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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2cbc483 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #67959 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/67959) diff --git a/old/67959-0.txt b/old/67959-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 20d308a..0000000 --- a/old/67959-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1773 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of On the Preparations of the Indian -Hemp, or Gunjah (Cannabis Indica), by W. B. O'Shaughnessy - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: On the Preparations of the Indian Hemp, or Gunjah (Cannabis - Indica) - Their Effects on the Animal System in Health, and Their Utility - in the Treatment of Tetanus and Other Convulsive Diseases - -Author: W. B. O'Shaughnessy - -Release Date: April 30, 2022 [eBook #67959] - -Language: English - -Produced by: deaurider and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at - https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ON THE PREPARATIONS OF THE -INDIAN HEMP, OR GUNJAH (CANNABIS INDICA) *** - - - - - - ON THE - - PREPARATIONS - - OF - - THE INDIAN HEMP, - - OR - - GUNJAH, - - (CANNABIS INDICA). - - THEIR EFFECTS ON THE ANIMAL SYSTEM IN HEALTH, AND - THEIR UTILITY IN THE TREATMENT OF TETANUS - AND OTHER CONVULSIVE DISEASES. - - - BY - - W. B. O’SHAUGHNESSY, M.D., - - BENGAL ARMY, - - Late Professor of Chemistry and Materia Medica in the Medical College - of Calcutta. - - - LONDON: - - PRINTED BY S. TAYLOR, 6, CHANDOS-STREET, STRAND. - - [Reprinted from the Transactions of the Medical Society of Calcutta, - 1838; and from the Provincial Medical Journal, 1843.] - - - - -INDIAN HEMP, &c. - - -The narcotic effects of hemp are popularly known in the South of -Africa, South America, Turkey, Egypt, Asia Minor, India, and the -adjacent territories of the Malays, Burmese, and Siamese. In all -these countries hemp is used in various forms, by the dissipated -and depraved, as the ready agent of a pleasing intoxication. In the -popular medicine of these nations, we find it extensively employed -for a multitude of affections, especially those in which spasm or -neuralgic pain are the prominent symptoms. But in Western Europe its -use, either as a stimulant or as a remedy, is equally unknown. With the -exception of the trial, as a frolic, of the Egyptian “hasheesh,” by a -few youths in Marseilles, and of the clinical use of the wine of hemp -by Hahnemann, as shown in a subsequent extract, I have been unable to -trace any notice of the employment of this drug in Europe. - -Much difference of opinion exists on the question, whether the hemp -so abundant in Europe, even in high northern latitudes, is identical -in specific characters with the hemp of Asia Minor and India. The -extraordinary symptoms produced by the latter depend on a resinous -secretion with which it abounds, and which seems totally absent in -the European kind. The closest physical resemblance or even identity -exists between both plants; difference of climate seems to me more -than sufficient to account for the absence of the resinous secretion, -and consequent want of narcotic power in that indigenous in colder -countries. - -In the subsequent article I first endeavour to present an adequate -view of what has been recorded of the early history, the popular uses, -and employment in medicine of this powerful and valuable substance; I -then proceed to notice several experiments which I have instituted on -animals, with the view to ascertain its effects on the healthy system; -and, lastly, I submit an abstract of the clinical details of the -treatment of several patients afflicted with hydrophobia, tetanus, and -other convulsive disorders, in which a preparation of hemp was employed -with results, which seem to me to warrant our anticipating from its -more extensive and impartial use no inconsiderable addition to the -resources of the physician. - -In the historical and statistical department of the subject, I owe -my cordial thanks for most valuable assistance to the distinguished -traveller the Syed Keramut Ali, Mootawulee of the Hooghly Imambarrah, -and also to the Hakim Mirza Abdul Razes of Teheran, who have furnished -me with interesting details regarding the consumption of hemp in -Candahar, Cabul, and the countries between the Indus and Herat. The -Pandit Moodoosudun Gootu has favored me with notices of the statements -regarding hemp in the early Sanscrit authors on materia medica; to -the celebrated Kamalakantha Vidyalanka, the Pandit of the Asiatic -Society, I have also to record my acknowledgments; Mr. DaCosta has -obligingly supplied me with copious notes from the “Mukzun-ul-Udwieh,” -and other Persian and Hindee systems of materia medica. For information -relative to the varieties of the drug, and its consumption in Bengal, -Mr. McCann, the deputy superintendent of police, deserves my thanks; -and, lastly, to the medical gentlemen named in the sequel, I feel much -indebted for the clinical details with which they have enriched the -subject. - - -_Botanical Characters--Chemical Properties--Production._ - -_Botanical Description._--Assuming, with Lindley and other eminent -writers, that the _Cannabis sativa_ and _Indica_ are identical, we find -that the plant is diœcious, annual, about three feet high, covered -over with a fine pubescence; the stem is erect, branched, bright -green, angular; leaves, alternate or opposite, on long weak petioles; -digitate, scabrous, with linear, lanceolate, sharply serrated leaflets, -tapering into a long smooth entire point; stipules subulate; clusters -of flowers axillary with subulate bractes; males lax and drooping, -branched and leafless at base; females erect, simple and leafy at the -base. Calyx downy, five parted, imbricated. Stamens five; anthers large -and pendulous. Calyx covered with brown glands. Ovary roundish with -pendulous ovule, and two long filiform glandular stigmas; achenium -ovate, one seeded.--_Vide Lindley’s Flora Medica_, p. 299. - -The fibres of the stems are long and extremely tenacious, so as to -afford the best tissue for cordage, thus constituting the material for -one of the most important branches of European manufactures. - -The seed is simply albuminous and oily, and is devoid of all narcotic -properties. - -_Chemical Properties._--In certain seasons and in warm countries a -resinous juice exudes and concretes on the leaves, slender stems, and -flowers; the mode of removing this juice will be subsequently detailed. -Separated and in masses it constitutes the _churrus_[1] of Nipal and -Hindostan, and to this, the type or basis of all the hemp preparations, -are the powers of these drugs attributable. - -The resin of the hemp is soluble in alcohol and æther; partially -soluble in alkaline, insoluble in acid solutions; when pure, of a -blackish grey color; hard at 90°; softens at higher temperatures, and -fuses readily; soluble in the fixed and in several volatile oils. Its -odor is fragrant and narcotic; taste slightly warm, bitterish, and -acrid. - -The dried hemp plant, which has flowered and _from which the resin has -not been removed_, is called GUNJAH. It sells for 1s. 6d. to 2s. for 2 -lbs. in the Calcutta bazaars, and yields to alcohol twenty per 100 of -resinous extract, composed of the resin (_churrus_), and green coloring -matter (_chlorophylle_). Distilled with a large quantity of water or -spirit, traces of essential oil pass over, and the distilled liquor -has the powerful narcotic odor of the plant. The _gunjah_ is sold for -smoking chiefly. The bundles of _gunjah_ are about two feet long and -four inches in diameter, and contain twenty-four plants. The color is -dusky green; the odor agreeably narcotic; the whole plant resinous and -adhesive to the touch. - -The larger leaves and capsules, without the stalks, are called “_bang_, -_subjee_, or _sidhee_.” They are used for making an intoxicating drink, -for smoking, and in the conserve or confection termed _majoon_. _Bang_ -is cheaper than _gunjah_, and, though less powerful, is sold at such a -low price that for less than a half-penny enough can be purchased to -intoxicate an “experienced” person. - -According to Mr. McCann’s notes, the _gunjah_ consumed in Bengal is -chiefly brought from Mirzapore and Ghazeepore, being extensively -cultivated near Gwalior and in Tirhoot. The natives cut the plant when -in flower, allow it to dry for three days, and then lay it in bundles -averaging two pounds weight each, which are distributed to the licensed -dealers. The best kinds are brought from Gwalior and Bhurtpore, and it -is also cultivated, of good quality, in a few gardens round Calcutta. -In Jessore, I am informed, the drug is produced of excellent quality -and to a very considerable extent of cultivation. In Central India, -and the Saugor territory, and in Nipal, _churrus_ is collected during -the hot season in the following singular manner:--Men clad in leathern -dresses run through the hemp fields, brushing through the plant with -all possible violence; the soft resin adheres to the leather, and is -subsequently scraped off and kneaded into balls, which sell from 10s. -to 12s. for 2 lbs. A still finer kind, the _momeea_ or waxen _churrus_, -is collected by the hand in Nipal and sells for nearly double the price -of the ordinary kind. In Nipal, Dr. McKinnon informs me, the leathern -attire is dispensed with, and the resin is gathered on the skins of -naked coolies. In Persia, it is stated by Mirza Abdul Razes that the -_churrus_ is prepared by pressing the resinous plant on coarse cloths, -and then scraping it from these and melting it in a pot with a little -warm water. He considers the _churrus_ of Herat as the best and most -powerful of all the varieties of the drug. - - -_Popular Uses._ - -The preparations of hemp are used for the purpose of intoxication as -follows:-- - -_Sidhee_, _subjee_, and _bang_ (synonymous) are used with water as -a drink, which is thus prepared. About three tola weight, 540 troy -grains, are well washed with cold water, then dried and rubbed to -powder, mixed with black pepper, cucumber and melon seeds, sugar, half -a pint of milk, and an equal quantity of water. This is considered -sufficient to intoxicate an habituated person. Half the quantity is -enough for a novice. This composition is chiefly used by the Mahomedans -of the better class. - -Another recipe is as follows:-- - -The same quantity of _sidhee_ is washed, dried, and ground, mixed with -black pepper, and a quart of cold water added. This is drank at one -sitting. This is the favorite beverage of the Hindus who practice this -vice, especially the Birjobassies and many of the Rajpootana soldiery. - -From either of these beverages intoxication will ensue in half an hour. -Almost invariably the inebriation is of the most cheerful kind, causing -the person to sing and dance, to eat food with great relish, and to -seek aphrodisiac enjoyments. In persons of a quarrelsome disposition -it occasions, as might be expected, an exasperation of their natural -tendency. The intoxication lasts about three hours, when sleep -supervenes. No nausea or sickness of the stomach succeeds, nor are the -bowels at all affected; next day there is slight giddiness and much -vascularity of the eyes, but no other symptom worth recording. - -_Gunjah_ is used for smoking only: one rupee weight, 180 grains, and a -little dried tobacco are rubbed together in the palm of the hand with -a few drops of water. This suffices for three persons. A little tobacco -is placed in the pipe first, then a layer of the prepared _gunjah_, -then more tobacco, and the fire above all. - -Four or five persons usually join in this debauch. The hookah is passed -round, and each person takes a single draught. Intoxication ensues -almost instantly; and from one draught to the unaccustomed, within half -an hour; and after four or five inspirations to those more practised -in the vice. The effects differ from those occasioned by the _sidhee_. -Heaviness, laziness, and agreeable reveries ensue, but the person can -be readily roused, and is able to discharge routine occupations, such -as pulling the punkah, waiting at table, &c. - -The _majoon_, or hemp confection, is a compound of sugar, butter, -flour, milk, and _sidhee_ or _bang_. The process has been repeatedly -performed before me by Ameer, the proprietor of a celebrated place of -resort for hemp devotees in Calcutta, and who is considered the best -artist in his profession. Four ounces of _sidhee_ and an equal quantity -of _ghee_ (clarified butter) are placed in an earthen or well-tinned -vessel, a pint of water added, and the whole warmed over a charcoal -fire. The mixture is constantly stirred until the water all boils away, -which is known by the crackling noise of the melted butter on the sides -of the vessel; the mixture is then removed from the fire, squeezed -through cloth while hot--by which an oleaginous solution of the active -principles and coloring matter of the hemp is obtained--and the leaves, -fibres, &c., remaining on the cloth are thrown away. - -The green oily solution soon concretes into a buttery mass, and is -then well washed by the hand with soft water so long as the water -becomes colored. The coloring matter and an extractive substance are -thus removed, and a very pale green mass, of the consistence of simple -ointment, remains. The washings are thrown away; Ameer says that these -are intoxicating, and produce constriction of the throat, great pain, -and very disagreeable and dangerous symptoms. - -The operator then takes two pounds of sugar, and, adding a little -water, places it in a pipkin over the fire. When the sugar dissolves -and froths, two ounces of milk are added; a thick scum rises and is -removed; more milk and a little water are added from time to time, -and the boiling continued about an hour, the solution being carefully -stirred until it becomes an adhesive clear syrup, ready to solidify -on a cold surface; four ounces of _tyre_ (new milk dried before the -sun) in fine powder are now stirred in, and, lastly, the prepared -butter of hemp is introduced, brisk stirring being continued for a few -minutes. A few drops of uttur of roses are then quickly sprinkled in, -and the mixture poured from the pipkin on a flat cold dish or slab. -The mass concretes immediately into a thin cake, which is divided into -small lozenge-shaped pieces. Thus prepared it sells for 8s. the 2 lbs; -one drachm, by weight, will intoxicate a beginner; three drachms one -experienced in its use. The taste is sweet, and the odor very agreeable. - -Ameer states that there are seven or eight _majoon_ makers in Calcutta; -that sometimes, by special order of customers, he introduces stramonium -seeds, but never nux vomica; that all classes of persons, including the -lower Portuguese or “Kala Feringhees,” and especially their females, -consume the drug; that it