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+The Project Gutenberg eBook of Independence, by Rudyard Kipling
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
+most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
+of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
+will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
+using this eBook.
+
+Title: Independence
+       Rectorial address delivered at St. Andrews October 10, 1923
+
+Author: Rudyard Kipling
+
+Release Date: May 28, 2022 [eBook #68189]
+
+Language: English
+
+Produced by: Martin Pettit and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+             at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+             generously made available by The Internet Archive)
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INDEPENDENCE ***
+
+
+INDEPENDENCE
+
+
+
+
+BOOKS BY RUDYARD KIPLING
+
+
+ACTIONS AND REACTIONS
+BRUSHWOOD BOY, THE
+CAPTAINS COURAGEOUS
+COLLECTED VERSE
+DAY’S WORK, THE
+DEPARTMENTAL DITTIES AND BALLADS AND BARRACK-ROOM BALLADS
+DIVERSITY OF CREATURES, A
+EYES OF ASIA, THE
+FEET OF THE YOUNG MEN, THE
+FIVE NATIONS, THE
+FRANCE AT WAR
+FRINGES OF THE FLEET
+FROM SEA TO SEA
+HISTORY OF ENGLAND, A
+IRISH GUARDS IN THE GREAT WAR, THE
+JUNGLE BOOK, THE
+JUNGLE BOOK, SECOND
+JUST SO SONG BOOK
+JUST SO STORIES
+KIM
+KIPLING ANTHOLOGY, A PROSE AND VERSE
+KIPLING CALENDAR
+KIPLING STORIES AND POEMS EVERY CHILD SHOULD KNOW
+KIPLING BIRTHDAY BOOK, THE
+LAND AND SEA TALES
+LETTERS OF TRAVEL
+LIFE’S HANDICAP: BEING STORIES OF MINE OWN PEOPLE
+LIGHT THAT FAILED, THE
+MANY INVENTIONS
+NAULAHKA, THE (With Wolcott Balestier)
+PLAIN TALES FROM THE HILLS
+PUCK OF POOK’S HILL
+REWARDS AND FAIRIES
+RUDYARD KIPLING’S VERSE: Inclusive Edition, 1885-1918
+SEA WARFARE
+SEVEN SEAS, THE
+SOLDIER STORIES
+SOLDIERS THREE, THE STORY OF THE GADSBYS, AND IN BLACK AND WHITE
+SONG OF THE ENGLISH, A
+SONGS FROM BOOKS
+STALKY & CO.
+THEY
+TRAFFICS AND DISCOVERIES
+UNDER THE DEODARS, THE PHANTOM ’RICKSHAW, AND WEE WILLIE WINKIE
+WITH THE NIGHT MAIL
+YEARS BETWEEN, THE
+
+
+
+
+INDEPENDENCE
+
+RECTORIAL ADDRESS
+DELIVERED AT ST. ANDREWS
+OCTOBER 10, 1923
+
+BY
+RUDYARD KIPLING
+
+[Illustration: Logo]
+
+
+GARDEN CITY      NEW YORK
+DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY
+1924
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Rudyard Kipling signature]
+
+COPYRIGHT, 1923, BY
+RUDYARD KIPLING
+
+ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
+
+PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES
+AT
+THE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS, GARDEN CITY. N. Y.
+
+
+
+
+INDEPENDENCE
+
+
+The sole revenge that Maturity can take upon Youth for the sin of
+being young, is to preach at it. When I was young I sat and suffered
+under that dispensation. Now that I am older I purpose, if you, my
+constituents, will permit me, to hand on the Sacred Torch of Boredom.
+
+In the First Volume, then, of the Pickering Edition of the works of the
+late Robert Burns, on the 171st page, you will find this stanza:
+
+
+     To catch Dame Fortune’s golden smile,
+       Assiduous wait upon her,
+     And gather gear by every wile
+       That’s justified by honour--
+     Not for to hide it in a hedge,
+       Nor for a train attendant,
+     But for the glorious privilege
+       Of being independent.
+
+
+At first sight it may seem superfluous to speak of thrift and
+independence to men of your race, and in a University that produced
+Duncan of Ruthwell and Chalmers. I admit it. No man carries coals to
+Newcastle--to sell; but if he wishes to discuss coal in the abstract,
+as the Deacon of Dumfries discussed love, he will find Newcastle knows
+something about it. And so, too, with you here. May I take it that you,
+for the most part, come, as I did, from households conversant with
+a certain strictness--let us call it a decent and wary economy--in
+domestic matters, which has taught us to look at both sides of the
+family shilling; that we belong to stock where present sacrifice for
+future ends (our own education may have been among them) was accepted,
+in principle and practice, as part of life? I ask this, because talking
+to people who for any cause have been denied these experiences is like
+trying to tell a neutral of our life between 1914 and 1918.
+
+Independence means, “Let every herring hang by its own head.” It
+signifies the blessed state of hanging on to as few persons and things
+as possible; and it leads up to the singular privilege of a man owning
+himself.
+
+The desire for independence has been, up to the present, an
+ineradicable human instinct, antedating even the social instinct. Let
+us trace it back to its beginnings, so that we may not be surprised at
+our own virtue to-day.
+
+Science tells us that Man did not begin life on the ground, but lived
+first among tree-tops--a platform which does not offer much room for
+large or democratic assemblies. Here he had to keep his individual
+balance on the branches, under penalty of death or disablement if he
+lost it, and here, when his few wants were satisfied, he had time to
+realize slowly that he was not altogether like the beasts, but a person
+apart, and therefore lonely. Not till he abandoned his family-tree,
+and associated himself with his fellows on the flat, for predatory
+or homicidal purposes, did he sacrifice his personal independence of
+action, or cut into his large leisure of brooding abstraction necessary
+for the discovery of his relations to his world. This is the period
+in our Revered Ancestor’s progress through Time that strikes me as
+immensely the most interesting and important.
+
+No one knows how long it took to divide the human line of ascent from
+that of the larger apes; but during that cleavage there may have been
+an epoch when Man lay under the affliction of something very like
+human thought before he could have reached the relief of speech. It is
+indeed conceivable that in that long inarticulate agony he may have
+traversed--dumb--the full round of personal experience and emotion. And
+when, at last, speech was born, what was the first practical use Man
+made of it? Remember, he was, by that time, past-master in all arts of
+camouflage known to the beasts. He could hide near a water-hole, and
+catch them as they came down to drink--which is the germ of war. He
+could attract them by imitating their cries of distress or love--which
+is the genesis of most of the arts. He could double back on his tracks
+and thus circumvent an acquaintance of his own kind who was stalking
+him--which is obviously the origin of most of our social amenities.
