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diff --git a/old/68171-h/68171-h.htm b/old/68171-h/68171-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index dd93269..0000000 --- a/old/68171-h/68171-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4845 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta charset="UTF-8" /> - <title> - The Project Gutenberg eBook of A visit to a farm house, by S. W. - </title> - - <link rel="icon" href="images/cover.jpg" type="image/x-cover" /> - - <style> /* <![CDATA[ */ - -a { - text-decoration: none; -} - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -h1,h2 { - text-align: center; - clear: both; -} - -h2.nobreak { - page-break-before: avoid; -} - -hr.chap { - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - clear: both; - width: 65%; - margin-left: 17.5%; - margin-right: 17.5%; -} - -div.chapter { - page-break-before: always; -} - -p { - margin-top: 0.5em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: 0.5em; - text-indent: 1em; -} - -.antiqua { - font-style: normal; -} - -.caption { - text-align: center; - font-size: 110%; - text-indent: 0em; -} - -.caption-attr { - text-align: center; - margin-bottom: 1em; - font-size: 90%; - text-indent: 0em; -} - -.caption-l { - text-align: left; - font-size: 90%; - text-indent: 0em; -} - -.caption-r { - text-align: right; - font-size: 90%; - text-indent: 0em; -} - -.center { - text-align: center; - text-indent: 0em; -} - -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; -} - -.larger { - font-size: 150%; -} - -.pagenum { - position: absolute; - right: 4%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; -} - -.poetry-container { - text-align: center; - margin: 1em; -} - -.poetry { - display: inline-block; - text-align: left; -} - -.poetry .stanza { - margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em; -} - -.poetry .verse { - padding-left: 3em; -} - -.poetry .indent0 { - text-indent: -3em; -} - -.poetry .indent9 { - text-indent: 1.5em; -} - -.poetry .indent11 { - text-indent: 2.5em; -} - -.smaller { - font-size: 80%; -} - -.smcap { - font-variant: small-caps; - font-style: normal; -} - -.titlepage { - text-align: center; - margin-top: 2em; - line-height: 1.8em; - text-indent: 0em; -} - -.x-ebookmaker img { - max-width: 100%; - width: auto; - height: auto; -} - -.x-ebookmaker .poetry { - display: block; - margin-left: 1.5em; -} - - /* ]]> */ </style> - </head> -<body> -<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of A visit to a farm house, by S. W.</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: A visit to a farm house</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em;'>or, An introduction to various subjects connected with rural economy. Seventh Edition revised and corrected.</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: S. W.</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Editor: T. H.</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: May 29, 2022 [eBook #68171]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A VISIT TO A FARM HOUSE ***</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> - -<img src="images/dedication.jpg" width="400" height="700" alt="" /> - -<p class="center"><i>A <span class="antiqua">Tribute</span> of<br /> -<span class="antiqua"><span class="smcap">Regard</span></span>,<br /> -<span class="smcap">Presented by</span><br /> -Thy Affectionate<br /> -<span class="antiqua">Friend</span></i></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> - -<p class="caption-attr">Frontispiece.</p> - -<img src="images/illus1.jpg" width="700" height="500" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption"><i>The Farm Yard.</i></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_i"></a>[i]</span></p> - -<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller">A</span><br /> -VISIT<br /> -<span class="smaller">TO</span><br /> -<span class="larger">A FARM HOUSE;</span><br /> -<span class="smaller">OR,</span><br /> -AN INTRODUCTION<br /> -<span class="smaller">TO</span><br /> -VARIOUS SUBJECTS<br /> -<span class="smaller">CONNECTED WITH</span><br /> -RURAL ECONOMY.</p> - -<p class="center smaller">EMBELLISHED WITH BEAUTIFUL PLATES.</p> - -<p class="titlepage"><i>By S. W.</i><br /> -<span class="smaller">AUTHOR OF “A VISIT TO LONDON.”</span></p> - -<p class="titlepage">SEVENTH EDITION,<br /> -<span class="smaller">REVISED AND CORRECTED</span><br /> -<i>By T.H.</i></p> - -<p class="titlepage">LONDON:<br /> -<span class="smaller">WILLIAM DARTON, 58, HOLBORN HILL.<br /> -And to be had of all Booksellers.</span></p> - -<p class="titlepage">1820.<br /> -<span class="smaller">(Entered at Stationers’ Hall.)</span></p> - -<p class="center smaller">[PRICE HALF-A-CROWN.]</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_ii"></a>[ii]</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_iii"></a>[iii]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="PREFACE">PREFACE.</h2> - -</div> - -<p>This little Work was undertaken to -excite the attention of those children, -who live in the country, to the various -objects by which they are surrounded; -and to furnish those residing in the -metropolis and other large cities, with -some information relative to rural economy, -which their situation prevents -them acquiring by personal observation.</p> - -<p>The author acknowledges that she -is totally incompetent deeply to discuss -the phenomena of nature, or the science -of agriculture; she should indeed<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_iv"></a>[iv]</span> -think it inconsistent to introduce scientific -researches into a Work of this -kind. But a slight investigation of -the simple arts by which the nourishment -of man is effected, or of some of -those wonders of creative power which -daily present themselves to view, cannot, -in her opinion, be deemed an improper -exercise even at an early age.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a>[1]</span></p> - -<h1>VISITS<br /> -<span class="smaller">TO</span><br /> -A FARM HOUSE.</h1> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I.<br /> -<span class="smaller"><i>Cows.</i></span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>“What a delightful morning!” -exclaimed little Arthur Benson on -opening his eyes, and seeing the sun -shine bright into his room; “Charles, -Charles,” continued he, turning to his -brother, who was still asleep, “let us -get up directly, and we shall have time -for a little walk before grandpapa -and grandmamma come down stairs.” -Charles obeyed the summons, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a>[2]</span> -they were soon dressed. They then -went into the garden, and from the -garden into the field adjoining; both -highly pleased with all they saw, for -they had never slept out of London -before, and the country was quite a -new scene to them. “See,” said -Charles, “how all the cows are gathered -together by that gate; and here -comes a man they call old Ralph with -a pail on his arm. Pray, Ralph, what -do the cows want there?” “They -want to be milked,” said Ralph, “and -through that gate is the way to the -farm yard.” “Are <i>you</i> going to milk -them, and may we come with you?” -inquired Arthur.</p> - -<p>Leave being given, they tripped -along by the side of the good old servant;<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[3]</span> -but both stood at some distance -behind when they came near the cows, -as they felt rather afraid of going close -to such large animals. “Why, now, -masters, what is there to be afraid of?” -said Ralph, who found they had left -off talking and suddenly shrunk back. -“The cows will not hurt you, if you -do not hurt them.” “Don’t they sometimes -toss people with their great -horns?” asked Charles. “Here and -there you may meet with a vicious one,” -replied the man, “but in common they -are very gentle.”</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> I remember my papa told -me never to run in the way of the cows -that we meet in London streets.</p> - -<p><i>Ralph.</i> Aye, that is a very different -thing. The poor cattle are not used<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[4]</span> -to be there, so sometimes they may be -frightened; and then, the butchers are -often cruel, and will beat and drive -them about, as I have heard, so that -for what I know it may be best to keep -out of their way; but here there is -nothing of the sort. I do not ill use -them, and they are always quiet with -me.</p> - -<p>The little Bensons then recovered -from their fears, and wanted to milk -the cows themselves. The trial was -made, and they were surprised to find -that they were not able to do it as well -as Ralph. Had they been older, they -would have known that there are many -things which are easy to those who are -accustomed to do them, that one who -had never tried would find difficult.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span></p> - -<p>“Pray, Ralph,” asked Arthur, “why -has the young calf that thing full of -spikes round his mouth? See, he wants -to suck the black cow, and she will -not let him. Cannot you take it off?”</p> - -<p>“Oh no, master Arthur, it is time -the calf should be weaned. He is -old enough now to eat grass, and we -want the milk for the dairy; so we put -the spikes on him, and because of them, -as they would hurt her, the mother will -not let him suck any more.”</p> - -<p>“Is he to be killed?” inquired -Charles.</p> - -<p>“Not at present,” replied the old -man. “Master means to keep him -to draw in the team.”</p> - -<p>“To draw in the team!” said Charles -with some surprise.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[6]</span></p> - -<p>“Yes,” returned Ralph; “we have always -a team of oxen. You may see -them ploughing in that field yonder; -just there,” continued he, pointing with -his finger, “beyond the holly hedge.”</p> - -<p>“I see them; I see them,” said -Arthur. “Poor creatures! how slow -they go! Are not they tired, Ralph?” -“No, sir,” replied Ralph, “they do not -move so quick as horses; but they are -vastly stronger. And though it is not -always quite so easy to manage them, -yet on the whole they answer very -well.”</p> - -<p>Ralph had now finished milking: -and taking the little boys into the stable, -he showed them a baby calf, as -he called it, that was to be sold to -the butcher the next day.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> - -<p class="caption-r"><a href="#Page_6"><i>Page 6.</i></a></p> - -<img src="images/illus2.jpg" width="400" height="700" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption"><i>The baby Calf.</i></p> - -<p class="caption-attr"><i>London. Published by W. Darton Jun. Oct. 5, 1815.</i></p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[7]</span></p> - -<p>“O you pretty little thing!” said -Arthur. “Only look, Charles, at these -spots on its back. I should like to -have it for my own. Why must it be -killed, pray?”</p> - -<p><i>Ralph.</i> To serve us for food, master -Arthur. If we were to suffer all -the cattle to live, they would eat all the -grass and corn that we could grow; -and then we should be starved, and -you would not like that.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> No, I don’t want to starve; -only I do not like to have things killed.</p> - -<p>At this moment Mr. Mansfield -came into the stable.</p> - -<p>“We were talking about this poor -calf, grandpapa,” said Charles. “Ralph -says it is to be killed to-morrow to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[8]</span> -make veal. I am sorry for it; it has -such a pretty coat!”</p> - -<p>“It cannot be helped, my dear,” -replied his grandfather. “But when -it is dead, do you know what will be -done with its pretty coat?” The -boys answering they did not, “It will -be sold,” said he, “to the tanner, who -dresses the skins of cattle, or <i>hides</i> as -they are called; and when it is properly -prepared, it makes that beautiful, -smooth kind of leather, that the -large books you were looking at last -night were bound with. It is often -prepared to write upon, and is then -called vellum. The skins of oxen and -cows make a thick coarse leather, such -as the soles of our boots and shoes.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span></p> - -<p>“And what becomes of the hair?” -asked Charles.</p> - -<p>“After the hide has been soaked for -a long time,” replied Mr. Mansfield, -“it comes off easily, and is put into -that kind of mortar which is used -to plaster walls, in order to keep -them from crumbling and falling -away. Did you never see in a white -wall broken down in part, a heap of -short hairs, and here and there perhaps -a little loose piece of mortar hanging -to them?”</p> - -<p>Arthur said he had, but he did not -know it was cow-hair; and added, -he could not have thought it could -have been of any use.</p> - -<p>“Every thing is of use, my dear,” -said Mr. Mansfield. “I doubt if you<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[10]</span> -can name a part of the cow that will -not turn to some account.”</p> - -<p>“What the hoofs, grandpapa?” said -Charles.</p> - -<p>“Yes, Charles,” returned Mr. Mansfield. -“The hoofs and the parings of the -skin, by being boiled down to a strong -jelly, make the glue which carpenters -use to join things together.”</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> The horns—Oh, I know -what is done with the horns. I have -seen horn lanterns, and I have got -a little box at home that mamma says -is made of horn.</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> Very well, Arthur. -And you may have seen boxes, and -knife-handles, and combs, and many -other things, made of the bones of the -ox. Even the dung is of some use.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[11]</span> -It is a good manure for land; it is -used in the process for bleaching linen; -and poor women pick it up when it is -dry, and make fires of it, to save coals.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[12]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II.<br /> -<span class="smaller"><i>The Dairy.</i></span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>Mrs. Mansfield, hearing how -much her little grandsons had been -pleased with the cows, after breakfast -took them into the dairy, to show them -what was done with the milk which -those useful animals give in such large -quantities. The dairy was a little -room with a brick floor, facing the -north, and kept very cool, by means -of a latticed window that let in fresh -air. It was necessary that it should -be built in that way, because heat<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[13]</span> -soon turns milk sour. Round the -room were fixed a sort of trays lined -with lead, which then were all filled -with milk.</p> - -<p>“Grandmamma, what is to be done -with this milk?” inquired Arthur.</p> - -<p>“It is set for cream,” answered -Mrs. Mansfield; “and the cream will -be made into butter.”</p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> How is butter made, pray?</p> - -<p><i>Grandmamma.</i> Come here, and I -will show you. The milk is poured -into these trays, which are not deep, -but broad, so as to cover a large -space. When it has stood some time, -the cream or greasy part, which at -first is mixed with the milk, rises to -the top in the manner you now see. -Then it is skimmed off with this<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[14]</span> -ladle, and put into a pan by itself. -This is done twice a-day; and when -there is cream enough, it is churned -into butter.</p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> Is there any churn here, -grandmamma? Sister Kate has got a -plaything churn, but I never saw one -fit for real use.</p> - -<p>Mrs. Mansfield pointed to a large -barrel fixed on a stand, with a winch -handle to turn it, and told him that -was the churn. Charles was surprised, -and said it was not at all like his sister’s.</p> - -<p><i>Grandmamma.</i> Perhaps not. Sometimes -they are made like a pail, with -a long stick to pull up and down; but -these I have give less trouble, and, I -believe, are now common.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> - -<p class="caption-r"><a href="#Page_14"><i>Page 14.</i></a></p> - -<img src="images/illus3.jpg" width="400" height="700" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption"><i>The Dairy.</i></p> - -<p class="caption-attr"><i>London. Published by W. Darton Junʳ. Oct. 5, 1815.</i></p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[15]</span></p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> Well, grandmamma, how -is this used?</p> - -<p><i>Grandmamma.</i> The cream is put -in through that little square door, -which is then shut quite close; and -when the churn has been turned a good -while, it is changed into butter.</p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> So then butter is nothing -but cream shaken about? I should -like to see it made.