is most fascinating in its effects, producing -extatic happiness, a persuasion of high rank, a sensation of flying, -voracious appetite, and intense aphrodisiac desire. He denies that its -continued use leads to madness, impotence, or to the numerous evil -consequences described by the Arabic and Persian physicians. Although -I disbelieve Ameer’s statements on this point, his description of the -immediate effects of _majoon_ is strictly and accurately correct. - -Most carnivorous animals eat it greedily, and very soon experience its -narcotic effects, becoming ludicrously drunk, but seldom suffering any -worse consequences. - - -_Historical Details--Notices of Hemp and its Uses, by the Sanscrit, -Arabic, and Persian Writers._ - -The preceding notice suffices to explain the subsequent historical -and medicinal details. I premise the historical, in order to show the -exact state of our knowledge of the subject, when I attempted its -investigation. - -Although the most eminent of the Arabic and Persian authors concur -in referring the origin of the practice of hemp intoxication to the -natives of Hindostan, it is remarkable that few traces can be detected -of the prevalence of the vice at any early period in India. - -The Pandit Moodoosudun Gooptu finds that the “Rajniguntu,” a standard -treatise on materia medica, which he estimates vaguely at 600 -years date, gives a clear account of this agent. Its synonymes are -“_bijoya_,” “_ujoya_,” and “_joya_,” names which mean promoters of -success; “_brijputta_,” or the strengthener, or the strong-leaved; -“_chapola_,” the causer of a reeling gait; “_ununda_,” or the -laughter-moving; “_hursini_,” the exciter of sexual desire. Its effects -on man are described as excitant, heating, astringent. It is added that -it “destroys phlegm, expels flatulence, induces costiveness, sharpens -the memory, increases eloquence, excites the appetite, and acts as a -general tonic.” - -The “Rajbulubha,” a Sanscrit treatise of rather later date, alludes -to the use of hemp in gonorrhœa, and repeats the statements of the -“Rajniguntu.” In the Hindu Tantra, a religious treatise, teaching -peculiar and mystical formulæ and rites for the worship of the deities, -it is said, moreover, that _sidhee_ is more intoxicating than wine. - -In the celebrated “Susruta,” which is perhaps the most ancient of all -Hindu medical works, it is written, that persons laboring under catarrh -should, with other remedies, use internally the _bijoya_ or _sidhee_. -The effects, however, are not described. - -The learned Kamalakantha Vidyalanka has traced a notice of hemp in -the 5th chapter of _Menu_, where Brahmins are prohibited to use the -following substances--_palandoo_ or onions, _gunjara_ or _gunjah_, and -such condiments as have strong and pungent scents. - -The Arabic and Persian writers are, however, far more voluminous and -precise in their accounts of these fascinating preparations. In the 1st -vol. of De Sacy’s “Crestomathie Arabe” we find an extremely interesting -summary of the writings of Takim Eddin Makrizi on this subject. Lane -has noticed it too with his usual ability in his admirable work, “the -Modern Egyptians.” From these two sources, the MS. notes of the Syed -Keramut Ali and Mr. DaCosta, and a curious paper communicated by our -friend Mirza Abdul Razes, a most intelligent Persian physician, the -following epitome is compiled:-- - -Makrizi treats of the hemp in his glowing description of the celebrated -Canton de la Timbaliere, the ancient pleasure grounds, in the vicinity -of Cairo. This quarter, after many vicissitudes, is now a heap of -ruins. In it was situated a cultivated valley named Djoneina, which -we are informed was the theatre of all conceivable abominations. -It was famous above all for the sale of the _hasheeha_, which is -still greedily consumed by the dregs of the populace, and from the -consumption of which sprung the excesses which led to the name of -“assassin” being given to the Saracens in the Holy Wars. The history -of the drug the author treats of thus:--The oldest work in which hemp -is noticed is a treatise by Hasan, who states that in the year 658, M. -E. the Sheikh Djafar Shirazi, a monk of the order of Haider, learned -from his master the history of the discovery of hemp. Haider, the -chief of ascetics and self-chasteners, lived in rigid privation on a -mountain between Nishabor and Ramah, where he established a monastery -of Fakirs. Ten years he had spent in this retreat without leaving it -for a moment, till one burning summer’s day when he departed alone to -the fields. On his return an air of joy and gaiety was imprinted on -his countenance; he received the visits of his brethren and encouraged -their conversation. On being questioned, he stated that, struck by the -aspect of a plant which danced in the heat as if with joy, while all -the rest of the vegetable creation was torpid, he had gathered and -eaten of its leaves. He led his companions to the spot,--all ate and -all were similarly excited. A tincture of the hemp leaf in wine or -spirit seems to have been the favourite formula in which the Sheikh -Haider indulged himself. An Arab poet sings of Haider’s _emerald_ -cup--an evident allusion to the rich green colour of the tincture of -the drug. The Sheikh survived the discovery ten years, and subsisted -chiefly on this herb, and on his death his disciples by his desire -planted it in an arbour about his tomb. - -From this saintly sepulchre the knowledge of the effects of hemp is -stated to have spread into Khorasan. In Chaldea it was unknown until -728 M. E. during the reign of the Khalif Mostansir Billah; the kings of -Ormus and Bahrein then introduced it into Chaldea, Syria, Egypt, and -Turkey. - -In Khorasan, however, it seems that the date of the use of hemp is -considered to be far prior to Haider’s era. Biraslan, an Indian -pilgrim, the contemporary of Cosröes,[2] is believed to have introduced -and diffused the custom through Khorasan and Yemen. In proof of the -great antiquity of the practice, certain passages in the works of -Hippocrates may be cited, in which some of its properties are clearly -described, but the difficulty of deciding whether the passages be -spurious or genuine, renders the fact of little value. Dioscorides -(lib. ij. cap. 169), describes hemp, but merely notices the emollient -properties of its seeds; its intoxicating effects must consequently be -regarded as unknown to the Greeks prior to his era, which is generally -agreed to be about the second century of the Christian epoch, and -somewhat subsequent to the life-time of Pliny. - -In the narrative of Makrizi we also learn that oxymel and acids are the -most powerful antidotes to the effects of this narcotic; next to these, -emetics, cold bathing, and sleep; and we are further told that it -possesses diuretic, astringent, and especially aphrodisiac properties. -Ibn Beitar was the first to record its tendency to produce mental -derangement, and he even states that it occasionally proves fatal. - -In 780 M. E. very severe ordinances were passed in Egypt against the -practice; the Djoneina garden was rooted up, and all those convicted of -the use of the drug were subjected to the extraction of their teeth; -but in 799 the custom re-established itself with more than original -vigor. Makrizi draws an expressive picture of the evils this vice then -inflicted on its votaries--“As its consequence, general corruption of -sentiments and manners ensued, modesty disappeared, every base and evil -passion was openly indulged in, and nobility of external form alone -remained to these infatuated beings.” - - -_Medicinal Properties assigned to Hemp by the Ancient Arabian and -Persian Writers, and by Modern European Authors._ - -In the preceding notice of Makrizi’s writings on this subject, we -have confined ourselves chiefly to historical details, excluding -descriptions of supposed medicinal effects. The Mukzun-ul-Udwieh and -the Persian MS. in our possession, inform us as to the properties which -the ancient physicians attributed to this powerful narcotic. - -In Mr. DaCosta’s MS. version of the chapter on hemp in the -Mukzun-ul-Udwieh, _churrus_, we are informed, if smoked through a pipe, -causes torpor and intoxication, and often proves fatal to the smoker. -Three kinds are noticed, the _garden_, _wild_, and _mountain_, of which -the last is deemed the strongest; the seeds are called _sheadana_ or -_shaldaneh_ in Persia. These are said to be “a compound of opposite -qualities, cold and dry in the third degree--that is to say, stimulant -and sedative, imparting at first a gentle reviving heat, and then a -considerable refrigerant effect.” - -The contrary qualities of the plant, its stimulant and sedative -effects, are prominently dwelt on. “They at first exhilarate the -spirits, cause cheerfulness, give color to the complexion, bring on -intoxication, excite the imagination into the most rapturous ideas, -produce thirst, increase appetite, excite concupiscence. Afterwards the -sedative effects begin to preside, the spirits sink, the vision darkens -and weakens; and madness, melancholy, fearfulness, dropsy, and such -like distempers, are the sequel--and the seminal secretions dry up. -These effects are increased by sweets, and combated by acids.” - -The author of the Mukzun-ul-Udwieh further informs us-- - -“The leaves make a good snuff for deterging the brain; the juice of -the leaves applied to the head as a wash, removes dandriff and vermin; -drops of the juice thrown into the ear allay pain and destroy worms or -insects. It checks diarrhœa, is useful in gonorrhœa, restrains seminal -secretions, and is diuretic. The bark has a similar effect.” - -“The powder is recommended as an external application to fresh wounds -and sores, and for causing granulations; a poultice of the boiled root -and leaves for discussing inflammations, and cure of erysipelas, and -for allaying neuralgic pains. The dried leaves, bruised and spread -on a castor oil leaf, cure hydrocele and swelled testes. The _dose_ -internally is one _direm_, or forty-eight grains. The antidotes are -emetics, cow’s milk, hot water, and sorrel wine.” - -Alluding to its popular uses, the author dwells on the eventual evil -consequences of the indulgence; weakness of the digestive organs first -ensues, followed by flatulency, indigestion, swelling of the limbs -and face, change of complexion, diminution of sexual vigor, loss of -teeth, heaviness, cowardice, depraved and wicked ideas; scepticism in -religious tenets, licentiousness, and ungodliness are also enumerated -in the catalogue of deplorable results. - -The medicinal properties of hemp, in various forms, are the subject -of some interesting notes by Mirza Abdul Razes. “It produces a -ravenous appetite and constipation, arrests the secretions except -that of the liver, excites wild imagining, especially a sensation of -ascending, forgetfulness of all that happens during its use, and such -mental exultation, that _the beholders attribute it to supernatural -inspiration_.” - -Mirza Abdul considers hemp to be a powerful exciter of the flow of -bile, and relates cases of its efficacy in restoring appetite--of -its utility as an external application as a poultice with milk, in -relieving hæmorrhoids, and internally in gonorrhœa. A quarter of a -drachm of _bangh_ is given in water as the dose in gonorrhœa. He -states, also, that the habitual smokers of _gunjah_ generally die -of diseases of the lungs, dropsy, and anasarca, “so do the eaters -of _majoon_ and smokers of _sidhee_, but at a later period. The -inexperienced on first taking it are often senseless for a day, some go -mad, others are known to die.” - -In the 35th chapter of the 5th volume of “Rumphius’ Herbarium -Amboinense,” p. 208, Ed. Amsterd. A.D. 1695, we find a long and very -good account of the hemp, illustrated by two excellent plates. The -subjoined is an epitome of Rumphius’ article:-- - -Rumphius first describes botanically the male and female hemp plants, -of which he gives two admirable drawings. He assigns the upper -provinces of India as its _habitat_, and states it to be cultivated in -Java and Amboyna. He then notices very briefly the exciting effects -ascribed to the leaf, and to mixtures thereof with spices, camphor, -and opium. He alludes doubtingly to its alleged aphrodisiac powers, -and states that the kind of mental excitement it produces depends on -the temperament of the consumer. He quotes a passage from Galen, lib. -i. (de aliment. facult.), in which it is asserted that in that great -writer’s time it was customary to give hemp seed to the guests at -banquets as a promoter of hilarity and enjoyment. Rumphius adds, that -the Mahomedáns in his neighbourhood frequently sought for the male -plant from his garden, to be given to persons afflicted with virulent -gonorrhœa and with asthma, or the affection which is popularly called -“stitches in the side.” He tells us, moreover, that the powdered leaves -check diarrhœa, are stomachic, cure the malady named _pitao_, and -moderate excessive secretion of bile. He mentions the use of hemp smoke -as an enema in strangulated hernia, and of the leaves as an antidote -to poisoning by orpiment. Lastly, he notices in the two subsequent -chapters varieties of hemp, which he terms the _gunjah sativa_ and -_gunjah agrestis_. - -In the _Hortus Malabaricus_, Rheede’s article on the hemp is a mere -echo of Rumphius’ statements. - -Among modern European writers the only information I could trace on the -_medicinal_ use of hemp _in Europe_, is in the recent work of Nees v. -Esenbeck, from which the following is an extract kindly supplied by Dr. -Wallich:-- - -“The fresh herb of the hemp has a very powerful and unpleasant -narcotic smell, and is used in the East in combination with opium in -the preparation of intoxicating potions, &c. It is probable that the -_nepenthe_ of the ancients was prepared from the leaves of this plant. -Many physicians, Hahnemann among them, prescribe the vinous extract -in various nervous disorders, where opium and hyoscyamus used to be -employed, being less heating and devoid of bitterness.”