+In short, he could _act_, to admiration, any kind of lie then extant.
+I submit, therefore, that the first use Man made of his new power of
+expression was to _tell_ a lie--a frigid and calculated lie.
+
+Imagine the wonder and delight of the First Liar in the World when he
+found that the first lie overwhelmingly outdid every effect of his old
+mud-and-grass camouflages with no expenditure of energy! Conceive his
+pride, his awestricken admiration of himself, when he saw that, by
+mere word of mouth, he could send his simpler companions shinning up
+trees in search of fruit which he knew was not there, and when they
+descended, empty and angry, he could persuade them that they, and not
+he, were in fault, and could despatch them hopefully up another tree!
+Can you blame the Creature for thinking himself a god? The only thing
+that kept him within bounds must have been the discovery that this
+miracle-working was not confined to himself.
+
+Unfortunately--most unfortunately--we have no record of the meeting of
+the World’s First Liar with the World’s Second Liar; but from what we
+know of their descendants to-day, they were probably of opposite sexes,
+married at once, and begat a numerous progeny. For there is no doubt
+that Mankind suffered much and early from this same vice of lying.
+One sees that in the enormous value attached by the most primitive
+civilizations to the practice of telling the Truth; and the extravagant
+praise awarded, mostly after death, to individuals notorious for the
+practice.
+
+Now the amount of Truth open to Mankind has always been limited.
+Substantially, it comes to no more than the axiom quoted by the Fool in
+_Twelfth Night_, on the authority of the witty Hermit of Prague, “That
+that is, is.” Conversely, “That that is not, isn’t.” But it is just
+this Truth which Man most bitterly resents being brought to his notice.
+He will do, suffer, and permit anything rather than acknowledge it. He
+desires that the waters which he has digged and canalized should run
+uphill by themselves when it suits him. He desires that the numerals
+which he has himself counted on his fingers and christened “two and
+two” should make three and five according to his varying needs or
+moods. Why does he want this? Because, subconsciously, he still scales
+himself against his age-old companions, the beasts, who can only act
+lies. Man knows that, at any moment, he can tell a lie which, for a
+while, will delay or divert the workings of cause and effect. Being an
+animal who is still learning to reason, he does not yet understand why
+with a little more, or a little louder, lying he should not be able
+permanently to break the chain of that law of cause and effect--the
+Justice without the Mercy--which he hates, and to have everything both
+ways in every relation of his life.
+
+In other words, we want to be independent of facts, and the younger
+we are, the more intolerant are we of those who tell us that this is
+impossible. When I wished to claim my independence and to express
+myself according to the latest lights of my age (for there were lights
+even then), it was disheartening to be told that I could not expect to
+be clothed, fed, taught, amused, and comforted--not to say preached
+at--by others, and at the same time to practise towards them a savage
+and thorny independence.
+
+I imagine that you, perhaps, may have assisted at domestic conferences
+on these lines; but I maintain that we are not the unthinking asses
+that our elders called us. Our self-expression may have been a trifle
+crude, but the instinct that prompted it was that primal instinct of
+independence which antedates the social one, and makes the young at
+times a little difficult. It comes down from the dumb and dreadful
+epoch when all that Man knew was that he was himself, and not another,
+and therefore the loneliest of created beings; and _you_ know that
+there is no loneliness to equal the loneliness of youth at war with its
+surroundings in a world that does not care.
+
+I can give you no great comfort in your war, but, if you will allow me,
+I will give you a scientific parallel that may bear on the situation.
+
+Not once upon a time, but at many different times in different places
+and ages, it came over some one Primitive Man that he desired, above
+everything, to escape for a while from the sight and sound and the
+smell of his Tribe. It may have been an excellent Tribe, or it may have
+been an abominable one, but whichever it was he had had enough of it
+for a time. Knowing no more than the psychology of his age (whereas
+we, of course, know the psychology of all the ages), he referred his
+impulse to the direct orders, guidance, or leading of his Totem, his
+Guardian Spirit, his Disembodied Ancestor, or other Private God, who
+had appeared to him in a dream and inspired his action.
+
+Herein our ancestor was as logical as a man taking his Degree on the
+eve of a professional career--not to say as practical as a Scot. He
+accepted Spirits and Manifestations of all kinds as part of his highly
+organized life, which had its roots in the immemorial past; but,
+outside that, the amount of truth open to him was limited. He only knew
+that if he did not provide himself with rations in advance, for his
+proposed excursion away from the Tribe, he would surely starve.
+
+Consequently, he took some pains and practised a certain amount of
+self-denial to get and prepare these rations. He may have wished to go
+forth on some utterly useless diversion, such as hacking down a tree or
+piling up stones, but whatever his object was, he intended to undertake
+it without the advice, interference, or even the privity of his Tribe.
+He might appreciate the dear creatures much better on his return;
+he might hatch out wonderful schemes for their advantage during his
+absence. But that would be a side-issue. The power that possessed him
+was the desire to own himself for a while, even as his ancestors, whose
+spirits had, he believed, laid this upon him, had owned themselves,
+before the Tribal idea had been evolved.
+
+Morally his action was unassailable; his personal God had dictated
+it. Materially, his justification for his departure from the normal
+was the greasy, inconspicuous packet of iron rations on his shoulder,
+the trouble he had taken to get them, and the extent to which he was
+prepared not to break into them except as a last resort. For, without
+that material, backed by those purposes, his visions of his Totem,
+Spirit, or God would have melted back into the ruck of unstable,
+unfulfilled dreams; and his own weariness of his Tribe would have
+returned upon himself in barrenness of mind and bitterness of soul.
+
+Because if a man has _not_ his rations in advance, for any excursion of
+any kind that he proposes to himself, he must stay with his Tribe. He
+may swear at it aloud or under his breath. He may tell himself and his
+friends what splendid things he would do were he his own master, but
+as his Tribe goes so must he go--for his belly’s sake. When and as it
+lies, so must he lie. Its people must be his people, and its God must
+be his God. Some men may accept this dispensation; some may question
+it. It is to the latter that I would speak.