</p> - -<p><i>Grandmamma.</i> You cannot see it -now, my dear, because Rose churned -yesterday. But I will give you a -little cream in a phial: and you -may shake it till you make it into -butter.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> Oh, can <i>we</i> make it so? I -should like it very much indeed, if -you please, ma’am.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[16]</span></p> - -<p>Mrs. Mansfield fetched a phial, -and the two boys amused themselves -a long time with their experiment. -But they found that with all their pains -they could not turn the whole into -butter; their grandmamma told them -there was always some waste; that it -was called buttermilk, and given to -the pigs.</p> - -<p>Arthur and Charles, quite proud of -their success, went to look for Rose, -that they might tell her they could -make butter as well as she. They -found her in the dairy, where their -attention was drawn to a new circumstance. -Rose was standing before a -large tub, full of a white substance -rather thicker than jelly, which she was -very diligently employed in breaking.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[17]</span></p> - -<p>They forgot the butter they had -intended to boast of, and both began -to ask a variety of questions, which -she answered with great good humour.</p> - -<p><i>Both the Boys.</i> What is that for? -What are you doing now, Rose?</p> - -<p><i>Rose.</i> Making cheese.</p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> Making cheese? Well, -since I have been at my grandpapa’s, -I have seen things I never saw before.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> But how do you make it, -Rose? What have you got there?</p> - -<p><i>Rose.</i> Curd.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> What is curd?</p> - -<p><i>Rose.</i> It is made from milk, master -Arthur. When the cream is taken off, -we take the milk and mix it with rennet, -and then—</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> Rennet! What is that?</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[18]</span></p> - -<p><i>Rose.</i> A sour juice that is made by -boiling a part of the inside of a calf. -We put a little rennet to the milk, -which makes it part into curds and -whey. This thick white part is the -curd, and the thin watery part is called -whey.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> Is that the whey people -take for a cold?</p> - -<p><i>Rose.</i> No. That kind of whey is -made with wine instead of rennet; but -the curd parts just in the same manner -as this.</p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> I will ask our Sally to let -me look at it the next time she makes -whey. But why do you break it?</p> - -<p><i>Rose.</i> That there may be no lumps. -Wait a little, if you please, and you -shall see how I go on.</p> - -<p>She then took a large round bag<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[19]</span> -made of coarse cloth, into which she -put all the curd, and pressed it with -very heavy weights in order to squeeze -out as much of the whey as she could. -This done, she turned it out of the bag -into a vat which has holes like a cullender, -and, leaving it to drain, then -told them the cheese was finished.</p> - -<p>“I did not know,” said Charles, “it -was so easy to make cheese. But what -is the rind, pray?”</p> - -<p>“’Tis the same as the rest,” replied -Rose; “only, being left to the air, it -grows hard in time.” Then leading -them into another room, she showed -them a great number of cheeses; some -were still soft, having been lately made; -others, that had been longer kept, were -grown quite hard.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[20]</span></p> - -<p>“What is the whey good for?’ -asked Charles, as they came back -through the dairy.</p> - -<p>“We give it to the pigs,” said Rose.</p> - -<p>“So then,” said Arthur to himself -as he walked away, “<i>butter and cheese -are both made from milk; but the butter -is the greasy part, and the cheese -is the curdy</i>.”</p> - -<p>“Yes, master Arthur,” said Rose, -“you are right, for that is our way of -making butter and cheese in this country: -but in many places, where richer -cheese is made, they use the milk without -skimming off the cream; and to -make good cream cheese, the cream -only is used when skimmed from the -milk.”</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[21]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III.<br /> -<span class="smaller"><i>The Pigs.</i></span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>When dinner-time came, it happened -that there were brought to table -some custards and gooseberry tarts, -of which Charles was tempted to eat -very greedily. He had already been -twice helped, and the servant was going -to carry away the remainder of a tart -that had been left in the dish, when -Charles, not satisfied whilst any remained, -stopped him, and once more -filled his plate with it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[22]</span></p> - -<p>The footman stared; and his grandpapa -and grandmamma looked at him -with surprise, but said nothing.</p> - -<p>In the evening Mr. Mansfield led -his grandsons into the yard, just at -the time his man was giving the pigs -their supper. Arthur and Charles -were diverted at the eagerness with -which the whole family squeaked and -grunted over their food, which they -devoured with the utmost haste, treading -one over another as they scrambled -for a share.</p> - -<p>“O grandpapa,” exclaimed Charles, -“how droll it is to see the pigs -eat! Look there! look there! One -has got a cabbage leaf, and another -wants it. Now it has got it away,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>[23]</span> -and it eats it as fast as ever it can. And -now it is come for more. I dare say -they will soon empty the trough.”</p> - -<p>“Perhaps so,” replied his grandpapa, -smiling. “Pigs are as fond of -cabbage leaves and bean stalks, as -little boys are of gooseberry pie.”</p> - -<p>Charles blushed.</p> - -<p>“Hey, Charles!” continued he, -putting his hand upon his head so as -to look full in his face, “this is not -the first time to-day I thought I had -a pig for my companion. Do you -know any body that ate voraciously, -and at last <i>emptied the dish</i>?”</p> - -<p>Charles softly answered, “Yes, sir.”</p> - -<p>“Well, I believe he is ashamed of -his greediness,” said Mr. Mansfield; -“I only advise him another time to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>[24]</span> -be more upon his guard for fear we -should take him for a pig.”</p> - -<p>As they were sauntering about, a -sow with a fine litter of pigs at her -heels came across the yard.</p> - -<p>“Pray, sir,” asked Arthur, “how -many pigs may a sow have at once?”</p> - -<p>“From ten to twenty,” said Mr. -Mansfield. “But as she has not milk -enough to suckle so many, she casts -off some, and seldom brings up more -than twelve.”</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> What food do they like -best, sir?</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> - -<p class="caption-l"><a href="#Page_24"><i>Page 24.</i></a></p> - -<img src="images/illus4.jpg" width="400" height="700" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption"><i>The Pigs.</i></p> - -<p class="caption-attr"><i>London. Published by W. Darton Junʳ. Oct. 5, 1815.</i></p> - -</div> - -<p><i>Grandpapa.</i> They are not very -difficult. They will eat almost any -kind of rubbish and offal: but vegetables -of all sorts are best for them. -Cabbage stalks, potatoe parings, bean<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25"></a>[25]</span> -and pea shells, they like very well; -and it is a good way to turn them out -into the forests, where they meet with -plenty of acorns, and mast nuts that -grow upon beach trees. With their -long snouts they turn up the ground, -that they may get at the roots or -plants: to prevent this, we are obliged -to have a ring thrust through their -noses, otherwise they would do a great -deal of mischief.</p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> Are they of much use, -grandpapa?</p> - -<p><i>Grandpapa.</i> Not whilst they are -alive. When dead, the flesh, you -know, is eaten, and is called pork, or -bacon if salted in a particular manner. -The lard, or some of the fat, is used -in making many sorts of plasters, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26"></a>[26]</span> -the bristles are formed into brushes -of various kinds; and are used by -shoemakers and others in sewing leather, -instead of needles.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> I like <i>little pigs</i> much -better than I do great old ones.</p> - -<p><i>Grandpapa.</i> I cannot say the hog -is a favourite animal with me. He -is not only ugly, but his habits of life -are disagreeable. You may have observed -that he is very fond of grouting -in the mire. Neither his grunting nor -his squeaking is pleasant music; and -the whole race are so greedy, that, if -they have food enough, they will eat -till they are too heavy to stand on their -legs; even then they will lie on their -sides, and eat still. Sometimes the -sow will go so far as to devour her own -young.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27"></a>[27]</span></p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> Indeed? The unnatural -brute!</p> - -<p><i>Grandpapa.</i> I should have told -you that their stomach is made very -large, and requires an unusual quantity -of food. But if we are disgusted with -the manners of a hog, we should be -careful not to imitate them; as filth, -gluttony, and want of natural affection, -must surely be ten times more shocking -in the creature man, who is blessed -with reason.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28"></a>[28]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV.<br /> -<span class="smaller"><i>Sheep-Shearing.</i></span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>The following day being appointed -for sheep-shearing, a number of men -and boys assembled at an early hour in -the great barn. Arthur and Charles -went with their grandpapa to see the -process, and were greatly pleased with -the hurry and bustle of the scene. The -sheep were penned in a fold close to -the barn, and were fetched away by -the lads one by one, as fast as the -shearers were ready for them. A few<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29"></a>[29]</span> -days before, they had all been washed -at a mill-pond, so that their fleeces -were beautifully white, and they were -so thick as to make the animals appear -almost twice as large as they really -were.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> - -<p class="caption-l"><a href="#Page_28"><i>Page 28.</i></a></p> - -<img src="images/illus5.jpg" width="400" height="700" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption"><i>Sheep Shearing.</i></p> - -<p class="caption-attr"><i>London. Published by W. Darton Junʳ. Octʳ. 5, 1815.</i></p> - -</div> - -<p>Arthur observed with surprise, that -the poor creatures were perfectly quiet -during the time of their being shorn; -although they struggled with terror -when they were first brought out, and -bleated piteously as soon as they were -set at liberty.</p> - -<p>He wondered at the ease with which -the men laid them on the ground, and -afterwards turned them over from side -to side, as was necessary in the course -of the shearing. After watching one -of the shearers for some time, he began<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30"></a>[30]</span> -the following conversation with -him:—</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> Good man, does not it -hurt the sheep to be pulled about in -that way?</p> - -<p><i>The Man.</i> They do not like it; -but I try to hurt them as little as I -can.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> Are you not afraid of -cutting them with the shears, when you -put them down into the middle of the -wool?</p> - -<p><i>The Man.</i> We take care to feel -our way, but now and then they get an -unlucky snip. That man there, that -stands by the door, has some tar that -he puts to them if they chance to be -hurt.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> Poor things! how cold<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31"></a>[31]</span> -they must feel when they lose such -a quantity of wool!</p> - -<p><i>The Man.</i> It is time they should -be shorn now, master. This is their -winter coat, as one may say; and if -it was left much longer, by little and -little it would fall off of itself.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> Then why don’t you -let it come off of itself, instead of -taking all this trouble, and teasing the -sheep?</p> - -<p><i>The Man.</i> My service to you, sir! -What, are we to lose the wool, or to -follow the sheep from place to place -wherever they choose to stray, in -order to gather it after them? No, -no; they may suffer a little at first, -but if the weather is warm they soon -get over it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32"></a>[32]</span></p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> How many can you shear -in a day, good man?</p> - -<p><i>The Man.</i> Why, fifty, more or less. -The quickest hands can finish one in -ten minutes.</p> - -<p>Charles during this time was helping -a little girl to pick up the loose -locks of wool that were scattered over -the floor. His brother turned round, -and saw how he was employed. What -should <i>he</i> do? Every one was busy -besides himself, and he could not bear -to be the only idle person. A message -came to fetch away one of the women, -whose task it was to roll up the -fleeces and pile them together on a -heap. Arthur offered to take her -place; and, after a few trials, he learned -to tie them up very dexterously. He<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33"></a>[33]</span> -continued at this employment for -some time, and rejoiced to find himself -of some use.</p> - -<p>Mr. Mansfield at length called the -two boys to go away. They immediately -obeyed; and Charles, taking hold -of his grandpapa’s hand, asked him if -he did not think a sheep-shearing was -a most charming thing.</p> - -<p><i>Grandpapa.</i> It does very well in its -season, my dear boy. Wool is so useful, -that the shearing-time always gives -me pleasure.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> What shall you do with it, -grandpapa?</p> - -<p><i>Grandpapa.</i> I shall sell it to the -wool-stapler; and, after it has passed -through the hands of different manufacturers, -you may perhaps meet with<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34"></a>[34]</span> -it again in some shop, though so altered -as not to be known for the same. -It will then be in the shape of flannel, -worsted, cloth, or perhaps some kind -of stuff.</p> - -<p>“That is all very droll,” said Charles. -“But when will there be another sheep-shearing, -grandpapa?”</p> - -<p>“Not till this day twelvemonth, my -dear,” returned Mr. Mansfield. “Wool -does not grow very fast. In two or three -weeks you will see the sheep covered -with a little short wool; and the traces -of the shears will then be worn away. -As winter comes on, it grows thicker -and longer; but that is not a time to -rob them of their fleece. At last the -year will come round, and then they -will be again ready for the shearer.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35"></a>[35]</span></p> - -<p>“I am fond of sheep,” said Arthur; -“and I like little lambs, they look so -innocent.”</p> - -<p><i>Grandpapa.</i> They are gentle, timid -creatures, and require the care of -man more than almost any other animal; -as they have neither strength to -defend themselves when attacked by -their enemies, nor swiftness to run -from danger.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> And they pay us for the -care we take of them, by letting us -have their wool?</p> - -<p><i>Grandpapa.</i> Indeed they do, Arthur; -but not by their wool alone, for -they are useful in more ways than one. -Mutton, which you know is the flesh -of the sheep, is one of the most wholesome -meats we have; some parts of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_36"></a>[36]</span> -the fat are melted down to make tallow. -The skin is sometimes made -into parchment, and sometimes into -leather, for gloves, shoes, and other -things: and parts of the guts are twisted -into strings for musical instruments.</p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> What enemies have sheep, -grandpapa? You have said they can’t -defend themselves against their enemies.</p> - -<p><i>Grandpapa.</i> Wherever there are -wild beasts, Charles, they have many -enemies, as they all prey upon the -sheep. Eagles will attack young lambs; -so will foxes; and even dogs, if they -are fierce, and not properly trained.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> But I have often seen a -dog along with a flock of sheep.