[3] - -No information as to the _medicinal_ effects of hemp exists in the -standard works on materia medica, to which I have access. Soubeiran, -Feé, Merat and de Lens, in their admirable dictionary; Chevalier and -Richard, Roques (Phytographie Medicale); Ratier and Henry (Pharmacopeé -Française); and the Dictionnaire des Sciences Medicales, are all -equally silent on the subject. - -In “Ainslie’s Materia Indica,” 2nd vol., we find three notices of this -plant and its preparations. - -At page 39 “banghie” (_Tamul_), with the Persian and Hindee synonymes -of “beng” and “subjee,” is described as an intoxicating liquor prepared -with the leaves of the _gunjah_ or hemp plant. - -Under the head “_gunjah_,” Ainslie gives numerous synonymes, and tells -us that the leaves are sometimes prescribed in cases of diarrhœa; and -in conjunction with turmeric, onions, and warm gingilie oil, are made -into an unction for painful protruded piles. Dr. Ainslie also gives a -brief view of the popular uses and botanical characters of the plant. - -_Majoon_, lastly, is described by Dr. Ainslie, page 176, as a -preparation of sugar, milk, ghee, poppy seeds, flowers of the datura, -powder of nux vomica, and sugar. The true _majoon_, however, as -prepared in Bengal, contains neither datura nor nux vomica. I have -already described the process by which it has been manufactured before -me. - -In the “Journal de Pharmacie,” the most complete magazine in existence -on all pharmaceutical subjects, we find hemp noticed in several -volumes. In the “Bulletin de Pharmacie,” t. V.A. 1810, p. 400, we -find it briefly described by M. Rouyer, apothecary to Napoleon, and -member of the Egyptian scientific commission, in a paper on the popular -remedies of Egypt. With the leaves and tops, he tells us, collected -before ripening, the Egyptians prepare a conserve, which serves as -the base of the _berch_, the _diasmouk_, and the _bernaouy_. Hemp -leaves reduced to powder, and incorporated with honey or stirred with -water, constitute the _berch_ of the poor classes. The same work also -(Bulletin, vol. i., p. 523, A. 1809) contains a very brief notice of -the intoxicating preparations of hemp, read by M. De Sacy before the -Institute of France, in July, 1809. M. De Sacy’s subsequent analysis -of Makrizi, of which I have given an outline, is, however, much more -copious in details than the article in the Bulletin. - -Professor Royle in his admirable work, entitled “Illustrations of the -Botany, &c. of the Himalayas,” p. 334, gives a very brief notice of the -synonymes and epithets of the hemp resin, and mentions its intoxicating -properties, but affords us no information on its medicinal effects. - - -_Experiments by the Author--Inferences as to the Action of the Drug on -Animals and Man._ - -Such was the amount of preliminary information before me, by which I -was guided in my subsequent attempts to gain more accurate knowledge -of the action, powers, and possible medicinal applications of this -remarkable agent. - -There was sufficient to show that hemp possesses, in small doses, an -extraordinary power of stimulating the digestive organs, exciting the -cerebral system, of acting also on the generative apparatus. Larger -doses, again, were shown by the historical statements to induce -insensibility or to act as a powerful sedative. The influence of the -drug in allaying pain was equally manifest in all the memoirs referred -to. As to the evil sequelæ so unanimously dwelt on by all writers, -these did not appear to me so numerous, so immediate, or so formidable, -as many which may be clearly traced to over-indulgence in other -powerful stimulants or narcotics--viz, alcohol, opium, or tobacco. - -The dose in which the hemp preparations might be administered, -constituted, of course, one of the first objects of inquiry. Ibn Beitar -had mentioned a _direm_, or forty-eight grains of _churrus_; but this -dose seemed to me so enormous, that I deemed it expedient to proceed -with much smaller quantities. How fortunate was this caution, the -sequel will sufficiently denote. - -An extensive series of experiments on animals was in the first place -undertaken, among which the following may be cited:-- - -_Expt._ 1.--Ten grains of Nipalese _churrus_, dissolved in spirit -were given to a middling sized dog. In half an hour he became stupid -and sleepy, dozing at intervals, starting up, wagging his tail as if -extremely contented; he ate some food greedily; on being called to he -staggered to and fro, and his face assumed a look of utter and helpless -drunkenness. These symptoms lasted about two hours, and then gradually -passed away; in six hours he was perfectly well and lively. - -_Expt._ 2.--One drachm of _majoon_ was given to a small sized dog; -he ate it with great delight, and in twenty minutes was ridiculously -drunk; in four hours his symptoms passed away, also without harm. - -_Expts._ 3, 4, and 5.--Three kids had ten grains each of the alcoholic -extract of _gunjah_. In one no effect was produced; in the second there -was much heaviness, and some inability to move; in the third a marked -alteration of countenance was conspicuous, but no further effect. - -_Expt._ 6.--Twenty grains were given, dissolved in a little spirit, to -a dog of very small size. In a quarter of an hour he was intoxicated; -in half an hour he had great difficulty of movement; in an hour he had -lost all power over the hinder extremities, which were rather stiff but -flexible; sensibility did not seem to be impaired, and the circulation -was natural. He readily acknowledged calls by an attempt to rise up. In -four hours he was quite well. - -In none of these or several other experiments was there the least -indication of pain, or any degree of convulsive movement observed. - -It seems needless to dwell on the details of each experiment; -suffice it to say that they led to one remarkable result--that while -carnivorous animals and fish, dogs, cats, swine, vultures, crows, and -adjutants, invariably exhibited the intoxicating influence of the drug, -the graminivorous, such as the horse,[4] deer, monkey, goat, sheep, and -cow, experienced but trivial effects from any dose we administered. - -Encouraged by these results, no hesitation could be felt as to the -perfect safety of giving the resin of hemp an extensive trial in the -cases in which its apparent powers promised the greatest degree of -utility. - - -_Cases of Rheumatism treated by Hemp. Catalepsy produced by one grain._ - -The first cases selected were two of acute rheumatism and one of that -disease in the chronic form, occurring among the patients in the -Clinical Hospital of the Medical College. In the two former but little -relief had been derived from a fair trial of antiphlogistic measures, -and of Dover’s powder with antimonials; in the last case, sarsaparilla -at first, and subsequently the Hemidesmus Indicus with warm baths had -been tried without advantage. - -On the 6th November, 1838, one grain of the resin of hemp was -administered in solution, at two, p.m., to each of these three patients. - -At four, p.m., it was reported that one was becoming very talkative, -was singing songs, calling loudly for an extra supply of food, and -declaring himself in perfect health. The other two patients remained -unaffected. - -At six, p.m., I received a report to the same effect, but stating that -the first patient was now falling asleep. - -At eight, p.m., I was alarmed by an emergent note from Nobinchunder -Mitter, the clinical clerk on duty, desiring my immediate attendance -at the hospital, as the patient’s symptoms were very peculiar and -formidable. I went to the hospital without delay, and found him lying -on his cot quite insensible, but breathing with perfect regularity, -his pulse and skin natural, and the pupils freely contractile on the -approach of light. - -Alarmed and pained beyond description at such a state of things, I -hurried to the other patients--found one asleep, the third awake, -intelligent, and free from any symptoms of intoxication or alarm. - -Returning then to the first, an emetic was directed to be prepared, -and while waiting for it I chanced to lift up the patient’s arm. The -professional reader will judge of my astonishment, when I found that -it remained in the posture in which I placed it. It required but a -very brief examination of the limbs to find that the patient had by -the influence of this narcotic been thrown into that strange and most -extraordinary of all nervous conditions, into that state which so few -have seen, and the existence of which so many still discredit--the -genuine _catalepsy_ of the nosologist. - -It had been my good fortune years before to have witnessed two -unequivocal cases of this disorder. One occurred in the female clinical -ward in Edinburgh, under Dr. Duncan’s treatment, and was reported by -myself for the “Lancet,” in 1828. The second took place in 1831, in a -family with whom I resided in London. This case was witnessed by Dr. -Silver, Mr. G. Mills, and several other professional friends. In both -these cases the cataleptic state was established in full perfection, -and in both the paroxysm terminated suddenly without any evil -consequence. - -To return to our patient; we raised him to a sitting posture, and -placed his arms and limbs in every imaginable attitude. A waxen figure -could not be more pliant or more stationary in each position, no matter -how contrary to the natural influence of gravity on the part. - -To all impressions he was meanwhile almost insensible; he made no -sign of understanding questions; could not be aroused. A sinapism to -the epigastrium caused no sign of pain. The pharynx and its coadjutor -muscles acted freely in the deglutition of the stimulant remedies which -I thought it advisable to administer, although the manifest cataleptic -state had freed me altogether of the anxiety under which I before -labored. - -The second patient had meanwhile been roused by the noise in the ward, -and seemed vastly amused at the strange aspect and the statue-like -attitudes in which the first patient had been placed, when on a -sudden he uttered a loud peal of laughter, and exclaimed that “four -spirits were springing with his bed into the air.” In vain we -attempted to pacify him; his laughter became momentarily more and more -incontrollable. We now observed that the limbs were rather rigid, and -in a few minutes more his arms or legs could be bent, and would remain -in any desired position. A strong stimulant drink was immediately -given, and a sinapism applied. Of the latter he made no complaint, but -his intoxication led him to such noisy exclamations that we had to -remove him to a separate room; here he soon became tranquil, his limbs -in less than an hour gained their natural condition, and in two hours -he represented himself to be perfectly well and excessively hungry. - -The first patient continued cataleptic till one, a.m., when -consciousness and voluntary motion quickly returned, and by two, a.m., -he was exactly in the same state as the second patient. - -The third man experienced no effect whatever, and on further inquiry it -was found that he was habituated to the use of _gunjah_ in the pipe. - -On the following day it gave me much pleasure to find that both the -individuals above mentioned were not only uninjured by the narcotic, -but much relieved of their rheumatism; they were discharged quite cured -in three days after. - -The fourth case of trial was an old muscular cooley, a rheumatic -malingerer, and to him half a grain of hemp resin was given in a little -spirit. The first day’s report will suffice for all:--In two hours the -old gentleman became talkative and musical, told several stories, and -sang songs to a circle of highly delighted auditors, ate the dinners -of two persons subscribed for him in the ward, sought also for other -luxuries we can scarcely venture to allude to--and finally fell soundly -asleep, and so continued till the following morning. On the noon-day -visit, he expressed himself free from headache or any other unpleasant -sequel, and begged hard for a repetition of the medicine, in which he -was indulged for a few days and then discharged. - -In several cases of acute and chronic rheumatism admitted about this -time, half-grain doses of the resin were given, with closely analogous -effects; alleviation of pain in most, remarkable increase of appetite -in all, unequivocal aphrodisia, and great mental cheerfulness. In -no one case did these effects proceed to delirium, or was there any -tendency to quarrelling. The disposition developed was uniform in -all, and in none was headache or sickness of stomach a sequel of the -excitement. - - -_Case of Hydrophobia._ - -A case now occurred in which the influence of a narcotic, capable -either of cheering or of inducing harmless insensibility, would be -fraught with blessings to the wretched patient. - -On the 22nd November, at eight, a.m., a note in English was handed to -me by my servant, entreating my assistance for the Hakim Abdullah, then -at my gate, who had been bitten by a rabid dog three weeks before, -and who feared that the miserable consequences of the bite already -had commenced. I found the poor man in a carriage; he was perfectly -composed, though quite convinced of the desperate nature of his case. -He told me that the evening before, on passing near a tank, he started -in alarm, and since then was unable to swallow liquid. His eye was -restless, suspicious, and wild; his features anxious; his pulse 125; -his skin bedewed with cold moisture; he stated nevertheless that he -wished for food and felt well. A small red and painful cicatrix existed -on the left fore-arm. - -He was immediately removed to the hospital, where I accompanied -him. By his own desire water was brought in a metallic vessel, -which he grasped, and brought near his lips; never can I forget the -indescribable horrors of the paroxysm which ensued. It abated in -about three minutes, and morbid thirst still goading the unhappy -man, he besought his servant to apply a moistened cloth to his lips. -Intelligent and brave, he determinately awaited the contact of the -cloth, and for a few seconds, though in appalling agony, permitted some -drops to trickle on his tongue; but then ensued a second struggle, -which, with a due share of the callousness of my profession, I could -not stand by to contemplate. - -Two grains of hemp resin in a soft pillular mass were ordered every -hour; after the third dose, he stated that he felt commencing -intoxication; he now chatted cheerfully on his case, and displayed -great intelligence and experience in the treatment of the very disease -with which he was visited. He talked calmly of drinking, but said it -was in vain to try--but he could suck an orange; this was brought to -him, and he succeeded in swallowing the juice without any difficulty. - -The hemp was continued till the sixth dose, when he fell asleep and had -some hours’ rest. Early the ensuing morning, however, Mr. Siddons, my -assistant, was called up to him, and found him in a state of tumultuous -agony and excitement; tortured by thirst he attempted to drink; but I -will spare the reader the details of the horrors which ensued. - -The hemp was again repeated; and again, by the third dose, the cheering -alleviation of the previous day was witnessed. He ate a piece of -sugar-cane, and again swallowed the juice; he partook freely of some -moistened rice, and permitted a purgative enema to be administered; -his pulse was nearly natural; the skin natural in every respect; his -countenance was happy. On _one_ subject only was he incoherent, and -even here was manifested the powerful and peculiar influence of the -narcotic. He spoke in raptures of the ladies