside shutters on either side are composed of -Venetian blinds admitting daylight, but obscuring the rays of the sun. -We had the entrance made at one end, as represented in our drawing; -this alteration was made after the pattern of the hive from which Mr. -Woodbury allowed us to copy. His own was intended to stand wholly out -of doors, and had two central entrances, one on either side at the -bottom, the hive itself turning on a pivot. - -When the hive was being examined on one side, the entrance was closed -by a piece of wood inserted in it, and when the other side was brought -round to be inspected, the piece of wood withdrawn and placed in the -opposite entrance. This was a most ingenious contrivance; but it did -not answer our purpose for indoors. When Mr. Woodbury sent us his -hive, we were preparing for the International Exhibition of 1862, and -in placing it against the sides of the building, we followed our old -plan for ingress by having the entrance at the end. Since that time -we have made a considerable improvement by adapting Mr. Woodbury's -cleverly contrived turn-table to suit our own hive. Like Mr. Woodbury's -hive, ours has two iron wheels, the one fixed to the bottom of the -hive, the other fixed to a stout board running the full length of the -hive; on these two wheels the whole hive turns. In the centre there is -an opening into the hive, with a passage-way running underneath, so -that the bees' entrance is in no way affected by the position of the -hive, which revolves to suit the convenience of visitors inspecting it. -Should the queen with her attendants not be visible on one side, the -other side of the comb can be brought into full view, and examined with -the same facility as a picture, or as articles are inspected in a shop -window. Thus, in the Unicomb Observatory Hive, the sovereign mother, -her train of servitors, the drones with their aimless movements, and -the crowd of ever busy workers--either building their combs or storing -honey--may be always seen as presenting a veritable "Tableau vivant." - -Another improvement that we have made upon Mr. Woodbury's pattern is -that of accommodating the frames; his was constructed before frame -hives were in use, consequently it is only suitable for combs on bars. -Our adaptation has necessitated an increase in size. The dimensions are -nearly 3 feet square and 7 inches deep from back to front. Provision is -made at top for feeding and for working two small flat top glasses for -deprivation, which are protected by the weather board. - -An alighting board is placed at the centre, close under the entrance, -when the hive is located out of doors. When the hive is placed indoors, -a passage-way about 18 inches long, covered with glass, is fixed to the -entrance, the other end communicating with an opening in the wall or -sash; through this the bees find access, an alighting board being fixed -outside the building. It is requisite that the passage-way be about -this length, in order to allow of the hive turning round clear of the -side of the building. - -In the summer of 1863 we had ample proof of the success of this hive -during its exhibition at the annual show of the Bath and West of -England Agricultural Society at Exeter. We selected six combs, and -packed them in one of the square box "Woodbury bar and frame" hives, -and on arrival at Exeter, Mr. Woodbury assisted us in taking out the -frames and placing them in the Unicomb. That being fixed against the -boarded side of a shed, we found the covered way a great convenience, -and it answered remarkably well; the bees did not seem to be -inconvenienced by having to travel through so long a passage. A glass -covering admitted a full view of the little labourers as they crowded -in, and the sight of them very much enhanced the interest of visitors -examining the hive.[4] - -[Footnote 4: It may require explanation how it was that we took bees -to Exeter, which sounds something like "carrying coals to Newcastle." -The reason was this--the garden of our friend, Mr. Woodbury, at Mount -Radford, from which we could have been supplied, was so near to the -show yard that he was apprehensive a large number of the bees would -return to their old hives. Our bees from a distance would, according to -their nature, return to their own hive, for bees although they may be -moved miles away, take care to mark their new position, and are careful -to return to it. Mr. Woodbury lent us a small stock of his Ligurian -bees, and between it and our own hive the crowd of visitors divided -their attention.] - -Since the time before mentioned, we have exhibited bees at the meetings -of the Bath and West of England Agricultural Society at Bristol, and of -the Royal Agricultural Society at Newcastle in 1864. On both occasions -further proof was given that this hive admirably answers the purpose -intended, and it afforded pleasure and interest to many thousands of -visitors. - -Mode of Stocking.--The Unicomb hive may be stocked in two -ways, which have been previously referred to. The bee-keeper may either -select the comb upon which the queen is found and put it into the hive, -and so form an artificial swarm; or he may take six brood-combs from a -hive, and so stock the "Unicomb" at once, which we did for the show at -Exeter. - -The former plan is, perhaps, the most advisable, because new comb -has to be built within the five frames; for, be it remembered, in -this case five empty frames must be put in. It is a better plan still -if artificial combs are placed in each frame so as to afford an -interesting opportunity of watching the formation of the cells therein. -The combs are sure to be dark in colour when taken from a stock hive; -and new combs being whiter have a better appearance in the hive. The -comb upon which the queen was introduced may be taken away after the -artificial swarm has made combs within some of the other five frames; -when the queen is on one of the new combs, opportunity may easily be -taken for opening the hive and removing the old dark comb. The bees can -easily be shaken or brushed off the comb, and will return to the hive. -The comb with the unhatched brood may be deposited in any square hive -that needs strengthening. We mention this to show how to obtain a hive -with entirely fine white comb. - -If the possessor of a square Woodbury frame-hive wishes to start a -strong Unicomb hive, and does not object to appropriate the stock, he -must take out of the Woodbury hive any six combs on the frames, and put -the Unicomb in its place so as to receive all the returning bees that -happen to be abroad; the remaining four combs, supposing there are ten, -may be inserted in any other frame hives in the garden in which are -vacancies for them. - -We have had this hive in operation, in the manner last described, -during the summer of 1863, and found it to answer remarkably well. On -a lawn, placed on a suitable ornamental stand, it formed a pleasing -object, besides affording great interest and instruction. - -In Unicomb hives stocked with a natural swarm (as is generally the -plan), there is considerable difficulty in keeping the bees alive -through the winter. In a hive where the combs are removeable, no loss -of bees need be occasioned. We do not recommend the hive we are now -describing as a winter residence for bees. For four months in the -year, when bees are most active and when their operations are most -interesting, this hive may be brought into use, either of the two plans -before described being adopted. An artificial swarm should be put in -during May or June, and taken out, in the method before mentioned, and -then placed in the square box during the month of September; sometimes -it may do for a stock to be put in a month or so earlier, but should -never be retained later in this hive. In October we often have cold -nights; the bees and brood being in such close contact with the glass, -and not able to cluster as is their natural wont, suffer from exposure -to the variations of temperature. In some degree to moderate this. Me -have used treble glass with a space between each square; greater warmth -is thus attained, and the view is not intercepted. Opportunity should -be taken for cleaning the Unicomb hive when empty, so as to be ready -for re-stocking as a new hive in the following summer. The "Unicomb -Observatory" hive is one which might have been suggested by the lines -of Evans:-- - - By this blest art our ravished eyes behold - The singing masons build their roofs of gold. - And mingling multitudes perplex the view, - Yet all in order apt their tasks pursue; - Still happier they whose favoured ken hath seen - Pace slow and silent round, the state's fair queen. - - -HUBER'S HIVE. No. 19. - -To Francis Huber--not improperly styled the "Prince of -Apiarians,"--we are indebted for more extensive and accurate -observations on the habits of the Bee than has been contributed by all -other observers since the time of Aristotle. - -During the early period of Huber's investigations, he prosecuted them -by means of single comb hives which allow of each side of the comb -being examined. He found, however, that these had one important defect. -The bees could not in these hives cluster together, which is their -natural method of withstanding the effects of a reduced temperature. -Huber hit upon the ingenious expedient of combining a number of single -comb frames so as to form one complete hive, which could be opened in -order to expose any particular comb, without disturbing the rest. From -the manner of the opening and closing of this hive, it has generally -been called the "Leaf or Book Hive." The division separating each -comb is joined both back and front with "butt hinges," fastened with -a moveable pin, on withdrawing which, at either side, each comb and -the bees on it may be inspected as easily as if in a single comb -hive. Huber's Leaf Hive is thus in appearance as if several of those -"History of England" back-gammon chess boards were set up on end -together. The floorboard on which the hive stands is larger than the -hive when closed, so as to allow of its being opened freely at any -particular "volume." An entrance way for the bees is hollowed out of -the floorboard as in other hives. There is a glass window in each end -of the hive, which is provided with a shutter. - -There is, however, one serious objection to Huber's hive, which, -though not noticed by him or his careful assistant, has prevented its -general use. That is, the difficulty there is in closing it without -crushing some of the bees, a catastrophe which, by exasperating their -comrades, is certain to interfere with any experiments. There is no -such risk in the Bar and Frame Hive, whilst in it every facility -possessed by Huber's is retained; so that we strongly recommend -scientific apiarians, in preference to Huber's, that they should use -some kind of Bar and Frame Hive. We have here introduced a description -of Huber's Leaf Hive (and should be glad to exhibit one) for the sake -of its historic interest in connection with apiarian science. The -invention was invaluable for Huber himself, and it suggested to other -apiarians the adoption of the present plan of vertical bars and frames. - -The character of Huber, and the circumstances under which he pursued -his observations, are so remarkable, that we need scarcely apologize -for stating a few particulars respecting him here. He was born at -Geneva in July, 1750, his family being in honourable station and noted -for talent. Just as he attained to manhood he lost his sight, and -remained blind to the end of his days. This apparently insuperable -obstacle in the way of scientific observation, was overcome by the -remarkable fidelity with which Burnens, his assistant, watched the -bees, and reported their movements to Huber, Madame Huber also who, -although betrothed to him before his calamity, had remained constant -in her affection, assisted in the investigations with great assiduity -during their long and happy wedded life. We quote the following from -"Memoirs of Huber," by Professor de Candolle:-- - -"We have seen the blind shine as poets, and distinguish themselves as -philosophers, musicians, and calculators; but it was reserved for Huber -to give a lustre to his class in the sciences of observation, and on -objects so minute that the most clear-sighted observer can scarcely -perceive them. The reading of the works of Reaumur and Bonnet, and -the conversation of the latter, directed his curiosity to the history -of bees. His habitual residence in the country inspired him with the -desire, first of verifying some facts, then of filling some blanks -in their history; but this kind of observation required not only -the use of such an instrument as the optician must furnish, but an -intelligent assistant, who alone could adjust it to its use. He had -then a servant named Francis Burnens, remarkable for his sagacity -and for the devotion he bore for his master. Huber practiced him in -the art of observation, directed him to his researches by questions -adroitly combined, and aided by the recollections of his youth, and by -the testimonies of his wife and friends, he rectified the assertions of -his assistant, and became enabled to form in his own mind a true and -perfect image of the manifest facts. 'I am much more certain,' said he, -smiling, to a scientific friend, 'of what I state than you are, for you -publish what your own eyes only have seen, while I take the mean among -many witnesses.' This is, doubtless, very plausible reasoning, but very -few persons will by it be rendered distrustful of their own eyesight." - -The results of Huber's observations were published in 1792, in the form -of letters to Ch. Bonnet, under the title of "Nouvelles Observation -sur les Abeilles." This work made a strong impression upon many -naturalists, not only because of the novelty of the facts stated, and -the excellent inductive reasoning employed, but also on account of the -rigorous accuracy of the observations recorded, when it was considered -with what an extraordinary difficulty the author had to struggle. - -Huber retained the clear faculties of his observant mind until his -death, which took place on the 22nd of December, 1831. Most of the -facts relating to the impregnation of the queen, the formation of -cells, and the whole economy of the bee-community as discovered -and described by Huber, have received full confirmation from the -investigations of succeeding naturalists. - -[Illustration] - - - - -III. EXTERIOR ARRANGEMENTS AND APPARATUS. - - -BEE-HOUSE TO CONTAIN TWO HIVES. No. 39. - -[Illustration: Front View of Bee-House.] - -There is no contrivance for protecting hives from the weather so -complete as a bee-house one, which also admits of an easy inspection of -the hives ranged therein. This arrangement is especially convenient for -lady bee-keepers. - -The folding doors behind the bee-house have only to be opened, and the -hives are at once exposed to full view. If the cover of the bee-hive -be lifted as well as the shutters opened, the hives and the glasses -may be deliberately inspected, without any danger of molestation from -the bees. Thus the progress made by the busy multitude in building and -filling their combs may be watched by the bee-keeper, from day to day -with great and increasing interest. - -[Illustration: Back View of the Interior.] - -Here our engraving shows the back view of the bee-house, the interior -being furnished with two of our 'No. 5 cottage hives. Two suspended -weights will be noticed; these are to balance the top hives which cover -the glasses; the cord for each, runs on pulleys, so that the covers can -be easily raised and as easily shut down again when the inspection is -finished. We may here remark, that it is not well to keep the glasses -long exposed to full light and view. - -The front of the bee-house being closely boarded, a passage way is -contrived for the bees by which they have egress and ingress, without -being able to gain access to the house. The hives must be kept close -to the front boarding of the house, so as to prevent the opening of -any crevices which the bees might mistake for the entrance to their -hives, and so find their way into the house. The front view of this -bee-house shows the ordinary contrivance for entrance; the sliding zinc -entrances may also be advantageously fixed as shown in the engraving of -a "Bee-house to contain twelve hives." In many parts of the country, -hives and honey are sometimes stolen from the garden; the bee-houses we -furnish have a lock and key to prevent depredations of this kind. - -Care must be taken to keep the bee-houses free from spiders and other -insects. In some districts ants are numerous and troublesome. The plan -we recommend for excluding them is to put some pitch round the four -supports of the bee-house; or, better still, strips of loose flannel or -other woollen material that is absorbent, which have previously been -soaked in lamp-oil. We use sperm oil, being the slowest drying oil we -know of. A piece of string will keep the flannel close to the wood, -and then neither ant or any other insect will pass up; so that by this -simple means the hives may, so to speak, be insulated and placed beyond -their reach. As the oil dries up it can easily be renewed. We have -found this an effectual remedy against these insidious enemies of bees. - -[Illustration] - - -BEE-HOUSE TO CONTAIN TWELVE HIVES. No. 40. - -[Illustration: Back View of the above, showing the Interior.] - -Where economy of room is a consideration, we fit up bee-houses with a -double row of hives, one above the other. Our engravings show the back -and front of a house of this kind, having an ornamental zinc gutter to -prevent the wet from dripping on to the alighting board. - -When a number of hives are thus together, we colour the alighting -boards differently, so that bees may have a distinctive mark by which -each may know its own home, and not wander into its neighbour's house. -Bees readily enough receive a honey laden labourer into a hive; but if -the wanderer be poor and empty, he will be promptly repulsed, and may -have to forfeit his life for his mistake. Queens returning from their -wedding trip, are liable to mistake their hive if all the entrances are -so much alike that a noticeable difference is not easily apparent. -A queen entering a hive already supplied with a fruitful sovereign -would be certain to be killed. The loss to the hive to which the queen -belonged is a most serious one. Hives are often made queenless from -this cause, and thereby reduced to utter ruin; the bee-master perhaps -attributing his loss to something altogether different. - - -BEE-HOUSE TO CONTAIN NINE HIVES. No. 41. - -[Illustration] - -This engraving represents a bee-house adapted for having a number of -hives in a limited space. Three rows of hives, one above the other. - -We do not recommend a bee-house of this construction; it is difficult -to erect one to afford space for super hives, without it being so -inconveniently high as to be liable to be blown over by strong winds. - -Hives thus located in a bee-house are not exposed to so much change -of temperature and the stocks generally pass the winter well. Here we -may introduce the meditations of a German apiarian, as he describes -the advantages of a bee-house for the bees, and his own pleasure in -watching over his pets in the winter, as they dwell so comfortably and -safely. It is true that Heer Braun associates still choicer delights -with the simple pleasures of bee-keeping, but as Mr. Woodbury has not -excluded the higher theme from his translation, we need not hesitate to -quote the whole:-- - -EVENING THOUGHTS IN JANUARY. - -(_Translated from the German of_ Adalbert Braun.) - -By "A Devonshire Bee-keeper." - - Within my little garden - Stands also a bee-house, - And bees therein protected - From sly tomtit or mouse. - - How quietly they're sitting! - And little trouble give, - Beyond the needful watching, - How undisturb'd they live; - - That all, indeed, are living - In strong unbroken health, - And, in the brood-nest hanging, - Consume their hoarded wealth-- - - That in the dwindling store-room - Sufficient stores remain, - Until the rape-plant donneth - Its blossom dress again. - - Thus daily do I visit - My garden and my bees, - Neglecting thereby often - My dinner and my ease. - - Thank God! they all were humming - Within their hives to-day; - Nor could I find a symptom - Of hunger or decay. - - And yet what ardent longing - I feel, O Spring, for thee! - My darlings' gleesome frolics - Are happiness to me! - - How would this anxious longing - Consume my very breast, - But for a little being - So full of love and jest. - - In heat or cold who prattles - Around me ev'ry day, - And stills the throes of longing - By commune blithe and gay. - - Ye bee-keepers can value - A joy that is complete; - It is my wife--the darling-- - Whose lips are honey-sweet. - - With e'en the richest bee-stand - Were joy and pleasure gone, - If my heart's queen were wanting - And I left here alone. - - Thus her I love and honour. - No difference have we, - But oft-times go together, - Our little pets to see. - - Her kisses sweet removing - All sorrow from my breast, - And honied joys surrounding - Proclaim us highly blest. - -T. W. Woodbury, _Mount Radford, Exeter_. - -[Illustration] - - -[Illustration: Exterior of an Apiary. - -As originally erected in the Zoological Gardens, Regents Park.] - -[Illustration: Interior of the above. - -May be taken as suggestive for the construction or appropriation of -rooms for larger Apiaries in summer houses or other outbuildings.] - - -ZINC COVER. No. 37. - -[Illustration] - -This is a simple and inexpensive covering for a No. 5, or other cottage -straw hive when exposed in the garden. It fits close on to the upper -hive, coming sufficiently low to protect from the sun and rain, without -obscuring the whole hive. - -These covers are painted green, that colour being generally preferred. - - -ORNAMENTAL ZINC COVER. No. 38. - -[Illustration] - -The annexed engraving of the Ornamental Zinc Cover renders but little -description necessary. The illustration shows one of our No. 5 improved -cottage hives on a stand. Three clumps of wood must be driven into the -ground, and the three iron rods supporting the covering made fast to -them with screws. There are screw holes in the feet of the iron rods -for the purpose; when thus secured, but little fear need be entertained -of its being blown over by high winds. - -In the roof two pulleys are fixed, so that by attaching a cord, the -upper hive covering the bell glass supers may be raised with facility -for the purpose of observing the progress made by the bees. - -The Ornamental Zinc Cover will form a pleasing object in the flower -garden when placed in a suitable position on the grass plot. It is -painted green; the iron rods are of such a length as to support the -roof at a convenient height from the ground. - - -COVER OF ZINC. No. 29. - -[Illustration] - -This zinc cover introduced by H. Taylor, Esq., for his cottage hive -(No. 14) will also be found useful as a protection from wet for many -other descriptions of round straw hives. - - -BELL GLASSES. - -[Illustration: 25.] - -[Illustration: 26.] - -[Illustration: 27.] - -25. To contain 10 lbs., 10 inches high, 7 inches wide. - -26. To contain 6 lbs., 7 inches high, 5½ inches wide. - -27. To contain 3 lbs., 5 inches high, 4 inches wide. - -These bell glasses are used in the hives before described. No. 25 is -for Nutt's Hive (No. 1); No. 26 is for our Improved Cottage Hive (No. -5); No. 27 is a very small glass, one that is not often used, and which -we do not recommend. Bees will generally fill a middle sized glass -quite as soon as one so small as this. - - -BELL GLASSES. No. 24. - -[Illustration] - -These glasses have been introduced by Mr. Taylor, and are recommended -as preferable to deep narrow glasses. - -The drawings will show that they are straight at the sides, flat at the -top inside, with a knob outside to take hold by, through which is an ½ -inch opening to admit a ventilating tube. - -The larger is 6 inches deep, 12 inches wide; smaller 5 inches deep, 9½ -inches wide. - -[Illustration] - -The late Mr. J. H. Payne, of Bury, author of the "Bee-keeper's Guide," -introduced another glass. It has a 3 inch hole in the centre, the -purpose of which is to tempt bees to produce additional and larger -stores of honey. It is to be used as follows:--when a bell glass is -half or quite filled, raise it, and place the Payne's glass over the -hole of the stock hive, with the filled glass on it over the 3 inch -hole. The bees will bring their combs through, and thus Mr. Payne found -that they would store more honey than if the bell glass were removed -and another empty one put in its place. Of course the first glass must -be smaller in diameter than the Payne's glass, so as to rest upon it. - - -BELL GLASS. No. 28. - -[Illustration] - -This is a glass super to be placed on the hive in a similar way to -the bell glasses already alluded to. It has the advantages of being -straight at the sides, flat at top, and without a knob; so that when -filled it may be brought on to the breakfast table, inverted, on a -plate. The glass lid shown in the engraving forms a cover, and fits -over outside, so as not to interfere with the combs within. These flat -top glasses, like those with a knob, have a hole through which a zinc -ventilating tube is inserted. - - -GUIDE COMB FOR GLASSES. - -In some of our previous allusions to the best mode of inducing bees -to commence working in glasses, we have recommended attaching guide -comb. We will now more particularly explain how this attraction can be -best applied. We have already shown how bees may be induced to make -use of guide combs fixed to bars, and the same principle is applicable -to glasses. These may be filled with great regularity by adopting the -following directions, which we believe have never before appeared in -print:-- - -Procure a piece of clean new empty worker honey-comb which has not had -honey in it (because honey will prevent adhesion to the glass); cut -it up into pieces of about three quarters of an inch square. Gently -warm the exterior of the glass; this we find is best done by holding -the glass horizontally for a short time over the flame of a candle; -then apply one of the pieces of empty comb inside at the part warmed, -taking care in fixing it that the pitch or inclination of the cells is -upwards--in fact, place the guide comb in the same relative position -that it occupied in the hive or glass from which it was taken. There is -some danger of making the glass too warm, which will cause the comb to -melt, and the wax to run down the side, leaving an unsightly appearance -on the glass; this should be carefully avoided, and a little experience -will soon enable the operator to determine the degree of warmth -sufficient to make the comb adhere without any of it being melted. It -is hardly necessary to state that only the very whitest combs ought to -be used. A short time should be allowed before changing the position -of the glass, so that it may cool sufficiently to hold the comb in its -place. Six or eight pieces may thus be fixed, so that when the glass is -filled, it will present a star shape, all the combs radiating from the -centre. The annexed engraving shows the appearance of a glass as worked -by the bees, in which guide combs were fixed in the manner described -above. The drawing was taken from a glass of our own filled after being -thus furnished. - -[Illustration] - -In the Old Museum at the Royal Gardens, Kew, may be seen a Taylor's -glass presented by us, some of the combs in which are elongated on -the outside to the breadth of six inches. We believe that not only -does a glass present a much handsomer appearance when thus worked--and -will, on that account, most fully reward the trouble of fixing guide -comb--but that more honey is stored in the same space and in less time -than if the glass be placed on the hive merely in a naked condition for -the bees to follow their own devices. - -This mode of fixing guide comb does not solely apply to this shaped -glass, but is equally useful for all kinds of glasses. It is introduced -in connection with No. 28, because that glass having a flat top and no -knob, the regularity is more clearly apparent. - -The working of bees in the bell glasses illustrates how tractable their -disposition really is if only scope be allowed for the due exercise -of their natural instinct. They have no secrets in their economy, and -they do not shrink from our constant observation as they daily pursue -their simple policy of continuous thrift and persevering accumulation. -Yet it is only owing to the labours of successive inventors that -we are now enabled to watch "the very pulse of the machine" of the -bee-commonwealth:-- - - "Long from the eye of man and face of day, - Involved in darkness all their customs lay, - Until a sage well versed in Nature's lore, - A genius formed all science to explore; - Hives well contrived, in crystal frames disposed. - And there the busy citizens disclosed."--Murphy's _Vaniere_. - - -THE NEW BOTTLE FEEDER. No. 44. - -[Illustration] - -It has long been acknowledged that the best mode of feeding bees is -through an opening at the top of the stock hive. The "new bottle -feeder" is a simple and good means of administering food when a stock -requires help in that way. Any kind of hive that has an opening at the -top may thus be fed; bees can take the food from it without leaving the -hive. Another important feature is the cleanliness with which liberal -feeding can be accomplished; and few operations require more care than -does feeding. If liquid sweet is left hanging about the hive, it tempts -robber bees, and when once the bees of an apiary have had a taste, -there is no knowing where their depredations will stop; they resolutely -attack and endeavour to rob other hives, fighting and killing one -another to a considerable extent. Even if no hives be completely -destroyed, weakness from loss of numbers will be the portion of most, -if not all, the hives in the garden. - -The morals of our favorites are here a good deal at fault, for the -strongest hives, when their inordinate passion is thus stirred up -by the carelessness or want of knowledge of the bee-keeper, attack -and prey upon the weak. To be "forewarned is to be forearmed"--and -"prevention is better than cure." We strongly recommend closely -covering up the feeder; one of the middle size bell glasses put over it -makes a close fitting cover, should the regular cover to the hive not -be sufficiently tight: when bees are not kept in a bee-house--and are -on that account more accessible--this extra care is more particularly -needed. The right time for feeding is in the autumn or spring. A stock -of bees at Michaelmas ought to weigh 20 lbs. exclusive of the hive, and -if then it weigh less, the deficiency should be made up by artificial -food. It is not wise to defer doing this until later in the season, -because it is important that when the food is placed in the cells, the -bees should seal it up, and a tolerably warm temperature is required to -enable them to secrete the wax for the delicately formed lids of the -cells. If the food remain unsealed, there is danger of its turning sour -and thereby causing disease among the bees. It is not well to feed in -mid-winter or when the weather is very cold. Bees at such times consume -but little food, being in a state of torpor, from which it is better -not to arouse them. - -A little food in the spring stimulates the queen to lay more -abundantly, for bees are provident, and do not rear the young -so rapidly when the supplies are short. In this particular the -intelligence of bees is very striking; they have needed no Malthus to -teach them that the means of subsistence must regulate the increase of -a prosperous population: - - "The prescient female rears the tender brood - In strict proportion to the hoarded food."--Evans. - -Judgment has, however, to be exercised by the apiarian in -giving food, for it is quite possible to do _mischief by over feeding_. -The bees when over-fed will fill so many of the combs with honey that -the queen in the early spring cannot find empty cells in which to -deposit her eggs, and by this means the progress of the hive is much -retarded, a result that should be guarded against. - -The following directions will show how the bottle feeder is to be -used:--Fill the bottle with liquid food, place the net fixed on with an -India-rubber band over the mouth, place the block over the hole of the -stock hive, invert the bottle, the neck resting within the hole in the -block; the bees will put their proboscises through the perforations and -imbibe the food, thus causing the bottle to act on the principle of a -fountain. The bottle being glass, it is easy to see when the food is -consumed. The piece of perforated zinc is for the purpose of preventing -the bees from clinging to the net, or escaping from the hive when the -bottle is taken away for the purpose of refilling. A very good syrup -for bees may be made by boiling 6 lbs. of honey with 2 lbs. of water -for a few minutes; or loaf sugar, in the proportion of 3 lbs. to 2 lbs. -of water, answers very well when honey is not to be obtained. - - -ROUND BEE FEEDER. No. 10. - -[Illustration] - -Round bee-feeders are made of zinc and earthenware; 8 inches across, 3 -inches deep. The projection outside is a receptacle for pouring in the -food; the bees gain access to the feeder through a round hole, which -is placed either at the centre or nearer one side, whichever may best -suit the openings on the top of the stock hive. The feeder occupies a -similar position to that of the glasses or cap hives in the gathering -season. A circular piece of glass, cut so as to fit into a groove, -prevents the bees escaping and retains the warmth within the hive, -whilst it affords opportunity for inspecting the bees whilst feeding. - -The feeders were originally only made of zinc; but some bee-keepers -advised the use of earthenware, and a few have been made to meet the -wishes of those who give the preference to that material. - -When the bees are fed from above in this manner, the feeder is kept at -a warm temperature by the heat of the hive. In common hives cottagers -feed the bees by pushing under the hive thin slips of wood scooped -out, into which the food is poured. This plan of feeding can only be -had recourse to at night, and the pieces of wood must be removed in -the morning. By feeding at the top of the stock hive any interruption -of the bees is avoided. For further instructions on this head see the -directions given for using the bottle feeder. - - -A ZINC FOUNTAIN BEE FEEDER. No. 15. - -[Illustration] - -We invented the fountain bee-feeder so that a larger supply of liquid -food might be given to a hive than is practicable with the No. 10 round -feeder. - -The liquid honey is poured in at the opening, which unscrews; whilst -being filled, the inside slide closing the opening through which -the food passes into the feeding pan, should be shut down. When the -reservoir is filled, the screw is made fast, and the slide being -withdrawn, a wooden float pierced with small holes, through which the -bees take the food, forms a false bottom, and rises and falls with the -liquid. This feeder being on the syphon principle, like a poultry -or bird water-fountain, is supplied from the reservoir until that is -empty. A piece of glass is fixed in the side of the reservoir, in order -that the bee-keeper may see when it is emptied. A flat piece of glass -on the top prevents the bees from escaping, and through it they may be -inspected whilst feeding. The bees find access to the feeder on to the -perforated float through the central round hole, which is placed over a -corresponding hole in the stock hive. - - -NUTT'S DRAWER FEEDER. No. 9. - -[Illustration] - -This is the feeding drawer, alluded to in the explanation of the -management of the No. 1 Nutt's Collateral Hive, for feeding at the -bottom of the middle or stock box. The feeder is made of tin, and of a -square form, so as to fit the drawer (see page 19). - -HONEY CUTTERS. No. 13. - -[Illustration] - -Honey Cutters are used for removing comb from boxes and glasses without -damaging it. The flat bladed knife is for disconnecting the combs from -the sides; the hook shaped one is for the same purpose, to be applied -to the top or horizontal part of the box or glass. - - -FUMIGATOR. No. 11. - -[Illustration] - -This Fumigator is a tin box, somewhat like a pepper box upon a foot. -It is a simple adaptation of the fumigating apparatus described by Mr. -Nutt, and is used in the following manner. Have a straw hive or other -vessel ready, that will match in circumference the hive intended to be -fumigated. If the empty hive have a conical top, it will not remain -crown downwards without a rest; in this case, it will be convenient to -invert it on a pail. Having ascertained that the hive to be operated -upon and the empty one in its reversed position nearly match in size, -take half a packet of the prepared fungus, fire it well, and place it -in the box or fumigator; placing this in the centre of the empty hive, -then bring the occupied hive directly over, so as to receive the fumes -of smoke. To keep all close, put a wet cloth round the place where -the two hives meet. In a minute or two the bees may be heard dropping -heavily into the lower empty hive, where they lie stupefied. After a -little while, the old hive may be tapped upon to make the bees fall -more quickly. On removing the upper hive, the bees from it will be -found lying quiet at the bottom of the lower one. Place a sheet on the -ground, and spread the bees on it, then with a feather sort them over, -in order to pick out the queen-bee. As soon as the queen is found, -then pour the rest of the lethargic swarm from off the sheet back into -the inverted hive again. The stupefied bees must now be sprinkled -freely with a syrup made of honey and water, or sugar and ale boiled -together. Some apiarians recommend a few drops of peppermint to be -mixed with the syrup, in order to drown the peculiar odour which is -special to each hive of bees,--this is more necessary when two hives -of bees are fumigated and whilst under the influence of smoke are well -mixed together. The hive containing the bees with which it is intended -to unite the stupefied bees, must now be placed on the top of that -containing the latter, just as the hive was from which they have come. -A wet cloth must be fastened round the two hives, so as to prevent -any of the bees from escaping. The hives in this position must be -placed where they are not likely to be knocked down or meddled with. -The fresh bees in the upper hive, attracted by the scent of the bees -besmeared with honey, go down and commence to lick off the sweets from -the sprinkled sleepy ones. The latter gradually revive, when all get -mingled together, and ascend in company to the upper hive, where they -live as if they had not been separate families. - -The two hives should be left undisturbed for twenty-four hours, then -the upper hive may be removed and placed immediately on the spot from -whence it was brought. The reason the queen is recommended to be taken -is to prevent any fighting. - -The queen should be kept alive and fed as long as she will live, in -case any harm should befall the sovereign of the other community. - - -THE FUMIGATOR. No. 12. - -[Illustration] - -The Fumigator is useful for several purposes. When a frame hive has to -be disturbed it is requisite to raise the lid and blow a little smoke -into the hive, so as to check the angry passions of the bees. If it be -desirable to stupefy the bees, ignited fungus must be placed in the -box, and the flattened end applied to the entrance of the hive; the -smoke is then blown in--either with bellows or by applying the mouth -of the operator,--taking care to close all openings through which the -smoke can escape. The bees fall down stupefied, generally in about ten -minutes, but the effect varies according to the populousness of the -hive and the quantity of comb in it. The projected operations must now -be performed speedily, as activity will soon be regained. See preceding -directions. - - - -THE BEE DRESS OR PROTECTOR. No. 31. - -[Illustration] - -All operations connected with the removal or the hiving of bees -should be conducted with calmness and circumspection. Bees, although -the busiest of creatures, have great dislike to fussiness in their -masters, and become irritable at once if the apiarian lets them see -that he is in a hurry. Hence, there is great advantage in having the -face and hands covered whilst at work amongst the bees; for when the -operator knows he cannot possibly be stung, he can then open his hives, -take out the combs, gather in his swarms, or take the honey, with all -the deliberation of a philosopher. Various kinds of bee dresses have -been contrived; one that we keep ready in stock is of very simple -construction. It is made of strong _black net_, in shape like an -inverted bag, large enough to allow of a gentleman's wide-awake or a -lady's hat being worn underneath. The projection of the hat or cap -causes the dress to stand off from the face; and the meshes of the net, -though much too small for a bee to penetrate, are wide enough to allow -of clear vision for the operator. An elastic band secures the dress -round the waist; the sleeves also--made of durable black calico--are -secured at the wrists by a similar method. The hands of the bee-master -may be effectually protected with a pair of India-rubber gloves, which -should be put on before the dress is fastened round the wrists. This -kind of glove is regularly used by photographers, and allows of perfect -ease in manipulation. - -Thus a very simple and inexpensive means of protection will enable -even a novice in bee-keeping to make his observations and conduct -his experiments under a sense of perfect security. Still he need not -be careless as to the feelings of his bees; his success and their -comfort will be promoted by his "handling them gently, and as if he -loved them." "Familiarity" between bees and their master "breed" not -"contempt," but affection. - -Any sudden or clumsy movement which jars the combs or frames will -excite the bees, and if but one should be crushed, the odour of their -slaughtered comrade rouses them to a pitch of exasperation. Their -powers of smell are very acute. The best time for most operations is in -the middle of a fine day. - - -ENGRAVED PRESSING ROLLER. No. 46. - -FOR THE GUIDANCE OF BEES IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF HONEY-COMB ON THE BARS. - -[Illustration] - -This is an engraved metal roller, which when applied to the coated -underside of a comb-bar leaves an impression like the diagram shown. -The wax having been spread on the flat bar, the roller, heated by being -put into hot water, is then heavily pressed over it. The roller has -two wood handles, so that considerable pressure may be given to it. -The roller is a little less than 2 inches in diameter, ⅞ of an inch -wide, and the length from handle to handle is 6 inches. The diagram -shows the full size of the impressions as left on the wax after -passing the roller along the comb bar in the manner above described. -It is a contrivance invented in Switzerland, and exhibited in the -International Exhibition of 1862, when the pattern roller was purchased -by ourselves. - -The bars of a hive prepared with these markings in wax afford ready -made foundations for regular combs, which very much facilitate the -operations of the bees. - - -IMPRESSED WAX SHEETS FOR ARTIFICIAL COMB. - -These artificial partition walls for combs are sheets of genuine -wax, about the substance of thin cardboard. They receive rhomboidal -impressions by being pressed between two metal plates, carefully and -mathematically prepared and cast so that the impressions are exactly -the same size as the base of the cells of a honey-comb. An inspection -of a piece of comb will show that the division of the opposite cells -is made by a thin partition wall common to both; now the substance -of this is said to be only the one hundred and eightieth part of an -inch, whilst the artificial ones we are recommending are between the -thirtieth and fortieth part of an inch, more than four times the -thickness of the handy-work of the bees themselves. It would, indeed, -be vain to attempt to furnish sheets of wax at all approaching their -own delicate fabric; the impressed sheets are quite as thin as they -can be to bear the handling which is requisite for fixing them in the -hives. We find, however, that the thickness is no disadvantage; the -bees speedily excavate and _pare the artificial sheet_ so as to suit -their _own_ notions of the substance required; then, with admirable -economy, they use the surplus thus obtained for the construction of -the cells. After a sheet has been partly worked at by the bees, it -is interesting to hold it up to the light and observe the beautiful -transparency of that part of it contrasted with the opaqueness of the -part not yet laboured upon. - -When it is considered, as writers tell us, that more than fourteen -pounds of honey are required for the secretion and elaboration of a -single pound of comb, it will not be difficult to form a just estimate -of the value of this invention, which thus furnishes cheap and -excellent assistance to our industrious favorites. It also shows the -bee-keeper that all clean empty combs should be carefully preserved, -and considered as valuable stock. Another great advantage that it -affords us is, that it renders us independent of _guide comb_, which -is not always obtainable. When a sheet or a strip of this impressed -wax is properly fixed to the comb bar, it is _certain_ to be the guide -and foundation of a straight comb. This invention has been derived -from Germany, where it has been adopted many years with success. At -the International Exhibition of 1862, we purchased the metal plates or -castings, so as to manufacture the impressed sheets with which we are -now able to supply our customers; and, after the careful trials we have -made, we have great confidence in recommending them. - -In the season of 1863 we furnished a Woodbury glass super with the wax -sheets fixed to the bars, in the manner hereafter to be explained, and -it was truly astonishing to see the rapidity with which these sheets of -wax were worked into comb. Receptacles were quickly made ready for the -storing of honey, and the new combs soon became beautifully white; for -although the artificial wax has a yellow tinge, yet after being worked -at and made thinner, it is as good in colour as ordinary combs. For -supers we cut the wax plates in half, making one serve for two bars. - -We have received from Germany the following directions for the -fastening of the artificial plates to the comb bars. Hereafter will -be described a plan which we have adopted, and to which preference is -given. - -(Translation) "The unstamped edge of the plate receives incisions half -an inch distant from one another made with a sharp knife, the plate -having been a little warmed. Then it is pinched between two equally -strong ledges which have been well moistened; the projecting edge of -the plate which received the incisions is alternately bent to the right -and to the left. The comb bars are well besmeared with artificial -sticking wax (a mixture of two parts of wax and one part of American -resin), and is well warmed at a fire. Afterwards the besmeared side -is laid upon the bent end of the plate, and pressed to it as firmly -as possible. A small wooden ledge, besmeared with sticking wax and -fastened by means of pressure to the lower edge of the plate, prevents -it from bending, which sometimes happens when the bees work it." - -To carry out the directions here given, it is necessary to warm the -besmeared comb-bar at a fire; the wax plate has also to be warmed. -Having tried this plan, and found inconvenience attending it, -especially from the wax curling with the heat and the difficulty of -making it stick firm,--to say nothing of the uncomfortableness of -performing the operation before a fire on a hot day in July,--we began -to consider if a little carpentering might not do the work better and -more pleasantly, and adopted the following plan:--We split or cut -the comb bars of the Woodbury super in half lengthways, and taking -the unstamped edge between the two strips, join them together again -by small screws at the side, confining the wax plate tightly in the -centre, with no possibility of its falling down. Where frames are used, -of course, the bar could not be cut in two (except with the "compound -bar and frame," where the bar being loose, it might be as easily -managed). The plan we adopt with an ordinary frame is to saw out an -opening about an inch, or an inch and a half from either end where the -sides are morticed in; this opening we make with a keyhole saw. Through -it the wax plate is easily put, and with a heated iron passed over the -upper side of the bar, is made sufficiently firm. If the wax plates -are too large, a portion may easily be cut off; an opening of full 11 -inches long can be made without materially weakening the bar and frame. - -The wax plates must not extend to the bottom of the frame; a space of -at least one inch should be left for expansion, because the bees in -working the plate stretch it down lower. We also use a few pins firmly -pressed into the frames, and long enough to reach the edge of the -plate, for by fixing three or four pins on either side, both at the -sides and at the bottom, the plate may be held in an exactly central -position within the frame. As before mentioned, when these directions -are carried out, there is no fear of being troubled with crooked combs -on bars. - -The secretion of wax, and the method of its adaptation by the bees, is -thus admirably described by Evans:-- - - Thus filtered through yon flatterer's folded mail - Clings the cooled wax, and hardens to a scale. - Swift at the well-known call, the ready train - (For not a buzz boon Nature breathes in vain,) - Spring to each falling flake, and bear along - Their glossy burdens to the builder throng. - These, with sharp sickle, or with sharper tooth, - Pare each excrescence, and each angle smooth, - Till now, in finish'd pride, two radiant rows - Of snow-white cells one mutual base disclose; - Six shining panels gird each polish'd round, - The door's fine rim, with waxen fillet bound, - _While walls so thin, with sister walls combined, - Weak in themselves, a sure dependance find._ - * * * * * - Others in firm phalanx ply their twinkling feet, - Stretch out the ductile mass, and form the street, - With many a cross-way, path, and postern gate, - That shorten to their range the spreading state. - - - - -IV. MANIPULATION AND USES OF BAR AND FRAME HIVES. - - -Having at page 36, given a description of the mechanical arrangements -of bar and frame hives, the next thing is to describe the mode of -introducing the bees, and of thus bringing the humane and scientific -hives into operation. The swarm should be first hived into a common -straw hive from the bough or shrub upon which they may have alighted; -place this hive,--into which we will suppose the bees have been -shaken,--on the ground, propped up on one side with a brick or a flower -pot, or anything of the sort that may be handy, in order that straggler -bees may join the swarm. The spot selected for this should be as shady -an one as can be found, near to the place where the swarm settled; or -it may be shaded from the rays of the sun by fixing matting on two -poles so as to prevent the heat falling on the hive; spread a sheet or -cloth on the ground where an even surface can be obtained; stake this -sheet down at the four corners, to prevent ruts and inequalities, which -are great hindrances to the bees going into the bar and frame hive; -place the latter upon the sheet without its floorboard, having its -front raised on blocks or sticks rather more than an inch,--not more, -otherwise the bees will cluster and attach themselves to the lower part -of the frames instead of going up between. These preparations will -perhaps occupy ten minutes, by which time the swarm will have become -settled and tolerably quiet. Then with a sharp rap precipitate the -bees out of the straw hive on to the sheet immediately in front of the -frame hive; give the straw hive another knock so as to dislodge all the -bees, and then take it quite away, otherwise they may, if it be left -near, perversely choose to go into that instead of the one desired. -In some cases, as when the swarm has to be brought from a distance, -and procured from a cottager about whose skill in carrying out these -directions there may be misgivings, it is best to give instructions -that the swarm be brought home after sunset, and then the foregoing -directions for inducing the bees to tenant the frame-hive may be better -carried out; for ourselves, we much prefer the evening for the purpose. -A little water sprinkled over them from a watering pot is likely to -induce the bees to quit the ground and go up into the hive more quickly. - -Mr. Langstroth, in his admirable book "The Hive and Honey Bee," writes -"If they are too dilatory in entering the new hive, they may be gently -separated with a spoon or leafy twig, where they gather in bunches on -the sheets or they may be carefully 'spooned up' and shaken out close -to the front of the hive. As these go in with fanning wings, they will -raise a peculiar note, which communicates to their companions that they -have found a home, and in a short time the whole swarm will enter, -without injury to a single bee." In the _Journal of Horticulture_, Mr. -Woodbury says "If combs be fixed in the frames, the crown board may be -removed, and the cluster knocked out of the straw hive on to the top -of the exposed frames. The bees will disappear between them with the -utmost alacrity, delighted to have met with a ready furnished dwelling, -and the top or crown board having been replaced, the hive should at -once be removed to the position it is intended permanently to occupy." - -No one should attempt these operations without being protected by a -_bee dress_, and a pair of India-rubber gloves,--such as those used -by photographers,--which are sting proof. Some persons also take the -precaution of tying strings round the ankles of the trowsers, lest -some straggler should determine to attack the outposts of the enemy, -which, to say the least, might perplex the operator in the midst of his -task. Elastic India-rubber bands are good for this purpose, or a pair -of "knickerbockers" would be useful. If Wellington boots are worn, the -trowsers may be tucked within the leather, in which case no bee can -molest the operator, and no string or band will be needed. Practice -makes perfect in bee tending as in other matters, and when a light hand -is gained, there is little danger of the apiarian being stung. - -If the weather be wet the next day or so after hiving, it will be well -to give a little assistance to the new colony in the shape of food, -for although when a swarm leaves a hive almost every bee composing it -fills itself with honey, we have known not a few instances in case -of very wet weather, in which the whole swarm has been starved for -the want of this little timely help. Of course, the first work of the -bees is to build themselves combs, and these combs being produced by -the secretion of wax from honey, a great drain upon their resources -immediately begins, and any little outlay at this juncture is -abundantly compensated by its enabling these industrious emigrants the -more quickly to push, forward the furnishing of their new home. Clean -combs from hives that may have lost their bees are readily accepted, -and cause a great saving in time and material to the bees; these combs -may easily be fixed by cutting them the proper size to fit within the -frames, and making them firm by tying with tape or fixing them with -pliable wire. Artificial comb (see page 70) is often used, and has -this advantage, that the combs are certain to be straight and regular, -besides the saving in material to the bees. - -These preparations must be made prior to the bees being hived, so -that when a hive is so prepared, a swarm may begin to adapt whatever -advantages they find ready for them; and it is truly marvellous what a -swarm will do when thus furnished with combs in their new habitation. -In these the queen can immediately begin to deposit her eggs, and -the workers to store their honey, without having to wait for the -construction of combs, which is a laborious occupation for the bees. - -In some cases, fine white combs may be taken from the stock hive; the -end frames are always the most free from brood. Care must be exercised -not to rob this part of the hive too much; one comb may perhaps be -removed in the course of the season without impoverishing the bees, but -it is not wise to take more. - -Putting on Super Hive.--A colony established a year or more -is called a "stock," by way of distinction from a swarm of the present -year. Supposing the hive to be a stock, the super should be given them -at the early part of the season, say, if fine and warm, at the latter -end of April or beginning of May; if the weather be then unfavourable, -it is better to delay doing so until a more genial temperature. If the -colony be a swarm of the present year, two weeks should be allowed to -elapse from the time of tenanting a hive, before putting on the super; -this delay is necessary to give the bees the opportunity of building -combs in their new domicile, and of getting a store of honey for -themselves before working for their master. - -When it is wished to use a super, the crown board or roof of the stock -hive must be taken away, the thin adapting or honey board taking its -place; the two long slits at the sides are to give admission to the -super. The bees will begin sooner and work faster if the eight bars are -each furnished with artificial comb (as described page 71). We have had -depriving hives very quickly filled when the bees were thus assisted. -Combs that have been left unfilled may be fixed to the bars as before -described; these must be white and clean, as dark comb should not be -used for super hives. The combs when filled may be taken out singly, if -desired for consumption, substituting an empty bar or comb; or should -the bee-keeper desire to see a handsome super, he must wait until the -bees have filled and sealed up all the combs, and then he may proceed -to deprive them of it as before described. - -Taking out Frames with Combs.--It is well for a beginner to -practice the directions for opening and shutting up hives by using an -empty hive, until he becomes familiar with the handling of the frames. - -The first thing to do is to loosen the crown board or lid with a knife, -drawing a piece of string underneath it to divide the wax or cement -with which the bees make all secure. This string should be drawn -through very slowly, so as not to irritate the bees. In hot weather, -the crown board may be loosened by a lateral movement; but sometimes, -for want of care, this loosening of the lid disturbs the bees, and as -soon as it is removed, a number of them, enraged thereby, pour out and -attack the operator. This and all other operations ought be done very -carefully and gently; especial care should be taken not to prise the -lid upwards, by way of wrenching it off, for the frames and combs are -generally secured thereto, and there is a liability of rending the -combs with it; this will greatly irritate the bees, and be otherwise -injurious. When a hive of bees is enraged, there is little chance of -pacifying them; it is best, under such circumstances to 'give in' at -once, and not attempt to perform any operation, but to shut the hive up -and beat a retreat, benefiting by the experience so as to do better in -a day or so afterwards. There are various devices for intimidating or -conciliating the bees, and one of these already spoken of is--smoke. -So next time the experimenter makes his attempt let bill! raise the -lid an inch or so, and blow a few puffs of smoke into the hive, which -will cause the bees to retreat. This is best done by using our No. -12 fumigator, with a little of the prepared fungus lighted. Pipes or -cigars are not convenient to use for this purpose when the head is -enveloped in the dress. As soon as the lid is removed, a few bees -will fly out to learn the cause of such an interference. Conciliation -should then be introduced by having at hand a little sweetened water, -which may be sprinkled, or rather let drop from a feather or brush. The -sudden motion of the hand required in the act of sprinkling irritates -the bees, so that instead of making them our friends, they may become -our foes. Mr. Langstroth recommends that a fine watering pot filled -with sweetened water, be used for the purpose. Care must be taken not -to drench the bees; only just sufficient should be given to run down -the sides of the combs as well as sprinkling the top. As soon as the -bees really understand that syrup is being given them, they feast upon -it instead of angrily attacking the operator. Thus pacified, and with -gentle treatment, but little difficulty will be found in proceeding -with the work required. But the unskilled operator should on no account -neglect to put on a bee-dress and gloves as described above. We would -err on the side of caution, although there is an old saying that "a cat -in gloves catches no mice," and the apiarian will find that his fingers -are not so free to work as he would like, for gloves make them rather -clumsy in drawing up the frames. - -The frames must now be gently prised from front to rear; this may be -done with a small screw-driver or other stout instrument with a wedged -end to go into the notches. The frames fit loosely so as to allow of -a little movement from back to front; a lateral or side-way movement -might kill the queen; or if not so fatal as that, might crush some of -the bees and injure the brood combs, and must be carefully avoided. It, -of course, depends upon what the operation is that has to be performed -whether or no all the frames should be thus loosened. If it be for -making artificial swarms, or for any purpose requiring an interview -with her majesty, the whole of them must be loosened, because it often -happens that all the combs have to be examined, sometimes twice over, -before she can be discovered. Bees are very apt to build their combs -in a slightly waving form, and in extracting one it will be needful to -make room both for the comb and bees upon it to pass without scraping -the next comb, and there will be a difficulty if the apiarian attempts -to draw out one comb whilst the other frames are located in their -appropriate notches. Let the operator gently proceed to lift say the -third frame (allowing it to lodge on the little block that divides the -notches) a little nearer to the fourth frame, and the second nearer the -third, so as to admit of sufficient space to lift out the end one. Very -carefully and slowly he should lift the frame by taking hold with thumb -and finger of the projecting shoulders that rest in the notch; and he -must not let it touch or scrape the next frame or the sides of the hive -so as to crush or irritate any bees. - -After the end comb is thus removed, it will be easy to extract the -others, as there will now be plenty of room for drawing them out. A -hive of exactly the same size should be at hand; and in case it be -desired to remove the combs and bees into another hive, care should be -taken that each comb occupies the same relative position that it did in -the old hive. - -In handling the frames, bear in mind that they are to be held -perpendicularly. To gain a view of both sides of the comb when -searching for the queen, or for any purpose requiring full inspection, -with a little dexterity in twirling the frame round, the reverse side -may be brought to face the operator, without letting the comb break -away by its own weight and so fall out of the frame, which it will do -if allowed to deviate from its upright or downright position. If the -operator could see an experienced person perform the operation, he -would quickly understand how combs may thus be handled without any risk -of a smash. - -When placing frames in the hive, care must be taken not to crush a -bee between the projecting shoulders of the frame and the rabbets or -notches on which they rest, and on no account must the frame be let -down with a jerk, or the bees will become exceedingly fierce: the frame -should be so slowly deposited in its place that a bee on feeling the -slightest pressure may have the opportunity of escaping unhurt thereby. -The crown board should be replaced by first resting its front edge in -its place, and then slowly lowering the after part, looking carefully -under, and momentarily raising it when necessary to avoid crushing a -bee. Should the hive have its super on, the same directions may be -followed. The super with its honey board may be bodily taken away, and -so placed and confined for a time that robber bees cannot find an -entrance, and also be far enough from the apiarian to be out of danger -of being broken or overturned by him. - -Advantages of Bar and Frame Hives.--It will be asked why -all this trouble about bar and frames with straight combs built upon -them? We have shown the full command which the bee-keeper has over a -hive so constituted, and we now proceed to show how in skilful hands -these advantages may be used successfully; though, in the hands of the -unpractised and unskilful the contrary may be the result. - -All the bars and frames in an apiary ought to be of precisely the -same dimensions, so as to fit every hive. This is essential for the -strengthening of weak hives. A hive that is weakly may often be -advantageously strengthened by having put into it a comb of brood from -a populous stock, to which an empty frame from the weak one may be -given; no bees must be on the brood-comb--these should be shaken off -or gently dislodged with a feather into the hive from which the comb -is taken. The frames of the hive from which the comb has been taken, -should be, one by one, placed so as to fill in the vacancy, leaving -the empty frame nearest the side. When a hive has been in use many -years, the combs become very black, and every bee that is bred in a -cell leaves a film behind. It may be understood how in this way the -cells become contracted, so that the bees that are bred in them are -correspondingly reduced in size. After the lapse of say five years, it -may be necessary to begin to remove the old combs. This may be done by -cutting away the comb or by substituting an empty frame for one with -old black comb, gradually moving the frames towards each other. By -taking two away in this manner in the spring or summer of every season, -the combs in course of five years may all be reconstructed and fresh -clean ones be secured for breeding in, instead of the old black ones -that otherwise would remain as long as the stock could live in the hive. - -Artificial Swarming.--Every bee-keeper knows the anxiety there -is in watching and expecting a swarm to come forth, fearful lest his -favorites should, "like riches, take wing and fly away," a mischance -that it is desirable to prevent. In our description of natural -swarming this will be found fully treated of; we propose here merely -to point out how, with the moveable frames, this work of nature may -be assisted--we say assisted, because artificial swarming should, as -nearly as possible, resemble natural swarming, that is, it should be -performed at the same time of the year, and when the populous state of -the hive makes a division desirable. This is easily known to be the -case when bees hang out in clusters at the entrance, wasting their time -in enforced idleness instead of being abroad gathering honey. It is -also necessary that the hive contain drones. - -An empty hive should be placed on the stand when the living hive is -removed, for the purpose of amusing returning bees. If the hive is -kept in a bee-house, the entrance should be shut down unto the hive is -restored, when the clustered bees may be at once admitted. - -When such is the state of the hive, the facility of forming an -artificial swarm with a moveable frame hive is a decided advantage. -The best time for performing the operation is about ten o'clock in -the morning of a fine summer's day. The following directions should -be carried out:--place ready a counter or bench that is firm and -strong, and which has space on it for the inhabited--or rather the -over-inhabited--frame hive and the empty one, which is about to be made -the receptacle of a separate stock. The operator having on bee-dress -and the other appliances ready, may now open the hive as before -described, and proceed to take out the frames, carefully examining -both sides of each comb to find the queen: she is generally in the -centre of the hive, so that it is not always needful to take out all -the ten frames. As they are examined, the frames may be put into the -empty hive, and when the object of the bee-master's search is found, -he must carefully remove the frame containing her majesty, and may -place it temporarily in the empty hive at one end by itself. Next he -must proceed to put the frames back into the old hive, closing up -the vacancy caused by the removal of the comb with the queen on it, -and leave the empty frame at the end. Then he may place the frame -containing the queen--with the few bees that may be upon it--in the -centre of the empty hive; then putting all the other frames in, and -replacing the lid, the bee-master will place this hive in the exact -position occupied by the old stock. The bees that are on the wing will -go to the old spot, and finding the queen there, they will rally round -her and very soon form a sufficient number to constitute a swarm; comb -building will at once begin, the frames will in a week or so be filled, -and a satisfactory stock will thus be established. By doing this at -the right time, just before the bees are about to swarm, or when there -are many drones, all the trouble of watching and waiting for them is -saved. Mr. Woodbury claims the honour of having originated this mode -of artificial swarming; subsequently Mr. Langstroth and others have -described a similar process, no doubt originally, as far as they knew, -therefore still more useful to us as a confirmation of the value of Mr. -Woodbury's discovery. - -This operation we performed, exactly as described above, with one of -our improved cottage hives one afternoon at the latter end of May, -1862. Whilst inspecting our bees, we caught sight of the queen on the -comb in one of the bell glasses. This was a chance not to be missed, -and we immediately resolved to form an artificial swarm, for the hive -was very full of bees. Besides, being obliged to be away from the -apiary most of the week, we were glad of the opportunity of so easily -establishing a colony without the uncertainty and trouble of hiving a -natural swarm. In the first place we slid a tin under the bell glass, -and removing the stock hive from underneath we took it a few feet away; -then we placed an empty improved cottage hive where the old stock had -stood, and put the glass of comb containing the queen and a few bees -over one of the holes in the crown of this new empty hive. The bees -that were left abroad, belonging to the old stock returned as usual to -their old entrance as they supposed; soon a sufficient number formed a -large cluster in the hive and began comb building, the queen remaining -in the glass until the cells below were sufficiently numerous for her -to deposit her eggs in them. The division answered exceedingly well, -both hives prospered; the old hive either had some princesses coming -forward to supply the loss of the queen, or the bees used a power that -they possess of raising a queen from worker brood in the manner we have -previously described.