</p> - -<p><i>Grandpapa.</i> Yes; the breed that is -called the shepherd’s dog is very useful<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37"></a>[37]</span> -in managing them. They seldom -bite, but will fetch those back that -have gone astray; and by barking at -them alone, guide the whole flock much -more easily than a man can do. When -they have done their business, you -may see them come back to the shepherd, -and follow him as quietly as -possible.</p> - -<p>In the evening a supper was provided -to refresh the shearers after their -hard day’s work, consisting of legs of -mutton, and plum-puddings, with plenty -of good ale. All was jollity and -mirth. During the day a constant buz -of many voices might have been heard -even at some distance from the barn; -but the business they were engaged in -did not allow time for much talk. At<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38"></a>[38]</span> -night, on the contrary, they had nothing -to do but to divert themselves, -and every tongue was heard. They -told merry stories without end, sang -songs, and drank to the health of their -kind master. Mr. Mansfield himself -staid with them for some time, encouraging -them to be cheerful, and walked -about to see that every body was helped. -At length, he left the party, followed -by his grand-children, who immediately -retired to rest, highly satisfied with the -pleasures of the day.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39"></a>[39]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V.<br /> -<span class="smaller"><i>A Walk through the Fields.</i></span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>The next morning, Mr. Mansfield -asked the little boys if they were disposed -for a walk. Arthur replied that -he should like it very much; but -Charles said he would rather stay at -home with his grandmamma; accordingly -they set off without him.</p> - -<p>“What pretty purple flowers grow -in that field!” observed Arthur, when -they had proceeded a little way. -“Pray, grandpapa, what are they?”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40"></a>[40]</span></p> - -<p>“That is a field of clover,” replied -Mr. Mansfield; “and it will soon be -cut for hay.”</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> I never saw such pretty -hay as that.</p> - -<p><i>Grandpapa.</i> Oh, there will be no -beauty in it. On the contrary, it looks -much coarser and browner than what -is made of common grass, which is -called meadow hay.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> What becomes of the flowers -then?</p> - -<p><i>Grandpapa.</i> They dry and wither -away. You do not suppose they -would live when cut down. Did you -ever see how hay is made?</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> Yes, a great many times. -A number of men and women go into -a field and turn the grass, and then<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41"></a>[41]</span> -they put it into cocks, and afterwards -make a stack of it.</p> - -<p><i>Grandpapa.</i> Why do they do all -that?</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> To make it into hay.</p> - -<p><i>Grandpapa.</i> Yes. But why does -turning it about make grass into hay?</p> - -<p>Arthur said he did not know.</p> - -<p><i>Grandpapa.</i> Then I will tell you. -The grass when cut down is full of -moisture. If you squeeze a blade in -your fingers, it will be damp; and that -dampness is called sap. Now, while -the sap is in it the grass will not keep. -If you were to make it into a stack, it -would soon rot, and smell so putrid -you would not like to go near it. But -when it is turned about to the sun and -the wind, till the sap is dried away,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_42"></a>[42]</span> -there is no more danger, and you -may stack it, and keep it for a long -time.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> But if I had a field, grandpapa, -I would never make hay. My -horses should go in and eat the grass -when they wanted it; and I would -save myself the trouble of working for -them.</p> - -<p><i>Grandpapa.</i> I am afraid, Arthur, you -would make a lazy farmer. Do not -you know that nothing in this world -is to be had without trouble? and -if you are so very sparing of your -pains, I fear you will not succeed very -well.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> Why not, pray, sir?</p> - -<p><i>Grandpapa.</i> Did you ever take notice -of the grass in the winter?</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43"></a>[43]</span></p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> Yes; I believe it is then -short and black.</p> - -<p><i>Grandpapa.</i> The blackness is nothing -but the earth among it; it is very -thin at that time of the year. Did you -ever observe a field just before it was -cut for hay?</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> Oh, yes. Do you know, -grandpapa, we all took a walk in a field -a little while ago; and the grass was -so very long that it came up to the top -of my legs; and little Kate cried, and -could not get on at all.</p> - -<p><i>Grandpapa.</i> You see then, that as -there is much grass in summer and -but little in winter, your horses at one -time would have more than they could -eat, and at another would starve. Yet -this would be owing to your own fault:<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44"></a>[44]</span> -for God gives enough for the whole -year; and all he requires of us is, that -we should in the season of plenty lay -up for the time of need.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45"></a>[45]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI.<br /> -<span class="smaller"><i>The Walk continued.</i></span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>The next field they came to was -sown with rye, which Mr. Mansfield -said was a species of corn; and, although -much coarser than wheat, was -frequently made into bread, and in many -places formed the chief food of the -poor. He desired his grandson to gather -an ear or two, that he might learn -to distinguish between that and barley, -which grew in the field through which -they were next to pass.</p> - -<p>Arthur pulled up a root of rye, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46"></a>[46]</span> -then ran to overtake his grandfather, -who by this time had got over the -stile, and was slowly crossing the barley -field.</p> - -<p>“Well, Arthur, what difference do -you find in the growth of these two -kinds of corn?” asked Mr. Mansfield.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> Indeed, grandpapa, I don’t -see any, except that the rye grows -very high, as high as the top of your -hat, and that the barley only comes to -my elbow.</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> That is one difference, -to be sure. Examine them well, -and perhaps you may discover some -other.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> Oh, yes, I see, sir. The -spikes of the rye are neither so fine nor -so long as in the barley.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47"></a>[47]</span></p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> Very true again. -So you see you need never mistake -between them. The straw of the rye -is the longest, but the beard (you -should not call it the spikes) is shorter -and coarser.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> I think the long beard of -the barley gives it rather a silky look, -as it waves about with the wind. Pray, -grandpapa, is barley sown to make -bread too?</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> Sometimes it is -used for that purpose; but the greatest -part of what we grow in England is -for making beer.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> Beer! Is it possible that -barley can make beer? Do you know, -sir, how it is done?</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> Yes; and you shall<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_48"></a>[48]</span> -hear, if you wish to know. All grain -is the seed of the plant; and before it -can be put to any use it must be taken -out of the ear. Now, to do that, it is -thrashed with an instrument called a -flail. I suppose you have seen one, have -you not?</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> I remember once passing -at some distance from a barn, where -a man was swinging something about, -that looked like a bent stick; and he -beat the ground with it, and somebody -said he was thrashing.</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> That he certainly -was. The corn was spread upon the -barn-floor, and he was beating out -the grain with a flail. The next business -is to separate it from the chaff, -or outside skin. This is sometimes<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_49"></a>[49]</span> -done by turning a machine very quickly -so as to cause a wind, which blows -away the chaff, for it is as light as a -feather. A more simple method is, to -throw the corn across from one side -of the barn to the other, against the -wind. The chaff, being so light, is -soon blown back, whilst the corn goes -on a little further, and falls in a heap -by itself.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> But, dear grandpapa, what -has this to do with making beer?</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> All in good time, -my dear boy. You must <i>get at</i> the barley -before you can <i>use</i> it, must you -not? The method of winnowing I -have described, relates principally to -wheat (for barley is without chaff); -but the barley must be thrashed, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_50"></a>[50]</span> -separated from the ear; after which -it is put for some days into a cistern -of water. It is then taken out and -laid in heaps; when it ferments, and -is ready to shoot out in the same manner -as if sown in the ground. Afterwards -it is spread thinly over a floor, -and frequently turned; and when partly -dry is carried to a kiln, a kind of -oven, where it is dried. Having -passed through all this process it is -called malt, and the man whose business -it is, is termed a maltster.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> I thought brewers made -beer?</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> You were right. -Brewers buy malt. They grind it, and -then pour hot water upon it, to get -out its strength and goodness. The<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_51"></a>[51]</span> -liquor thus obtained, which is sweet-wort, -becomes the most valuable part -of the commodity; for the malt has -lost its virtue, and is called grains, and -is only used to feed pigs and cattle. -The wort is afterwards boiled with -hops, which give it a bitterish taste instead -of a sickly sweet, and keep it -wholesome and good. Then it takes -the name of beer; and after fermenting -for a little while may be put into casks -and kept for use. And now, Arthur, -do you think that you understand -brewing? Shall you recollect that malt -is barley prepared in a particular way? -and that beer is made by pouring warm -water on the malt, and afterwards boiling -it with hops?</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> I think I shall, grandpapa.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_52"></a>[52]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII.<br /> -<span class="smaller"><i>The Pony.</i></span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>As Mr. Mansfield and Arthur were -returning from their walk, in a lane -at a little distance from the house they -were met by Charles, who had mounted -a pony belonging to his grandfather: -it had taken fright, and was running -away at full speed. Mr. Mansfield -stopped it by catching hold of the bridle; -and as soon as he was satisfied -that no mischief had happened, and -Charles was sufficiently recovered to -be able to talk, he inquired what had<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_53"></a>[53]</span> -led him to try his skill in horsemanship.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> - -<p class="caption-l"><a href="#Page_52"><i>Page 52.</i></a></p> - -<img src="images/illus6.jpg" width="400" height="700" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption"><i>Charles on the Poney.</i></p> - -<p class="caption-attr"><i>London. Published by W. Darton Junʳ. Oct. 5, 1815.</i></p> - -</div> - -<p>“Why, grandpapa,” replied Charles, -“Robert had just come home with the -pony, and left him at the gate; and I -wanted to ride; so I got upon him, -and he ran away with me.”</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> As you have never -been used to ride, my dear Charles, -you had better not get upon strange -horses when you are alone. I wonder -too that Plover should run away; he -is in general very gentle.</p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> At first he would keep -his head over the gate, and I could -not get him to move. So I hit him -with a stick I had in my hand, and -that set him off in a gallop.</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> I fancy all was<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_54"></a>[54]</span> -owing to your want of skill; for Plover -is a very quiet creature, and easily managed; -but he will not bear ill usage; -therefore, if you beat him much, I am -not surprised at the accident.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> I am sure, grandpapa, -Charles did not mean to be cruel, and -use the horse ill.</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> He is so good a -boy that I do not suspect him of it; -and I only meant to give him a caution -against another time. No, my -dear children, I hope you will never -take pleasure in wanton cruelty. My -heart has often ached at the barbarities -I have seen practised on poor -dumb creatures.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> Once when I was walking -with papa, we saw a man beating<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_55"></a>[55]</span> -a horse about the head with the butt -end of his whip, and my papa advised -him not to do so; but he said it was -his own horse, and he had a right to -do as he liked.</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> Nothing can give -a man a right to be cruel. We may, -it is true, make what use we please of -our beasts, as long as we treat them -well, for they were made for our convenience; -but God Almighty has given -to them life and feeling the same as -he has to us; and we make him angry -with us whenever we use them ill.</p> - -<p>“I often think, grandpapa, that it -is very strange such large creatures as -these,” said Arthur, patting Plover, -who now walked quietly by the side<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_56"></a>[56]</span> -of his master, “should suffer us to get -upon their backs, and manage them as -we please. They are much stronger -than we are; and I wonder they do -not drive us away, and not carry us, -and refuse to draw our coaches and do -every thing we like.”</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> It would be astonishing, -Arthur, if we did not consider -that our reason gives us a great advantage -over all brutes. Some of them, -it is true, are much larger, some much -stronger, and others much swifter than -we; but by means of our understanding -we can conquer the strongest, and -tame the fiercest of them.</p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> How can we tame them, -pray, sir?</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_57"></a>[57]</span></p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> By methods which -they cannot resist. Plover is stronger -than you, but a boy of your size who -understands riding would be able to -manage him. He would pull the bridle -on this side, or on that, according -as he wished him to turn; and as he -pulled, the bit would hurt the horse’s -mouth just enough to make him willing -to go where he was wanted: therefore, -by our knowing how to manage -a bit and a bridle, we are more than -a match for a horse in spite of his great -strength.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> I understand you now, -grandpapa. And I have something -to tell you. As we were taking a -walk a little while ago, a dog came<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_58"></a>[58]</span> -barking and snapping, and I thought -he was going to bite me; but my -mamma called out, “Don’t be frightened, -Arthur; pick up a stone to throw -at the dog, and it will send him away.” -So I did, and to be sure he slunk off -at once. Now was not it my reason -that made me conquer the dog, -though the dog could bite harder than -myself?