of his _zenana_, and his -anxiety to be with them. We ascertained, however, that he had no such -establishment. - -Four days thus passed away, the doses of hemp being continued. When he -fell asleep, on waking the paroxysms returned, but were again almost -immediately assuaged as at first. Meanwhile, purgative enemata were -employed, and he partook freely of solid food, and once drank water -without the least suffering. But about three, p.m., of the fifth day he -sunk into a profound stupor, the breathing slightly stertorous; in this -state he continued, and without further struggle death terminated his -sufferings at four, a.m., on the 27th of November. - -Reviewing the preceding summary of this interesting case, it seems -evident that at least one advantage was gained from the use of the -remedy--the awful malady was stripped of its horrors; if not less fatal -than before, it was reduced to less than the scale of suffering which -precedes death from most ordinary diseases. It must be remembered, -too, that in this, the first case ever so treated, I possessed no data -to guide me as to the dose or manner of administration of the drug. -The remarkable cases of tetanus detailed in the sequel throw light -on these important points, and will lead, in future cases, to the -unhesitating administration of much larger quantities than at first I -ventured to employ. I am not, however, rash enough to indulge the hope -which involuntarily forces itself upon me, that we will ever from this -narcotic derive an effectual remedy for even a solitary case of this -disease; but next to cure, the physician will perhaps esteem the means -which enable him “to strew the path to the tomb with flowers,” and to -divest of its _specific_ terrors the most dreadful malady to which -mankind is exposed. - -While the preceding case was under treatment, and exciting the utmost -interest in the school, several pupils commenced experiments on -themselves to ascertain the effects of the drug. In all, the state of -the pulse was noted before taking a dose, and subsequently the effects -were observed by two pupils of much intelligence. The result of several -trials was, that in as small doses as a quarter of a grain the pulse -was increased in fulness and frequency; the surface of the body glowed; -the appetite became extraordinary; vivid ideas crowded the mind; -unusual loquacity occurred; and, with scarcely any exception, great -aphrodisia was experienced. - -In one pupil, Dinonath Dhur, a retiring lad of excellent habits, ten -drops of the tincture, equal to a quarter of a grain of the resin, -induced in twenty minutes the most amusing effects I ever witnessed. -A shout of laughter ushered in the symptoms, and a transitory state -of cataleptic rigidity occurred for two or three minutes. Summoned -to witness the effects, we found him enacting the part of a Rajah -giving orders to his courtiers; he could recognise none of his fellow -students or acquaintances; all to his mind seemed as altered as his own -condition; he spoke of many years having passed since his student’s -days; described his teachers and friends with a piquancy which a -dramatist would envy; detailed the adventures of an imaginary series -of years, his travels, his attainment of wealth and power; he entered -on discussions on religious, scientific, and political topics, with -astonishing eloquence, and disclosed an extent of knowledge, reading, -and a ready apposite wit, which those who knew him best were altogether -unprepared for. For three hours and upwards he maintained the character -he at first assumed, and with a degree of ease and dignity perfectly -becoming his high situation. A scene more interesting it would be -difficult to imagine. It terminated nearly as suddenly as it commenced, -and no headache, sickness, or other unpleasant symptom followed the -innocent excess. - -In the symptoms above described we are unavoidably led to trace a close -resemblance to the effects produced by the reputed inspiration of the -Delphic oracles; perhaps it would not be very erroneous to conclude -that it was referable to the same kind of excitement. - - -_Use in Cholera._ - -An epidemic cholera prevailing at this period, two of the students -administered the tincture of hemp in several cases of that disease, -and cures were daily reported by its alleged efficacy. Dr. Goodeve was -thus led to try it in several cases, and his report was in the highest -degree favorable. The diarrhœa was in every instance checked, and the -stimulating effects of the drug clearly manifested. The durwan of the -college, an athletic Rajpoot, was attacked, and came under my treatment -after he had been ill seven hours; he was pulseless, cold, and in a -state of imminent danger, the characteristic evacuations streaming from -him without effort. Half a grain of the hemp resin was given, and in -twenty minutes the pulse returned, the skin became warm, the purging -ceased, and he fell asleep. In an hour he was cataleptic, and continued -so for several hours. In the morning he was perfectly well and at his -duty as usual. - -It is but fair to state, however, that the character of the epidemic -was not at the time malignant. I admit the cases to be inconclusive, -but I conceive them to be promising, and that they deserve the due -attention of the practitioner. - -Since this passage was written in 1838, the tincture of hemp has been -used in a great number of cases, both European and native, in the -hospital of the Medical College. I know no remedy equal to it as a -general and steady stimulant when given to _Europeans_ in half drachm -doses during the tractable stage of this disease. I have known the -pulse and heat return and the purging checked by a single dose. It -allays vomiting much more certainly than the opium preparations, and -is not more likely than these to lead to cerebral congestion on the -cessation of cholera symptoms. The cheering effect on the patient’s -spirits is not the least benefit this remedy confers. - -In _native_ cases much less advantage was obtained; nearly all this -class of patients were old gunjah smokers. - - -_Use in Tetanus._ - -I now proceed to notice a class of most important cases, in which the -results obtained are of the character which warrants me in regarding -the powers of the remedy as satisfactorily and incontrovertibly -established. I allude to its use in the treatment of traumatic -_tetanus_, or lock-jaw, next to hydrophobia, perhaps the most -intractable and agonising of the whole catalogue of human maladies. - -The first case of this disease treated by hemp was that of Ramjan -Khan, aged thirty, admitted to the College Hospital, on the 13th of -December, 1838, for a sloughing ulcer on the back of the left hand. -Five days previously a native empiric had applied a red hot _gool_ -(the mixture of charcoal and tobacco used in the hookah) to the back -of the left wrist, as a remedy for chronic dysentery and spleen. The -patient’s brother was similarly cauterised on the same day. In both -sloughing took place down to the tendons. Symptoms of tetanus occurred -on the 24th of December. The brother, who had refused to avail himself -of European aid, had been seized with tetanus at his own home four -days previously, and died after three days’ illness. On the 26th -December spasms set in, and recurred at intervals of a few minutes; the -muscles of the abdomen, neck, and jaws became firmly and permanently -contracted. Large doses of opium with calomel having been administered -for some hours, without the least alleviation of symptoms, and his -case having on consultation been pronounced completely hopeless, I -obtained Mr. Egerton’s permission to subject the poor man to the trial -of the hemp resin. Two grains were first given at half past two, p.m., -dissolved in a little spirit. In half an hour the patient felt giddy; -at five, p.m., his eyes were closed, he felt sleepy, and expressed -himself much intoxicated. - -He slept at intervals during the night, but on waking had convulsive -attacks. - -On the 27th, two grains were given every third hour (a purgative enema -was also administered, which operated three times); the stiffness of -the muscles became much less towards evening, but the spasms returned -at intervals as before; pulse and skin natural. - -28. Improved; is lethargic but intelligent; spasms occasionally occur, -but at much longer intervals, and in less severity. - -29. Dose of hemp increased to three grains every second hour. Symptoms -moderating. - -30. Much intoxicated; continues to improve. - -January 1, 1839. A hemp cataplasm applied to the ulcer, and internal -use of remedy continued. Towards evening was much improved; spasms -trivial; no permanent rigidity; had passed two _dysenteric stools_. - -2. Morning report: Had passed a good night, and seems much better. -Evening report: Doing remarkably well. - -3, 4, and 5. Continues to improve. Hemp resin in two grain doses every -fifth hour. - -6. Five, p.m.--Feverish; skin hot; pulse quick; all tetanic symptoms -gone; passing mucous and bloody stools. Leeches to abdomen; a starch -and opium enema with three grains of acetate of lead every second hour; -tepid sponging to the body; hemp omitted. - -7. Six, a.m.--Still feverish; stools frequent, mucous; abdomen tender -on pressure; no appetite; the ulcer sloughy, ragged, and offensive. -Opium and acetate of lead continued; abdomen leeched; sore dressed with -water. At noon there was slight rigidity of abdominal muscles. Hemp -resumed. At three, p.m., became intoxicated and hungry; ulcer extremely -dry, foul, and abominably fœtid; towards evening rigidity ceased. Hemp -discontinued. - -From this day the tetanus may be considered to have ceased altogether, -but the dysenteric symptoms continued, despite of the use of opium -and acetate of lead; the ulcer, too, proved utterly intractable. Some -improvement in the dysenteric symptoms occurred from the 10th to the -15th, when natural stools were passed. He seemed gaining strength, -but the wound was in no wise improved; the slough, on the contrary, -threatened to spread, and two metacarpal bones lay loose in the centre -of the sore; on consultation it was agreed to amputate the arm, but to -this the patient peremptorily objected. The mortification now spread -rapidly, and, to our infinite regret, he died of exhaustion on the -night of the 23rd of January. - -An unprejudiced review of the preceding details exhibits the sedative -powers of the remedy in the most favorable light; and, although the -patient died, it must be remembered that it was of a different disease, -over which it is not presumed that the hemp possesses the least power. - -The _second_ case was that of Chunoo Syce (treated by Mr. O’Brien, -at the Native Hospital), in whom tetanus supervened on the 11th -of December, after an injury from the kick of a horse. After an -ineffectual trial of turpentine and castor oil in large doses, two -grain doses of hemp resin were given on the 16th of December. He -consumed in all 134 grains of the resin, and left the hospital cured on -the 28th of December. - -_Third case._--Huroo, a female, aged twenty-five, admitted to the -Native Hospital on the 16th of December; had tetanus for the three -previous days, the sequel of a cut on the left elbow received a -fortnight before. Symptoms violent on admission. Turpentine and castor -oil given repeatedly without effect; on the 16th and 17th, three grains -of hemp resin were given at bed-time. On the morning of the 18th she -was found in a state of complete catalepsy, and remained so until -evening, when she became sensible, and a tetanic paroxysm recurred. -Hemp resumed, and continued in two grain doses every fourth hour. She -subsequently took a grain twice daily till the 8th of February, when -she left the hospital apparently quite well. - -Mr. O’Brien has since used the hemp resin in five cases, of which four -were admitted in a perfectly hopeless state. He employed the remedy -in _ten grain doses_ dissolved in spirit. The effect he describes as -almost immediate relaxation of the muscles and interruption of the -convulsive tendency. Of Mr. O’Brien’s seven cases four have recovered. - -In the Police Hospital of Calcutta, the late Dr. Bain has used the -remedy in three cases of traumatic tetanus, of these one has died and -two recovered. - -A very remarkable case has recently occurred in the practice of my -cousin, Mr. Richard O’Shaughnessy. The patient was a Jew, aged thirty, -attacked with tetanus during the progress of a sloughing sore of the -scrotum, the sequel of a neglected hydrocele. Three grain doses were -used every second hour with the effect of inducing intoxication and -suspending the symptoms. The patient has recovered perfectly, and now -enjoys excellent health. - -Beside the preceding cases I have heard of two of puerperal trismus -treated in native females. Both terminated fatally, an event which -cannot discredit the remedy, when it is remembered that the Hindoo -native females of all ranks are placed, during and subsequent to their -confinement, in a cell, within which large logs of wood are kept -constantly ignited. The temperature of these dens I have found to -exceed 120° of Fahrenheit’s scale. - -A curious coincidental proof of the value of hemp in these cases has -very recently come to my notice. In the appendix to Sir James Murray’s -“Medical Essays,” p. 16, dated Dublin 1837, occurs the following -passage:--“Having written the substance of these pages (Sir James’s -work) to my brother, then assistant-surgeon of the 60th Rifles, at -the Cape of Good Hope, he mentioned that a plant called _dyka_, or -wild hemp, which grows on the eastern coast of Africa, is used by the -natives for this purpose (the relief of puerperal convulsions), and -that they all, male and female, smoke it to bring on perfect relaxation -and relief from pain and spasm of any kind during its relaxing -influence.” - -The preceding facts are offered to the professional reader with -unfeigned diffidence as to the inferences I feel disposed to derive -from their consideration. To me they seem unequivocally to show that -when given boldly and in large doses the resin of hemp is capable of -arresting effectually the progress of this formidable disease, and in a -large proportion of cases of effecting a perfect cure. - -The facts are such at least as justify the hope that the virtues of -the drug may be widely and severely tested in the multitudes of these -appalling cases which present themselves in all Indian hospitals. - -Messrs. Hughes and Templar, eminent veterinary surgeons of Calcutta, -have used the hemp resin in five cases of horses suffering from -tetanus; of these three have recovered. Dr. Sawyers, of the medical -board, has cured a pony similarly affected. - -Drs. Esdaile and Macrae have used the hemp with success; the former -in a case of tetanus; the latter in one of convulsions from neuralgia -of the testis, which had resisted every other remedy, and for which -the removal of the organ had been decided on. In the “London Medical -Gazette” Mr. Lewis gives a case of tetanus in which the hemp was used -with great relief to the symptoms, although it did not effect a cure. - - -_Case of Infantile Convulsions._ - -A very interesting case of this disease has recently occurred in my -private practice, the particulars of which I have the permission of the -family to insert in this paper. - -A female infant, forty days old, the child of Mr. and Mrs. J. L., of -Calcutta, on the 10th of September had a slight attack of convulsions, -which recurred chiefly at night for about a fortnight, and for which -the usual purgatives--warm baths and a few doses of calomel and -chalk--were given without effect. On the 23rd the convulsive paroxysms -became very severe, and the bowels being but little deranged two -leeches were applied to the head. Leeches, purgatives, and opiates, -were alternately resorted to, and without the slightest benefit, up to -the 30th of September. - -On that day the attacks were almost unceasing, and amounted to regular -tetanic paroxysms. The child had, moreover, completely lost appetite -and was emaciating rapidly.