+
+Remember always that, except for the appliances we make, the rates at
+which we move ourselves and our possessions through space, and the
+words which we use, nothing in life changes. The utmost any generation
+can do is to rebaptize each spiritual or emotional rebirth in its own
+tongue. Then it goes to its grave hot and bothered, because no new
+birth has been vouchsafed for its salvation, or even its relief.
+
+And your generation succeeds to an unpromising and dishevelled
+heritage. In addition to your own sins, which will be numerous but
+quite normal, you have to carry the extra handicap of the sins of your
+fathers. This, it is possible that many of you have already made clear
+to your immediate circle. But the point you probably omitted (as our
+generation did, when we used to deliver _our_ magnificent, unpublished
+orations De Juventute) is that no shortcomings on the part of others
+can save us from the consequences of our own shortcomings.
+
+It is also true that you were brought into this world without being
+consulted. But even this disability, from which, by the way, Adam
+suffered, though it may justify our adopting a critical attitude
+towards First Causes, will not in the long run nourish our physical or
+mental needs. There seems, moreover, to be an unscientific objection on
+the part of First Causes against being enquired of.
+
+For you who follow on the heels of the Great War are affected, as you
+are bound to be, by a demoralization not unlike that which overtakes a
+household where there has been long and severe illness, followed by a
+relaxation of domestic ritual, and accompanied by loud self-pity and
+large recriminations. Nor is this all your load. The past few years
+have so immensely quickened and emphasized all means of communication,
+visible and invisible, in every direction that our world--which is
+only another name for the Tribe--is not merely “too much with us,” but
+moves, shouts, and moralizes about our path and our bed, through every
+hour of our days and nights. Even a normal world might become confusing
+on these terms; and ours is far from being normal. One-sixth of its
+area has passed bodily out of civilization; and much of the remainder
+appears to be divided, with no consciousness of sin, between an earnest
+intention to make Earth Hell as soon as possible, and an equally
+earnest intention, with no consciousness of presumption, to make it
+Heaven on or before the same date. But you have ample opportunities of
+observing this for yourselves.
+
+The broad and immediate result is, partly through a recent necessity
+for thinking and acting in large masses, partly through the instinct
+of mankind to draw together and cry out when calamity hits them, and
+very largely through the quickening of communications, the power of
+the Tribe over the individual has become more extended, particular,
+pontifical, and, using the word in both senses, impertinent, than it
+has been for many generations. Some men accept this omnipresence of
+crowds; some may resent it. It is to the latter that I am speaking.
+
+The independence which was a “glorious privilege” in Robert Burns’s
+day, is now more difficult to achieve than when one had merely to
+overcome a few material obstacles, and the rest followed almost
+automatically. Nowadays, to own oneself in any decent measure, one has
+to run counter to a gospel, and to fight against its atmosphere; and
+an atmosphere, as long as it can be kept up, is rather cloying.
+
+Even so, there is no need for the individual who intends to own himself
+to be too pessimistic. Let us, as our forefathers used, count our
+blessings.
+
+You, my constituents, enjoy three special ones. First, thanks to the
+continuity of self-denial on the part of your own forbears, the bulk
+of you will enter professions and callings in which you will be free
+men--free to be paid what your work is worth in the open market,
+irrespective of your alleged merits or your needs. Free, moreover, to
+work without physical molestation of yourself or your family as long
+and as closely as you please--free to exploit your own powers and your
+own health to the uttermost for your own ends.
+
+Your second blessing is that you carry in your land’s history and in
+your hearts the strongest instinct of inherited continuity, which
+expresses itself in your passionate interest in your own folk, your
+own race and all its values. History shows that, from remote ages,
+the Scots would descend from their heather and associate together
+on the flat for predatory purposes; these now take the form of
+raiding the world in all departments of life--and governments. But at
+intervals your race, more than others, feel the necessity for owning
+itself. Therefore it returns, in groups, to its heather, where, under
+camouflage of “games” and “gatherings,” it fortifies itself with the
+rites, incantations, pass-words, raiment, dances, food and drink of its
+ancestors, and re-initiates itself into its primal individualism. These
+ceremonies, as the Southern races know to their cost, give its members
+fresh strength for renewed forays.
+
+And that same strength is your third and chief blessing. I have already
+touched on the privilege of being broken by birth, custom, precept
+and example to doing without things. This is where the sons of the
+small houses who have borne the yoke in their youth hold a cumulative
+advantage over those who have been accustomed to life with broad
+margins. Such men can and do accommodate themselves to straitened
+circumstances at a pinch, and for an object; but they are as aware of
+their efforts afterwards as an untrained man is aware of his muscles on
+the second morning of a walking tour; and when they have won through
+what they consider hardship they are apt to waste good time and place
+by subconsciously approving, or even remembering, their own efforts.
+On the other hand, the man who has been used to shaving, let us say, in
+cold water at seven o’clock the year round, takes what one may call the
+minor damnabilities of life in his stride, without either making a song
+about them or writing home about them. And that is the chief reason why
+the untrained man always has to pay more for the privilege of owning
+himself than the man trained to the little things. It is the little
+things, in microbes or morale, that make us, as it is the little things
+that break us.
+
+Also, men in any walk of life who have been taught not to waste or
+muddle material under their hand are less given to muddle or mishandle
+moral, intellectual, and emotional issues than men whose wastage has
+never been checked, or who look to have their wastage made good by
+others. The proof is plain.
+
+Among the generations that have preceded you at this University were
+men of your own blood--many and many--who did their work on the
+traditional sack of peasemeal or oatmeal behind the door--weighed out
+and measured with their own hands against the cravings of their natural
+appetites.
+
+These were men who intended to own themselves, in obedience to some
+dream, leading, or word which had come to them. They knew that it would
+be a hard and long task, so they set about it with their own iron
+rations on their own backs, and they walked along the sands here to
+pick up driftwood to keep the fire going in their lodgings.
+
+Now, what in this World, or the next, can the World, or any Tribe in
+it, do with or to people of this temper? Bribe them by good dinners
+to take larger views on life? They would probably see their hosts
+under the table first and argue their heads off afterwards. Offer ’em
+money to shed a conviction or two? A man doesn’t lightly sell what he
+has paid for with his hide. Stampede them, or coax them, or threaten
+them into countenancing the issue of false weights and measures? It is
+a little hard to liberalize persons who have done their own weighing
+and measuring with broken teacups by the light of tallow candles. No!