</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> Exactly so. You -see, then, that although our bodies are -naturally weak and helpless, yet by -our reason we are furnished with the -means of strength and defence. So -God has ordained; and therefore, -though he will not suffer us to be cruel -to any of his creatures, yet, as our<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_59"></a>[59]</span> -Bible tells us, he said at the beginning -of the world, that the fear and dread -of man should be for ever upon all -animals.</p> - -<p>As Mr. Mansfield finished these -words, they reached the stable yard, -and Ralph came forward to unharness -the pony.</p> - -<p>“Plover must be shod to-morrow, -sir,” said he, as he looked at one of -his hinder feet.</p> - -<p>“Is not it cruel, grandpapa,” asked -Charles, “to drive nails into the -horse’s feet?”</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> No, my dear, it -is not. The nails only go into the -hoofs, which are very hard, and have -not any feeling; but if we did not put -on these iron shoes, the hoofs, hard as<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_60"></a>[60]</span> -they are, would soon be battered to -pieces when they travel over rough and -gravelled ground.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> Dead horses are of no -use; are they, sir?</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> Their flesh is given -to dogs; but the skin, when converted -into leather, is used for making harness -and some other things.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_61"></a>[61]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VIII">CHAPTER VIII.<br /> -<span class="smaller"><i>A Visit to the Windmill.</i></span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>“Do you know, my dear,” said -Mrs. Mansfield to her husband, when -they were sitting at tea, “the miller -has forgotten to send home the flour -he promised to let us have last week; -and Sarah has just told me we have -not enough in the house to bake to-morrow! -So what must we do? Can -you spare one of the men to go over -and inquire about it?”</p> - -<p>“I am afraid, my dear,” said Mr.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_62"></a>[62]</span> -Mansfield, “they are all busy at present; -but when Ralph comes in he may -go of the errand.”</p> - -<p>“It has just occurred to me,” rejoined -Mrs. Mansfield, “that if you -are disposed for another walk this fine -evening, you might go yourself and -take the children with you; and it will -be a nice treat to them, for I know -they have never seen a mill.”</p> - -<p>“Ah, do go, grandpapa; will you, -grandpapa? it will be so very delightful!” -said both the boys at the same -instant.</p> - -<p>“Well, bring me my hat then,” said -their indulgent grandfather. “I did -not intend to stir again to-night; but -if it will give you pleasure, my dear -boys——”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_63"></a>[63]</span></p> - -<p>“Thank you, sir! thank you, sir!” -cried Charles, running for the hat.</p> - -<p>“I hope you won’t be tired though,” -said Arthur. “You shall rest upon -my shoulder all the way; and do not -be afraid of leaning all your weight, -for I shall be able to bear it very well.”</p> - -<p>“You shall have my shoulder to -rest upon too,” exclaimed Charles: -“So I dare say, grandpapa, you will -not be tired.”</p> - -<p>“Indeed,” replied Mr. Mansfield, -putting one hand upon the shoulder of -each, as he rose from the chair, “with -two such kind little supporters, I shall -not be easily fatigued.”</p> - -<p>As they walked, Charles expressed -his joy that they were going to see -the inside of a mill, which was what<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_64"></a>[64]</span> -he had long wished to do. “And, -pray,” inquired he, “what is it like?”</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> That you will see -when you get to it: in the mean time, -Arthur, examine this wheat. I showed -you barley and rye in the morning.</p> - -<p>“There is no beard to this,” said -Arthur.</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> No; and the ear is -heavier and larger. Gather one, and -count the number of grains it contains.</p> - -<p>Charles pulled violently, and drew -up a root that had seven stalks growing -from it.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> - -<p class="caption-l"><a href="#Page_64"><i>Farm House Page 64.</i></a></p> - -<img src="images/illus7.jpg" width="400" height="700" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption"><i>The Mill.</i></p> - -<p class="caption-attr"><i>London. Published by W. Darton Jun. Oct. 5, 1815.</i></p> - -</div> - -<p>“Hold, you wasteful little fellow!” -cried his grandpapa. “I did not tell -you to root up my field at one stroke. -Let me see, however. Observe what -a wonderful increase here is. These<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_65"></a>[65]</span> -seven stalks have all sprung from one -single grain, and each ear contains, -perhaps, twenty grains; which gives -us in all a hundred and forty grains -instead of one.”</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> That is astonishing, indeed! -So there always grows a hundred -and forty times as much wheat -as is sown?</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> No, no, I did not -say that. In this instance it is so; -and sometimes it may even happen to -produce more; but a great deal of seed -rots in the ground, without ever growing -at all: of what does come up, -some is spoilt before it is ripe, and the -ears that come to perfection do not all -yield so well as these. I believe, therefore, -that taking the kingdom throughout,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_66"></a>[66]</span> -we only gather about eight times -the quantity we sow.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> How long is wheat growing, -pray, sir?</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> Nine or ten months -generally. No sooner is the harvest -of one year got in, than we begin to -prepare for that of the ensuing year. -We plough the land, and sow it -again immediately. Some seed, indeed, -is not sown before the spring, -but that never produces quite such -good crops.</p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> What is the use of ploughing, -grandpapa?</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> To break up the -earth, which would otherwise get so -hard that no corn could grow in it. -When a field has been ploughed, a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_67"></a>[67]</span> -man walks over it, and scatters the -seed all over the field. Then it is raked -in by an instrument full of great iron -teeth, called a harrow. Care must afterwards -be taken to keep it free from -weeds, but besides that nothing more -can be done. It is left for the rain to -water, and the sun to ripen it.</p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> And when it is quite ripe, -then the harvest comes, does it not, sir?</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> Yes. Then the -reapers go into the field, and cut down -the corn with their sickles. They tie -it up in bundles, which are called -sheaves, when it is carried into barns, -and thrashed out for use.</p> - -<p>As they were conversing in this -manner they arrived at the mill; and -when Mr. Mansfield had given his<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_68"></a>[68]</span> -orders, he asked leave to lead his -grandchildren over it. He then explained -to them, how the sails, being -turned round by the wind, were the -occasion of turning different wheels -in the inside of the building. He -next pointed out to them two large -flat stones, shut up in a kind of box. -“You may see,” said he, “that all -the corn is made to pass between these -stones. The understone is fixed; but -the upper one turns round, and presses -so heavily upon it, as to bruise and -grind the corn to powder.”</p> - -<p>“I understand you, grandpapa,” -returned Charles. “And is that all -that is done here?”</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> Not all, Charles; -for the corn, though ground into meal,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_69"></a>[69]</span> -wants sifting. To do that, there is a -contrivance called a boulting engine, -and you may look at it if you step this -way.</p> - -<p>Mr. Mansfield then opened a little -door in the large wooden box, or bin, -that contained the engine; when a -quantity of fine flour flew out into -their faces, and powdered them all -over. The boulter was made of frame-work, -five or six feet long, round -which a canvas was tightly strained. -“Now,” said Mr. Mansfield, “the -meal is put into this boulting machine, -which turns round, you see, very fast -when the mill is at work. The quickness -of its motion causes the fine -flour to fly off through the canvas; -but the coarse and husky part, which<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_70"></a>[70]</span> -is bran, not being able to do that, -falls to the bottom by itself. The -use of shutting it up in this box, is -to prevent the flour from being scattered -over the mill.”</p> - -<p>The Bensons and their grandfather -remained at the mill till they had thoroughly -examined every part of it. -They received much pleasure from -seeing the different wheels and contrivances, -and were diverted to find, -when they came away, that they were -so covered with flour as to look almost -as white as millers.</p> - -<p>As they were returning home, Arthur -observed, that having first seen -the wheat growing, and afterwards -ground, they only wanted now to know -how flour was made into bread, to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_71"></a>[71]</span> -understand the whole process from beginning -to end.</p> - -<p>Mr. Mansfield replied, that he -could easily explain that. The flour -was mixed with a proper quantity of -water, and a little yeast put in to -make it rise. “This,” said he, “is -well kneaded together, and then it is -put into an oven and baked.”</p> - -<p>“But what is yeast?” inquired -Charles.</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> A scum that rises -on the top of new beer.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> Have not I, sir, seen to-day, -some of all the different kinds of -corn that grow here?</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> I do not recollect -our having met with oats. They do -not grow in one compact ear like the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_72"></a>[72]</span> -rest, for every grain has a separate -little foot-stalk to itself. In this part -of the country they are chiefly given to -horses; but in Scotland, and the north -of England, oatmeal cakes are frequently -eaten instead of bread.</p> - -<p>“And now,” continued he, “I am -not sorry to find myself near home. -You, Arthur, may likewise be glad to -rest yourself, for you have been stumping -about almost all day.”</p> - -<p>The boys declared they were not at -all tired, and thanked their grandpapa -for the pleasure he had procured them.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_73"></a>[73]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_IX">CHAPTER IX.<br /> -<span class="smaller"><i>Poultry.</i></span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>“Grandmamma, pray where are -you going?” asked Charles one morning, -on seeing his grandmother walk -out at the garden door.</p> - -<p>“To feed my chickens, my love,” -returned she.</p> - -<p>“Then I will go with you, if I -may,” said Charles. “And so will I,” -said Arthur: and he threw down his -peg-top in a corner.</p> - -<p>“My speckled hen,” said Mrs. -Mansfield, “came off her nest, yesterday, -with a fine brood of chickens.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_74"></a>[74]</span></p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> That is the one, is not -it, ma’am, that has been sitting so close -ever since we came?</p> - -<p><i>Grandmamma.</i> Yes, and for a fortnight -before, which makes in all three -weeks; the time hens always sit on -their eggs.</p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> I think they must be tired -of keeping still so long.</p> - -<p><i>Grandmamma.</i> I believe, Charles, -you would be tired of such confinement; -but birds do not seem to mind -it at all. Though so active at other -times; when they have laid their eggs, -they are quite contented to sit still till -the young ones are hatched.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> Do all birds sit for three -weeks, grandmamma?</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_75"></a>[75]</span></p> - -<p><i>Grandmamma.</i> No: ducks and -geese sit for a month; and pigeons -and smaller birds for about a fortnight. -Now you may give them some of these -grits, and then you will have the pleasure -of seeing them peck.</p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> Let me have a handful, if -you please. Chick, chick, chick, chick! -come here, poor chickey, and I will give -you something to eat. Dear grandmamma! -they will not let me catch -them; and look at the old hen, she -is almost ready to fly at me.</p> - -<p><i>Grandmamma.</i> She is afraid you -are going to hurt her chickens, when -she sees you run after them. Hens -are often very fierce, if any one offers -to meddle with their young ones.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_76"></a>[76]</span></p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> Well then, poor things! -I will not take you up in my hand, -but I will give you your food on the -ground. How pretty they look! They -are the colour of my canary bird.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> I see the old hen does -not eat much herself. She only pecks -about the grits, to show them to her -chickens.</p> - -<p><i>Grandmamma.</i> She is a very good -mother; so we will give her some barley. -That is the best food for the old -ones.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> See, Charles, how oddly -they drink! They turn up their heads -whenever they swallow.</p> - -<p><i>Grandmamma.</i> By that means they -let the water trickle down their throats.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> - -<p class="caption-l"><a href="#Page_76"><i>Farm House Page 76.</i></a></p> - -<img src="images/illus8.jpg" width="400" height="700" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption"><i>The Poultry Yard.</i></p> - -<p class="caption-attr"><i>London. Published by W. Darton Jun. Oct. 5, 1815.</i></p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_77"></a>[77]</span></p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> Then why do not we do -so when we drink?</p> - -<p><i>Grandmamma.</i> Because our throats -are not formed the same as birds’; -for we are provided with a muscle, -which carries down the liquor by its -motion.</p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> How the pretty creatures -creep under their mother’s wings! and -she puffs her feathers out, and makes -herself as large as she can to cover -them all.</p> - -<p><i>Grandmamma.</i> You see how Providence -has provided for the welfare -of all his creatures. Whilst they are too -young to take care of themselves, he -gives to the parent a strong affection -towards them, and wisdom sufficient -to bring them up. The mother,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_78"></a>[78]</span> -though generally timorous, and easily -frightened, to preserve her young ones -will boldly turn round and face almost -any danger. You observed that the -hen forgot her own hunger, when she -was teaching the little chickens to -peck; now she covers them with her -wings to keep them from the cold, -which, as they are not completely -fledged, would probably kill them if -it were not for her care.</p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> And what will she do -when these little things are grown as -big as she is?</p> - -<p><i>Grandmamma.</i> Long before that -time she will have cast them off. Brutes -never care for their young when they -are able to shift for themselves.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> That is very different<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_79"></a>[79]</span> -from us. I do not think my mamma -will cast us off as long as she lives.</p> - -<p><i>Grandmamma.</i> I do not think she -will. And I hope, my dear boys, that -in return you will never neglect <i>her</i>. -A chicken, you see, could not be reared -unless the hen took care of it; but a -child requires constant attention for -many years; and even when grown -up, the fondness of the parents still -continues. Surely, then, nothing can -excuse ingratitude and undutifulness -towards them.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> No, grandmamma: so for -the future I will always mind what -my papa and mamma say to me; and -I will try never to do any thing that I -think they won’t like.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_80"></a>[80]</span></p> - -<p><i>Grandmamma.