[5] - -I had by this time exhausted all the usual methods of treatment, and -the child was apparently in a sinking state. - -Under these circumstances I stated to the parents the results of the -experiments I had made with the hemp, and my conviction that it would -relieve their infant if relief could possibly be obtained. - -They gladly consented to the trial, and a single drop of the spirituous -tincture, equal to the one-twentieth part of a grain of extract, was -placed on the child’s tongue at ten, p.m. No immediate effect was -perceptible, and in an hour and a half two drops more were given. The -infant fell asleep in a few minutes, and slept soundly till four, p.m., -when she awoke, screamed for food, _took the breast freely_, and fell -asleep again. At nine, a.m., 1st of October, I found the child fast -asleep, but easily roused; the pulse, countenance, and skin perfectly -natural. In this drowsy state she continued for four days totally free -from convulsive symptoms in any form. During this time the bowels were -frequently spontaneously relieved, and the appetite returned to the -natural degree. - -October 4. At one, a.m., convulsions returned and continued at -intervals during the day; five drop doses of the tincture were given -hourly. Up to midnight there were thirty fits, and forty-four drops of -the tincture of hemp were ineffectually given. - -5. Paroxysms continued during the night. At eleven, a.m., it was found -that the tincture in use during the preceding days had been kept by the -servant in a small bottle with a paper stopper; that the spirit had -evaporated and the whole of the resin had settled on the sides of the -phial. The infant had in fact been taking drops of mere water during -the preceding day. - -A new preparation was given in three drop doses during the 5th and -6th, and increased to eight drops with the effect of diminishing the -violence, though not of preventing the return of the paroxysm. - -On the 7th I met Dr. Nicholson in consultation, and despairing of a -cure from the hemp, it was agreed to intermit its use, to apply a -mustard poultice to the epigastrium, and to give a dose of castor oil -and turpentine. The child, however, rapidly became worse, and at two, -p.m., a tetanic spasm set in, which lasted without intermission till -half-past six, p.m. A cold bath was tried without solution of the -spasm; the hemp was, therefore, again resorted to, and a dose of thirty -drops, equal to one and a half grains of the resin, given at once. - -Immediately after this dose was given the limbs relaxed, the little -patient fell fast asleep, and so continued for thirteen hours. While -asleep, she was evidently under the peculiar influence of the drug. - -On the 8th October, at four, a.m., there was a severe fit, and from -this hour to ten at night twenty-five fits occurred, and 130 drops of -the tincture were given in thirty drop doses. It was now manifestly a -struggle between the disease and the remedy; but at ten, p.m., she was -again narcotised, and from that hour no fit returned. - -On the three following days there was considerable griping, and on -administering large doses of almond oil several small dark green lumps -of hemp resin were voided, which gave effectual relief. The child is -now (December 17) in the enjoyment of robust health, and has regained -her natural plump and happy appearance. - -In reviewing this case several very remarkable circumstances present -themselves. At first we find three drops, or three-twentieths of a -grain, causing profound narcotism, subsequently we find 130 drops daily -required to produce the same effect. The severity of the symptoms -doubtless must be taken chiefly into account in endeavouring to explain -this circumstance. It was too soon for habit to gain ascendency over -the narcotic powers of the drug. Should the disease ever recur, it will -be a matter of much interest to notice the quantity of the tincture -requisite to afford relief. The reader will remember that this infant -was but sixty days old when 130 drops were given in one day, of the -same preparation of which ten drops had intoxicated the student -Dinonath Dhur, who took the drug for experiment. - - -_Use in Delirium Tremens._ - -I have given the tincture of hemp an extensive trial in this disease, -and have had much reason to be gratified with its effects. In -action it resembles opium and wine, but is much more certain than -these remedies. I have no hesitation in saying, that in the cases in -which the opium treatment is applicable, hemp will be found far more -effectual. The changed state of mind it produces is truly wonderful. -From the appalling terror which generally predominates, the patient -soon passes into a state of cheerfulness, often of boisterous mirth, -and soon sinks into a happy sleep. Of course there are many cases in -which this, or any other, narcotic should not be employed. - - -_Delirium occasioned by continued Hemp Inebriation._ - -Before quitting this subject, it is desirable to notice the singular -form of delirium which the incautious use of the hemp preparations -often occasions, especially among young men who try it for the first -time. Several such cases have presented themselves to my notice. They -are as peculiar as the “delirium tremens” which succeeds the prolonged -abuse of spirituous liquors, but are quite distinct from any other -species of delirium with which I am acquainted. - -This state is at once recognised by the strange balancing gait of the -patient, a constant rubbing of the hands, perpetual giggling, and a -propensity to caress and chafe the feet of all bystanders of whatever -rank. The eye wears an expression of cunning and merriment which -can scarcely be mistaken. In a few cases, the patients are violent; -in many, highly aphrodisiac; in all that I have seen, voraciously -hungry. There is no increased heat or frequency of circulation, or any -appearance of inflammation or congestion, and the skin and general -functions are in a natural state. - -A blister to the nape of the neck, leeches to the temples, and -nauseating doses of tartar emetic with saline purgatives have rapidly -dispelled the symptoms in all the cases I have met with, and have -restored the patient to perfect health. - - -_Conclusion._ - -The preceding cases constitute an abstract of my experience on this -subject, and constitute the grounds of my belief that in hemp the -profession has gained an anti-convulsive remedy of the greatest value. -Entertaining this conviction, be it true or false, I deem it my duty -to publish it without any avoidable delay, in order that the most -extensive and the speediest trial may be given to the proposed remedy. -I repeat what I have already stated in a previous paper--that were -mere reputation my object, I would let years pass by, and hundreds of -cases accumulate before publication; and in publishing I would enter -into every kind of elaborate detail. But the object I have proposed -to myself in these inquiries is of a very different kind. To gather -together a few strong facts, to ascertain the limits which cannot be -passed without danger, and then pointing out these to the profession, -to leave them to prosecute and decide on the subject of discussion, -such seems to me the fittest mode of attempting to explore the -medicinal resources which an untried remedy may afford. - -It may be useful to add a formula for making the preparations which I -have employed. - -The _resinous extract_ is prepared by boiling the rich, adhesive tops -of the dried _gunjah_, in spirit (sp. gr. 835), until all the resin -is dissolved. The tincture thus obtained is evaporated to dryness by -distillation, or in a vessel placed over a pot of boiling water. The -extract softens at a gentle heat, and can be made into pills without -any addition. - -The _tincture_ is prepared by dissolving the extract in spirit of 835° -density. - -_Doses, &c._--In _tetanus_ a drachm of the tincture every half hour -until the paroxysms cease, or catalepsy or narcotism is induced. In -_hydrophobia_ I recommend the resin in soft pills, to the extent of ten -to twenty grains to be chewed by the patient, and repeated according -to the effect. In _cholera_, thirty drops of the tincture every half -hour will be often found to check the vomiting and purging, and bring -back warmth to the surface. My experience would here lead me to prefer -_small_ doses of the remedy in order to excite rather than narcotise -the patient. - -I have only further to add, that since the substance of the preceding -memoir was first published, numerous cases have come to my knowledge -in which the _churrus_, or resin prepared by the natives for smoking, -has been used with little effect. This was the case in some experiments -made by Dr. Pereira with _churrus_ which I sent him myself. Age and -adulteration have been probably both concerned in rendering this -substance inactive. But with the alcoholic extract made from the tops -in the way I recommend, the practitioner has only to feel his way, and -increase the dose till he produces intoxication as the test of the -remedy having taken effect. - -Of all powerful narcotics it is the safest to use with boldness and -decision. - -I have given Mr. Squire, of Oxford-street, a large supply of the -gunjah, and that gentleman has kindly promised me to place a sufficient -quantity of the extract at the disposal of any hospital physician or -surgeon who may desire to employ the remedy. My object is to have it -extensively and exactly tested without favor or prejudice, for the -experience of four years has established the conviction in my mind, -that we possess no remedy at all equal to this in anti-convulsive and -anti-neuralgic power. - - (_Date of Reprint_) London, January, 1843. - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[1] For very fine specimens of _churrus_, I have to express my thanks -to Dr. Campbell, late political resident at Nipal. - -[2] By this term is probably meant the first of the Sassanian dynasty, -to whom the epithet of “Khusrow” or Cosroes, equivalent to Kȧiser, -Cæsar, or Czar, has been applied in many generations. This dynasty -endured from A.D. 202 to A.D. 636.--_Vide note 50 to Lane’s Translation -of the Arabian Nights_, _vol._ ii. p. 226. - -[3] Handbuch der Medicin und Pharmac. Botanik, von F. Ness von Esenbeck -und Dr. Carl Ebermaier, vol. i, p. 338. - -[4] Although I observed no effect from two drachms of hemp resin given -to a horse, Messrs. Hughes and Templar, of Calcutta, have since cured -four horses of traumatic tetanus by giving half-pint doses of the -tincture.--W. B. O’S. - -[5] The nurse, I should have mentioned, was changed early in the -illness, and change of air resorted to on the river, but in vain. - - - - -INDIAN HEMP. - -TO THE EDITORS OF THE PROVINCIAL MEDICAL JOURNAL. - - -GENTLEMEN,--With reference to my paper on the Indian Hemp, lately -inserted in your Journal, I trust I may be permitted to disclaim any -wish to advance these preparations as specifics in the treatment of -tetanus, or in spasmodic diseases generally. That hemp possesses great, -indeed extraordinary, anti-convulsive power, I feel assured from -numerous facts which I have myself observed, and which others have also -witnessed. The cases of the six horses affected by traumatic tetanus, -recorded in my paper, of which four recovered, are almost enough -by themselves to convince any unprejudiced person of the energy and -promise of this drug. - -Many failures must be expected at first, from the salutary caution -all good practitioners must observe in the doses of a remedy with -which they are not practically familiar. On this point I have further -to remark that in a case of traumatic tetanus, now under treatment, -fifteen grain doses of the resin have been given every second or third -hour, and of these doses five taken before narcotism was induced. - -In cases of tetanus, I consider no trial of the drug at all conclusive, -unless it has been pushed to the extent of inducing stupor and -insensibility. - -Too much importance has been attached by commentators on my paper to -the occurrence of _catalepsy_ as an effect of this drug; catalepsy I -have witnessed unequivocally in many cases, but the effect is not an -universal one; I have seen it produced by ten drops of the tincture, -and by one grain of the resin. But, on the other hand, I have given -fifty grains in one day to a tetanic patient without any such effect -being observable. - -It seems quite evident, from the experiments made by Mr. Ley and Dr. -Pereira, that much larger doses must be used in this country than -those we found sufficient in India. The cause of this is possibly -to be traced to molecular chemical changes taking place by age in -the constituents of the drug, and analogous to those familiar to the -profession in the case of hemlock and its active principle. - -The tincture, made by dissolving the extract in spirit, I consider the -best form of the drug for use in tetanic cases--or the resin may be -made into an emulsion, by trituration with a little flour, carbonate -of soda, and mucilage. The soda tends to dissolve the resin, and its -use is in accordance with the precepts of the ancient Eastern writers, -who prescribed hemp with alkaline substances, and used acids in various -forms (such as oxymel and sorrel wine) to counteract its effects when -taken in overdoses. - -In conclusion, I venture to refer to the very interesting cases lately -published by Mr. Ley, in the Provincial Medical Journal. Another -memoir from the same able pen, will, I understand, soon appear, and -will afford ample evidence of the therapeutic value of this agent. -Mr. Ley informs me that of the _anti-convulsive_ power of the hemp he -entertains no doubt. This is the great, the valuable result to look -for; all else is comparatively of but little importance. On some minor -points Mr. Ley’s results differ from mine. This must be regarded but -as a proof of the accuracy of his observations--that he is recording -faithfully what he sees, and is not merely treading in the footsteps of -another. - - I am, Gentlemen, - Your faithful servant, - W. B. O’SHAUGHNESSY, M.D. - - London, Feb. 8, 1843. - -P.S.