+Those thrifty souls must have been a narrow and an anfractuous breed
+to handle; but, by their God, in whose Word they walked, they owned
+themselves! And their ownership was based upon the truth that if you
+have not your own rations you must feed out of your Tribe’s hands--with
+all that that implies.
+
+Should any of you care to own yourselves on these lines, your
+insurances ought to be effected in those first ten years of a young
+man’s life when he is neither seen nor heard. This is the period--one
+mostly spends it in lodgings, alone--that corresponds to the time when
+Man in the making began to realize that he was himself and not another.
+
+The post-war world which discusses so fluently and frankly the
+universality and cogency of Sex as the dominant factor of life, has
+adopted a reserved and modest attitude in its handling of the imperious
+and inevitable details of mere living and working. I will respect that
+attitude.
+
+The initial payments on the policy of one’s independence, then, must be
+financed, by no means for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith
+towards oneself, primarily out of the drinks that one does not too
+continuously take; the maidens in whom one does not too extravagantly
+rejoice; the entertainments that one does not too systematically attend
+or conduct; the transportation one does not too magnificently employ;
+the bets one does not too generally place, and the objects of beauty
+and desire that one does not too generously buy. Secondarily, those
+revenues can be added to by extra work undertaken at hours before or
+after one’s regular work, when one would infinitely rather rest or
+play. That involves the question of how far you can drive yourself
+without breaking down, and if you do break down, how soon you can
+recover and carry on again. This is for you to judge, and to act
+accordingly.
+
+No one regrets--no one has regretted--more than I that these should
+be the terms of the policy. It would better suit the spirit of the
+age if personal independence could be guaranteed for all by some form
+of co-ordinated action combined with public assistance and so forth.
+Unfortunately there are still a few things in this world that a man
+must manage for himself: his own independence is one of them; and the
+obscure, repeated shifts and contrivances and abstentions necessary to
+the manufacture of it are too personal and intimate to expose to the
+inspection of any Department, however sympathetic.
+
+If you have a temperament that can accommodate itself to cramping your
+style while you are thus saving, you are lucky. But, any way, you will
+be more or less uncomfortable until it presently dawns on you that you
+have put enough by to give you food and housing for, say, one week
+ahead. It is both sedative and anti-spasmodic--it makes for calm in the
+individual and forbearance towards the Tribe--to know that you hold
+even seven days’ potential independence in reserve--and owed to no man.
+One is led on to stretch that painfully extorted time to one month if
+possible; and as one sees that this is possible, the possibilities
+grow. Bit by bit, one builds up and digs oneself into a base whence one
+can move in any direction, and fall back upon in any need. The need
+may be merely to sit still and consider, as did our first ancestors,
+what manner of animal we are; or it may be to cut loose at a minute’s
+notice from a situation which has become intolerable or unworthy;
+but, whatever it may be, it is one’s own need, and the opportunity of
+meeting it has been made by one’s own self.
+
+After all, yourself is the only person you can by no possibility
+get away from in this life, and, may be, in another. It is worth a
+little pains and money to do good to him. For it is he, and not our
+derivatively educated minds or our induced emotions, who preserves in
+us the undefeated senior instinct of independence. You can test this
+by promising yourself _not_ to do a thing, and noticing the scandalous
+amount of special pleading that you have to go through with yourself
+if you break your promise. A man does not always remember, or follow
+up, the great things which he has promised himself or his friends to
+do; but he rarely forgets or forgives when he has promised himself
+_not_ to do even a little thing. This is because Man has lived with
+himself as an individual, vastly longer than he has lived with himself
+under tribal conditions. Consequently, facts about his noble solitary
+self and his earliest achievements had time to get well fixed in his
+memory. He knew he was not altogether one with the beasts. His amazing
+experiences with his first lie had shown him that he was something of
+a magician, if not a miracle-worker; and his first impulse towards
+self-denial, for ends not immediately in sight, must have been a
+revelation of himself to himself as stupendous as a belief in a future
+life, which it was possibly intended to herald. It is only natural,
+then, that individuals who first practised this apparently insane
+and purposeless exercise came later to bulk in the legends of their
+Tribe as demigods, who went forth and bearded the gods themselves for
+gifts--for fire, wisdom, or knowledge of the arts.
+
+But one thing that stands outside exaggeration or
+belittlement--through all changes in shapes of things and the sounds of
+words--is the bidding, the guidance, that drives a man to own himself
+and upholds him through his steps on that road. That bidding comes,
+direct as a beam of light, from that Past when man had grown into his
+present shape, which Past, could we question it, would probably refer
+us to a Past immeasurably remoter still, whose Creature, not yet Man,
+felt within him that it was not well for him to jackal round another
+brute’s kill, even if he went hungry for a while.
+
+It is not such a far cry from that Creature, howling over his empty
+stomach in the dark, to the Heir of all the Ages counting over his
+coppers in front of a cookshop, to see if they will run to a full
+meal--as some few here have had to do; and the principle is the same:
+“At any price that I can pay, let me own myself.”
+
+And the price _is_ worth paying if you keep what you have bought. For
+the eternal question still is whether the profit of any concession
+that a man makes to his Tribe, against the Light that is in him,
+outweighs or justifies his disregard of that Light. A man may apply his
+independence to what is called worldly advantage, and discover too late
+that he laboriously has made himself dependent on a mass of external
+conditions, for the maintenance of which he has sacrificed himself. So
+he may be festooned with the whole haberdashery of success, and go to
+his grave a castaway.
+
+Some men hold that this risk is worth taking. Others do not. It is to
+these that I have spoken.
+
+“_Let the council of thy own heart stand, for there is no man more
+faithful unto thee than it. For a man’s mind is sometime wont to show
+him more than seven watchmen who sit above in a high tower._”
+
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Independence, by Rudyard Kipling.
+    </title>
+    <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" />
+    <style type="text/css">
+
+    p {  margin-top: .75em;
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+    .space-above {margin-top: 3em;}
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+    </style>
+  </head>
+<body>
+<div lang='en' xml:lang='en'>
+<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of <span lang='' xml:lang=''>Independence</span>, by Rudyard Kipling</p>
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
+most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
+of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
+at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you
+are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the
+country where you are located before using this eBook.