[5] - -[Footnote 5: See Section 1, page 5.] - -The foregoing account illustrates the successful formation of an -artificial swarm; but with a cottage hive it was quite a matter of -accident to have been able to get possession of the queen. With a -moveable frame hive she can at any suitable time be found. - -Precisely the same plan is to be adopted with the old stock in the -frame hive as we have described in the case of the cottage hive, that -is to remove it some few paces off: when the hives are in a bee-house, -a similar result may be attained by placing the new swarm for a day or -two to the entrance used by the bees when with the old stock, and the -old stock may be removed to an approximate entrance. Some apiarians -recommend that a space be left between the two hives, by placing the -hives on the right and left of the old entrance, in order that too -large a proportion of bees should not enter the new hive at the old -position to the impoverishment of the other. But we have found the mode -adopted with the cottage hive answer so well, that we see no reason for -recommending any different plan. - -It is the office of the bee-master to assist, not to go in the least -degree contrary to nature. We know that when a natural swarm issues -forth it has its impregnated queen, and when located in a new abode -commences building worker combs, and leaves the building of the few -drone combs to a later period; but if a division of the hive should be -made by putting half the combs in one hive and half in another, the -hive containing the queenless or embryo queen will busy itself with -building only drone comb, thus a number of receptacles for useless bees -is provided, which tends to weakness, and eventually to loss of the -hive. - -In the plan we have recommended for forming two separate families, we -nearly follow the natural state of things; the comb that the queen is -upon is the only one that is taken from the hive, and this vacancy -should be filled in by moving the frames together so as to leave -the empty frame at the end. The bees, under the government of the -impregnated queen, construct the combs and furnish their new abode, -which, as before stated, they will do with worker cells. - -By adopting the plan above described, the moveable bar and frame hive -will prove far superior to any of the dividing hives, which provide for -equal division of the combs. - -Perhaps the greatest advantage the moveable frame hive possesses is, -that a full knowledge can be attained of its exact state as regards the -queen, the population and the quantity of food in stock. During weather -of a genial temperature, the combs may on any fine day be inspected, -and thus a knowledge being gained of the deficiency existing in a hive, -the necessary means may be adopted for supplying the want. Sometimes -such an examination will verify the fears of the bee-keeper, when, -having observed that his bees have ceased to carry in pollen, he has -thereby received warning that the queen has been lost at some juncture -when no successor to the throne could be provided. Such a hive has -entered on a downward course, and will dwindle away entirely unless a -queen should be given to it, or else, some combs containing young brood -not more than three days old. By the latter method the bee-keeper -will gain an opportunity of seeing the bees set about their wonderful -process of raising a queen from the brood thus provided for them. - -When a bee-keeper has become skilful in his calling, he may be desirous -to encourage the breeding of queens, or rather of preventing their -destruction. He will seek to use the propagating instincts of the -worker bees as a set off against that innate hatred of rivalry which -prompts the reigning queen to kill the tender royal brood. - -Hives found to be queenless may be supplied either with matured queens -or with queen cells. If the latter are sufficiently numerous, their -introduction may easily be effected by exchanging a comb in each hive; -if they have to be cut out and placed loosely in the new hive, a -triangular piece of comb should then be removed with them, to be used -as a block in preventing any pressure coming on them. A space must be -cut out of the middle in the centre combs of the hive into which they -are to be introduced. Special care must be taken not to bruise the -royal embryos, as they are particularly sensitive to pressure. - -A very great advantage that the Woodbury bar and frame-hive possesses, -is the safety and convenience with which a stock of bees can in it -be transported to any part of the kingdom; and, by a few additional -arrangements, stocks have been sent in it to distant countries. In many -districts hives are removed to moors and heaths in autumn, for the -purpose of gathering heather honey. In this operation the frames are -a great support to the combs, very much lessening the risk of a break -down and consequent loss. - -From a hive that has been inhabited all the winter, we have not -unfrequently lifted out the frames and removed the stock to a clean -hive, and we believe that the change has always been useful. The bees -find a clean floorboard and a clean hive to breed in, free from insects -that may have harboured in crevices about the hive. When the change -has been made, the old hive can be thoroughly cleaned, and used in the -same way for making the exchange with another stock. The process for -handling will, of course, be the same as before described. We have -found that where this plan has been carried out, that the bees seem to -progress faster. Perhaps a little stirring up may be useful in arousing -them from the winter doze; the time we recommend for doing this is the -beginning of April, but a fine warm day should be chosen. - - -DRIVING. - -Driving is an operation by which bees are induced to vacate an old -settled hive and to enter an empty one. Many apiarians prefer this mode -of effecting an exchange of hives to the plan of fumigating the bees. - -The greatest success attending such a transfer will be in the case of -hives well filled with combs that are worked nearly to the floorboard; -and it may be remarked that bees are generally so far provident, that -they leave an open space in which to pass underneath their combs over -all the floor of the hive. When the old hive is inverted, the bees -crawl up the combs, and thus more easily pass up into the new hive, -which the operator places over the old one with the intent that they -should enter it. - -The best time for performing this operation is about the middle of -the day, and when the weather is warm. It is essential that the -operator be protected with a bee-dress and gloves, as before described; -and previous to commencing his task, he must provide all necessary -implements. These are:--a couple of hives, one of which should -correspond in shape and size with the hive from which the bees are to -be driven; a cloth to tie round at the junction when the new hive is -placed on the old one; some string to keep the cloth in its place; -an empty pail to receive the top of the old hive, if one of the old -conical shape, but if the stock of bees is in a square box hive with a -flat top, a firm stool will be the best; and a No. 12 fumigator with -some fungus, which will complete the material of war. The bucket or -stool must be placed securely on the ground about a yard from the place -where the full hive stands; then a few puff's of smoke being blown in -amongst the bees, will cause them to retreat up amongst the combs. The -bee-master will now turn the hive[6] upside down very gently, letting -it rest in the pail or on the stool; he then quickly places the empty -hive over the full one, and ties the cloth round it to prevent any -escape of the bees. If the cloth be damped, it will cling the closer -to the hives. The third hive is intended to be placed on the stand -formerly occupied by the stock, so as to retain the few returning -bees which had been absent in the fields. Care must be taken that all -crevices through which it is possible for the bees to escape from the -united hives should be effectually closed. When the two are fairly -united, the operator will proceed by rapping the full hive gently with -the hands or a couple of sticks, more particularly on that side where -the combs are the most thickly placed--that is, if the hive be not -equally filled. - -[Footnote 6: Care should be exercised in turning the hives over to keep -the combs vertical, or they are likely to break from their foundations.] - -It generally happens that in about fifteen minutes the bees regularly -commence the ascent; their exodus will be known by the distinct rushing -sound which is always noticed when a colony of bees is on the move. -The first thing bees do when disturbed is to till their honey bags, as -they invariably do at swarming time, consequently after the first rush -into the new hive is over, as in the case of a swarm, the "flitting" -bees are not much disposed to take wing. When the noise made by the -ascending bees has been heard, and has in good degree subsided, the -cloth may be removed, and the old hive, now deserted, may be taken -indoors, and if a few bees yet remain, they may be brushed off with a -feather. An experienced apiarian on first hearing the rushing noise -before mentioned, will not hesitate to tilt the top hive over a little -on one side, so that he may watch the bees during the ascent; the queen -may be seen passing up, and if the operator desires to take her away, -he can secure her by placing a wine glass over her. This expedient is -often resorted to in the autumn when stocks are to be united, for in -such a case the removal of the queen prevents some fighting. - -If the taking of the honey be the object of the bee-master, then -"driving" is manifestly a better plan than to resort to the fumes of -sulphur for the purpose; for the bees from whom their store is taken, -can be joined to stocks that are weak in numbers, with considerable -advantage to the future prosperity of the apiary. - -When the removed bees are to be joined to another stock, the operator -will proceed as follows:--At dusk, dislodge the bees on to a cloth, -sprinkle them with sweet syrup, and place the hive to which it is -intended to join them, over the mass; they will gradually ascend into -the hive placed for them, and early next morning the hive, with its -slender stock thus augmented, may be removed to its stand. Should the -operator not have been successful, or not sufficiently skilful to -gain possession of the queen, he may leave it to the bees themselves -to decide which queen they will have. By this plan of "driving," -artificial swarms may be secured by an "expert" even in common hives, -though those do not afford the facilities for such a purpose as do the -bar, or bar-and-frame, hives. - - -CHANGING OLD STOCKS TO NEW HIVES. - -We frequently find that the possessor of a stock of bees in a -cottager's common straw hive is desirous of removing the whole stock of -bees and comb into one of our improved hives, in which the honey may -be obtained without the destruction of the bees. We mostly discourage -such a transfer, attended as it is with much labour, and requiring a -considerable amount of apiarian skill. An old fashioned hive may very -readily be rendered a humane one, simply by cutting out with a sharp -pointed knife the middle of the top of the hive; a piece may thus -easily be taken out, so as to leave a round hole two or three inches -in diameter, but care must be taken that the knife does not penetrate -much below the straw, lest it reach the comb or the bees--and it will -be safer for the operator to have a bee-dress on. There should be ready -a round adapting board, with a corresponding hole, which may be secured -on the top by putting four long nails through the same number of holes -in the board; then a cap hive or a glass may be placed on the top, for -the purpose of admitting the bees, who will soon crowd therein to work. - -This hive or glass will form a super or depriving hive, and can be -worked as profitably as most of the improved hives. Per the sake of an -improved appearance, an outside case, either of zinc, straw, or wood, -may be dropped over all, and then, if well painted, the whole will form -no disfigurement to any flower garden. - -This is beyond doubt the easiest way of overcoming the difficulty, but -as it may not satisfy all, we now proceed to describe how a complete -transfer may be made. No hive offers such facilities for the correct -placing of the combs in a perfectly upright position as does the bar -and frame hive. As before remarked, we should be slow to recommend -any one to attempt the operation who is not already pretty well -accustomed to the handling of bees and acquainted with their habits; -but by carefully carrying out the following directions any one may -successfully perform the feat. The first thing is to get the bees away -from the combs; there are two ways of doing this, one is by fumigation -(see page 60), the other by driving (see page 84). Whichever plan may -be resorted to, have the bees confined in the old hive on their stand -until you are quite ready to admit them into the bar and frame hive. -Have in readiness all the necessary appliances: these consist of a -large knife for cutting the hive, a good sized table on which to lay -the brood combs, a basin of water--for washing off honey which may -besmear the hands,--tape or cotton string to fasten the combs in their -frames, a pair of honey cutters for cutting out the combs, jars to -hold the honey that runs out, and a feather for brushing off any bees -that may remain. It is necessary that the operator should have on his -bee-dress, and India-rubber gloves. Then begin by slicing off a piece -of the hive with a sharp table knife; carefully cut out the working -combs--cut them large, so that they will squeeze into the frames; and -to be more secure, wind some of the tape round to keep them in position -until made fast by the bees. After a few days, these fastenings may be -removed. Care should be taken that the combs occupy the same position -in the frames as in the hive from which they were extracted. Having -thus prepared the hive, the bees may be let into it. It may be as well -to keep them confined a few hours, giving them water at the top, until -they make the combs secure; the new hive will then be less likely -to offer an attraction to bees from other hives who, if feloniously -inclined, might come to rob. This transfer should be made when the -weather is such that the bees can fly about; when not warm enough, -it should be done in a room at a temperature of about 70 degrees. An -expert apiarian could perform the operation in less than three quarters -of an hour, and with little loss. A week or so after a swarm has left -the old stock is perhaps the very best time for such a removal. Should -the operation be performed in the open air, the bees from surrounding -hives will be sure to come in great numbers to obtain a share of the -honey necessarily exposed, for they delight in plunder. In order, -therefore, to avoid annoyance to the operator, and the excitement which -is certain to be induced in surrounding hives, it is better to conduct -the dissection in some building with closed doors. In some instances a -routing of this kind has a beneficial effect; old stocks of hives that -have previously appeared to be dwindling, are often aroused to activity -by their removal into a fresh domicile. - - -WEIGHING HIVES, &c. - -One of the most effectual modes of ascertaining the condition of a hive -is by weighing it. Such knowledge is most important at the close of the -gathering season, in order that the bee-keeper may determine whether he -ought to give his bees artificial food to enable them to live through -the dreary winter. A knowledge of the numerical strength of the colony -is also useful, in enabling the bee-keeper to decide which hives will -be benefited by being joined together, which may be done on the plan -explained in the articles on "Fumigation" and "Driving." - -A hive can very easily be weighed, if a Salter's Spring Balance be -suspended near the apiary. The hive, having a strap or cord passed -under and over it, and crossing at right angles on the top, may be -hooked on to the balance, so that the weight will be indicated on the -dial. The weight of the hive should be marked on it when empty, so that -the exact amount of its contents may at any time be ascertained. A -colony of bees at Michaelmas ought to weigh from 20 to 24 pounds, that -is, exclusive of the hive; if falling short of that weight, the hive -should be made up to it by the artificial means before recommended. - -Experienced apiarians are able to judge of the weight of a hive by -lifting it a few inches from the stand; or by looking in at the windows -of a stock hive, a conclusive opinion may be formed as to the state of -the colony. If the combs within view be well filled and sealed, it will -be safe to consider that the hive contains sufficient stores to carry -the bees through the winter. - - - - -V. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. - - -STINGS: THEIR PREVENTION AND CURE. - -Some of our readers may deem us neglectful in having, as it were, left -them to struggle through their bee-keeping novitiate without informing -them how to avoid being stung by their docile but well armed flock. -Of course, having described the bee-dress, we have supposed that -the apiarian was clad, if not "in complete steel," at least, in the -head-gear and gloves, which will render him invulnerable. The best -safeguard from the anger of bees--as indeed from the malice of men--is -a quiet and peaceable spirit. The apiarian will learn to handle his -bees not only as "if he loved them,"--as the quaint angler says--but as -if he fully believes that the bees love him. This they will do whenever -he approaches and treats them gently. There are some cases of exception -to this generally peaceable disposition of the bee; sometimes a few -bees are dyspeptic, and refuse to be pacified--let their master seek -to bribe them never so wisely. Then, too, sometimes the bee-master -himself may be dyspeptic, which the unerring olfactory sense of the -bees speedily detects, and their anger is immediately aroused. Some -few persons, owing to constitutional peculiarities in their breath or -insensible perspiration, are objects of constant animosity with bees, -who by driving them from the apiary, are giving a physician's advice -without charge for a fee. Some of the choicest perfumes used by ladies -are offensive to bees: and one may feel very certain that the "fine -puss gentleman," who disgusted the brave Hotspur with his "pouncet -box" and praise of "'parmaceti for an inward bruise," would have been -speedily driven from an apiary in ignominious flight. Occasionally, -even a skilful apiarian may inadvertently crush a single bee; such a -mischance is detected by the community with much more facility than by -any "crowner's quest," and their prompt verdict decrees the summary -punishment of the offender. There would be much less fear of stings if -it were always remembered that bees are never aggressive. "Defence, not -defiance," is their motto. They scarcely ever attempt to sting when -away from the hive, and very seldom indeed at the time of swarming, -for then they are gorged with honey. When molested by angry bees, the -safest and best retreat is a green bush. Thrust your head into this, -and the bees will soon leave you. - -Yet some people appear to think they must inevitably be stung if they -meddle with bees; and for their sakes it is needful to explain why -it is that a sting is painful, and how the wound inflicted by the -bee may be cured. Those familiar with the usual microscopic objects -will know how marvellously delicate, and yet effective, is the -mechanical structure of a bee's sting. This weapon as we see it with -our naked eye--finer than a needle's point--is only the sheath, which -lengthens or contracts like the tubes of a telescope. From the sheath -is projected the dart, which is double, each half of it piercing -alternately deeper into the wound made by the sheath. The dart is -barbed on each side, so that the bee when very angry is scarcely ever -able to withdraw it:-- - - "Deems life itself to vengeance well resigned; - Dies on the wound, and leaves the sting behind." - -If the patient who receives the sting could only take it patiently, it -would not prove half the inconvenience to him that often is the case. -There are indeed some happy mortals whose "blood such an even tenour -keeps," that a bee-sting is to them simply a puncture, and nothing -more. Dr. Bevan has suggested that lovers should subject themselves to -the ordeal of a bee-sting, in order to prove, we suppose, that their -temper is proof against "the _stings_ and arrows of any outrageous -fortune" that matrimony can bring. - -It is the homœpathically minute tincture of poison injected by the -bee which causes inflammation. The first thing to do is to remove -the sting, which, even when detached from the bee, will continue to -penetrate still further into the wound. Next, press the hollow point -of a watch-key exactly over the place stung; this will express a -considerable portion of the virus. Then dip the hand or bathe the part -with cold or tepid water, for the poison is volatile, and will thereby -be dissipated to a great extent. On no account whatever should the part -affected be rubbed; to do that will diffuse the poison, and increase -the inflammation. The specific remedy for a bee-sting is taught us -by chemistry: the venom is an acid, which an alkali will immediately -neutralize when brought into contact with it. Spirits of hartshorn -will generally be found effectual for the purpose, and should always -be kept in an apiary. There are also several other remedies, more or -less effectual, according to the special constitution of the patient. A -strong infusion of tobacco water applied to the wound after the sting -has been extracted, is a specific for many persons; others find relief -from the application of a sliced onion. - -We have heard the remark from several who have kept bees for years, -that the poison from a sting has little or no effect on them; after -receiving many inflictions, their flesh appears to become so little -affected that the swelling and pain at one time experienced no longer -trouble them. - - -POLLEN; OR, FOOD FOR INFANT BEES. - -Bees, when fully grown, feed almost wholly on honey; but the larvæ -require for their development a more substantial kind of nourishment. -Such solid fare is found by the bees in the pollen of flowers, a farina -which contains some of those nitrogenous elements in which honey is -deficient. The body of a worker-bee is covered with hairs, to which the -pollen adheres when, by contact with the bee, it is rubbed from the -anthers and stamens of flowers. The bee with its fore legs then brushes -it off, and moulds it into the pellet shape suitable for carrying it in -the "baskets" or grooves on its thighs. Dewy mornings or humid bowers -suit the bees for the gathering of the pollen. If the atmosphere be too -dry for kneading it into pellets, they roll themselves in the blossoms, -and trust to the good offices of the bees at home, who, on their -return, brush off the farina into the cells intended for it, A portion -of this "bee bread" is taken at once by the "nursing bees," which are -supposed to subject it to some change before offering it to the larvæ; -but the greater part of the pollen is stored away, and sealed over in -the cells for future use. In April and May the bees are frequently busy -"all the day" in gathering pollen, and often one community of bees will -collect about twenty pounds weight of "bee bread" in one season. - -One of the objects of the apiarian is to assist the bees in -providing for the nurselings of the hive. A German pastor, Heer -Dzierzon, first suggested the plan of providing the bees with -"unbolted rye meal" as a substitute for the farina of flowers. He -had observed that, in early spring before the flowers were open, his -bees had entered a neighbouring corn mill, from whence they returned -laden with rye flour. Since his discovery, most bee-keepers in early -spring place either rye or wheat meal near the apiaries; to this -artificial store the bees repair by thousands, and seem to rollick in -the enjoyment of so much plenty, many of them returning to the hive as -dusty as millers. The object in thus supplying them is, that the brood -may be rapidly brought forward and early swarming induced. In this -way, a few pounds of rye meal at one penny per pound may tend to the -production of very many pounds of honey of twelve times the price. - -In gathering pollen from flowers, bees are doing more than merely -providing for their own community. Whilst humming through our gardens -they are assisting to propagate our flowers, and their merry buzz in -our orchards indicates that the blossoms of spring will in autumn -fulfil their promise by abundance of fruit. In Mr. Darwin's remarkable -work, "The Fertilization of Orchids," the mystery of the fructification -of flowers is scientifically explained; but before the subject was -so fully understood, it was quite believed that bees in passing from -flower to flower performed some important service. Owners of fruit -trees have noticed, in a season generally unfavourable for the orchard, -that if during only one fine forenoon the bees had spread freely -amongst the blossoms of a particular tree, that it would prove more -fruitful than its fellows. On this account the orchard is a good place -for an apiary, for it seems--more abundant the honey, more plentiful -will be the fruit. Bees bear the fructifying matter from one sex of -flowers to the other, but they confine their attention to one kind of -flower during each excursion: and the careful observer may see how the -colour of the pollen on the bodies of the bees will vary from yellow to -red and brown, according to the kind of flowers from which it has been -gathered. The gathering of pollen, its use by the nursing bees, and the -storing of it in the cells, afford to the bee-keeper opportunity for -observations of exceeding interest. - - -PROPOLIS; OR, BEES' CEMENT. - -The old notion that wax is gathered by bees from flowers as they gather -honey, has long since been set aside by the discoveries of Hornbostel -and Huber. Wax is an oily substance secreted from the honey in the -bodies of the bees, on which it forms in thin flakes. But there is "a -resinous substance, very tenacious and semi-transparent," which is -indispensable for the bees as a cement wherewith to fix their combs -and fortify their hives against intruders, and this is "propolis." -The bees, in working the propolis, often soften it by blending it -with a portion of wax; but they have to extract it in its natural -state directly from the bark and buds of certain trees. The bark of -the willow, the leaf buds of the poplar and alder, and the unopened -blossoms of the hollyhock, are very usual sources of propolis. In the -case of a new swarm, as bees must have this glue before they can -begin to build their combs, they will resort to most unlikely places -to obtain it. Sometimes they will enter a paint shop and attack the -varnish, and it is said they have been seen to obtain propolis from the -pitch and rigging of a ship. These circumstances afford intelligible -hints to the apiarian, who, if his bees have not easy access to firs, -poplars, or willows, will provide some glutinous or resinous matter -which may serve for a substitute. The extracting of the propolis costs -the bees very considerable labour, which they should be relieved of -as much as possible, in order to facilitate their great work of honey -gathering. Bees choose the warmer part of the day during which to -gather propolis, as then it does not so rapidly stiffen. Frequently -when they arrive at the hive it has become so hard that the other bees -are scarcely able to gnaw it from their thighs. - -With propolis bees fasten down their hives, stop up crevices to exclude -moths and ants, and sometimes use it to narrow the entrance of their -hive against the invasion of wasps. Extraordinary anecdotes are told -of the prompt and ingenious use they make of this substance. Reaumur -relates that a snail having been observed by the bees on the window -of the hive, they proceeded to glue the shell to the glass, and there -sealed down the intruder in hopeless durance. In another case, that of -a slug, or snail without a shell, the bees having slain it with their -stings, were quite unable to remove it from the hive. With wonderful -foresight, they then proceeded to secure their community from the -noxious effects likely to arise from the decay of the carcase; and -this they did by completely enveloping it with a coating of impervious -varnish. Huish relates a similar occurrence in the case of a mouse -caught in a hive by bees. Propolis yields benzoic acid, and contains -some aromatic properties. - - - -PASTURAGE FOR BEES. - - "Bees work for man; and yet they never bruise - Their master's flower, but leave it, having done, - As fair as ever, and as fit for use" - -Apiarians generally agree in the opinion that very little can be done -in the way of providing any special forage for bees. Yet bee-fanciers -are always interested in observing which the flowers are that the bees -prefer; and there are certain well established conclusions as to the -kind of district and season which are the likeliest to produce a good -honey harvest. There is an old saying that a country which produces -the finest wool also yields the best honey; and a pastoral district is -decidedly better than one under tillage. The principle of the matter -is, that the bees are best suited with a long dry season--an early -spring, a hot summer, and a late autumn. As not one of these blessings -can be commanded by the apiarian, his art must be applied to provide -some mitigation of the injury suffered by the bees when the season is -short or wet. For early spring, the crocus, the blue hepatica, and the -violet, all afford good supplies of honey, and if cultivated near the -apiary, will be of great service when the wild flowers are backward. -All varieties of the willow and poplar furnish early supplies of honey, -as well as of the propolis of which we have spoken; the blossoms of -the gooseberry and currant are very useful for the bees in May. Wet, -when it enters flowers of any kind, prevents the proboscis of the bee -from reaching the secret source of honey. On this account, it is well -to know, as does the bee, that the drooping blossoms of the raspberry -escape the effect of the showers, and honey is gathered from them when -other flowers are drenched within as well as without. For a similar -reason, the borage (_borago officinalis_) is valuable for bees; and, -also, because that plant continues to flower until the frosts set in. -The honey both from raspberry blossoms and borage is very superior. Mr. -Langstroth says that "the precipitous and rocky lands of New England, -which abound with the wild red raspberry, might be made almost as -valuable as some of the vine-clad terraces of the mountain districts -of Europe." The "golden rod," and also asters, afford superior honey -for autumn gathering. Dzierzon strongly recommends buck-wheat being -sown in the winter stubbles on behalf of the bees, and he tries hard -to persuade farmers that it is to their interest to cultivate it. It -should be named that all the ordinary fruit blossoms, especially those -of the apple, supply abundant store for bees. - -It is, however, to wild or field flowers that the bee-master must -chiefly look for the raw material on which his myriad artisans shall -exert their skill. The white clover of the pasture--the wild thyme -on the hill--the heather on the moors--the furze and the broom on -the sandy waste--offer exhaustless stores for a greater number of -bees than can ever be located near them. There are also two or three -peculiar sources of honey which one would not have suspected, as, for -instance the blossoms of the onion plant, of turnips, and in still -greater degree, the flower of the mustard plant. In those districts -of England where mustard seed is cultivated so extensively, it would -be well worth while for the farmers to keep large colonies of bees. -Another, but a very uncertain source of honey, is the "honey-dew," -which in some seasons appears in large quantities on the leaves of the -oak, the lime, and some other trees. - -It is important to mention that bees in the principal breeding season -require a plentiful supply of water. Owing either to their carelessness -or eagerness, they are frequently drowned when drinking from any large -quantity of water; the bee-keeper should, therefore, place near the -hives shallow vessels of water containing pebbles, on which the bees -may alight to take frequent but temperate draughts. - - -THE LIGURIAN OR ITALIAN ALP-BEE. - -A new, or rather a re-discovered, variety of bee has recently been -brought into practical use amongst apiarians in Germany and America, as -well as in this country. The ordinary bee is the _Apis Mellifica_ of -naturalists; the new kind is the _Apis Ligustica_. It was also named -"The Ligurian Bee" by the Marquis de Spinola, who found it in Piedmont -in 1805; and he considered it to be the principal species known to -the Greeks, who speak of the "best kind" of bee as being of a red -colour. Leading apiarians agree in pronouncing these bees to be justly -entitled to the high character given to them. Their special advantages -are--greater fecundity of the queens, less irascibility, and a more -handsome appearance, for being of a golden colour, they are prettier -than our black bees. - -Our own experience with the Italian Alp-bee enables us to corroborate -the statements which have been made in favour of this new variety. We -find the queens more prolific than those of the common kind, and the -quantity of honey produced is greater. These two facts stand as cause -and effect; the bees being multiplied more quickly, the store of honey -is accumulated more rapidly, and the Italian bees consume, if anything, -less food than the common kind. When of pure Italian blood, these bees -are by some apiarians thought to be hardier than our own. That they -forage for stores with greater eagerness, and have little hesitation in -paying visits to other hives, we can testify from our own observation. -The following anecdote will illustrate their intrusive propensities. -Another bee-keeper living in the neighbourhood of our apiary, when -inspecting our hives, observed the yellow bees; he exclaimed, "Now I -have found out where those strange-looking bees come from; for," said -he, "these yellow-jackets are incessant visitors to my hives. I thought -they were a species of wasps that had come to rob, and until now I have -been unable to account for their appearance at the entrance of my hive, -so that I have killed them by hundreds." This was not at all pleasing -intelligence for us, and we trust that our neighbour has been more -lenient to "the yellow-jackets" since his visit. We are inclined to -believe that more visiting takes place amongst bees of different hives -than bee-keepers have been accustomed to suppose; where the Italian and -black bees are kept near each other, the foreigners being conspicuous -by their lighter colour, there is less difficulty in identifying them -when at the entrances of other hives. - -This season (1864) we have had more honey from a Ligurian stock than -from any one of our colonies of black bees. From this Ligurian hive -we have taken a glass super containing 40 lbs. nett of honey, besides -having drawn from it an artificial swarm; and, after all, it remains -the strongest hive in our apiary. - -The Baron Von Berlepsch and Pastor Dzierzon, who are probably the two -most intelligent and skilful bee-keepers of Germany, award to the -Italian a very decided preference over the common bees. The Baron says -that he has found:--1. That the Italian bees are less sensitive to -cold than the common kind. 2. That their queens are more prolific. 3. -That the colonies swarm earlier and more frequently. 4. That they are -less apt to sting. 5. They are more industrious. 6. That they are more -disposed to rob than common bees, and more courageous and active in -self defence. They strive, whenever opportunity offers, to force their -way into colonies of common bees; but when strange bees attack their -hives, they fight with great fierceness, and with incredible adroitness. - -It is said, that the Italian bee can extract honey from some flowers -which the common bee is unable to penetrate. For instance, the blossom -tubes of the red clover being too deep for the proboscis of the common -bee, that flower is useless to them, although so plentiful; but, says -Mr. Langstroth, the American apiarian, the Italian bee visits the red -clover assiduously, and draws large quantities of honey from it.[7] - -[Footnote 7: This opinion is not held by the closest observer of -Italian bees in England.] - -The introduction of this new variety of bee into England was through -our agency. M. Hermann, a bee cultivator at Tamins-by-Chur, Canton -Grison, Switzerland, wrote to us on the 5th July, 1859, offering to -supply us with Italian Alp queen bees. This letter, or an extract from -it, appeared in the current number of the _Journal of Horticulture_, -(then called the _Cottage Gardener_,) a periodical that regularly -opens its columns to apiarian subjects. Prior to this the _Italian -Alp_, or as it has been named the "Ligurian" bee, was unknown in -this country, except to a few naturalists. The letter referred to -attracted the attention of that intelligent apiarian T. W. Woodbury, -Esq., now so well known as the "Devonshire Bee-keeper." On the 19th -of July, that is a fortnight after Mr. Hermann's offer, we received a -consignment of Italian Alp bees, being the first imported into England, -with these, Mr. Woodbury also received one queen-bee and a few workers, -which he introduced into a hive of English bees from which the queen -had been taken. His efforts were very successful, and "the spring -of 1860 found him in possession of four Ligurianized stocks." His -subsequent experience with the Italian Alp bee he has fully described -in a communication to _The Bath and West of England Agricultural -Journal_. - -Subsequently Mr. Hermann sent us a copy of his pamphlet entitled "The -Italian Alp Bee; or, the _Gold Mine of Husbandry_," with the request -that we should have it translated from the German, and that copies of -it should be printed in the English language. The pamphlet was speedily -published by us, and although singular as a literary production, it may -be useful for the advanced apiarian. - -Certainly the bees are partially of an orange or golden colour, and if -one could believe the golden anticipations indulged in by Mr. Hermann -respecting them, it would be sufficient to identify the Italian Alp bee -as the species described by Hood in Miss Kilmansegg;--those which dwelt -in - - "A golden hive, on a golden bank, - Where golden bees, by alchemical prank, - Gather gold instead of honey." - -Poor Hermann himself did not profit by the discovery of the mine. His -enthusiasm for the culture of the Alpine bee instead of wafting him -to El Dorado appears to have driven him to the prosaic retreat of a -debtor's prison. By the latest accounts we learn that--his ardent -spirit chafing against his incarceration,--he had made an attempt to -escape, and in doing so, fell from the prison walls and broke both -legs. We understand that he has since died. - -In the pamphlet referred to, Mr. Hermann gives the following -description of what he insists on designating as _Apis Helvetica_:-- -"The yellow Italian Alp-bee is a mountain insect; it is found between -two mountain chains to the right and left of Lombardy and the Rhetian -Alps, and comprises the whole territory of Tessins, Veltlin, and -South-Graubunden. It thrives up to the height of 4,500 feet above the -level of the sea, and appears to prefer the northern clime to the -warmer, for in the south of Italy it is not found. The Alps are their -native country, therefore they are called _Yellow Alp-bee_, or tame -house bees, in contra distinction to the black European bees, whom we -might call common forest bees, and who, on the slightest touch, fly -like lightning into your face.(?) - -"As all good and noble things in the world are more scarce than common -ones, so there are more common black bees than of the noble yellow -race, which latter inhabit only a very small piece of country, while -the black ones are at home everywhere in Europe, and even in America." - -Notwithstanding the death of M. Hermann, we shall in future be able to -supply all bee-keepers, who may wish to possess stocks of the genuine -yellow Alpine bees. - -The Italian varies but little from the common bees in its physical -characteristics. The difference in appearance consists in the first -rings of the abdomen, except the posterior edge, and the base of the -third--being of an orange colour instead of a deep brown. These orange -coloured parts are transparent when closely examined with the sun -shining on them. The Italian bees are more active than common bees when -on the wing. - -During the summers of 1859 and 1860 we had over from the Continent a -great number of Ligurian queens; these were sent to all parts of the -kingdom. We regret to say that but few were successfully united to -English stocks. It requires a considerable amount of apiarian skill to -accomplish the union, so that we find by experience it is best to send -out complete Ligurian stocks. This is particularly desirable now that -the packing of whole hives is so easily accomplished by us with the aid -of bars and frames. We have sent a great number of stocks to all parts -by rail. - -Mr. Woodbury, owing to his knowledge and skill in bee-keeping, was -eminently successful in propagating the Ligurian bees first imported -into this country; and we would recommend all who may be interested in -the subject, to peruse the interesting articles written by him in the -_Journal of Horticulture_. He has shown great patience and energy by -his labours in the rearing of queens and the multiplication of stocks, -for which he merits all praise. On the other hand, Mr. Woodbury has -to thank the Ligurian bees for the development of his own skill, for -although prior to this he was a valued correspondent to the before -named Journal, his commencement of scientific bee-keeping must be dated -from the time of their introduction. - -We now add to the other testimonies already cited, that of Mr. Woodbury -as to the superior qualities of the Ligurian bees. The following is -extracted from a paper contributed by him to the _Bath and West of -England Agricultural Journal_:--"From my strongest Ligurian stock I -took eight artificial swarms in the spring, besides depriving it of -numerous brood-combs. Finding in June that the bees were collecting -honey so fast that the queen could not find an empty cell in which to -lay an egg, I was reluctantly compelled to put on a super. When this -had been filled with. 88 lbs. of the finest honey-comb,[8] I removed -it, and as the stock-hive (a very large one) could not contain the -multitude of bees which issued from it, I formed them into another very -large artificial swarm. The foregoing facts speak for themselves; but -as information on this point has been very generally asked, I have no -hesitation in saying that I believe the Ligurian honey-bee infinitely -superior in every respect to the only species that we have hitherto -been acquainted with." - -[Footnote 8: This super was exhibited at our stand in the International -Exhibition of 1862.] - -After such decided testimony as this, corroborated, as it is, by many -other observers, there seems every reason to expect that the Ligurian -bee will gradually supersede the common kind throughout the United -Kingdom. - - -LIVING BEES AT THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION OF 1862, SENDING BEES TO -AUSTRALIA, &c. - -[Illustration] - -The engraving represents our stand in the Agricultural Department of -the International Exhibition of 1862. The space granted us in the -World's great Fair was somewhat limited; but we were able to exhibit -a tolerably complete stock of apiarian apparatus and all the more -important bee-hives. Amongst these was a Unicomb Hive stocked with -the Yellow Alpine or "Ligurian" bee. This was an object of great -attention, and daily hundreds of visitors flocked round our stand in -order to watch the movements of the Italian queen with her gay and busy -subjects. The entrance way for the bees being in the "Open Court," to -which all visitors had access, it was necessary to place the hive in an -elevated position, so as for it to be beyond the reach of incautious -passers by, and to obviate any chance of annoyance to the vast crowds -of people continually around. - -Among others who took a deep interest in our exhibition, was Mr. Edward -Wilson, President of the Acclimatisation Society of Victoria. This -gentleman requested us to pack four stocks of the Ligurian bees for -conveyance to Melbourne. With the assistance of Mr. Woodbury--whose -aid was, indeed, essential--these stocks were sent off on the 25th of -September, 1862, by the steam ship Alhambra, so as to arrive at the -colony during the Austral summer. The hives were Woodbury-frame hives, -having ample space and ventilation, as well as the means of supplying -water to their inmates during the voyage; there was, also, a sufficient -store of honey to last until the following March. The bees arrived at -Melbourne, where they were released after an imprisonment of seventy -nine days, and have since rapidly multiplied, the climate and pasturage -of Australia greatly favouring the increase of this superior variety of -the bee. - -Mr. Wilson was so well pleased with the careful manner in which these -stocks were fitted out for their voyage across the seas, that he -subsequently instructed us to prepare him three more hives, which were -sent out in a sailing vessel. Owing to the mismanagement of the water -supply during the voyage, only one stock survived in this instance. - -Upwards of twenty years ago, we sent a Nutt's Hive stocked with bees -to New Zealand. We then adopted the plan of fixing the hive in a meat -safe, so that the bees could fly about a little, and also cleanse -the hive of their dead, for bees are very attentive to sanitary -arrangements; they always remove the dead ones from their midst, and do -not void excrement within the hive. - -When bees are shut up in their hives too long, they are apt to be -attacked by a disease called by apiarians--dysentery. Sometimes when -confined by the unfavourableness of the weather in winter or the -lateness of spring, this disease produces serious mischief amongst the -bees. Various remedies have been recommended; but we believe the best -is to see that there is wholesome food within the hive, and plenty of -it, and when fine weather returns, the health of the bees will return -with it. Dampness of the hives, and too late feeding in the autumn, are -also frequent causes of this disease. - - -BEE-KEEPING IN LONDON. - -There are many persons now in this noisy city pent, who frequently -remember the days of childhood when, among pastures of clover or amidst -flowery heath and woodlands, they listened to the cheerful hum of bees. -Partly from a desire to revive those old associations, and also from a -natural liking for the tendance of living creatures, such persons would -be glad to keep bees if they thought it possible to do so in London -or its suburbs with any chance of success. We do not wonder that many -should doubt even the possibility of bees feeding themselves amidst -such an "endless meal of brick;" but we can easily prove that bees, -if not placed too near to smoky chimneys, are able to produce honey, -both for themselves and for their masters. To make this plain, we will -mention some special instances of metropolitan bee-keeping. - -About ninety years ago, a Mr. Wildman kept a bee-house and honey -warehouse near to Middle Row, Holborn. He was not only a tradesman, but -was also the apiarian of his day. He kept hives of thriving bees on -the roof of his house in Holborn, and many of the nobility and gentry -used to mount thither in order to inspect the apiary. At that period, -St. Pancras was a "village two miles north-west of London," and what -is now the Regent's Park was open country. It was then much easier for -London bees to find their favourite forage, but Mr. Wildman believed -that his hives were filled with stores from a considerable distance. -Whilst enjoying his country rambles on Hampstead Heath, he had a -shrewd suspicion that many of the bees he there observed gathering -honey were Labourers from his own apiary. In order to identify his -own flock amongst the rest, he hit upon a homely but very effective -expedient. Having borrowed Mrs. Wildman's "dredging box," he stationed -himself near the entrance of his hives, and gently dusted his bees with -flour as they issued forth. He then betook himself to Hampstead, where -he found his previous surmise confirmed, for there were numbers of his -bees in their livery of white. - -Wildman became noted for the remarkable control he obtained over his -bees, many instances of which he exhibited before the public. Many -of his operations with them were regarded as feats of legerdemain -by the uninitiated, as when he appeared before the king George III. -with a swarm of bees hanging in festoons from his chin, or suspended -in a cluster at arm's length. The Journal of Horticulture recently, -in alluding to Wildman, gives the following particulars as to his -performances:-- - - Near the "Three Hats," Islington, was a place of popular - entertainment called "Dobney's Tea Gardens," kept by Mrs. Ann - Dobney. These gardens occupied the ground between White Lion Street - and Winchester Place, and were established as far back as 1728. In - 1771 the house was taken for a short time as a boarding school; - but it was soon changed to its original purpose as a place of - amusement, for in 1772 Daniel Wildman exhibited bees here. This is - a copy of the advertisement:-- - - "June 20, 1772. Exhibition of bees on horseback! at the Jubilee - Gardens, Islington, (late Dobney's), this and every evening until - further notice (wet evenings excepted.) - - "The celebrated Daniel Wildman will exhibit several new and - amazing experiments, never attempted by any man in this or any - other kingdom before. The rider standing upright, one foot on - the saddle and one on the neck, with a mask of bees on his head - and face. He also rides standing upright on the saddle with the - bridle in his mouth, and by firing a pistol, makes one part of - the bees march over the table, and the other swarm in the air and - return to their hive again, with other performances too tedious to - insert. The doors open at six; to begin at a quarter before seven. - Admittance:--Box and gallery, 2s.; the other seats. 1s." - -The secret of Wildman's skilful manipulation is well understood now; it -consisted in a careful holding and disposal of the queen, together with -confidence in the generally inoffensive disposition of bees. Dr. Evans, -whom we have often quoted for his correct information in apiarian -matters, thus speaks of his feats:-- - - "Such was the spell which, round a Wildman's arm. - Twined in dark wreaths the fascinated swarm; - Bright o'er his breast the glittering legions led. - Or with a living garland bound his head. - His dextrous hand, with firm yet hurtless hold, - Could seize the chief, known by her scales of gold, - Prune, 'mid the wondering train, her filmy wing. - Or o'er her folds the silken fetter fling." - -To recur to our subject. After the days of Wildman, our own -establishment in Holborn became widely known for bee hives and -honey. Although we never attempted to start a London apiary at all -approaching in extent that of our predecessor, we have occasionally -kept bees on the house top both in Holborn and Regent Street. At both -those situations, we have noticed that the bees bring "pollen" as -well as honey into their hives. Last summer there was brought under -our notice an illustration of the acuteness of the scent of bees, and -of their diligent search for food, proving too that if sweets can be -obtained even from unusual sources, the bees will find them out. A poor -woman who, at the corner of an adjacent street vends "brandy balls," -"toffee," "rock," and other saccharine compounds--all well known to and -appreciated by most juveniles,--used to receive frequent visits from -our bees. Their visits to the old dame's domain were at first rather -interesting, and if the few pioneers who had the sagacity to find such -a store had kept the secret only to themselves, their company would -not have been objected to. Such selfish policy does not, however, -accord with the social instinct of bees, and these soon informed their -companions of the good fortune provided for them in an archipelago -of sugar islands. Day by day the swarms of these uninvited visitors -increased, until all legitimate customers were beaten off; and the old -dame had to see, not only her hope of gain destroyed, but her stock of -"goodies" sensibly diminishing by the thefts of these brigands of the -air. She could not, or dare not attempt to, drive the intruders away, -so made diligent enquiry as to where the robbers were harboured. Having -traced them to our establishment in Regent Street, she came to implore -of us to move the bees if possible, or she would have to move her -stall, and so lose her "connection" in the "toffee" and "rock" trade. -Wishing not to hinder the poor woman in gaining her livelihood, we -decided on removing our bees into the country. - -It is difficult to assign an exact limit to the distance that bees -will go in search of honey yielding blossoms. It has been proved by -various experiments that they will fly say five or six miles, if the -supplies are scanty within a shorter radius; but bees well understand -that first of all economies,--the saving of time, and if they can find -forage near at hand, they prefer it. Hence, other things being equal, -the quantity of honey stored will be in proportion to the contiguity of -good pasturage. In this way it is that the systematic removal of hives, -as practiced in many districts, has such a notable effect on the honey -harvest. - -During several years we kept bees in the Zoological Gardens, Regent's -Park, and have there frequently taken full and handsome glasses of -honey. The position of our apiary was on the site now occupied by the -"New Monkey House." The Society promise to erect a new building for an -apiary in the course of the ensuing summer. The visitors to the Gardens -found considerable interest in watching the bees in our glass hives, -and are now much disappointed at the absence of so entertaining an -exhibition. - -A gentleman residing in St. James's Place, has for some considerable -time past kept bees in his garden there. He uses our improved cottage -hives, and his bee-keeping is decidedly successful as he generally -takes some fine glasses of honey each season, besides leaving -sufficient as winter store for the bees. For a London situation, St. -James's Place is a very favourable one; the gardens behind the houses -pleasantly face the Green Park, so that the bees have an uninterrupted -flight to start with. They are also within easy range of the richly -flowered gardens of Buckingham Palace and those of the nobility and -gentry who reside around the Parks. To those gardens the bees of St. -James's Place resort, without waiting for any license or certificate -from the royal and noble owners of the honey yielding preserves. Being -within a short distance of our establishment, when this gentleman's -bees swarm he generally sends to us for assistance in hiving them. - -The neighbourhood of St. John's Wood, and indeed almost all the suburbs -of London, are favourable for the production of honey. We mention St. -John's Wood because, from the fact of having kept bees there ourselves, -we are able to prove by our experience that they do well in that -locality. We have several customers on nearly all sides of the town, -who have each had this year a considerable surplus of honey in their -"supers," after leaving sufficient for the bees themselves in the lower -or stock hives. - -We exhibited in our window last autumn a super of fine honey from the -apiary of Shirley Hibberd, Esq., the proprietor and editor of the -_Gardiner's Weekly Magazine_. It is a box containing 20 lbs. nett -weight of honey, and was produced at Stoke Newington, only 3¼ miles -from the General Post Office. - -The _Times_ "Bee-Master," whose letters from Tunbridge Wells have -awakened so much interest in this pleasing pursuit, also commissioned -us to exhibit a "super," produced under his own management in that -locality. A friend of ours at Exeter had upwards of 400 lbs. of honey, -of excellent quality, though one of his apiaries is quite within the -city. - -The last has been an excellent honey yielding season; our own bees, at -Dorking, in Surrey, have produced us large quantities, and the accounts -from nearly all parts of the country coincide in stating that the bees -have in the year, 1864, enjoyed unusual opportunities for accumulation. -In not a few localities, the season of 1863 was even more abundant. - - -WASPS AND MOTHS. - -Bees have few enemies more formidable than wasps. The most effectual -method of checking their invasion of hives, is to have as narrow an -entrance as the bees can do with. If a stock be not very weak in -numbers, the bees will be well able to guard a small aperture, and can -repel the attacks of those insidious and merciless robbers. On this -account, the entrance to our No. 5 hive as described at page 31, may be -used. - -The bee-keeper is interested in preventing the increase of wasps; it -is, therefore, a good practice for him to set a price on queen wasps in -the spring, the death of one of them at that time being equivalent to -the destruction of a whole nest. - -Should nests be found in the neighbourhood of an apiary, their -annihilation must be accomplished either by blowing them up with -gunpowder, an operation well understood by most country lads; or any -other effectual method. The late Mr. Payne recommended that a small -quantity of gas tar should be put into the mouth of a wasp's nest, and -if then covered with earth, the total destruction of the wasps will -be accomplished without further trouble. But to use blazing straw for -the purpose is always dangerous in country districts. We have lately -heard of a very ingenious and successful mode of entrapping and killing -wasps. Place some sugar or strongly sweetened compound on the ground in -a garden, and place over it a square hand glass, wedged up an inch or -so all round. On this glass, which should have an opening at the apex, -lodge another, but a sound one. The wasps, attracted by the sweets, -will soon crowd under the lower glass, and when they have well feasted, -will ascend into the upper one; there, between the two, they soon -become scorched and perish by the heat of the sun shining on the outer -glass. - -The season of 1864 was most productive for the increase of these prime -pests of the apiary, and many hives have severely suffered by their -depredations. When once wasps in any number have gained an entrance -into a hive, the bees can seldom eject them, and the invaders generally -remain until they have freely regaled themselves from the luscious -store. They not only consume the honey, but cause a good deal of worry -to the legitimate inhabitants of the hive, as well as killing the -foremost defenders of it. Wasps being of so much superior strength, it -requires, at least, three bees to master one of them. - -Having suffered loss in our own apiary from the attacks of wasps, -we feel it desirable to give a detailed account of our own troubles -from that cause. One of our Ligurian stocks was besieged and worried -by wasps to such an extent, that the bees deserted it on the 5th -of September, (1864). Fortunately, the bees chose a time for their -departure just as we visited the apiary. An unusual turmoil was heard -in the hive, such as is experienced at the time of swarming, and on -immediately examining the entrance, we observed that the bees were -quitting in tumultuous haste. The usual methods that induce bees to -settle were tried--amongst others, that of throwing sand up into -the air, so as it should fall down amongst the bees on the wing; -but they were dispersed in disorder, and their flight extended over -three adjacent gardens. We only discovered the clustered bees by -diligent search, as the sequel will show. Permission being asked of -our next door neighbour, we searched his garden to see if our bees -had alighted there; but found that they had passed over. Making a -similar application to the owner of the garden adjoining, we entered, -having a straw hive in hand, but no bees were there. After looking -diligently all round, and climbing the wall, thereby gaining a view -of the third garden, we perceived in it unmistakable signs of an -unwonted commotion. The occupiers of the house were intently looking -at a particular part of the garden, and there was a dustpan and a key, -with which the master had been "tanging the bees" to induce them to -settle. We quickly made for the proper entrance to the garden, and -soon discovered our little wanderers clustered to a large flower vase. -Our neighbours, however, were sadly disappointed of their prize, for -the gardener had hastily been dispatched into the town to purchase -a hive for the welcome colonists. In depriving our neighbours of so -unexpected and cheaply acquired a treasure, we could sympathise with -their regret, having been much disheartened half-an-hour before at -our own loss; but, of course, we could do no other than claim our own -bees. We gladly agreed to defray the expense of the straw hive that had -been purchased for the sake of our truant swarm. After brushing the -bees into the hive, and leaving it propped up with a stick, in order -that the stray ones might join, we returned home for an hour or so, -to give them time to settle. Judge of our vexation when on returning -to fetch the hive home, we found that the refractory creatures had -again taken flight, and that all the work was to do over again. The -wasps were not to blame for this second flight of the Ligurians; we -judged that the swarm had been disturbed by visits from a colony of -bees that we discovered were living the life of outlaws under the roof -of an adjoining house. Although much disheartened and perplexed, we -at once renewed our search, and, upon enquiry, found that the missing -bees had taken a southerly course across the turnpike road, and it was -therefore necessary to ask permission to search the gardens of the -houses opposite. From one of these we observed, on looking through the -hedge, that the inhabitants of the next house were on the _qui vive_. -On enquiring whether they had seen a colony of bees, the wary old dame -replied that she "had no bees but her own," and added that "they were -very much excited." Having asked permission to go through the hedge -to look at her bees, we soon discovered our Ligurians on the top of -the old lady's bee-house. There was no difficulty in identifying our -own bees; their yellow rings were as good as a private mark. Quickly -hiving the swarm, we took them home, and replaced them in the hive -they had quitted. It was almost destitute of honey; but by liberal -feeding, and lessening the entrance so that only one bee at a time -could find ingress or egress, we succeeded in inducing them to rest in -their old home. Thus nearly half a day's exertion was needed to save a -fine colony, which would otherwise have been utterly lost by the power -of the relentless wasps. - -Much watchfulness is needed to prevent the loss of swarms, and the -foregoing incident may serve to suggest the necessity of having hives -so located as to be constantly within view, either from the dining -room, or of those whose duties oblige them to be near the apiary. If -we had not happened to be at hand at the moment this colony started, -it would have been irretrievably lost to us. Many swarms and colonies -are lost simply because the departure takes place without any one -witnessing it. Let us hope that runaway bees may always fall into -the hands of those who are as capable of taking care of them as our -neighbours appeared to be on the occasion we have described. - -Another formidable enemy of bees are the moths. These insects are -creatures of the night, as the bees of the day, and they make their way -into the hives under cover of darkness, in spite of the bee-sentinels. -They deposit their eggs in any crevices in or near the hive that they -can find. There the warmth of the hive or of the sheltered situation, -causes the eggs speedily to hatch, and then the maggots soon work their -way to the comb and larvæ food, which they greedily devour, thereby -often bringing about the gradual but certain destruction of the whole -community of bees. The best way of keeping moths outside the hives -is to lessen the entrance, as before alluded to. Also, in the early -spring, the hives should be lifted from their floorboards, which must -then be made thoroughly clean, and all crevices and corners about the -hive and stand should be scraped, so as to get rid of all eggs of moths -and other insects before the warm weather hatches them or enables them -to do mischief. The bee-moth is not so troublesome in England as it -is in America and some parts of Germany; but still its encroachments -should be carefully guarded against in this country, for if not, it may -easily increase to a very serious extent. - - -DRAINING HONEY FROM THE COMBS. - -Those of our readers who prefer eating "run honey" to honey in the -comb, may be glad of some instruction as to the best way of separating -the two. For this purpose, it is better to let the honey run without -squeezing, in order to preserve both its transparency and flavour. - -Take a sharp knife, and slice the combs on both sides, keeping the -knife parallel with the partition wall, so that every cell may be laid -open. Place these broken combs in a sieve, or on a piece of muslin -stretched across and tied round the opening of a pan or large mouthed -jar. Allow the honey to flow out of the combs spontaneously, and -reserve the squeezing process for a separate jar, so that the honey of -the first drained jar may be perfectly pure, both in appearance and -flavour. That which has pressure put on it will be waxy in flavour and -thick. Some persons recommend that the opened combs be placed in the -sun, as the heat will cause the honey to run more freely. The great -disadvantage of this is, the temptation the honey will offer to bees, -who will be eager to gain a share. Honey whilst in the combs keeps -remarkably well when left in the supers; if cut out, the combs should -be folded in writing paper and sealed up, so as effectually to prevent -free entrance of air; they should then be placed in a warm dry closet. - -Honey, like most vegetable products, should be fresh every year. It -may easily be kept from one season to another; but when kept beyond -that time, unless very carefully stored in a warm temperature, it will -crystallize in the comb, and it is liable to ferment when in jars -separated from the comb. - - -GENERAL REMARKS. - -Every bee-keeper should be a book-keeper; that is, so far as to have a -permanent record of the events of the apiary and the fortunes of his -bees. A book similar to a tradesman's journal would be very suitable -for the purpose. In it he should note down the date of the first swarm -of the season especially, and those of the other swarms also; and in -autumn, the quantity of honey taken from each hive should be entered, -with remarks on the probable size of the various stocks. These -particulars will not only be interesting for the bee-keeper to turn to -in winter, but will be of practical service in enabling him to know the -exact age and probable strength of each stock. The bee-book may also be -contrived to show the total amount of honey that the bees have produced -for their owner, and the net money profit of the apiary. A simple and -clear account Like this--provided, by the bye, that it does show a -satisfactory balance--will be very useful for inducing cottagers and -farm labourers to start bee-keeping. Nothing like ocular demonstration -for this class. The "humane" apiarian will reason with them in vain -until he shows them a monster "skep" of honey, and mentions the price -that it will fetch in the market. When convinced that the depriving -system will pay, the cottager will gladly adopt it. - -A writer in the _Quarterly Review_ gives the following good -advice:--"Don't bore the cottager with long lectures; don't heap upon -him many little books; but give him a hive of the best construction, -show him the management, and then _buy his honey;_ _buy_ all he brings, -even though you should have to give the surplus to some gardenless -widow. But only buy such as comes from an improved hive--and you cannot -easily be deceived in this,--one which preserves the bees and betters -the honey. Then, _when you pay him_, you may read to him, if you will, -the wise rules of old Butler," _exempli gratia_:-- - - "If thou wilt have the favour of thy bees that they sting thee not, - thou must not be unchaste or uncleanly; thou must not come among - them with a stinking breath, caused either through eating of leeks, - onions, or garlic, or by any other means, the noisomeness whereof - is corrected by a cup of beer; thou must not be given to surfeiting - or drunkenness; thou must not come puffing or blowing unto them, - neither hastily stir among them, nor violently defend thyself when - they seem to threaten thee; but, softly moving by, thy hand before - thy face, gently put them by; and, lastly, thou must be no stranger - to them. In a word, (or rather, in five words,) be chaste, sweet, - sober, quiet, familiar; so they will love thee and know thee from - all others." - -Allusion having been made to the profit that may be gained by the -judicious management of bees, we will illustrate that point by relating -an anecdote of a certain French _curé_.