--I would take the liberty of inviting experimentalists to the -repetition on the hemp resin of the processes for preparing conia and -nicotina--namely by distillation with caustic potash or soda and water, -receiving the distilled liquid in dilute acid, and redistilling this -with an excess of alkali, as before. My departure from India interfered -with my trial of this process, and I think it likely to lead to -valuable results. - - - LONDON: - S. Taylor, Printer, 6, Chandos street, Covent-garden. - - - - -Transcriber’s Notes - -A few very minor mistakes in punctuation and spelling were fixed. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ON THE PREPARATIONS OF THE -INDIAN HEMP, OR GUNJAH (CANNABIS INDICA) *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. 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Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our website which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This website includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/old/67959-0.zip b/old/67959-0.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 9c22995..0000000 --- a/old/67959-0.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/67959-h.zip b/old/67959-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 0013756..0000000 --- a/old/67959-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/67959-h/67959-h.htm b/old/67959-h/67959-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index eee1a93..0000000 --- a/old/67959-h/67959-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2021 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> -<head> - <meta charset="UTF-8" /> - <title> - On the Preparations of the Indian Hemp, or Gunjah, by W. B. O'Shaughnessy—A Project Gutenberg eBook - </title> - <link rel="icon" href="images/cover.jpg" type="image/x-cover" /> - <style> /* <![CDATA[ */ - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -abbr[title] { - text-decoration: none; -} - - h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { - text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ - clear: both; -} - -p { - margin-top: .51em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .49em; - text-indent: 1em; -} - -.p4 {margin-top: 4em;} - -hr { - width: 33%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - margin-left: 33.5%; - margin-right: 33.5%; - clear: both; -} - -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} -@media print { hr.chap {display: none; visibility: hidden;} } - -hr.r5 {width: 5%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 47.5%; margin-right: 47.5%;} - -div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} -h2.nobreak {page-break-before: avoid;} - -.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ - /* visibility: hidden; */ - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; - font-weight: normal; - font-variant: normal; -} /* page numbers */ - -.blockquot { - margin-left: 5%; - margin-right: 5%; -} - -.center {text-align: center; text-indent: 0em;} - -.right {text-align: right; text-indent: 0em;} - -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - -.allsmcap {font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;} - - -/* Footnotes */ -.footnotes {border: 1px dashed; margin-top: 2em; margin-left: 3%; margin-right: 3%;} - -.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} - -.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} - -.fnanchor { - vertical-align: super; - font-size: .8em; - text-decoration: - none; -} - -/* Transcriber's notes */ -.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size:smaller; - padding:0.5em; - margin-bottom:5em; - font-family:sans-serif, serif; } - -.xsmall {font-size: 0.6em;} -.small {font-size: 0.8em;} -.big {font-size: 1.2em;} - - /* ]]> */ </style> -</head> -<body> -<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of On the Preparations of the Indian Hemp, or Gunjah (Cannabis Indica), by W. B. O'Shaughnessy</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: On the Preparations of the Indian Hemp, or Gunjah (Cannabis Indica)</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em;'>Their Effects on the Animal System in Health, and Their Utility in the Treatment of Tetanus and Other Convulsive Diseases</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: W. B. O'Shaughnessy</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: April 30, 2022 [eBook #67959]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: deaurider and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ON THE PREPARATIONS OF THE INDIAN HEMP, OR GUNJAH (CANNABIS INDICA) ***</div> - - - - - -<h1><span class="xsmall">ON THE</span><br /> -PREPARATIONS<br /> -<span class="xsmall">OF</span><br /> -<span class="big">THE INDIAN HEMP,</span></h1> - -<p class="center small"> OR</p> - -<p class="center big"> GUNJAH,</p> - -<p class="center"> (CANNABIS INDICA).</p> - -<p class="center small"> THEIR EFFECTS ON THE ANIMAL SYSTEM IN HEALTH, AND - THEIR UTILITY IN THE TREATMENT OF TETANUS - AND OTHER CONVULSIVE DISEASES.</p> - - -<p class="center p4 small"> BY</p> - -<p class="center"> W. B. O’SHAUGHNESSY, M.D.,</p> - -<p class="center small"> BENGAL ARMY,</p> - -<p class="center small"> Late Professor of Chemistry and Materia Medica in the Medical College - of Calcutta.</p> - - -<p class="center p4"> LONDON:</p> - -<p class="center small"> PRINTED BY S. TAYLOR, 6, CHANDOS-STREET, STRAND.</p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="center small"> [Reprinted from the Transactions of the Medical Society of Calcutta, 1838; - and from the Provincial Medical Journal, 1843.] -</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="INDIAN_HEMP_c">INDIAN HEMP, &c.</h2> -</div> -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p>The narcotic effects of hemp are popularly known in the South of -Africa, South America, Turkey, Egypt, Asia Minor, India, and the -adjacent territories of the Malays, Burmese, and Siamese. In all -these countries hemp is used in various forms, by the dissipated -and depraved, as the ready agent of a pleasing intoxication. In the -popular medicine of these nations, we find it extensively employed -for a multitude of affections, especially those in which spasm or -neuralgic pain are the prominent symptoms. But in Western Europe its -use, either as a stimulant or as a remedy, is equally unknown. With the -exception of the trial, as a frolic, of the Egyptian “hasheesh,” by a -few youths in Marseilles, and of the clinical use of the wine of hemp -by Hahnemann, as shown in a subsequent extract, I have been unable to -trace any notice of the employment of this drug in Europe.</p> - -<p>Much difference of opinion exists on the question, whether the hemp -so abundant in Europe, even in high northern latitudes, is identical -in specific characters with the hemp of Asia Minor and India. The -extraordinary symptoms produced by the latter depend on a resinous -secretion with which it abounds, and which seems totally absent in -the European kind. The closest physical resemblance or even identity -exists between both plants; difference of climate seems to me more -than sufficient to account for the absence of the resinous secretion, -and consequent want of narcotic power in that indigenous in colder -countries.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</span></p> - -<p>In the subsequent article I first endeavour to present an adequate -view of what has been recorded of the early history, the popular uses, -and employment in medicine of this powerful and valuable substance; I -then proceed to notice several experiments which I have instituted on -animals, with the view to ascertain its effects on the healthy system; -and, lastly, I submit an abstract of the clinical details of the -treatment of several patients afflicted with hydrophobia, tetanus, and -other convulsive disorders, in which a preparation of hemp was employed -with results, which seem to me to warrant our anticipating from its -more extensive and impartial use no inconsiderable addition to the -resources of the physician.</p> - -<p>In the historical and statistical department of the subject, I owe -my cordial thanks for most valuable assistance to the distinguished -traveller the Syed Keramut Ali, Mootawulee of the Hooghly Imambarrah, -and also to the Hakim Mirza Abdul Razes of Teheran, who have furnished -me with interesting details regarding the consumption of hemp in -Candahar, Cabul, and the countries between the Indus and Herat. The -Pandit Moodoosudun Gootu has favored me with notices of the statements -regarding hemp in the early Sanscrit authors on materia medica; to -the celebrated Kamalakantha Vidyalanka, the Pandit of the Asiatic -Society, I have also to record my acknowledgments; <abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> DaCosta has -obligingly supplied me with copious notes from the “Mukzun-ul-Udwieh,” -and other Persian and Hindee systems of materia medica. For information -relative to the varieties of the drug, and its consumption in Bengal, -<abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> McCann, the deputy superintendent of police, deserves my thanks; -and, lastly, to the medical gentlemen named in the sequel, I feel much -indebted for the clinical details with which they have enriched the -subject.</p> - - -<h3><i>Botanical Characters—Chemical Properties—Production.</i></h3> - -<p><i>Botanical Description.</i>—Assuming, with Lindley and other -eminent writers, that the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cannabis sativa</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Indica</i> are -identical, we find that the plant is diœcious, annual, about three<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</span> -feet high, covered over with a fine pubescence; the stem is erect, -branched, bright green, angular; leaves, alternate or opposite, on long -weak petioles; digitate, scabrous, with linear, lanceolate, sharply -serrated leaflets, tapering into a long smooth entire point; stipules -subulate; clusters of flowers axillary with subulate bractes; males lax -and drooping, branched and leafless at base; females erect, simple and -leafy at the base. Calyx downy, five parted, imbricated. Stamens five; -anthers large and pendulous. Calyx covered with brown glands. Ovary -roundish with pendulous ovule, and two long filiform glandular stigmas; -achenium ovate, one seeded.—<i>Vide Lindley’s Flora Medica</i>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 299.</p> - -<p>The fibres of the stems are long and extremely tenacious, so as to -afford the best tissue for cordage, thus constituting the material for -one of the most important branches of European manufactures.</p> - -<p>The seed is simply albuminous and oily, and is devoid of all narcotic -properties.</p> - -<p><i>Chemical Properties.</i>—In certain seasons and in warm countries -a resinous juice exudes and concretes on the leaves, slender stems, -and flowers; the mode of removing this juice will be subsequently -detailed. Separated and in masses it constitutes the <i>churrus</i><a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> -of Nipal and Hindostan, and to this, the type or basis of all the hemp -preparations, are the powers of these drugs attributable.</p> - -<p>The resin of the hemp is soluble in alcohol and æther; partially -soluble in alkaline, insoluble in acid solutions; when pure, of a -blackish grey color; hard at 90°; softens at higher temperatures, and -fuses readily; soluble in the fixed and in several volatile oils. Its -odor is fragrant and narcotic; taste slightly warm, bitterish, and -acrid.</p> - -<p>The dried hemp plant, which has flowered and <em>from which the resin -has not been removed</em>, is called <span class="allsmcap">GUNJAH</span>. It sells for -1s. 6d. to 2s. for 2 <abbr title="pounds">lbs.</abbr> in the Calcutta bazaars, and yields to -alcohol<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span> twenty per 100 of resinous extract, composed of the resin -(<i>churrus</i>), and green coloring matter (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">chlorophylle</i>). -Distilled with a large quantity of water or spirit, traces of essential -oil pass over, and the distilled liquor has the powerful narcotic -odor of the plant. The <i>gunjah</i> is sold for smoking chiefly. The -bundles of <i>gunjah</i> are about two feet long and four inches in -diameter, and contain twenty-four plants. The color is dusky green; the -odor agreeably narcotic; the whole plant resinous and adhesive to the -touch.</p> - -<p>The larger leaves and capsules, without the stalks, are called -“<i>bang</i>, <i>subjee</i>, or <i>sidhee</i>.” They are used for -making an intoxicating drink, for smoking, and in the conserve -or confection termed <i>majoon</i>. <i>Bang</i> is cheaper than -<i>gunjah</i>, and, though less powerful, is sold at such a low price -that for less than a half-penny enough can be purchased to intoxicate -an “experienced” person.</p> - -<p>According to <abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> McCann’s notes, the <i>gunjah</i> consumed in Bengal -is chiefly brought from Mirzapore and Ghazeepore, being extensively -cultivated near Gwalior and in Tirhoot. The natives cut the plant when -in flower, allow it to dry for three days, and then lay it in bundles -averaging two pounds weight each, which are distributed to the licensed -dealers. The best kinds are brought from Gwalior and Bhurtpore, and it -is also cultivated, of good quality, in a few gardens round Calcutta. -In Jessore, I am informed, the drug is produced of excellent quality -and to a very considerable extent of cultivation. In Central India, and -the Saugor territory, and in Nipal, <i>churrus</i> is collected during -the hot season in the following singular manner:—Men clad in leathern -dresses run through the hemp fields, brushing through the plant with -all possible violence; the soft resin adheres to the leather, and is -subsequently scraped off and kneaded into balls, which sell from 10s. -to 12s. for 2 <abbr title="pounds">lbs.</abbr> A still finer kind, the <i>momeea</i> or waxen -<i>churrus</i>, is collected by the hand in Nipal and sells for nearly -double the price of the ordinary kind. In Nipal, <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> McKinnon informs -me, the leathern attire is dispensed with, and the resin is gathered -on the skins of naked<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</span> coolies. In Persia, it is stated by Mirza Abdul -Razes that the <i>churrus</i> is prepared by pressing the resinous -plant on coarse cloths, and then scraping it from these and melting it -in a pot with a little warm water. He considers the <i>churrus</i> of -Herat as the best and most powerful of all the varieties of the drug.