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: <span lang='' xml:lang=''>Independence</span></p>
+<p style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em;'><span lang='' xml:lang=''>Rectorial address delivered at St. Andrews October 10, 1923</span></p>
+<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Rudyard Kipling</p>
+<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: May 28, 2022 [eBook #68189]</p>
+<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p>
+  <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Martin Pettit and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p>
+<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK <span lang='' xml:lang=''>INDEPENDENCE</span> ***</div>
+
+<div class="center"><img src="images/front.jpg" alt="front" /></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h1>INDEPENDENCE</h1>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="center"><img src="images/books.jpg" alt="Books by Rudyard Kipling" /></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="center"><img src="images/title.jpg" alt="title page" /></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="bold2">INDEPENDENCE</p>
+
+<p class="bold">RECTORIAL ADDRESS<br />DELIVERED AT ST. ANDREWS<br />OCTOBER 10, 1923</p>
+
+<p class="bold">BY<br />RUDYARD KIPLING</p>
+
+<div class="center space-above"><img src="images/logo.jpg" alt="logo" /></div>
+
+<p class="bold space-above">GARDEN CITY &nbsp; &nbsp;      NEW YORK<br />DOUBLEDAY, PAGE &amp; COMPANY<br />1924</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="center space-above"><img src="images/sig.jpg" alt="Rudyard Kipling signatur" /></div>
+
+<p class="center">COPYRIGHT, 1923, BY<br />RUDYARD KIPLING</p>
+
+<p class="center">ALL RIGHTS RESERVED</p>
+
+<p class="center">PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES<br />AT<br />THE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS, GARDEN CITY. N. Y.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="bold2">INDEPENDENCE</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="bold2">INDEPENDENCE</p>
+
+<p>The sole revenge that Maturity can take upon Youth for the sin of
+being young, is to preach at it. When I was young I sat and suffered
+under that dispensation. Now that I am older I purpose, if you, my
+constituents, will permit me, to hand on the Sacred Torch of Boredom.</p>
+
+<p>In the First Volume, then, of the Pickering Edition of the works of the
+late Robert Burns, on the 171st page, you will find this stanza:</p>
+
+<div class="center"><div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<div>To catch Dame Fortune&#8217;s golden smile,</div>
+<div class="i1">Assiduous wait upon her,</div>
+<div>And gather gear by every wile</div>
+<div class="i1">That&#8217;s justified by honour&mdash;</div>
+<div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span>Not for to hide it in a hedge,</div>
+<div class="i1">Nor for a train attendant,</div>
+<div>But for the glorious privilege</div>
+<div class="i1">Of being independent.</div>
+</div></div></div>
+
+<p>At first sight it may seem superfluous to speak of thrift and
+independence to men of your race, and in a University that produced
+Duncan of Ruthwell and Chalmers. I admit it. No man carries coals to
+Newcastle&mdash;to sell; but if he wishes to discuss coal in the abstract,
+as the Deacon of Dumfries discussed love, he will find Newcastle knows
+something about it. And so, too, with you here. May I take it that you,
+for the most part, come, as I did, from households conversant with
+a certain strictness&mdash;let us call it a decent and wary economy&mdash;in
+domestic matters, which has taught us to look at both sides of the
+family shilling; that we belong to stock<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> where present sacrifice for
+future ends (our own education may have been among them) was accepted,
+in principle and practice, as part of life? I ask this, because talking
+to people who for any cause have been denied these experiences is like
+trying to tell a neutral of our life between 1914 and 1918.</p>
+
+<p>Independence means, &#8220;Let every herring hang by its own head.&#8221; It
+signifies the blessed state of hanging on to as few persons and things
+as possible; and it leads up to the singular privilege of a man owning
+himself.</p>
+
+<p>The desire for independence has been, up to the present, an
+ineradicable human instinct, antedating even the social instinct. Let
+us trace it back to its beginnings, so that we may not be surprised at
+our own virtue to-day.</p>
+
+<p>Science tells us that Man did not begin<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> life on the ground, but lived
+first among tree-tops&mdash;a platform which does not offer much room for
+large or democratic assemblies. Here he had to keep his individual
+balance on the branches, under penalty of death or disablement if he
+lost it, and here, when his few wants were satisfied, he had time to
+realize slowly that he was not altogether like the beasts, but a person
+apart, and therefore lonely. Not till he abandoned his family-tree,
+and associated himself with his fellows on the flat, for predatory
+or homicidal purposes, did he sacrifice his personal independence of
+action, or cut into his large leisure of brooding abstraction necessary
+for the discovery of his relations to his world. This is the period
+in our Revered Ancestor&#8217;s progress through Time that strikes me as
+immensely the most interesting and important.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>No one knows how long it took to divide the human line of ascent from
+that of the larger apes; but during that cleavage there may have been
+an epoch when Man lay under the affliction of something very like
+human thought before he could have reached the relief of speech. It is
+indeed conceivable that in that long inarticulate agony he may have
+traversed&mdash;dumb&mdash;the full round of personal experience and emotion. And
+when, at last, speech was born, what was the first practical use Man
+made of it? Remember, he was, by that time, past-master in all arts of
+camouflage known to the beasts. He could hide near a water-hole, and
+catch them as they came down to drink&mdash;which is the germ of war. He
+could attract them by imitating their cries of distress or love&mdash;which
+is the genesis of most of the arts. He could double back on his tracks
+and thus <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span>circumvent an acquaintance of his own kind who was stalking
+him&mdash;which is obviously the origin of most of our social amenities.
+In short, he could <i>act</i>, to admiration, any kind of lie then extant.
+I submit, therefore, that the first use Man made of his new power of
+expression was to <i>tell</i> a lie&mdash;a frigid and calculated lie.</p>
+
+<p>Imagine the wonder and delight of the First Liar in the World when he
+found that the first lie overwhelmingly outdid every effect of his old
+mud-and-grass camouflages with no expenditure of energy! Conceive his
+pride, his awestricken admiration of himself, when he saw that, by
+mere word of mouth, he could send his simpler companions shinning up
+trees in search of fruit which he knew was not there, and when they
+descended, empty and angry, he could persuade them that they, and not
+he, were in fault, and could<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> despatch them hopefully up another tree!