[9] It is one which may be -suggestive to some of the rural clergy in this country, who might -almost as easily keep an apiary as they do a garden or an orchard. - -[Footnote 9: This story, in a disguised form, or--as the writer would -say--an improved form, was quoted in the Cornhill Magazine some time -ago. In transforming the bee-keeping cure into an English clergyman the -effect was cleverly] - -A good French bishop, in paying his annual visit to his clergy, was -very much afflicted by the representations they made to him of their -extreme poverty, which indeed the appearance of their houses and -families corroborated. Deploring the sad state of things which had -reduced them to such a condition, he arrived at the house of a curate -who, living amongst a poorer set of parishioners than any he had yet -visited, would, he feared, be in a still more woful plight than the -rest. Contrary, however, to his expectations, he found the appearance -of this remote parsonage to be superior to those he had already -visited. Everything about the house wore the aspect of comfort and -plenty. The good bishop was amazed. "How is this, my friend," said he, -"you are the first pastor I have met with having a cheerful face and a -plentiful board! Have you any income independent of your cure?" "Yes, -Sire," said the pastor, "I have: my family would starve on the pittance -I receive from the poor people that I instruct. If you will walk into -the garden, I will show you the stock that yields me such excellent -interest." On going into the garden, he showed the bishop a long range -of bee-hives. "There," said he, "is the bank from which I draw an -annual dividend, and it is one that never stops payment." His harvest -of honey enabled him almost to dispense with the use of sugar, leaving -him a considerable quantity of it for disposal in the market; of the -coarser portions he made a tolerable substitute for wine, and the sale -of his wax nearly paid his shoemaker's bill. Ever afterwards, when any -of the clergy complained to the bishop of poverty, he would say to -them "Keep bees! keep bees!" In this succinct advice, extending it to -laity as well as clergy in rural districts, we heartily join, believing -that in this country a ten times greater number of hives might be -successfully kept than are now established. In a very practical sense, -the oft repeated lines of Gray are strictly true:-- - - "Full many a flower is born to blush unseen, - And waste its fragrance on the desert air." - -enhanced, especially as to the dismay of the decorous English -prelate in hearing that his poor brother in the Church had turned -"manufacturer;" but then the _vraisemblance_ of the story, as we have -it, was destroyed. An apiary in the garden of every village clergyman -would afford the means of economising this unclaimed bounty of -Providence. - -Bees may be very inexpensively and profitably kept in the Cottager's -hive (see page 34), which will be found a very productive one. It is -true that it has not the appliances of windows and bell glasses; for -the cottager is not supposed so much to care for his hives as a source -of amusement; his object in bee-keeping is simply the profit it may -bring. For those of our readers who wish to have united the facility -of observing the bees with that of the plentiful production of honey, -we would especially recommend the "Improved Cottage" hive, described -at page 28. If inclined to go to a little further expense, the hives -numbered 1, 2, 3, and 7, all afford constant opportunity for inspection -of the bees, and allow of their working freely in the most natural -manner. - -There are few hobbies which cost so little outlay as the keeping of -bees. Once the "plant" of hives is purchased, there is little, if any, -additional expense, and always a probability of a fair return. If -honey be obtainable, the bees will find it; they work for nothing, and -provide themselves with sustenance, requiring only a very little labour -from their keepers, and that labour is of a pleasing and instructive -kind. - -To the advanced and skilful apiarian we would especially commend the -use of the Bar-and-frame hives. With these, as we have attempted to -show, the bee-keeper has a full command over his hives and bees. -Many mistakes, it is true, have been made by uninitiated bee-keepers -in using the more elaborate hives. Being struck with the remarkable -facilities afforded by these superior hives for the extraction of -any one comb, and, perhaps, fascinated with their easy sway over so -highly organized a community, these new-fangled bee-keepers have -acquired a habit of perpetually and incautiously meddling with the -bees. The inevitable results in such cases are distress to the bees, -impoverishment of the stocks, and loss and vexation to the over zealous -apiarian. All these things may be avoided, if it be remembered that -there are first steps in bee-keeping, as well as in croquet, chemistry, -or cricket. In bee-keeping, as in floriculture it is a great point to -know when to "let well alone." There is no florist, however anxious -for a prize, who would be continually pulling up his plants to see -how their roots were growing. Doubtless, the full control which the -bars and frames afford over the inmost recesses of the hives, is a -great temptation to the bee-keeper; but, if he yields too readily to -it, he will imperil his chance of profit, and deprive himself of that -continuous source of interest, which a judicious apiarian always enjoys. - -Many persons who are well informed on most subjects, are -extraordinarily ignorant of the natural history of bees, and the -economy of the bee-hive. Perhaps we might venture to suggest that, -more pains should be taken at schools or by parents to inform young -persons on this, in connection with kindred subjects. As an amusing -illustration of the ignorance referred to, we transcribe an order we -received a short time since from a seminary in the north of England. -The young gentleman thus writes:--"Master ---- presents his compliments -to Messrs. Neighbour, and begs they will send him a swarm of bees; he -encloses _six postage stamps_, and hopes they will send him a _good_ -swarm." This embryo naturalist was evidently of a mercantile turn, -and had a mind to buy in the cheapest market, for in a postscript he -adds:--"Please let it be fourpence, if you can!" We need scarcely say -that in reply we endeavoured to enlighten our juvenile correspondent as -to what constituted a swarm of bees, and returned the stamps, with our -thanks. - -The culture of bees would be greatly promoted, if a knowledge of it -were considered necessary as one of the regular qualifications of a -gardener. So little time is needed to gain the skill requisite for -the tendance of an apiary, that it seems only reasonable to expect -it of a well taught gardener, and he should feel a pleasure in the -circumstance of its forming a part of his duties. In Germany, where a -country gentleman's table is kept constantly supplied with fresh honey, -the gardeners are expected to understand the management of hives; and -in Bavaria, modern bee culture is taught in the colleges to all the -horticultural students. Travellers in Switzerland will call to mind the -almost invariable practice of placing new honey on the breakfast tables -at hotels in that country. - -Some writers on bee-culture attach much importance to the particular -position in which an apiary stands, and the aspect towards which it -faces. A southern, or rather a south-eastern aspect is the one which we -have already recommended. Our reason for this preference is, that we -deem it very important for the bees to have the first of the morning -sun. Bees are early risers, and should have every inducement given -them for the maintenance of so excellent a practice. A few years -since, many strong opinions were expressed in favour of a northern -aspect for hives. The chief reason given for those opinions, though -very plausible, appears to us to be a very partial and inadequate one. -It was said that, when the hives face the south, the bees may, like -the incautious swallow in the fable, be tempted to fly abroad in the -transient winter sunshine, and then perish in the freezing atmosphere -when a passing cloud intervenes. But it is a very easy matter, if -considered needful, to screen the entrance by fixing up matting so -as to intercept the rays of the sun. At our own apiary we make no -alteration in winter, under the belief that the bees will take care of -themselves, and they seldom venture out when the weather is unsuitable. - -With hives exposed in the open garden, it is a good practice to wind -hay-bands round them in frosty weather, as such a protection enables -the bees to resist the cold. - -When a thaw occurs, everything, both in and out of doors, has a great -deal of dampness about it. The combs of a hive are not exempt from -this, so that it is advisable to have slight upward ventilation in -winter. Holes the size of a pin's head allow of the escape of a good -deal of bad air, which is generated by the exhalations of the bees, as -well as by the dampness before referred to. These holes being small, -do not create sufficient draft through the hives to be pernicious; if -closed up by propolis, are readily reopened with a pin. With wooden -hives in winter, a bell glass is often found to be useful; it should be -placed over the hole in the crown-board, with a zinc trough to receive -the condensed moisture. - -In summer bees do much towards ventilating their own stock-hives. The -observant apiarian will not fail to remark how, on a warm day, several -of the little creatures will stand at the entrance with their abdomens -slightly raised, and their twinkling wings in rapid motion, producing a -current of air inwards; while another set are engaged in like manner, -driving the bad air out, so that a supply of pure oxygen is conveyed to -the crowded inmates. In this fanning operation their wings vibrate with -such rapidity, that their shape is as indistinct as are the spokes of a -wheel when revolving in rapid centrifugal motion. - -This important office entails great physical exertion on the part of -the bees, and they relieve each other in detachments. - -Some bee-keepers find an adapting board convenient for placing -underneath straw supers, as it facilitates their removal. These -boards are made of mahogany half an inch thick, with a hole in the -centre corresponding with that in the stock hive. We do not consider -it necessary to fix cross sticks in the straw stock hives, as is -frequently done; but if the apiarian prefers to have his hives so -furnished, there is no serious objection to it. These observations -refer to our Cottager's hive (page 34). - -There is another little matter of detail that should be named here; -that is, the necessity of the bee-keeper always having a common hive in -readiness near the bees, so as to be able to secure any swarm which may -unexpectedly start. - -Here our pleasant task must close. We trust that all information has -been given that is needful to enable the practical bee-keeper to begin -business, and the scientific apiarian to commence his observations. By -way of illustrating the two characters combined, we will conclude by -quoting another simple idyl by the German bee-keeper, Herr Braun, whose -winter musings we have already presented to the reader. - -[_From "The Journal of Horticulture."_] - -ON THE FIRST FLIGHT OF BEES IN SPRING. - -_By_ Adalbert Braun, _Translated by_ "A Devonshire -Bee-keeper." - - Hark! what is so gaily humming - In the little garden there? - Hark! what is so briskly whizzing - Through the still and silent air? - - Friend, it is our bees--the darlings-- - Now enliven'd by the Spring; - Yes, the winter is departed. - And once more they're on the wing. - - Happy he, who winter's perils - All his stocks brings safely through; - Thank Him, of all good the Giver-- - Faithful Watchman He, and true. - - Of my own are none departed. - All as yet unhurt remain; - Though no longer rich in honey. - Yet is Spring returned again! - - Come, and let us view them nearer-- - Enter by the garden gate;-- - So--stand still, and watch their doings-- - Light your pipe, and patient wait. - - See how busily they traverse - To their pasturage and back, - That they may by toil unwearied - Save the commonwealth from wrack. - - Look, O look! what loads of pollen, - Bring they in with heedful care. - Nurslings, fear not; for your cravings - Here's sufficient and to spare. - - How they dart and how they hurtle - Through the genial balmy air! - To the mountains--to the meadows-- - 'Tis the scent attracts them there! - - There they dexterously rifle - Nectar from each flow'r in bloom; - Toil they for our honey harvest, - For us fill the honey-room. - - Yes, our bees, our precious darlings. - We salute you all to-day; - For your life is our enjoyment-- - Winter's sleep has pass'd away. - - Grant prosperity, Heaven! - To the new-born honey-year-- - Give thy favour--give thy blessing-- - To these objects of our care. - - Now let each attentive guardian - In devoted service strive - For the proud, the Matron-monarch-- - Sov'reign of the honey-hive. - - So that we may learn by watching - Who that in the noon-tide glance, - Or in midnight's darkest moments. - Summons her to Hymen's dance.[10] - - Ev'ry bee-hive calls for patience, - Whilst great Haller's lessons teach - Without patience Nature's secrets - None successfully can reach. - -T. W. Woodbury, _Mount Radford, Exeter_. - -[Footnote 10: This point cannot now be considered doubtful, but it must -be remembered that Herr Braun's verses were written eighteen years -ago.] - -In conclusion, we would remind all bee-keepers who earnestly desire -success, and who hope to draw pecuniary profit from their pursuit, -of the golden rule in bee-keeping:--"Keep your stocks strong." In -exercising the assiduous attention and persevering effort, which -that maxim enjoins, they will not only be regarded as _bee-keepers_, -but, as Mr. Langstroth says, will acquire a right to the title of -_bee-masters_. - - - - -APPENDIX. - -[Illustration] - - -TESTIMONIALS OF THE PRESS. - -[Illustration] - -GREAT EXHIBITION 1851. - -The "Working Apiary" in the Great Exhibition of 1851, will long live -in remembrance of the many thousand visitors who witnessed with much -interest the matchless industry of its busy occupants. - -We extract the following from many notices that appeared in the public -journals relative thereto. - -In noticing the hives exhibited in the Crystal Palace, I would say, -first and foremost in my opinion stands Mr. Taylor's Eight-bar -Hive, and Messrs. Neighbour and Son's Improved Cottage Hive, -both exhibited by Messrs. Neighbour.--_J. H. Payne, see -Cottage Gardener, Nos. 169, 170._ - -_From the "Illustrated London News."_ - -Messrs. Neighbour's Apiary consists of a large glass -case, with parts of the sides covered with perforated zinc, for -the sake of ventilation. This apiary contains three hives; first -Neighbour's Ventilating Box-Hive, containing from 15,000 to -20,000 bees, which were hived on the 30th of April of the present -year, the day before that of the opening of the Great Exhibition; -Neighbour's Observatory Glass Hive, containing about the same -number as the box-hive; and a two storied square box-hive, with sloping -roof. From this latter, however, the bees decamped within a week after -they had been hived, owing to some disturbance, or perhaps, to the -dislike taken by the bees to their new habitation. The Ventilating -Box-Hive is, in shape, square, having windows and shutters. The -entrance is at the back, enabling the bees to go to Kensington Gardens, -or other resorts, when they please. Above the wooden box is placed -a bell glass, into which the bees ascend to work through circular -opening in, the top of the square box. In the top of the bell-glass is -an aperture through which is inserted a tubular trunk of perforated -zinc, to take off the moisture from within. The Observatory Hive is of -glass, with a superior crystal compartment, an opening being formed -between the two; the bees are at present forming a comb in this upper -glass, which affords a very interesting sight, as generally speaking, -the bees are in such a cluster when at work that one can scarcely view -their mathematically formed cells. A straw cover is suspended over the -upper compartment by a rope over a pulley, which cover is raised up by -the attendant at pleasure. The larger or bottom compartment rests on a -wooden floor, which has a circular groove sinking therein to receive -the bell glass. A landing-place projecting, as usual, with sunken way, -to enable the bees to pass in and out of their habitation, completes -this contrivance. - -In addition to Mr. Neighbour's Crystal Apiary, he also -exhibits a Cottager's Straw Hive, Taylor's Amateur Bee-Hive, a Glass -Hive, Nutt's Patent Collateral Hive, the Ladies' Observatory -Hive, Neighbour's Improved Cottage Hive, and Payne's -Cottage Hive. - -The Cottager's Hive is simply that of the form we find in use in most -parts of the country, where the industrious cottagers or their wives, -by a little attention to their interesting little labourers, are -enabled to add something to their usually scanty earnings. This kind of -hive is usually made of straw, resting on a circular wooden board, with -part of the board or floor projecting in front as a lauding place for -the bees, which enter under the edge of the straw by means of a sinking -in the floor. - -Taylor's Amateur's Bee-Hive consists of three small square -boxes, one above another, with a roof over the top story; the -ventilation being effected by perforations under the eaves; each side -of every story has a window and shutter. The landing place is in front -of the bottom story, and the entrance to the hive is a long slit about -¾ inch high. - -The Glass Hive or Ladies' Observatory Hive, is similar to that in -which the bees are at work in Mr. Neighbour's Apiary already -mentioned, but on account of the number of bees at work therein, and -the extent of comb already effected, the interior perches cannot be -seen. These wooden perches are arranged in parallel lines, leaving a -space next the glass all round, the whole being framed together with a -bar at right angles, and resting on an upright support in the middle. - -The Improved Cottage Hive of the same exhibitor consists of a straw -circular lower compartment, having windows and outside shutters. A -thermometer is placed just inside one of the windows. The floor is of -wood, with a landing place and sunken way, as already mentioned in -some of the other hives. In the top, which is also of wood, are three -circular perforations, each of about two inches in diameter; above -which are placed as many bell-glasses. There is a small hole in the -top of each of the glasses, through which a perforated tubular trunk -is inserted, for the sake of taking off the moisture from the interior -of the hive. Within the glass is a feeding-trough of zinc, circular -in shape, with a floating perforated floor, on which the bees alight, -and in the winter season regale themselves with the honey which is -found in the various perforations, as it floats up to the level of the -honey, contained in the small filling-trough, through which the honey, -or beer and sugar, is poured. The glasses are covered with a straw cap, -removable at pleasure. - -Messrs. Neighbour's contributions are completed with, tin -perforated fumigators, by the use of which the bees are stupefied -for a while, when required to be moved from one hive to another; and -specimens of honey and honey-comb of the season 1850. - -_From the "Express."_ - -Bees and Bee-Hives.--In the North-East Gallery directly under -the Transept are arranged by Messrs. Neighbour, of Holborn, -several descriptions of bee-hives, which it will be interesting to many -of our readers to examine, as this branch of rural economy is claiming -much general and deserved attention throughout the country. The novelty -of these hives consists in the facilities that are afforded in taking -therefrom at any time of the gathering season the purest honey without -destroying or even injuring the bees, thus humanely superseding the -barbarous and hateful system of murdering these interesting insects, to -obtain the produce of their industry. - -Immediately adjoining the group of untenanted bee-hives may be observed -living hives with the bees most industriously at work. These useful -little creatures have been highly honoured by the Executive Committee, -for of all the animal workers that contribute to the interest of the -Exhibition they alone are allowed therein to display their matchless -ingenuity and skill. By a simple contrivance the bees are allowed -egress and ingress without in the least degree molesting the visitors, -thus enabling the admirers of the works of nature to view the whole -process of forming the cells and depositing the honey therein. - -Within these few days Messrs. Neighbour have added to the -Apiary, a bee-hive constructed entirely of glass, protected by a cover -neatly made of straw, but so contrived, that on application to the -attendant can be removed instantly, thus illustrating more particularly -the curious workmanship of these amusing insects. - -Her Majesty the Queen, and the Prince Consort, with the Royal Children, -were some time engaged in watching with deep interest the busy scene -before them, and putting many questions relating to the habits and -economy of the honey bee. - - -INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION 1861. - -_From the "Illustrated London News," August 16, 1862._ - -One of the most interesting and instructive objects in the Exhibition, -is a transparent hive, in which the bees may be seen at full work. -Among the collection of bee-hives exhibited by Messrs. Neighbour -and Son, is one of glass, stocked with a colony of Italian Alp -bees. Here the queen bee may be seen surrounded by her subjects, -which pay the most deferential attention to their sovereign. Through -an aperture cut in the wall, the busy throng of bees are continually -passing and repassing. They go out at their pleasure into the open -court, fly over the annexe into the grounds of the Horticultural -Society and other adjacent gardens, and return laden with sweets. - -_From the "Journal of Horticulture" October 21, 1862._ - -Neighbour, G. & Sons, 149, Regent Street, and 127, Holborn, -No. 2157, have a very handsome and complete stall, on ascending the -steps of which we found a flourishing stock of Ligurians, apparently -not at all ashamed of the public position which they occupied, and -working vigorously in the full light of day. The queen, one of the -largest and finest-coloured we have met with, was perambulating the -combs and receiving the homage of her subjects, stopping frequently to -deposit an egg in every empty cell. The hive itself was a "Woodbury -Unicomb," handsomely got up in mahogany, invented as its name implies, -by our valued correspondent. "A Devonshire Bee-keeper," -the construction of which will be most readily understood by an -inspection of the engraving at page 46. Its distinctive features are, -the adaptation of the moveable-bar system to unicomb-hives, by which -any colony in an apiary of "Woodbury-hives" can be placed in the -unicomb-hive in a few minutes, and the use of "outside Venetians," -or "sun blinds." as they are called, instead of the usual impervious -shutters. By this contrivance light is never excluded, so that when the -hive is open for inspection, all its inmates continue their avocation -with their accustomed regularity, and a quiet and orderly scene is -presented to the spectator, instead of the hubbub and confusion -which ensues in ordinary unicomb-hives. On the left-hand side of the -unicomb hangs a beautifully executed drawing of a Ligurian queen -bee magnified, together with the queen worker and drone of _Apis -Ligustica_, of the natural size. Immediately under the drawing is -placed a square glass super containing nearly 40 lbs. of the finest -honey-comb. On the right of the unicomb-hive is another super of the -same description, containing nearly 30 lbs. of the purest honey. -These supers are, undoubtedly, by far the finest in the Exhibition, -and are the first worked in England by Ligurian bees, being from the -apiary of "A Devonshire Bee-keeper." In addition to these the -most striking objects, are shown Neighbour's Improved Single Box and -Cottage Hives, Taylor's Bar-Hives, Woodbury Frame and Bar-hives, the -new Bottle-feeder, and bee apparatus of every description. It will be -apparent from the foregoing, that Messrs. Neighbour's stall is well -worth inspection, although the various novelties it contains appear to -have met with but scant appreciation by the Jury, who merely awarded -to them that "honourable mention" so lavishly accorded to the far less -deserving objects. - -_From the "Illustrated News of the World" September 6, 1862._ - -One of the most interesting and instructive objects is the honey bee -at full work in transparent hives. In the International Exhibition, -Class 9, Eastern Annexe, Messrs. Neighbour and Son, of Holborn -and Regent-street, exhibit, amongst a collection of the most approved -bee-hives and apparatus, a glass hive, stocked with a colony of Italian -Alp bees; the hive is so constructed as to admit of easily seeing the -queen, surrounded by the working bees. Contrary to the long established -notion that the bees work only in the dark this hive is completely -open to broad daylight. The bees do not manifest the least dislike to -the exposure, and they are not discomfited when light is occasionally -admitted for inspecting them. It is obvious that a knowledge of this -new feature must tend to a more general acquaintance with the habits -and hidden mysteries of the bee than has hitherto been the case. The -queen may be seen depositing the eggs in the cells; in this manner she -goes on multiplying the species, the working bees surrounding her, and -paying the most deferential attention, with their heads always towards -her. Not the least interesting part is to watch the entrance; facility -is afforded for doing so, the sunken way communicating with the hive -being covered with a flat piece of glass; the busy throng, pass and -repass through the aperture cut in the wall, so that the bees go out -at their pleasure into the open court, fly over the Annexe into the -Horticultural and other adjacent gardens, and return laden with crystal -sweets gathered from the flowers. The novelty of being able to inspect -living bees, and those of a new variety, as easily as goods in a shop -window, will well repay the trouble of finding Messrs. Neighbour's -stand. These gentlemen will no doubt cheerfully give any information -that may be required. - -_From the "Gardener's Weekly Magazine" September 1, 1862. Conducted by -Shirley Hibberd, Esq., F.R.H.S._ - -Neighbour and Son, 149, Regent Street, London, (2157).--This -is the most important of the exhibitions in this department. The "Bees -at work" are in hives open to the inspection of visitors, the bees -passing out through tubes to the open air, and not being visible within -the building except through the glass of the hives. The collection of -hives of all kinds is complete and interesting, and we subjoin a figure -of the stand (see page 100) to show how bees as well as hives may be -exhibited conveniently. Amongst the various contrivances exhibited by -Messrs. Neighbour, Nutt's Collateral Hive has an important -place, and though very fancifully got up, and therefore very attractive -to amateur bee-keepers, we must make the same objection to it as we -have above to other forms of the same from different makers. The -Single-box Hive, the Taylor's Shallow Eight-bar Hive, are the best -bee-boxes in this collection, and every way admirable. Here are no -fancy ventilators which the bees will close up, nor provoking side -boxes which they will hesitate to enter, and from which it will be hard -to dislodge them in order to get them to winter in the "pavilion." -Whoever begins bee-keeping with either of these will have a fair chance -of success. The most popular of the hives is that called the "Improved -Cottage." Its popularity no doubt is due to the compromise between wood -and straw which it accomplishes. People cannot get rid of the idea that -a bee-hive _must_ be made of straw, though it is a material so ill -adapted for union of swarms, supering and other operations of advanced -bee culture. The "Cottager's Hive" is well adapted for "those apiarians -who are desirous of setting their poorer neighbours in the way of -keeping bees on the improved system." It consists of stock hive, small -super-hive, and straw cover, and is on the principle of Payne's, which -has been most successful among country people who have got so far as -to prefer keeping, to killing their bees. The "Woodbury Bar and Frame -Hive" is a novel construction, combining all the best features of the -best bar boxes, and adding some new ones of great value and importance. -We recommend every bee-keeper to become possessed of this admirable -contrivance, with which Mr. Woodbury has accomplished wonderful things -in the multiplication of the new race of Ligurian bees. In general form -and proportions it resembles Taylor's and Tegetmeier's boxes, but in -the arrangement of the bars it is unique. The stock box is furnished -with ten moveable bars and frames, after the German plan. Each bar has -a projection running along the under side; this ridge is chosen by the -bees for the foundation of combs, rendering guide combs unnecessary. -The supers have glass sides and eight bars, so that the operator need -never be in doubt when to add another box above or take away the -harvest. - -The "Unicomb," or one-comb observatory-hive, is intended solely for -purposes of observation, and though furnished with doors, to keep -up a uniform degree of heat, Messrs. Neighbour have found in their -experience at the Regent's Park Gardens and elsewhere, that the bees -manifest no dislike to a continual exposure to light. As this elegant -contrivance can be placed in the window of a drawing-room, it is -adapted to the amusement and instruction of the family circle, as -well as to the more serious objects of the etomologist and scientific -apiarian. All that is necessary is to connect the outlet with the open -air by means of a length of tubing or wooden tunnel, and the bees pass -in and out without obtaining access to the room, and all the mysteries -of the hive are open to daily observation. There are numerous other -hives, bee-feeders, bee armour, &c., &c., which we have not space to -notice, but which we advise our apiarian friends to inspect, as the -collection of Messrs. Neighbour illustrates fully every department of -this interesting subject. - - -BATH AND WEST OF ENGLAND AGRICULTURAL SHOW AT EXETER, IN JUNE, 1863. - -_From the "Journal of Horticulture," June 23, 1863._ - -A novel feature in the Exhibition of the Bath and West of England -Agricultural Society which took place at Exeter last week, was the -stall of Messrs. Neighbour & Sons, in which were exhibited -bees at work in glass hives, and apiarian appliances of every -description. There were two Ligurian stocks of bees at full work, -one in a full sized Woodbury Unicomb Hive, having been brought from -London for the occasion, and the other in a smaller hive of the -same description being from the neighbouring apiary of our valued -correspondent, "A Devonshire Bee-Keeper." Amongst the hives -exhibited, the Woodbury Frame Hive in straw appeared both novel -and good, whilst amongst the apparatus, artificial combs and the -stereotyped plates for making them, seemed to us the most worthy of -attention. - -There was a remarkably curious specimen of artificial combs or -partition wall partially fabricated into complete comb by the bees, -which struck us as being well worth examination, showing, as it did, -the various stages by which this transformation is effected, and being -calculated to throw light on the problem as to the mode in which -bees construct their combs. It is almost unnecessary to state, that -this unique and instructive stall was crowded throughout the week, -and we hope its financial results were such as will lead Messrs. -Neighbour to continue their attendance at the Society's -meetings. - -_From the "Western Times" Exeter, June 12, 1863._ - -For the Little Busy Bee.--Next to the poultry tents, and set -back against the yard fencing, is the exhibition of Mr. George -Neighbour & Sons, 127, High Holborn, and 149, Regent Street, -London, inventors and manufacturers of improved bee-hives for taking -honey without the destruction of the bees. The savage knows where -to find the nest of the wild bee, and how to get at his honey; but -all the improvement upon the covetousness of the savage made by the -long after ages of the world to modern times, was to find means of -luring the pattern of industry to a convenient atelier where he might -be more easily, first murdered and then robbed. Their habits early -attracted the attention of some of the best observers of ancient as -well as modern times; Cicero and Pliny tell of the philosopher Hyliscus -quitting human society and retiring to the desert to contemplate -their peaceful industry. The ancient poet in his _Sic vos non vobis_ -plaintively sings over bee and beast, living, or rather dying, not -for themselves, but the lord of creation, yet was it left to modern -times--very modern times--to join the sentiment of humanity to the -rapacity of the barbarian. Mr. Neighbour has a very complete -collection of specimens of the ingenious and successful contrivances -in the construction of hives for the double object of preserving the -honey and the life of the bee; and also, subsidiarily of promoting its -comfort during its busy and useful life. We are not allowed to forget -here, that we have residing in our city one of the first apiarians in -the kingdom--Mr. Thomas Woodbury, of Mount Radford. If the bee -philosophy be his hobby, we may recollect that all great discoveries -and improvements owe their existence to men who have had the power and -the will to concentrate their faculties upon a single object. One proof -of his genius in this his favourite department of action, is seen among -this collection of Mr. Neighbour's in the "Woodbury Unicomb -Hive." It might be when closed up, for ought that appears, a neat case -of books; but on opening two doors of the Venetian blind pattern, back -and front, we see between the glass walls, the insect city exposed to -view with all the population in action. There it may be seen - - How skilfully she builds her cell; - How neat she spreads her wax; - And labours hard to store it well - With the sweet food she makes. - -Some of the hives are constructed chiefly for the purpose of promoting -a philosophic observation of the bee's habits and methods of procedure -in his wonderful work. "Neighbour's Unicomb Observatory -Hive" is a great novelty, being constructed with glass sides, the -hidden mysteries of the hive being exposed to the full light of day. -"Huber's Book or Leaf Hive" is constructed to facilitate the -object of the scientific apiarian. But the class of hives which will -most interest those desirous of promoting bee-keeping among the many -will be those for the cottage. There can be no doubt that many a poor -cottager in the country, if he could be made to see the advantage it -would be to him, and were taught the most economical and successful way -of managing this species of "live stock," would add thereby something -considerable to his small earnings in the course of a summer. Members -of Cottage Garden Societies have turned their attention to it very -generally; but to get the thing well afloat, requires in every district -the devotion of some earnest enthusiast who will take up the apostolic -rule of action "This one thing I do." There is the No. 5, "Improved -Cottage Hive," in which three bell glasses are employed, enabling -you to take a glass of the purest honey from the hive in the most -vigorous period of the season. Then there are other hives of simpler -construction and less expensive, but all illustrative of the sentiment -of humanity which seeks to preserve from wanton destruction those -useful and interesting auxiliaries to our luxury and comfort. This -comparatively unimportant stand, in point of size, cannot but attract -the attention of a large number of visitors, especially of the ladies -and the clergy, who are desirous of promoting the cultivation of the -bee among the poor. To heighten the interest for the curious, in one -of Mr. Woodbury's hives the bees are all alive and at it, and -for those who are disposed to go further into the subject, information -is available touching this fashionable, profitable, and domesticated -member of the Apiarian family, the Ligurian and Italian Alp-bee. Our -old dark-coated delver is threatened with supercession, just as the -black rat was driven off by the Norwegian invader, now in possession, -and as the old races of cattle are being metamorphosed into the sleek, -shapely, beef-bearing, small-boned animals of the present time. - -_From the "Devon Weekly Times" June 8, 1863._ - -Bees.--Messrs. Neighbour & Sons, of London, are -exhibitors of two Woodbury Unicomb Hives, showing the royal -and common bees in full work. These hives are very ingeniously -constructed, and were invented by Mr. T. Woodbury, of Mount -Radford. Among other apiarian attractions, we may mention the improved -Cottage and Cottager's Hives, which are well worthy the notice of those -for whom they are designed, and the Ladies' Observatory Hive. The -Messrs. Neighbour also exhibit Ligurian bees. - -_From "Woolmer's Exeter Gazette" June 12, 1863._ - -Improved Bee-Hives.--At a stand near the poultry tents, are -exhibited Neighbour's Improved Bee-hives for the taking of -honey without the destruction of bees. The hives are stocked with the -famous Ligurian bee. The Unicomb Observatory Hive is constructed with -glass sides, so that the whole of the movements of the Apiarian colony -are visible, including the proceedings of the queen and her court. This -and some of the other descriptions of hives manufactured by Messrs. -Neighbour are invented by T. W. Woodbury, Esq. They -are furnished with moveable bars, after the German fashion. Each bar -has a projection along the underside; this ridge being waxed, induces -the bees to build parallel combs--thus obviating the necessity for a -guide comb. This description of hive is best suited for the Ligurian or -Italian Alp-bee. Stocks of this species, now so much in repute, may be -obtained of Messrs. Neighbour 149, Regent Street, London. - - -ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SHOW, NEWCASTLE, 1864. - -_From the "Northern Daily Express" July 22,--(Published at Newcastle.)_ - -A Model Factory.--Stand 191--G. Neighbour & Sons. -Regent Street, and High Holborn, London. We have heard of model farms -and model lodging houses for the working classes, but it was reserved -for the Royal Agricultural Society's Meeting in 1864 to introduce -to our notice a model factory, where we may see representatives -of the working classes busily engaged in their daily avocations. -The stand which we have quoted above, may afford fruitful study to -such philanthropists as the Earl of Shaftesbury, who make it their -benevolent aim to elevate the masses, and the lesson here given from -actual life will not be lost upon working men themselves. There are -several striking features worthy of notice in the "model factory." -We can clearly perceive that it has been established on a principle -which is essential to the success of any great concern--namely: the -principle of a good understanding amongst the operatives themselves, -and between them and the head of the establishment. What strikes us -in this model factory is the unity of action which reigns throughout. -There is no jostling of rival interests, and no misunderstandings, or -cross purposes. The operatives in this establishment are so numerous -that we question if any one has as yet been able to count their number, -and yet all seem to be working in perfect harmony, their joint labour -continually leading to one beautiful and sublime result. Another -feature specially noticeable in the establishment, in question is the -principle of subordination. Singular to say, that while the operatives -are males[11] the foreman of this model factory is a female; but that -circumstance need not shock the sensibilities of our fair friends -any more than it ought to offend the prejudices of the sterner sex, -inasmuch as the mighty empire of Great Britain is ruled by the gentle -hand of a female; and moreover, in the one case as in the other, the -presiding genius, amids all her official cares and duties, takes care -to preserve the modesty of her sex. She never in the slightest degree -obtrudes herself needlessly on public observation, and probably on -that very account the respect shown to her by her subjects is the more -profound and devoted. There is, however, one particular in which we -would take leave to demur to the idea of this factory being in every -respect regarded as a "model." We have not been able to discover that -there is any particular period of the day in which the operatives are -allowed to take refreshments. We, in England, have been accustomed to -regard the dinner hour somewhat in the light of a sacred institution. -And if the council of the Royal Agricultural Society mean to set this -up as a model institution, we are of opinion that some explanation on -this point is desirable. Indeed we have not been able to discover that -the operatives in this establishment take any refreshment whatever. -If they do, it must be "on the sly," vulgarly speaking. There is one -peculiarity, however, which must tend to popularize this institution, -and which has served to make it one of the most attractive objects on -the show ground. It is the fashion in all the great factories which -abound on the banks of the Tyne and throughout the country generally -to act on the principle of exclusiveness to a very great extent, and -perhaps wisely so. As you approach the door you see an intimation in -legible characters, "No admission except on business." This may be -very proper, but it is rather tantalising. In the model factory which -we are now describing all the operations are open to inspection. Every -action is patent to the eye of the spectator. This has been effected -by a skilful contrivance, and it is this contrivance in fact, which -has entitled the inventor to obtain a place in the show ground for his -model factory, which he describes by the somewhat ambiguous term of "a -new implement." But our readers may wish to learn what is the staple -manufacture of this wonderful workshop. We reply--"honey." The factory -we speak of is nothing more nor less than a bee-hive; or, to quote from -the catalogue, "An Unicomb Observatory Bee-hive," with living Italian -Alpine bees at full work; it was invented by T. W. Woodbury, -of Exeter; and is improved and manufactured by the exhibitors. As -implied by its name this hive has one comb, so that both sides are -fully exposed to the light of day, thus allowing of an easy inspection -of the queen-bee, surrounded by her retinue. - -[Footnote 11: The reporter was in error as to the sex of the workers.] - - - - -INDEX. - -[Illustration] - - - PAGE. - A. - - Adapting board 76, 115, 116 - Age of bees 6 - Anger of bees 76, 89 - Apiary, best time to set up 11 - " Exterior and interior of 58 - Artificial Swarming 79 - Right time for 80, 81 - Directions for performing the operation of 80, 81 - Artificial Swarms, how should be placed 83 - Aspect 25, 114, 115 - Australia, sending bees to 100, 101 - - B. - - Baby bee, cradle of 9 - " emerging from the cell 9 - Bath and West of England Journal 97, 99 - " " " Agricultural Shows 47, 48, 124, 125, 126 - Bee dress 68, 74 - " Necessity for 69, 77 - Bees, reduced size of 79 - " Human breath obnoxious to 89 - " Artificial scent objectionable 89 - - Bee Hives (Modern). - - Neighbour's Cottager's:-- - Description of 34 - Putting on super 35, 36 - Time for removal of 36 - Depositing eggs in super 36 - Neighbour's Improved Cottage (No. 5):-- - Description of 28 - Directions for 29 - Weight 27 - Neighbour's Improved Cottage (No. 6) 31 - Neighbour's Ladies' Observatory or Crystal Hive:-- - Description of 32 - Feeding 33 - Light not to be admitted at first 33 - Mode of fixing 32, 33 - " stocking 33 - Protection from cold 33 - Use of frame work 33 - Weight 32 - Neighbour's Unicomb Observatory:-- - Construction and application 44 - Mode of stocking 44 - How kept warm 46 - How exhibited at Paris 45 - Prize Medal for 45 - Neighbour's Single Box:-- - Description of and directions for 24, 25 - Nutt's Collateral:-- - Description of 17, 18 - Means of ventilation 21 - Mode of stocking 19, 20 - " taking surplus honey 21, 22 - Feeding 19 - Shed necessary 19 - The late Thomas Nutt 23 - Taylor's Improved Cottage:-- - Description of 43 - Taylor's Eight-bar Straw Hive:-- - Description of 43 - Taylor's Amateur Eight-bar 26, 29 - " " Seven-bar 27 - Woodbury Bar and Frame:-- - Description of 36 - Glass Bar and Frame 38 - Straw Bar and Frame, description of 37 - Special advantage of 37 - Origin of 37 - Directions for stocking 73, 74 - Woodbury Unicomb:-- - Construction of 46 - Inspection of queen 47 - How fixed 48 - Answering 48, 49 - Mode of stocking 48, 49 - Bees removed before Winter 4 - Huber's Book or Leaf, description of 50, 51 - - Bee Houses. - Advantage of 53, 54 - Description of, to contain two hives 53 - Furnished with lock and key 54 - How hives are placed in 54 - Plan for excluding insects 54 - Description of, to contain twelve hives 55 - Object of colouring alighting board 55 - Bees mistaking entrance 55, 56 - Loss of queens 56 - Bee-house to contain nine hives, why not recommended 56 - Bee-keeping, inexpensive and profitable 113 - Bee-keeping in London 102 - St. James's Place 105 - Zoological Gardens, Regent's Park 105 - St. John's Wood and suburbs of London 105 - G. Neighbour and Sons' London Apiary 104 - Seasons, 1863, 1864, favorable for 106 - Bee-keeper should be a book-keeper 111 - - C. - - Cells, contracted size of 79 - Changing old stocks into new hives:-- - Not to be attempted by the inexperienced 86 - Adaptation of old hive to the depriving system 86 - Directions for transferring stocks into frame hives 87 - Classes for whom bee-keeping is suited 1 - Combs, artificial 70 - Value of 70 - Mode of applying 71, 72 - Must not be jarred 69 - Taken from bar and frame hives 75, 79 - Fixing in frames 75 - Ensuring regularity of 27 - Compound Bar and Frame 40 - Cottagers, way to convince of the humane system 111 - Cottagers' hive 34 - Cover for bar and frame hive, description of 41, 42 - Zinc 59, 60 - Ornamental zinc 59 - Straw hackle 35 - Crown board 74, 76 - - D. - - Dampness in hives in winter injurious 33, 115 - Depriving System:-- - Special advantages of 10, 35 - Practiced in ancient Greece and Italy 10 - Profit to be derived from 111, 112 - Dividing hives, reason why they do not answer 82 - Dressing hives inside with sweet not needful 35 - Driving bees, directions for 84, 85 - Drones, sex of 6 - Purpose of 7 - Reason for numbers in hive 7 - General massacre of 7 - All die before winter 8 - - E. - - Eggs of bees:-- - Description of 9 - In supers 36 - Entrance to hives 18, 31, 37 - Epitaph on murdered bees 11 - Evans, note on page, extract from 3, 4, 5, 12, 13 - Evening thoughts in January, a poem 56, 57 - - F. - - Feeding 19, 25, 31, 33, 63, 64 - Feeder (Bottle) 63 - (Nutt's) 66 - (Round) 65 - (Fountain) 65 - Frame:-- - Description of 39 - Mr. "Woodbury's improvement 40 - How kept perpendicular 39, 40 - Taking out with combs 76 - Direction for handling frames 77, 78 - Placing frames in hives 78 - French Bishop visiting a Cure (anecdote) 111, 112 - Fructifying flowers, bees useful for 91 - Fumigation, directions for 66, 67, 68 - Fumigators 66, 67, 68 - - G. - - General remarks 110 to 116 - Glasses, bell 60, 61, 62 - Great Exhibition of 1851, Testimonials of the press 119, 120, 121 - Guide comb 27 - " for glasses 61, 62 - - H. - - Hives--see Bee-hives 106 - Large number may be kept 112 - Hive should be ready for swarm 15, 115 - Honey cutters 66 - Honey Dew 94 - Honey, directions for draining from combs 110 - Keeping honey in the comb at a warm temperature 110 - Huber (Francis), extract from Memoirs of 51 - - I. - - Improved cottage hive 31 - Improved comb bar 39 - Increase of bees 9 - India-rubber gloves 74 - Impregnation of queen 3 - Insects that are injurious 83, 107 - Insects, cleansing hives from 83 - Interchange of combs for strengthening weak hives 79 - Italian honey bee 93, 94, 95 - Description of 96 - Great honey collecting powers 96, 97 - Opinions of German bee-masters 96 - Introduction into England 97 - Hermann's book on 97, 98 - Physical characteristics of 98 - Importation of queens in many instances unsuccessful 99 - Transporting stocks to Australia 100, 101 - At the International Exhibition 70, 100, 101, - 121, 122, 123, 124 - - J. - - Journal of Horticulture 99 - - K. - - Keeping bell glasses warm 25 - - L. - - Ligurian honey bee (see Italian bee) - Loyalty of bees 4 - - M. - - Mortar, not necessary for closing crevices 35 - Moths, how entrance is effected 109 - How to destroy eggs of 109 - - N. - - Neglect of bee-keeping 1 - Neighbour's hives (see Bee-hives). - Number of eggs in the season 3 - Nutt's hives (see Bee-hives) - - P. - - Pasturage for bees 93, 94 - Honey yielding flowers 93, 94 - Wild flowers best 94 - Pollen, food for infant bees 91 - How collected 91 - Rye meal a substitute for farina from flowers 91 - Propolis, or bees' cement 92 - How obtained 92, 93 - Application of 93 - Anecdote illustrating use of 93 - Putting on super hive or bell glasses 20, 25, 29, 36, 75 - - Q. - - Queen:-- - Description of 2 - Movements of, laying eggs and marriage day 3 - Honor to when fertile 4 - Combats with her rivals 4, 5 - Dismay of bees on loss of 5 - Raised from worker embryo 5 - Longevity of 6 - Old one goes with first swarm 12 - Leaves hive only in fine weather 12 - In super hives 22, 36 - Loss of 5, 56 - View of 44, 47 - Supplying queenless hives with 5, 83 - - R. - - Roller, engraved pressing:-- - Description of 69 - Application of 69, 70 - Royal Agricultural Society's Show 48, 126, 127, 128 - - S. - - Spring, time to begin bee-keeping 11 - Spring, First flight of bees in, a poem 116, 117 - Sprinkling bees 77 - Stand for hives, engraving 24, 28, 36, 42 - Sticks in hives not necessary 115 - Super for bar and frame hives 41 - Bell glass (see Glasses) - Straw 35, 36 - Straw hives: - Advantage of 34 - Preference for 34, 37 - Swarming:-- - Usual time of year for 11 - Cause of 11 - Agitation before 12 - Provisioning for 13 - Usual time of day for 13 - Poetical description of 13 - Ringing on occasion of, needless 13 - Desirable to prevent 16 - Swarms:-- - Devices for inducing settlement of 13 - Consequences of a second flight 14 - Means of preventing ditto 14 - Two sometimes depart at same time and mingle 14 - Necessity of having hives in readiness 14 - Bee dress essential 15 - Time for removing 15 - Care to be exercised when confined 18, 24, 25, 29, 30 - First swarms most valuable 16 - Second, cause of 16 - Premonitory symptoms 16 - Royal wailing indicative of 16 - Numerical composition of 16 - Third, name of 16 - Fourth, name of 16 - Care required to prevent loss of 14, 109 - - T. - - Taking honey, mode of 21, 22 - Thomson's " Seasons," extract from, on murdered bees 11 - - V. - - Ventilation 17, 18, 20, 21, 115 - - W. - - Wasps, how to prevent the increase of 106, 107 - Season 1864 productive of 107 - Water essential 94 - Mismanagement of, during voyage 101 - Weighing hives, importance of 88 - Salter's spring balance best 88 - How to judge of quantity without 88 - Windows, objections to 38 - Wildman 102 - Marvellous feats of 103 - Secret of success 103 - Worker bee:-- - Description of 8 - Sex of 8 - Number in hive 8 - Young ones, employment of 8 - - - NEIGHBOUR'S - - IMPROVED BEE-HIVES, - - FOR - - TAKING HONEY WITHOUT THE DESTRUCTION OF THE BEES. - -[Illustration] - -DRAWINGS AND DETAILED LISTS FORWARDED ON RECEIPT OF TWO POSTAGE STAMPS. - - 1. Nutt's Collateral Bee-Hive 6 15 0 - Stand for ditto, 16s. - - 2. Neighbour's Improved Single-box Hive 3 3 0 - Stand for ditto, 10s. 6d. - - 3. Taylor's Shallow-box or Eight-bar Hive, complete with cover 3 10 0 - Stand for ditto, 10s. 6d. - - 4. Taylor's Amateur Bar Hive 3 5 0 - Stand for ditto, 10s. 6d. - - 5. Neighbour's Improved Cottage Hive 1 15 0 - Stand for ditto, 10s. 6d. - - 6. An Improved Cottage Hive 1 8 0 - - 7. The Ladies' Observatory or Crystal Hive. Price complete 2 5 0 - - 8. The Cottager's Hive 0 10 6 - - 9 & 10. Bee Feeders each 5/. and 0 4 0 - - 11 & 12. Fumigators each 2/. and 0 2 6 - - 13. Honey Cutters per pair 0 5 0 - - 14. Taylor's Improved Cottage Hive 1 1 0 - With Stand, £1. 10s. - - 15. Fountain Bee Feeder 0 6 0 - - 18. Taylor's Eight-bar Straw Hive, complete 2 12 0 - Stock Hive only, 15s. - - 19. Huber's Book or Leaf Hive 2 5 0 - - 20. Taylor's Unicomb Observatory Hive 3 3 0 - - 24. Taylor's Glasses 7/. 0 4 6 - - Payne's ditto 0 3 0 - - 25. Bell Glass 0 4 0 - - 26. " 0 2 0 - - 27. " 0 1 0 - - 28. " without knob and flat top to put on the table - inverted, price with lid 0 4 6 - - 29. Zinc Cover each 7/6 and 0 10 6 - - 30. Shallow Glasses (new shape) each 5/6 and 0 3 6 - - 31. Bee Dress and Protector 5/., by post 0 6 0 - - 37. Zinc Cover 0 16 6 - - 38. Ornamental ditto 2 5 0 - - 39. Bee House to contain Two Hives 3 10 0 - - 40. " " Twelve Hives £15. and 19 10 0 - - Woodbury Unicomb Hive - - 42. " Bar and Frame Hive, complete with outside - cover and super 3 3 0 - Stand for ditto, 10s. 6d. - - 44. Bottle Feeder 0 2 6 - - 45. Woodbury Straw Bar and Frame Hive (Stock Hive) 1 1 0 - - 46. Engraved Pressing Roller 0 7 6 - - 47. Impressed Wax Sheets or Artificial Combs per dozen 0 6 0 - - * * * * * - - -Transcriber Note - -Minor typos corrected. 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} - - -.antiqua {font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy", "Perpetua", "Times New Roman", - Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.25em;} - -/* Poetry indents */ -.poetry .indent0 {text-indent: -3em;} -.poetry .indent1 {text-indent: -2.5em;} -.poetry .indent19 {text-indent: 6.5em;} -.poetry .indent2 {text-indent: -2em;} -.poetry .indent8 {text-indent: 1em;} - - - - </style> - </head> -<body> -<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Apiary; or, Bees, bee-hives, and bee culture (1865), by Alfred Neighbor</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. 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If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The Apiary; or, Bees, bee-hives, and bee culture (1865)</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em;'>being a familiar account of the habits of bees, and the most improved methods of management, with full directions, adapted for the cottager, farmer, or scientific apiarian</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Alfred Neighbor</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: June 9, 2022 [eBook #68269]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Tom Cosmas compiled from materials made available at The Internet Archive and placed in the Public Domain.</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE APIARY; OR, BEES, BEE-HIVES, AND BEE CULTURE (1865) ***</div> - - - - -<div class="figcenter" id="cover" style="width: 332px;"> - <img src="images/cover.png" width="332" height="550" alt="The Apiary; or, Bees, bee-hives, and bee culture (1865), by Alfred Neighbour" /> -</div> - - - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_i">- i -</span></p> - - - -<h1>THE APIARY<br /> - -<span class="tdc vsmall">OR,</span><br /> - -<span class="tdc smaller">BEES, BEE-HIVES</span><br /> - -<span class="tdc vsmall">AND</span><br /> - -<span class="pmb2 tdc smaller">BEE CULTURE.</span></h1> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_iii">- iii -</span></p> - -<p class="nobreak caption1 pmt4">THE APIARY;<br /> - -<span class="tdc tiny">OR,</span><br /> - -<span class="tdc smaller">BEES, BEE-HIVES,</span><br /> - -<span class="tdc tiny">AND</span><br /> - -<span class="tdc smaller">BEE CULTURE:</span></p> -</div> - - - -<p class="tdc">BEING A FAMILIAR ACCOUNT OF THE HABITS OF BEES, AND THE MOST<br /> -IMPROVED METHODS OF MANAGEMENT, WITH FULL DIRECTIONS,<br /> -ADAPTED FOR THE COTTAGER, FARMER, OR,<br /> -SCIENTIFIC APIARIAN.</p> - - - -<h2>By ALFRED NEIGHBOUR.</h2> - - - -<p style="margin: 4em 4em; text-indent: 0;">"Je connais beaucoup des personnes qu' aiment les abeilles, mais ne personnes -aiment les mediocrement, ils les passionment."—<span class="smcap">Gelieu</span>.</p> - - - -<p class="tdc">LONDON:<br /> - -KENT AND CO., PATERNOSTER ROW<br /> - -GEO: NEIGHBOUR AND SONS,<br /> - -149. REGENT STREET, AND 127, HIGH HOLBORN;<br /> - -AND ALL, BOOKSELLERS.<br /> - -1865.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_v">- v -</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="TABLE_OF_CONTENTS">TABLE OF CONTENTS.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" id="bar_diamond" style="width: 106px;"> - <img src="images/bar_diamond.png" width="106" height="20" alt="" /> -</div> - - -<table class="tblcont" style="width: 35em; margin: 0 auto;" summary="toc"> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Preface</span>—Introductory</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#PREFACE">1</a></td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p class="caption3">SECTION I.</p> - -<table class="tblcont" style="width: 35em; margin: 0 auto;" summary="toc"> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">The inhabitants of the hive</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#inhabitants">2</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">The queen</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#queen">2</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">The drone</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#drone">6</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">The worker bee</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#worker">8</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Eggs of bees</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#eggs">8</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Increase of bees</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#increase">9</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Swarming</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#swarming">11</a></td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p class="caption3">SECTION II.—<span class="smcap">Modern Bee-Hives.</span></p> - -<table class="tblcont" style="width: 35em; margin: 0 auto;" summary="toc"> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Nutt's Collateral Hive</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Nutts_Coll_Hive">17</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Neighbour's Improved Single Box Hive</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Neighbors_Imp_Hive">24</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Taylor's Amateur Shallow Box or Eight-bar Hive</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Taylors_Am_Shallow">26</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Taylor's Amateur Seven-bar Hive</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Taylors_Am_Bar_Hive">27</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Neighbour's Improved Cottage</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Neighbors_Im_Cott_Hive">28</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Improved Cottage</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Imp_Cott_Hive">31</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Ladies' Observatory or Crystal Bee-hive</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Ladies_Obs_Hive">32</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Cottagers' Hive for taking honey in straw - caps without the destruction of the bees</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Cottagers_Hive">34</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Woodbury Bar and Frame Hives:—</td> - <td></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Wood</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Bar_Frame_Hive">36</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Straw</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Straw_Hive">37</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Glass</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Glass_Hive">38</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Frame</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Frame">39</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Improved Comb Bar</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Comb_Bar">39</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Compound Bar and Frame</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Comp_Bar_frame">40</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Cover</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Hive_Cover">41</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Taylor's Improved Cottage Hive</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Taylors_Imp_Hive">43</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> " Eight Bar Straw</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Eight_Bar_Hive">43</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Neighbour's Unicomb Observatory Hive</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Neighbors_Uni_Hive">44</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Woodbury " " "</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Woodbury_Uni_Hive">46</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Huber's Hive</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#HUBERS_HIVE">50</a></td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p class="caption3">SECTION III.—<span class="smcap">Exterior Arrangements and Apparatus.</span></p> - -<table class="tblcont" style="width: 35em; margin: 0 auto;" summary="toc"> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Bee House to contain two hives</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#BEE-HOUSE_TWO_HIVES">53</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> " " twelve hives</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#BEE-HOUSE_TWELVE_HIVES">55</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> " " nine hives</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#BEE-HOUSE_NINE_HIVES">56</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Evening thoughts in January</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#EVENING_THOUGHTS_IN_JANUARY">56</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Exterior and interior of an Apiary</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Zinc Cover</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ZINC_COVER">59</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Ornamental Zinc Cover</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ORN_ZINC_COVER">59</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Cover of Zinc</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#COVER_OF_ZINC">60</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Bell Glasses</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#BELL_GLASSES">60</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Taylor's Glass</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#TAYLORS_GLASS">60</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Payne's Glass</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#PAYNES_GLASS">61</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Bell Glass with lid</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#BELL_GLASS_W_LID">61</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Guide Comb for Glasses</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#GUIDE_COMB_FOR_GLASSES">61</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">The New Bottle Feeder</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#NEW_BOTTLE_FEEDER">63</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Round Bee Feeder</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ROUND_BEE_FEEDER">65</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Zinc Fountain Bee Feeder</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ZINC_FOUNT_FEEDER">65</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Nutt's Drawer Feeder</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#NUTTS_DRAWER_FEEDER">66</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Honey Cutters (13)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#HONEY_CUTTERS">66</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fumigator (11)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FUMIGATOR11">66</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fumigator (12)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FUMIGATOR12">68</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Bee Dress or Protector</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#BEE_DRESS">68</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Engraved Pressing Roller, for the guidance - of bees in the construction of honey-comb - on the bars</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ENGRAVED_PRESSING_ROLLER">69</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Impressed Wax Sheets for artificial comb</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#IMPRESSED_WAX_SHEETS">70</a></td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_vi">- vi -</span></p> - -<p class="caption3">SECTION IV.</p> - -<table class="tblcont" style="width: 35em; margin: 0 auto;" summary="toc"> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Manipulation and uses of Bar and Frame Hives</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#IV_MANIPULATION_AND_USES_OF_BAR_AND_FRAME_HIVES">73</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Putting on Super Hive</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Putting_ON">75</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Taking out Frames with Combs</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Taking_Out">76</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Artificial Swarming</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#art_swarming">79</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Driving</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#DRIVING">84</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Changing Old Stock to new Hives</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#CHANGING_OLD_STOCKS">86</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Weighing Hives, &c.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#WEIGHING_HIVES">88</a></td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p class="caption3">SECTION V.—<span class="smcap">Miscellaneous Information.</span></p> - -<table class="tblcont" style="width: 35em; margin: 0 auto;" summary="toc"> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Stings: their Prevention and Cure</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#STINGS">88</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Pollen or Food for Infant Bees</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#POLLEN">91</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Propolis or Bees' Cement</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#PROPOLIS">92</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Pasturage for Bees</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#PASTURAGE">93</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">The Ligurian or Italian Alp Bee</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#LIGURIAN">95</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Living Bees at the International Exhibition of - 1862,<br /> sending Bees to Australia, &c.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#LIVING_BEES">100</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Bee-keeping in London</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#BEE_KEEPING">102</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Wasps and Moths</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#WASP_MOTHS">106</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Draining Honey from the Combs</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#DRAINING">110</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">General Remarks</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#GEN_REMARKS">110</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">On the First Flight of Bees in Spring</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ON_THE_FIRST">116</a></td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p class="caption3">APPENDIX.—<span class="smcap">Testimonials of the Press.</span></p> - -<table class="tblcont" style="width: 35em; margin: 0 auto;" summary="toc"> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Great Exhibition of 1801:—</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> From the "Cottage Gardener"</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> " "Illustrated London News"</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> " "Express"</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">International Exhibition of 1802:—</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> From the "Illustrated London News"</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> " "Journal of Horticulture"</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> " "Illustrated News of the World"</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> " "Gardener's Weekly Magazine"</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Bath and West of England Agricultural Show at Exeter<br /> in June, 1863:—</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> From the "Journal of Horticulture"</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> " "Western Times"</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> " "Devon Weekly Times"</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> " "Exeter Gazette"</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Royal Agricultural Show, Newcastle, 1804:—</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> From the "Northern Daily Express"</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<div class="figcenter" id="line_squiggle" style="width: 230px;"> - <img src="images/line_squiggle.png" width="230" height="16" alt="" /> -</div> - - -<p class="caption3">ERRATA.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>At second line from bottom of <a href="#Page_23">page 23</a>, for "cottage" read -"cottager."</p> - -<p>At <a href="#Page_30">page 30</a>, fifth line from bottom, for "last page" read "page 25."</p> - -<p>At <a href="#Page_44">page 44</a>, sixteenth line, for "<i>this</i> plates of glass" read -"<i>thin</i> plates of glass."</p> - -<p>At <a href="#Page_53">page 53</a>, fourteenth line, read "bee hive" for "bee house."</p> -</div> - -<p class="tdc">[Transcriber Note: Above ERRATA corrections were applied.]</p> - -<p class="caption3">EXPLANATIONS OMITTED.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>At <a href="#Page_62">page 62</a>, "Hold the glass horizontally over the flame of the -candle."</p> - -<p>At <a href="#Page_80">page 80</a>, "An empty hive should be placed on the stand when the -living hive is removed, for the purpose of amusing returning -bees. If the hive is kept in a bee-house, the entrance should be -shut down unto the hive is restored, when the clustered bees may -be at once admitted."</p> -</div> - -<p class="tdc">[Transcriber Note: Above EXPLANATIONS were placed.]</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">- vii -</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="PREFACE">PREFACE.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" id="bar_diamond2" style="width: 68px;"> - <img src="images/bar_diamond2.png" width="68" height="17" alt="" /> -</div> - - - -<p class="p0"><span class="smcap">Our</span> apology for preparing a bee book is a very simple one. -We are so frequently applied to for advice on matters connected -with bees and bee-hives, that it seemed likely to prove a -great advantage, alike to our correspondents and ourselves, if we -could point to a "handy-book" of our own, which should contain -full and detailed replies sufficient to meet all ordinary enquiries. -Most of the apiarian manuals possess some special excellence or -other, and we have no wish to disparage any of them. Yet in all, -we have found a want of explanations relating to several of the more -recent improvements.</p> - -<p>It has, more especially, been our aim to give explicit and detailed -directions on most subjects connected with the hiving and removing -of bees; and also, to show how, by judicious application of the -"depriving" system, the productive powers of the bees may be -enormously increased.</p> - -<p>We need say little here as to the interest that attaches to the -apiary as a source of perennial pleasure for the amateur naturalist. -Many of the hives and methods of management are described -with a direct reference to this class of bee-keepers; so that, -besides plain and simple directions suitable for cottagers with -their ordinary hives, this work will be found to include instructions -useful for the scientific apiarian, or, at least, valuable, for those who -desire to gain a much wider acquaintance with the secrets of bee-keeping -than is now usually possessed. We would lay stress on -the term "acquaintance," for there is nothing in the management -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_viii">- viii -</span> -of the various bar-and-frame hives which is at all difficult when -frequent practice has rendered the bee-keeper familiar with them. -Such explicit directions are herein given as to how the right -operations may be performed at the right times, that a novice may -at once commence to use the modern hives. The word "new-fangled" -has done good service for the indolent and prejudiced; -but we trust that our readers will be of a very different class. Let -them give a fair trial to the modern appliances for the humane and -depriving system of bee-keeping, and they will find offered to them -an entirely new field of interest and observation. At present, our -continental neighbours far surpass us as bee-masters; but we trust -that the season of 1865, if the summer be fine, will prove a turning -point in the course of. English bee-keeping. There is little doubt -that a greater number of intelligent and influential persons in this -country will become bee-keepers than has ever been the case before.</p> - -<p>Our task would have lost half its interest, did we not hope that -it would result in something beyond the encouragement of a refined -and interesting amusement for the leisurely classes. The social importance -of bee keeping as a source of pecuniary profit for small farmers -and agricultural labourers, has never been appreciated as it deserves. -Yet these persons will not, of themselves, lay aside the bungling and -wasteful plan of destroying the bees, or learn without being taught -the only proper method, that of deprivation. Their educated neighbours -when once interested in bee-keeping, will be the persons to introduce -the more profitable system of humane bee-keeping. The clergy, -especially, as permanent residents in the country, may have great -influence in this respect. There is not a rural or suburban parish -in the kingdom in which bee-keeping might not be largely extended, -and the well being of all but the very poorest inhabitants would -be greatly promoted. Not only would the general practice of bee-keeping -add largely to the national resources, but that addition -would chiefly fall to the share of those classes to whom it would be -of most value. Moreover, in the course of thus adding to their -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_ix">- ix -</span> -income, the uneducated classes would become interested in an -elevating and instructive pursuit.</p> - -<p>It is curious to observe that honey, whether regarded as a -manufactured article or as an agricultural product, is obtained -under economical conditions of exceptional advantage. If regarded -as a manufactured article, we notice that there is no outlay required -for "labour," nor any expense for "raw material." The industrious -labourers are eager to utilize all their strength: they never -"combine" except for the benefit of their master, they never -"strike" for wages, and they provide their own subsistence. All -that the master manufacturer of honey has to do financially, is to -make a little outlay for "fixed capital" in the needful "plant" of -hives and utensils—no "floating capital" is needed. Then, on the -other hand, if we regard honey as an agricultural product, it -presents as such a still more striking contrast to the economists' -theory of what are the "requisites of production." Not only is -there no outlay needed for wages and none for raw material, but -there is nothing to be paid for "use of a natural agent." Every -square yard of land in the United Kingdom may come to be -cultivated, as in China, but no proprietor will ever be able to claim -"rent" for those "waste products" of the flowers and leaves, which -none but the winged workers of the hive can ever utilize.