</p> - - -<h3><i>Popular Uses.</i></h3> - -<p>The preparations of hemp are used for the purpose of intoxication as -follows:—</p> - -<p><i>Sidhee</i>, <i>subjee</i>, and <i>bang</i> (synonymous) are used -with water as a drink, which is thus prepared. About three tola weight, -540 troy grains, are well washed with cold water, then dried and rubbed -to powder, mixed with black pepper, cucumber and melon seeds, sugar, -half a pint of milk, and an equal quantity of water. This is considered -sufficient to intoxicate an habituated person. Half the quantity is -enough for a novice. This composition is chiefly used by the Mahomedans -of the better class.</p> - -<p>Another recipe is as follows:—</p> - -<p>The same quantity of <i>sidhee</i> is washed, dried, and ground, mixed -with black pepper, and a quart of cold water added. This is drank at -one sitting. This is the favorite beverage of the Hindus who practice -this vice, especially the Birjobassies and many of the Rajpootana -soldiery.</p> - -<p>From either of these beverages intoxication will ensue in half an hour. -Almost invariably the inebriation is of the most cheerful kind, causing -the person to sing and dance, to eat food with great relish, and to -seek aphrodisiac enjoyments. In persons of a quarrelsome disposition -it occasions, as might be expected, an exasperation of their natural -tendency. The intoxication lasts about three hours, when sleep -supervenes. No nausea or sickness of the stomach succeeds, nor are the -bowels at all affected; next day there is slight giddiness and much -vascularity of the eyes, but no other symptom worth recording.</p> - -<p><i>Gunjah</i> is used for smoking only: one rupee weight, 180 grains, -and a little dried tobacco are rubbed together in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span> palm of the hand -with a few drops of water. This suffices for three persons. A little -tobacco is placed in the pipe first, then a layer of the prepared -<i>gunjah</i>, then more tobacco, and the fire above all.</p> - -<p>Four or five persons usually join in this debauch. The hookah is -passed round, and each person takes a single draught. Intoxication -ensues almost instantly; and from one draught to the unaccustomed, -within half an hour; and after four or five inspirations to those more -practised in the vice. The effects differ from those occasioned by the -<i>sidhee</i>. Heaviness, laziness, and agreeable reveries ensue, but -the person can be readily roused, and is able to discharge routine -occupations, such as pulling the punkah, waiting at table, &c.</p> - -<p>The <i>majoon</i>, or hemp confection, is a compound of sugar, butter, -flour, milk, and <i>sidhee</i> or <i>bang</i>. The process has been -repeatedly performed before me by Ameer, the proprietor of a celebrated -place of resort for hemp devotees in Calcutta, and who is considered -the best artist in his profession. Four ounces of <i>sidhee</i> and -an equal quantity of <i>ghee</i> (clarified butter) are placed in an -earthen or well-tinned vessel, a pint of water added, and the whole -warmed over a charcoal fire. The mixture is constantly stirred until -the water all boils away, which is known by the crackling noise of the -melted butter on the sides of the vessel; the mixture is then removed -from the fire, squeezed through cloth while hot—by which an oleaginous -solution of the active principles and coloring matter of the hemp is -obtained—and the leaves, fibres, &c., remaining on the cloth are -thrown away.</p> - -<p>The green oily solution soon concretes into a buttery mass, and is -then well washed by the hand with soft water so long as the water -becomes colored. The coloring matter and an extractive substance are -thus removed, and a very pale green mass, of the consistence of simple -ointment, remains. The washings are thrown away; Ameer says that these -are intoxicating, and produce constriction of the throat, great pain, -and very disagreeable and dangerous symptoms.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span></p> - -<p>The operator then takes two pounds of sugar, and, adding a little -water, places it in a pipkin over the fire. When the sugar dissolves -and froths, two ounces of milk are added; a thick scum rises and is -removed; more milk and a little water are added from time to time, -and the boiling continued about an hour, the solution being carefully -stirred until it becomes an adhesive clear syrup, ready to solidify -on a cold surface; four ounces of <i>tyre</i> (new milk dried before -the sun) in fine powder are now stirred in, and, lastly, the prepared -butter of hemp is introduced, brisk stirring being continued for a few -minutes. A few drops of uttur of roses are then quickly sprinkled in, -and the mixture poured from the pipkin on a flat cold dish or slab. -The mass concretes immediately into a thin cake, which is divided into -small lozenge-shaped pieces. Thus prepared it sells for 8s. the 2 lbs; -one drachm, by weight, will intoxicate a beginner; three drachms one -experienced in its use. The taste is sweet, and the odor very agreeable.</p> - -<p>Ameer states that there are seven or eight <i>majoon</i> makers in -Calcutta; that sometimes, by special order of customers, he introduces -stramonium seeds, but never nux vomica; that all classes of persons, -including the lower Portuguese or “Kala Feringhees,” and especially -their females, consume the drug; that it is most fascinating in its -effects, producing extatic happiness, a persuasion of high rank, a -sensation of flying, voracious appetite, and intense aphrodisiac -desire. He denies that its continued use leads to madness, impotence, -or to the numerous evil consequences described by the Arabic and -Persian physicians. Although I disbelieve Ameer’s statements on this -point, his description of the immediate effects of <i>majoon</i> is -strictly and accurately correct.</p> - -<p>Most carnivorous animals eat it greedily, and very soon experience its -narcotic effects, becoming ludicrously drunk, but seldom suffering any -worse consequences.</p> - - -<h3><i>Historical Details—Notices of Hemp and its Uses, by the Sanscrit, -Arabic, and Persian Writers.</i></h3> - -<p>The preceding notice suffices to explain the subsequent historical<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</span> -and medicinal details. I premise the historical, in order to show the -exact state of our knowledge of the subject, when I attempted its -investigation.</p> - -<p>Although the most eminent of the Arabic and Persian authors concur -in referring the origin of the practice of hemp intoxication to the -natives of Hindostan, it is remarkable that few traces can be detected -of the prevalence of the vice at any early period in India.</p> - -<p>The Pandit Moodoosudun Gooptu finds that the “Rajniguntu,” a -standard treatise on materia medica, which he estimates vaguely at -600 years date, gives a clear account of this agent. Its synonymes -are “<i>bijoya</i>,” “<i>ujoya</i>,” and “<i>joya</i>,” names which -mean promoters of success; “<i>brijputta</i>,” or the strengthener, -or the strong-leaved; “<i>chapola</i>,” the causer of a reeling -gait; “<i>ununda</i>,” or the laughter-moving; “<i>hursini</i>,” -the exciter of sexual desire. Its effects on man are described as -excitant, heating, astringent. It is added that it “destroys phlegm, -expels flatulence, induces costiveness, sharpens the memory, increases -eloquence, excites the appetite, and acts as a general tonic.”</p> - -<p>The “Rajbulubha,” a Sanscrit treatise of rather later date, alludes -to the use of hemp in gonorrhœa, and repeats the statements of the -“Rajniguntu.” In the Hindu Tantra, a religious treatise, teaching -peculiar and mystical formulæ and rites for the worship of the deities, -it is said, moreover, that <i>sidhee</i> is more intoxicating than wine.</p> - -<p>In the celebrated “Susruta,” which is perhaps the most ancient of all -Hindu medical works, it is written, that persons laboring under catarrh -should, with other remedies, use internally the <i>bijoya</i> or -<i>sidhee</i>. The effects, however, are not described.</p> - -<p>The learned Kamalakantha Vidyalanka has traced a notice of hemp in the -5th chapter of <i>Menu</i>, where Brahmins are prohibited to use the -following substances—<i>palandoo</i> or onions, <i>gunjara</i> or -<i>gunjah</i>, and such condiments as have strong and pungent scents.</p> - -<p>The Arabic and Persian writers are, however, far more<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span> voluminous and -precise in their accounts of these fascinating preparations. In the 1st -<abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> of De Sacy’s “Crestomathie Arabe” we find an extremely interesting -summary of the writings of Takim Eddin Makrizi on this subject. Lane -has noticed it too with his usual ability in his admirable work, “the -Modern Egyptians.” From these two sources, the MS. notes of the Syed -Keramut Ali and <abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> DaCosta, and a curious paper communicated by our -friend Mirza Abdul Razes, a most intelligent Persian physician, the -following epitome is compiled:—</p> - -<p>Makrizi treats of the hemp in his glowing description of the celebrated -Canton de la Timbaliere, the ancient pleasure grounds, in the vicinity -of Cairo. This quarter, after many vicissitudes, is now a heap of -ruins. In it was situated a cultivated valley named Djoneina, which -we are informed was the theatre of all conceivable abominations. It -was famous above all for the sale of the <i>hasheeha</i>, which is -still greedily consumed by the dregs of the populace, and from the -consumption of which sprung the excesses which led to the name of -“assassin” being given to the Saracens in the Holy Wars. The history of -the drug the author treats of thus:—The oldest work in which hemp is -noticed is a treatise by Hasan, who states that in the year 658, <span class="allsmcap">M. -E.</span> the Sheikh Djafar Shirazi, a monk of the order of Haider, -learned from his master the history of the discovery of hemp. Haider, -the chief of ascetics and self-chasteners, lived in rigid privation on -a mountain between Nishabor and Ramah, where he established a monastery -of Fakirs. Ten years he had spent in this retreat without leaving it -for a moment, till one burning summer’s day when he departed alone to -the fields. On his return an air of joy and gaiety was imprinted on -his countenance; he received the visits of his brethren and encouraged -their conversation. On being questioned, he stated that, struck by the -aspect of a plant which danced in the heat as if with joy, while all -the rest of the vegetable creation was torpid, he had gathered and -eaten of its leaves. He led his companions to the spot,—all ate and -all were similarly excited. A tincture of the hemp leaf in wine or -spirit seems to have<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</span> been the favourite formula in which the Sheikh -Haider indulged himself. An Arab poet sings of Haider’s <em>emerald</em> -cup—an evident allusion to the rich green colour of the tincture of -the drug. The Sheikh survived the discovery ten years, and subsisted -chiefly on this herb, and on his death his disciples by his desire -planted it in an arbour about his tomb.</p> - -<p>From this saintly sepulchre the knowledge of the effects of hemp is -stated to have spread into Khorasan. In Chaldea it was unknown until -728 <span class="allsmcap">M. E.</span> during the reign of the Khalif Mostansir Billah; -the kings of Ormus and Bahrein then introduced it into Chaldea, Syria, -Egypt, and Turkey.</p> - -<p>In Khorasan, however, it seems that the date of the use of hemp is -considered to be far prior to Haider’s era. Biraslan, an Indian -pilgrim, the contemporary of Cosröes,<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> is believed to have introduced -and diffused the custom through Khorasan and Yemen. In proof of the -great antiquity of the practice, certain passages in the works of -Hippocrates may be cited, in which some of its properties are clearly -described, but the difficulty of deciding whether the passages be -spurious or genuine, renders the fact of little value. Dioscorides -(lib. ij. cap. 169), describes hemp, but merely notices the emollient -properties of its seeds; its intoxicating effects must consequently be -regarded as unknown to the Greeks prior to his era, which is generally -agreed to be about the second century of the Christian epoch, and -somewhat subsequent to the life-time of Pliny.</p> - -<p>In the narrative of Makrizi we also learn that oxymel and acids are the -most powerful antidotes to the effects of this narcotic; next to these, -emetics, cold bathing, and sleep; and we are further told that it -possesses diuretic, astringent, and especially aphrodisiac properties. -Ibn Beitar was the first to record its tendency to produce mental -derangement, and he even states that it occasionally proves fatal.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span></p> - -<p>In 780 <span class="allsmcap">M. E.</span> very severe ordinances were passed in Egypt -against the practice; the Djoneina garden was rooted up, and all those -convicted of the use of the drug were subjected to the extraction of -their teeth; but in 799 the custom re-established itself with more -than original vigor. Makrizi draws an expressive picture of the evils -this vice then inflicted on its votaries—“As its consequence, general -corruption of sentiments and manners ensued, modesty disappeared, every -base and evil passion was openly indulged in, and nobility of external -form alone remained to these infatuated beings.”</p> - - -<h3><i>Medicinal Properties assigned to Hemp by the Ancient Arabian and -Persian Writers, and by Modern European Authors.</i></h3> - -<p>In the preceding notice of Makrizi’s writings on this subject, we -have confined ourselves chiefly to historical details, excluding -descriptions of supposed medicinal effects. The Mukzun-ul-Udwieh and -the Persian MS. in our possession, inform us as to the properties which -the ancient physicians attributed to this powerful narcotic.</p> - -<p>In <abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> DaCosta’s MS. version of the chapter on hemp in the -Mukzun-ul-Udwieh, <i>churrus</i>, we are informed, if smoked through -a pipe, causes torpor and intoxication, and often proves fatal to the -smoker. Three kinds are noticed, the <i>garden</i>, <i>wild</i>, and -<i>mountain</i>, of which the last is deemed the strongest; the seeds -are called <i>sheadana</i> or <i>shaldaneh</i> in Persia. These are -said to be “a compound of opposite qualities, cold and dry in the third -degree—that is to say, stimulant and sedative, imparting at first a -gentle reviving heat, and then a considerable refrigerant effect.”