</i> That is a very good -resolution, and I hope you will keep -to it.—— Well, Charles, what do you -say to the pigeons? They are pretty -birds, are they not?</p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> Indeed, ma’am, they are. -I was looking at them falling head -over heels, when up in the air.</p> - -<p><i>Grandmamma.</i> Those are called -tumblers, that fly in that way. There -are many kinds of pigeons. The white -ones out there, with tails that stand -up somewhat like hens’, are called fan-tails.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> What must we feed the -pigeons with?</p> - -<p><i>Grandmamma.</i> You may give them -a few tares, if you like; but here we<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_81"></a>[81]</span> -have no occasion to supply them with -much food, for they come to the barn -doors, and pick up the corn that is -scattered about.</p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> Are all those one brood, -that sit together on the top of that -cart-house?</p> - -<p><i>Grandmamma.</i> No. Pigeons never -lay more than two eggs at one -time; and the pair that are hatched -commonly continue mates to one another -all their lives.</p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> Now let us look at the -ducks and geese, if you please. The -pond is nearly covered with them, I -see.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> How very small some of -them are! I should have thought that -they were too young to be able to swim.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_82"></a>[82]</span></p> - -<p><i>Grandmamma.</i> Oh, they take to -the water as soon as they leave the -egg-shell. They are web-footed, and -that enables them to swim.</p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> What is being web-footed, -ma’am?</p> - -<p><i>Grandmamma.</i> Having a skin to -fill up all the space between the toes. -When they swim, they paddle, or -strike with their broad feet against the -water; which gives them motion onwards.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> I suppose, grandmamma, -you keep poultry for the sake of eating -them!</p> - -<p><i>Grandmamma.</i> You are right. But -do you know what is done with the -feathers?</p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> No.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_83"></a>[83]</span></p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> I do, ma’am. Beds and -pillows are stuffed with them.</p> - -<p><i>Grandmamma.</i> And what use is -made of the long quill feathers, that -grow in the goose’s wing?</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> I never have been told.</p> - -<p><i>Grandmamma.</i> The quill part, by -being cut into shape, is converted into -pens for writing.</p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> Do only geese furnish -pens?</p> - -<p><i>Grandmamma.</i> Some people write -with crow-quills: but they are too -small for a bold hand; so that they -are very little used. The quills of the -turkey are too hard; and those of -ducks and chickens, on the contrary,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_84"></a>[84]</span> -are as much too soft. Swan quills, -however, make excellent pens; but -they are too scarce to be in general -use.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_85"></a>[85]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_X">CHAPTER X.<br /> -<span class="smaller"><i>The Deer.</i></span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>In Mr. Mansfield’s neighbourhood -resided a Mr. Ashley, a gentleman of -large fortune, and of a very obliging -disposition. He had heard that Arthur -and Charles Benson were at their -grandpapa’s on a visit, and one day -he sent for them to play with his son -William, a little boy nearly of their -own age. The Bensons went, and -William took them into the park, -where they amused themselves for -some time by the play of trap-ball. The<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_86"></a>[86]</span> -game was at last suddenly broken off -by master Ashley, who threw down -the bat upon the ground, exclaiming -that his pretty tame fawn was coming -in sight, and that he must go and -stroke it. The Bensons were rather -sorry to be interrupted in their play; -but, as they had been early taught, that -it was often necessary to give up their -own inclinations to the wishes of others, -they left off with the utmost good humour. -“Look at the pretty creature!” -said William Ashley, caressing the -fawn. “I wish I had a bit of bread -here: it would eat it out of my hand.”</p> - -<p>“I have found a piece of biscuit in -the corner of my pocket,” said Charles. -“Here it is. I will feed it, if you -please.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_87"></a>[87]</span></p> - -<p>“How old is he?” inquired Arthur.</p> - -<p>“Six weeks, or two months, I do -not recollect which,” replied William. -“But see, here comes the mother! I -thought she could not be far off, for -does never desert their young ones until -the end of the summer.”</p> - -<p>The little party was still admiring -the fawn, when Mr. Ashley came, and -told them that dinner was almost ready.</p> - -<p>“We will come, papa,” said William, -“as soon as we have done -counting the spots upon my little -fawn’s back.”</p> - -<p>“Pray,” inquired Charles, “are all -deer spotted?”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_88"></a>[88]</span></p> - -<p><i>Mr. Ashley.</i> No: their colour is -various. Some are of a reddish cast, -some of a deep brown, some white, -and others spotted like these. Observe -the herd that are feeding under -those trees, and you will see a great -difference amongst them.</p> - -<p>“And those, sir,” said Arthur, “have -all fine branching horns.”</p> - -<p>“They are stags,” returned Mr. -Ashley. “The does are the females, -and never have any horns. But perhaps -you did not know that even -stags are without, for a part of every -year?”</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> Indeed, sir, I did not, -and shall be obliged to you if you will -tell me about it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_89"></a>[89]</span></p> - -<p><i>Mr. Ashley.</i> I will readily. Towards -the latter end of February, stags -shed their horns, and soon after fresh -ones begin to grow. These are at first -very tender; and the flies, when they -are in that state, are often extremely -troublesome to the poor animals. Whilst -the horns are off, they separate from -each other, and endeavour to hide -themselves from every other creature, -as they are then incapable of making -any defence; but in about three months, -when the new ones have grown to their -full size, they associate together again -in large herds.</p> - -<p>After these observations, the whole -party returned to the house, and entered -the dining-parlour, and their conversation -was interrupted by the inquiries<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_90"></a>[90]</span> -which Mrs. Ashley made, after -the health of Mr. and Mrs. Mansfield: -but soon after dinner, William renewed -the subject, by asking his father, whether -he might be permitted the next -season to hunt with the stag hounds?</p> - -<p>Mr. Ashley replied, that he was -much too young; and then turning to -Charles, he asked him if it was his -wish also to be a sportsman?</p> - -<p>“Indeed, sir,” returned Charles, -“I don’t thoroughly understand what -you mean by a sportsman; and I -never wished nor even thought about -it.”</p> - -<p>“Oh, a sportsman,” said William, -“is a man who is fond of hunting and -shooting, and other field sports; and -if you knew what they were, I am<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_91"></a>[91]</span> -sure you would like them, for I think -they must be the greatest pleasures of -life.”</p> - -<p>“In what way do they hunt?” inquired -Arthur.</p> - -<p><i>William.</i> Why, a stag is turned -out into the country, and then, fly -where he will, a whole pack of dogs -follow him in full cry; and a number -of gentlemen, mounted on fine horses, -gallop after with the greatest possible -speed: and they don’t mind what they -come to; for they leap over gates, and -hedges, and ditches, and ride down -hills that are almost as steep as precipices; -and at last, when the stag -can run no further, he is caught by -the dogs, who kill him; but sometimes<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_92"></a>[92]</span> -his life is saved, that he may be hunted -again another day.</p> - -<p>“What a cruel diversion!” exclaimed -Arthur, shocked at the -thought of what the stag must suffer. -“I am sure I could never take pleasure -in tormenting a poor animal in -that way.”</p> - -<p>“We huntsmen do not think of the -<i>poor animals</i>,” returned Mr. Ashley.</p> - -<p>“Perhaps not, my dear,” said his -wife; “but your want of thought -will not prevent them from feeling -pain and terror; and I must own, I -am always surprised when men of humanity -join in such barbarous sports.”</p> - -<p>“Do you hunt any thing besides -deer?” asked Charles.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_93"></a>[93]</span></p> - -<p><i>Mr. Ashley.</i> Yes, my dear, foxes -and hares; the former with fox-hounds, -and the latter with harriers.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> Pray, sir, are deer ever -wild in this country?</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Ashley.</i> Not the kind that we -have in our parks, which are fallow -deer; but there is another species, -properly called stags, somewhat -larger, differing in a few particulars -from those that are wild in our forests. -I do not mean that every body has a -right to take them; for they are accounted -the property of the king.</p> - -<p><i>William.</i> I forget, papa, where you -told me that fallow deer were first -brought from.</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Ashley.</i> It is said, they came -originally from Bengal: but they were<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_94"></a>[94]</span> -brought here from Norway by King -James the first; and England is now -more famous for venison than any other -country in the world.</p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> Is any use made of the -skins, pray, sir?</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Ashley.</i> Yes: the skin both of -the buck and doe makes the soft -thick leather, of which gentlemen’s -riding breeches and gloves are made. -The horns are very hard and solid, -and make excellent handles for knives -and other utensils. They likewise -contain a salt, called salt of hartshorn, -from which is extracted spirit of hartshorn.</p> - -<p><i>Mrs. Ashley.</i> How should you like -to go to Lapland, and ride over the -snow in a sledge drawn by rein deer?</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_95"></a>[95]</span></p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> By rein deer, ma’am? -What, have deer strength enough to -draw carriages?</p> - -<p><i>Mrs. Ashley.</i> The rein deer, my -love, is a very extraordinary creature. -It inhabits Lapland, and other cold -countries, and answers to the inhabitants -the purpose of most of the animals -we have among us. It serves -them instead of a horse, and draws -their sledges with amazing swiftness -over the frozen country. It supplies -them too with milk and cheese, instead -of the cow; and answers the purpose -of our sheep, in furnishing them with -warm covering.</p> - -<p>Providence, who has thus formed -the rein deer capable of supplying -the numerous wants of man, has provided<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_96"></a>[96]</span> -with wonderful care for its support. -That dreary country, where -no grass will grow, and not any herb -which we are accustomed to see, is -nevertheless covered all over with a -species of white moss, which serves as -food for it. This is its only pasture; -and it gets at it in winter, by scratching -away the snow with its hinder legs.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> Is the rein deer good to -eat, pray, ma’am?</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Ashley.</i> It is. So, when it has -lived about sixteen years, the Laplander -generally kills him for the sake -of his flesh and his skin.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_97"></a>[97]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XI">CHAPTER XI.<br /> -<span class="smaller"><i>The Pheasantry.</i></span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>Mr. Ashley’s pleasure-grounds -were very extensive; and in one corner -of the park he had inclosed four -or five acres of land for keeping rare -and curious birds.</p> - -<p>Early in the afternoon, he proposed -to his young visitors to take a walk to -the pheasantry, as it was called; an offer -which they gladly accepted. They -entered the inclosure by going through -a pretty cottage, where an old man -lived who had the care of the birds.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_98"></a>[98]</span></p> - -<p>The cottage was deserted; but outside -the back door they found Maddox -asleep in a chair, and his little -grand-daughter Peggy hard at work -by his side.</p> - -<p>Peggy rose, and curtsied in a very -pretty manner. Then having roused -the old man, by telling him that -’squire Ashley was come, she sat down -again to her needle. But master William, -who was very fond of her, begged -she would leave her work while -they stayed, and look after the birds -with them. On a grass plot close to -the cottage there were three or four -hens under baskets; and they had -each a little brood belonging to them, -which the Bensons mistook for bantams. -But Peggy said they were young<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_99"></a>[99]</span> -pheasants; their eggs they often set -under hens, as they made the best -mothers of any fowl.</p> - -<p>“Are these <i>all</i> we are to see?” inquired -Arthur.</p> - -<p>“No, sir,” replied Peggy; “we -have many that are full grown; only -they are now scattered about, and hid -among the bushes. I’ll call them.”</p> - -<p>She then fetched out a pan with -some of their food, which she scattered -over the grass, calling at the -same time in a particular manner. Presently -several pheasants came from -their hiding-places. They were rather -shy at first; but by degrees they ventured -nearer, and at last began to eat -the food that was thrown to them.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_100"></a>[100]</span> -The boys admired their beauty. The -plumage of some was of a fine gold colour, -variegated with streaks of purple -and green. These they learnt were -called gold pheasants. The silver -pheasants were very handsome, although -not quite so showy. They -were of a clear white, streaked likewise -with purple on the neck and breast. -The common pheasant was not equal -in beauty to these; but it had notwithstanding -a great variety of colours, and -was remarkably brilliant.</p> - -<p>“What do you feed them with?” -asked Charles.</p> - -<p>“Ants’ eggs and curds are most -proper for them,” said Peggy: “but -they will eat oats and barley; and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_101"></a>[101]</span> -they pick up wood-lice, and earwigs, -and other insects.”</p> - -<p>A loud squalling now diverted the -attention of the little party to another -object. They looked up, and saw -it proceeded from a peacock, which -was perched on the top of a high tree.</p> - -<p>Charles inquired if any thing was -the matter with him; he was answered -that they always made such noise. A -little further in the woods they found -another peacock. His beautiful long -tail did not trail after him in the usual -way, for he had spread it, so as to -make the feathers stand straight out -from his body; and the eyes, or large -spots in the ends of the feathers, being -raised one above the other, had a very -pretty effect. In this state he marched<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_102"></a>[102]</span> -about with a proud air, and turned -himself round and round, as if to exhibit -his gaudy appearance to every -body present.</p> - -<p>Arthur observed another bird with -a fine neck and head like the peacock, -but without his beautiful tail. In answer -to his inquiries, Mr. Ashley told -him that it was a pea-hen, and added, -that, with very few exceptions, the females, -throughout the feathered race, -were greatly inferior in beauty to the -males.</p> - -<p>The party now returned to the -house, and Arthur, who liked to know -to what purpose every thing was applied, -asked Mr. Ashley, what was the -use of the fine birds they had seen?</p> - -<p>“They are merely kept as curiosities,”<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_103"></a>[103]</span> -answered that gentleman. “Now -and then we kill a young pea-fowl, to -eat as a delicacy; but my chief motive -in keeping them is, that I may -have the pleasure of showing them to -my friends.”