</p> - -<p>The recent domestication in England of the Ligurian or -"Italian Alp" bee adds a new and additional source of interest -to bee-culture. We have, therefore, gone pretty fully into this -part of the subject; and believe that what is here published with -regard to their introduction embodies the most recent and reliable -information respecting them that is possessed by English apiarians.<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> Some of our apiarian friends may be inclined to be discouraged from -cultivating the Ligurian bees in consequence of the liability to their becoming -hybridised when located in proximity to the black bees. We can dispel these -fears by stating that we have not unfrequently found that hybrid queens -possess the surprising fecundity of the genuine Italian ones, whilst the English -stocks in course of time become strengthened by the infusion of foreign blood.</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_x">- x -</span></p> - -<p>We are under many obligations for the advice and assistance -that we have on many occasions received from Mr. T. W. -Woodbury, of Exeter, whose apiarian skill is unrivalled in this -country. Our acknowledgments are also due to Mr. Henry Taylor, -author of an excellent "Bee-Keeper's Manual," for his help -and counsel during the earlier years of our apiarian experience. -Both the before-mentioned gentlemen have freely communicated to -us their contrivances and suggestions, without thought of fee or -reward for them. In common with most recent writers on bee-culture, -we are necessarily largely indebted to the standard works of -Huber and succeeding apiarians. From the more recent volume of -the Rev. L. L. Langstroth we have also obtained useful information. -But having ourselves of later years had considerable experience in -the manipulation and practical management of bees, we are enabled -to confirm or qualify the statement of others, as well as to summarize -information gleaned from many various sources. We should state -that our thanks are due to Mr. W. Martin Wood, who has rendered -us valuable aid in the arrangement of this work.</p> - -<p>Let it be understood that we have no <i>patented devices</i> -to push: we are free to choose out of the many apiarian -contrivances that have been offered of late years, and we -feel perfectly at liberty to praise or blame as our experience -warrants us in doing. It does not follow that we necessarily -disparage hives which are not described herein; we have -sought, as much as possible, to indicate the <i>principles</i> on which -<i>good hives</i> must be constructed, whatever their outward size or -shape. All through the work, we have endeavoured to adopt the -golden rule of "submission to nature," by reference to which all the -fancied difficulties of bee-keeping may be easily overcome. In none -of the attempts of men to hold sway over natural objects, is the truth -of Bacon's leading doctrine more beautifully illustrated than in the -power that the apiarian exercises in the little world of bees.</p> - -<p>There are one or two literary peculiarities of this work to which -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xi">- xi -</span> -we ought to refer. It will be noticed that the numbers affixed to -the names of the various hives and utensils do not follow in regular -order. Those numbers refer to our Illustrated Catalogue, with -which most English apiarians have long been familiar, and we -could not alter them without great inconvenience.</p> - -<p>Some persons may consider we have used too many poetical -quotations in a book dealing wholly with matters of fact. We -trust, however, that an examination of the extracts will at once -remove that feeling of objection.</p> - -<p>We venture to hope that the following pages contain many -valuable hints and interesting statements which may tend to excite -increased and renewed attention to the most useful and industrious -of all insects. Although bees have neither reason nor religion for -their guide, yet from them man may learn many a lesson of virtue -and industry, and may even draw from them thoughts suggestive -of trust and faith in God.</p> - -<p>We beg leave to conclude our preface, and introduce the subject, -by the following extract from Shakespeare,—who, without doubt, -kept bees in that garden at Stratford wherein he used to meditate:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent8">"So work the honey bees;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Creatures, that by a rule in Nature, teach</div> - <div class="verse indent0">The art of order to a peopled kingdom.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">They have a king and officers of sorts;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Where some, like magistrates, correct at home;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Others, like merchants, venture trade abroad;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Others, like soldiers, armed in their stings.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Make boot upon the Summer's velvet buds.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Which pillage they, with merry march, bring home</div> - <div class="verse indent0">To the tent royal of their emperor:</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Who, busied in his majesty, surveys</div> - <div class="verse indent0">The singing masons building roofs of gold;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">The civil citizens kneading up the honey;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">The poor mechanic porters crowding in</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Their heavy burdens at his narrow gate;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">The sad-eyed justice, with his surly hum,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Delivering o'er to executors pale</div> - <div class="verse indent0">The lazy, yawning drone."—</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p class="tdr"> -<span class="smcap">Shakespeare's</span> <i>Henry V., Act I., Scene 2.</i><br /> -</p> - - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xii">- xii -</span></p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">- 1 -</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_APIARY">THE APIARY;<br /> - -<span class="vsmall">OR</span><br /> - -<span class="smaller">BEES, BEE-HIVES, & BEE CULTURE.</span></h2> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" id="bar_ball" style="width: 101px;"> - <img src="images/bar_ball.png" width="101" height="20" alt="" /> -</div> - - -<p class="p0"><span class="smcap">There</span> are two classes of persons for whom bee-culture should have -a strong interest, and two distinct purposes for which the pursuit -may be followed. First, there is the cottager or small farmer who, -in thousands of instances, might add considerably to his income by -bee-keeping; and secondly, there is the man of "retired leisure" -and refinement, who, in the personal tendance of an apiary would find -an easy and interesting occupation, and one which could not fail to -quicken his faculties of general scientific observation. Moreover, in -contemplating the wonderful skill, industry, and prevision of his -insect artisans, the bee-keeper would find in his apiary constant -illustrations of creative wisdom.</p> - -<p>Amongst the humbler classes in the rural districts, the neglect -of bee-keeping is to be attributed to an exaggerated idea of the -trouble needful for the care of a few hives, and also to ignorance of -the easier and more profitable methods of modern management. Many -of the wealthier country or suburban residents, also, are averse to -the personal trouble which they fancy needful in keeping an apiary; -and, perhaps, some gentlemen are more afraid than they would like -to own of that very efficient weapon of defence with which the -honey bee is provided. But the prejudices against bees are quite -unnecessary; bees are as tractable as they are intelligent, and it is -the purpose of this little book to show that bee-culture is an easy -and safe, as well as a deeply interesting, pursuit. Possibly, also, -some who do us the favour to read our detailed explanations, will -see how the rural clergyman, or the benevolent landlord, who keeps -an apiary of his own, may be of signal service to his poorer neighbours -in explaining to them the mysteries of bee-keeping.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">- 2 -</span></p> - - -<p id="inhabitants" class="caption3">I. THE INHABITANTS OF THE HIVE.</p> - -<p>Every hive or bee colony comprises three distinct classes of -bees, each class having functions peculiar to itself, and which are -essential to the well-being of the whole community. As each bee -knows its own proper duties, they all work harmoniously and zealously -together, for the common weal. Certain apparent exceptions to the -good-fellowship of the bees will be hereafter noticed, but those -arise out of essential conditions in the social economy of the bee -community.</p> - -<p>The three classes of bees are:—the queen bee, with the pupæ or -embryos intended for queens; the working bees; and the drones or -male bees.</p> - -<p id="queen"><span class="smcap">The Queen.</span>—Dr. Evans<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> introduces the queen bee to our -notice thus:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">First of the throng, and foremost of the whole,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">One 'stands confest the sovereign and the soul.'</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">[2]</a> Dr. Evans,—who may be styled the poet-laureate of the bees,—lived at -Shrewsbury, where he practiced as a physician. His poem on bees is written -with great taste and careful elaboration, and it describes the habits of bees -with a degree of accuracy only attainable after continuous scientific observation.</p> - -</div> - -<p>The queen may very readily be distinguished from the rest of the -bees by the greater length of her body, and the comparative shortness -of her wings; her legs are longer, and are not furnished with either -brushes or baskets as those of the working bee, for being constantly -fed by the latter, she does not need those implements; the upper -surface of her body is of a brighter black than the other bees, -whilst her colour underneath is a yellowish brown; her wings, which -do not extend more than half the length of her body, are sinewy and -strong; her long abdomen tapers nearly to a point; her head is -rounder, her tongue more slender, and not nearly so long, as that of -the working bee, and her sting is curved; her movements are -measured and majestic, as she moves in the hive the other bees form -a circle round her, none venturing to turn their backs upon her, -but all anxious to show that respect and attention due to her rank -and station. Whenever in the exercise of her sovereign will the -queen wishes to travel amongst her subjects, she experiences no -inconvenience from overcrowding; although the part of the hive to -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">- 3 -</span> -which she is journeying may be the most populous, way is immediately -made, the common bees tumbling over each other to get out of her -way, so great is their anxiety not to interfere with the royal progress.</p> - -<p>It is the chief function of the queen to lay the eggs from which -all future bees originate, the multiplication of the species being the -purpose of her existence, and she follows it up with an assiduity -similar to that with which the workers construct combs or collect -honey. A queen is estimated to lay in the breeding season from -1,500 to 2,000 eggs a-day, and in the course of one year is -supposed to produce more than 100,000 bees. This is indeed a vast -number; but when there is taken into consideration the great -number required for swarms, the constant lessening of their strength -by death in various ways, and the many casualties attending them -in their distant travels in search of the luscious store, it does not -seem that the case is over stated.</p> - -<p>In a Glass Unicomb Hive,—which we shall hereinafter describe,—all -the movements of the queen-bee may be traced; she may be -seen thrusting her head into a cell to discover whether it be occupied -with an egg or honey, and if empty, she turns round in a dignified -manner and inserts her long body—so long, that she is able to -deposit the egg at the bottom of the cell; she then passes on to -another, and so continues industriously multiplying her laborious -subjects. It not unfrequently happens when the queen is prolific, -and if it be an early season, that many eggs are wasted for want of -unoccupied cells; for in that case the queen leaves them exposed at -the bottom of the hive when they are greedily devoured by the bees. -The queen-bee, unlike the great majority of her subjects, is a stayer -at home; generally speaking, she only quits the hive twice in her life. -The first occasion is on the all-important day of her marriage, which -always takes place at a great height in the air, and generally on -the second or third day of her princess-life; she never afterwards -leaves the hive, except to lead off an emigrating swarm. Evans, -with proper loyalty, has duly furnished a glowing epithalamium for -the queen-bee:—thus.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">When noon-tide Sirius glares on high,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Young love ascends the glowing sky,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">From vein to vein swift shoots prolific fire.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">And thrills each insect fibre with desire;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Then Nature to fulfil thy prime decree,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Wheels round in wanton rings, the courtier Bee;</div><span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">- 4 -</span> - <div class="verse indent0">Now shyly distant, now with bolder air,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">He woos and wins the all-complying fair;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Through fields of ether, veiled in vap'ry gloom</div> - <div class="verse indent0">They seek, with amorous haste, the nuptial room;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">As erst the immortal pair, on Ida's height,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">wreath'd round their noon of joy, ambrosial night,</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>The loyalty and attachment of bees to their queen is one of -their most remarkable characteristics; they constantly supply her -with food, and fawn upon and caress her, softly touching her with -their antennæ, a favour which she occasionally returns. When she -moves about the hive, all the bees through whom she successively -passes pay her the same homage; those whom she leaves behind in -her track close together, and resume their accustomed occupations.</p> - -<p>The majestic deportment of the queen-bee and the homage paid -to her is, with a little poetic license, thus described by Evans:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">But mark of royal port and awful mien.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Where moves with measured pace the insect Queen!</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Twelve chosen guards, with slow and solemn gait.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Bend at her nod, and round her person wait.</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p class="p0">This homage is, however, only paid to matron queens. Whilst they -continue princesses, they receive no distinctive marks of respect. -Dr. Dunbar, the noted Scotch apiarian, observed a very striking -instance of this whilst experimenting on the combative qualities of -the queen-bee. "So long," says he, "as the queen which survived -the rencontre with her rival, remained a virgin, not the slightest -degree of respect or attention was paid her—not a single bee gave -her food; she was obliged, as often as she required it, to help herself; -and in crossing the honey cells for that purpose, she had to -scramble, often with difficulty, over the crowd, not an individual of -which got out of her way, or seemed to care whether she fed or -starved; but no sooner did she become a mother, than the scene -was changed, and all testified towards her that most affectionate -attention, which is uniformly exhibited to fertile queens."</p> - -<p>The queen-bee, though provided with a sting, never uses it on -any account, except in combat with her sister queens. But she admits -of no rival to her throne; almost her first act on coming forth from -the cell, is an attempt to tear open and destroy the cells containing -the pupæ of princesses likely to become competitors. Should it so -happen that another queen of similar age does exist in the hive at -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">- 5 -</span> -the same time, the two are speedily brought into contact with each -other in order to fight it out and decide by a struggle, mortal to one -of them, which is to be the ruler;—the stronger of course is -victorious, and remains supreme. This, it must be admitted, is a -wiser method of settling the affair than it would be to range the -whole band under two distinct banners, and so create a civil war, -killing and destroying each other for matters with which they individually -have little or no concern: for the bees care not which -queen it is, as long as they are certain of having one to rule over -them and perpetuate the community.</p> - -<p>After perusing the description given above of the attachment -of bees to their queen, it may be easy to imagine the consternation -a hive is thrown into when deprived of her presence. The bees first -make a diligent search for their monarch in the hive, and then afterwards -rush forth in immense numbers to seek her. When such a -commotion is observed in an apiary, the experienced bee-master will -repair the loss by giving a queen: the bees have generally their -own remedy for such a calamity, in their power of raising a new -queen from amongst their larvæ; but if neither of these means be -available, the whole colony dwindles and dies. The following is the -method by which working bees provide a successor to the throne -when deprived of their queen by accident, or in anticipation of the -first swarm, which is always led by the old queen:—</p> - -<p>They select, when not more than three days old, an egg or grub -previously intended for a worker-bee, and then enlarge the cell so -selected by destroying the surrounding partitions; they thus form -a royal cradle, in shape very much like an acorn cup inverted. The -chosen embryo is then fed liberally with a peculiar description of -nurture, called by naturalists "royal jelly"—a pungent food, prepared -by the working bees exclusively for those of the larvæ that are -destined to become candidates for the honour of royalty. Should -a queen be forcibly separated from her subjects, she resents the -interference, refuses food, pines, and dies.</p> - -<p>The whole natural history of the queen-bee is in itself a subject -that will well repay for continuous study. Those who desire to -follow it, we would refer to the complete works of <span class="smcap">Huber</span>—the -greatest of apiarians,—<span class="smcap">Swammerdam</span>, <span class="smcap">Bevan</span>, <span class="smcap">Langstroth</span>, &c. -The observations upon the queen-bee needful to verify the above mentioned -facts can only be made in hives constructed for the purpose, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">- 6 -</span> -of which our "Unicomb Observatory Hive" is one of the best. In -ordinary hives the queen is scarcely ever to be seen; where there -are several rows of comb, she invariably keeps between them, both -for warmth and to be more secure from danger. The writer has -frequently observed in stocks which have unfortunately died, that the -queen was one of the last to expire; and she is always more difficult -to gain possession of than other bees, being by instinct taught that -she is indispensable to the welfare of her subjects.</p> - -<p>The queen enjoys a far longer life than any of her subjects, her -age generally extending to four or even five years. The drones, -which are mostly hatched in the early spring, seldom live more than -three or four months, even if they should escape the sting of the -executioner, to which they generally fall victims. The worker-bee, -it is now a well-ascertained fact, lives from six to eight months, in -no case exceeding the latter; so that we may reckon that the bees -hatched in April and May expire about the end of the year, and it is -those of the autumn who carry on the duties of the hive until the -spring and summer, that being the time when the greatest number -of eggs are laid. The population of a hive is very small during the -winter, in comparison with the vast numbers gathering produce in -the summer,—produce which they themselves live to enjoy but for -a short period. So that not only, as of old, may lessons of industry -be learned from bees, but they also teach self-denial to mankind, -since they labour for the community rather than for themselves. -Evans, in describing the age of bees, thus paraphrases the well -known couplet of Homer in allusion to the fleeting generations -of men:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">Like leaves on trees, the race of bees is found,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Now green in youth, now withering on the ground;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Another race the spring or fall supplies.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">They droop successive, and successive rise.</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p id="drone"><span class="smcap">The Drone.</span>—The drones are male bees; they possess no sting, -are more hairy and larger than the common bee, and may be easily -distinguished by their heavy motion, thick-set form, and louder -humming. Evans thus describes the drones:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent19">Their short proboscis sips.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">No luscious nectar from the wild thyme's lips;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">From the lime leaf no amber drops they steal.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Not bear their grooveless thighs the foodful meal:</div><span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">- 7 -</span> - <div class="verse indent0">On others' toils in pampered leisure thrive,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">The lazy fathers of the industrious hive;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Yet oft, we're told, these seeming idlers share</div> - <div class="verse indent0">The pleasing duties of parental care;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">With fond attention guard each genial cell,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">And watch the embryo bursting from the shell.</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>But Dr. Evans had been "told" what was not correct when he -sought to dignify drones with the office of "nursing fathers,"—that -task is undertaken by the younger of the working-bees. No occupation -falls to the lot of the drones in gathering honey, nor have they the -means provided them by nature for assisting in the labours of the hive. -The drones are the progenitors of working bees, and nothing more; -so far as is known, that is the only purpose of their short existence.</p> - -<p>In a well-populated hive the number of drones is computed -at from one to two thousand. "Naturalists," says Huber, "have -been extremely embarrassed to account for the number of males in -most hives, and which seem only a burden to the community, since -they appear to fulfil no function. But we now begin to discern -the object of nature in multiplying them to such an extent. As -fecundation cannot be accomplished within the hive, and as the -queen is obliged to traverse the expanse of the atmosphere, it is -requisite that the males should be numerous, that she may have the -chance of meeting some one of them in her flight. Were only two -or three in each hive, there would be little probability of their -departure at the same instant with the queen, or that they would -meet her in their excursions; and most of the females might thus -remain sterile." It is important for the safety of the queen-bee that -her stay in the air should be as brief as possible: her large size, -and the slowness of her flight, render her an easy prey to birds. It -is not now thought that the queen always pairs with a drone of the same -hive, as Huber seems to have supposed. Once impregnated,—as is -the case with most insects,—the queen-bee continues productive -during the remainder of her existence. It has, however, been -found that though old queens cease to lay worker eggs, they may -continue to lay those of drones. The swarming season being over, -that is about the end of July, a general massacre of the "lazy fathers" -takes place. Dr. Bevan, in the "Honey Bee," observes on this -point, "the work of the drones being now completed, they are -regarded as useless consumers of the fruits of others' labour, love -is at once converted into hate, and a general proscription takes -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">- 8 -</span> -place. The unfortunate victims evidently perceive their danger, for -they are never, at this time, seen resting in one place, but darting -in and out of the hive with the utmost precipitation, as if in fear -of being seized."</p> - -<p>Their destruction is thought, by some, to be caused by their -being harassed until they quit the hive; but Huber says he -ascertained that the death of the drones was caused by the stings -of the workers. Supposing the drones come forth in May, which -is the average period of their being hatched, their destruction takes -place somewhere about the commencement of August, so that three -months is the usual extent of their existence; but should it so -happen that the usual development of the queen has been retarded, -or that the hive has in any case been deprived of her, the massacre -of the drones is deferred. But in any case, the natural term of -the life of drone bees does not exceed four months, so that they are -all dead before the winter, and are not allowed to be useless consumers -of the general store.</p> - -<p id="worker"><span class="smcap">The Worker Bee.</span>—The working bees form, by far, the most -numerous class of the three kinds contained in the hive, and least -of all require description. They are the smallest of the bees, are -dark brown in colour or nearly black, and much more active on the -wing than are either drones or queens. The usual number in a -healthy hive varies from twelve to thirty thousand; and, previous -to swarming, exceeds the larger number. The worker-bee is of the -same sex as the queen, but is only partially developed. Any egg of -a worker-bee,—by the cell being enlarged, as already described, and -the "royal jelly" being supplied to the larva,—may be hatched -into a mature and perfect queen. This, one of the most curious -facts connected with the natural history of bees, may be verified -in any apiary by most interesting experiments, which may be turned -to important use. With regard to the supposed distinctions between -"nursing" and working bees, it is now agreed that it only consists -in a division of labour,—the young workers staying at home to feed -the larvæ until they are themselves vigorous enough to range the -fields in quest of supplies. But, for many details of unfailing -interest, we must again refer our readers to the standard works on -bees that have already been named.</p> - -<p id="eggs"><span class="smcap">The Eggs of Bees.</span>—It is necessary that some explanation -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">- 9 -</span> -should be given as to the existence of the bee before it emerges -from the cell.</p> - -<p>The eggs of all the three kinds of bees when first deposited are -of an oval shape, and of a bluish-white colour. In four or five -days the egg changes to a worm, and in this stage is known by -the names of larva or grub, in which state it remains four to six days -more; during this period it is fed by the nurse-bees with a mixture -of farina and honey, a constant supply of which is given to it: the -next transformation is to the nymph or pupa form; the nurse-bees -now seal up the cell with a preparation similar to wax; and -then the pupa spins round itself a film or cocoon, just as a -silkworm does in its chrysalis state. The microscope shows that -this cradle-curtain is perforated with very minute holes, through -which the baby-bee is duly supplied with air. No further attention -on the part of the bees is now requisite except a proper degree -of heat, which they take care to keep up, a position for the breeding -cells being selected in the centre of the hive where the temperature -is likely to be most congenial.</p> - -<p>Twenty-one days after the egg is first laid (unless cold weather -should have retarded it) the bee quits the pupa state, and nibbling its -way through the waxen covering that has enclosed it, comes forth -a winged insect. In the Unicomb Observatory Hive, the young -bees may distinctly be seen as they literally fight their way into the -world, for the other bees do not take the slightest notice, nor afford -them any assistance. We have frequently been amused in watching -the eager little new-comer, now obtruding its head, and anon compelled -to withdraw into the cell, to escape being trampled on by -the apparently unfeeling throng, until at last it has succeeded in -making its exit. The little grey creature, after brushing and -shaking itself, enters upon its duties in the hive, and in a day or -two may be seen gathering honey in the fields—some say on the day -of its birth,—thus early illustrating that character for industry, -which has been proverbial, at least, since the days of Aristotle, and -which has in our day been rendered familiar even to infant minds -through the nursery rhymes of Dr. Watts.</p> - -<p id="increase"><span class="smcap">Increase of Bees.</span>—Every one is familiar with the natural -process of "swarming," by which bees provide themselves with fresh -space and seek to plant colonies to absorb their increase of population. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">- 10 -</span> -But the object of the bee-master is to train and educate -his bees, and in so doing he avoids much of the risk and trouble -which is incurred by allowing the busy folk to follow their own -devices. The various methods for this end adopted by apiarians all -come under the term of the "depriving" system; and they form part -of the great object of humane and economical bee-keeping, which is -to save the bees alive instead of slaughtering them as under the old -clumsy system. A very natural question is often asked,—how it is -that upon the depriving system, where our object is to prevent -swarming, the increase of numbers is not so great as upon the -old plan? It will be seen that the laying of eggs is performed by -the queen only, and that there is but one queen to each hive; so -that where swarming is prevented, there remains only one hive or -stock, as the superfluous princesses are not allowed to come to -maturity. Our plan of giving additional store-room will, generally -speaking, prevent swarming; this stay-at-home policy, we contend, -is an advantage, for instead of the loss of time consequent upon a -swarm hanging out preparatory to flight, all the bees are engaged -in collecting honey, and that at a time when the weather is most -favourable and the food most abundant. Upon the old system, the -swarm leaves the hive simply because the dwelling has not been -enlarged at the time when the bees are increasing. The emigrants -are always led off by the old queen, leaving either young or embryo -queens to lead off after swarms, and to furnish a mistress for the old -stock, and carry on the multiplication of the species. Upon the -antiquated and inhuman plan where so great a destruction takes -place by the brimstone match, breeding must, of course, be allowed -to go on to its full extent to make up for such sacrifices. Our -chief object under the new system is to obtain honey free from all -extraneous matter. Pure honey cannot be gathered from combs -where storing and breeding are performed in the same compartment. -For fuller explanations on this point, we refer to the various descriptions -of our improved hives in a subsequent section of this work.</p> - -<p>There can now be scarcely two opinions as to the uselessness of -the rustic plan of immolating the poor bees after they have striven -through the summer so to "improve each shining hour." The -ancients in Greece and Italy took the surplus honey and spared the -bees, and now for every intelligent bee-keeper there are ample -appliances wherewith to attain the same results. Mr. Langstroth -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">- 11 -</span> -quotes from the German the following epitaph which, he says, -"might be properly placed over every pit of brimstoned bees:"—</p> - -<div class="tdc"> - -<p class="tdc antiqua">Here Rests,</p> - -<p class="tdc">CUT OFF FROM USEFUL LABOUR,</p> - -<p class="tdc">A COLONY OF</p> - -<p class="tdc">INDUSTRIOUS BEES,</p> - -<p class="tdc">BASELY MURDERED</p> - -<p class="tdc">BY ITS</p> - -<p class="tdc">UNGRATEFUL AND IGNORANT<br /> -OWNER.</p> -</div> - - -<p>And Thomson, the poet of "The Seasons," has recorded an -eloquent poetic protest against the barbarous practice, for which, -however, in his day there was no alternative:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">All, see, where robbed and murdered in that pit,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Lies the still heaving hive! at evening snatched,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Beneath the cloud of guilt-concealing night,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">And fix'd o'er sulphur! while, not dreaming ill,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">The happy people, in their waxen cells,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Sat tending public cares.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Sudden, the dark, oppressive steam ascends.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">And, used to milder scents, the tender race.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">By thousands, tumble from their honied dome</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Into a gulf of blue sulphureous flame!</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>It will be our pleasing task in subsequent chapters to show "a -more excellent way."</p> - - -<p id="swarming" class="caption3">SWARMING.</p> - -<p>The spring is the best period at which to open an apiary, and -swarming-time is a good starting point for the new bee-keeper. The -period known as the swarming season is during the months of May -and June. With a very forward stock, and in exceedingly fine -weather, bees do occasionally swarm in April. The earlier the -swarm the greater is its value. If bees swarm in July, they seldom -gather sufficient to sustain themselves through the winter; though, -by careful feeding, they may easily be kept alive, if hived early in -the month.</p> - -<p>The cause of a swarm leaving the stock-hive is, that the population -has grown too large for it. Swarming is a provision of -nature for remedying the inconvenience of overcrowding, and is the -method whereby the bees seek for space in which to increase their -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">- 12 -</span> -stores. By putting on "super hives," the required relief may, in -many cases, be given to them; but should the multiplication of -stocks be desired, the bee-keeper will defer increasing the space -until the swarm has issued forth. In May, when the spring has -been fine, the queen-bee is very active in laying eggs, and the -increase in a strong healthy hive is so prodigious that emigration is -necessary, or the bees would cease to work.</p> - -<p>It is now a well established fact that the old queen goes forth -with the first swarm, preparation having been made to supply her -place as soon as the bees determine upon the necessity of a division -of their commonwealth. Thus the sovereignty of the old hive, after -the first swarm has issued, devolves upon a young queen.</p> - -<p>As soon as the swarm builds combs in its new abode, the -emigrant-queen, being impregnated and her ovaries full, begins -laying eggs in the cells, and thereby speedily multiplies the -labourers of the new colony. Although there is now amongst -apiarians no doubt that the old queen quits her home, there is no -rule as to the composition of the swarm—old and young alike -depart. Some show unmistakable signs of age by their ragged -wings, others their extreme youth by their lighter colour; how they -determine which shall stay and which shall go has not yet been -ascertained. In preparation for flight, bees commence filling their -honey bags, taking sufficient, it is said, for three days' sustenance. -This store is needful, not only for food, but to enable the bees to -commence the secretion of wax and the building of combs in their -new domicile.</p> - -<p>On the day of emigration the weather must be fine, warm, and -clear, with but little wind stirring; for the old queen, like a prudent -matron, will not venture out unless the day is in every way favorable. -Whilst her majesty hesitates, either for the reasons we have mentioned, -or because the internal arrangements are not sufficiently matured, -the bees will often fly about or hang in clusters at the entrance of -the hive for two or three days and nights together, all labour -meanwhile being suspended. The agitation of the little folk is -well described by Evans:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">See where, with hurried step, the impassioned throng</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Pace o'er the hive, and seem, with plaintive song,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">T' invite the loitering queen; now range the floor,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">And hang in cluster'd columns from the door;</div><span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">- 13 -</span> - <div class="verse indent0">Or now in restless rings around they fly,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Nor spoil thy sip, nor load the hollowed thigh;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">E'en the dull drone his wonted ease gives o'er,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Haps his unwieldly wings, and longs to soar.</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>But when all is ready, a scene of the most violent agitation takes -place; the bees rush out in vast numbers, forming quite a dark cloud -as they traverse the air.</p> - -<p>The time selected for the departure of the emigrants is generally -between 10 a.m. and 3 p.m.; most swarms come off within an hour -of noon. It is a very general remark that bees choose a Sunday for -swarming, and probably this is because then greater stillness reigns -around. It will not be difficult to imagine that the careful bee-keeper -is anxious to keep a strict watch, lest he should lose such -a treasure when once it takes wing. The exciting scene at a -bee-swarming has been well described by the apiarian laureate:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">Up mounts the chief, and, to the cheated eye,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Ten thousand shuttles dart along the sky;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">As swift through æther rise the rushing swarms,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Gay dancing to the beam their sunbright forms;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">And each thin form, still lingering on the sight.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Trails as it shoots, a line of silver light.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">High poised on buoyant wing, the thoughtful queen,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">In gaze attentive, views the varied scene,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">And soon her far-fetched ken discerns below;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">The light laburuam lift her polished brow.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Wave her green leafy ringlets o'er the glade.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Swift as the falcon's sweep, the monarch bends</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Her flight abrupt; the following host descends</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Round the fine twig, like clustered grapes they close</div> - <div class="verse indent0">In thickening wreaths, and court a short repose.</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>In many country districts it is a time-honoured custom for the -good folks of the village to commence on such occasions a terrible -noise of tanging and ringing with frying pan and key. This is done -with the absurd notion that the bees are charmed with the clangorous -din, and may by it be induced to settle as near as possible to the -source of such sweet sounds. This is, however, quite a mistake; there -are other and better means for the purpose. The practice of ringing -was originally adopted for a different and far more sensible object, -viz., for the purpose of giving notice that a swarm had issued forth, -and that the owner was anxious to claim the right of following, -even though it should alight on a neighbour's premises. It would -DC curious to trace how this ancient ceremony has thus got corrupted -from the original design.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">- 14 -</span></p> - -<p>In case the bees do not speedily after swarming manifest signs -of settling, a few handfuls of sand or loose mould may be thrown -up in the air so as to fall among the winged throng; they mistake -this for rain, and then very quickly determine upon settling. Some -persons squirt a little water from a garden engine in order to -produce the same effect.</p> - -<p>There are, indeed, many ingenious devices used by apiarians -for decoying the swarms. Mr. Langstroth mentions a plan of -stringing dead bees together, and tying a bunch of them on any shrub -or low tree upon which it is desirable that they should alight; -another plan is, to hang some black woven material near the hives, -so that the swarming bees may be led to suppose they see another -colony, to which they will hasten to attach themselves. Swarms -have a great affinity for each other when they are adrift in the air; -but, of course, when the union has been effected, the rival queens have -to do battle for supremacy. A more ingenious device than any of the -above, is by means of a mirror to flash a reflection of the sun's rays -amongst a swarm, which bewilders the bees, and checks their flight. -It is manifestly often desirable to use some of these endeavours to -induce early settlement, and to prevent, if possible, the bees from -clustering in high trees or under the eaves of houses, where it may -be difficult to hive them.</p> - -<p>Should prompt measures not be taken to hive the bees as soon -as the cluster is well formed, there is danger of their starting on a -second flight; and this is what the apiarian has so much to dread. -If the bees set off a second time, it is generally for a long flight, often -for miles, so that in such a case it is usually impossible to follow -them, and consequently a valuable colony may be irretrievably lost.</p> - -<p>Too much care cannot be exercised to prevent the sun's rays -falling on a swarm when it has once settled. If exposed to heat -in this way, bees are very likely to decamp. We have frequently -stretched matting or sheeting on poles so as to intercept the glare, -and thus render their temporary position cool and comfortable.</p> - -<p>Two swarms sometimes depart at the same time and join -together; in such a case, we recommend that they be treated as one -by putting them into a hive as before described, taking care to give -abundant room, and not to delay affording access to the super hive -or glasses. They will settle their own notions of sovereignty by one -queen destroying the other. There are means of separating two -swarms if done at the time; but the operation is a formidable one, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">- 15 -</span> -and does not always repay even those most accustomed to such -manipulation.</p> - -<p>With regard to preparations for taking a swarm, our advice to -the bee-keeper must be the reverse of Mrs. Glass's notable injunction -as to the cooking of a hare. Some time before you expect to take a -swarm, be sure to have a proper hive in which to take it, and also -every other requisite properly ready. Here we will explain what was -said in the introduction as to the safety of moving and handling -bees. A bee-veil or dress will preserve the most sensitive from the -possibility of being stung. This article, which may be bought with -the hives, is made of net close enough to exclude bees, but open -enough for the operator's vision. It is made to go over the hat of -a lady or cap of a gentleman; it can be tied round the waist, and -has sleeves fastening at the wrist. A pair of photographer's india -rubber gloves completes the full dress of the apiarian, who is then -invulnerable even to enraged bees. But bees when swarming are -in an eminently peaceful frame of mind; having dined sumptuously, -they require to be positively provoked before they will sting. Yet -there may be one or two foolish bees who, having neglected to fill their -honey bags, are inclined to vent their ill-humour on the kind apiarian. -When all is ready, the new hive is held or placed in an inverted -position under the cluster of bees, which the operator detaches from -their perch with one or two quick shakes; the floorboard is then -placed on the hive, which is then slowly turned up on to its base, -and it is well to leave it a short time in the same place, in order to -allow of stragglers joining their companions.</p> - -<p>If the new swarm is intended for transportation to a distance, it -is as well for it to be left at the same spot until evening, provided -the sun is shaded from it: but if the hive is meant to stand in or -near the same garden, it is better to remove it within half an hour -to its permanent position, because so eager are newly-swarmed bees -for pushing forward the work of furnishing their empty house, -that they sally forth at once in search of materials.</p> - -<p>A swarm of bees in their natural state contains from 10,000 to -20,000 insects, whilst in an established hive they number 40,000 -and upwards. 5,000 bees are said to weigh one pound; a good -swarm will weigh from three to five pounds. We have known -swarms not heavier than 2½ pounds, that were in very excellent -condition in August as regards store for the winter.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">- 16 -</span></p> - -<p>Hitherto, all our remarks have had reference to first or "prime" -swarms; these are the best, and when a swarm is purchased such -should be bargained for.</p> - -<p>Second swarms, known amongst cottage bee-keepers as "casts," -usually issue from the hive nine or ten days after the first -has departed. It is not always that a second swarm issues, so much -depends on the strength of the stock, the weather, and other causes; -but should the bees determine to throw out another, the first hatched -queen in the stock-hive is prevented by her subjects from destroying -the other royal princesses, as she would do if left to her own devices. -The consequence is that, like some people who cannot have their own -way, she is highly indignant; and when thwarted in her purpose, -utters, in quick succession, shrill, angry sounds, much resembling -"<i>peep, peep</i>," commonly called "piping," but which more courtly -apiarians have styled the <i>vox regalis</i>.</p> - -<p>This royal wailing continues during the evening, and is -sometimes so loud as to be distinctly audible many yards from the -hive. When this is the case, a swarm may be expected either on -the next day, or at latest within three days. The second swarm is -not quite so chary of weather as the first; it was the old lady who -exercised so much caution, disliking to leave home except in the -best of summer weather.</p> - -<p>In some instances, owing to favourable breeding seasons and -prolific queens, a third swarm issues from the hive, this is termed a -"colt;" and in remarkable instances, even a fourth, which in rustic -phrase is designated a "filly." A swarm from a swarm is called a -"maiden" swarm, and according to bee theory, will again have the -old queen for its leader.</p> - -<p>The bee-master should endeavour to prevent his labourers from -swarming more than once; his policy is rather to encourage the -industrious gathering of honey by keeping a good supply of "supers" -on the hives. Sometimes, however, he may err in putting on the -supers too early or unduly late, and the bees will then swarm a -second time, instead of making use of the store-rooms thus provided. -In such a case, the clever apiarian, having spread the swarm on the -ground, will select the queen, and cause the bees to go back to the -hive from whence they came. This operation requires an amount of -apiarian skill which, though it may easily be attained, is greater -than is usually possessed.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">- 17 -</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="II_MODERN_BEE_HIVES">II. MODERN BEE HIVES.</h2> -</div> - - -<p id="Nutts_Coll_Hive" class="caption3">NUTT'S COLLATERAL HIVE. No. 1.</p> - -<p>The late Mr. Nutt, author of "Humanity to Honey Bees," may -be regarded as a pioneer of modern apiarians; we therefore select his -hive wherewith to begin a description of those we have confidence -in recommending. Besides, an account of Mr. Nutt's hive will -necessarily include references to the various principles which -subsequent inventors have kept in view.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="page17" style="width: 281px;"> - <img src="images/page17.png" width="281" height="297" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>Nutt's Collateral Hive consists -of three boxes placed -side by side (C. A. C), with -an octagonal box B on the -top which covers a bell-glass. -Each of the three boxes is 9 -inches high, 9 inches wide, -and 11 inches from back -to front; thin wooden partitions,—in which six or seven openings corresponding -with each other are made—divide these compartments, -so that free access from one -box to the other is afforded -to the bees; this communication is stopped when necessary by a -zinc slide passing down between each box. The octagonal cover B -is about 10 inches in diameter and 20 high, including the sloping -octagonal roof, surmounted with an acorn as a finish. There are -two large windows in each of the end boxes, and one smaller one in -the centre box; across the latter is a thermometer scaled and -marked, so as to be an easy guide to the bee-master, showing him -by the rise in temperature the increased accommodation required. -This thermometer is a fixture, the indicating part being protected -by two pieces of glass, to prevent the bees from coming between it -and the window, and thereby obstructing the view.</p> - -<p>D D are ventilators. In the centre of each of the end boxes is a -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">- 18 -</span> -double zinc tube reaching down a little below the middle, the outer -tube is a casing of plain zinc, with holes about a quarter of an inch -wide dispersed over it; the inside one is of perforated zinc, with -openings so small as to prevent the escape of the bees, a flange or -rim keeps the tubes suspended through a hole made to receive it. -The object in having double tubing, is to allow the inner one to be -drawn up and the perforations to be opened by pricking out the -wax, or rather the propolis, with which bees close all openings -in their hives. These tubes admit a thermometer enclosed in a -cylindrical glass, to be occasionally inserted during the gathering -season; it requires to be left in the tube for about a quarter of an -hour; and on its withdrawal, if found indicating 90 degrees or more, -ventilation must be adopted to lower the temperature—the ornamental -zinc top D must be left raised, and is easily kept in that -position by putting the perforated part a little on one side.</p> - -<p>The boxes before described are placed on a raised double floor-board, -extending the whole length, viz., about 36 inches. The -floor-board projects a few inches in front. In the centre is the -entrance;—as our engraving only shows the back of the hive, we -must imagine it on the other side,—it is made by cutting a sunken -way of about half-an-inch deep and 3 inches wide, in the floor-board -communicating only with the middle box; it is through -this entrance alone that the bees find their way into the hive,—access -to the end boxes and the super being obtained from the -inside. An alighting board is fitted close under the entrance for -the bees to settle upon when returning laden with honey; this -alighting board is removable for the convenience of packing. The -centre, or stock-box, A, called by Mr. Nutt the Pavilion of Nature, -is the receptacle for the swarm; for stocking this, it will be -necessary to tack the side tins so as to close the side openings in the -partition, and to tack some perforated zinc over the holes at top; the -swarm may then be hived into it just the same as with a common -hive. A temporary bottom-board may be used if the box has to be -sent any distance; or a cloth may be tied round to close the bottom -(the latter plan is best, because allowing plenty of air), and when -brought home at night, the bees being clustered at the top, the cloth -or temporary bottom must be removed, and the box gently placed on -its own floor-board, and the hive set in the place it is permanently -to occupy. E E are two block fronts which open with a hinge, a -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">- 19 -</span> -semicircular hole 3 inches long, 2 wide in the middle, is cut in the -upper bottom-board immediately under the window of each box; -these apertures are closed by separate perforated zinc slides; these -blocks, when opened, afford a ready means of reducing the temperature -of the side boxes, a current of air being quickly obtained, and are -also useful for allowing the bees to throw out any refuse.</p> - -<p>The centre F is a drawer in which is a feeding trough, so constructed -that the bees can descend through the opening before -mentioned on to a false bottom of perforated zinc; liquid food is -readily poured in by pulling out the drawer a little way, the bees -come down on to the perforated zinc and take the food by inserting -their proboscis through the perforations, with no danger -of being drowned. Care must be exercised that the food is not -given in such quantity as to come above the holes; by this means, -each hive has a supply of food accessible only to the inmates, with -no possibility, when closely shut in, of attracting robber bees from -other hives.</p> - -<p>The exterior of these hives is <i>well</i> painted with two coats of lead -colour, covered with two coats of green, and varnished. Notwithstanding -this preservation, it is absolutely essential to place such a -hive under a shed or cover of some sort, as the action of the sun and -rain is likely to cause the wood to decay, whilst the extreme heat of -a summer sun might cause the combs to fall from their foundations.</p> - -<p>Neat and tasteful sheds may be erected, either of zinc supported -by iron or wooden rods, or a thatched roof may be supported in the -same manner, and will form a pretty addition to the flower garden.</p> - -<p>When erecting a covering, it will be well to make it a foot or -two longer, so as to allow of a cottage hive on either side, as the -appearance of the whole is much improved by such an arrangement.</p> - -<p>The following directions, with some adaptation, are from "Nutt -on Honey Bees:"—</p> - -<p>In the middle box the bees are to be first placed;—in it they -should first construct their beautiful combs, and under the government -of one sovereign—the mother of the hive—carry on their -curious work, and display their astonishing architectural ingenuity. -In this box, the <i>regina</i> of the colony, surrounded by her industrious, -happy, humming subjects, carries on the propagation of her species, -deposits in the cells prepared for the purpose by the other bees, -thousands of eggs, though she seldom deposits more than one egg in -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">- 20 -</span> -a cell at a time: these eggs are nursed up into a numerous progeny -by the other inhabitants of the hive. It is at this time, when -hundreds of young bees are daily coming into existence, that the -collateral boxes are of the utmost importance—both to the bees -domiciled in them, and to their proprietors; for when the brood -become perfect bees in a common cottager's hive, a swarm is the -necessary consequence. The queen, accompanied by a vast number -of her subjects, leaves the colony, and seeks some other place in -which to carry on the work nature has assigned her. But as -swarming may by proper precaution and attention to this mode of -management generally be prevented, it is good practice to do so; -because the time necessarily required to establish a new colony, even -supposing the cottager succeeds in saving the swarm, would otherwise -be employed in collecting honey, and in enriching the old hive. -Here, then, is one of the features of this plan—viz., <i>the prevention -of swarming</i>. When symptoms of swarming begin to present -themselves, which may be known by an unusual noise, the appearance -of more than common activity among the bees in the middle -box, and, above all, by a sudden rise of temperature, which will be -indicated by the quicksilver in the thermometer rising to 75 degrees -as scaled on the thermometer in the box; when these symptoms are -apparent, the bee master may conclude that additional space is -required. The top sliding tin should now be withdrawn from under -the bell glass, which will open to the bees a new store-room; this they -will soon occupy, and fill with combs and honey of pure whiteness, -if the weather be fine to allow of their uninterrupted labour. It -may be well here to mention, that if the glass have a small piece of -clean worker comb attached to the perforated ventilating tube, the bees -will more speedily commence their operations in it. When the glass is -nearly filled, which in a good season will be in a very short space of -time, the bees will again require increased accommodation; this will -also be indicated by the thermometer further rising to 85; the end box, -as thereon marked, must now be given them. Previously to drawing -up a slide to enlarge their crowded house, the manager should take -off the empty end box he intends to open to them, carefully and -thoroughly cleanse it, and then smear or dress the inside of it with -a little liquid honey. Thus prepared, he must return the box to its -proper situation, and then withdraw the sliding tin that hitherto has -cut it off from the middle box; by so doing the store-room is again -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">- 21 -</span> -enlarged. The bees will commence operations in this new apartment. -This simple operation, done at the proper time, generally prevents -swarming; by it, the queen gains a vast addition to her dominions, -and, consequently, increasing space for the multiplying population of -her domicile. Provided the weather continue fine, and the thermometer -has risen to 95 degrees, as marked on the scale, the remaining -tin may be also withdrawn, thereby giving the bees, admittance to -another box; there is now no lack of store-rooms nor of employment -for our indefatigable labourers. The cylinder thermometer is -required to be occasionally dropped into the ventilating tube of the -side boxes to ascertain their temperature; for if exceeding or -approaching that of the middle box, it must be reduced by ventilating; -this is done by raising the zinc tops, to allow the air to pass through -the perforations. The grand object of this system is to keep the end -boxes and the bell glass cooler than the pavilion or middle box, so as to -induce the queen to propagate her species there and there only, and -not in the depriving part of the hive; by this means the side and -upper combs are in no way discoloured by brood. The queen requires -a considerable degree of warmth; the middle box does not require -more ventilation than the additional openings afford. The bees -enjoy coolness in the side boxes, and thereby the whiteness and -purity of the luscious store are increased.</p> - -<p>After having given directions for the working of the hive, it -remains to be told how to obtain possession of the store, and to get rid -of our industrious tenants from the super and end boxes, of which -the super glass will be almost sure to be filled first, having been first -given to them. The operation of taking honey is best performed in -the middle of a fine sunny day. The best mode that we know of is to -pass an ordinary table-knife all round underneath the rim of the glass -to loosen the cement, properly called propolis; then take a piece of fine -wire, or a piece of string will do, and, having hold of the two ends, draw -it under the glass very slowly, so as to allow the bees to get out of the -way. Having brought the string through, the glass is now separated -from the hive; but it is well to leave the glass in its place for an -hour or so, the commotion of the bees will then have subsided; and -another advantage we find is, that the bees suck up the liquid and -seal up the cells broken by the cutting off. You can then pass underneath -the glass two pieces of tin or zinc; the one may be the proper -slide to prevent the inmates of the hive coming out at the apertures, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">- 22 -</span> -the other tin keeps all the bees in the glass close prisoners. -After having been so kept a short time, the apiarian must see whether -the bees in the glass manifest symptoms of uneasiness, because if they -do not, it may be concluded that the queen is among them. In such -a case, replace the glass, and recommence the operation on a future -day. It is not often that her majesty is in the depriving hive or -glass; but this circumstance does sometimes happen, and the -removal at such a time must be avoided. When the bees that -are prisoners run about in great confusion and restlessness, the -operator may then conclude that the queen is absent, and that all is -right. The glass may be taken away a little distance off, and placed -in a flower-pot or other receptacle where it will be safe when -inverted and the tin taken away, then the bees will be glad to -make their escape back to their hive. A little tapping at the sides -of the glass will render their tarriance uncomfortable, and the glass -may then be taken into a darkened room or out-house with only a -small aperture admitting light which must be open; the bees, like -all insects, make towards the light and so escape. The bee-master -should brush them off with a feather from the comb as they can be -reached; but on no account, if there are many bees, should the glass -be left, because the bees that are in the glass will gorge themselves -to their full and speedily bring a host of others from the adjacent -hives, who, in a very little time, would leave only the empty combs. -It is truly marvellous how soon they will carry all the store back -again, if allowed to do so. An empty glass should be put on to the -hive in place of the full one, as it will attract the bees up, thereby -preventing the too close crowding of the hive; and, if the summer -be not too far advanced, they will work more honey-comb in it.</p> - -<p>The taking away of the end boxes is a somewhat similar process; -but they should on no account be taken at the same time as the -glass, or indeed at the same time as any other hive may be—<i>robbed</i> -we were going to say, for it is robbery to the bees,—they intended -the honey for their winter food, and are much enraged at being -deprived of it. First shut down the dividing tin; the bees in the -end box are now prisoners separated from the hive, keep them so -half an hour, then take away the box bodily to another part of the -garden, or into the dark out-house as before recommended.</p> - -<p>It may not be out of place here to say something respecting -the enthusiastic inventor of the Collateral Hive—Thomas Nutt, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">- 23 -</span> -who was an inhabitant of Spalding, in Lincolnshire. Having -been disabled during a considerable period by rheumatic fever, -he devoted all his attention to bees, at a time when bee-culture -was but little valued; and, although it must be admitted -that two boxes were used side by side long before Mr. Nutt's day, -still it is due to him to state that the adoption of three boxes was -entirely his own idea, and that as far as he then knew, the collateral -system was his original invention. His statements have been severely -criticised, and it does appear that the weight of honey which he -names as having been produced in one season is perfectly incredible. -But as in the district where he lived there is grown an immense -quantity of mustard seed—the flowers of which afford excellent forage -for bees—the honey harvests there, would doubtless, be very large. -If Mr. Nutt has given his little favourites too much praise, it will be -only charitable, now, to account for his statements by an excess of -zeal and enthusiasm in this his study of bee-culture. It may be that -the golden harvests he spoke and wrote of have been so far useful -that they have induced many to commence bee-keeping, some of -whom, whilst they condemned his statements, have themselves written -really useful and practical works on the subject, which otherwise -might possibly never have appeared. As the monks of old kept -the lamp of religion burning, however dimly, until a more enlightened -age, so Thomas Nutt may have assisted in a somewhat similar -manner by energetically propounding his views, and thereby causing -other apiarians to rise up whose names are now as familiar to us as -household words, and whose works posterity will value. The writer -of these pages has often accompanied Mr. Nutt on his visits to his -patrons in the neighbourhood of London, and seen him perform -his operations regardless of the anger of bees, and free from all -fear of their stings. He often expatiated on the cruelty of the -brimstone match and suffocation, denouncing the barbarous custom -in the following terms:—"You may as well kill the cow for her -milk, or the hen for her eggs, as the bee for its honey; why continue -to light the fatal match, when every cottager in England has the -means of saving this most useful and valuable insect?"</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">- 24 -</span></p> - - -<p id="Neighbors_Imp_Hive" class="caption3">NEIGHBOUR'S IMPROVED SINGLE BOX HIVE. No. 2.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="page24" style="width: 182px;"> - <img src="images/page24.png" width="182" height="516" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>We have introduced the "Single Box -Hive" to suit the convenience of those -who, though desirous of keeping bees on -the improved principle, do not wish to -incur the expense or devote the space -which is necessary for Nutt's hive.</p> - -<p>It consists of a lower or stock-box A., -11 inches square, 9 inches deep, with -three large windows, a thermometer D, as -in Nutt's, being fixed across the front one, -protected at the sides by strips of glass to -prevent the bees obscuring the quicksilver -from sight. B is a cover the same size as the -lower hive, large enough to allow space for -a bell-glass 9 inches wide, 6 inches deep. -E is the ventilator between the glass and the -stock-hive, intended to prevent the queen -travelling into the super hive, and also by -cooling the hive to endeavour to prevent -swarming; a sloping pagoda roof with an -acorn top completes the upper story. A -floor-board with a block front, as in Nutt's -collateral, forms the base, the entrance being -sunk as before described, and furnished -with zinc slides to reduce or close it as may -be required. To stock a hive of this description, it is necessary to send -the stock-box to the party with whom you have agreed for the supply -of a swarm. In the evening of the day the hive is thus tenanted, -remove it to the position it is designed permanently to occupy; -if the swarm has to be procured from a distance, and is transported -by rail or other conveyance, a perforated zinc slide should be substituted -for the plain slide that covers the top, and a large piece of -perforated zinc must also be tacked to the bottom after the swarm -has settled in; thus securely confined, with a free circulation of air -throughout, bees that have been swarmed the day before may be -safely sent any distance that will allow of their being released -the day after, because bees, though they provision themselves for -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">- 25 -</span> -a couple of days, cannot with safety be confined in an empty hive -much longer.</p> - -<p>Having now, we will suppose, procured your swarm, and having -placed it in a south or south-east aspect, you may with advantage, -if the weather be wet, give a little liquid food; the feeding in this -hive is performed at the top of stock-box, where the glass is -worked. Our round Feeding Pan or the new Feeding-Bottle -may here be used. Any fancy as to the position may be indulged -in, but must be settled on by the time the bees are set at liberty, -because any alteration afterwards is detrimental to the working of -the hive. The bees on first issuing forth, carefully mark their new -abode and the surrounding objects, so that if a change be made, -they are completely thrown out in their observations, which confuses -them not a little, and occasions loss. Bees always return to the -same spot; it is the locality that they know, and if the hive is -moved a less distance than a mile, thousands return to the spot on -which the hive has been accustomed to stand.</p> - -<p>Allow your bees to collect honey and build their combs for ten -days or a fortnight. Much now depends on the weather; if fine, -by this time they will require additional room, which will be indicated -by the thermometer D rapidly rising; 100 degrees is the -swarming point, the hive must be kept below this by ventilation.</p> - -<p>Access must now be given to the flat bell-glass at the top, which -is done by withdrawing the top slide. In a few hours, sometimes -immediately, the work of comb-building begins in the glass—all the -sooner, if a piece of clean empty comb be placed therein.</p> - -<p>It is of service to keep the glass warm by means of a worsted or -baize bag, it prevents the temperature from falling at night when -much comb-building is carried on, providing the heat is not allowed to -escape. Probably, if all goes on well, in three weeks the glass will -be found to be filled with fine white honey-comb. When you find -that the comb is well sealed up, it is time to take it off, but if the -cells are unfilled and unsealed, let the little labourers complete their -work—a little experience will soon enable the bee-keeper to determine -this point.</p> - -<p>The plan to be adopted for taking glasses of honey-comb is the -same as described for <a href="#Page_21">hive No. 1, page 21</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">- 26 -</span></p> - - -<p id="Taylors_Am_Shallow" class="caption3">TAYLOR'S AMATEUR SHALLOW BOX OR EIGHT BAR HIVE. No. 3.