+Can you blame the Creature for thinking himself a god? The only thing
+that kept him within bounds must have been the discovery that this
+miracle-working was not confined to himself.</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately&mdash;most unfortunately&mdash;we have no record of the meeting of
+the World&#8217;s First Liar with the World&#8217;s Second Liar; but from what we
+know of their descendants to-day, they were probably of opposite sexes,
+married at once, and begat a numerous progeny. For there is no doubt
+that Mankind suffered much and early from this same vice of lying.
+One sees that in the enormous value attached by the most primitive
+civilizations to the practice of telling the Truth; and the extravagant
+praise awarded, mostly after death, to individuals notorious for the
+practice.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Now the amount of Truth open to Mankind has always been limited.
+Substantially, it comes to no more than the axiom quoted by the Fool in
+<i>Twelfth Night</i>, on the authority of the witty Hermit of Prague, &#8220;That
+that is, is.&#8221; Conversely, &#8220;That that is not, isn&#8217;t.&#8221; But it is just
+this Truth which Man most bitterly resents being brought to his notice.
+He will do, suffer, and permit anything rather than acknowledge it. He
+desires that the waters which he has digged and canalized should run
+uphill by themselves when it suits him. He desires that the numerals
+which he has himself counted on his fingers and christened &#8220;two and
+two&#8221; should make three and five according to his varying needs or
+moods. Why does he want this? Because, subconsciously, he still scales
+himself against his age-old companions, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> beasts, who can only act
+lies. Man knows that, at any moment, he can tell a lie which, for a
+while, will delay or divert the workings of cause and effect. Being an
+animal who is still learning to reason, he does not yet understand why
+with a little more, or a little louder, lying he should not be able
+permanently to break the chain of that law of cause and effect&mdash;the
+Justice without the Mercy&mdash;which he hates, and to have everything both
+ways in every relation of his life.</p>
+
+<p>In other words, we want to be independent of facts, and the younger
+we are, the more intolerant are we of those who tell us that this is
+impossible. When I wished to claim my independence and to express
+myself according to the latest lights of my age (for there were lights
+even then), it was disheartening to be told that I could not expect to
+be clothed,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> fed, taught, amused, and comforted&mdash;not to say preached
+at&mdash;by others, and at the same time to practise towards them a savage
+and thorny independence.</p>
+
+<p>I imagine that you, perhaps, may have assisted at domestic conferences
+on these lines; but I maintain that we are not the unthinking asses
+that our elders called us. Our self-expression may have been a trifle
+crude, but the instinct that prompted it was that primal instinct of
+independence which antedates the social one, and makes the young at
+times a little difficult. It comes down from the dumb and dreadful
+epoch when all that Man knew was that he was himself, and not another,
+and therefore the loneliest of created beings; and <i>you</i> know that
+there is no loneliness to equal the loneliness of youth at war with its
+surroundings in a world that does not care.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I can give you no great comfort in your war, but, if you will allow me,
+I will give you a scientific parallel that may bear on the situation.</p>
+
+<p>Not once upon a time, but at many different times in different places
+and ages, it came over some one Primitive Man that he desired, above
+everything, to escape for a while from the sight and sound and the
+smell of his Tribe. It may have been an excellent Tribe, or it may have
+been an abominable one, but whichever it was he had had enough of it
+for a time. Knowing no more than the psychology of his age (whereas
+we, of course, know the psychology of all the ages), he referred his
+impulse to the direct orders, guidance, or leading of his Totem, his
+Guardian Spirit, his Disembodied Ancestor, or other Private God, who
+had appeared to him in a dream and inspired his action.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Herein our ancestor was as logical as a man taking his Degree on the
+eve of a professional career&mdash;not to say as practical as a Scot. He
+accepted Spirits and Manifestations of all kinds as part of his highly
+organized life, which had its roots in the immemorial past; but,
+outside that, the amount of truth open to him was limited. He only knew
+that if he did not provide himself with rations in advance, for his
+proposed excursion away from the Tribe, he would surely starve.</p>
+
+<p>Consequently, he took some pains and practised a certain amount of
+self-denial to get and prepare these rations. He may have wished to go
+forth on some utterly useless diversion, such as hacking down a tree or
+piling up stones, but whatever his object was, he intended to undertake
+it without the advice, interference, or even the privity of his Tribe.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>
+He might appreciate the dear creatures much better on his return;
+he might hatch out wonderful schemes for their advantage during his
+absence. But that would be a side-issue. The power that possessed him
+was the desire to own himself for a while, even as his ancestors, whose
+spirits had, he believed, laid this upon him, had owned themselves,
+before the Tribal idea had been evolved.</p>
+
+<p>Morally his action was unassailable; his personal God had dictated
+it. Materially, his justification for his departure from the normal
+was the greasy, inconspicuous packet of iron rations on his shoulder,
+the trouble he had taken to get them, and the extent to which he was
+prepared not to break into them except as a last resort. For, without
+that material, backed by those purposes, his visions of his Totem,
+Spirit, or God would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> have melted back into the ruck of unstable,
+unfulfilled dreams; and his own weariness of his Tribe would have
+returned upon himself in barrenness of mind and bitterness of soul.</p>
+
+<p>Because if a man has <i>not</i> his rations in advance, for any excursion of
+any kind that he proposes to himself, he must stay with his Tribe. He
+may swear at it aloud or under his breath. He may tell himself and his
+friends what splendid things he would do were he his own master, but
+as his Tribe goes so must he go&mdash;for his belly&#8217;s sake. When and as it
+lies, so must he lie. Its people must be his people, and its God must
+be his God. Some men may accept this dispensation; some may question
+it. It is to the latter that I would speak.</p>
+
+<p>Remember always that, except for the appliances we make, the rates at
+which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> we move ourselves and our possessions through space, and the
+words which we use, nothing in life changes. The utmost any generation
+can do is to rebaptize each spiritual or emotional rebirth in its own
+tongue. Then it goes to its grave hot and bothered, because no new
+birth has been vouchsafed for its salvation, or even its relief.</p>
+
+<p>And your generation succeeds to an unpromising and dishevelled
+heritage. In addition to your own sins, which will be numerous but
+quite normal, you have to carry the extra handicap of the sins of your
+fathers. This, it is possible that many of you have already made clear
+to your immediate circle. But the point you probably omitted (as our