</p> - -<p>“Pheasants are eaten sometimes, -I know,” said Charles.</p> - -<p>“Yes,” said William; “but not -gold and silver pheasants. The common -ones that fly about wild, are -killed in the shooting season by the -sportsmen, the same as partridges and -other game.”</p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> What do you mean by -game?</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Ashley.</i> Game denotes such -kind of birds, or beasts, as are taken -or killed by fowling and hunting.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_104"></a>[104]</span></p> - -<p>They were now arrived at the house, -and Mr. Ashley left them; but the -boys, at the request of Arthur, resumed -their game of trapball.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_105"></a>[105]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XII">CHAPTER XII<br /> -<span class="smaller"><i>The Story of Old Maddox.</i></span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>The next morning at breakfast, the -two boys entertained their grandpapa -and grandmamma with a full account -of what they had seen on the preceding -day; and both dwelt with particular -pleasure on the beauty of the -pheasants.</p> - -<p>“Did you take notice of Harry -Maddox, the old man who has the -care of them?” inquired Mr. Mansfield.</p> - -<p>The children replied, that he was<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_106"></a>[106]</span> -for some time talking with Mr. Ashley; -but that he took no notice of -them, and that they had observed nothing -particular about him.</p> - -<p>“That, man,” said Mr. Mansfield, -“shabby and mean as he now appears, -was once in possession of considerable -property. It was his idleness alone -that reduced him to poverty.”</p> - -<p>“How so, grandpapa?” inquired -Charles. “Pray tell us about him.”</p> - -<p>“I was going to do so,” returned -Mr. Mansfield, “in the hope that -the history of his misfortunes might -be a lesson to you, not to fall into -the fault that has occasioned his ruin.</p> - -<p>“Maddox’s father rented a capital -farm, a few miles from this village. -Harry was a school-fellow of mine, so<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_107"></a>[107]</span> -that in his childhood I saw a great -deal of him. He had some good qualities. -He always spoke the truth, -and I don’t recollect that he ever did -any thing spiteful, or injured another -purposely. His great fault was a -habit of constant idleness. At play-time, -when the rest of the boys were -amusing themselves at their different -sports, Maddox might always be found -sitting on the stump of an old tree, -that once overshadowed the playground; -and all his employment was -to scratch up the earth with a stick. -This was so constantly the case, that -the stump was called by the boys -<i>Maddox’s seat</i>; and I have been -told that it still goes by the same -name; though, most likely, the circumstance<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_108"></a>[108]</span> -that gave rise to it has long -been forgotten. You may suppose -that in school hours Harry did not -gain much credit. He was oftener -in disgrace than any boy amongst us. -He stood near the bottom of the -lowest class, and I do not know that -he ever made his way much higher. -Indeed, how should he? for all the -time that he ought to have spent in -learning his lessons, he passed in -merely holding the book in his hand, -or twisting the corners of the leaves.”</p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> But I should have thought -he would have been punished if he -could not say his lesson; and he would -not like that, I suppose.</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> Perhaps he did not -like punishment; but he liked the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_109"></a>[109]</span> -trouble of avoiding it still less. Indeed, -after a smart caning, he would -sometimes sit down to his book, and -learn as much in half an hour as most -of us could in a whole one. His being -able to do so, as our good master -used to say, made him so much the -more inexcusable. “If, Maddox, you -were dull by nature, and could not -learn,” I remember his telling him one -day, when the boy was crying, and -begging not to be flogged, “I should -pity you; and, as long as you did your -best, should never be angry: but -you have really a good understanding, -and this idleness is unpardonable, -and you need not hope to escape -correction.” Correction, however, and -encouragement, were equally thrown<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_110"></a>[110]</span> -away upon Maddox; and he left school -at fifteen, after having passed a miserable -time, scolded by the masters and -derided by the boys.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> What became of him then, -grandpapa?</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> His father took -him home, intending to bring him -up to farming: but he found he could -make nothing of him; so he put him -apprentice to a brewer in a good way -of business.</p> - -<p>However, Harry still continued -idle, and learned nothing, so that when -he was out of his time, his master was -very glad to get rid of so useless a -hand, and declared he would have -nothing further to say to him; notwithstanding -he was then in want of a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_111"></a>[111]</span> -partner, and old Mr. Maddox, the -father, had offered to advance a considerable -sum, if he would give him a -share of the business.</p> - -<p>Some time after this, he married; -and his father then set him up in a -brewery by himself, and gave him all -that was necessary to begin trade with.</p> - -<p>His success, however, was just -what might have been expected. He -did not like to give himself trouble; -and his beer was so bad, that nobody -would buy it. In short, he lost all -his customers, and ran into debt; so -that every thing he had was taken -away to pay his creditors.</p> - -<p>The kind father once more received -his son, with his wife and family, into -his own house; and instead of being<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_112"></a>[112]</span> -angry, he tried to console him for his -misfortunes, by telling him, that as -long as he had a shilling in the world -he should share it with him; and -that, by industry and frugality, they -might yet do very well. One would -have thought that such great kindness, -and the distresses he had brought -upon himself, would have had some -effect on the mind of young Maddox; -and indeed they had: for a short time, -he went on pretty well, but he soon relapsed -into his former habits of indolence. -As long, however, as his -father lived, he did not know what -it was to want. It is true, he was accustomed -to lie in bed till noon, and -then to doze in an arm chair the -greatest part of the day. But his father<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_113"></a>[113]</span> -was always up before the dawn, -and continued to attend to the concerns -of his farm till after the sun -was set; for he found that much additional -industry was required, to enable -him to support such a large increase -to his household. Harry at length -lost his excellent parent, and had the -misfortune, not long after, to bury his -wife.</p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> Ah, poor Maddox! How -badly off he must have been then, -grandpapa!</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> He was, indeed, -my dear. All good management was -at an end, both in the house and in -the fields. He took no care of his children -himself, nor did he provide any -body to look after them for him. His<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_114"></a>[114]</span> -sons, in consequence of this neglect, -grew up very wild young men. They -were always in company with the most -worthless fellows in the neighbourhood; -and at last one of them ran -away to sea, and never was heard of -more. The youngest girl fell into an -ill state of health, and perished from -want of care and nursing. The eldest -daughter, mother to the little Peggy -whom you saw at the cottage, was the -only one of the children that grew up -to be a comfort to herself, or to her -family. She married at a very early -age, but, unfortunately for Peggy, died -some time ago.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> So poor Peggy has no -mother! What a sad thing for her!</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> She has no father<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_115"></a>[115]</span> -neither, my dear: but we will talk -more of her by and by, if I have not -tired you with my long story.</p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> Oh, you need not be afraid -of tiring us, grandpapa. We like to hear -you very much, and I want to know -how Maddox went on with his farm.</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> Why, he left his -farm to take care of itself; and when -the men went to him for directions, -he used to tell them to begone about -their business, and do as they would, -for he should not trouble himself about -the matter. So perhaps one wanted -to sow beans, when another wanted -to sow corn; and then they would get -into a quarrel, and not work at all. -By this means, the seed was never put -into his fields till after it had begun to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_116"></a>[116]</span> -grow up in all the country round: and -as he took no care to keep his land -clean, it was always choked with -weeds; and, in all the time he was a -farmer, he had not a single good crop. -His fences too were left in the most -ruinous state, and his neighbour’s cattle -used to get into his fields through -the gaps in the hedges, and do much -mischief among his corn and hay. -Then sometimes his own beasts trespassed -in the same manner upon the -grounds of other people, and he was -obliged to pay for the damage they -did; and if they were sent to the -pound, it was some expense to him to -redeem them.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> What do you mean, sir, by -saying they were sent to the pound?</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_117"></a>[117]</span></p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> A pound is a small -spot inclosed with high rails, in which -cattle that go astray may be confined; -and the person whose office it is to -keep the pound claims a certain fee -when they are sent for by the owner.</p> - -<p>Maddox’s farm belonged to Mr. -Ashley; and when the lease was out, -his landlord refused to grant him another. -From the time of the old man’s -death, the rents had been very irregularly -paid; and besides, Mr. Ashley -did not choose to let any part of his -estate to a man who suffered it to go -to ruin.</p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> Indeed, I think he was in -the right. I should not like to have -my fields, that might be kept in nice -order, like yours, grandpapa, spoilt<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_118"></a>[118]</span> -from want of proper care. But what -became of Maddox, then?</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> He hired a wretched -cottage, and lived for some time -upon the little money he had by him. -When that was gone, he was actually -reduced to beggary. He had scarcely a -rag to cover him, and could barely get -food to keep him alive. I happened -to hear of his miserable situation, and -I called on Mr. Ashley, to consult -about what could be done for him.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> And what did Mr. Ashley -say?</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> He said he was -sorry to hear of his distress; and would -be glad to relieve him, if it were in his -power. “But,” he added, “what can -I do? It is not proper to maintain a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_119"></a>[119]</span> -strong, hearty man, like Maddox, in -idleness. He learned so little when he -was young, that I know he can hardly -read or write; therefore, I cannot -make him my steward. If I hire him -as a labourer, he will not do a day’s -work in the year; and I am sure, for -the pains he would take, my deer -might all be lost, or stolen, if I made -him deer-keeper.” Soon after this -conversation, however, Mr. Ashley -inclosed a part of his park, for keeping -pheasants, and then he resolved -to intrust the care of them to Harry -Maddox, and ordered that he should -take little Peggy to live with him; -for the poor girl just before had -had the misfortune to lose both her -parents.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_120"></a>[120]</span></p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> Oh, you promised just -now to tell us something about -Peggy.</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> I have only to say, -that her character is the very reverse -of her grandfather’s. She is a notable, -active girl, and does a wonderful -deal for her age. As Mr. Maddox -still continues the same, the birds -would be sadly neglected, if it were -not for her care. Mr. Ashley puts her -to school, where she learns to work: -and I believe she keeps both her own -and the old man’s clothes in very -tolerable order. The cottage, too, is -neat and clean, though there is no one -to do any thing but herself.</p> - -<p>“I thought she was a nice girl,” -said Charles. “She was at work, you<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_121"></a>[121]</span> -know, Arthur, yesterday afternoon, -when we went there.”</p> - -<p>“Yes,” replied Arthur, “and the -old man was fast asleep. What a contrast -between them!”</p> - -<p>“You see,” rejoined Mr. Mansfield, -“though she is but a child, in -how respectable a light her industry -makes her appear. She acquires the -esteem of all who know her, and she -has the satisfaction of feeling that she -does not live in vain. As for poor old -Maddox, I don’t know from what -source his satisfactions can arise. The -review of his past life can afford him -no comfort; and if he looks forward -to the close of his present existence, -he must be shocked at the account to -which he will then be called, for duties<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_122"></a>[122]</span> -neglected, talents misemployed, -and a family ruined, through his want -of care.”</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> Well, I have often been -told that I ought to be a good boy, and -mind my lessons; but I did not know -before, that idleness could lead to so -much mischief. I always thought that, -when I was a man, I should attend to -my business as a matter of course.</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> Ah, my dear child, -you are much mistaken, if you suppose -that you will be able to get the -better of your faults, only by growing -older. Now is the time for you to -acquire good habits of all sorts; and -if you neglect to do so, depend upon -it, that when you become a man, you -will find the task only rendered a great<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_123"></a>[123]</span> -deal more difficult, from having been -so long delayed.</p> - -<p>“Very true, my dear,” said Mrs. -Mansfield. “Besides, little folks -should consider, that it is not their -future advantage alone which should -lead them to take pains with their -studies—it is one of the absolute -duties of their infant state. God Almighty -did not mean that any of us -should be idle at any time; and a child -who is idle when he ought to be at his -book, as much transgresses the will of -God, as a man who neglects his trade, -or a woman who takes no care of her -family.”</p> - -<p>“I think,” said Mr. Mansfield, -starting up as he looked at his watch, -“that whilst I have been prating<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_124"></a>[124]</span> -away in favour of industry, I seem to -have forgotten that I have a thousand -concerns to attend to. But I will no -longer act in a way so contrary to my -precepts. And so good morning to -you, I am off till dinner-time.”</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> - -<p class="caption-r"><a href="#Page_127"><i>Page 127.</i></a></p> - -<img src="images/illus9.jpg" width="400" height="700" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption-r"><i>Chap. XIII.</i></p> - -<p class="caption"><i>A pleasant Ride.</i></p> - -<p class="caption-attr"><i>London. Published by W. Darton Jun. Oct. 1815.</i></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_125"></a>[125]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XIII">CHAPTER XIII.<br /> -<span class="smaller"><i>A pleasant Ride.