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="page26a" style="width: 208px;"> - <img src="images/page26a.png" width="208" height="272" alt="" /> -</div> - -<div class="figleft" id="page26b" style="width: 184px;"> - <img src="images/page26b.png" width="184" height="453" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>Taylor's Amateur Hive, as seen -by reference to the engraving, consists -of three boxes, the lower one -A, is the stock box, in which the -swarm is first placed; B is the first -super; and C the centre box; all -three boxes are of the same diameter, -viz., 13½ inches square inside; A, the -stock box, is 7½ deep; B, 6½ inches; -both are fitted with eight moveable -bars, each bar being 1⅛ wide, with -spaces of half an inch between, and -all are easily removed by unscrewing -the crown board, in which are two -openings closed by zinc slides; the middle -box C has no bars, and is still shallower -than either of the other boxes, being 5 -inches deep. In many localities and -seasons, the third box may not be required. Each box has two windows—one -at the back and another at the -side, a zinc shutter sliding in a groove, -excluding light and retaining warmth; -the box C differs from the others in another -respect; instead of bars it has a grating -made by seven openings, each ½ -an inch wide and 9 inches long; these -three boxes stand on a stout floor-board, -in which is cut the entrance way, 4 -inches wide and ⅜ of an inch high. The -floor-board projects so as to support an -outer cover of half-inch wood, surmounted -by a sloping roof. This is an effectual -protection from the weather, and is necessary when hives are exposed; of course, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">- 27 -</span> -if placed in a bee-house such protection may be dispensed with. -The outer case is well painted, of a green colour, and when it is used -the hive may be placed in any part of the garden. The dimensions of -this hive, with outside cover, are 18 inches square, 2 feet 6 inches high.</p> - -<p>Suitable stands are provided, consisting of a stout pedestal with -four feet. Stakes should be driven into the ground to secure the -whole against wind. Height from the ground, 4 feet 3 inches.</p> - -<p>The bars before alluded to are for the purpose of inducing the -bees to build parallel combs; for without this, extraction would be -impossible. It is a great convenience, in many ways, to be able to -take out a bar of comb, it gives such complete control over the -hive.</p> - -<p>To ensure comb-building on the bars, pieces of clean worker -comb should always be carefully preserved; and before a swarm is -put in, either every bar, or if guide comb is not plentiful, every -other bar should have a piece fixed to it in the following manner: -cut a piece of clean empty comb of the required size, say two -inches square, not less; heat a common flat iron, and slightly warm -the bar with it, then melt a little bees-wax upon it; draw the comb -quick over the heated iron, hold it down on the centre of the bar, -giving a very slight movement backwards and forwards, then leave -it to grow cold; and if cleverly managed, it will be found to be -firmly attached. Care must be taken that the pitch or inclination -of the comb be the same as it is in the hives—upwards from the -centre of each comb. A new plan has lately been introduced by -Mr. Woodbury, of Exeter, to facilitate the correct construction of -parallel combs.</p> - - -<p id="Taylors_Am_Bar_Hive" class="caption3">TAYLOR'S AMATEUR BAR HIVE. No. 4.</p> - -<p>Taylor's Amateur Bar Hive is stocked exactly in the same way -as before described—viz., by hiving the swarm into the lowest box -A, as with an ordinary Cottage Hive, and in a fortnight's time the box -B is placed over it, and the zinc slides withdrawn. After this has -been given them, and is nearly filled, the super B is raised, and the -box C is placed between, immediately over the stock box, to induce -the bees to continue the combs.</p> - -<p>This hive consists of three boxes, one above the other, similar to -the No. 3. The boxes are less in diameter than the foregoing, and have -seven moveable bars in each. Recent improvements and observations -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">- 28 -</span> -led Mr. Taylor to prefer eight bars, and to have the boxes made a -little more shallow.</p> - -<p>The mode of stocking and management of this hive are the -same as that last described. There is no outside cover or protection -from the weather, but the wood is additionally thick and is well -painted.</p> - -<p>We quite concur with Mr. Taylor in recommending a broader -and shallower hive, and advise intending purchasers to select the -eight-bar hive in preference.</p> - - -<p id="Neighbors_Im_Cott_Hive" class="caption3">NEIGHBOUR'S IMPROVED COTTAGE HIVE. No. 5.</p> - -<div class="figright" id="page28" style="width: 183px;"> - <img src="images/page28.png" width="183" height="460" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>Our "Improved Cottage Hive" is -neatly made of straw bound with cane, and -therefore very durable.<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> The lower hive is -covered with a wooden top having in it -three holes, through which the bees convey -their honey into three middle sized bell -glasses with ventilators, which when filled -hold about 6 lb. each. There is a hoop at -the bottom, another round the top of the -lower hive; to this the wooden crown board -is fastened. These hoops are a great improvement, -and are less liable to harbour -insects than if straw alone were used. The -floor-board, as its name implies, is a -wooden board, 1¼ inch thick, with a projection -of 3 or 4 inches under the entrance -to form an alighting place. This entrance -is cut out of, or sunk in the board.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">[3]</a> This is the hive referred to by the Bee-Master of the Times, when he -says:—"The second kind of hive I alluded to is made of straw, and may be -purchased at Neighbour's, in Holborn. * * * * It is so well made that it -will last very long. I have had one in constant use during ten years, and it -is still as good us when it was bought."</p> - -</div> - -<p>There are three windows in the lower -hive, each closed with a shutter, these -are very useful and interesting for inspecting -the progress made. Across the -centre window is a thermometer, enclosed at the sides by -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">- 29 -</span> -slips of glass. The window shutters being painted green, add -very much to its appearance. The upper hive, which is merely a cover -for the glasses, is a conical topped hive, also made of straw bound -with cane; a hoop is worked into the straw, and made sufficiently -large to allow the cover to drop over the top hoop of the lower -hive, keeping the whole close, and preventing wet from drifting in. A -zinc ventilator, ornamentally painted, forms the apex: this is useful -in letting the confined hot air pass away in warm weather. The -ventilator is opened by raising it. The dimensions of the lower or -stock hive are 15 inches diameter, 9½ inches deep outside, its weight -when empty 7½ lbs., the cover or top hive is 12 inches deep, and -15 inches in diameter, the ornamental zinc top being 4 inches deep. -The whole is about 24 inches high. The weight of a hive packed, -including glasses, &c., is about 18 lbs.</p> - -<p>These hives have a tasteful appearance in the garden, but they -require some further protection from the weather in the form of a -cover or of a bee-house—contrivances that have yet to be described. -In extreme cold weather, a little additional protection by having -matting folded round them will be advisable.</p> - -<p>One of the advantages this hive has over the common cottage -hive is that it affords opportunity for the humane management of -bees. The owner has also the power of taking a glass of honey-comb -of pure quality, free from the extraneous matter, known as "bee-bread," -instead of combs that are darkened by having brood hatched -in them. By this system, we have combs newly made and used -only for depositing the honey first put into them, hence the name -"virgin honey." These glasses have a very pretty appearance, -and when nicely filled, are very convenient for home use or for -making presents. The lower hive is the receptacle for the bees; -when a swarm is placed in this hive, they immediately proceed to -fill it with combs, in which to store honey for themselves, and for -cells to breed in. This hive remains undisturbed.</p> - -<p>The best mode of tenanting a hive of this description is by -placing an early and strong swarm in it, which may be generally -procured of a neighbouring bee-keeper; if from a distance, considerable -care is necessary to admit plenty of air; the shaking attendant -upon carriage irritates the bees so much that, if not well ventilated, -there is danger of the swarm being stifled, and the finer the swarm, -the greater the danger. For the purpose of ventilation, remove the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">- 30 -</span> -slides and substitute perforated zinc, wrapping the hive up in a -coarse cloth of open texture (dispensing with the floor-board during -transit when the distance is great).</p> - -<p>It is necessary only to send the lower or stock hive to the party -furnishing the swarm, taking the precaution to fix the slides at top -with tacks, as the hive has to be inverted to receive the bees. They -are shaken into it in the usual manner, as they cluster around the -branch of the tree or shrub on which they may have chosen to alight. -After the hiving is accomplished, the hive should be left near to -catch any stragglers, for there will always be a few; towards -evening, close the entrance, and remove them to the exact position -they are intended permanently to occupy. Success depends on this, and -also on their careful removal on the day or evening of swarming. -The following morning the bees labour in the new location, marking -well their habitation before they take flight, and to which they -will not fail to return loaded with luscious store.</p> - -<p>A fortnight must be allowed for filling the stock hive; then, -if the weather be fine and warm, they will prepare to swarm again, -as will be indicated by the thermometer rising rapidly to 100 -degrees or upwards; one of the zinc slides on the wooden top -must now be withdrawn, and a bell glass put on covered and protected -by the upper hive, the other glasses may then be given -in the same manner; a day or two after which, should the weather -continue favourable, all signs of swarming will at once disappear, -the bees now having increased store room which they will readily -fill with comb. It is often found useful to attach a piece of -clean empty honey comb to the ventilating tube of the glass; it is -an attraction, and induces the bees to commence working in it sooner -than they otherwise would do. The ventilator should also remain -open during the day to allow the hot air to pass away from the interior, -thereby contributing to the whiteness and beauty of the work; the bees -enjoy the refreshment of coolness thereby afforded, and they work the -faster for it. At evening all ventilation should be stopped, and the -glasses wrapped round with flannel or some warm material, for -the reasons mentioned on <a href="#Page_25">page 25</a>.</p> - -<p>The directions for taking honey are also the same as before -mentioned.</p> - -<p>The holes on the wooden top of this hive are of a peaked shape, -being a preventive against slaughtering any bees whilst pushing the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">- 31 -</span> -slide in for the purpose of removing the glass when full; the tacks -before alluded to should be removed from the slides when the hive -is fixed in its place, they are now in the way of cutting off the glass. -The hive entrance has two slides: the perforated one is but seldom -required, the bees object to being closely confined, it is only -necessary when removing, and then for as little time as possible; -the other slide is very serviceable during the winter months to lessen -the passage way, thereby preventing the admission of too much cold -air; it is also occasionally useful on a summer evening, to lessen -the entrance when moths are troublesome, for if there be only a -small opening, the bees can guard it, and easily repulse intruders. -During the time of gathering they require the whole width to remain -open.</p> - -<p>When the weather is so unfavourable as to prevent the bees -leaving home for a few days after being hived, it will be necessary -to feed them. Bees should not be fed in the midst of winter; the -proper time is in the autumn or in the spring.</p> - -<p>The best mode of feeding is at the top of the Stock Hive. This -is done by using the Round Feeder.</p> - -<p>The Bottle Feeder may be used instead of the Round Feeder, and -in the same place, by those who give the preference to that method.</p> - -<p>The simplicity and easy management of this hive have deservedly -rendered it an especial favourite, combining, as it does, real utility -with many conveniences to satisfy the curious. Not a few bee-keepers -desire to unite the two qualifications, and no hive combines -these advantages in a greater degree than "Neighbour's Improved -Cottage Hive."</p> - - -<p id="Imp_Cott_Hive" class="caption3">IMPROVED COTTAGE HIVE. No. 6.</p> - -<p>The No. 6 hive is of precisely the same size, construction, and -management as the last mentioned, with the exception that it has no -windows or thermometer in the lower or stock hive. The apiarian -with this hive will have to trust more to his own judgment as -regards the likelihood of swarming, and must watch the appearance -the bees present at the entrance. When it is time to put on supers -in order to prevent swarming, premonition will be given by the -unusual numbers crowding about the entrance, as well as by the -heat of the weather, making it evident that more room is required -for the increasing population.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">- 32 -</span></p> - -<p>Not being able to form an idea of the state of the hive in spring -and autumn by looking into the stock hive, it will be advisable to -adopt the means of weighing. A stock at Michaelmas should -weigh 20 lbs. exclusive of the hive, or be made up to that weight -by feeding.</p> - - -<p id="Ladies_Obs_Hive" class="caption3">THE LADIES' OBSERVATORY OF CRYSTAL BEE-HIVE. No. 7.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="page32" style="width: 186px;"> - <img src="images/page32.png" width="186" height="249" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>This engraving illustrates the construction -of the "Ladies Observatory" -hive. The stock hive cylindrical with a flat -top and a hole in the centre; the dimensions -12½ inches inside, 8½ inches deep, -the outer cover being raised, and is made -of stout glass, so as not easily to break.</p> - -<p>A support, composed of seven wooden -bars fixed on a pedestal from the floorboard, -is very useful for the bees to cling -to and attach their combs, instead of -resting wholly against the glass.</p> - -<p>The floor-board is of mahogany, the -border being French polished. A middle sized bell-glass for -deprivation is placed over the hole; this hole may be closed by a -zinc slide. A cover of straw, 18 inches deep, 15 inches wide, with -a zinc ventilating top similar to that affixed to the No. 5 hive, -completes the arrangements. The weight of the stock hive and -board is about 16 lbs.</p> - -<p>This hive is well adapted for those persons who are desirous of -having the opportunity of more closely examining the workmanship -of these industrious and interesting insects, as the whole of the -interior may be exposed to view; it is particularly suitable for a -window or an indoor apiary, and also will be found a valuable -addition to the green house. Under these circumstances, the -entrance-way should be covered with a flat piece of glass, and -an aperture cut in the sash corresponding with the entrance to the -hive; through the glazed passage the bees may then find egress and -ingress without being able to gain access to the apartment; an -alighting board four inches wide must be fixed outside on a level -with the entrance.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">- 33 -</span></p> - -<p>We had a hive of this kind in operation in the Great Exhibitions -of 1851 and 1862, fixed in the manner above described. It -answered admirably, and excited much interest and curiosity, though -placed there under many disadvantages.</p> - -<p>When a hive of this kind is to be stocked, procure an early and -strong swarm, which must be temporarily hived in a common straw -hive, from which dislodge the bees into the glass hive, but for this -purpose a little preparation will have to be made. Spread a -sheet on the ground, place the mahogany floorboard on it with -the support, put three bricks, or some solid blocks of about the -same substance, upon which the glass will rest; then with a -sharp and sudden blow precipitate the swarm out of the straw hive -on to the floorboard and support, place the glass hive on the bricks, -and the bees will collect under the bars and on to the pedestal. In -about one hour's time the whole will have settled quietly, and all -the stragglers on the board will have collected together, the swarm -hanging pear-shaped from the bar support; the bricks can now be -removed, and the glass put in its right place on the floorboard. -The straw cover being put on the hive, it can be removed to the -place it is destined permanently to occupy.</p> - -<p>The light should not be admitted for some days after hiving; -if undisturbed, the bees will speedily build comb, working from the -wooden bars which are placed there for their assistance and support. -In ten days or a fortnight, if the weather continues fine and warm, -they will prepare to swarm again; the opening at the top must now -be unstopped, and the bell-glass put on, guide comb having been -previously fixed. The directions given for the No. 5, Cottage Hive -equally apply to the Ladies' Observatory Hive.</p> - -<p>It is advisable in winter to furnish the glass stock hive with -more protection from cold than is afforded by the straw cover -alone; some thick baize or wrapper of wadding, for which there is -space between the glass hive and the cover, will prevent so much -moisture condensing on the sides of the glass. Moisture is injurious, -causing the combs to grow mouldy; a little protection in the way -of wrapping very much prevents this.</p> - -<p>The hole at top is used for supplying food should the apiarian -fear the stock of honey is in danger of running short; either the -bottle feeder, or the round feeder, may be used for the purpose.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">- 34 -</span></p> - - -<p id="Cottagers_Hive" class="caption3">COTTAGER'S HIVE, No. 8.</p> - -<p class="caption4">FOR TAKING HONEY IN STRAW CAPS WITHOUT THE DESTRUCTION OF THE BEES.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="page34" style="width: 202px;"> - <img src="images/page34.png" width="202" height="261" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>A very prevalent opinion exists -that bees do better in straw than in -hives made of any other material. -Another opinion prevails, viz., that -the old fashioned straw hive is the -least expensive, the most simple, and -the most productive. Although we -cannot go so far as this, we are -willing to admit that a simplified -adaptation of the humane system to -the old common straw hive is the -most suitable to put into the hands -of that large class of bee-keepers—<i>Cottagers</i>. -By these the more fanciful hives will be instantly -condemned; besides, the expense puts them quite beyond the -reach of the poorer class. The object aimed at in planning our -Cottager's Hive has been to furnish a depriving hive that should be at -once easy of management, inexpensive, and convenient. The stock -hive, into which the bees are first hived, is a round straw hive, -having a flat top with a hole in the centre. The size of this -lower hive is 7 or 8 inches deep, 14 inches across the bottom, -finished with a wooden hoop, which adds very much to the firmness -and durability of the hive. The floorboard is 1¼ inch thick, with a -way sunk therein for the entrance. A small round mat of straw -closes the hole on the top; this mat may be fixed by wooden -pegs. We have now described what is termed the <i>stock hive</i>, which -is, in fact, an old fashioned straw hive adapted, modernised, and -improved to the more humane, viz., the depriving system. The -weight of the stock hive with its floorboard is about 7 lbs.</p> - -<p>The super or cap hive is about 7 inches deep, 8 inches in -diameter, and when filled contains about 10 lbs. of honey and -comb. A glass window which is placed at the side is useful for inspecting -the progress made in filling it.</p> - -<p>A common straw hive, sufficiently deep to cover, drops over the -super, keeping the window dark and fitting close on to the stock hive. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">- 35 -</span> -This cover hive may be made fast by driving in two skewers, one on -either side, to keep the whole firm. Unless placed in a bee-house or -under a shed, the outside should be painted; or a piece of oil-cloth -or waterproof covering of any kind shaped so as to shoot off the -rain, will save the trouble of paint, and answer the purpose. If no -protection of this sort is used, the rain is likely to rot the straw. -As a covering cottagers often use straight stiff thatching straw sewed -together; this contrivance is termed a hackle, and has a pretty -appearance, particularly if a number of hives are in a row. Care has -to be exercised that mice do not make the covering hive a resting -place. Mortar is often used for fastening round the hive at the -bottom; this is a bad plan, as it forms a harbour for insects; the -wooden hoop fits so close as to leave little necessity for anything of -the kind.</p> - -<p>The principle of the depriving system is so much the same with -all our hives, that a good deal of repetition is necessary in describing -in detail the management of each separate variety. The object -aimed at with the Cottager's Hive, as indeed with all our hives, is -to provide a compartment for the bees to live in with their queen, -she being the mother of all. It is intended, by inducing the queen -to remain in her original apartment, that all breeding should be there -performed, as well as the storing of bee-bread and honey for the -winter sustenance of the bees. The cap hive or upper chamber, -known as the "super," is for the storing of honey which the bee-keeper -looks upon as a surplus, and which, at the close of the honey -gathering, or as soon as filled, he intends to deprive the bees of, and -appropriate to his own use,—of course taking care to leave sufficient -in the lower or stock hive for winter sustenance.</p> - -<p>The mode of stocking a hive of this kind is so familiarly known -that any who at all understand the hiving of bees into a common -straw hive, can make no mistake or find any difficulty in performing -it. Lest these pages should fall into the hands of persons who are -not so acquainted, we will refer them to the directions already given.</p> - -<p>The hive may be smeared inside with a little honey if at hand; -but this is unimportant, as a clean hive answers well. Some -older bee-keepers prefer to give a little dressing to encourage the -bees to like their new home.</p> - -<p>After the swarm has been in the hive two weeks, the straw -super hive may be put on, first removing the straw mat to give the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">- 36 -</span> -bees access to it. If the hive be a stock, that is a swarm of the -last or previous years, the super may be put on as soon as the -weather is fine and warm in May. But much depends on the weather -and the strength of the hive as regards the time occupied by the -bees in filling the super; in favourable weather a fortnight suffices.</p> - -<p>If, on looking in at the little window, the bee-master sees that -the cells are scaled over, the cap of honey may be removed in the -mode already described. The cells near the window are the last to -be filled, so when they are sealed, it is safe to conclude that the -combs in the unseen parts are also finished.</p> - -<p>Sometimes the queen ascends and deposits her eggs; if, on -turning up the super, brood be visible, replace the cap for a few -days, until the young bees quit their cells. When thus emptied, -honey will be deposited in lieu of the brood.</p> - -<p>Suitable pedestals for these hives to stand upon may be obtained. -It is important that these be firmly fixed, and the hive also made -fast to the stand, to prevent its being blown over by high winds.</p> - - -<p id="Bar_Frame_Hive" class="caption3">BAR AND FRAME HIVES.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="page36" style="width: 201px;"> - <img src="images/page36.png" width="201" height="168" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>Mr. Woodbury's Bar and Frame -Hive, as originally made, consists of a -wooden box 14½ inches square inside, -9 inches deep. This is a hive of large -size, but the actual habitable space -inside is lessened by the room occupied -by the frames, of which there are ten; -these rest on a rabbet a little below the -surface, leaving a space of ⅜ of an inch between the upper side of the -bars and the crown board. This allows a free passage on the top for -the bees, entirely obviating the necessity of making excavations in -the crown board, as has hitherto been recommended. Each frame -is ⅞ of an inch wide, and rests in notches, with a space of ½ an inch -between each. The frames extend to within ⅜ of an inch of the -floorboard, so as to hang without touching any part, leaving about the -same distance from the sides. It will be seen that there is a free -passage for the bees on every side, and they are thus kept from -coming in contact with the sides of the hive. Our engraving shows -the hive open, and exposes to view the top of the ten bars and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">- 37 -</span> -frames as they range from back to front. A window is also shown; -this is placed in the engraving over the entrance, but the proper -position would be just opposite. The drawing is made so as to -show back and front at once. The floorboard is 1¼ inch thick, -having two "keys" on the underside to prevent warping.</p> - - -<p id="Straw_Hive" class="caption4">STRAW BAR AND FRAME HIVE. No. 45.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="page37" style="width: 250px;"> - <img src="images/page37.png" width="250" height="182" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>Since the introduction of -the wood hive by Mr. Woodbury, -that gentleman has recommended, -in the <i>Journal of -Horticulture</i>, that the stock -hive be made of straw, of -exactly the same dimensions; -this material being warmer in -winter, slightly ventilating, -and allowing of absorption. Bees during cold weather cluster -together to generate the requisite degree of heat, the temperature -of the interior of the hive being thus so much higher than the -external atmosphere, a good deal of moisture condenses at the -top and on the sides of the hive; the straw, as before stated, -prevents this dampness hanging about the hive, and tends to keep -the inmates more healthy. Dampness in a hive is a fruitful source -of mischief, causing empty combs to grow mouldy, and is injurious -in many ways.</p> - -<p>The square straw hives, and a machine for making them, -exhibited in the Austrian department of the International Exhibition -of 1862, suggested the idea of employing that material for English -bar and frame hives. We have had made a machine somewhat -similar to the one exhibited and suited to the size of our hives, by -which our hive maker is able to manufacture neat square straw -hives. These have a wood frame at top an inch deep, with the -requisite notches to allow the ten comb frames to hang. A similar -frame forms the base, the straw being worked between. The -floorboard is 1¼ inch thick, "keyed" with stout keys as before -mentioned. An inch projection is left on all sides beyond the -exterior of the hive, from which it is slightly chamfered down. -An entrance 4 inches wide is cut out of the substance of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">- 38 -</span> -the board, beginning at the edge, and continuing on the same level -until inside the hive, where it slopes upwards. This entrance is -about ⅜ of an inch high where the hive crosses it.</p> - -<p>These straw hives have been generally made without windows; -as Mr. Woodbury and other scientific apiarians so prefer them. -They consider that glass windows are unsuited for winter, because -then moisture condenses on the glass. There is no doubt that the -having a peep hole or two in a hive adds very agreeably to its value -for amateur bee-keepers, and to meet the wishes of such, we have -had straw hives constructed with windows. It is not every one who -would like to lift out the frames as often as is necessary for an -inspection of the state of the colony, nor, perhaps, is it advisable to -be often thus meddling. The windows have also a very neat appearance. -We have hives with one, and some with two and three -windows; of course, a little extra expense is incurred where these -are made; but that is not objected to by those who approve of the -additional convenience. The crown board (if correct to call a -straw top by that name) has, like the hive, a frame of wood all -round, and a square piece of wood in the centre, with a two inch -hole; this hole is for the purpose of administering food in a mode -to be explained hereafter. A circular block of wood, 4 inches in -diameter, closes the opening.</p> - - -<p id="Glass_Hive" class="caption4">GLASS BAR AND FRAME HIVES.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="page38" style="width: 220px;"> - <img src="images/page38.png" width="220" height="128" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>Some bee-keepers like to be able -to make a full and daily inspection of -the hive; we have therefore prepared -a few hives, constructed of wooden -frames enclosed on all sides and on -the top with window glass. The -dimensions are precisely the same as those before mentioned, and allow -of the same number of bars and frames (ten). The crown has a -round hole cut in the glass to admit of feeding. The four sides are -constructed of double glass, to preserve the bees from variations of -temperature. We cannot, however, recommend this hive for a winter -residence for the bees; we should prefer lifting the combs out with -the bees, and placing them in a straw hive of similar construction, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">- 39 -</span> -to pass through the ordeal of the winter season. A stock of bees -might be kept through the year in a hive of this kind, but would -require well wrapping round to keep out the cold. There should be -a small glass over the hole at top so as to allow the moisture to arise -and condense, instead of doing so in the hive. The operation of -exchanging the hive is so easy, that we should be content to place -a stock in one, say, from April to September, and shift it in the -autumn. Such a hive is a very pleasing object of interest, as in it -the whole commonwealth of bees is exposed to view; and the hive -need not be obscured from daylight, provided it be protected from -sun and rain. All the external wood-work is of oak colour -varnished, so that the appearance of the "Glass Bar and Frame -Hive" is extremely neat and much approved of.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="page39a" style="width: 138px;"> - <img src="images/page39a.png" width="138" height="76" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p id="Frame"><span class="smcap">Frame.</span>—As before mentioned, each stock -hive has ten of these frames, each 13 inches -long by 7¼ inches high, with a ⅝ inch projection -at either upper end, which rests in the notch, -either back or front. The width both of the bar and frame is ⅞ of an -inch; this is less by ¼ of an inch than the bar recommended by the -older apiarians. Mr. Woodbury,—whose authority on the modern -plans for keeping bees is of great weight,—finds the ⅞ of an inch -bar an improvement, because with them the combs are closer -together, and require fewer bees to cover the brood. Then, too, -in the same space that eight old fashioned bars occupied the -narrower frames admit of an additional bar, so that, by using these, -increased accommodation is afforded for breeding and the storing of -honey.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="page39b" style="width: 77px;"> - <img src="images/page39b.png" width="77" height="123" alt="" /> - <div class="figcaption">Section of bar.</div> -</div> - -<p id="Comb_Bar"><span class="smcap">Improved Comb Bar.</span>—Mr. Woodbury says that this -little contrivance has proved very effectual in securing -straight combs when guide combs are not obtainable. -The lower angles are rounded off, whilst a central rib is -added of about ⅛ of an inch in breadth and depth. -This central rib extends to within ½ an inch of each -end, where it is removed in order to admit of the bar -fitting into the usual notch. All that is necessary to insure the -regular formation of combs is, to coat the underneath surface of the -central rib with melted wax. Mr. Woodbury further says, "my -practice is to use plain bars whenever guide-combs are attainable, as -these can be attached with much greater facility to a plain than -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">- 40 -</span> -to a ribbed bar; but whenever I put in a bar without comb, I -always use one of the improved ones. By this method, crooked -and irregular combs are altogether unknown in my apiary."</p> - -<p>Most of our bars are made with the ridge; but should any of our -customers prefer the flat ones, we keep a few to supply their -requirements.</p> - -<p>With the moveable "bar and frame hive" every comb is available -for extraction, and may easily be taken out of the hive; each comb -being fixed within its frame, there is less disturbance to the bees -than if the combs were fixed to the sides, as is the case with ordinary -hives. A strip of wood, about ½ an inch wide, rests on the floorboard; -in this strip are ten notches, made to receive the lower part -of the frames, so as to retain them in their places at equal distances -from each other. A difficulty is found with a well stocked hive in -dropping the frames into the exact notches, so that it is not -necessary to have these rack works always in use; but when any -movement of the hive is made, it is essential to have the frames -firmly fixed by the aid of this contrivance. It is also advisable to -have the frames perpendicularly supported until the combs are built, -so in order that the frames should hang true, the hive ought to be -on the level. A little inclination may be given to it from back to -front, causing the hive slightly to fall towards the entrance, so as to -allow the moisture inside the hive, caused by the exhalations of the -bees, to run off.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="page40" style="width: 135px;"> - <img src="images/page40.png" width="135" height="72" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p id="Comp_Bar_frame">"<span class="smcap">Compound Bar Frame.</span>"—In the <i>Journal -of Horticulture</i>, Mr. Woodbury thus describes -the compound bar frame. Being his own -adaptation, we cannot do better than use his -own words. "This is a contrivance of my own, which I have -found very advantageous in enabling me to use frames in stock hives -and bars in supers, without forfeiting the advantages arising from the -unlimited interchangeability of every comb in every hive and super -in the apiary. Its construction will be readily understood by an -inspection of the annexed sketch, in which the comb bar is shown -slightly raised from its frame. The bar itself is 13¼ inches long by -⅞ of an inch wide and ⅜ of an inch thick. When the comb bar is -in its place, the whole forms a frame 13 inches long by 7¼ inches -high (inside measure), with ⅝ of an inch projection at each end, which -rests in its appropriate notch in either the back or front of the hive. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">- 41 -</span> -When filled with comb, the bar becomes so firmly cemented to the -frame as to admit of its being handled with facility." This contrivance -is, no doubt, very excellent in the hands of Mr. Woodbury; -but in the hands of the unpractised severe mishaps may arise. In -warm weather the propolis and wax, with which the bees cement -the bar to the frame, becomes soft, consequently in handling the -frames, unless dexterity is used, the comb is likely to drop out. We, -therefore, recommend that the bar and frame be made both in one: -greater firmness and simplicity are thereby gained. Some of these -compound bars and frames are kept in stock at our establishment, -though they cannot be recommended for general use; but should -any one prefer them, they can be supplied at the same price as -the common frames.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="page41" style="width: 251px;"> - <img src="images/page41.png" width="251" height="143" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>In describing the stock -hives of wood, straw, and -glass, allusion has frequently -been made to the depriving -hives, technically called -"supers." These are also -made of glass in wood frames, -13 inches inside, 6 inches deep, with eight bars (without frames). -The accompanying cut represents the super used with the bar and -frame hive.</p> - -<p>Honey-combs in supers are better when made thicker than those -for breeding, consequently the bars are placed a little further apart -than in the lower or stock hive; they are either the "Woodbury -Ribbed," contrived to induce the straight building of combs, or flat -bars with guide combs affixed.</p> - -<p id="Hive_Cover"><span class="smcap">Cover.</span>—A loose outer case, forming a complete cover for the hive, -is found very useful. The case is made in two parts for convenience, -the roof is also separate, having an acorn at top which forms a neat -finish. These outside cases are made of wood, and drop lightly over -all; when thus protected and fixed on a pedestal, the hive may be placed -in the open air in such position as fancy may dictate. The aspect -should be south or south-east, and if against a wall, sufficient space -must be allowed for a free passage behind, as it is from thence all -operations must be conducted by the apiarian. The case and roof -with the stand being the only parts exposed to weather, will be the -only portions that require painting; they are sometimes stained and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">- 42 -</span> -varnished, and we are inclined to -prefer the latter for appearance. -Should the apiarian have a complete -bee-hive house, the cover and -stands will not be needed.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="page42" style="width: 213px;"> - <img src="images/page42.png" width="213" height="299" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>When removing or replacing -the covers, care should be taken to -do so very gently, or the bees will -be enraged and rush out, and may -inflict stings upon those within their -reach. The necessity for lifting off -the cover for the purpose of looking -in, either at the window of the -stock hive or of the super, we have -obviated by making a door both -in the upper and lower parts of the outside case. These doors, or -unglazed windows, are hinged at the bottom so as to open downwards, -rendering inspection easy without disturbance to the bees.</p> - -<p>A wooden range for supporting a number of hives makes a safe -and economical stand; it may be formed by driving firmly into the -ground two rows of posts, each row about 13 inches apart; to these -two rails about 2 inches square are nailed, and upon these the hives -firmly rest. Care should be taken not to have the hives nearer together -than 18 inches; the intermediate space will be found very convenient -on which to rest the cover, or for supporting an empty hive during -the proper performance of any operation.</p> - -<p>Mr. Woodbury has his hives arranged on rails, somewhat after -the plan before described.</p> - -<p>In describing as above the various hives and frames, some hints -have been given as to the methods of handling them. This, however, -will not suffice for an induction to the mysteries of practical -bee-keeping; and we must refer the reader to a subsequent section, -wherein the details as to manipulation will be fully explained, and -the results of the experience of several distinguished apiarians will -be embodied.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">- 43 -</span></p> - - -<p id="Taylors_Imp_Hive" class="caption3">TAYLOR'S IMPROVED COTTAGE HIVE. No. 14.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="page43a" style="width: 186px;"> - <img src="images/page43a.png" width="186" height="269" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>No. 14 hive is similar in principle to -No. 8. It is also similar in size, with -the exception of being quite straight at -the sides. A zinc rim affords protection -from the weather. Under -the upper straw hive a bell glass is -worked. A mahogany adapting board, -with a 4 inch hole in the centre corresponding -with that of the hive, supplies -an even surface for the glass to -rest on, and facilitates its removal when -full. For particulars for stocking and -management see directions for No. 8 -and No. 5 hives.</p> - - -<p id="Eight_Bar_Hive" class="caption3">EIGHT-BAR STRAW HIVE. No. 18.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="page43b" style="width: 168px;"> - <img src="images/page43b.png" width="168" height="243" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>This is an ingenious contrivance of -Mr. Taylor's. Hoops are worked in the -straw, both at top and bottom of the stock -hive, and in the upper hoop are openings -cut to receive eight comb bars; each bar -is 1¼ of an inch wide, with a space of h an -inch between. Since the introduction of -square straw bar and frame hives, these -have not been much in request. Considerable -inconvenience is found with this -hive, because the bars being of unequal -lengths they cannot be interchanged one -with the other.</p> - -<p>The description given of No. 3 hive, and mode of stocking and -furnishing it with guide comb, apply to this hive. The large straw -hive raised up in the engraving is an outside case; the roof is a -large zinc cover. If placed in a bee-house, the outside case and -zinc roof are not required.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">- 44 -</span></p> - - -<p id="Neighbors_Uni_Hive" class="caption3">NEIGHBOUR'S UNICOMB OBSERVATORY HIVE. No. 20.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="page44" style="width: 265px;"> - <img src="images/page44.png" width="265" height="184" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>This hive is well adapted -for those persons who are -desirous of having the opportunity -of closely examining -the workmanship of these -industrious and interesting -insects. It is particularly -intended for a window recess -or an indoor apiary; and will -also be found an interesting addition to the green house. An aperture -should be cut in the sash corresponding with the entrance to the -hive, through which the bees may find egress and ingress, without -being able to gain access to the apartment, as on the plan in the -case of the Ladies' Observatory Hive.</p> - -<p>The Unicomb Hive is constructed of so narrow a width between -thin plates of glass that it admits of one comb only to be built, and at -the same time leaves space between the comb and the glass on either -side for the bees to pass and repass. It is thus made so that every -bee may be exposed to view. The queen forming the most prominent -feature of attention, she is readily distinguished by the greater -length of her body, as well as by the attention paid to her by the -other bees.</p> - -<p>The mode of stocking this hive is as follows:—procure a strong -swarm if practicable, and let it be first hived into a common straw -hive in the usual way. Take care to make the necessary preparations -previous to the operation of stocking; for this purpose first unscrew -the top and take out the bar intended for the foundation of the -comb. A sort of wooden trough, contrived to act as a funnel, is -provided with this hive. It is in separate pieces, so as to be packed -conveniently, and requires screwing together. The funnel must now -be attached to the hive, and care be taken that it is quite firmly -fixed—the metal plates are attached for this purpose. Having -made these preparations at dusk, dash the bees out on to a cloth -or sheet spread on the ground, place four pieces of wood so as to -raise the hive a little from the cloth; then invert the hive so -as to have the funnel downwards, placing it over the bees, and -letting it rest on the four pieces of wood just named. In a short -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">- 45 -</span> -time (say half an hour or an hour) the bees will ascend into the -hive; they will go up more quickly if occasionally stirred with the -feather of a goose quill.</p> - -<p>When the bees have ascended into the hive, take off the funnel, -replace the bar, screw on the top board, take it to the place intended -for it permanently to occupy, and which has been prepared for it. -It will be as well to screen the hive from view for a few days until the -bees become settled in their new domicile. Although this hive is constructed -of double glass to keep up a more uniform degree of warmth, -still from the cold nature of glass and the close contact into which -the bees are brought with it, it is advisable to place flannel between -the outer shutters and the glass of the hive on both sides; this is found -essential in winter, and very much adds to the comfort of the bees if -placed so every cold night during most of the year. In the day time -in summer months with the hive being of double glass the whole may be -fully exposed to view. If the temperature of the apartment in which -the hive stands be kept at 60 degrees, this extra attention will not -be so needful. Bees cease to appear disturbed when the exposure -to light is continuous. As soon as the bees are settled, comb -building will immediately commence, and in about two weeks' -time there will be one comb spreading over the whole hive. The -queen may be viewed depositing her eggs, and all the usual -operations of the rearing of brood, storing of honey, and the -building of combs, will be open to full inspection, with perfect ease -to the spectator. As an object of lively and permanent interest for the -breakfast parlour or conservatory, the "Unicomb Observatory Hive" -may be regarded as infinitely superior to an Aquarium or Fernery.</p> - -<p>At the Exposition Universelle of 1855 in Paris, we exhibited a hive -of this description in full working order. The bees left London on the -5th of July of that year, and were placed in the Exposition on the -following morning. An entrance was made for them through the -side of the building, as before explained. Our bees had no national -antipathies, and they immediately sallied forth to their "fresh fields -and pastures new" in the Champs Elysées, the gardens of the -Tuileries, the Luxembourg, &c., whence they soon returned laden -with luscious store from French flowers.</p> - -<p>The Jurors of the Exposition awarded us a Prize Medal for -bee-hives.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">- 46 -</span></p> - - -<p id="Woodbury_Uni_Hive">WOODBURY UNICOMB HIVE.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="page46" style="width: 354px;"> - <img src="images/page46.png" width="354" height="275" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The "Woodbury Unicomb Hive" has many advantages over -hives of this kind as previously constructed. The engraving shows -the interior compartment divided into six; these are six Woodbury -frames. The inner sash opens to admit of hanging up the frames -on the notches prepared for them. The width of the hive between -the glasses of the sashes is just sufficient to admit of one thickness -of comb with space on either side for the bees to pass and repass, -the same as in Neighbour's Unicomb. There is, however, a great -advantage in the use of this hive; with it, any one possessing a -Woodbury box or straw bar and frame hive can readily commence -a Unicomb, and as readily put the combs and bees back into the -square hive again. The outside shutters on either side are composed -of Venetian blinds admitting daylight, but obscuring the rays of -the sun. We had the entrance made at one end, as represented -in our drawing; this alteration was made after the pattern of -the hive from which Mr. Woodbury allowed us to copy. His own -was intended to stand wholly out of doors, and had two central -entrances, one on either side at the bottom, the hive itself turning -on a pivot.</p> - -<p>When the hive was being examined on one side, the entrance -was closed by a piece of wood inserted in it, and when the other -side was brought round to be inspected, the piece of wood withdrawn -and placed in the opposite entrance. This was a most ingenious -contrivance; but it did not answer our purpose for indoors. When -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">- 47 -</span> -Mr. Woodbury sent us his hive, we were preparing for the -International Exhibition of 1862, and in placing it against the -sides of the building, we followed our old plan for ingress by -having the entrance at the end. Since that time we have made -a considerable improvement by adapting Mr. Woodbury's cleverly -contrived turn-table to suit our own hive. Like Mr. Woodbury's -hive, ours has two iron wheels, the one fixed to the bottom of the -hive, the other fixed to a stout board running the full length of the -hive; on these two wheels the whole hive turns. In the centre -there is an opening into the hive, with a passage-way running -underneath, so that the bees' entrance is in no way affected by the -position of the hive, which revolves to suit the convenience of -visitors inspecting it. Should the queen with her attendants not be -visible on one side, the other side of the comb can be brought into -full view, and examined with the same facility as a picture, or as -articles are inspected in a shop window. Thus, in the Unicomb -Observatory Hive, the sovereign mother, her train of servitors, the -drones with their aimless movements, and the crowd of ever busy -workers—either building their combs or storing honey—may be -always seen as presenting a veritable "Tableau vivant."</p> - -<p>Another improvement that we have made upon Mr. Woodbury's -pattern is that of accommodating the frames; his was constructed -before frame hives were in use, consequently it is only suitable for -combs on bars. Our adaptation has necessitated an increase in -size. The dimensions are nearly 3 feet square and 7 inches deep -from back to front. Provision is made at top for feeding and for -working two small flat top glasses for deprivation, which are -protected by the weather board.</p> - -<p>An alighting board is placed at the centre, close under the -entrance, when the hive is located out of doors. When the hive -is placed indoors, a passage-way about 18 inches long, covered with -glass, is fixed to the entrance, the other end communicating with -an opening in the wall or sash; through this the bees find access, -an alighting board being fixed outside the building. It is requisite -that the passage-way be about this length, in order to allow of the -hive turning round clear of the side of the building.</p> - -<p>In the summer of 1863 we had ample proof of the success of -this hive during its exhibition at the annual show of the Bath and -West of England Agricultural Society at Exeter. We selected six -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">- 48 -</span> -combs, and packed them in one of the square box "Woodbury -bar and frame" hives, and on arrival at Exeter, Mr. Woodbury -assisted us in taking out the frames and placing them in the -Unicomb. That being fixed against the boarded side of a shed, -we found the covered way a great convenience, and it answered -remarkably well; the bees did not seem to be inconvenienced by -having to travel through so long a passage. A glass covering admitted -a full view of the little labourers as they crowded in, and the -sight of them very much enhanced the interest of visitors examining -the hive.<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">[4]</a> It may require explanation how it was that we took bees to Exeter, which -sounds something like "carrying coals to Newcastle." The reason was this—the -garden of our friend, Mr. Woodbury, at Mount Radford, from which we -could have been supplied, was so near to the show yard that he was apprehensive -a large number of the bees would return to their old hives. Our bees -from a distance would, according to their nature, return to their own hive, for -bees although they may be moved miles away, take care to mark their new -position, and are careful to return to it. Mr. Woodbury lent us a small stock -of his Ligurian bees, and between it and our own hive the crowd of visitors -divided their attention.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Since the time before mentioned, we have exhibited bees at the -meetings of the Bath and West of England Agricultural Society at -Bristol, and of the Royal Agricultural Society at Newcastle in 1864. -On both occasions further proof was given that this hive admirably -answers the purpose intended, and it afforded pleasure and interest -to many thousands of visitors.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Mode of Stocking.</span>—The Unicomb hive may be stocked in -two ways, which have been previously referred to. The bee-keeper -may either select the comb upon which the queen is found and put -it into the hive, and so form an artificial swarm; or he may take -six brood-combs from a hive, and so stock the "Unicomb" at once, -which we did for the show at Exeter.</p> - -<p>The former plan is, perhaps, the most advisable, because new -comb has to be built within the five frames; for, be it remembered, -in this case five empty frames must be put in. It is a better plan still -if artificial combs are placed in each frame so as to afford an interesting -opportunity of watching the formation of the cells therein. The -combs are sure to be dark in colour when taken from a stock hive; -and new combs being whiter have a better appearance in the hive. -The comb upon which the queen was introduced may be taken away -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">- 49 -</span> -after the artificial swarm has made combs within some of the other -five frames; when the queen is on one of the new combs, opportunity -may easily be taken for opening the hive and removing the -old dark comb. The bees can easily be shaken or brushed off the -comb, and will return to the hive. The comb with the unhatched -brood may be deposited in any square hive that needs strengthening. -We mention this to show how to obtain a hive with entirely fine -white comb.</p> - -<p>If the possessor of a square Woodbury frame-hive wishes to -start a strong Unicomb hive, and does not object to appropriate -the stock, he must take out of the Woodbury hive any six combs -on the frames, and put the Unicomb in its place so as to receive -all the returning bees that happen to be abroad; the remaining -four combs, supposing there are ten, may be inserted in any other -frame hives in the garden in which are vacancies for them.</p> - -<p>We have had this hive in operation, in the manner last described, -during the summer of 1863, and found it to answer remarkably well. -On a lawn, placed on a suitable ornamental stand, it formed a -pleasing object, besides affording great interest and instruction.</p> - -<p>In Unicomb hives stocked with a natural swarm (as is generally -the plan), there is considerable difficulty in keeping the bees alive -through the winter. In a hive where the combs are removeable, no -loss of bees need be occasioned. We do not recommend the hive -we are now describing as a winter residence for bees. For four -months in the year, when bees are most active and when their -operations are most interesting, this hive may be brought into use, -either of the two plans before described being adopted. An artificial -swarm should be put in during May or June, and taken out, in -the method before mentioned, and then placed in the square box -during the month of September; sometimes it may do for a stock -to be put in a month or so earlier, but should never be retained -later in this hive. In October we often have cold nights; the bees -and brood being in such close contact with the glass, and not able -to cluster as is their natural wont, suffer from exposure to the -variations of temperature. In some degree to moderate this. Me -have used treble glass with a space between each square; greater -warmth is thus attained, and the view is not intercepted. Opportunity -should be taken for cleaning the Unicomb hive when empty, -so as to be ready for re-stocking as a new hive in the following -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">- 50 -</span> -summer. The "Unicomb Observatory" hive is one which might -have been suggested by the lines of Evans:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">By this blest art our ravished eyes behold</div> - <div class="verse indent0">The singing masons build their roofs of gold.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">And mingling multitudes perplex the view,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Yet all in order apt their tasks pursue;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Still happier they whose favoured ken hath seen</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Pace slow and silent round, the state's fair queen.</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - - -<p id="HUBERS_HIVE" class="caption3">HUBER'S HIVE. No. 19.</p> - -<p>To <span class="smcap">Francis Huber</span>—not improperly styled the "Prince of -Apiarians,"—we are indebted for more extensive and accurate -observations on the habits of the Bee than has been contributed -by all other observers since the time of <span class="smcap">Aristotle</span>.</p> - -<p>During the early period of Huber's investigations, he prosecuted -them by means of single comb hives which allow of each side of the -comb being examined. He found, however, that these had one -important defect. The bees could not in these hives cluster -together, which is their natural method of withstanding the effects -of a reduced temperature. Huber hit upon the ingenious expedient -of combining a number of single comb frames so as to form one -complete hive, which could be opened in order to expose any particular -comb, without disturbing the rest. From the manner of the -opening and closing of this hive, it has generally been called the -"Leaf or Book Hive." The division separating each comb is -joined both back and front with "butt hinges," fastened with a -moveable pin, on withdrawing which, at either side, each comb and -the bees on it may be inspected as easily as if in a single comb hive. -Huber's Leaf Hive is thus in appearance as if several of those -"History of England" back-gammon chess boards were set up on -end together. The floorboard on which the hive stands is larger -than the hive when closed, so as to allow of its being opened freely -at any particular "volume." An entrance way for the bees is -hollowed out of the floorboard as in other hives. There is a -glass window in each end of the hive, which is provided with a -shutter.</p> - -<p>There is, however, one serious objection to Huber's hive, which, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">- 51 -</span> -though not noticed by him or his careful assistant, has prevented its -general use. That is, the difficulty there is in closing it without -crushing some of the bees, a catastrophe which, by exasperating -their comrades, is certain to interfere with any experiments. There -is no such risk in the Bar and Frame Hive, whilst in it every -facility possessed by Huber's is retained; so that we strongly -recommend scientific apiarians, in preference to Huber's, that they -should use some kind of Bar and Frame Hive. We have here -introduced a description of Huber's Leaf Hive (and should be glad -to exhibit one) for the sake of its historic interest in connection -with apiarian science. The invention was invaluable for Huber -himself, and it suggested to other apiarians the adoption of the -present plan of vertical bars and frames.</p> - -<p>The character of Huber, and the circumstances under which he -pursued his observations, are so remarkable, that we need scarcely -apologize for stating a few particulars respecting him here. He -was born at Geneva in July, 1750, his family being in honourable -station and noted for talent. Just as he attained to manhood he -lost his sight, and remained blind to the end of his days. This -apparently insuperable obstacle in the way of scientific observation, -was overcome by the remarkable fidelity with which Burnens, his -assistant, watched the bees, and reported their movements to Huber, -Madame Huber also who, although betrothed to him before his -calamity, had remained constant in her affection, assisted in the -investigations with great assiduity during their long and happy -wedded life. We quote the following from "Memoirs of Huber," -by Professor de Candolle:—</p> - -<p>"We have seen the blind shine as poets, and distinguish themselves -as philosophers, musicians, and calculators; but it was -reserved for Huber to give a lustre to his class in the sciences of -observation, and on objects so minute that the most clear-sighted -observer can scarcely perceive them. The reading of the works of -Reaumur and Bonnet, and the conversation of the latter, directed -his curiosity to the history of bees. His habitual residence in the -country inspired him with the desire, first of verifying some -facts, then of filling some blanks in their history; but this kind of -observation required not only the use of such an instrument as the -optician must furnish, but an intelligent assistant, who alone could -adjust it to its use. He had then a servant named Francis Burnens, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">- 52 -</span> -remarkable for his sagacity and for the devotion he bore for his -master. Huber practiced him in the art of observation, directed -him to his researches by questions adroitly combined, and aided by -the recollections of his youth, and by the testimonies of his wife -and friends, he rectified the assertions of his assistant, and became -enabled to form in his own mind a true and perfect image of the -manifest facts. 'I am much more certain,' said he, smiling, to a -scientific friend, 'of what I state than you are, for you publish -what your own eyes only have seen, while I take the mean among -many witnesses.' This is, doubtless, very plausible reasoning, but -very few persons will by it be rendered distrustful of their own -eyesight."</p> - -<p>The results of Huber's observations were published in 1792, in -the form of letters to Ch. Bonnet, under the title of "Nouvelles -Observation sur les Abeilles." This work made a strong impression -upon many naturalists, not only because of the novelty of the facts -stated, and the excellent inductive reasoning employed, but also on -account of the rigorous accuracy of the observations recorded, when -it was considered with what an extraordinary difficulty the author -had to struggle.</p> - -<p>Huber retained the clear faculties of his observant mind until -his death, which took place on the 22nd of December, 1831. Most -of the facts relating to the impregnation of the queen, the formation -of cells, and the whole economy of the bee-community as discovered -and described by Huber, have received full confirmation from the -investigations of succeeding naturalists.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="page52" style="width: 126px;"> - <img src="images/page52.png" width="126" height="53" alt="" /> -</div> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">- 53 -</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="III_EXTERIOR_ARRANGEMENTS_AND_APPARATUS">III. EXTERIOR ARRANGEMENTS AND APPARATUS.</h2> -</div> - - -<p id="BEE-HOUSE_TWO_HIVES" class="caption3">BEE-HOUSE TO CONTAIN TWO HIVES. No. 39.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="page53a" style="width: 283px;"> - <img src="images/page53a.png" width="283" height="196" alt="" /> - <div class="figcaption"><p>Front View of Bee-House.</p></div> -</div> - -<p>There is no contrivance -for protecting hives from -the weather so complete as -a bee-house one, which also -admits of an easy inspection -of the hives ranged -therein. This arrangement -is especially convenient for -lady bee-keepers.</p> - -<p>The folding doors behind -the bee-house have -only to be opened, and the -hives are at once exposed to full view. If the cover of the bee-hive -be lifted as well as the shutters opened, the hives and the -glasses may be deliberately inspected, without any danger of -molestation from the bees. Thus the progress made by the busy -multitude in building and filling their combs may be watched by -the bee-keeper, from day to day with great and increasing interest.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="page53b" style="width: 341px;"> - <img src="images/page53b.png" width="341" height="257" alt="" /> - <div class="figcaption"><p>Back View of the Interior.</p></div> -</div> - -<p>Here our engraving -shows the -back view of the -bee-house, the interior -being furnished -with two of -our 'No. 5 cottage -hives. Two suspended -weights -will be noticed; -these are to balance -the top hives -which cover the -glasses; the cord -for each, runs on pulleys, so that the covers can be easily raised and as -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">- 54 -</span> -easily shut down again when the inspection is finished. We may here -remark, that it is not well to keep the glasses long exposed to full -light and view.</p> - -<p>The front of the bee-house being closely boarded, a passage way -is contrived for the bees by which they have egress and ingress, -without being able to gain access to the house. The hives must be -kept close to the front boarding of the house, so as to prevent -the opening of any crevices which the bees might mistake for the -entrance to their hives, and so find their way into the house. The -front view of this bee-house shows the ordinary contrivance for -entrance; the sliding zinc entrances may also be advantageously -fixed as shown in the engraving of a "Bee-house to contain twelve -hives." In many parts of the country, hives and honey are sometimes -stolen from the garden; the bee-houses we furnish have a -lock and key to prevent depredations of this kind.</p> - -<p>Care must be taken to keep the bee-houses free from spiders -and other insects. In some districts ants are numerous and troublesome. -The plan we recommend for excluding them is to put some -pitch round the four supports of the bee-house; or, better still, strips -of loose flannel or other woollen material that is absorbent, which have -previously been soaked in lamp-oil. We use sperm oil, being the -slowest drying oil we know of. A piece of string will keep the flannel -close to the wood, and then neither ant or any other insect will -pass up; so that by this simple means the hives may, so to speak, -be insulated and placed beyond their reach. As the oil dries up it -can easily be renewed. We have found this an effectual remedy -against these insidious enemies of bees.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="page54" style="width: 113px;"> - <img src="images/page54.png" width="113" height="44" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">- 55 -</span></p> - - -<p id="BEE-HOUSE_TWELVE_HIVES" class="caption3">BEE-HOUSE TO CONTAIN TWELVE HIVES. No. 40.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="page55" style="width: 438px;"> - <img src="images/page55.png" width="438" height="487" alt="" /> - <div class="figcaption"><p>Back View of the above, showing the Interior.</p></div> -</div> - -<p>Where economy of room is a consideration, we fit up bee-houses -with a double row of hives, one above the other. Our engravings -show the back and front of a house of this kind, having an -ornamental zinc gutter to prevent the wet from dripping on to the -alighting board.</p> - -<p>When a number of hives are thus together, we colour the -alighting boards differently, so that bees may have a distinctive -mark by which each may know its own home, and not wander -into its neighbour's house. Bees readily enough receive a honey -laden labourer into a hive; but if the wanderer be poor and empty, -he will be promptly repulsed, and may have to forfeit his life for -his mistake. Queens returning from their wedding trip, are liable -to mistake their hive if all the entrances are so much alike that a -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">- 56 -</span> -noticeable difference is not easily apparent. A queen entering a hive -already supplied with a fruitful sovereign would be certain to be -killed. The loss to the hive to which the queen belonged is a -most serious one. Hives are often made queenless from this cause, -and thereby reduced to utter ruin; the bee-master perhaps -attributing his loss to something altogether different.</p> - - -<p id="BEE-HOUSE_NINE_HIVES" class="caption3">BEE-HOUSE TO CONTAIN NINE HIVES. No. 41.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="page56" style="width: 281px;"> - <img src="images/page56.png" width="281" height="224" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>This engraving represents -a bee-house adapted -for having a number of -hives in a limited space. -Three rows of hives, one -above the other.</p> - -<p>We do not recommend -a bee-house of this construction; -it is difficult to -erect one to afford space -for super hives, without it -being so inconveniently high as to be liable to be blown over by -strong winds.</p> - -<p>Hives thus located in a bee-house are not exposed to so much -change of temperature and the stocks generally pass the winter well. -Here we may introduce the meditations of a German apiarian, -as he describes the advantages of a bee-house for the bees, and his -own pleasure in watching over his pets in the winter, as they dwell -so comfortably and safely. It is true that Heer Braun associates -still choicer delights with the simple pleasures of bee-keeping, but -as Mr. Woodbury has not excluded the higher theme from his -translation, we need not hesitate to quote the whole:—</p> - -<p id="EVENING_THOUGHTS_IN_JANUARY" class="caption3">EVENING THOUGHTS IN JANUARY.</p> - -<p class="tdc">(<i>Translated from the German of</i> <span class="smcap">Adalbert Braun</span>.)</p> - -<p class="tdc"><span class="smcap">By "A Devonshire Bee-keeper."</span></p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">Within my little garden</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Stands also a bee-house,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">And bees therein protected</div> - <div class="verse indent2">From sly tomtit or mouse.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">How quietly they're sitting!</div> - <div class="verse indent2">And little trouble give,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Beyond the needful watching,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">How undisturb'd they live;</div><span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">- 57 -</span> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">That all, indeed, are living</div> - <div class="verse indent2">In strong unbroken health,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">And, in the brood-nest hanging,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Consume their hoarded wealth—</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">That in the dwindling store-room</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Sufficient stores remain,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Until the rape-plant donneth</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Its blossom dress again.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">Thus daily do I visit</div> - <div class="verse indent2">My garden and my bees,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Neglecting thereby often</div> - <div class="verse indent2">My dinner and my ease.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">Thank God! they all were humming</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Within their hives to-day;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Nor could I find a symptom</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Of hunger or decay.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">And yet what ardent longing</div> - <div class="verse indent2">I feel, O Spring, for thee!</div> - <div class="verse indent0">My darlings' gleesome frolics</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Are happiness to me!</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">How would this anxious longing</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Consume my very breast,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">But for a little being</div> - <div class="verse indent2">So full of love and jest.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">In heat or cold who prattles</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Around me ev'ry day,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">And stills the throes of longing</div> - <div class="verse indent2">By commune blithe and gay.