+generation did, when we used to deliver <i>our</i> magnificent, unpublished
+orations De Juventute) is that no shortcomings on the part of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> others
+can save us from the consequences of our own shortcomings.</p>
+
+<p>It is also true that you were brought into this world without being
+consulted. But even this disability, from which, by the way, Adam
+suffered, though it may justify our adopting a critical attitude
+towards First Causes, will not in the long run nourish our physical or
+mental needs. There seems, moreover, to be an unscientific objection on
+the part of First Causes against being enquired of.</p>
+
+<p>For you who follow on the heels of the Great War are affected, as you
+are bound to be, by a demoralization not unlike that which overtakes a
+household where there has been long and severe illness, followed by a
+relaxation of domestic ritual, and accompanied by loud self-pity and
+large recriminations. Nor is this all your load. The past few years
+have so immensely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> quickened and emphasized all means of communication,
+visible and invisible, in every direction that our world&mdash;which is
+only another name for the Tribe&mdash;is not merely &#8220;too much with us,&#8221; but
+moves, shouts, and moralizes about our path and our bed, through every
+hour of our days and nights. Even a normal world might become confusing
+on these terms; and ours is far from being normal. One-sixth of its
+area has passed bodily out of civilization; and much of the remainder
+appears to be divided, with no consciousness of sin, between an earnest
+intention to make Earth Hell as soon as possible, and an equally
+earnest intention, with no consciousness of presumption, to make it
+Heaven on or before the same date. But you have ample opportunities of
+observing this for yourselves.</p>
+
+<p>The broad and immediate result is,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> partly through a recent necessity
+for thinking and acting in large masses, partly through the instinct
+of mankind to draw together and cry out when calamity hits them, and
+very largely through the quickening of communications, the power of
+the Tribe over the individual has become more extended, particular,
+pontifical, and, using the word in both senses, impertinent, than it
+has been for many generations. Some men accept this omnipresence of
+crowds; some may resent it. It is to the latter that I am speaking.</p>
+
+<p>The independence which was a &#8220;glorious privilege&#8221; in Robert Burns&#8217;s
+day, is now more difficult to achieve than when one had merely to
+overcome a few material obstacles, and the rest followed almost
+automatically. Nowadays, to own oneself in any decent measure, one has
+to run counter to a gospel, and to fight against<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> its atmosphere; and
+an atmosphere, as long as it can be kept up, is rather cloying.</p>
+
+<p>Even so, there is no need for the individual who intends to own himself
+to be too pessimistic. Let us, as our forefathers used, count our
+blessings.</p>
+
+<p>You, my constituents, enjoy three special ones. First, thanks to the
+continuity of self-denial on the part of your own forbears, the bulk
+of you will enter professions and callings in which you will be free
+men&mdash;free to be paid what your work is worth in the open market,
+irrespective of your alleged merits or your needs. Free, moreover, to
+work without physical molestation of yourself or your family as long
+and as closely as you please&mdash;free to exploit your own powers and your
+own health to the uttermost for your own ends.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Your second blessing is that you carry in your land&#8217;s history and in
+your hearts the strongest instinct of inherited continuity, which
+expresses itself in your passionate interest in your own folk, your
+own race and all its values. History shows that, from remote ages,
+the Scots would descend from their heather and associate together
+on the flat for predatory purposes; these now take the form of
+raiding the world in all departments of life&mdash;and governments. But at
+intervals your race, more than others, feel the necessity for owning
+itself. Therefore it returns, in groups, to its heather, where, under
+camouflage of &#8220;games&#8221; and &#8220;gatherings,&#8221; it fortifies itself with the
+rites, incantations, pass-words, raiment, dances, food and drink of its
+ancestors, and re-initiates itself into its primal individualism. These
+ceremonies, as the Southern races know to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> their cost, give its members
+fresh strength for renewed forays.</p>
+
+<p>And that same strength is your third and chief blessing. I have already
+touched on the privilege of being broken by birth, custom, precept
+and example to doing without things. This is where the sons of the
+small houses who have borne the yoke in their youth hold a cumulative
+advantage over those who have been accustomed to life with broad
+margins. Such men can and do accommodate themselves to straitened
+circumstances at a pinch, and for an object; but they are as aware of
+their efforts afterwards as an untrained man is aware of his muscles on
+the second morning of a walking tour; and when they have won through
+what they consider hardship they are apt to waste good time and place
+by subconsciously approving, or even remembering, their own<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> efforts.
+On the other hand, the man who has been used to shaving, let us say, in
+cold water at seven o&#8217;clock the year round, takes what one may call the
+minor damnabilities of life in his stride, without either making a song
+about them or writing home about them. And that is the chief reason why
+the untrained man always has to pay more for the privilege of owning
+himself than the man trained to the little things. It is the little
+things, in microbes or morale, that make us, as it is the little things
+that break us.</p>
+
+<p>Also, men in any walk of life who have been taught not to waste or
+muddle material under their hand are less given to muddle or mishandle
+moral, intellectual, and emotional issues than men whose wastage has
+never been checked, or who look to have their wastage made good by
+others. The proof is plain.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Among the generations that have preceded you at this University were
+men of your own blood&mdash;many and many&mdash;who did their work on the
+traditional sack of peasemeal or oatmeal behind the door&mdash;weighed out
+and measured with their own hands against the cravings of their natural
+appetites.</p>
+
+<p>These were men who intended to own themselves, in obedience to some
+dream, leading, or word which had come to them. They knew that it would
+be a hard and long task, so they set about it with their own iron
+rations on their own backs, and they walked along the sands here to
+pick up driftwood to keep the fire going in their lodgings.</p>
+
+<p>Now, what in this World, or the next, can the World, or any Tribe in
+it, do with or to people of this temper? Bribe them by good dinners
+to take larger views<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> on life? They would probably see their hosts
+under the table first and argue their heads off afterwards. Offer &#8217;em
+money to shed a conviction or two? A man doesn&#8217;t lightly sell what he
+has paid for with his hide. Stampede them, or coax them, or threaten
+them into countenancing the issue of false weights and measures? It is
+a little hard to liberalize persons who have done their own weighing
+and measuring with broken teacups by the light of tallow candles. No!