</i></span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>The story of Maddox had a very -good effect upon the minds of the -young Bensons. They immediately -brought out their books, and spent -some time in reading and learning -their lessons. Afterwards Mrs. Mansfield -heard them the catechism, and -explained to them some parts of it -which they did not clearly understand.</p> - -<p>When Mr. Mansfield came in to -dinner, he said that he should be -obliged in the afternoon to go upon<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_126"></a>[126]</span> -business to a place about ten miles -off; and he asked his wife, if she -would like to accompany him in their -one-horse chaise.</p> - -<p>“Thank you, my dear,” returned -Mrs. Mansfield; “but it would give -me more pleasure if you would take -the boys. I know they would enjoy a -ride, and they have been very good -this morning.”</p> - -<p>“Have they so?” said the obliging -grandpapa. “Why then, if you will -give up your place, I will take them -very willingly. I like the company -of good children.”</p> - -<p>The party thus settled, dinner was -quickly dispatched; the chaise stood -ready at the door, and the boys jumped -into it with a look of pleasure on their<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_127"></a>[127]</span> -countenances that can more easily be -fancied than described.</p> - -<p>Part of the road they were to travel -lay through a large forest. Here they -had an opportunity of seeing a variety -of trees; and Mr. Mansfield answered -with the greatest readiness every question -they put to him concerning them.</p> - -<p>“What tree is that, grandpapa?” -inquired Charles, pointing to one that -grew near the road; “the one, I -mean, that has such an amazing large -trunk, and the branches of it spread so -wide all round?”</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> It is an oak, my -dear; the most valuable timber tree -that grows.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> What are timber trees?</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> Trees that are used<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_128"></a>[128]</span> -in building houses and ships; they are -principally oaks, elms, and ash-trees.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> And you say that the oak -is the most valuable of them all; pray -what makes it so?</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> The wood is very -hard, and tough; not apt to splinter, -nor liable to be eaten by worms; -and as it remains sound for a great -while when under water, it answers -very well for building ships, or for -piles, or bridges; in short, for any -thing that requires strength and durability.</p> - -<p>They now came to a part of the forest -where many large oaks had been -recently felled. Leafless, and stript of -all, but the stumps of the larger -branches, they lay at length upon the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_129"></a>[129]</span> -ground, and made a striking contrast -to the green and flourishing trees that -grew around.</p> - -<p>Charles inquired, what made them -look so white? Mr. Mansfield replied, -that they had been stript of -their bark, or outer skin, which was -used by the tanner, in the process of -manufacturing leather. “Indeed,” -added he, “every part of the oak may -be employed in tanning; the saw-dust, -the leaves, all have a binding -quality, that, in process of time, will -harden the raw hide of beasts into -leather.”</p> - -<p>“Acorns grow upon oaks, don’t -they, sir?” said Charles.</p> - -<p>“To be sure they do,” answered -Arthur. “I have seen them in abundance<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_130"></a>[130]</span> -since we have been riding. Are -they good to eat, grandpapa?”</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> <i>You</i> would find -them bitter and disagreeable, but pigs -and deer fatten upon them. Did you -ever take notice of the cups?</p> - -<p>As he said this, he broke off a bough -from a tree which they were passing, -and gave it to the boys to examine.</p> - -<p>“Would you suppose,” asked he, -“that these large oaks, that cover so -much ground, and form the glory of -the forest, all sprung from acorns no -larger than these?”</p> - -<p>“It is very wonderful,” said Arthur. -“Pray, sir, are they long growing?”</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> An oak seldom -comes to perfection in less than two<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_131"></a>[131]</span> -hundred years, and they will sometimes -live four or five hundred. Our -English oaks are particularly esteemed, -but they are much fewer in number -than they once were. In ancient -times, before there were so many inhabitants, -and when cultivation was -little attended to, almost the whole -island was but one forest. It has been -cleared by degrees, however, and converted -into corn and pasture land; and -we have only now a few forests of any -size. In consequence of this, oak -timber is much scarcer than it used to -be. If you go into old houses, that -were built two or three centuries ago, -you will see nothing but oaken floors -and oaken wainscots. Now the case -is altered, and people are obliged to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_132"></a>[132]</span> -be contented with wood of a very inferior -quality. Deal, for instance, is -much used for the purposes I have -mentioned.</p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> Are there any deal trees -in this forest, grandpapa?</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> There are no such -things as deal trees, Charles. It is the -wood of the fir, which, when cut up -into timber, is called deal. By and -by, I will point out to you a plantation -of firs, of which there are several -different species. They are all -ever-greens; that is, they do not lose -their leaves in winter. The Scotch -fir is the most hardy, and thrives well -on the bleak mountains of the north. -It may likewise be reckoned the most -useful; for it supplies us with the best<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_133"></a>[133]</span> -deal for making masts of ships, floors, -wainscots, tables, boxes, and other -things. The trunk and branches afford -excellent pitch and tar. The -roots, when divided into small splinters, -are sometimes burnt by poor people -instead of candles. The outer -bark is used, as well as that of the oak, -in tanning leather; and I have heard -that there is a place in Scotland where -they make ropes of the inner bark; -and that in some of the northern countries -of Europe, in times of scarcity, -they grind it, and mix it with their -flour when they make bread.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> I see another large tree, -grandpapa, but it does not look like -the oak.</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> ’Tis a beech, a very<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_134"></a>[134]</span> -useful tree to the cabinet-maker. Its -branches, you observe, slope gently -downwards, instead of growing straight -out, and it is more full of leaf than -the oak. That tree on the left is an -ash. Its foliage is very light. The -wood is much used for making implements -of husbandry, particularly hop-poles.</p> - -<p>“And <i>there</i> is a fine stately tree!” -observed Charles; “is it another -beech?”</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> No, Charles, that -is an elm; a timber tree of great value. -You may often see them in hedgerows, -and they are frequently planted -in rows to make avenues in parks. -The inner part of the wood is almost -as solid and heavy as iron; and is<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_135"></a>[135]</span> -therefore much used in mill-work, and -to make axle-trees, keels of boats, -chairs, and coffins.</p> - -<p>“Pray, pray,” interrupted Arthur, -“look at that tree a little way off, how -the leaves flutter with the wind! They -are in constant motion; but yet it is -very calm, and all the other trees are -still.”</p> - -<p>“That tree,” replied Mr. Mansfield, -“is called an aspen, or trembling poplar. -It is the nature of it to be in that -constant agitation, whether the wind -is high or not.”</p> - -<p>“What is done with the aspen?” -inquired Charles.</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> The stem is bored -for water-pipes, and is made into milk-pails, -clogs, and pattens.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_136"></a>[136]</span></p> - -<p>The business which Mr. Mansfield -had to transact, detained them so long -that it grew very dark as they were -returning home; and the little boys -were surprised, in the midst of the -gloom, to see a bright shining speck -upon the ground. “What is that, -what is that, grandpapa?” they exclaimed -at the same instant. “It -looks,” added Charles, “as if one of -the stars had fallen to the earth.” -“And I see another, and another,” -said Arthur, laughing: “oh, what can -they be?”</p> - -<p>“They are glow-worms,” replied -Mr. Mansfield; “and you may find -numbers of them, after dark, at this -time of the year.”</p> - -<p>“They are very pretty,” said Arthur.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_137"></a>[137]</span> -“I should like to see one near. -Will you be so kind, sir, as to stop for -a moment, and let me get out and fetch -one?”</p> - -<p>Mr. Mansfield consented, and Arthur -jumped out, and presently returned -in triumph with his prize. -They then saw that the glow-worm -was a small insect, something bigger -than a wood-louse; and that the brightness -proceeded from a part under the -tail. The light it gave was strong -enough for them to see what time it -was by their grandfather’s watch, when -held close to it.</p> - -<p>“I have been trying, grandpapa,” -said Arthur, after having sat still for -some time, with the glow-worm in -his hand, “to find what it is that<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_138"></a>[138]</span> -occasions the light; but I cannot make -it out.”</p> - -<p>“I believe, Arthur,” said Mr. -Mansfield, smiling, “that this wonderful -little insect has puzzled philosophers -much wiser than you. I never -heard its luminous appearance explained -in a very satisfactory manner; -and not at all in a way that <i>you</i> would -understand.”</p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> There is no difficulty in -finding out glow-worms, let it be ever -so dark.</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> Your observation, -my dear, brings to my mind a pretty -fable I once read about a glow-worm; -and the moral of it is, that we ought -not to boast of any external advantages -we may possess, or despise those who<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_139"></a>[139]</span> -happen to be without them; since the -very things we are proud of, often bring -down misfortunes upon us.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> But what was the fable, -grandpapa? In my book they always -put the fable first; but you have begun -with the moral.</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> “A glow-worm, vain -of her beauty, began to upbraid a poor -humble wood-louse, that lay beside -her. ‘Dost not thou admire my -splendid tail,’ said she, ‘that sends -forth a light almost as glorious as the -stars? Insignificant reptile that <i>thou</i> -art! wonder at thy boldness, in venturing -so near to one of my brilliant appearance. -What admiration wilt <i>thou</i> -acquire, or when wilt <i>thou</i> become the -pride and glory of the night?’</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_140"></a>[140]</span></p> - -<p>“The wood-louse replied with great -humility, ‘Happy in myself, I do not -wish to draw the attention of others; -and if I have not thy beauty to boast -of, I am at least without thy pride.’</p> - -<p>“A nightingale, who was singing in -a neighbouring bush, attracted by the -light of the glow-worm, flew to the -spot where she lay, and seizing the -vain insect in her beak, carried it away -to feast her family. The wood-louse, -concealed in darkness, escaped the -enemy’s notice.”</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_141"></a>[141]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XIV">CHAPTER XIV.<br /> -<span class="smaller"><i>Bees.</i></span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>The next morning, on the little -boys getting up, they were surprised -at hearing a tinkling sound just under -their windows. They were induced, -as soon as they were ready, to run -down into the garden, to see what was -going forward.</p> - -<p>Mrs. Mansfield was the person who -occasioned the noise, by striking the -lid of a tin saucepan with a large key.</p> - -<p>“Oh, grandmamma, what are you<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_142"></a>[142]</span> -about?” exclaimed Arthur, laughing. -“I should have taken you for my -little sister Kate, amusing herself by -making, what she would call, a <i>pretty -noise</i>.”</p> - -<p>“I do it, my dear, to prevent the -bees from going away,” replied Mrs. -Mansfield. “Don’t you see what -swarms are flying about?”</p> - -<p>“Yes,” returned Arthur. “But -what have they to do with the key and -the saucepan lid?”</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> - -<p class="caption-r"><a href="#Page_142"><i>Page 142.</i></a></p> - -<img src="images/illus10.jpg" width="400" height="700" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption-r"><i>Chap. XIV.</i></p> - -<p class="caption"><i>The Bees.</i></p> - -<p class="caption-attr"><i>London. Published by W. Darton Junʳ. Oct. 1ˢᵗ. 1815.</i></p> - -</div> - -<p>“All these,” said Mrs. Mansfield, -“are young bees, that have been -hatched this summer; and now that -they are grown up, the hive is too -small to contain them. They therefore -have left it; and are going to -seek another place for themselves; and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_143"></a>[143]</span> -it is generally supposed that a tinkling -noise will keep them from going to a -distance; though, whether it has any -effect or not, I cannot pretend to -determine.”</p> - -<p>By this time the bees had settled -in a cluster on the branch of a tree, -where they all hung together in one -great mass. Old Ralph then took an -empty hive, and shook them into it, -having previously covered his hands -and face, that he might not be stung.</p> - -<p>“How do bees make honey, -grandmamma?” inquired Charles.</p> - -<p><i>Mrs. Mansfield.</i> By means of their -long trunks they suck up the sweetness -that is in the cups of flowers.</p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> And is that honey?</p> - -<p><i>Mrs. Mansfield.</i> Not until it has<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_144"></a>[144]</span> -been further prepared by the bees, -who swallow it, and then throw it up -again, after having digested it in their -stomachs.</p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> Bees make wax too, do -not they?</p> - -<p><i>Mrs. Mansfield.</i> Yes: come to this -bed of flowers, and you will see them -at work.</p> - -<p>“I observe,” said Arthur, after -having watched them attentively for -some time, “that they every moment -stroke their legs over one another; is -that of any use?”</p> - -<p><i>Mrs. Mansfield.</i> It is in order to -put the yellow dust, which they collect -from the flowers, and of which -the wax is made, upon their hinder -thighs: a few short hairs on them form a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_145"></a>[145]</span> -kind of basket, on purpose to receive -it. When they have collected as much -as they can carry, they fly back to the -hive to deposit it there.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> And what use do they -make of it, grandmamma?</p> - -<p><i>Mrs. Mansfield.</i> After having kneaded -and properly prepared it, they make -it into the honey-comb, or little cells -which contain the honey; and when -the cells are full, the bees stop them -up with a little more wax, to preserve -it as food for the winter.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> Then how do we get it?</p> - -<p><i>Mrs. Mansfield.</i> The hive is held -over brimstone, which kills the bees, -and then we take out the honey-combs. -Some people adopt a method of taking -the honey without destroying the bees;<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_146"></a>[146]</span> -but I do not know whether that is -less cruel in the end; for the poor -things are then frequently starved in -the winter, for want of their proper -food.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> Have not I heard something -about a queen-bee?</p> - -<p><i>Mrs. Mansfield.</i> Very probably you -have. There is a queen to every hive; -and she is larger than the rest. She -very seldom comes abroad, and whenever -she does, she is attended by a -number of her subjects. They are -so much attached to her, that, if she -dies, they make a mournful humming, -and unless another queen be given to -them, will at last pine away, and die -too.