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">Ye bee-keepers can value</div> - <div class="verse indent2">A joy that is complete;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">It is my wife—the darling—</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Whose lips are honey-sweet.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">With e'en the richest bee-stand</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Were joy and pleasure gone,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">If my heart's queen were wanting</div> - <div class="verse indent2">And I left here alone.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">Thus her I love and honour.</div> - <div class="verse indent2">No difference have we,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">But oft-times go together,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Our little pets to see.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">Her kisses sweet removing</div> - <div class="verse indent2">All sorrow from my breast,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">And honied joys surrounding</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Proclaim us highly blest.</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p class="tdc"><span class="smcap">T. W. Woodbury</span>, <i>Mount Radford, Exeter</i>.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="page57" style="width: 107px;"> - <img src="images/page57.png" width="107" height="109" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">- 58 -</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter" id="page58a" style="width: 480px;"> - <img src="images/page58a.png" width="480" height="353" alt="" /> - <div class="figcaption"><span class="smcap">Exterior of an Apiary.</span><br /> - As originally erected in the Zoological Gardens, Regents Park.</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" id="page58b" style="width: 488px;"> - <img src="images/page58b.png" width="488" height="383" alt="" /> - <div class="figcaption"><span class="smcap">Interior of the above.</span><br/> - May be taken as suggestive for the construction or appropriation of rooms - for larger Apiaries in summer houses or other outbuildings.</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">- 59 -</span></p> - -<div class="figright" id="page59a" style="width: 162px;"> - <img src="images/page59a.png" width="162" height="274" alt="" /> -</div> - - -<p id="ZINC_COVER" class="pmt4 caption3">ZINC COVER. No. 37.</p> - -<p>This is a simple and inexpensive covering -for a No. 5, or other cottage straw hive -when exposed in the garden. It fits close -on to the upper hive, coming sufficiently -low to protect from the sun and rain, -without obscuring the whole hive.</p> - -<p class="pmb4">These covers are painted green, that -colour being generally preferred.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="page59b" style="width: 195px;"> - <img src="images/page59b.png" width="195" height="392" alt="" /> -</div> - - -<p id="ORN_ZINC_COVER" class="caption3">ORNAMENTAL ZINC COVER. No. 38.</p> - -<p>The annexed engraving of the -Ornamental Zinc Cover renders but -little description necessary. The illustration -shows one of our No. 5 -improved cottage hives on a stand. -Three clumps of wood must be driven -into the ground, and the three iron -rods supporting the covering made -fast to them with screws. There are -screw holes in the feet of the iron rods -for the purpose; when thus secured, -but little fear need be entertained of -its being blown over by high winds.</p> - -<p>In the roof two pulleys are fixed, -so that by attaching a cord, the upper -hive covering the bell glass supers -may be raised with facility for the -purpose of observing the progress -made by the bees.</p> - -<p class="pmb2">The Ornamental Zinc Cover will form a pleasing object in the -flower garden when placed in a suitable position on the grass plot. -It is painted green; the iron rods are of such a length as to -support the roof at a convenient height from the ground.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">- 60 -</span></p> - - -<p id="COVER_OF_ZINC" class="caption3">COVER OF ZINC. No. 29.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="page60a" style="width: 160px;"> - <img src="images/page60a.png" width="160" height="71" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="pmb2">This zinc cover introduced by H. Taylor, -Esq., for his cottage hive (No. 14) will also -be found useful as a protection from wet for -many other descriptions of round straw hives.</p> - - -<p id="BELL_GLASSES" class="caption3">BELL GLASSES.</p> - -<table summary="Glasses"> -<tr> - <td> -<div class="figcenter" id="page60b" style="width: 101px;"> - <img src="images/page60b.png" width="101" height="126" alt="" /> - <div class="figcaption">25.</div> -</div> - </td><td> -<div class="figcenter" id="page60c" style="width: 84px;"> - <img src="images/page60c.png" width="84" height="102" alt="" /> - <div class="figcaption">26.</div> -</div> - </td><td> -<div class="figcenter" id="page60d" style="width: 90px;"> - <img src="images/page60d.png" width="90" height="89" alt="" /> - <div class="figcaption">27.</div> -</div> - </td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>25. To contain 10 lbs., 10 inches high, 7 inches wide.</p> - -<p>26. To contain 6 lbs., 7 inches high, 5½ inches wide.</p> - -<p>27. To contain 3 lbs., 5 inches high, 4 inches wide.</p> - -<p>These bell glasses are used in the hives before described. -No. 25 is for Nutt's Hive (No. 1); No. 26 is for our Improved -Cottage Hive (No. 5); No. 27 is a very small glass, one that is -not often used, and which we do not recommend. Bees will -generally fill a middle sized glass quite as soon as one so small -as this.</p> - - -<p id="TAYLORS_GLASS" class="caption3">BELL GLASSES. No. 24.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="page60e" style="width: 247px;"> - <img src="images/page60e.png" width="247" height="110" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>These glasses have been -introduced by Mr. Taylor, -and are recommended as preferable -to deep narrow glasses.</p> - -<p>The drawings will show -that they are straight at the -sides, flat at the top inside, with a knob outside to take hold by, -through which is an ½ inch opening to admit a ventilating tube.</p> - -<p>The larger is 6 inches deep, 12 inches wide; smaller 5 inches -deep, 9½ inches wide.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">- 61 -</span></p> - -<div class="figleft" id="page61a" style="width: 99px;"> - <img src="images/page61a.png" width="99" height="89" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p id="PAYNES_GLASS">The late Mr. J. H. Payne, of Bury, author of the -"Bee-keeper's Guide," introduced another glass. It -has a 3 inch hole in the centre, the purpose of which is -to tempt bees to produce additional and larger stores -of honey. It is to be used as follows:—when a bell -glass is half or quite filled, raise it, and place the -Payne's glass over the hole of the stock hive, with the filled glass -on it over the 3 inch hole. The bees will bring their combs -through, and thus Mr. Payne found that they would store more -honey than if the bell glass were removed and another empty one -put in its place. Of course the first glass must be smaller in -diameter than the Payne's glass, so as to rest upon it.</p> - - -<p id="BELL_GLASS_W_LID" class="caption3">BELL GLASS. No. 28.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="page61b" style="width: 99px;"> - <img src="images/page61b.png" width="99" height="118" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>This is a glass super to be placed on the hive in -a similar way to the bell glasses already alluded to. -It has the advantages of being straight at the sides, -flat at top, and without a knob; so that when filled -it may be brought on to the breakfast table, inverted, -on a plate. The glass lid shown in the engraving -forms a cover, and fits over outside, so as not to interfere with the -combs within. These flat top glasses, like those with a knob, have -a hole through which a zinc ventilating tube is inserted.</p> - - -<p id="GUIDE_COMB_FOR_GLASSES" class="caption3">GUIDE COMB FOR GLASSES.</p> - -<p>In some of our previous allusions to the best mode of inducing -bees to commence working in glasses, we have recommended -attaching guide comb. We will now more particularly explain -how this attraction can be best applied. We have already shown -how bees may be induced to make use of guide combs fixed to bars, -and the same principle is applicable to glasses. These may be -filled with great regularity by adopting the following directions, -which we believe have never before appeared in print:—</p> - -<p>Procure a piece of clean new empty worker honey-comb -which has not had honey in it (because honey will prevent -adhesion to the glass); cut it up into pieces of about three -quarters of an inch square. Gently warm the exterior of the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">- 62 -</span> -glass; this we find is best done by holding the glass horizontally for a short -time over the flame of a candle; then apply one of the pieces -of empty comb inside at the part warmed, taking care in fixing -it that the pitch or inclination of the cells is upwards—in fact, place -the guide comb in the same relative position that it occupied in the -hive or glass from which it was taken. There is some danger of -making the glass too warm, which will cause the comb to melt, and -the wax to run down the side, leaving an unsightly appearance on -the glass; this should be carefully avoided, and a little experience -will soon enable the operator to determine the degree of warmth -sufficient to make the comb adhere without any of it being melted. -It is hardly necessary to state that only the very whitest combs -ought to be used. A short time should be allowed before changing -the position of the glass, so that it may cool sufficiently to hold the -comb in its place. Six or eight pieces may thus be fixed, so that -when the glass is filled, it will present a star shape, all -the combs radiating from the centre. The annexed -engraving shows the appearance of a glass as worked -by the bees, in which guide combs were fixed in the -manner described above. The drawing was taken from -a glass of our own filled after being thus furnished.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="page62" style="width: 82px;"> - <img src="images/page62.png" width="82" height="90" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>In the Old Museum at the Royal Gardens, Kew, may be seen -a Taylor's glass presented by us, some of the combs in which are -elongated on the outside to the breadth of six inches. We believe -that not only does a glass present a much handsomer appearance -when thus worked—and will, on that account, most fully reward -the trouble of fixing guide comb—but that more honey is stored in -the same space and in less time than if the glass be placed on the -hive merely in a naked condition for the bees to follow their own -devices.</p> - -<p>This mode of fixing guide comb does not solely apply to this -shaped glass, but is equally useful for all kinds of glasses. It is -introduced in connection with No. 28, because that glass having a -flat top and no knob, the regularity is more clearly apparent.</p> - -<p>The working of bees in the bell glasses illustrates how tractable -their disposition really is if only scope be allowed for the due -exercise of their natural instinct. They have no secrets in their -economy, and they do not shrink from our constant observation as -they daily pursue their simple policy of continuous thrift and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">- 63 -</span> -persevering accumulation. Yet it is only owing to the labours of -successive inventors that we are now enabled to watch "the very -pulse of the machine" of the bee-commonwealth:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">"Long from the eye of man and face of day,</div> - <div class="verse indent1">Involved in darkness all their customs lay,</div> - <div class="verse indent1">Until a sage well versed in Nature's lore,</div> - <div class="verse indent1">A genius formed all science to explore;</div> - <div class="verse indent1">Hives well contrived, in crystal frames disposed.</div> - <div class="verse indent1">And there the busy citizens disclosed."—<span class="smcap">Murphy's</span> <i>Vaniere</i>.</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - - -<p id="NEW_BOTTLE_FEEDER" class="caption3">THE NEW BOTTLE FEEDER. No. 44.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="page63" style="width: 60px;"> - <img src="images/page63.png" width="60" height="85" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>It has long been acknowledged that the best mode of -feeding bees is through an opening at the top of the stock -hive. The "new bottle feeder" is a simple and good means -of administering food when a stock requires help in that -way. Any kind of hive that has an opening at the top may -thus be fed; bees can take the food from it without leaving the hive. -Another important feature is the cleanliness with which liberal feeding -can be accomplished; and few operations require more care than does -feeding. If liquid sweet is left hanging about the hive, it tempts -robber bees, and when once the bees of an apiary have had a taste, -there is no knowing where their depredations will stop; they -resolutely attack and endeavour to rob other hives, fighting and -killing one another to a considerable extent. Even if no hives be -completely destroyed, weakness from loss of numbers will be the -portion of most, if not all, the hives in the garden.</p> - -<p>The morals of our favorites are here a good deal at fault, for the -strongest hives, when their inordinate passion is thus stirred up by -the carelessness or want of knowledge of the bee-keeper, attack and -prey upon the weak. To be "forewarned is to be forearmed"—and -"prevention is better than cure." We strongly recommend -closely covering up the feeder; one of the middle size bell glasses -put over it makes a close fitting cover, should the regular cover to -the hive not be sufficiently tight: when bees are not kept in a -bee-house—and are on that account more accessible—this extra care is -more particularly needed. The right time for feeding is in the -autumn or spring. A stock of bees at Michaelmas ought to weigh -20 lbs. exclusive of the hive, and if then it weigh less, the deficiency -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">- 64 -</span> -should be made up by artificial food. It is not wise to defer doing -this until later in the season, because it is important that when the -food is placed in the cells, the bees should seal it up, and a tolerably -warm temperature is required to enable them to secrete the wax for -the delicately formed lids of the cells. If the food remain unsealed, -there is danger of its turning sour and thereby causing disease -among the bees. It is not well to feed in mid-winter or when the -weather is very cold. Bees at such times consume but little food, -being in a state of torpor, from which it is better not to arouse them.</p> - -<p>A little food in the spring stimulates the queen to lay more -abundantly, for bees are provident, and do not rear the young so -rapidly when the supplies are short. In this particular the intelligence -of bees is very striking; they have needed no Malthus to -teach them that the means of subsistence must regulate the increase -of a prosperous population:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">"The prescient female rears the tender brood</div> - <div class="verse indent1">In strict proportion to the hoarded food."—Evans.</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>[** no indent]Judgment has, however, to be exercised by the apiarian in giving -food, for it is quite possible to do <i>mischief by over feeding</i>. The -bees when over-fed will fill so many of the combs with honey that -the queen in the early spring cannot find empty cells in which to -deposit her eggs, and by this means the progress of the hive is much -retarded, a result that should be guarded against.</p> - -<p>The following directions will show how the bottle feeder is to -be used:—Fill the bottle with liquid food, place the net fixed on -with an India-rubber band over the mouth, place the block over the -hole of the stock hive, invert the bottle, the neck resting within the -hole in the block; the bees will put their proboscises through the -perforations and imbibe the food, thus causing the bottle to act on -the principle of a fountain. The bottle being glass, it is easy to -see when the food is consumed. The piece of perforated zinc is -for the purpose of preventing the bees from clinging to the net, -or escaping from the hive when the bottle is taken away for the -purpose of refilling. A very good syrup for bees may be made by -boiling 6 lbs. of honey with 2 lbs. of water for a few minutes; or -loaf sugar, in the proportion of 3 lbs. to 2 lbs. of water, answers -very well when honey is not to be obtained.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">- 65 -</span></p> - - -<p id="ROUND_BEE_FEEDER" class="caption3">ROUND BEE FEEDER. No. 10.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="page65a" style="width: 129px;"> - <img src="images/page65a.png" width="129" height="79" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>Round bee-feeders are made of zinc and -earthenware; 8 inches across, 3 inches deep. -The projection outside is a receptacle for -pouring in the food; the bees gain access to -the feeder through a round hole, which is placed either at the centre -or nearer one side, whichever may best suit the openings on the top -of the stock hive. The feeder occupies a similar position to that of -the glasses or cap hives in the gathering season. A circular piece -of glass, cut so as to fit into a groove, prevents the bees escaping -and retains the warmth within the hive, whilst it affords opportunity -for inspecting the bees whilst feeding.</p> - -<p>The feeders were originally only made of zinc; but some bee-keepers -advised the use of earthenware, and a few have been made -to meet the wishes of those who give the preference to that material.</p> - -<p>When the bees are fed from above in this manner, the feeder is -kept at a warm temperature by the heat of the hive. In common -hives cottagers feed the bees by pushing under the hive thin slips -of wood scooped out, into which the food is poured. This plan of -feeding can only be had recourse to at night, and the pieces of wood -must be removed in the morning. By feeding at the top of the -stock hive any interruption of the bees is avoided. For further -instructions on this head see the directions given for using the -bottle feeder.</p> - - -<p id="ZINC_FOUNT_FEEDER" class="caption3">A ZINC FOUNTAIN BEE FEEDER. No. 15.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="page65b" style="width: 123px;"> - <img src="images/page65b.png" width="123" height="85" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>We invented the fountain bee-feeder so that a -larger supply of liquid food might be given to a hive -than is practicable with the No. 10 round feeder.</p> - -<p>The liquid honey is poured in at the -opening, which unscrews; whilst being filled, the -inside slide closing the opening through which the food passes into -the feeding pan, should be shut down. When the reservoir is -filled, the screw is made fast, and the slide being withdrawn, a -wooden float pierced with small holes, through which the bees take -the food, forms a false bottom, and rises and falls with the liquid. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">- 66 -</span> -This feeder being on the syphon principle, like a poultry or bird -water-fountain, is supplied from the reservoir until that is empty. A -piece of glass is fixed in the side of the reservoir, in order that the -bee-keeper may see when it is emptied. A flat piece of glass on the -top prevents the bees from escaping, and through it they may be -inspected whilst feeding. The bees find access to the feeder on -to the perforated float through the central round hole, which is -placed over a corresponding hole in the stock hive.</p> - - -<p id="NUTTS_DRAWER_FEEDER" class="caption3">NUTT'S DRAWER FEEDER. No. 9.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="page66a" style="width: 137px;"> - <img src="images/page66a.png" width="137" height="80" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>This is the feeding drawer, alluded to in the -explanation of the management of the No. 1 -Nutt's Collateral Hive, for feeding at the -bottom of the middle or stock box. The -feeder is made of tin, and of a square form, so as to fit the -drawer (see <a href="#Page_19">page 19</a>).</p> - -<p id="HONEY_CUTTERS" class="caption3">HONEY CUTTERS. No. 13.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="page66b" style="width: 145px;"> - <img src="images/page66b.png" width="145" height="77" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>Honey Cutters are used for removing comb -from boxes and glasses without damaging it. -The flat bladed knife is for disconnecting the -combs from the sides; the hook shaped one is -for the same purpose, to be applied to the top or horizontal part of -the box or glass.</p> - - -<p id="FUMIGATOR11" class="caption3">FUMIGATOR. No. 11.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="page66c" style="width: 50px;"> - <img src="images/page66c.png" width="50" height="99" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>This Fumigator is a tin box, somewhat like a pepper -box upon a foot. It is a simple adaptation of the fumigating -apparatus described by Mr. Nutt, and is used in -the following manner. Have a straw hive or other vessel -ready, that will match in circumference the hive intended -to be fumigated. If the empty hive have a conical top, it will not -remain crown downwards without a rest; in this case, it will be -convenient to invert it on a pail. Having ascertained that the hive to -be operated upon and the empty one in its reversed position nearly -match in size, take half a packet of the prepared fungus, fire -it well, and place it in the box or fumigator; placing this in the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">- 67 -</span> -centre of the empty hive, then bring the occupied hive directly over, -so as to receive the fumes of smoke. To keep all close, put a wet -cloth round the place where the two hives meet. In a minute or two -the bees may be heard dropping heavily into the lower empty hive, -where they lie stupefied. After a little while, the old hive may be tapped -upon to make the bees fall more quickly. On removing the upper -hive, the bees from it will be found lying quiet at the bottom of the -lower one. Place a sheet on the ground, and spread the bees on it, -then with a feather sort them over, in order to pick out the queen-bee. -As soon as the queen is found, then pour the rest of the lethargic -swarm from off the sheet back into the inverted hive again. -The stupefied bees must now be sprinkled freely with a syrup made -of honey and water, or sugar and ale boiled together. Some -apiarians recommend a few drops of peppermint to be mixed with -the syrup, in order to drown the peculiar odour which is special to -each hive of bees,—this is more necessary when two hives of bees are -fumigated and whilst under the influence of smoke are well mixed -together. The hive containing the bees with which it is intended -to unite the stupefied bees, must now be placed on the top of that -containing the latter, just as the hive was from which they have come. -A wet cloth must be fastened round the two hives, so as to prevent -any of the bees from escaping. The hives in this position must be -placed where they are not likely to be knocked down or meddled -with. The fresh bees in the upper hive, attracted by the scent of the -bees besmeared with honey, go down and commence to lick off the -sweets from the sprinkled sleepy ones. The latter gradually revive, -when all get mingled together, and ascend in company to the upper -hive, where they live as if they had not been separate families.</p> - -<p>The two hives should be left undisturbed for twenty-four hours, -then the upper hive may be removed and placed immediately on -the spot from whence it was brought. The reason the queen is -recommended to be taken is to prevent any fighting.</p> - -<p>The queen should be kept alive and fed as long as she will -live, in case any harm should befall the sovereign of the other -community.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">- 68 -</span></p> - - -<p id="FUMIGATOR12" class="caption3">THE FUMIGATOR. No. 12.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="page68a" style="width: 115px;"> - <img src="images/page68a.png" width="115" height="49" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The Fumigator is useful for several purposes. -When a frame hive has to be disturbed it is -requisite to raise the lid and blow a little smoke -into the hive, so as to check the angry passions of the bees. -If it be desirable to stupefy the bees, ignited fungus must be -placed in the box, and the flattened end applied to the entrance of -the hive; the smoke is then blown in—either with bellows or by -applying the mouth of the operator,—taking care to close all -openings through which the smoke can escape. The bees fall -down stupefied, generally in about ten minutes, but the effect varies -according to the populousness of the hive and the quantity of comb -in it. The projected operations must now be performed speedily, -as activity will soon be regained. See preceding directions.</p> - - - -<p id="BEE_DRESS" class="caption3">THE BEE DRESS OR PROTECTOR. No. 31.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="page68b" style="width: 85px;"> - <img src="images/page68b.png" width="85" height="193" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>All operations connected with the removal or the -hiving of bees should be conducted with calmness -and circumspection. Bees, although the busiest of -creatures, have great dislike to fussiness in their -masters, and become irritable at once if the apiarian -lets them see that he is in a hurry. Hence, there -is great advantage in having the face and hands -covered whilst at work amongst the bees; for when -the operator knows he cannot possibly be stung, he -can then open his hives, take out the combs, gather -in his swarms, or take the honey, with all the deliberation of a -philosopher. Various kinds of bee dresses have been contrived; -one that we keep ready in stock is of very simple construction. It -is made of strong <i>black net</i>, in shape like an inverted bag, large -enough to allow of a gentleman's wide-awake or a lady's hat being -worn underneath. The projection of the hat or cap causes the -dress to stand off from the face; and the meshes of the net, though -much too small for a bee to penetrate, are wide enough to allow of -clear vision for the operator. An elastic band secures the dress -round the waist; the sleeves also—made of durable black calico—are -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">- 69 -</span> -secured at the wrists by a similar method. The hands of the -bee-master may be effectually protected with a pair of India-rubber -gloves, which should be put on before the dress is fastened round -the wrists. This kind of glove is regularly used by photographers, -and allows of perfect ease in manipulation.</p> - -<p>Thus a very simple and inexpensive means of protection will -enable even a novice in bee-keeping to make his observations and -conduct his experiments under a sense of perfect security. Still he -need not be careless as to the feelings of his bees; his success and -their comfort will be promoted by his "handling them gently, and -as if he loved them." "Familiarity" between bees and their -master "breed" not "contempt," but affection.</p> - -<p>Any sudden or clumsy movement which jars the combs or -frames will excite the bees, and if but one should be crushed, the -odour of their slaughtered comrade rouses them to a pitch of -exasperation. Their powers of smell are very acute. The best -time for most operations is in the middle of a fine day.</p> - - -<p id="ENGRAVED_PRESSING_ROLLER" class="caption3">ENGRAVED PRESSING ROLLER. No. 46.</p> - -<p>FOR THE GUIDANCE OF BEES IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF HONEY-COMB ON THE BARS.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="page69" style="width: 244px;"> - <img src="images/page69.png" width="244" height="179" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>This is an engraved metal -roller, which when applied to -the coated underside of a comb-bar -leaves an impression like the -diagram shown. The wax having -been spread on the flat bar, the -roller, heated by being put into -hot water, is then heavily pressed -over it. The roller has two wood -handles, so that considerable pressure may be given to it. The -roller is a little less than 2 inches in diameter, ⅞ of an inch wide, -and the length from handle to handle is 6 inches. The diagram -shows the full size of the impressions as left on the wax after -passing the roller along the comb bar in the manner above -described. It is a contrivance invented in Switzerland, and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">- 70 -</span> -exhibited in the International Exhibition of 1862, when the -pattern roller was purchased by ourselves.</p> - -<p>The bars of a hive prepared with these markings in wax afford -ready made foundations for regular combs, which very much -facilitate the operations of the bees.</p> - - -<p id="IMPRESSED_WAX_SHEETS" class="caption3">IMPRESSED WAX SHEETS FOR ARTIFICIAL COMB.</p> - -<p>These artificial partition walls for combs are sheets of genuine -wax, about the substance of thin cardboard. They receive -rhomboidal impressions by being pressed between two metal -plates, carefully and mathematically prepared and cast so that -the impressions are exactly the same size as the base of the cells of -a honey-comb. An inspection of a piece of comb will show that -the division of the opposite cells is made by a thin partition wall -common to both; now the substance of this is said to be only the -one hundred and eightieth part of an inch, whilst the artificial ones -we are recommending are between the thirtieth and fortieth part of -an inch, more than four times the thickness of the handy-work of the -bees themselves. It would, indeed, be vain to attempt to furnish -sheets of wax at all approaching their own delicate fabric; the -impressed sheets are quite as thin as they can be to bear the -handling which is requisite for fixing them in the hives. We -find, however, that the thickness is no disadvantage; the bees -speedily excavate and <i>pare the artificial sheet</i> so as to suit their -<i>own</i> notions of the substance required; then, with admirable -economy, they use the surplus thus obtained for the construction of -the cells. After a sheet has been partly worked at by the bees, -it is interesting to hold it up to the light and observe the beautiful -transparency of that part of it contrasted with the opaqueness of -the part not yet laboured upon.</p> - -<p>When it is considered, as writers tell us, that more than fourteen -pounds of honey are required for the secretion and elaboration of -a single pound of comb, it will not be difficult to form a just estimate -of the value of this invention, which thus furnishes cheap and excellent -assistance to our industrious favorites. It also shows the bee-keeper -that all clean empty combs should be carefully preserved, -and considered as valuable stock. Another great advantage that it -affords us is, that it renders us independent of <i>guide comb</i>, which is -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">- 71 -</span> -not always obtainable. When a sheet or a strip of this impressed -wax is properly fixed to the comb bar, it is <i>certain</i> to be the guide -and foundation of a straight comb. This invention has been derived -from Germany, where it has been adopted many years with success. -At the International Exhibition of 1862, we purchased the metal -plates or castings, so as to manufacture the impressed sheets with -which we are now able to supply our customers; and, after the -careful trials we have made, we have great confidence in recommending -them.</p> - -<p>In the season of 1863 we furnished a Woodbury glass super -with the wax sheets fixed to the bars, in the manner hereafter to -be explained, and it was truly astonishing to see the rapidity with -which these sheets of wax were worked into comb. Receptacles were -quickly made ready for the storing of honey, and the new combs soon -became beautifully white; for although the artificial wax has a yellow -tinge, yet after being worked at and made thinner, it is as good in -colour as ordinary combs. For supers we cut the wax plates in half, -making one serve for two bars.</p> - -<p>We have received from Germany the following directions for the -fastening of the artificial plates to the comb bars. Hereafter will -be described a plan which we have adopted, and to which preference -is given.</p> - -<p>(Translation) "The unstamped edge of the plate receives incisions -half an inch distant from one another made with a sharp knife, the -plate having been a little warmed. Then it is pinched between two -equally strong ledges which have been well moistened; the projecting -edge of the plate which received the incisions is alternately bent to -the right and to the left. The comb bars are well besmeared with -artificial sticking wax (a mixture of two parts of wax and one part -of American resin), and is well warmed at a fire. Afterwards the -besmeared side is laid upon the bent end of the plate, and pressed -to it as firmly as possible. A small wooden ledge, besmeared with -sticking wax and fastened by means of pressure to the lower edge of -the plate, prevents it from bending, which sometimes happens when -the bees work it."</p> - -<p>To carry out the directions here given, it is necessary to warm -the besmeared comb-bar at a fire; the wax plate has also to be -warmed. Having tried this plan, and found inconvenience attending -it, especially from the wax curling with the heat and the difficulty -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">- 72 -</span> -of making it stick firm,—to say nothing of the uncomfortableness -of performing the operation before a fire on a hot day in July,—we -began to consider if a little carpentering might not do the work -better and more pleasantly, and adopted the following plan:—We -split or cut the comb bars of the Woodbury super in -half lengthways, and taking the unstamped edge between the two -strips, join them together again by small screws at the side, -confining the wax plate tightly in the centre, with no possibility of -its falling down. Where frames are used, of course, the bar could -not be cut in two (except with the "compound bar and frame," -where the bar being loose, it might be as easily managed). The -plan we adopt with an ordinary frame is to saw out an opening -about an inch, or an inch and a half from either end where the -sides are morticed in; this opening we make with a keyhole saw. -Through it the wax plate is easily put, and with a heated iron -passed over the upper side of the bar, is made sufficiently firm. -If the wax plates are too large, a portion may easily be cut off; an -opening of full 11 inches long can be made without materially -weakening the bar and frame.</p> - -<p>The wax plates must not extend to the bottom of the frame; a -space of at least one inch should be left for expansion, because the -bees in working the plate stretch it down lower. We also use a few -pins firmly pressed into the frames, and long enough to reach the -edge of the plate, for by fixing three or four pins on either side, -both at the sides and at the bottom, the plate may be held in an -exactly central position within the frame. As before mentioned, -when these directions are carried out, there is no fear of being -troubled with crooked combs on bars.</p> - -<p>The secretion of wax, and the method of its adaptation by the -bees, is thus admirably described by Evans:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">Thus filtered through yon flatterer's folded mail</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Clings the cooled wax, and hardens to a scale.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Swift at the well-known call, the ready train</div> - <div class="verse indent0">(For not a buzz boon Nature breathes in vain,)</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Spring to each falling flake, and bear along</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Their glossy burdens to the builder throng.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">These, with sharp sickle, or with sharper tooth,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Pare each excrescence, and each angle smooth,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Till now, in finish'd pride, two radiant rows</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Of snow-white cells one mutual base disclose;</div><span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">- 73 -</span> - <div class="verse indent0">Six shining panels gird each polish'd round,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">The door's fine rim, with waxen fillet bound,</div> - <div class="verse indent0"><i>While walls so thin, with sister walls combined,</i></div> - <div class="verse indent0"><i>Weak in themselves, a sure dependance find.</i></div> - <div class="verse indent0"> - -<hr class="tb" /></div> - <div class="verse indent0">Others in firm phalanx ply their twinkling feet,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Stretch out the ductile mass, and form the street,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">With many a cross-way, path, and postern gate,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">That shorten to their range the spreading state.</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="IV_MANIPULATION_AND_USES_OF_BAR_AND_FRAME_HIVES">IV. MANIPULATION AND USES OF BAR AND FRAME HIVES.</h2> -</div> - - -<p>Having at <a href="#Page_36">page 36</a>, given a description of the mechanical -arrangements of bar and frame hives, the next thing is to -describe the mode of introducing the bees, and of thus bringing -the humane and scientific hives into operation. The swarm -should be first hived into a common straw hive from the bough -or shrub upon which they may have alighted; place this hive,—into -which we will suppose the bees have been shaken,—on the -ground, propped up on one side with a brick or a flower pot, or -anything of the sort that may be handy, in order that straggler bees -may join the swarm. The spot selected for this should be as shady -an one as can be found, near to the place where the swarm settled; -or it may be shaded from the rays of the sun by fixing matting on -two poles so as to prevent the heat falling on the hive; spread a -sheet or cloth on the ground where an even surface can be obtained; -stake this sheet down at the four corners, to prevent ruts and -inequalities, which are great hindrances to the bees going into the -bar and frame hive; place the latter upon the sheet without its -floorboard, having its front raised on blocks or sticks rather more -than an inch,—not more, otherwise the bees will cluster and attach -themselves to the lower part of the frames instead of going up -between. These preparations will perhaps occupy ten minutes, by -which time the swarm will have become settled and tolerably quiet. -Then with a sharp rap precipitate the bees out of the straw hive -on to the sheet immediately in front of the frame hive; give the -straw hive another knock so as to dislodge all the bees, and then -take it quite away, otherwise they may, if it be left near, perversely -choose to go into that instead of the one desired. In some cases, as -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">- 74 -</span> -when the swarm has to be brought from a distance, and procured from -a cottager about whose skill in carrying out these directions there may -be misgivings, it is best to give instructions that the swarm be brought -home after sunset, and then the foregoing directions for inducing -the bees to tenant the frame-hive may be better carried out; for ourselves, -we much prefer the evening for the purpose. A little water -sprinkled over them from a watering pot is likely to induce the bees -to quit the ground and go up into the hive more quickly.</p> - -<p>Mr. Langstroth, in his admirable book "The Hive and Honey -Bee," writes "If they are too dilatory in entering the new hive, they -may be gently separated with a spoon or leafy twig, where they -gather in bunches on the sheets or they may be carefully 'spooned -up' and shaken out close to the front of the hive. As these go -in with fanning wings, they will raise a peculiar note, which communicates -to their companions that they have found a home, and in -a short time the whole swarm will enter, without injury to a single -bee." In the <i>Journal of Horticulture</i>, Mr. Woodbury says "If -combs be fixed in the frames, the crown board may be removed, and -the cluster knocked out of the straw hive on to the top of the -exposed frames. The bees will disappear between them with the -utmost alacrity, delighted to have met with a ready furnished -dwelling, and the top or crown board having been replaced, the -hive should at once be removed to the position it is intended -permanently to occupy."</p> - -<p>No one should attempt these operations without being protected -by a <i>bee dress</i>, and a pair of India-rubber gloves,—such as those used -by photographers,—which are sting proof. Some persons also take the -precaution of tying strings round the ankles of the trowsers, lest some -straggler should determine to attack the outposts of the enemy, which, -to say the least, might perplex the operator in the midst of his task. -Elastic India-rubber bands are good for this purpose, or a pair of -"knickerbockers" would be useful. If Wellington boots are worn, -the trowsers may be tucked within the leather, in which case no bee -can molest the operator, and no string or band will be needed. -Practice makes perfect in bee tending as in other matters, and when -a light hand is gained, there is little danger of the apiarian being -stung.</p> - -<p>If the weather be wet the next day or so after hiving, it will be -well to give a little assistance to the new colony in the shape of food, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">- 75 -</span> -for although when a swarm leaves a hive almost every bee composing -it fills itself with honey, we have known not a few instances in case of -very wet weather, in which the whole swarm has been starved for -the want of this little timely help. Of course, the first work of the -bees is to build themselves combs, and these combs being produced -by the secretion of wax from honey, a great drain upon their resources -immediately begins, and any little outlay at this juncture is abundantly -compensated by its enabling these industrious emigrants the more -quickly to push, forward the furnishing of their new home. Clean -combs from hives that may have lost their bees are readily accepted, -and cause a great saving in time and material to the bees; these -combs may easily be fixed by cutting them the proper size to fit -within the frames, and making them firm by tying with tape or -fixing them with pliable wire. Artificial comb (see <a href="#Page_70">page 70</a>) is often -used, and has this advantage, that the combs are certain to be -straight and regular, besides the saving in material to the bees.</p> - -<p>These preparations must be made prior to the bees being hived, -so that when a hive is so prepared, a swarm may begin to adapt -whatever advantages they find ready for them; and it is truly -marvellous what a swarm will do when thus furnished with combs in -their new habitation. In these the queen can immediately begin to -deposit her eggs, and the workers to store their honey, without -having to wait for the construction of combs, which is a laborious -occupation for the bees.</p> - -<p>In some cases, fine white combs may be taken from the stock -hive; the end frames are always the most free from brood. Care -must be exercised not to rob this part of the hive too much; one -comb may perhaps be removed in the course of the season without -impoverishing the bees, but it is not wise to take more.</p> - -<p id="Putting_ON"><span class="smcap">Putting on Super Hive.</span>—A colony established a year or -more is called a "stock," by way of distinction from a swarm of the -present year. Supposing the hive to be a stock, the super should be -given them at the early part of the season, say, if fine and warm, at -the latter end of April or beginning of May; if the weather be then -unfavourable, it is better to delay doing so until a more genial -temperature. If the colony be a swarm of the present year, two -weeks should be allowed to elapse from the time of tenanting a hive, -before putting on the super; this delay is necessary to give the bees -the opportunity of building combs in their new domicile, and of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">- 76 -</span> -getting a store of honey for themselves before working for their -master.</p> - -<p>When it is wished to use a super, the crown board or roof of -the stock hive must be taken away, the thin adapting or honey -board taking its place; the two long slits at the sides are to give -admission to the super. The bees will begin sooner and work -faster if the eight bars are each furnished with artificial comb (as -described <a href="#Page_71">page 71</a>). We have had depriving hives very quickly -filled when the bees were thus assisted. Combs that have been left -unfilled may be fixed to the bars as before described; these must be -white and clean, as dark comb should not be used for super hives. -The combs when filled may be taken out singly, if desired for -consumption, substituting an empty bar or comb; or should the -bee-keeper desire to see a handsome super, he must wait until the -bees have filled and sealed up all the combs, and then he may -proceed to deprive them of it as before described.</p> - -<p id="Taking_Out"><span class="smcap">Taking out Frames with Combs.</span>—It is well for a beginner to -practice the directions for opening and shutting up hives by using an -empty hive, until he becomes familiar with the handling of the frames.</p> - -<p>The first thing to do is to loosen the crown board or lid with a -knife, drawing a piece of string underneath it to divide the wax or -cement with which the bees make all secure. This string should -be drawn through very slowly, so as not to irritate the bees. -In hot weather, the crown board may be loosened by a lateral -movement; but sometimes, for want of care, this loosening of the -lid disturbs the bees, and as soon as it is removed, a number of -them, enraged thereby, pour out and attack the operator. This and -all other operations ought be done very carefully and gently; -especial care should be taken not to prise the lid upwards, by way -of wrenching it off, for the frames and combs are generally secured -thereto, and there is a liability of rending the combs with it; this -will greatly irritate the bees, and be otherwise injurious. When a -hive of bees is enraged, there is little chance of pacifying them; it -is best, under such circumstances to 'give in' at once, and not -attempt to perform any operation, but to shut the hive up and beat -a retreat, benefiting by the experience so as to do better in a day -or so afterwards. There are various devices for intimidating or -conciliating the bees, and one of these already spoken of is—smoke. -So next time the experimenter makes his attempt let -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">- 77 -</span> -bill! raise the lid an inch or so, and blow a few puffs of smoke -into the hive, which will cause the bees to retreat. This -is best done by using our No. 12 fumigator, with a little of the -prepared fungus lighted. Pipes or cigars are not convenient to use -for this purpose when the head is enveloped in the dress. As soon -as the lid is removed, a few bees will fly out to learn the cause of -such an interference. Conciliation should then be introduced by -having at hand a little sweetened water, which may be sprinkled, -or rather let drop from a feather or brush. The sudden motion of -the hand required in the act of sprinkling irritates the bees, so that -instead of making them our friends, they may become our foes. -Mr. Langstroth recommends that a fine watering pot filled with -sweetened water, be used for the purpose. Care must be taken not -to drench the bees; only just sufficient should be given to run down -the sides of the combs as well as sprinkling the top. As soon as -the bees really understand that syrup is being given them, they -feast upon it instead of angrily attacking the operator. Thus -pacified, and with gentle treatment, but little difficulty will be -found in proceeding with the work required. But the unskilled -operator should on no account neglect to put on a bee-dress and -gloves as described above. We would err on the side of caution, -although there is an old saying that "a cat in gloves catches no -mice," and the apiarian will find that his fingers are not so free to -work as he would like, for gloves make them rather clumsy in -drawing up the frames.</p> - -<p>The frames must now be gently prised from front to rear; this may -be done with a small screw-driver or other stout instrument with a -wedged end to go into the notches. The frames fit loosely so as to -allow of a little movement from back to front; a lateral or side-way -movement might kill the queen; or if not so fatal as that, might crush -some of the bees and injure the brood combs, and must be carefully -avoided. It, of course, depends upon what the operation is that has -to be performed whether or no all the frames should be thus loosened. -If it be for making artificial swarms, or for any purpose requiring an -interview with her majesty, the whole of them must be loosened, -because it often happens that all the combs have to be examined, -sometimes twice over, before she can be discovered. Bees are very -apt to build their combs in a slightly waving form, and in extracting -one it will be needful to make room both for the comb and bees -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">- 78 -</span> -upon it to pass without scraping the next comb, and there will be -a difficulty if the apiarian attempts to draw out one comb whilst the -other frames are located in their appropriate notches. Let the -operator gently proceed to lift say the third frame (allowing it to -lodge on the little block that divides the notches) a little nearer to -the fourth frame, and the second nearer the third, so as to admit of -sufficient space to lift out the end one. Very carefully and slowly -he should lift the frame by taking hold with thumb and finger of -the projecting shoulders that rest in the notch; and he must not let -it touch or scrape the next frame or the sides of the hive so as to -crush or irritate any bees.</p> - -<p>After the end comb is thus removed, it will be easy to extract -the others, as there will now be plenty of room for drawing them out. -A hive of exactly the same size should be at hand; and in case it be -desired to remove the combs and bees into another hive, care should -be taken that each comb occupies the same relative position that it -did in the old hive.</p> - -<p>In handling the frames, bear in mind that they are to be held -perpendicularly. To gain a view of both sides of the comb when -searching for the queen, or for any purpose requiring full inspection, -with a little dexterity in twirling the frame round, the reverse side may -be brought to face the operator, without letting the comb break away -by its own weight and so fall out of the frame, which it will do if -allowed to deviate from its upright or downright position. If the -operator could see an experienced person perform the operation, he -would quickly understand how combs may thus be handled without -any risk of a smash.</p> - -<p>When placing frames in the hive, care must be taken not to -crush a bee between the projecting shoulders of the frame and the -rabbets or notches on which they rest, and on no account must the -frame be let down with a jerk, or the bees will become exceedingly -fierce: the frame should be so slowly deposited in its place that a -bee on feeling the slightest pressure may have the opportunity of -escaping unhurt thereby. The crown board should be replaced by -first resting its front edge in its place, and then slowly lowering the -after part, looking carefully under, and momentarily raising it when -necessary to avoid crushing a bee. Should the hive have its super -on, the same directions may be followed. The super with its honey -board may be bodily taken away, and so placed and confined for a -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">- 79 -</span> -time that robber bees cannot find an entrance, and also be far -enough from the apiarian to be out of danger of being broken or -overturned by him.</p> - -<p id="Adv_Bar_Frame"><span class="smcap">Advantages of Bar and Frame Hives.</span>—It will be asked -why all this trouble about bar and frames with straight combs built -upon them? We have shown the full command which the bee-keeper -has over a hive so constituted, and we now proceed to show -how in skilful hands these advantages may be used successfully; -though, in the hands of the unpractised and unskilful the contrary -may be the result.</p> - -<p>All the bars and frames in an apiary ought to be of precisely the -same dimensions, so as to fit every hive. This is essential for the -strengthening of weak hives. A hive that is weakly may often be -advantageously strengthened by having put into it a comb of -brood from a populous stock, to which an empty frame from -the weak one may be given; no bees must be on the brood-comb—these -should be shaken off or gently dislodged with a -feather into the hive from which the comb is taken. The frames -of the hive from which the comb has been taken, should be, one -by one, placed so as to fill in the vacancy, leaving the empty frame -nearest the side. When a hive has been in use many years, the -combs become very black, and every bee that is bred in a cell leaves -a film behind. It may be understood how in this way the cells -become contracted, so that the bees that are bred in them are -correspondingly reduced in size. After the lapse of say five years, it -may be necessary to begin to remove the old combs. This may be -done by cutting away the comb or by substituting an empty frame -for one with old black comb, gradually moving the frames towards -each other. By taking two away in this manner in the spring or -summer of every season, the combs in course of five years may all -be reconstructed and fresh clean ones be secured for breeding in, -instead of the old black ones that otherwise would remain as long as -the stock could live in the hive.</p> - -<p id="art_swarming"><span class="smcap">Artificial Swarming.</span>—Every bee-keeper knows the anxiety -there is in watching and expecting a swarm to come forth, fearful -lest his favorites should, "like riches, take wing and fly away," a mischance -that it is desirable to prevent. In our description of natural -swarming this will be found fully treated of; we propose here merely -to point out how, with the moveable frames, this work of nature -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">- 80 -</span> -may be assisted—we say assisted, because artificial swarming should, -as nearly as possible, resemble natural swarming, that is, it should -be performed at the same time of the year, and when the populous -state of the hive makes a division desirable. This is easily known -to be the case when bees hang out in clusters at the entrance, -wasting their time in enforced idleness instead of being abroad -gathering honey. It is also necessary that the hive contain drones.</p> - -<p>An empty hive should be placed on the stand when the living hive is -removed, for the purpose of amusing returning bees. If the hive is -kept in a bee-house, the entrance should be shut down unto the hive is -restored, when the clustered bees may be at once admitted.</p> - -<p>When such is the state of the hive, the facility of forming an artificial -swarm with a moveable frame hive is a decided advantage. The -best time for performing the operation is about ten o'clock in the -morning of a fine summer's day. The following directions should be -carried out:—place ready a counter or bench that is firm and strong, -and which has space on it for the inhabited—or rather the over-inhabited—frame -hive and the empty one, which is about to be -made the receptacle of a separate stock. The operator having on -bee-dress and the other appliances ready, may now open the hive as -before described, and proceed to take out the frames, carefully -examining both sides of each comb to find the queen: she is -generally in the centre of the hive, so that it is not always needful -to take out all the ten frames. As they are examined, the frames -may be put into the empty hive, and when the object of the bee-master's -search is found, he must carefully remove the frame -containing her majesty, and may place it temporarily in the empty -hive at one end by itself. Next he must proceed to put the frames -back into the old hive, closing up the vacancy caused by the removal -of the comb with the queen on it, and leave the empty frame at the -end. Then he may place the frame containing the queen—with the -few bees that may be upon it—in the centre of the empty hive; -then putting all the other frames in, and replacing the lid, the bee-master -will place this hive in the exact position occupied by the old -stock. The bees that are on the wing will go to the old spot, and -finding the queen there, they will rally round her and very soon form -a sufficient number to constitute a swarm; comb building will at -once begin, the frames will in a week or so be filled, and a satisfactory -stock will thus be established. By doing this at the right -time, just before the bees are about to swarm, or when there are -many drones, all the trouble of watching and waiting for them is -saved. Mr. Woodbury claims the honour of having originated this -mode of artificial swarming; subsequently Mr. Langstroth and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">- 81 -</span> -others have described a similar process, no doubt originally, as far -as they knew, therefore still more useful to us as a confirmation of -the value of Mr. Woodbury's discovery.</p> - -<p>This operation we performed, exactly as described above, with -one of our improved cottage hives one afternoon at the latter end -of May, 1862. Whilst inspecting our bees, we caught sight of the -queen on the comb in one of the bell glasses. This was a chance -not to be missed, and we immediately resolved to form an artificial -swarm, for the hive was very full of bees. Besides, being obliged to -be away from the apiary most of the week, we were glad of the -opportunity of so easily establishing a colony without the uncertainty -and trouble of hiving a natural swarm. In the first place we slid -a tin under the bell glass, and removing the stock hive from underneath -we took it a few feet away; then we placed an empty improved -cottage hive where the old stock had stood, and put the glass of comb -containing the queen and a few bees over one of the holes in the -crown of this new empty hive. The bees that were left abroad, -belonging to the old stock returned as usual to their old entrance -as they supposed; soon a sufficient number formed a large cluster -in the hive and began comb building, the queen remaining in the -glass until the cells below were sufficiently numerous for her to -deposit her eggs in them. The division answered exceedingly well, -both hives prospered; the old hive either had some princesses -coming forward to supply the loss of the queen, or the bees used a -power that they possess of raising a queen from worker brood in -the manner we have previously described.<a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="label">[5]</a> See <a href="#Page_5">Section 1, page 5</a>.</p> - -</div> - -<p>The foregoing account illustrates the successful formation of an -artificial swarm; but with a cottage hive it was quite a matter of -accident to have been able to get possession of the queen. With a -moveable frame hive she can at any suitable time be found.</p> - -<p>Precisely the same plan is to be adopted with the old stock in -the frame hive as we have described in the case of the cottage hive, -that is to remove it some few paces off: when the hives are in a -bee-house, a similar result may be attained by placing the new -swarm for a day or two to the entrance used by the bees when -with the old stock, and the old stock may be removed to an -approximate entrance. Some apiarians recommend that a space be -left between the two hives, by placing the hives on the right and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">- 82 -</span> -left of the old entrance, in order that too large a proportion of -bees should not enter the new hive at the old position to the -impoverishment of the other. But we have found the mode -adopted with the cottage hive answer so well, that we see no reason -for recommending any different plan.</p> - -<p>It is the office of the bee-master to assist, not to go in the least -degree contrary to nature. We know that when a natural swarm -issues forth it has its impregnated queen, and when located in a -new abode commences building worker combs, and leaves the -building of the few drone combs to a later period; but if a division -of the hive should be made by putting half the combs in one hive -and half in another, the hive containing the queenless or embryo -queen will busy itself with building only drone comb, thus a number -of receptacles for useless bees is provided, which tends to weakness, -and eventually to loss of the hive.</p> - -<p>In the plan we have recommended for forming two separate -families, we nearly follow the natural state of things; the comb that -the queen is upon is the only one that is taken from the hive, and -this vacancy should be filled in by moving the frames together -so as to leave the empty frame at the end. The bees, under the -government of the impregnated queen, construct the combs and furnish -their new abode, which, as before stated, they will do with worker cells.</p> - -<p>By adopting the plan above described, the moveable bar and -frame hive will prove far superior to any of the dividing hives, -which provide for equal division of the combs.</p> - -<p>Perhaps the greatest advantage the moveable frame hive -possesses is, that a full knowledge can be attained of its exact -state as regards the queen, the population and the quantity of food -in stock. During weather of a genial temperature, the combs may -on any fine day be inspected, and thus a knowledge being gained -of the deficiency existing in a hive, the necessary means may be -adopted for supplying the want. Sometimes such an examination -will verify the fears of the bee-keeper, when, having observed that -his bees have ceased to carry in pollen, he has thereby received -warning that the queen has been lost at some juncture when no -successor to the throne could be provided. Such a hive has entered -on a downward course, and will dwindle away entirely unless a -queen should be given to it, or else, some combs containing -young brood not more than three days old. By the latter method -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">- 83 -</span> -the bee-keeper will gain an opportunity of seeing the bees set about -their wonderful process of raising a queen from the brood thus -provided for them.</p> - -<p>When a bee-keeper has become skilful in his calling, he may be -desirous to encourage the breeding of queens, or rather of preventing -their destruction. He will seek to use the propagating instincts of -the worker bees as a set off against that innate hatred of rivalry -which prompts the reigning queen to kill the tender royal brood.</p> - -<p>Hives found to be queenless may be supplied either with -matured queens or with queen cells. If the latter are sufficiently -numerous, their introduction may easily be effected by exchanging -a comb in each hive; if they have to be cut out and placed loosely -in the new hive, a triangular piece of comb should then be removed -with them, to be used as a block in preventing any pressure coming -on them. A space must be cut out of the middle in the centre -combs of the hive into which they are to be introduced. Special -care must be taken not to bruise the royal embryos, as they are -particularly sensitive to pressure.</p> - -<p>A very great advantage that the Woodbury bar and frame-hive -possesses, is the safety and convenience with which a stock of bees -can in it be transported to any part of the kingdom; and, by a -few additional arrangements, stocks have been sent in it to distant -countries. In many districts hives are removed to moors and -heaths in autumn, for the purpose of gathering heather honey. -In this operation the frames are a great support to the combs, very -much lessening the risk of a break down and consequent loss.</p> - -<p>From a hive that has been inhabited all the winter, we have not -unfrequently lifted out the frames and removed the stock to a clean -hive, and we believe that the change has always been useful. The -bees find a clean floorboard and a clean hive to breed in, free from -insects that may have harboured in crevices about the hive. When -the change has been made, the old hive can be thoroughly cleaned, -and used in the same way for making the exchange with another -stock. The process for handling will, of course, be the same as -before described. We have found that where this plan has been -carried out, that the bees seem to progress faster. Perhaps a little -stirring up may be useful in arousing them from the winter doze; -the time we recommend for doing this is the beginning of April, -but a fine warm day should be chosen.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">- 84 -</span></p> - - -<p id="DRIVING" class="caption3">DRIVING.</p> - -<p>Driving is an operation by which bees are induced to vacate an -old settled hive and to enter an empty one. Many apiarians prefer -this mode of effecting an exchange of hives to the plan of fumigating -the bees.</p> - -<p>The greatest success attending such a transfer will be in the -case of hives well filled with combs that are worked nearly to the -floorboard; and it may be remarked that bees are generally so far -provident, that they leave an open space in which to pass underneath -their combs over all the floor of the hive. When the old hive is -inverted, the bees crawl up the combs, and thus more easily pass up -into the new hive, which the operator places over the old one with -the intent that they should enter it.</p> - -<p>The best time for performing this operation is about the middle -of the day, and when the weather is warm. It is essential that the -operator be protected with a bee-dress and gloves, as before -described; and previous to commencing his task, he must provide -all necessary implements. These are:—a couple of hives, one of -which should correspond in shape and size with the hive from which -the bees are to be driven; a cloth to tie round at the junction when -the new hive is placed on the old one; some string to keep the -cloth in its place; an empty pail to receive the top of the old hive, -if one of the old conical shape, but if the stock of bees is in a -square box hive with a flat top, a firm stool will be the best; and a -No. 12 fumigator with some fungus, which will complete the material -of war. The bucket or stool must be placed securely on the ground -about a yard from the place where the full hive stands; then a few puff's -of smoke being blown in amongst the bees, will cause them to retreat -up amongst the combs. The bee-master will now turn the hive<a id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> -upside down very gently, letting it rest in the pail or on the stool; -he then quickly places the empty hive over the full one, and ties -the cloth round it to prevent any escape of the bees. If the cloth -be damped, it will cling the closer to the hives. The third hive is -intended to be placed on the stand formerly occupied by the stock, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">- 85 -</span>so as to retain the few returning bees which had been absent in the -fields. Care must be taken that all crevices through which it is -possible for the bees to escape from the united hives should be -effectually closed. When the two are fairly united, the operator -will proceed by rapping the full hive gently with the hands or a -couple of sticks, more particularly on that side where the combs -are the most thickly placed—that is, if the hive be not equally -filled.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6" class="label">[6]</a> Care should be exercised in turning the hives over to keep the combs -vertical, or they are likely to break from their foundations.</p> - -</div> - -<p>It generally happens that in about fifteen minutes the bees -regularly commence the ascent; their exodus will be known by -the distinct rushing sound which is always noticed when a colony -of bees is on the move. The first thing bees do when disturbed is -to till their honey bags, as they invariably do at swarming time, -consequently after the first rush into the new hive is over, as in the -case of a swarm, the "flitting" bees are not much disposed to take -wing. When the noise made by the ascending bees has been heard, -and has in good degree subsided, the cloth may be removed, and -the old hive, now deserted, may be taken indoors, and if a few bees -yet remain, they may be brushed off with a feather. An experienced -apiarian on first hearing the rushing noise before mentioned, will not -hesitate to tilt the top hive over a little on one side, so that he -may watch the bees during the ascent; the queen may be seen -passing up, and if the operator desires to take her away, he can -secure her by placing a wine glass over her. This expedient is often -resorted to in the autumn when stocks are to be united, for in such -a case the removal of the queen prevents some fighting.</p> - -<p>If the taking of the honey be the object of the bee-master, then -"driving" is manifestly a better plan than to resort to the fumes -of sulphur for the purpose; for the bees from whom their store is -taken, can be joined to stocks that are weak in numbers, with -considerable advantage to the future prosperity of the apiary.</p> - -<p>When the removed bees are to be joined to another stock, the -operator will proceed as follows:—At dusk, dislodge the bees on to -a cloth, sprinkle them with sweet syrup, and place the hive to -which it is intended to join them, over the mass; they will -gradually ascend into the hive placed for them, and early next -morning the hive, with its slender stock thus augmented, may be -removed to its stand. Should the operator not have been successful, -or not sufficiently skilful to gain possession of the queen, he may -leave it to the bees themselves to decide which queen they will have. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">- 86 -</span> -By this plan of "driving," artificial swarms may be secured by -an "expert" even in common hives, though those do not afford the -facilities for such a purpose as do the bar, or bar-and-frame, hives.</p> - - -<p id="CHANGING_OLD_STOCKS" class="caption3">CHANGING OLD STOCKS TO NEW HIVES.</p> - -<p>We frequently find that the possessor of a stock of bees -in a cottager's common straw hive is desirous of removing the -whole stock of bees and comb into one of our improved hives, -in which the honey may be obtained without the destruction -of the bees. We mostly discourage such a transfer, attended -as it is with much labour, and requiring a considerable amount -of apiarian skill. An old fashioned hive may very readily be -rendered a humane one, simply by cutting out with a sharp pointed -knife the middle of the top of the hive; a piece may thus easily be -taken out, so as to leave a round hole two or three inches in diameter, -but care must be taken that the knife does not penetrate much below -the straw, lest it reach the comb or the bees—and it will be safer for -the operator to have a bee-dress on. There should be ready a round -adapting board, with a corresponding hole, which may be secured -on the top by putting four long nails through the same number of -holes in the board; then a cap hive or a glass may be placed on -the top, for the purpose of admitting the bees, who will soon crowd -therein to work.