+Those thrifty souls must have been a narrow and an anfractuous breed
+to handle; but, by their God, in whose Word they walked, they owned
+themselves! And their ownership was based upon the truth that if you
+have not your own rations you must feed out of your Tribe&#8217;s hands&mdash;with
+all that that implies.</p>
+
+<p>Should any of you care to own <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>yourselves on these lines, your
+insurances ought to be effected in those first ten years of a young
+man&#8217;s life when he is neither seen nor heard. This is the period&mdash;one
+mostly spends it in lodgings, alone&mdash;that corresponds to the time when
+Man in the making began to realize that he was himself and not another.</p>
+
+<p>The post-war world which discusses so fluently and frankly the
+universality and cogency of Sex as the dominant factor of life, has
+adopted a reserved and modest attitude in its handling of the imperious
+and inevitable details of mere living and working. I will respect that
+attitude.</p>
+
+<p>The initial payments on the policy of one&#8217;s independence, then, must be
+financed, by no means for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith
+towards oneself, primarily out of the drinks that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> one does not too
+continuously take; the maidens in whom one does not too extravagantly
+rejoice; the entertainments that one does not too systematically attend
+or conduct; the transportation one does not too magnificently employ;
+the bets one does not too generally place, and the objects of beauty
+and desire that one does not too generously buy. Secondarily, those
+revenues can be added to by extra work undertaken at hours before or
+after one&#8217;s regular work, when one would infinitely rather rest or
+play. That involves the question of how far you can drive yourself
+without breaking down, and if you do break down, how soon you can
+recover and carry on again. This is for you to judge, and to act
+accordingly.</p>
+
+<p>No one regrets&mdash;no one has regretted&mdash;more than I that these should
+be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> the terms of the policy. It would better suit the spirit of the
+age if personal independence could be guaranteed for all by some form
+of co-ordinated action combined with public assistance and so forth.
+Unfortunately there are still a few things in this world that a man
+must manage for himself: his own independence is one of them; and the
+obscure, repeated shifts and contrivances and abstentions necessary to
+the manufacture of it are too personal and intimate to expose to the
+inspection of any Department, however sympathetic.</p>
+
+<p>If you have a temperament that can accommodate itself to cramping your
+style while you are thus saving, you are lucky. But, any way, you will
+be more or less uncomfortable until it presently dawns on you that you
+have put enough by to give you food and housing for, say, one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> week
+ahead. It is both sedative and anti-spasmodic&mdash;it makes for calm in the
+individual and forbearance towards the Tribe&mdash;to know that you hold
+even seven days&#8217; potential independence in reserve&mdash;and owed to no man.
+One is led on to stretch that painfully extorted time to one month if
+possible; and as one sees that this is possible, the possibilities
+grow. Bit by bit, one builds up and digs oneself into a base whence one
+can move in any direction, and fall back upon in any need. The need
+may be merely to sit still and consider, as did our first ancestors,
+what manner of animal we are; or it may be to cut loose at a minute&#8217;s
+notice from a situation which has become intolerable or unworthy;
+but, whatever it may be, it is one&#8217;s own need, and the opportunity of
+meeting it has been made by one&#8217;s own self.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>After all, yourself is the only person you can by no possibility
+get away from in this life, and, may be, in another. It is worth a
+little pains and money to do good to him. For it is he, and not our
+derivatively educated minds or our induced emotions, who preserves in
+us the undefeated senior instinct of independence. You can test this
+by promising yourself <i>not</i> to do a thing, and noticing the scandalous
+amount of special pleading that you have to go through with yourself
+if you break your promise. A man does not always remember, or follow
+up, the great things which he has promised himself or his friends to
+do; but he rarely forgets or forgives when he has promised himself
+<i>not</i> to do even a little thing. This is because Man has lived with
+himself as an individual, vastly longer than he has lived with himself
+under tribal conditions.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> Consequently, facts about his noble solitary
+self and his earliest achievements had time to get well fixed in his
+memory. He knew he was not altogether one with the beasts. His amazing
+experiences with his first lie had shown him that he was something of
+a magician, if not a miracle-worker; and his first impulse towards
+self-denial, for ends not immediately in sight, must have been a
+revelation of himself to himself as stupendous as a belief in a future
+life, which it was possibly intended to herald. It is only natural,
+then, that individuals who first practised this apparently insane
+and purposeless exercise came later to bulk in the legends of their
+Tribe as demigods, who went forth and bearded the gods themselves for
+gifts&mdash;for fire, wisdom, or knowledge of the arts.</p>
+
+<p>But one thing that stands outside<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> exaggeration or
+belittlement&mdash;through all changes in shapes of things and the sounds of
+words&mdash;is the bidding, the guidance, that drives a man to own himself
+and upholds him through his steps on that road. That bidding comes,
+direct as a beam of light, from that Past when man had grown into his
+present shape, which Past, could we question it, would probably refer
+us to a Past immeasurably remoter still, whose Creature, not yet Man,
+felt within him that it was not well for him to jackal round another
+brute&#8217;s kill, even if he went hungry for a while.</p>
+
+<p>It is not such a far cry from that Creature, howling over his empty
+stomach in the dark, to the Heir of all the Ages counting over his
+coppers in front of a cookshop, to see if they will run to a full
+meal&mdash;as some few here have had to do; and the principle is the same<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>:
+&#8220;At any price that I can pay, let me own myself.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>And the price <i>is</i> worth paying if you keep what you have bought. For
+the eternal question still is whether the profit of any concession
+that a man makes to his Tribe, against the Light that is in him,
+outweighs or justifies his disregard of that Light. A man may apply his
+independence to what is called worldly advantage, and discover too late
+that he laboriously has made himself dependent on a mass of external
+conditions, for the maintenance of which he has sacrificed himself. So
+he may be festooned with the whole haberdashery of success, and go to
+his grave a castaway.</p>
+
+<p>Some men hold that this risk is worth taking. Others do not. It is to
+these that I have spoken.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<i>Let the council of thy own heart stand, for there is no man more
+faithful unto thee than it. For a man&#8217;s mind is sometime wont to show
+him more than seven watchmen who sit above in a high tower.</i>&#8221;</p>
+
+<div lang='en' xml:lang='en'>
+<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK <span lang='' xml:lang=''>INDEPENDENCE</span> ***</div>
+<div style='text-align:left'>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+Updated editions will replace the previous one&#8212;the old editions will
+be renamed.
+</div>
+
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author	nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org>	2025-01-21 20:48:38 -0800
committer	nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org>	2025-01-21 20:48:38 -0800
commit	e85b335985b2e135ed2e62d039fdbf0b7e7e75c0 (patch)
tree	3ab914870759d1f5103d5b67879f25f03d7f0549