</p> - -<p>“How very surprising!” said<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_147"></a>[147]</span> -Charles. “Who would have thought -that such little insects could show so -much attachment to each other?”</p> - -<p><i>Mrs. Mansfield.</i> The natural history -of the bee is full of wonders, my -dear. Besides the queen, there are -two different sorts, the drones and the -working bees.</p> - -<p>The drones seldom leave the hive, -and never assist to procure honey. -When the time comes for making up -their winter stores, they are, therefore, -all killed by the working bees as useless -members of society. As they are -without stings, they are unable to defend -themselves. The working bees -compose the most numerous body of -the state. They have the care of the -hive, collect wax and honey from the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_148"></a>[148]</span> -flowers, make the wax into combs, -feed the young, keep the hive clean, -turn out all strangers, and employ -themselves in promoting the general -good.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> They are very industrious, -indeed, Charles! Do you recollect -Dr. Watts’s little hymn about the -Busy Bee?</p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> Yes, brother; I was just -thinking of it.</p> - -<p><i>Mrs. Mansfield.</i> Repeat it then -will you, my love? After the account -I have been giving you, we shall attend -to it with particular pleasure.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0"><i>Charles.</i> How doth the little busy bee</div> - <div class="verse indent11">Improve each shining hour!</div> - <div class="verse indent9">And gather honey all the day</div> - <div class="verse indent11">From every opening flower!</div><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_149"></a>[149]</span> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent9">How skilfully she builds her cell!</div> - <div class="verse indent11">How neat she spreads the wax!</div> - <div class="verse indent9">And labours hard to store it well</div> - <div class="verse indent11">With the sweet food she makes!</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent9">In work of labour, or of skill,</div> - <div class="verse indent11">I would be busy too;</div> - <div class="verse indent9">For Satan finds some mischief still</div> - <div class="verse indent11">For idle hands to do.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent9">In books, or work, or healthful play,</div> - <div class="verse indent11">Let my first years be past;</div> - <div class="verse indent9">That I may give, for every day,</div> - <div class="verse indent11">A good account at last.</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_150"></a>[150]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XV">CHAPTER XV.<br /> -<span class="smaller"><i>An Evening Stroll.</i></span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>As the weather was remarkably -pleasant, Mrs. Mansfield proposed -having tea earlier than usual, that -they might afterwards have time for -a walk; and the rest of the party approving -the scheme, they set off in -high spirits, the moment that meal -was concluded. Mrs. Mansfield was -not a very good walker, but she leaned -upon her husband’s arm, and enjoyed -the fineness of the evening. It<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_151"></a>[151]</span> -was not their intention to go to any -great distance from home; so when -they came to a stile, or the stump of -a tree, she sat down to rest herself, -and take a view of the country; during -which time, the little boys amused -themselves by running backwards and -forwards, and would frequently pick -up some flower or curious little pebble, -and bring it to their grandpapa, -to inquire its name and use. As they -were proceeding gently by the side of -a large pond, they saw a great number -of birds skimming over the surface -in all directions. In answer to -Arthur’s inquiries, Mr. Mansfield replied -that they were swallows, and -that they were flying about in quest of -food.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_152"></a>[152]</span></p> - -<p>“What food,” asked Charles, “can -they possibly expect to find growing -upon the pond?”</p> - -<p>“Flies and insects,” answered his -grandfather, “are the proper food for -swallows; and many of them constantly -sport on the water.”</p> - -<p>“And swallows,” said Mrs. Mansfield, -“are thought to be of great use, -by destroying so many millions of -them, which would otherwise multiply -so fast, as to be quite a nuisance to -the world.”</p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> Can they catch them as -they fly?</p> - -<p><i>Mrs. Mansfield.</i> Yes, my dear. -Their mouths are made large that -they may take in their prey the more -easily; and indeed, every part of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_153"></a>[153]</span> -swallow is wonderfully adapted to its -nature and manner of living.</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> How do you mean, grandmamma?</p> - -<p><i>Mrs. Mansfield.</i> As in pursuit of -insects it is necessary for them to be -almost constantly on the wing, their -bodies are very light and small; and -the wings being long in proportion, -they fly with great ease and swiftness. -This is more particularly needful to -them, because they are birds of passage; -that is, they go to different countries -according to the season of the -year. They come over here in large -flocks about the middle of April; and -in October they assemble again in great -numbers, and fly across the sea to -some warmer climate. They make<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_154"></a>[154]</span> -their nests with clay, and line them -with feathers and soft grass, and build -them chiefly a little way down the tops -of chimneys, or under the eaves of -houses. As they have little occasion to -be upon the ground, their legs are short -and ill adapted for walking.</p> - -<p>“Your observation, my dear,” said -Mr. Mansfield, “that swallows are -formed in the best manner possible for -their habits of life, is perfectly just; -but it should not be confined to them. -The God of Nature has equally adapted -every other kind of bird, and, I -may add, every animal, to the state -for which he designed it.”</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> Has he, indeed, grandpapa! -I wish you would tell me about -them, then. I should like you should<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_155"></a>[155]</span> -give me an account of every creature -that lives.</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> Oh, my dear! I -am much too ignorant of Natural History -to be able to do that. Indeed, I -know very little of it; but the more I -read and the more I observe, the greater -reason I see to admire the wonderful -goodness and wisdom of the Almighty.</p> - -<p>At this instant, Charles, who had -been running to a little distance, returned -with great speed, bringing with -him, by the hinder leg, a dead animal -he had picked up, rather smaller than -a common rat, but broader in proportion -to its length.</p> - -<p>“What is this, what is this?” asked he.</p> - -<p>“A mole,” replied Mrs. Mansfield, -who saw it first.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_156"></a>[156]</span></p> - -<p>“A mole!” repeated her husband: -“Oh, bring it to us, then. This little -animal, Arthur, will serve as an instance -of what I was saying; for no creature -can be more exactly suited to its mode -of life.”</p> - -<p>“How, sir?” inquired Arthur.</p> - -<p>“In the first place,” returned Mr. -Mansfield, “you should be informed -that the mole lives almost constantly -under ground; as its food consists of -worms and little insects that it finds -in the earth. It is therefore necessary -for it to be able to work its way -through the earth; and if you examine -it well, you will find it admirably constructed -for that purpose.”</p> - -<p>“Indeed,” said Arthur, “<i>I</i> see -nothing very particular in it.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_157"></a>[157]</span></p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> Look at its fore-feet. -They are broad, strong, and short; not -set straight from the body, but inclining -a little sideways. By means of this -position, it is enabled, as it burrows its -way, to cast off the mould on each side, -so as to make for itself a hollow passage -in the middle. Their breadth -likewise serves the purpose of hands, to -form their nests, scoop out the earth, -and seize their prey. The form of the -body is equally well contrived. The -fore part is thick and strong, so that it -can dig its way with wonderful quickness, -either to pursue its prey or to -escape from its enemies; whilst the -hinder parts being small and taper, enable -it to pass easily through the loose -earth that the fore-feet had flung behind.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_158"></a>[158]</span></p> - -<p>“It is of a clean black colour,” said -Charles; “and the hair is short, thick, -and very soft.”</p> - -<p>“True,” said Mr. Mansfield. “And -the skin is so tough that it would require -a sharp knife to cut it. It is not -therefore liable to be injured by flints, -or other stones that it may meet with -in its passage under ground. Now let -me see which of you can find its eyes.”</p> - -<p><i>Charles.</i> The eyes, the eyes! grandpapa, -this mole must be without eyes!</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> I would find them if I -could, but it certainly has none.</p> - -<p>Mr. Mansfield parted the hair, and -pointed out two very small specks. -“The smallness of the eyes,” said he, -“is to this animal a peculiar happiness. -Had they been larger, they would have<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_159"></a>[159]</span> -been liable to frequent injuries, from -the mould falling into them; and of -what use would they be to him, when -destined to pass his whole life where -no light could reach him?”</p> - -<p><i>Arthur.</i> But then, sir, how do they -see to get their food?</p> - -<p><i>Mr. Mansfield.</i> They do <i>not see</i> it, -Arthur; they find it out by their smell, -which as well as their hearing is very -acute: so that, though nearly blind, -they are not without the means of providing -for their support, and of knowing -how to avoid danger. The eye is, -therefore, merely given them to let -them know that they are out of the -way when they see the light. The mole -shows great art in skinning worms, -which it always does before it eats<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_160"></a>[160]</span> -them; stripping the skin from end to -end, and squeezing out all the contents -of the body. During summer they run -in search of snails and worms, in the -night-time, among the grass; which often -makes them the prey of owls. -Moles do a good deal of mischief in -fields and gardens; because, by running -under the earth, they loosen the roots -of plants and corn. But yet they are -of use, as every thing living is, in the -grand system of Nature: their prey -would without them so multiply, that -they themselves would commit greater -mischief than we fear from moles.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_161"></a>[161]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XVI">CHAPTER XVI.<br /> -<span class="smaller"><i>The Return Home.</i></span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>The next day was the day appointed -for the young Bensons to return -home. They rose earlier than -usual, that they might have time to -walk round the farm, and take a last -look at the objects that had given -them so much pleasure. They first -went to the poultry-yard, and took -with them some tares, to feed a pigeon -that was grown so tame as to fly down -when he saw them, and perch upon -their heads. Their next business was<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_162"></a>[162]</span> -to take leave of Plover the pony, for -whom they had both conceived a great -affection; for, after Charles’s fright, -Mr. Mansfield had given them several -lessons in riding, and they had learned -to manage him tolerably well, and -were exceedingly delighted with the -exercise.</p> - -<p>They were stroking him, and lamenting -that they should have no more -rides, when old Ralph came up.</p> - -<p>Honest Ralph was much attached -to his master, and was disposed to -love his grandchildren for his sake; -and their constant civility and good -humour conspired to make them favourites.</p> - -<p>As he had heard what they said, -he very obligingly brought out the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_163"></a>[163]</span> -saddle and bridle; and, harnessing -the pony, told them that breakfast was -not yet ready, and that they should -have a ride the last morning.</p> - -<p>These words “the last morning” -brought the tears into Charles’s eyes; -but as he had a good deal of fortitude, -he strove to suppress them, and, -mounting Plover, galloped away to a -distance, that he might not be seen to -cry. Presently after Arthur took his -turn, and, as it grew late, they then -went in doors.</p> - -<p>They found Mr. and Mrs. Mansfield -in the parlour, and the post-chaise, -in which they were to set off, -already at the door. They were therefore -obliged to hurry over their breakfast, -that they might not keep their<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_164"></a>[164]</span> -grandfather waiting for them; for the -old gentleman had engaged to accompany -his grandsons to London, where -he was to remain for a few days. -Mrs. Mansfield kissed both the boys -over and over again, and charged them -to give her love to their papa and -mamma, and little sister. She bestowed -upon them great commendations -for their good conduct and docility -during the whole of their stay, -and told them that, as they had enjoyed -their visit, she hoped they would -repeat it at some future opportunity.</p> - -<p>Arthur and Charles pressed her -hand, and returned her embraces; but -their voices failed when they attempted -to thank her for the great kindness -she had shown them.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_165"></a>[165]</span></p> - -<p>At length the moment of separation -came; but before they stepped into -the chaise, they went round to shake -hands with all the servants, who had -assembled about the door, in order to -see them set off, and wish them good-bye.</p> - -<p>When the carriage drove off, a -gloom hung for a short time upon the -countenances of the young travellers; -but it cleared away by degrees, as -their attention was diverted to new -objects, and in a short time they entirely -recovered their gaiety.</p> - -<p>After they had travelled some miles, -Mr. Mansfield informed them that -they were then upon a new road, -which a few years before had been<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_166"></a>[166]</span> -cut through a steep hill. “You observe,” -said he, “that we have a high -bank on each side of us, so that we seem -to be almost buried between the two. -The spot where we now are was formerly -level with the top of the banks, -and made a part of the same field with -them; and the old road then went -several miles further about, to avoid -this hill. But now that the ground -has been cut away so as to leave the -road on a gentle ascent, coming this -way saves time, and is less fatiguing -to horses.”</p> - -<p>“It must have been a work of great -labour,” said Arthur.</p> - -<p>“Certainly,” returned Mr. Mansfield; -“but it is nothing in comparison to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_167"></a>[167]</span> -some works that have been accomplished. -What should you think of -making canals, or artificial rivers, for -forty or fifty miles together, where before -was dry land?”</p> - -<p>“Is it possible,” said Charles, -“that that should ever have been -done!”</p> - -<p>“Undoubtedly, my dear, in several -places,” observed Mr. Mansfield. -“When a number of men, Charles, -unite together in the same work, with -prudence and industry, it is difficult to -say what they <i>cannot</i> do.”</p> - -<p>The travellers did not arrive in -London till late in the evening. -Arthur and Charles rejoiced to meet -again their dear parents and sister,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_168"></a>[168]</span> -from whom they had never before -separated; and they felt, that though -they might enjoy an occasional excursion, -yet for a constancy no place -was so happy or desirable as HOME.</p> - -<p class="titlepage">THE END.</p> - -<p class="titlepage"><i>London: William Darton, 58, Holborn-Hill.</i></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_169"></a>[169]</span></p> - -<p class="center larger">CHILDREN’S BOOKS<br /> -<span class="smaller">PUBLISHED BY<br /> -WILLIAM DARTON,<br /> -58, Holborn-hill, London.</span></p> - -<p>1. 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