</p> - -<p>This hive or glass will form a super or depriving hive, and -can be worked as profitably as most of the improved hives. Per -the sake of an improved appearance, an outside case, either of -zinc, straw, or wood, may be dropped over all, and then, if well -painted, the whole will form no disfigurement to any flower garden.</p> - -<p>This is beyond doubt the easiest way of overcoming the difficulty, -but as it may not satisfy all, we now proceed to describe how a -complete transfer may be made. No hive offers such facilities for -the correct placing of the combs in a perfectly upright position as -does the bar and frame hive. As before remarked, we should be -slow to recommend any one to attempt the operation who is not -already pretty well accustomed to the handling of bees and -acquainted with their habits; but by carefully carrying out the -following directions any one may successfully perform the feat. -The first thing is to get the bees away from the combs; there -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">- 87 -</span> -are two ways of doing this, one is by fumigation (see <a href="#Page_60">page 60</a>), -the other by driving (see <a href="#Page_84">page 84</a>). Whichever plan may be -resorted to, have the bees confined in the old hive on their stand -until you are quite ready to admit them into the bar and frame hive. -Have in readiness all the necessary appliances: these consist of a -large knife for cutting the hive, a good sized table on which to lay -the brood combs, a basin of water—for washing off honey which -may besmear the hands,—tape or cotton string to fasten the combs -in their frames, a pair of honey cutters for cutting out the combs, -jars to hold the honey that runs out, and a feather for brushing -off any bees that may remain. It is necessary that the operator -should have on his bee-dress, and India-rubber gloves. Then begin -by slicing off a piece of the hive with a sharp table knife; carefully -cut out the working combs—cut them large, so that they will squeeze -into the frames; and to be more secure, wind some of the tape -round to keep them in position until made fast by the bees. After -a few days, these fastenings may be removed. Care should be taken -that the combs occupy the same position in the frames as in the -hive from which they were extracted. Having thus prepared the -hive, the bees may be let into it. It may be as well to keep them -confined a few hours, giving them water at the top, until they make -the combs secure; the new hive will then be less likely to offer an -attraction to bees from other hives who, if feloniously inclined, -might come to rob. This transfer should be made when the -weather is such that the bees can fly about; when not warm enough, -it should be done in a room at a temperature of about 70 degrees. -An expert apiarian could perform the operation in less than three -quarters of an hour, and with little loss. A week or so after a -swarm has left the old stock is perhaps the very best time for such -a removal. Should the operation be performed in the open air, the -bees from surrounding hives will be sure to come in great numbers -to obtain a share of the honey necessarily exposed, for they delight -in plunder. In order, therefore, to avoid annoyance to the operator, -and the excitement which is certain to be induced in surrounding -hives, it is better to conduct the dissection in some building with -closed doors. In some instances a routing of this kind has a -beneficial effect; old stocks of hives that have previously appeared -to be dwindling, are often aroused to activity by their removal into -a fresh domicile.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">- 88 -</span></p> - - -<p id="WEIGHING_HIVES" class="caption3">WEIGHING HIVES, &c.</p> - -<p>One of the most effectual modes of ascertaining the condition of -a hive is by weighing it. Such knowledge is most important at -the close of the gathering season, in order that the bee-keeper may -determine whether he ought to give his bees artificial food to enable -them to live through the dreary winter. A knowledge of the -numerical strength of the colony is also useful, in enabling the -bee-keeper to decide which hives will be benefited by being joined -together, which may be done on the plan explained in the articles -on "Fumigation" and "Driving."</p> - -<p>A hive can very easily be weighed, if a Salter's Spring Balance -be suspended near the apiary. The hive, having a strap or cord -passed under and over it, and crossing at right angles on the top, -may be hooked on to the balance, so that the weight will be indicated -on the dial. The weight of the hive should be marked on it when -empty, so that the exact amount of its contents may at any time be -ascertained. A colony of bees at Michaelmas ought to weigh from -20 to 24 pounds, that is, exclusive of the hive; if falling short -of that weight, the hive should be made up to it by the artificial -means before recommended.</p> - -<p>Experienced apiarians are able to judge of the weight of a hive -by lifting it a few inches from the stand; or by looking in at the -windows of a stock hive, a conclusive opinion may be formed as to -the state of the colony. If the combs within view be well filled -and sealed, it will be safe to consider that the hive contains -sufficient stores to carry the bees through the winter.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="V_MISCELLANEOUS_INFORMATION">V. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION.</h2> -</div> - - -<p id="STINGS" class="caption3">STINGS: THEIR PREVENTION AND CURE.</p> - -<p>Some of our readers may deem us neglectful in having, as it were, -left them to struggle through their bee-keeping novitiate without informing -them how to avoid being stung by their docile but well armed -flock. Of course, having described the bee-dress, we have supposed -that the apiarian was clad, if not "in complete steel," at least, -in the head-gear and gloves, which will render him invulnerable. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">- 89 -</span> -The best safeguard from the anger of bees—as indeed from the malice -of men—is a quiet and peaceable spirit. The apiarian will learn to -handle his bees not only as "if he loved them,"—as the quaint -angler says—but as if he fully believes that the bees love him. -This they will do whenever he approaches and treats them gently. -There are some cases of exception to this generally peaceable disposition -of the bee; sometimes a few bees are dyspeptic, and -refuse to be pacified—let their master seek to bribe them never so -wisely. Then, too, sometimes the bee-master himself may be -dyspeptic, which the unerring olfactory sense of the bees speedily -detects, and their anger is immediately aroused. Some few persons, -owing to constitutional peculiarities in their breath or insensible -perspiration, are objects of constant animosity with bees, who by -driving them from the apiary, are giving a physician's advice without -charge for a fee. Some of the choicest perfumes used by ladies are -offensive to bees: and one may feel very certain that the "fine puss -gentleman," who disgusted the brave Hotspur with his "pouncet -box" and praise of "'parmaceti for an inward bruise," would -have been speedily driven from an apiary in ignominious flight. -Occasionally, even a skilful apiarian may inadvertently crush a single -bee; such a mischance is detected by the community with much -more facility than by any "crowner's quest," and their prompt -verdict decrees the summary punishment of the offender. There -would be much less fear of stings if it were always remembered -that bees are never aggressive. "Defence, not defiance," is their -motto. They scarcely ever attempt to sting when away from the -hive, and very seldom indeed at the time of swarming, for then they -are gorged with honey. When molested by angry bees, the safest -and best retreat is a green bush. Thrust your head into this, and -the bees will soon leave you.</p> - -<p>Yet some people appear to think they must inevitably be stung -if they meddle with bees; and for their sakes it is needful to -explain why it is that a sting is painful, and how the wound -inflicted by the bee may be cured. Those familiar with the usual -microscopic objects will know how marvellously delicate, and yet -effective, is the mechanical structure of a bee's sting. This weapon -as we see it with our naked eye—finer than a needle's point—is -only the sheath, which lengthens or contracts like the tubes of -a telescope. From the sheath is projected the dart, which is double, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">- 90 -</span> -each half of it piercing alternately deeper into the wound made by -the sheath. The dart is barbed on each side, so that the bee when -very angry is scarcely ever able to withdraw it:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">"Deems life itself to vengeance well resigned;</div> - <div class="verse indent1">Dies on the wound, and leaves the sting behind."</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>If the patient who receives the sting could only take it patiently, -it would not prove half the inconvenience to him that often is the -case. There are indeed some happy mortals whose "blood such an -even tenour keeps," that a bee-sting is to them simply a puncture, -and nothing more. Dr. Bevan has suggested that lovers should -subject themselves to the ordeal of a bee-sting, in order to prove, -we suppose, that their temper is proof against "the <i>stings</i> and -arrows of any outrageous fortune" that matrimony can bring.</p> - -<p>It is the homœpathically minute tincture of poison injected by the -bee which causes inflammation. The first thing to do is to remove the -sting, which, even when detached from the bee, will continue to penetrate -still further into the wound. Next, press the hollow point of a -watch-key exactly over the place stung; this will express a considerable -portion of the virus. Then dip the hand or bathe the part with -cold or tepid water, for the poison is volatile, and will thereby be -dissipated to a great extent. On no account whatever should the part -affected be rubbed; to do that will diffuse the poison, and increase the -inflammation. The specific remedy for a bee-sting is taught us by -chemistry: the venom is an acid, which an alkali will immediately -neutralize when brought into contact with it. Spirits of hartshorn -will generally be found effectual for the purpose, and should -always be kept in an apiary. There are also several other remedies, -more or less effectual, according to the special constitution of the -patient. A strong infusion of tobacco water applied to the wound -after the sting has been extracted, is a specific for many persons; -others find relief from the application of a sliced onion.</p> - -<p>We have heard the remark from several who have kept bees for -years, that the poison from a sting has little or no effect on them; -after receiving many inflictions, their flesh appears to become -so little affected that the swelling and pain at one time experienced -no longer trouble them.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">- 91 -</span></p> - - -<p id="POLLEN" class="caption3">POLLEN; OR, FOOD FOR INFANT BEES.</p> - -<p>Bees, when fully grown, feed almost wholly on honey; but the -larvæ require for their development a more substantial kind of -nourishment. Such solid fare is found by the bees in the pollen of -flowers, a farina which contains some of those nitrogenous elements -in which honey is deficient. The body of a worker-bee is covered -with hairs, to which the pollen adheres when, by contact with the -bee, it is rubbed from the anthers and stamens of flowers. The bee -with its fore legs then brushes it off, and moulds it into the pellet -shape suitable for carrying it in the "baskets" or grooves on its -thighs. Dewy mornings or humid bowers suit the bees for the -gathering of the pollen. If the atmosphere be too dry for -kneading it into pellets, they roll themselves in the blossoms, -and trust to the good offices of the bees at home, who, on their -return, brush off the farina into the cells intended for it, A -portion of this "bee bread" is taken at once by the "nursing -bees," which are supposed to subject it to some change before -offering it to the larvæ; but the greater part of the pollen is stored -away, and sealed over in the cells for future use. In April and -May the bees are frequently busy "all the day" in gathering -pollen, and often one community of bees will collect about twenty -pounds weight of "bee bread" in one season.</p> - -<p>One of the objects of the apiarian is to assist the bees in -providing for the nurselings of the hive. A German pastor, <span class="smcap">Heer -Dzierzon</span>, first suggested the plan of providing the bees with -"unbolted rye meal" as a substitute for the farina of flowers. -He had observed that, in early spring before the flowers were open, -his bees had entered a neighbouring corn mill, from whence they -returned laden with rye flour. Since his discovery, most bee-keepers -in early spring place either rye or wheat meal near the -apiaries; to this artificial store the bees repair by thousands, and -seem to rollick in the enjoyment of so much plenty, many of them -returning to the hive as dusty as millers. The object in thus -supplying them is, that the brood may be rapidly brought forward -and early swarming induced. In this way, a few pounds of rye -meal at one penny per pound may tend to the production of very -many pounds of honey of twelve times the price.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">- 92 -</span></p> - -<p>In gathering pollen from flowers, bees are doing more than -merely providing for their own community. Whilst humming -through our gardens they are assisting to propagate our flowers, -and their merry buzz in our orchards indicates that the blossoms of -spring will in autumn fulfil their promise by abundance of fruit. -In Mr. Darwin's remarkable work, "The Fertilization of Orchids," -the mystery of the fructification of flowers is scientifically explained; -but before the subject was so fully understood, it was quite believed -that bees in passing from flower to flower performed some important -service. Owners of fruit trees have noticed, in a season generally -unfavourable for the orchard, that if during only one fine forenoon -the bees had spread freely amongst the blossoms of a particular -tree, that it would prove more fruitful than its fellows. On this -account the orchard is a good place for an apiary, for it seems—more -abundant the honey, more plentiful will be the fruit. Bees -bear the fructifying matter from one sex of flowers to the other, -but they confine their attention to one kind of flower during each -excursion: and the careful observer may see how the colour of the -pollen on the bodies of the bees will vary from yellow to red and -brown, according to the kind of flowers from which it has been -gathered. The gathering of pollen, its use by the nursing bees, -and the storing of it in the cells, afford to the bee-keeper opportunity -for observations of exceeding interest.</p> - - -<p id="PROPOLIS" class="caption3">PROPOLIS; OR, BEES' CEMENT.</p> - -<p>The old notion that wax is gathered by bees from flowers as -they gather honey, has long since been set aside by the discoveries -of Hornbostel and Huber. Wax is an oily substance secreted from -the honey in the bodies of the bees, on which it forms in thin -flakes. But there is "a resinous substance, very tenacious and -semi-transparent," which is indispensable for the bees as a cement -wherewith to fix their combs and fortify their hives against intruders, -and this is "propolis." The bees, in working the propolis, often soften -it by blending it with a portion of wax; but they have to extract -it in its natural state directly from the bark and buds of certain -trees. The bark of the willow, the leaf buds of the poplar and -alder, and the unopened blossoms of the hollyhock, are very usual -sources of propolis. In the case of a new swarm, as bees must -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">- 93 -</span> -have this glue before they can begin to build their combs, they -will resort to most unlikely places to obtain it. Sometimes they -will enter a paint shop and attack the varnish, and it is said they -have been seen to obtain propolis from the pitch and rigging of a -ship. These circumstances afford intelligible hints to the apiarian, -who, if his bees have not easy access to firs, poplars, or willows, -will provide some glutinous or resinous matter which may serve for -a substitute. The extracting of the propolis costs the bees very -considerable labour, which they should be relieved of as much as -possible, in order to facilitate their great work of honey gathering. -Bees choose the warmer part of the day during which to gather -propolis, as then it does not so rapidly stiffen. Frequently when -they arrive at the hive it has become so hard that the other bees -are scarcely able to gnaw it from their thighs.</p> - -<p>With propolis bees fasten down their hives, stop up crevices to -exclude moths and ants, and sometimes use it to narrow the -entrance of their hive against the invasion of wasps. Extraordinary -anecdotes are told of the prompt and ingenious use they make of -this substance. Reaumur relates that a snail having been observed -by the bees on the window of the hive, they proceeded to glue the -shell to the glass, and there sealed down the intruder in hopeless -durance. In another case, that of a slug, or snail without a shell, -the bees having slain it with their stings, were quite unable to -remove it from the hive. With wonderful foresight, they then -proceeded to secure their community from the noxious effects likely -to arise from the decay of the carcase; and this they did by -completely enveloping it with a coating of impervious varnish. -Huish relates a similar occurrence in the case of a mouse caught -in a hive by bees. Propolis yields benzoic acid, and contains -some aromatic properties.</p> - - - -<p id="PASTURAGE" class="caption3">PASTURAGE FOR BEES.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">"Bees work for man; and yet they never bruise</div> - <div class="verse indent1">Their master's flower, but leave it, having done,</div> - <div class="verse indent1">As fair as ever, and as fit for use"</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>Apiarians generally agree in the opinion that very little can be -done in the way of providing any special forage for bees. Yet bee-fanciers -are always interested in observing which the flowers are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">- 94 -</span> -that the bees prefer; and there are certain well established conclusions -as to the kind of district and season which are the likeliest to -produce a good honey harvest. There is an old saying that a -country which produces the finest wool also yields the best honey; -and a pastoral district is decidedly better than one under tillage. -The principle of the matter is, that the bees are best suited with a -long dry season—an early spring, a hot summer, and a late autumn. -As not one of these blessings can be commanded by the apiarian, -his art must be applied to provide some mitigation of the injury -suffered by the bees when the season is short or wet. For early -spring, the crocus, the blue hepatica, and the violet, all afford good -supplies of honey, and if cultivated near the apiary, will be of great -service when the wild flowers are backward. All varieties of the -willow and poplar furnish early supplies of honey, as well as of the -propolis of which we have spoken; the blossoms of the gooseberry -and currant are very useful for the bees in May. Wet, when it -enters flowers of any kind, prevents the proboscis of the bee from -reaching the secret source of honey. On this account, it is well -to know, as does the bee, that the drooping blossoms of the raspberry -escape the effect of the showers, and honey is gathered from -them when other flowers are drenched within as well as without. -For a similar reason, the borage (<i>borago officinalis</i>) is valuable for -bees; and, also, because that plant continues to flower until the frosts -set in. The honey both from raspberry blossoms and borage is very -superior. Mr. Langstroth says that "the precipitous and rocky -lands of New England, which abound with the wild red raspberry, -might be made almost as valuable as some of the vine-clad terraces -of the mountain districts of Europe." The "golden rod," and also -asters, afford superior honey for autumn gathering. Dzierzon -strongly recommends buck-wheat being sown in the winter stubbles -on behalf of the bees, and he tries hard to persuade farmers that it -is to their interest to cultivate it. It should be named that all the -ordinary fruit blossoms, especially those of the apple, supply -abundant store for bees.</p> - -<p>It is, however, to wild or field flowers that the bee-master must -chiefly look for the raw material on which his myriad artisans shall -exert their skill. The white clover of the pasture—the wild thyme on -the hill—the heather on the moors—the furze and the broom on the -sandy waste—offer exhaustless stores for a greater number of bees -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">- 95 -</span> -than can ever be located near them. There are also two or three -peculiar sources of honey which one would not have suspected, as, for -instance the blossoms of the onion plant, of turnips, and in still -greater degree, the flower of the mustard plant. In those districts of -England where mustard seed is cultivated so extensively, it would -be well worth while for the farmers to keep large colonies of bees. -Another, but a very uncertain source of honey, is the "honey-dew," -which in some seasons appears in large quantities on the leaves of -the oak, the lime, and some other trees.</p> - -<p>It is important to mention that bees in the principal breeding -season require a plentiful supply of water. Owing either to their -carelessness or eagerness, they are frequently drowned when -drinking from any large quantity of water; the bee-keeper should, -therefore, place near the hives shallow vessels of water containing -pebbles, on which the bees may alight to take frequent but -temperate draughts.</p> - - -<p id="LIGURIAN" class="caption3">THE LIGURIAN OR ITALIAN ALP-BEE.</p> - -<p>A new, or rather a re-discovered, variety of bee has recently -been brought into practical use amongst apiarians in Germany and -America, as well as in this country. The ordinary bee is the <i>Apis -Mellifica</i> of naturalists; the new kind is the <i>Apis Ligustica</i>. It -was also named "The Ligurian Bee" by the Marquis de Spinola, -who found it in Piedmont in 1805; and he considered it to be the -principal species known to the Greeks, who speak of the "best -kind" of bee as being of a red colour. Leading apiarians agree in -pronouncing these bees to be justly entitled to the high character -given to them. Their special advantages are—greater fecundity of -the queens, less irascibility, and a more handsome appearance, -for being of a golden colour, they are prettier than our black bees.</p> - -<p>Our own experience with the Italian Alp-bee enables us to -corroborate the statements which have been made in favour of this -new variety. We find the queens more prolific than those of the -common kind, and the quantity of honey produced is greater. -These two facts stand as cause and effect; the bees being multiplied -more quickly, the store of honey is accumulated more rapidly, and -the Italian bees consume, if anything, less food than the common -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">- 96 -</span> -kind. When of pure Italian blood, these bees are by some apiarians -thought to be hardier than our own. That they forage for stores with -greater eagerness, and have little hesitation in paying visits to other -hives, we can testify from our own observation. The following -anecdote will illustrate their intrusive propensities. Another bee-keeper -living in the neighbourhood of our apiary, when inspecting -our hives, observed the yellow bees; he exclaimed, "Now I have -found out where those strange-looking bees come from; for," said -he, "these yellow-jackets are incessant visitors to my hives. I -thought they were a species of wasps that had come to rob, and -until now I have been unable to account for their appearance at -the entrance of my hive, so that I have killed them by hundreds." -This was not at all pleasing intelligence for us, and we trust that -our neighbour has been more lenient to "the yellow-jackets" since -his visit. We are inclined to believe that more visiting takes -place amongst bees of different hives than bee-keepers have been -accustomed to suppose; where the Italian and black bees are kept -near each other, the foreigners being conspicuous by their lighter -colour, there is less difficulty in identifying them when at the -entrances of other hives.</p> - -<p>This season (1864) we have had more honey from a Ligurian -stock than from any one of our colonies of black bees. From this -Ligurian hive we have taken a glass super containing 40 lbs. nett -of honey, besides having drawn from it an artificial swarm; and, -after all, it remains the strongest hive in our apiary.</p> - -<p>The Baron Von Berlepsch and Pastor Dzierzon, who are probably -the two most intelligent and skilful bee-keepers of Germany, award -to the Italian a very decided preference over the common bees. The -Baron says that he has found:—1. That the Italian bees are less -sensitive to cold than the common kind. 2. That their queens -are more prolific. 3. That the colonies swarm earlier and more -frequently. 4. That they are less apt to sting. 5. They are more -industrious. 6. That they are more disposed to rob than common -bees, and more courageous and active in self defence. They strive, -whenever opportunity offers, to force their way into colonies of -common bees; but when strange bees attack their hives, they fight -with great fierceness, and with incredible adroitness.</p> - -<p>It is said, that the Italian bee can extract honey from some -flowers which the common bee is unable to penetrate. For instance, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">- 97 -</span> -the blossom tubes of the red clover being too deep for the proboscis -of the common bee, that flower is useless to them, although so -plentiful; but, says Mr. Langstroth, the American apiarian, the -Italian bee visits the red clover assiduously, and draws large -quantities of honey from it.<a id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7" class="label">[7]</a> This opinion is not held by the closest observer of Italian bees in -England.</p> - -</div> - -<p>The introduction of this new variety of bee into England -was through our agency. M. Hermann, a bee cultivator at -Tamins-by-Chur, Canton Grison, Switzerland, wrote to us on the -5th July, 1859, offering to supply us with Italian Alp queen bees. -This letter, or an extract from it, appeared in the current number -of the <i>Journal of Horticulture</i>, (then called the <i>Cottage Gardener</i>,) -a periodical that regularly opens its columns to apiarian subjects. -Prior to this the <i>Italian Alp</i>, or as it has been named the -"Ligurian" bee, was <span class="smcap">unknown in this country</span>, except to a few -naturalists. The letter referred to attracted the attention of that -intelligent apiarian T. W. Woodbury, Esq., now so well known as -the "Devonshire Bee-keeper." On the 19th of July, that is a -fortnight after Mr. Hermann's offer, we received a consignment of -Italian Alp bees, being the first imported into England, with these, -Mr. Woodbury also received one queen-bee and a few workers, which -he introduced into a hive of English bees from which the queen had -been taken. His efforts were very successful, and "the spring of -1860 found him in possession of four Ligurianized stocks." His -subsequent experience with the Italian Alp bee he has fully -described in a communication to <i>The Bath and West of England -Agricultural Journal</i>.</p> - -<p>Subsequently Mr. Hermann sent us a copy of his pamphlet -entitled "The Italian Alp Bee; or, the <i>Gold Mine of Husbandry</i>," -with the request that we should have it translated from the German, -and that copies of it should be printed in the English language. -The pamphlet was speedily published by us, and although singular -as a literary production, it may be useful for the advanced apiarian.</p> - -<p>Certainly the bees are partially of an orange or golden colour, -and if one could believe the golden anticipations indulged in by -Mr. Hermann respecting them, it would be sufficient to identify -the Italian Alp bee as the species described by Hood in Miss -Kilmansegg;—those which dwelt in</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">- 98 -</span></p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">"A golden hive, on a golden bank,</div> - <div class="verse indent1">Where golden bees, by alchemical prank,</div> - <div class="verse indent1">Gather gold instead of honey."</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>Poor Hermann himself did not profit by the discovery of the mine. -His enthusiasm for the culture of the Alpine bee instead of wafting -him to El Dorado appears to have driven him to the prosaic retreat -of a debtor's prison. By the latest accounts we learn that—his -ardent spirit chafing against his incarceration,—he had made an -attempt to escape, and in doing so, fell from the prison walls and -broke both legs. We understand that he has since died.</p> - -<p>In the pamphlet referred to, Mr. Hermann gives the following -description of what he insists on designating as <i>Apis Helvetica</i>:— -"The yellow Italian Alp-bee is a mountain insect; it is found -between two mountain chains to the right and left of Lombardy -and the Rhetian Alps, and comprises the whole territory of Tessins, -Veltlin, and South-Graubunden. It thrives up to the height of -4,500 feet above the level of the sea, and appears to prefer the -northern clime to the warmer, for in the south of Italy it is not -found. The Alps are their native country, therefore they are called -<i>Yellow Alp-bee</i>, or tame house bees, in contra distinction to the -black European bees, whom we might call common forest bees, -and who, on the slightest touch, fly like lightning into your -face.(?)</p> - -<p>"As all good and noble things in the world are more scarce -than common ones, so there are more common black bees than of -the noble yellow race, which latter inhabit only a very small piece -of country, while the black ones are at home everywhere in Europe, -and even in America."</p> - -<p>Notwithstanding the death of M. Hermann, we shall in future -be able to supply all bee-keepers, who may wish to possess stocks -of the genuine yellow Alpine bees.</p> - -<p>The Italian varies but little from the common bees in its -physical characteristics. The difference in appearance consists in -the first rings of the abdomen, except the posterior edge, and -the base of the third—being of an orange colour instead of a -deep brown. These orange coloured parts are transparent when -closely examined with the sun shining on them. The Italian bees -are more active than common bees when on the wing.</p> - -<p>During the summers of 1859 and 1860 we had over from the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">- 99 -</span> -Continent a great number of Ligurian queens; these were sent to -all parts of the kingdom. We regret to say that but few were -successfully united to English stocks. It requires a considerable -amount of apiarian skill to accomplish the union, so that we find -by experience it is best to send out complete Ligurian stocks. This -is particularly desirable now that the packing of whole hives is so -easily accomplished by us with the aid of bars and frames. We -have sent a great number of stocks to all parts by rail.</p> - -<p>Mr. Woodbury, owing to his knowledge and skill in bee-keeping, -was eminently successful in propagating the Ligurian -bees first imported into this country; and we would recommend all -who may be interested in the subject, to peruse the interesting -articles written by him in the <i>Journal of Horticulture</i>. He has -shown great patience and energy by his labours in the rearing of -queens and the multiplication of stocks, for which he merits all -praise. On the other hand, Mr. Woodbury has to thank the -Ligurian bees for the development of his own skill, for although -prior to this he was a valued correspondent to the before named -Journal, his commencement of scientific bee-keeping must be dated -from the time of their introduction.</p> - -<p>We now add to the other testimonies already cited, that of Mr. -Woodbury as to the superior qualities of the Ligurian bees. The -following is extracted from a paper contributed by him to the <i>Bath -and West of England Agricultural Journal</i>:—"From my strongest -Ligurian stock I took eight artificial swarms in the spring, besides -depriving it of numerous brood-combs. Finding in June that the -bees were collecting honey so fast that the queen could not find an -empty cell in which to lay an egg, I was reluctantly compelled to -put on a super. When this had been filled with. 88 lbs. of the -finest honey-comb,<a id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> I removed it, and as the stock-hive (a very -large one) could not contain the multitude of bees which issued -from it, I formed them into another very large artificial swarm. -The foregoing facts speak for themselves; but as information on -this point has been very generally asked, I have no hesitation in -saying that I believe the Ligurian honey-bee infinitely superior in -every respect to the only species that we have hitherto been -acquainted with."</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8" class="label">[8]</a> This super was exhibited at our stand in the International Exhibition -of 1862.</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">- 100 -</span></p> - -<p>After such decided testimony as this, corroborated, as it is, by -many other observers, there seems every reason to expect that the -Ligurian bee will gradually supersede the common kind throughout -the United Kingdom.</p> - -<p id="LIVING_BEES" class="caption3">LIVING BEES AT THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION -OF 1862, SENDING BEES TO AUSTRALIA, &c.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="page100" style="width: 478px;"> - <img src="images/page100.png" width="478" height="663" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">- 101 -</span></p> - -<p>The engraving represents our stand in the Agricultural -Department of the International Exhibition of 1862. The space -granted us in the World's great Fair was somewhat limited; but -we were able to exhibit a tolerably complete stock of apiarian -apparatus and all the more important bee-hives. Amongst these -was a Unicomb Hive stocked with the Yellow Alpine or "Ligurian" -bee. This was an object of great attention, and daily hundreds of -visitors flocked round our stand in order to watch the movements -of the Italian queen with her gay and busy subjects. The entrance -way for the bees being in the "Open Court," to which all visitors -had access, it was necessary to place the hive in an elevated position, -so as for it to be beyond the reach of incautious passers by, and to -obviate any chance of annoyance to the vast crowds of people continually -around.</p> - -<p>Among others who took a deep interest in our exhibition, was -Mr. Edward Wilson, President of the Acclimatisation Society of -Victoria. This gentleman requested us to pack four stocks of the -Ligurian bees for conveyance to Melbourne. With the assistance -of Mr. Woodbury—whose aid was, indeed, essential—these stocks -were sent off on the 25th of September, 1862, by the steam -ship Alhambra, so as to arrive at the colony during the Austral -summer. The hives were Woodbury-frame hives, having ample -space and ventilation, as well as the means of supplying water to -their inmates during the voyage; there was, also, a sufficient store -of honey to last until the following March. The bees arrived at -Melbourne, where they were released after an imprisonment of -seventy nine days, and have since rapidly multiplied, the climate -and pasturage of Australia greatly favouring the increase of this -superior variety of the bee.</p> - -<p>Mr. Wilson was so well pleased with the careful manner in -which these stocks were fitted out for their voyage across the seas, -that he subsequently instructed us to prepare him three more hives, -which were sent out in a sailing vessel. Owing to the mismanagement -of the water supply during the voyage, only one stock -survived in this instance.</p> - -<p>Upwards of twenty years ago, we sent a Nutt's Hive stocked -with bees to New Zealand. We then adopted the plan of fixing -the hive in a meat safe, so that the bees could fly about a little, and -also cleanse the hive of their dead, for bees are very attentive to -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">- 102 -</span> -sanitary arrangements; they always remove the dead ones from -their midst, and do not void excrement within the hive.</p> - -<p>When bees are shut up in their hives too long, they are apt to -be attacked by a disease called by apiarians—dysentery. Sometimes -when confined by the unfavourableness of the weather in winter -or the lateness of spring, this disease produces serious mischief -amongst the bees. Various remedies have been recommended; -but we believe the best is to see that there is wholesome food -within the hive, and plenty of it, and when fine weather returns, -the health of the bees will return with it. Dampness of the hives, -and too late feeding in the autumn, are also frequent causes of -this disease.</p> - - -<p id="BEE_KEEPING" class="caption3">BEE-KEEPING IN LONDON.</p> - -<p>There are many persons now in this noisy city pent, who frequently -remember the days of childhood when, among pastures of clover or -amidst flowery heath and woodlands, they listened to the cheerful hum -of bees. Partly from a desire to revive those old associations, and -also from a natural liking for the tendance of living creatures, such -persons would be glad to keep bees if they thought it possible to do so in -London or its suburbs with any chance of success. We do not wonder -that many should doubt even the possibility of bees feeding themselves -amidst such an "endless meal of brick;" but we can easily -prove that bees, if not placed too near to smoky chimneys, are able -to produce honey, both for themselves and for their masters. To -make this plain, we will mention some special instances of metropolitan -bee-keeping.</p> - -<p>About ninety years ago, a Mr. Wildman kept a bee-house and -honey warehouse near to Middle Row, Holborn. He was not only -a tradesman, but was also the apiarian of his day. He kept hives -of thriving bees on the roof of his house in Holborn, and many of -the nobility and gentry used to mount thither in order to inspect -the apiary. At that period, St. Pancras was a "village two miles -north-west of London," and what is now the Regent's Park was -open country. It was then much easier for London bees to find -their favourite forage, but Mr. Wildman believed that his hives -were filled with stores from a considerable distance. Whilst -enjoying his country rambles on Hampstead Heath, he had a -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">- 103 -</span> -shrewd suspicion that many of the bees he there observed gathering -honey were Labourers from his own apiary. In order to identify -his own flock amongst the rest, he hit upon a homely but very -effective expedient. Having borrowed Mrs. Wildman's "dredging -box," he stationed himself near the entrance of his hives, and -gently dusted his bees with flour as they issued forth. He then -betook himself to Hampstead, where he found his previous surmise -confirmed, for there were numbers of his bees in their livery of -white.</p> - -<p>Wildman became noted for the remarkable control he obtained -over his bees, many instances of which he exhibited before the -public. Many of his operations with them were regarded as feats -of legerdemain by the uninitiated, as when he appeared before -the king George III. with a swarm of bees hanging in festoons -from his chin, or suspended in a cluster at arm's length. The -Journal of Horticulture recently, in alluding to Wildman, gives the -following particulars as to his performances:—</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Near the "Three Hats," Islington, was a place of popular entertainment -called "Dobney's Tea Gardens," kept by Mrs. Ann Dobney. These gardens -occupied the ground between White Lion Street and Winchester Place, and -were established as far back as 1728. In 1771 the house was taken for a -short time as a boarding school; but it was soon changed to its original -purpose as a place of amusement, for in 1772 Daniel Wildman exhibited bees -here. This is a copy of the advertisement:—</p> - -<p>"June 20, 1772. Exhibition of bees on horseback! at the Jubilee -Gardens, Islington, (late Dobney's), this and every evening until further -notice (wet evenings excepted.)</p> - -<p>"The celebrated Daniel Wildman will exhibit several new and amazing -experiments, never attempted by any man in this or any other kingdom before. -The rider standing upright, one foot on the saddle and one on the neck, with -a mask of bees on his head and face. He also rides standing upright on the -saddle with the bridle in his mouth, and by firing a pistol, makes one part of -the bees march over the table, and the other swarm in the air and return to -their hive again, with other performances too tedious to insert. The doors -open at six; to begin at a quarter before seven. Admittance:—Box and -gallery, 2s.; the other seats. 1s."</p> -</div> - -<p>The secret of Wildman's skilful manipulation is well understood -now; it consisted in a careful holding and disposal of the queen, -together with confidence in the generally inoffensive disposition of -bees. Dr. Evans, whom we have often quoted for his correct -information in apiarian matters, thus speaks of his feats:—</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">- 104 -</span></p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">"Such was the spell which, round a Wildman's arm.</div> - <div class="verse indent1">Twined in dark wreaths the fascinated swarm;</div> - <div class="verse indent1">Bright o'er his breast the glittering legions led.</div> - <div class="verse indent1">Or with a living garland bound his head.</div> - <div class="verse indent1">His dextrous hand, with firm yet hurtless hold,</div> - <div class="verse indent1">Could seize the chief, known by her scales of gold,</div> - <div class="verse indent1">Prune, 'mid the wondering train, her filmy wing.</div> - <div class="verse indent1">Or o'er her folds the silken fetter fling."</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>To recur to our subject. After the days of Wildman, our own -establishment in Holborn became widely known for bee hives and -honey. Although we never attempted to start a London apiary -at all approaching in extent that of our predecessor, we have -occasionally kept bees on the house top both in Holborn and -Regent Street. At both those situations, we have noticed that the -bees bring "pollen" as well as honey into their hives. Last summer -there was brought under our notice an illustration of the acuteness -of the scent of bees, and of their diligent search for food, proving -too that if sweets can be obtained even from unusual sources, the -bees will find them out. A poor woman who, at the corner of an -adjacent street vends "brandy balls," "toffee," "rock," and other -saccharine compounds—all well known to and appreciated by most -juveniles,—used to receive frequent visits from our bees. Their -visits to the old dame's domain were at first rather interesting, and -if the few pioneers who had the sagacity to find such a store had -kept the secret only to themselves, their company would not have -been objected to. Such selfish policy does not, however, accord -with the social instinct of bees, and these soon informed their -companions of the good fortune provided for them in an archipelago -of sugar islands. Day by day the swarms of these uninvited visitors -increased, until all legitimate customers were beaten off; and the -old dame had to see, not only her hope of gain destroyed, but her -stock of "goodies" sensibly diminishing by the thefts of these -brigands of the air. She could not, or dare not attempt to, drive -the intruders away, so made diligent enquiry as to where the -robbers were harboured. Having traced them to our establishment -in Regent Street, she came to implore of us to move the bees if -possible, or she would have to move her stall, and so lose her -"connection" in the "toffee" and "rock" trade. Wishing not -to hinder the poor woman in gaining her livelihood, we decided on -removing our bees into the country.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">- 105 -</span></p> - -<p>It is difficult to assign an exact limit to the distance that bees -will go in search of honey yielding blossoms. It has been proved -by various experiments that they will fly say five or six miles, if the -supplies are scanty within a shorter radius; but bees well understand -that first of all economies,—the saving of time, and if they can -find forage near at hand, they prefer it. Hence, other things being -equal, the quantity of honey stored will be in proportion to the -contiguity of good pasturage. In this way it is that the systematic -removal of hives, as practiced in many districts, has such a notable -effect on the honey harvest.</p> - -<p>During several years we kept bees in the Zoological Gardens, -Regent's Park, and have there frequently taken full and handsome -glasses of honey. The position of our apiary was on the site now -occupied by the "New Monkey House." The Society promise to -erect a new building for an apiary in the course of the ensuing -summer. The visitors to the Gardens found considerable interest -in watching the bees in our glass hives, and are now much -disappointed at the absence of so entertaining an exhibition.</p> - -<p>A gentleman residing in St. James's Place, has for some -considerable time past kept bees in his garden there. He uses -our improved cottage hives, and his bee-keeping is decidedly -successful as he generally takes some fine glasses of honey each -season, besides leaving sufficient as winter store for the bees. For -a London situation, St. James's Place is a very favourable one; -the gardens behind the houses pleasantly face the Green Park, so -that the bees have an uninterrupted flight to start with. They are -also within easy range of the richly flowered gardens of Buckingham -Palace and those of the nobility and gentry who reside around -the Parks. To those gardens the bees of St. James's Place resort, -without waiting for any license or certificate from the royal and -noble owners of the honey yielding preserves. Being within a -short distance of our establishment, when this gentleman's bees -swarm he generally sends to us for assistance in hiving them.</p> - -<p>The neighbourhood of St. John's Wood, and indeed almost all -the suburbs of London, are favourable for the production of honey. -We mention St. John's Wood because, from the fact of having -kept bees there ourselves, we are able to prove by our experience -that they do well in that locality. We have several customers on -nearly all sides of the town, who have each had this year a -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">- 106 -</span> -considerable surplus of honey in their "supers," after leaving -sufficient for the bees themselves in the lower or stock hives.</p> - -<p>We exhibited in our window last autumn a super of fine -honey from the apiary of Shirley Hibberd, Esq., the proprietor and -editor of the <i>Gardiner's Weekly Magazine</i>. It is a box containing -20 lbs. nett weight of honey, and was produced at Stoke Newington, -only 3¼ miles from the General Post Office.</p> - -<p>The <i>Times</i> "Bee-Master," whose letters from Tunbridge Wells -have awakened so much interest in this pleasing pursuit, also -commissioned us to exhibit a "super," produced under his own -management in that locality. A friend of ours at Exeter had -upwards of 400 lbs. of honey, of excellent quality, though one -of his apiaries is quite within the city.</p> - -<p>The last has been an excellent honey yielding season; our own -bees, at Dorking, in Surrey, have produced us large quantities, and -the accounts from nearly all parts of the country coincide in stating -that the bees have in the year, 1864, enjoyed unusual opportunities -for accumulation. In not a few localities, the season of 1863 was -even more abundant.</p> - -<p id="WASP_MOTHS" class="caption3">WASPS AND MOTHS.</p> - -<p>Bees have few enemies more formidable than wasps. The most -effectual method of checking their invasion of hives, is to have as -narrow an entrance as the bees can do with. If a stock be not -very weak in numbers, the bees will be well able to guard a small -aperture, and can repel the attacks of those insidious and merciless -robbers. On this account, the entrance to our No. 5 hive as -described at <a href="#Page_31">page 31</a>, may be used.</p> - -<p>The bee-keeper is interested in preventing the increase of -wasps; it is, therefore, a good practice for him to set a price on -queen wasps in the spring, the death of one of them at that time -being equivalent to the destruction of a whole nest.</p> - -<p>Should nests be found in the neighbourhood of an apiary, their -annihilation must be accomplished either by blowing them up with -gunpowder, an operation well understood by most country lads; -or any other effectual method. The late Mr. Payne recommended -that a small quantity of gas tar should be put into the mouth of a -wasp's nest, and if then covered with earth, the total destruction of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">- 107 -</span> -the wasps will be accomplished without further trouble. But to -use blazing straw for the purpose is always dangerous in country -districts. We have lately heard of a very ingenious and successful -mode of entrapping and killing wasps. Place some sugar or -strongly sweetened compound on the ground in a garden, and -place over it a square hand glass, wedged up an inch or so all -round. On this glass, which should have an opening at the -apex, lodge another, but a sound one. The wasps, attracted by -the sweets, will soon crowd under the lower glass, and when they -have well feasted, will ascend into the upper one; there, between -the two, they soon become scorched and perish by the heat of the -sun shining on the outer glass.</p> - -<p>The season of 1864 was most productive for the increase of -these prime pests of the apiary, and many hives have severely -suffered by their depredations. When once wasps in any number -have gained an entrance into a hive, the bees can seldom eject them, -and the invaders generally remain until they have freely regaled -themselves from the luscious store. They not only consume the -honey, but cause a good deal of worry to the legitimate inhabitants -of the hive, as well as killing the foremost defenders of it. Wasps -being of so much superior strength, it requires, at least, three bees -to master one of them.</p> - -<p>Having suffered loss in our own apiary from the attacks of -wasps, we feel it desirable to give a detailed account of our own -troubles from that cause. One of our Ligurian stocks was besieged -and worried by wasps to such an extent, that the bees deserted it -on the 5th of September, (1864). Fortunately, the bees chose a -time for their departure just as we visited the apiary. An unusual -turmoil was heard in the hive, such as is experienced at the time of -swarming, and on immediately examining the entrance, we observed -that the bees were quitting in tumultuous haste. The usual -methods that induce bees to settle were tried—amongst others, -that of throwing sand up into the air, so as it should fall down -amongst the bees on the wing; but they were dispersed in disorder, -and their flight extended over three adjacent gardens. We only -discovered the clustered bees by diligent search, as the sequel will -show. Permission being asked of our next door neighbour, we -searched his garden to see if our bees had alighted there; but -found that they had passed over. Making a similar application to -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">- 108 -</span> -the owner of the garden adjoining, we entered, having a straw hive -in hand, but no bees were there. After looking diligently all -round, and climbing the wall, thereby gaining a view of the third -garden, we perceived in it unmistakable signs of an unwonted -commotion. The occupiers of the house were intently looking at a -particular part of the garden, and there was a dustpan and a key, -with which the master had been "tanging the bees" to induce them -to settle. We quickly made for the proper entrance to the garden, -and soon discovered our little wanderers clustered to a large flower -vase. Our neighbours, however, were sadly disappointed of their -prize, for the gardener had hastily been dispatched into the town -to purchase a hive for the welcome colonists. In depriving our -neighbours of so unexpected and cheaply acquired a treasure, we -could sympathise with their regret, having been much disheartened -half-an-hour before at our own loss; but, of course, we could do -no other than claim our own bees. We gladly agreed to defray -the expense of the straw hive that had been purchased for the sake -of our truant swarm. After brushing the bees into the hive, and -leaving it propped up with a stick, in order that the stray ones -might join, we returned home for an hour or so, to give them time -to settle. Judge of our vexation when on returning to fetch the -hive home, we found that the refractory creatures had again -taken flight, and that all the work was to do over again. The -wasps were not to blame for this second flight of the Ligurians; -we judged that the swarm had been disturbed by visits from a -colony of bees that we discovered were living the life of outlaws -under the roof of an adjoining house. Although much disheartened -and perplexed, we at once renewed our search, and, upon enquiry, -found that the missing bees had taken a southerly course across the -turnpike road, and it was therefore necessary to ask permission to -search the gardens of the houses opposite. From one of these we -observed, on looking through the hedge, that the inhabitants of the -next house were on the <i>qui vive</i>. On enquiring whether they had -seen a colony of bees, the wary old dame replied that she "had no -bees but her own," and added that "they were very much excited." -Having asked permission to go through the hedge to look at her -bees, we soon discovered our Ligurians on the top of the old lady's -bee-house. There was no difficulty in identifying our own bees; -their yellow rings were as good as a private mark. Quickly hiving -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">- 109 -</span> -the swarm, we took them home, and replaced them in the hive they -had quitted. It was almost destitute of honey; but by liberal -feeding, and lessening the entrance so that only one bee at a time -could find ingress or egress, we succeeded in inducing them to rest -in their old home. Thus nearly half a day's exertion was needed -to save a fine colony, which would otherwise have been utterly lost -by the power of the relentless wasps.</p> - -<p>Much watchfulness is needed to prevent the loss of swarms, and -the foregoing incident may serve to suggest the necessity of -having hives so located as to be constantly within view, either from -the dining room, or of those whose duties oblige them to be near -the apiary. If we had not happened to be at hand at the moment -this colony started, it would have been irretrievably lost to us. -Many swarms and colonies are lost simply because the departure -takes place without any one witnessing it. Let us hope that runaway -bees may always fall into the hands of those who are as -capable of taking care of them as our neighbours appeared to be on -the occasion we have described.</p> - -<p>Another formidable enemy of bees are the moths. These insects -are creatures of the night, as the bees of the day, and they make -their way into the hives under cover of darkness, in spite of the bee-sentinels. -They deposit their eggs in any crevices in or near the -hive that they can find. There the warmth of the hive or of the -sheltered situation, causes the eggs speedily to hatch, and then the -maggots soon work their way to the comb and larvæ food, which -they greedily devour, thereby often bringing about the gradual but -certain destruction of the whole community of bees. The best way -of keeping moths outside the hives is to lessen the entrance, as -before alluded to. Also, in the early spring, the hives should be lifted -from their floorboards, which must then be made thoroughly clean, -and all crevices and corners about the hive and stand should be -scraped, so as to get rid of all eggs of moths and other insects -before the warm weather hatches them or enables them to do -mischief. The bee-moth is not so troublesome in England as it is -in America and some parts of Germany; but still its encroachments -should be carefully guarded against in this country, for if not, it -may easily increase to a very serious extent.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">- 110 -</span></p> - - -<p id="DRAINING" class="caption3">DRAINING HONEY FROM THE COMBS.</p> - -<p>Those of our readers who prefer eating "run honey" to honey -in the comb, may be glad of some instruction as to the best way of -separating the two. For this purpose, it is better to let the honey -run without squeezing, in order to preserve both its transparency -and flavour.</p> - -<p>Take a sharp knife, and slice the combs on both sides, keeping -the knife parallel with the partition wall, so that every cell may be -laid open. Place these broken combs in a sieve, or on a piece of -muslin stretched across and tied round the opening of a pan or -large mouthed jar. Allow the honey to flow out of the combs -spontaneously, and reserve the squeezing process for a separate jar, -so that the honey of the first drained jar may be perfectly pure, -both in appearance and flavour. That which has pressure put on it -will be waxy in flavour and thick. Some persons recommend that -the opened combs be placed in the sun, as the heat will cause the -honey to run more freely. The great disadvantage of this is, the -temptation the honey will offer to bees, who will be eager to gain a -share. Honey whilst in the combs keeps remarkably well when left -in the supers; if cut out, the combs should be folded in writing -paper and sealed up, so as effectually to prevent free entrance of -air; they should then be placed in a warm dry closet.</p> - -<p>Honey, like most vegetable products, should be fresh every -year. It may easily be kept from one season to another; but -when kept beyond that time, unless very carefully stored in a -warm temperature, it will crystallize in the comb, and it is liable to -ferment when in jars separated from the comb.</p> - - -<p id="GEN_REMARKS" class="caption3">GENERAL REMARKS.</p> - -<p>Every bee-keeper should be a book-keeper; that is, so far -as to have a permanent record of the events of the apiary -and the fortunes of his bees. A book similar to a tradesman's -journal would be very suitable for the purpose. In it he should -note down the date of the first swarm of the season especially, and -those of the other swarms also; and in autumn, the quantity of -honey taken from each hive should be entered, with remarks on the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">- 111 -</span> -probable size of the various stocks. These particulars will not only -be interesting for the bee-keeper to turn to in winter, but will be of -practical service in enabling him to know the exact age and -probable strength of each stock. The bee-book may also be contrived -to show the total amount of honey that the bees have produced for -their owner, and the net money profit of the apiary. A simple -and clear account Like this—provided, by the bye, that it does -show a satisfactory balance—will be very useful for inducing -cottagers and farm labourers to start bee-keeping. Nothing like -ocular demonstration for this class. The "humane" apiarian will -reason with them in vain until he shows them a monster "skep" of -honey, and mentions the price that it will fetch in the market. -When convinced that the depriving system will pay, the cottager -will gladly adopt it.</p> - -<p>A writer in the <i>Quarterly Review</i> gives the following good -advice:—"Don't bore the cottager with long lectures; don't heap -upon him many little books; but give him a hive of the best -construction, show him the management, and then <i>buy his honey;</i> -<i>buy</i> all he brings, even though you should have to give the surplus -to some gardenless widow. But only buy such as comes from an -improved hive—and you cannot easily be deceived in this,—one -which preserves the bees and betters the honey. Then, <i>when you -pay him</i>, you may read to him, if you will, the wise rules of old -Butler," <i>exempli gratia</i>:—</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>"If thou wilt have the favour of thy bees that they sting thee not, thou -must not be unchaste or uncleanly; thou must not come among them with a -stinking breath, caused either through eating of leeks, onions, or garlic, or by -any other means, the noisomeness whereof is corrected by a cup of beer; thou -must not be given to surfeiting or drunkenness; thou must not come puffing -or blowing unto them, neither hastily stir among them, nor violently defend -thyself when they seem to threaten thee; but, softly moving by, thy hand -before thy face, gently put them by; and, lastly, thou must be no stranger to -them. In a word, (or rather, in five words,) be chaste, sweet, sober, quiet, -familiar; so they will love thee and know thee from all others."</p> -</div> - -<p>Allusion having been made to the profit that may be gained by -the judicious management of bees, we will illustrate that point by -relating an anecdote of a certain French <i>curé</i>.<a id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> It is one which<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">- 112 -</span> -may be suggestive to some of the rural clergy in this country, who -might almost as easily keep an apiary as they do a garden or an -orchard.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9" class="label">[9]</a> This story, in a disguised form, or—as the writer would say—an improved -form, was quoted in the Cornhill Magazine some time ago. In transforming -the bee-keeping cure into an English clergyman the effect was cleverly</p> - -</div> - -<p>A good French bishop, in paying his annual visit to his clergy, -was very much afflicted by the representations they made to him of their -extreme poverty, which indeed the appearance of their houses and -families corroborated. Deploring the sad state of things which had -reduced them to such a condition, he arrived at the house of a -curate who, living amongst a poorer set of parishioners than any he -had yet visited, would, he feared, be in a still more woful plight -than the rest. Contrary, however, to his expectations, he found -the appearance of this remote parsonage to be superior to those he -had already visited. Everything about the house wore the aspect -of comfort and plenty. The good bishop was amazed. "How is -this, my friend," said he, "you are the first pastor I have met -with having a cheerful face and a plentiful board! Have you any -income independent of your cure?" "Yes, Sire," said the pastor, -"I have: my family would starve on the pittance I receive from -the poor people that I instruct. If you will walk into the garden, -I will show you the stock that yields me such excellent interest." -On going into the garden, he showed the bishop a long range of -bee-hives. "There," said he, "is the bank from which I draw an -annual dividend, and it is one that never stops payment." His -harvest of honey enabled him almost to dispense with the use of -sugar, leaving him a considerable quantity of it for disposal in the -market; of the coarser portions he made a tolerable substitute for -wine, and the sale of his wax nearly paid his shoemaker's bill. -Ever afterwards, when any of the clergy complained to the bishop -of poverty, he would say to them "Keep bees! keep bees!" -In this succinct advice, extending it to laity as well as clergy in -rural districts, we heartily join, believing that in this country a ten -times greater number of hives might be successfully kept than are -now established. In a very practical sense, the oft repeated lines -of Gray are strictly true:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">"Full many a flower is born to blush unseen,</div> - <div class="verse indent1">And waste its fragrance on the desert air."</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>enhanced, especially as to the dismay of the decorous English prelate in -hearing that his poor brother in the Church had turned "manufacturer;" but -then the <i>vraisemblance</i> of the story, as we have it, was destroyed. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">- 113 -</span> -An apiary in the garden of every village clergyman would afford the -means of economising this unclaimed bounty of Providence.</p> - -<p>Bees may be very inexpensively and profitably kept in the -Cottager's hive (see <a href="#Page_34">page 34</a>), which will be found a very productive -one. It is true that it has not the appliances of windows and bell -glasses; for the cottager is not supposed so much to care for his -hives as a source of amusement; his object in bee-keeping is simply -the profit it may bring. For those of our readers who wish to have -united the facility of observing the bees with that of the plentiful -production of honey, we would especially recommend the "Improved -Cottage" hive, described at <a href="#Page_28">page 28</a>. If inclined to go to a little -further expense, the hives numbered 1, 2, 3, and 7, all afford -constant opportunity for inspection of the bees, and allow of their -working freely in the most natural manner.</p> - -<p>There are few hobbies which cost so little outlay as the keeping -of bees. Once the "plant" of hives is purchased, there is little, -if any, additional expense, and always a probability of a fair return. -If honey be obtainable, the bees will find it; they work for nothing, -and provide themselves with sustenance, requiring only a very -little labour from their keepers, and that labour is of a pleasing and -instructive kind.</p> - -<p>To the advanced and skilful apiarian we would especially -commend the use of the Bar-and-frame hives. With these, as we -have attempted to show, the bee-keeper has a full command over -his hives and bees. Many mistakes, it is true, have been made by -uninitiated bee-keepers in using the more elaborate hives. Being -struck with the remarkable facilities afforded by these superior hives -for the extraction of any one comb, and, perhaps, fascinated with their -easy sway over so highly organized a community, these new-fangled -bee-keepers have acquired a habit of perpetually and incautiously meddling -with the bees. The inevitable results in such cases are distress -to the bees, impoverishment of the stocks, and loss and vexation to -the over zealous apiarian. All these things may be avoided, if it -be remembered that there are first steps in bee-keeping, as well as in -croquet, chemistry, or cricket. In bee-keeping, as in floriculture -it is a great point to know when to "let well alone." There is no -florist, however anxious for a prize, who would be continually -pulling up his plants to see how their roots were growing. Doubtless, -the full control which the bars and frames afford over the inmost -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">- 114 -</span> -recesses of the hives, is a great temptation to the bee-keeper; but, -if he yields too readily to it, he will imperil his chance of profit, -and deprive himself of that continuous source of interest, which a -judicious apiarian always enjoys.</p> - -<p>Many persons who are well informed on most subjects, are -extraordinarily ignorant of the natural history of bees, and the -economy of the bee-hive. Perhaps we might venture to suggest -that, more pains should be taken at schools or by parents to inform -young persons on this, in connection with kindred subjects. As an -amusing illustration of the ignorance referred to, we transcribe an -order we received a short time since from a seminary in the north -of England. The young gentleman thus writes:—"Master —— -presents his compliments to Messrs. Neighbour, and begs they will -send him a swarm of bees; he encloses <i>six postage stamps</i>, and -hopes they will send him a <i>good</i> swarm." This embryo naturalist -was evidently of a mercantile turn, and had a mind to buy in -the cheapest market, for in a postscript he adds:—"Please let it -be fourpence, if you can!" We need scarcely say that in reply we -endeavoured to enlighten our juvenile correspondent as to what -constituted a swarm of bees, and returned the stamps, with our thanks.</p> - -<p>The culture of bees would be greatly promoted, if a knowledge -of it were considered necessary as one of the regular qualifications -of a gardener. So little time is needed to gain the skill requisite -for the tendance of an apiary, that it seems only reasonable to -expect it of a well taught gardener, and he should feel a pleasure in -the circumstance of its forming a part of his duties. In Germany, -where a country gentleman's table is kept constantly supplied with -fresh honey, the gardeners are expected to understand the management -of hives; and in Bavaria, modern bee culture is taught in the -colleges to all the horticultural students. Travellers in Switzerland -will call to mind the almost invariable practice of placing new honey -on the breakfast tables at hotels in that country.</p> - -<p>Some writers on bee-culture attach much importance to the -particular position in which an apiary stands, and the aspect -towards which it faces. A southern, or rather a south-eastern -aspect is the one which we have already recommended. Our reason -for this preference is, that we deem it very important for the bees -to have the first of the morning sun. Bees are early risers, and -should have every inducement given them for the maintenance -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">- 115 -</span> -of so excellent a practice. A few years since, many strong opinions -were expressed in favour of a northern aspect for hives. The chief -reason given for those opinions, though very plausible, appears to -us to be a very partial and inadequate one. It was said that, when -the hives face the south, the bees may, like the incautious -swallow in the fable, be tempted to fly abroad in the transient -winter sunshine, and then perish in the freezing atmosphere when a -passing cloud intervenes. But it is a very easy matter, if considered -needful, to screen the entrance by fixing up matting so as to intercept -the rays of the sun. At our own apiary we make no alteration -in winter, under the belief that the bees will take care of themselves, -and they seldom venture out when the weather is unsuitable.</p> - -<p>With hives exposed in the open garden, it is a good practice to -wind hay-bands round them in frosty weather, as such a protection -enables the bees to resist the cold.</p> - -<p>When a thaw occurs, everything, both in and out of doors, has -a great deal of dampness about it. The combs of a hive are not -exempt from this, so that it is advisable to have slight upward -ventilation in winter. Holes the size of a pin's head allow of the -escape of a good deal of bad air, which is generated by the -exhalations of the bees, as well as by the dampness before referred -to. These holes being small, do not create sufficient draft through -the hives to be pernicious; if closed up by propolis, are readily -reopened with a pin. With wooden hives in winter, a bell glass is -often found to be useful; it should be placed over the hole in the -crown-board, with a zinc trough to receive the condensed moisture.</p> - -<p>In summer bees do much towards ventilating their own stock-hives. -The observant apiarian will not fail to remark how, on a -warm day, several of the little creatures will stand at the entrance -with their abdomens slightly raised, and their twinkling wings in -rapid motion, producing a current of air inwards; while another -set are engaged in like manner, driving the bad air out, so that a -supply of pure oxygen is conveyed to the crowded inmates. In -this fanning operation their wings vibrate with such rapidity, that -their shape is as indistinct as are the spokes of a wheel when -revolving in rapid centrifugal motion.</p> - -<p>This important office entails great physical exertion on the -part of the bees, and they relieve each other in detachments.</p> - -<p>Some bee-keepers find an adapting board convenient for placing -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">- 116 -</span> -underneath straw supers, as it facilitates their removal. These -boards are made of mahogany half an inch thick, with a hole in the -centre corresponding with that in the stock hive. We do not -consider it necessary to fix cross sticks in the straw stock hives, -as is frequently done; but if the apiarian prefers to have his -hives so furnished, there is no serious objection to it. These -observations refer to our Cottager's hive (<a href="#Page_34">page 34</a>).</p> - -<p>There is another little matter of detail that should be named -here; that is, the necessity of the bee-keeper always having a -common hive in readiness near the bees, so as to be able to -secure any swarm which may unexpectedly start.</p> - -<p>Here our pleasant task must close. We trust that all information -has been given that is needful to enable the practical bee-keeper -to begin business, and the scientific apiarian to commence -his observations. By way of illustrating the two characters combined, -we will conclude by quoting another simple idyl by the -German bee-keeper, Herr Braun, whose winter musings we have -already presented to the reader.</p> - -<p id="ON_THE_FIRST" class="tdc">[<i>From "The Journal of Horticulture."</i>]</p> - -<p class="caption3">ON THE FIRST FLIGHT OF BEES IN SPRING.</p> - -<p class="tdc"><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">Adalbert Braun</span>, <i>Translated by</i> "<span class="smcap">A Devonshire Bee-keeper.</span>"</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">Hark! what is so gaily humming</div> - <div class="verse indent2">In the little garden there?</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Hark! what is so briskly whizzing</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Through the still and silent air?</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">Friend, it is our bees—the darlings—</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Now enliven'd by the Spring;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Yes, the winter is departed.</div> - <div class="verse indent2">And once more they're on the wing.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">Happy he, who winter's perils</div> - <div class="verse indent2">All his stocks brings safely through;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Thank Him, of all good the Giver—</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Faithful Watchman He, and true.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">Of my own are none departed.</div> - <div class="verse indent2">All as yet unhurt remain;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Though no longer rich in honey.</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Yet is Spring returned again!</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">Come, and let us view them nearer—</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Enter by the garden gate;—</div> - <div class="verse indent0">So—stand still, and watch their doings—</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Light your pipe, and patient wait.</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">- 117 -</span></p> -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">See how busily they traverse</div> - <div class="verse indent2">To their pasturage and back,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">That they may by toil unwearied</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Save the commonwealth from wrack.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">Look, O look! what loads of pollen,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Bring they in with heedful care.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Nurslings, fear not; for your cravings</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Here's sufficient and to spare.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">How they dart and how they hurtle</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Through the genial balmy air!</div> - <div class="verse indent0">To the mountains—to the meadows—</div> - <div class="verse indent2">'Tis the scent attracts them there!</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">There they dexterously rifle</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Nectar from each flow'r in bloom;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Toil they for our honey harvest,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">For us fill the honey-room.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">Yes, our bees, our precious darlings.</div> - <div class="verse indent2">We salute you all to-day;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">For your life is our enjoyment—</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Winter's sleep has pass'd away.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">Grant prosperity, Heaven!</div> - <div class="verse indent2">To the new-born honey-year—</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Give thy favour—give thy blessing—</div> - <div class="verse indent2">To these objects of our care.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">Now let each attentive guardian</div> - <div class="verse indent2">In devoted service strive</div> - <div class="verse indent0">For the proud, the Matron-monarch—</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Sov'reign of the honey-hive.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">So that we may learn by watching</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Who that in the noon-tide glance,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Or in midnight's darkest moments.</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Summons her to Hymen's dance.<a id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">Ev'ry bee-hive calls for patience,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Whilst great Haller's lessons teach</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Without patience Nature's secrets</div> - <div class="verse indent2">None successfully can reach.</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p class="tdr"><span class="smcap">T. W. Woodbury</span>, <i>Mount Radford, Exeter</i>.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10" class="label">[10]</a> This point cannot now be considered doubtful, but it must be remembered that Herr -Braun's verses were written eighteen years ago.</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">- 118 -</span></p> - -<p>In conclusion, we would remind all bee-keepers who earnestly -desire success, and who hope to draw pecuniary profit from their -pursuit, of the golden rule in bee-keeping:—"Keep your stocks -strong." In exercising the assiduous attention and persevering -effort, which that maxim enjoins, they will not only be regarded -as <i>bee-keepers</i>, but, as Mr. Langstroth says, will acquire a right to -the title of <i>bee-masters</i>.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">- 119 -</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="APPENDIX">APPENDIX.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 101px;"> - <img src="images/bar_ball.png" width="101" height="20" alt="" /> -</div> - - -<p>TESTIMONIALS OF THE PRESS.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 68px;"> - <img src="images/bar_diamond2.png" width="68" height="17" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p id="Great_Exhibition" class="caption3">GREAT EXHIBITION 1851.</p> - -<p>The "Working Apiary" in the Great Exhibition of 1851, will long live in -remembrance of the many thousand visitors who witnessed with much interest -the matchless industry of its busy occupants.</p> - -<p>We extract the following from many notices that appeared in the public -journals relative thereto.</p> - -<p>In noticing the hives exhibited in the Crystal Palace, I would say, first and -foremost in my opinion stands <span class="smcap">Mr. Taylor's</span> Eight-bar Hive, and Messrs. -<span class="smcap">Neighbour and Son's</span> Improved Cottage Hive, both exhibited by Messrs. -<span class="smcap">Neighbour</span>.—<i>J. H. Payne, see Cottage Gardener, Nos. 169, 170.</i></p> - -<p><i>From the "Illustrated London News."</i></p> - -<p>Messrs. <span class="smcap">Neighbour's</span> Apiary consists of a large glass case, with parts of -the sides covered with perforated zinc, for the sake of ventilation. This apiary -contains three hives; first <span class="smcap">Neighbour's</span> Ventilating Box-Hive, containing -from 15,000 to 20,000 bees, which were hived on the 30th of April of the -present year, the day before that of the opening of the Great Exhibition; -<span class="smcap">Neighbour's</span> Observatory Glass Hive, containing about the same number as -the box-hive; and a two storied square box-hive, with sloping roof. From -this latter, however, the bees decamped within a week after they had been -hived, owing to some disturbance, or perhaps, to the dislike taken by the bees -to their new habitation. The Ventilating Box-Hive is, in shape, square, -having windows and shutters. The entrance is at the back, enabling the bees -to go to Kensington Gardens, or other resorts, when they please. Above the -wooden box is placed a bell glass, into which the bees ascend to work -through circular opening in, the top of the square box. In the top of the -bell-glass is an aperture through which is inserted a tubular trunk of perforated -zinc, to take off the moisture from within. The Observatory Hive is of glass, -with a superior crystal compartment, an opening being formed between the -two; the bees are at present forming a comb in this upper glass, which affords -a very interesting sight, as generally speaking, the bees are in such a cluster -when at work that one can scarcely view their mathematically formed cells. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">- 120 -</span> -A straw cover is suspended over the upper compartment by a rope over a -pulley, which cover is raised up by the attendant at pleasure. The larger or -bottom compartment rests on a wooden floor, which has a circular groove sinking -therein to receive the bell glass. A landing-place projecting, as usual, with -sunken way, to enable the bees to pass in and out of their habitation, completes -this contrivance.</p> - -<p>In addition to Mr. <span class="smcap">Neighbour's</span> Crystal Apiary, he also exhibits a -Cottager's Straw Hive, Taylor's Amateur Bee-Hive, a Glass Hive, <span class="smcap">Nutt's</span> -Patent Collateral Hive, the Ladies' Observatory Hive, <span class="smcap">Neighbour's</span> Improved -Cottage Hive, and <span class="smcap">Payne's</span> Cottage Hive.</p> - -<p>The Cottager's Hive is simply that of the form we find in use in most -parts of the country, where the industrious cottagers or their wives, by a little -attention to their interesting little labourers, are enabled to add something to -their usually scanty earnings. This kind of hive is usually made of straw, -resting on a circular wooden board, with part of the board or floor projecting -in front as a lauding place for the bees, which enter under the edge of the -straw by means of a sinking in the floor.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Taylor's</span> Amateur's Bee-Hive consists of three small square boxes, one -above another, with a roof over the top story; the ventilation being effected -by perforations under the eaves; each side of every story has a window and -shutter. The landing place is in front of the bottom story, and the entrance -to the hive is a long slit about ¾ inch high.</p> - -<p>The Glass Hive or Ladies' Observatory Hive, is similar to that in which -the bees are at work in Mr. <span class="smcap">Neighbour's</span> Apiary already mentioned, but -on account of the number of bees at work therein, and the extent of comb -already effected, the interior perches cannot be seen. These wooden perches -are arranged in parallel lines, leaving a space next the glass all round, the -whole being framed together with a bar at right angles, and resting on an -upright support in the middle.</p> - -<p>The Improved Cottage Hive of the same exhibitor consists of a straw -circular lower compartment, having windows and outside shutters. A thermometer -is placed just inside one of the windows. The floor is of wood, with -a landing place and sunken way, as already mentioned in some of the other -hives. In the top, which is also of wood, are three circular perforations, each -of about two inches in diameter; above which are placed as many bell-glasses. -There is a small hole in the top of each of the glasses, through which a perforated -tubular trunk is inserted, for the sake of taking off the moisture from -the interior of the hive. Within the glass is a feeding-trough of zinc, circular -in shape, with a floating perforated floor, on which the bees alight, and in the -111 -winter season regale themselves with the honey which is found in the -various perforations, as it floats up to the level of the honey, contained in the -small filling-trough, through which the honey, or beer and sugar, is poured. -The glasses are covered with a straw cap, removable at pleasure.</p> - -<p>Messrs. <span class="smcap">Neighbour's</span> contributions are completed with, tin perforated -fumigators, by the use of which the bees are stupefied for a while, when -required to be moved from one hive to another; and specimens of honey and -honey-comb of the season 1850.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">- 121 -</span></p> - -<p><i>From the "Express."</i></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Bees and Bee-Hives.</span>—In the North-East Gallery directly under the -Transept are arranged by Messrs. <span class="smcap">Neighbour</span>, of Holborn, several descriptions -of bee-hives, which it will be interesting to many of our readers to -examine, as this branch of rural economy is claiming much general and -deserved attention throughout the country. The novelty of these hives consists -in the facilities that are afforded in taking therefrom at any time of the -gathering season the purest honey without destroying or even injuring the -bees, thus humanely superseding the barbarous and hateful system of murdering -these interesting insects, to obtain the produce of their industry.</p> - -<p>Immediately adjoining the group of untenanted bee-hives may be observed -living hives with the bees most industriously at work. These useful little -creatures have been highly honoured by the Executive Committee, for of all -the animal workers that contribute to the interest of the Exhibition they -alone are allowed therein to display their matchless ingenuity and skill. By -a simple contrivance the bees are allowed egress and ingress without in the -least degree molesting the visitors, thus enabling the admirers of the works -of nature to view the whole process of forming the cells and depositing the -honey therein.</p> - -<p>Within these few days Messrs. <span class="smcap">Neighbour</span> have added to the Apiary, a -bee-hive constructed entirely of glass, protected by a cover neatly made of -straw, but so contrived, that on application to the attendant can be removed -instantly, thus illustrating more particularly the curious workmanship of these -amusing insects.</p> - -<p>Her Majesty the Queen, and the Prince Consort, with the Royal Children, -were some time engaged in watching with deep interest the busy scene before -them, and putting many questions relating to the habits and economy of the -honey bee.</p> - - -<p id="International" class="caption3">INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION 1861.</p> - -<p><i>From the "Illustrated London News," August 16, 1862.</i></p> - -<p>One of the most interesting and instructive objects in the Exhibition, is a -transparent hive, in which the bees may be seen at full work. Among the -collection of bee-hives exhibited by Messrs. <span class="smcap">Neighbour and Son</span>, is one -of glass, stocked with a colony of Italian Alp bees. Here the queen bee -may be seen surrounded by her subjects, which pay the most deferential -attention to their sovereign. Through an aperture cut in the wall, the busy -throng of bees are continually passing and repassing. They go out at their -pleasure into the open court, fly over the annexe into the grounds of the -Horticultural Society and other adjacent gardens, and return laden with -sweets.</p> - -<p><i>From the "Journal of Horticulture" October 21, 1862.</i></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Neighbour, G. & Sons</span>, 149, Regent Street, and 127, Holborn, No. 2157, -have a very handsome and complete stall, on ascending the steps of which we -found a flourishing stock of Ligurians, apparently not at all ashamed of the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">- 122 -</span> -public position which they occupied, and working vigorously in the full light -of day. The queen, one of the largest and finest-coloured we have met with, -was perambulating the combs and receiving the homage of her subjects, stopping -frequently to deposit an egg in every empty cell. The hive itself was a -"Woodbury Unicomb," handsomely got up in mahogany, invented as its -name implies, by our valued correspondent. "<span class="smcap">A Devonshire Bee-keeper</span>," -the construction of which will be most readily understood by an inspection of -the engraving at <a href="#Page_46">page 46</a>. Its distinctive features are, the adaptation of the -moveable-bar system to unicomb-hives, by which any colony in an apiary of -"Woodbury-hives" can be placed in the unicomb-hive in a few minutes, and the -use of "outside Venetians," or "sun blinds." as they are called, instead of -the usual impervious shutters. By this contrivance light is never excluded, so -that when the hive is open for inspection, all its inmates continue their avocation -with their accustomed regularity, and a quiet and orderly scene is presented -to the spectator, instead of the hubbub and confusion which ensues in -ordinary unicomb-hives. On the left-hand side of the unicomb hangs a -beautifully executed drawing of a Ligurian queen bee magnified, together with -the queen worker and drone of <i>Apis Ligustica</i>, of the natural size. Immediately -under the drawing is placed a square glass super containing nearly 40 lbs. -of the finest honey-comb. On the right of the unicomb-hive is another super of -the same description, containing nearly 30 lbs. of the purest honey. These -supers are, undoubtedly, by far the finest in the Exhibition, and are the first -worked in England by Ligurian bees, being from the apiary of "<span class="smcap">A Devonshire -Bee-keeper</span>." In addition to these the most striking objects, are shown -Neighbour's Improved Single Box and Cottage Hives, Taylor's Bar-Hives, -Woodbury Frame and Bar-hives, the new Bottle-feeder, and bee apparatus of -every description. It will be apparent from the foregoing, that Messrs. Neighbour's -stall is well worth inspection, although the various novelties it contains -appear to have met with but scant appreciation by the Jury, who merely awarded -to them that "honourable mention" so lavishly accorded to the far less -deserving objects.</p> - -<p><i>From the "Illustrated News of the World" September 6, 1862.</i></p> - -<p>One of the most interesting and instructive objects is the honey bee at -full work in transparent hives. In the International Exhibition, Class 9, -Eastern Annexe, Messrs. <span class="smcap">Neighbour</span> and Son, of Holborn and Regent-street, -exhibit, amongst a collection of the most approved bee-hives and apparatus, a -glass hive, stocked with a colony of Italian Alp bees; the hive is so constructed -as to admit of easily seeing the queen, surrounded by the working bees. -Contrary to the long established notion that the bees work only in the dark -this hive is completely open to broad daylight. The bees do not manifest the -least dislike to the exposure, and they are not discomfited when light is -occasionally admitted for inspecting them. It is obvious that a knowledge of -this new feature must tend to a more general acquaintance with the habits and -hidden mysteries of the bee than has hitherto been the case. The queen may -be seen depositing the eggs in the cells; in this manner she goes on multiplying -the species, the working bees surrounding her, and paying the most deferential -attention, with their heads always towards her. Not the least interesting part -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">- 123 -</span> -is to watch the entrance; facility is afforded for doing so, the sunken way -communicating with the hive being covered with a flat piece of glass; the -busy throng, pass and repass through the aperture cut in the wall, so that -the bees go out at their pleasure into the open court, fly over the Annexe into -the Horticultural and other adjacent gardens, and return laden with crystal -sweets gathered from the flowers. The novelty of being able to inspect living -bees, and those of a new variety, as easily as goods in a shop window, will well -repay the trouble of finding Messrs. Neighbour's stand. These gentlemen will -no doubt cheerfully give any information that may be required.</p> - -<p><i>From the "Gardener's Weekly Magazine" September 1, 1862. Conducted by -Shirley Hibberd, Esq., F.R.H.S.</i></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Neighbour and Son</span>, 149, Regent Street, London, (2157).—This is the -most important of the exhibitions in this department. The "Bees at work" -are in hives open to the inspection of visitors, the bees passing out through -tubes to the open air, and not being visible within the building except through -the glass of the hives. The collection of hives of all kinds is complete and interesting, -and we subjoin a figure of the stand (see <a href="#Page_100">page 100</a>) to show how bees as -well as hives may be exhibited conveniently. Amongst the various contrivances -exhibited by Messrs. <span class="smcap">Neighbour</span>, Nutt's Collateral Hive has an -important place, and though very fancifully got up, and therefore very -attractive to amateur bee-keepers, we must make the same objection to it -as we have above to other forms of the same from different makers. The -Single-box Hive, the Taylor's Shallow Eight-bar Hive, are the best bee-boxes -in this collection, and every way admirable. Here are no fancy ventilators -which the bees will close up, nor provoking side boxes which they will -hesitate to enter, and from which it will be hard to dislodge them in order -to get them to winter in the "pavilion." Whoever begins bee-keeping with -either of these will have a fair chance of success. The most popular of the -hives is that called the "Improved Cottage." Its popularity no doubt is due -to the compromise between wood and straw which it accomplishes. People -cannot get rid of the idea that a bee-hive <i>must</i> be made of straw, though it is -a material so ill adapted for union of swarms, supering and other operations of -advanced bee culture. The "Cottager's Hive" is well adapted for "those -apiarians who are desirous of setting their poorer neighbours in the way of -keeping bees on the improved system." It consists of stock hive, small -super-hive, and straw cover, and is on the principle of Payne's, which has -been most successful among country people who have got so far as to prefer -keeping, to killing their bees. The "Woodbury Bar and Frame Hive" is -a novel construction, combining all the best features of the best bar boxes, -and adding some new ones of great value and importance. We recommend -every bee-keeper to become possessed of this admirable contrivance, with -which Mr. Woodbury has accomplished wonderful things in the multiplication -of the new race of Ligurian bees. In general form and proportions it -resembles Taylor's and Tegetmeier's boxes, but in the arrangement of the -bars it is unique. The stock box is furnished with ten moveable bars and -frames, after the German plan. Each bar has a projection running along -the under side; this ridge is chosen by the bees for the foundation of combs, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">- 124 -</span> -rendering guide combs unnecessary. The supers have glass sides and eight -bars, so that the operator need never be in doubt when to add another box -above or take away the harvest.</p> - -<p>The "Unicomb," or one-comb observatory-hive, is intended solely for -purposes of observation, and though furnished with doors, to keep up a -uniform degree of heat, Messrs. Neighbour have found in their experience -at the Regent's Park Gardens and elsewhere, that the bees manifest no -dislike to a continual exposure to light. As this elegant contrivance can be -placed in the window of a drawing-room, it is adapted to the amusement and -instruction of the family circle, as well as to the more serious objects of the -etomologist and scientific apiarian. All that is necessary is to connect the -outlet with the open air by means of a length of tubing or wooden tunnel, -and the bees pass in and out without obtaining access to the room, and all -the mysteries of the hive are open to daily observation. There are numerous -other hives, bee-feeders, bee armour, &c., &c., which we have not space to -notice, but which we advise our apiarian friends to inspect, as the collection -of Messrs. Neighbour illustrates fully every department of this interesting -subject.</p> - - -<p id="Bath_and_West" class="caption3">BATH AND WEST OF ENGLAND AGRICULTURAL SHOW AT EXETER, IN JUNE, 1863.</p> - -<p><i>From the "Journal of Horticulture," June 23, 1863.</i></p> - -<p>A novel feature in the Exhibition of the Bath and West of England -Agricultural Society which took place at Exeter last week, was the stall of -Messrs. <span class="smcap">Neighbour & Sons</span>, in which were exhibited bees at work in glass -hives, and apiarian appliances of every description. There were two Ligurian -stocks of bees at full work, one in a full sized Woodbury Unicomb Hive, -having been brought from London for the occasion, and the other in a smaller -hive of the same description being from the neighbouring apiary of our valued -correspondent, "<span class="smcap">A Devonshire Bee-Keeper</span>." Amongst the hives exhibited, -the Woodbury Frame Hive in straw appeared both novel and good, whilst -amongst the apparatus, artificial combs and the stereotyped plates for making -them, seemed to us the most worthy of attention.</p> - -<p>There was a remarkably curious specimen of artificial combs or partition -wall partially fabricated into complete comb by the bees, which struck us as being -well worth examination, showing, as it did, the various stages by which this -transformation is effected, and being calculated to throw light on the problem -as to the mode in which bees construct their combs. It is almost unnecessary -to state, that this unique and instructive stall was crowded throughout the -week, and we hope its financial results were such as will lead Messrs. -<span class="smcap">Neighbour</span> to continue their attendance at the Society's meetings.</p> - -<p><i>From the "Western Times" Exeter, June 12, 1863.</i></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">For the Little Busy Bee.</span>—Next to the poultry tents, and set back -against the yard fencing, is the exhibition of Mr. <span class="smcap">George Neighbour & Sons</span>, -127, High Holborn, and 149, Regent Street, London, inventors and manufacturers -of improved bee-hives for taking honey without the destruction of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">- 125 -</span> -the bees. The savage knows where to find the nest of the wild bee, and how -to get at his honey; but all the improvement upon the covetousness of the -savage made by the long after ages of the world to modern times, was to find -means of luring the pattern of industry to a convenient atelier where he might -be more easily, first murdered and then robbed. Their habits early attracted -the attention of some of the best observers of ancient as well as modern times; -Cicero and Pliny tell of the philosopher Hyliscus quitting human society and -retiring to the desert to contemplate their peaceful industry. The ancient -poet in his <i>Sic vos non vobis</i> plaintively sings over bee and beast, living, or -rather dying, not for themselves, but the lord of creation, yet was it left to -modern times—very modern times—to join the sentiment of humanity to the -rapacity of the barbarian. Mr. <span class="smcap">Neighbour</span> has a very complete collection of -specimens of the ingenious and successful contrivances in the construction of -hives for the double object of preserving the honey and the life of the bee; and -also, subsidiarily of promoting its comfort during its busy and useful life. -We are not allowed to forget here, that we have residing in our city one of the -first apiarians in the kingdom—Mr. <span class="smcap">Thomas Woodbury</span>, of Mount Radford. -If the bee philosophy be his hobby, we may recollect that all great discoveries -and improvements owe their existence to men who have had the power and the -will to concentrate their faculties upon a single object. One proof of his -genius in this his favourite department of action, is seen among this collection -of Mr. <span class="smcap">Neighbour's</span> in the "Woodbury Unicomb Hive." It might be when -closed up, for ought that appears, a neat case of books; but on opening two -doors of the Venetian blind pattern, back and front, we see between the glass -walls, the insect city exposed to view with all the population in action. There -it may be seen</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">How skilfully she builds her cell;</div> - <div class="verse indent2">How neat she spreads her wax;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">And labours hard to store it well</div> - <div class="verse indent2">With the sweet food she makes.</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>Some of the hives are constructed chiefly for the purpose of promoting a -philosophic observation of the bee's habits and methods of procedure in his -wonderful work. "<span class="smcap">Neighbour's</span> Unicomb Observatory Hive" is a great -novelty, being constructed with glass sides, the hidden mysteries of the hive -being exposed to the full light of day. "<span class="smcap">Huber's</span> Book or Leaf Hive" is -constructed to facilitate the object of the scientific apiarian. But the class of -hives which will most interest those desirous of promoting bee-keeping among -the many will be those for the cottage. There can be no doubt that many a -poor cottager in the country, if he could be made to see the advantage it -would be to him, and were taught the most economical and successful way of -managing this species of "live stock," would add thereby something considerable -to his small earnings in the course of a summer. Members of Cottage -Garden Societies have turned their attention to it very generally; but to get -the thing well afloat, requires in every district the devotion of some earnest -enthusiast who will take up the apostolic rule of action "This one thing I do." -There is the No. 5, "Improved Cottage Hive," in which three bell glasses are -employed, enabling you to take a glass of the purest honey from the hive in -the most vigorous period of the season. Then there are other hives of simpler -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">- 126 -</span> -construction and less expensive, but all illustrative of the sentiment of humanity -which seeks to preserve from wanton destruction those useful and interesting -auxiliaries to our luxury and comfort. This comparatively unimportant stand, -in point of size, cannot but attract the attention of a large number of visitors, -especially of the ladies and the clergy, who are desirous of promoting the -cultivation of the bee among the poor. To heighten the interest for the -curious, in one of Mr. <span class="smcap">Woodbury's</span> hives the bees are all alive and at it, and -for those who are disposed to go further into the subject, information is -available touching this fashionable, profitable, and domesticated member of the -Apiarian family, the Ligurian and Italian Alp-bee. Our old dark-coated delver -is threatened with supercession, just as the black rat was driven off by the -Norwegian invader, now in possession, and as the old races of cattle are being -metamorphosed into the sleek, shapely, beef-bearing, small-boned animals of -the present time.</p> - -<p><i>From the "Devon Weekly Times" June 8, 1863.</i></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Bees.</span>—Messrs. <span class="smcap">Neighbour & Sons</span>, of London, are exhibitors of two -<span class="smcap">Woodbury</span> Unicomb Hives, showing the royal and common bees in full work. -These hives are very ingeniously constructed, and were invented by Mr. <span class="smcap">T. -Woodbury</span>, of Mount Radford. Among other apiarian attractions, we may -mention the improved Cottage and Cottager's Hives, which are well worthy -the notice of those for whom they are designed, and the Ladies' Observatory -Hive. The Messrs. <span class="smcap">Neighbour</span> also exhibit Ligurian bees.</p> - -<p><i>From "Woolmer's Exeter Gazette" June 12, 1863.</i></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Improved Bee-Hives.</span>—At a stand near the poultry tents, are exhibited -<span class="smcap">Neighbour's</span> Improved Bee-hives for the taking of honey without the destruction -of bees. The hives are stocked with the famous Ligurian bee. The Unicomb -Observatory Hive is constructed with glass sides, so that the whole of the -movements of the Apiarian colony are visible, including the proceedings of the -queen and her court. This and some of the other descriptions of hives manufactured -by Messrs. <span class="smcap">Neighbour</span> are invented by <span class="smcap">T. W. Woodbury</span>, Esq. They -are furnished with moveable bars, after the German fashion. Each bar has a -projection along the underside; this ridge being waxed, induces the bees to -build parallel combs—thus obviating the necessity for a guide comb. This -description of hive is best suited for the Ligurian or Italian Alp-bee. Stocks -of this species, now so much in repute, may be obtained of Messrs. <span class="smcap">Neighbour</span> -149, Regent Street, London.</p> - - -<p id="Royal_Agr" class="caption3">ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SHOW, NEWCASTLE, 1864.</p> - -<p><i>From the "Northern Daily Express" July 22,—(Published at Newcastle.)</i></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">A Model Factory.</span>—Stand 191—<span class="smcap">G. Neighbour & Sons.</span> Regent Street, -and High Holborn, London. We have heard of model farms and model -lodging houses for the working classes, but it was reserved for the Royal -Agricultural Society's Meeting in 1864 to introduce to our notice a model -factory, where we may see representatives of the working classes busily engaged -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">- 127 -</span> -in their daily avocations. The stand which we have quoted above, may afford -fruitful study to such philanthropists as the Earl of Shaftesbury, who make -it their benevolent aim to elevate the masses, and the lesson here given from -actual life will not be lost upon working men themselves. There are several -striking features worthy of notice in the "model factory." We can clearly -perceive that it has been established on a principle which is essential to the -success of any great concern—namely: the principle of a good understanding -amongst the operatives themselves, and between them and the head of the -establishment. What strikes us in this model factory is the unity of action -which reigns throughout. There is no jostling of rival interests, and no -misunderstandings, or cross purposes. The operatives in this establishment are -so numerous that we question if any one has as yet been able to count their -number, and yet all seem to be working in perfect harmony, their joint -labour continually leading to one beautiful and sublime result. Another -feature specially noticeable in the establishment, in question is the principle -of subordination. Singular to say, that while the operatives are males<a id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> -the foreman of this model factory is a female; but that circumstance -need not shock the sensibilities of our fair friends any more than it ought to -offend the prejudices of the sterner sex, inasmuch as the mighty empire of -Great Britain is ruled by the gentle hand of a female; and moreover, in the -one case as in the other, the presiding genius, amids all her official cares and -duties, takes care to preserve the modesty of her sex. She never in the -slightest degree obtrudes herself needlessly on public observation, and probably -on that very account the respect shown to her by her subjects is the more -profound and devoted. There is, however, one particular in which we would -take leave to demur to the idea of this factory being in every respect regarded -as a "model." We have not been able to discover that there is any particular -period of the day in which the operatives are allowed to take refreshments. -We, in England, have been accustomed to regard the dinner hour somewhat -in the light of a sacred institution. And if the council of the Royal Agricultural -Society mean to set this up as a model institution, we are of opinion -that some explanation on this point is desirable. Indeed we have not been -able to discover that the operatives in this establishment take any refreshment -whatever. If they do, it must be "on the sly," vulgarly speaking. There -is one peculiarity, however, which must tend to popularize this institution, -and which has served to make it one of the most attractive objects on the -show ground. It is the fashion in all the great factories which abound on -the banks of the Tyne and throughout the country generally to act on the -principle of exclusiveness to a very great extent, and perhaps wisely so. As -you approach the door you see an intimation in legible characters, "No -admission except on business." This may be very proper, but it is rather -tantalising. In the model factory which we are now describing all the operations -are open to inspection. Every action is patent to the eye of the -spectator. This has been effected by a skilful contrivance, and it is this -contrivance in fact, which has entitled the inventor to obtain a place in the -show ground for his model factory, which he describes by the somewhat ambiguous -term of "a new implement." But our readers may wish to learn what -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">- 128 -</span> -is the staple manufacture of this wonderful workshop. We reply—"honey." -The factory we speak of is nothing more nor less than a bee-hive; or, to quote -from the catalogue, "An Unicomb Observatory Bee-hive," with living Italian -Alpine bees at full work; it was invented by <span class="smcap">T. W. Woodbury</span>, of Exeter; -and is improved and manufactured by the exhibitors. As implied by its -name this hive has one comb, so that both sides are fully exposed to the light -of day, thus allowing of an easy inspection of the queen-bee, surrounded -by her retinue.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11" class="label">[11]</a> The reporter was in error as to the sex of the workers.</p> - -</div> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">- 129 -</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="INDEX">INDEX.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" id="page129" style="width: 53px;"> - <img src="images/page129.png" width="53" height="18" alt="" /> -</div> - -<div class="tdc"> -[ <a href="#A">A</a> ][ <a href="#B">B</a> ][ <a href="#C">C</a> ][ <a href="#D">D</a> ][ <a href="#E">E</a> ][ <a href="#F">F</a> ][ <a href="#G">G</a> ]<br /> -[ <a href="#H">H</a> ][ <a href="#I">I</a> ][ <a href="#J">J</a> ][ <a href="#K">K</a> ][ <a href="#L">L</a> ][ <a href="#M">M</a> ][ <a href="#N">N</a> ]<br /> -[ <a href="#P">P</a> ][ <a href="#Q">Q</a> ][ <a href="#R">R</a> ][ <a href="#S">S</a> ][ <a href="#T">T</a> ][ <a href="#V">V</a> ][ <a href="#W">W</a> ] -</div> - - -<table summary="index"> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr smaller" style="width: 15em;">PAGE.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td id="A" class="tdc caption3nb" colspan="2">A.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Adapting board</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Age of bees</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Anger of bees</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Apiary, best time to set up</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> " Exterior and interior of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Artificial Swarming</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Right time for</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Directions for performing the operation of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Artificial Swarms, how should be placed</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Aspect</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Australia, sending bees to</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td id="B" class="tdc caption3nb" colspan="2">B.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Baby bee, cradle of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> " emerging from the cell</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Bath and West of England Journal</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> " " " Agricultural Shows</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Bee dress</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> " Necessity for</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Bees, reduced size of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> " Human breath obnoxious to</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> " Artificial scent objectionable</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td> -</tr> - - -<tr> - <td id="Bee_Hives" class="caption3nb" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Bee Hives (Modern).</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Neighbour's Cottager's:—</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Description of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Putting on super</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Time for removal of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Depositing eggs in super</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Neighbour's Improved Cottage (No. 5):—</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Description of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Directions for</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Weight</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Neighbour's Improved Cottage (No. 6)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Neighbour's Ladies' Observatory or Crystal Hive:—</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Description of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Feeding</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Light not to be admitted at first</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Mode of fixing</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> " stocking</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Protection from cold</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Use of frame work</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Weight</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Neighbour's Unicomb Observatory:—</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Construction and application</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Mode of stocking</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> How kept warm</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> How exhibited at Paris</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Prize Medal for</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Neighbour's Single Box:—</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Description of and directions for</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Nutt's Collateral:—</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Description of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Means of ventilation</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Mode of stocking</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> " taking surplus honey</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Feeding</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Shed necessary</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> The late Thomas Nutt</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Taylor's Improved Cottage:—</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Description of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Taylor's Eight-bar Straw Hive:—</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Description of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Taylor's Amateur Eight-bar</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> " " Seven-bar</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Woodbury Bar and Frame:—</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Description of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Glass Bar and Frame</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Straw Bar and Frame, description of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Special advantage of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Origin of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Directions for stocking</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Woodbury Unicomb:—<span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">- 130 -</span> - Construction of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Inspection of queen</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> How fixed</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Answering</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Mode of stocking</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Bees removed before Winter</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Huber's Book or Leaf, description of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Bee Houses.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Advantage of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Description of, to contain two hives</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Furnished with lock and key</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> How hives are placed in</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Plan for excluding insects</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Description of, to contain twelve hives</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Object of colouring alighting board</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Bees mistaking entrance</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Loss of queens</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Bee-house to contain nine hives, why not recommended</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Bee-keeping, inexpensive and profitable</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Bee-keeping in London</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> St. James's Place</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Zoological Gardens, Regent's Park</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> St. John's Wood and suburbs of London</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> G. Neighbour and Sons' London Apiary</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Seasons, 1863, 1864, favorable for</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Bee-keeper should be a book-keeper</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> -</tr> - - -<tr> - <td id="C" class="tdc caption3nb" colspan="2">C.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Cells, contracted size of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Changing old stocks into new hives:—</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Not to be attempted by the inexperienced</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Adaptation of old hive to the depriving system</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Directions for transferring stocks into frame hives</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Classes for whom bee-keeping is suited</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Combs, artificial</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Value of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Mode of applying</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Must not be jarred</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Taken from bar and frame hives</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Fixing in frames</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Ensuring regularity of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Compound Bar and Frame</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Cottagers, way to convince of the humane system</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Cottagers' hive</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Cover for bar and frame hive, description of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Zinc</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Ornamental zinc</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Straw hackle</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Crown board</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> -</tr> - - -<tr> - <td id="D" class="tdc caption3nb" colspan="2">D.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Dampness in hives in winter injurious</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Depriving System:—</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Special advantages of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Practiced in ancient Greece and Italy</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Profit to be derived from</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Dividing hives, reason why they do not answer</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Dressing hives inside with sweet not needful</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Driving bees, directions for</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Drones, sex of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Purpose of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Reason for numbers in hive</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> General massacre of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> All die before winter</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td> -</tr> - - -<tr> - <td id="E" class="tdc caption3nb" colspan="2">E.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Eggs of bees:—</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Description of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> In supers</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#page36">36</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Entrance to hives</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Epitaph on murdered bees</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Evans, note on page, extract from</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Evening thoughts in January, a poem</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></td> -</tr> - - -<tr> - <td id="F" class="tdc caption3nb" colspan="2">F.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Feeding</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Feeder (Bottle)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> (Nutt's)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> (Round)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> (Fountain)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Frame:—</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Description of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Mr. "Woodbury's improvement</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> How kept perpendicular</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Taking out with combs</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Direction for handling frames</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Placing frames in hives</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">French Bishop visiting a Cure (anecdote)<span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">- 131 -</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fructifying flowers, bees useful for</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fumigation, directions for</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fumigators</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></td> -</tr> - - -<tr> - <td id="G" class="tdc caption3nb" colspan="2">G.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">General remarks</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_110">110</a> to <a href="#Page_116">116</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td id="Glasses" class="tdl">Glasses, bell</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Great Exhibition of 1851, Testimonials of the press</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Guide comb</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> " for glasses</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> -</tr> - - -<tr> - <td id="H" class="tdc caption3nb" colspan="2">H.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Hives—see Bee-hives</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Large number may be kept</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Hive should be ready for swarm</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Honey cutters</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Honey Dew</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Honey, directions for draining from combs</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Keeping honey in the comb at a warm temperature</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Huber (Francis), extract from Memoirs of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> -</tr> - - -<tr> - <td id="I" class="tdc caption3nb" colspan="2">I.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Improved cottage hive</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Improved comb bar</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Increase of bees</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">India-rubber gloves</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Impregnation of queen</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Insects that are injurious</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Insects, cleansing hives from</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Interchange of combs for strengthening weak hives</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td id="Italian_Bee" class="tdl">Italian honey bee</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Description of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Great honey collecting powers</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Opinions of German bee-masters</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Introduction into England</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Hermann's book on</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Physical characteristics of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Importation of queens in many instances unsuccessful</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Transporting stocks to Australia</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> At the International Exhibition</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></td> -</tr> - - -<tr> - <td id="J" class="tdc caption3nb" colspan="2">J.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Journal of Horticulture</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td id="K" class="tdc caption3nb" colspan="2">K.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Keeping bell glasses warm</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td id="L" class="tdc caption3nb" colspan="2">L.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Ligurian honey bee (see <a href="#Italian_Bee">Italian bee</a>)</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Loyalty of bees</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td> -</tr> - - -<tr> - <td id="M" class="tdc caption3nb" colspan="2">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Mortar, not necessary for closing crevices</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Moths, how entrance is effected</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> How to destroy eggs of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> -</tr> - - -<tr> - <td id="N" class="tdc caption3nb" colspan="2">N.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Neglect of bee-keeping</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Neighbour's hives (see Bee-hives).</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Number of eggs in the season</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Nutt's hives (see <a href="#Bee_Hives">Bee-hives</a>)</td> -</tr> - - -<tr> - <td id="P" class="tdc caption3nb" colspan="2">P.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Pasturage for bees</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Honey yielding flowers</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Wild flowers best</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Pollen, food for infant bees</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> How collected</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Rye meal a substitute for farina from flowers</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Propolis, or bees' cement</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> How obtained</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Application of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Anecdote illustrating use of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Putting on super hive or bell glasses</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></td> -</tr> - - -<tr> - <td id="Q" class="tdc caption3nb" colspan="2">Q.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Queen:—</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Description of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Movements of, laying eggs and marriage day</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Honor to when fertile</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Combats with her rivals</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Dismay of bees on loss of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Raised from worker embryo</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Longevity of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Old one goes with first swarm</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Leaves hive only in fine weather</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> In super hives</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Loss of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_5">5</a>,<a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> View of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_44">44</a>,<a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Supplying queenless hives with</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_5">5</a>,<a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> -</tr> - - -<tr> - <td id="R" class="tdc caption3nb" colspan="2">R. - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">- 132 -</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Roller, engraved pressing:—</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Description of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Application of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Royal Agricultural Society's Show</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></td> -</tr> - - -<tr> - <td id="S" class="tdc caption3nb" colspan="2">S.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Spring, time to begin bee-keeping</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Spring, First flight of bees in, a poem</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Sprinkling bees</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Stand for hives, engraving</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Sticks in hives not necessary</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Super for bar and frame hives</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2"> Bell glass (see <a href="#Glasses">Glasses</a>)</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Straw</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Straw hives:</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Advantage of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Preference for</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Swarming:—</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Usual time of year for</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Cause of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Agitation before</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Provisioning for</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Usual time of day for</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Poetical description of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Ringing on occasion of, needless</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Desirable to prevent</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Swarms:—</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Devices for inducing settlement of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Consequences of a second flight</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Means of preventing ditto</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Two sometimes depart at same time and mingle</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Necessity of having hives in readiness</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Bee dress essential</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Time for removing</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Care to be exercised when confined</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> First swarms most valuable</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Second, cause of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Premonitory symptoms</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Royal wailing indicative of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Numerical composition of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Third, name of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Fourth, name of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Care required to prevent loss of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> -</tr> - - -<tr> - <td id="T" class="tdc caption3nb" colspan="2">T.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Taking honey, mode of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Thomson's "Seasons," extract from, on murdered bees</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td id="V" class="tdc caption3nb" colspan="2">V.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Ventilation</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td id="W" class="tdc caption3nb" colspan="2">W.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Wasps, how to prevent the increase of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Season 1864 productive of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Water essential</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Mismanagement of, during voyage</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Weighing hives, importance of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Salter's spring balance best</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> How to judge of quantity without</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Windows, objections to</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Wildman</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Marvellous feats of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Secret of success</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Worker bee:—</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Description of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Sex of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Number in hive</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> Young ones, employment of</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td> - -</tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">- 133 -</span></p> - - -<p class="caption3nb">NEIGHBOUR'S</p> - -<p class="caption2">IMPROVED BEE-HIVES,</p> - -<p class="tdc">FOR</p> - -<p class="tdc larger">TAKING HONEY WITHOUT THE DESTRUCTION OF THE BEES.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="page133" style="width: 450px;"> - <img src="images/page133.png" width="365" height="197" alt="" /><br /> - <span class="figcaption">DRAWINGS AND DETAILED LISTS FORWARDED<br /> - ON RECEIPT OF TWO POSTAGE STAMPS.</span> -</div> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">1.</td> - <td class="tdl">Nutt's Collateral Bee-Hive</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdr">15</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc smaller" colspan="2">Stand for ditto, 16s.</td> - <td colspan="3"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">2.</td> - <td class="tdl">Neighbour's Improved Single-box Hive</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc smaller" colspan="2">Stand for ditto, 10s. 6d.</td> - <td colspan="3"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">3.</td> - <td class="tdl">Taylor's Shallow-box or Eight-bar Hive, complete with cover</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc smaller" colspan="2">Stand for ditto, 10s. 6d.</td> - <td colspan="3"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">4.</td> - <td class="tdl">Taylor's Amateur Bar Hive</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc smaller" colspan="2">Stand for ditto, 10s. 6d.</td> - <td colspan="3"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">5.</td> - <td class="tdl">Neighbour's Improved Cottage Hive</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdr">15</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc smaller" colspan="2">Stand for ditto, 10s. 6d.</td> - <td colspan="3"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">6.</td> - <td class="tdl">An Improved Cottage Hive</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td colspan="3"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">7.</td> - <td class="tdl">The Ladies' Observatory or Crystal Hive. Price complete</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td colspan="3"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">8.</td> - <td class="tdl">The Cottager's Hive</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td colspan="3"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">9 </td> - <td class="tdl">& 10. Bee Feeders</td> - <td class="tdr">each <sup>5</sup>/<sub>.</sub> and</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td colspan="3"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">11 </td> - <td class="tdl">& 12. Fumigators</td> - <td class="tdr">each <sup>2</sup>/<sub>.</sub> and</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td colspan="3"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">13.</td> - <td class="tdl">Honey Cutters<span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">- 134 -</span></td> - <td class="tdr">per pair</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td colspan="3"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">14.</td> - <td class="tdl">Taylor's Improved Cottage Hive</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc smaller" colspan="2">With Stand, £1. 10s.</td> - <td colspan="3"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">15.</td> - <td class="tdl">Fountain Bee Feeder</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td colspan="3"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">18.</td> - <td class="tdl">Taylor's Eight-bar Straw Hive, complete</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdr">12</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc smaller" colspan="2">Stock Hive only, 15s.</td> - <td colspan="3"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">19.</td> - <td class="tdl">Huber's Book or Leaf Hive</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td colspan="3"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">20.</td> - <td class="tdl">Taylor's Unicomb Observatory Hive</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td colspan="3"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">24.</td> - <td class="tdl">Taylor's Glasses</td> - <td class="tdr"><sup>7</sup>/<sub>.</sub></td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td colspan="3"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdl">Payne's ditto</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td colspan="3"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">25.</td> - <td class="tdl">Bell Glass</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td colspan="3"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">26.</td> - <td class="tdl"> "</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td colspan="3"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">27.</td> - <td class="tdl"> "</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td colspan="3"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">28.</td> - <td class="tdl"> " <span class="smaller">without knob and flat top to put on the table - inverted, price with lid</span></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td colspan="3"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">29.</td> - <td class="tdl">Zinc Cover</td> - <td class="tdr">each <sup>7</sup>/<sub>6</sub> and</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td colspan="3"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">30.</td> - <td class="tdl">Shallow Glasses (new shape)</td> - <td class="tdr">each <sup>5</sup>/<sub>6</sub> and</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td colspan="3"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">31.</td> - <td class="tdl">Bee Dress and Protector</td> - <td class="tdr"><sup>5</sup>/<sub>.</sub>, by post</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td colspan="3"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">37.</td> - <td class="tdl">Zinc Cover</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td class="tdr">16</td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td colspan="3"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">38.</td> - <td class="tdl">Ornamental ditto</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td colspan="3"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">39.</td> - <td class="tdl">Bee House to contain Two Hives</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td colspan="3"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">40.</td> - <td class="tdl"> " " Twelve Hives</td> - <td class="tdr">£15. and</td> - <td class="tdr">19</td> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td colspan="3"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdl">Woodbury Unicomb Hive</td> - <td colspan="3"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr vtop">42.</td> - <td class="tdl"> " Bar and Frame Hive, complete with outside<br /> - cover and super</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc smaller" colspan="2">Stand for ditto, 10s. 6d.</td> - <td colspan="3"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">44.</td> - <td class="tdl">Bottle Feeder</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td colspan="3"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">45.</td> - <td class="tdl">Woodbury Straw Bar and Frame Hive (Stock Hive)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td colspan="3"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">46.</td> - <td class="tdl">Engraved Pressing Roller</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td class="tdr">7</td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td colspan="3"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">47.</td> - <td class="tdl">Impressed Wax Sheets or Artificial Combs per dozen</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="transnote"> - -<p class="caption3nb">Transcriber Note</p> - -<p>Minor typos corrected. 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