</p> - -<p>The contrary qualities of the plant, its stimulant and sedative -effects, are prominently dwelt on. “They at first exhilarate the -spirits, cause cheerfulness, give color to the complexion, bring on -intoxication, excite the imagination into the most rapturous ideas, -produce thirst, increase appetite, excite concupiscence. Afterwards the -sedative effects begin to preside, the spirits sink, the vision darkens -and weakens; and madness,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span> melancholy, fearfulness, dropsy, and such -like distempers, are the sequel—and the seminal secretions dry up. -These effects are increased by sweets, and combated by acids.”</p> - -<p>The author of the Mukzun-ul-Udwieh further informs us—</p> - -<p>“The leaves make a good snuff for deterging the brain; the juice of -the leaves applied to the head as a wash, removes dandriff and vermin; -drops of the juice thrown into the ear allay pain and destroy worms or -insects. It checks diarrhœa, is useful in gonorrhœa, restrains seminal -secretions, and is diuretic. The bark has a similar effect.”</p> - -<p>“The powder is recommended as an external application to fresh wounds -and sores, and for causing granulations; a poultice of the boiled root -and leaves for discussing inflammations, and cure of erysipelas, and -for allaying neuralgic pains. The dried leaves, bruised and spread on -a castor oil leaf, cure hydrocele and swelled testes. The <i>dose</i> -internally is one <i>direm</i>, or forty-eight grains. The antidotes -are emetics, cow’s milk, hot water, and sorrel wine.”</p> - -<p>Alluding to its popular uses, the author dwells on the eventual evil -consequences of the indulgence; weakness of the digestive organs first -ensues, followed by flatulency, indigestion, swelling of the limbs -and face, change of complexion, diminution of sexual vigor, loss of -teeth, heaviness, cowardice, depraved and wicked ideas; scepticism in -religious tenets, licentiousness, and ungodliness are also enumerated -in the catalogue of deplorable results.</p> - -<p>The medicinal properties of hemp, in various forms, are the subject -of some interesting notes by Mirza Abdul Razes. “It produces a -ravenous appetite and constipation, arrests the secretions except -that of the liver, excites wild imagining, especially a sensation of -ascending, forgetfulness of all that happens during its use, and such -mental exultation, that <em>the beholders attribute it to supernatural -inspiration</em>.”</p> - -<p>Mirza Abdul considers hemp to be a powerful exciter of the flow of -bile, and relates cases of its efficacy in restoring appetite—of -its utility as an external application as a poultice with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</span> milk, in -relieving hæmorrhoids, and internally in gonorrhœa. A quarter of a -drachm of <i>bangh</i> is given in water as the dose in gonorrhœa. He -states, also, that the habitual smokers of <i>gunjah</i> generally die -of diseases of the lungs, dropsy, and anasarca, “so do the eaters of -<i>majoon</i> and smokers of <i>sidhee</i>, but at a later period. The -inexperienced on first taking it are often senseless for a day, some go -mad, others are known to die.”</p> - -<p>In the 35th chapter of the 5th volume of “Rumphius’ Herbarium -Amboinense,” <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 208, Ed. Amsterd. <span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1695, we find a long -and very good account of the hemp, illustrated by two excellent plates. -The subjoined is an epitome of Rumphius’ article:—</p> - -<p>Rumphius first describes botanically the male and female hemp -plants, of which he gives two admirable drawings. He assigns the -upper provinces of India as its <em>habitat</em>, and states it to be -cultivated in Java and Amboyna. He then notices very briefly the -exciting effects ascribed to the leaf, and to mixtures thereof with -spices, camphor, and opium. He alludes doubtingly to its alleged -aphrodisiac powers, and states that the kind of mental excitement -it produces depends on the temperament of the consumer. He quotes a -passage from Galen, lib. i. (de aliment. facult.), in which it is -asserted that in that great writer’s time it was customary to give -hemp seed to the guests at banquets as a promoter of hilarity and -enjoyment. Rumphius adds, that the Mahomedáns in his neighbourhood -frequently sought for the male plant from his garden, to be given to -persons afflicted with virulent gonorrhœa and with asthma, or the -affection which is popularly called “stitches in the side.” He tells -us, moreover, that the powdered leaves check diarrhœa, are stomachic, -cure the malady named <i>pitao</i>, and moderate excessive secretion -of bile. He mentions the use of hemp smoke as an enema in strangulated -hernia, and of the leaves as an antidote to poisoning by orpiment. -Lastly, he notices in the two subsequent chapters varieties of hemp, -which he terms the <i>gunjah sativa</i> and <i>gunjah agrestis</i>.</p> - -<p>In the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hortus Malabaricus</i>, Rheede’s article on the hemp is a -mere echo of Rumphius’ statements.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</span></p> - -<p>Among modern European writers the only information I could trace on -the <em>medicinal</em> use of hemp <em>in Europe</em>, is in the recent -work of Nees v. Esenbeck, from which the following is an extract kindly -supplied by <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Wallich:—</p> - -<p>“The fresh herb of the hemp has a very powerful and unpleasant -narcotic smell, and is used in the East in combination with opium in -the preparation of intoxicating potions, &c. It is probable that the -<i>nepenthe</i> of the ancients was prepared from the leaves of this -plant. Many physicians, Hahnemann among them, prescribe the vinous -extract in various nervous disorders, where opium and hyoscyamus used -to be employed, being less heating and devoid of bitterness.”<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p> - -<p>No information as to the <em>medicinal</em> effects of hemp exists in the -standard works on materia medica, to which I have access. Soubeiran, -Feé, Merat and de Lens, in their admirable dictionary; Chevalier and -Richard, Roques (Phytographie Medicale); Ratier and Henry (Pharmacopeé -Française); and the Dictionnaire des Sciences Medicales, are all -equally silent on the subject.</p> - -<p>In “Ainslie’s Materia Indica,” 2nd <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr>, we find three notices of this -plant and its preparations.</p> - -<p>At page 39 “banghie” (<i>Tamul</i>), with the Persian and Hindee -synonymes of “beng” and “subjee,” is described as an intoxicating -liquor prepared with the leaves of the <i>gunjah</i> or hemp plant.</p> - -<p>Under the head “<i>gunjah</i>,” Ainslie gives numerous synonymes, and -tells us that the leaves are sometimes prescribed in cases of diarrhœa; -and in conjunction with turmeric, onions, and warm gingilie oil, are -made into an unction for painful protruded piles. <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Ainslie also -gives a brief view of the popular uses and botanical characters of the -plant.</p> - -<p><i>Majoon</i>, lastly, is described by <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Ainslie, page 176, as a -preparation of sugar, milk, ghee, poppy seeds, flowers of the datura, -powder of nux vomica, and sugar. The true <i>majoon</i>,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</span> however, as -prepared in Bengal, contains neither datura nor nux vomica. I have -already described the process by which it has been manufactured before -me.</p> - -<p>In the “Journal de Pharmacie,” the most complete magazine in existence -on all pharmaceutical subjects, we find hemp noticed in several -volumes. In the “Bulletin de Pharmacie,” t. <span class="allsmcap">V.A.</span> 1810, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 400, -we find it briefly described by M. Rouyer, apothecary to Napoleon, and -member of the Egyptian scientific commission, in a paper on the popular -remedies of Egypt. With the leaves and tops, he tells us, collected -before ripening, the Egyptians prepare a conserve, which serves as the -base of the <i>berch</i>, the <i>diasmouk</i>, and the <i>bernaouy</i>. -Hemp leaves reduced to powder, and incorporated with honey or stirred -with water, constitute the <i>berch</i> of the poor classes. The same -work also (Bulletin, <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> i., <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 523, <span class="allsmcap">A.</span> 1809) contains a -very brief notice of the intoxicating preparations of hemp, read by M. -De Sacy before the Institute of France, in July, 1809. M. De Sacy’s -subsequent analysis of Makrizi, of which I have given an outline, is, -however, much more copious in details than the article in the Bulletin.</p> - -<p>Professor Royle in his admirable work, entitled “Illustrations of the -Botany, &c. of the Himalayas,” <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 334, gives a very brief notice of the -synonymes and epithets of the hemp resin, and mentions its intoxicating -properties, but affords us no information on its medicinal effects.</p> - - -<h3><i>Experiments by the Author—Inferences as to the Action of the Drug -on Animals and Man.</i></h3> - -<p>Such was the amount of preliminary information before me, by which I -was guided in my subsequent attempts to gain more accurate knowledge -of the action, powers, and possible medicinal applications of this -remarkable agent.</p> - -<p>There was sufficient to show that hemp possesses, in small doses, an -extraordinary power of stimulating the digestive organs, exciting the -cerebral system, of acting also on the generative apparatus. Larger -doses, again, were shown by the historical statements to induce -insensibility or to act as a powerful sedative.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</span> The influence of the -drug in allaying pain was equally manifest in all the memoirs referred -to. As to the evil sequelæ so unanimously dwelt on by all writers, -these did not appear to me so numerous, so immediate, or so formidable, -as many which may be clearly traced to over-indulgence in other -powerful stimulants or narcotics—viz, alcohol, opium, or tobacco.</p> - -<p>The dose in which the hemp preparations might be administered, -constituted, of course, one of the first objects of inquiry. Ibn Beitar -had mentioned a <i>direm</i>, or forty-eight grains of <i>churrus</i>; -but this dose seemed to me so enormous, that I deemed it expedient to -proceed with much smaller quantities. How fortunate was this caution, -the sequel will sufficiently denote.</p> - -<p>An extensive series of experiments on animals was in the first place -undertaken, among which the following may be cited:—</p> - -<p><i><abbr title="experiment">Expt.</abbr></i> 1.—Ten grains of Nipalese <i>churrus</i>, dissolved in -spirit were given to a middling sized dog. In half an hour he became -stupid and sleepy, dozing at intervals, starting up, wagging his tail -as if extremely contented; he ate some food greedily; on being called -to he staggered to and fro, and his face assumed a look of utter and -helpless drunkenness. These symptoms lasted about two hours, and then -gradually passed away; in six hours he was perfectly well and lively.</p> - -<p><i><abbr title="experiment">Expt.</abbr></i> 2.—One drachm of <i>majoon</i> was given to a small -sized dog; he ate it with great delight, and in twenty minutes was -ridiculously drunk; in four hours his symptoms passed away, also -without harm.</p> - -<p><i>Expts.</i> 3, 4, and 5.—Three kids had ten grains each of the -alcoholic extract of <i>gunjah</i>. In one no effect was produced; in -the second there was much heaviness, and some inability to move; in -the third a marked alteration of countenance was conspicuous, but no -further effect.</p> - -<p><i><abbr title="experiment">Expt.</abbr></i> 6.—Twenty grains were given, dissolved in a little -spirit, to a dog of very small size. In a quarter of an hour he was -intoxicated; in half an hour he had great difficulty of movement; in -an hour he had lost all power over the hinder extremities, which were -rather stiff but flexible; sensibility did not seem<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</span> to be impaired, -and the circulation was natural. He readily acknowledged calls by an -attempt to rise up. In four hours he was quite well.</p> - -<p>In none of these or several other experiments was there the least -indication of pain, or any degree of convulsive movement observed.</p> - -<p>It seems needless to dwell on the details of each experiment; -suffice it to say that they led to one remarkable result—that while -carnivorous animals and fish, dogs, cats, swine, vultures, crows, and -adjutants, invariably exhibited the intoxicating influence of the drug, -the graminivorous, such as the horse,<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> deer, monkey, goat, sheep, and -cow, experienced but trivial effects from any dose we administered.</p> - -<p>Encouraged by these results, no hesitation could be felt as to the -perfect safety of giving the resin of hemp an extensive trial in the -cases in which its apparent powers promised the greatest degree of -utility.</p> - - -<h3><i>Cases of Rheumatism treated by Hemp. Catalepsy produced by one -grain.</i></h3> - -<p>The first cases selected were two of acute rheumatism and one of that -disease in the chronic form, occurring among the patients in the -Clinical Hospital of the Medical College. In the two former but little -relief had been derived from a fair trial of antiphlogistic measures, -and of Dover’s powder with antimonials; in the last case, sarsaparilla -at first, and subsequently the Hemidesmus Indicus with warm baths had -been tried without advantage.</p> - -<p>On the 6th November, 1838, one grain of the resin of hemp was -administered in solution, at two, p.m., to each of these three patients.</p> - -<p>At four, p.m., it was reported that one was becoming very talkative, -was singing songs, calling loudly for an extra supply<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</span> of food, and -declaring himself in perfect health. The other two patients remained -unaffected.</p> - -<p>At six, p.m., I received a report to the same effect, but stating that -the first patient was now falling asleep.</p> - -<p>At eight, p.m., I was alarmed by an emergent note from Nobinchunder -Mitter, the clinical clerk on duty, desiring my immediate attendance -at the hospital, as the patient’s symptoms were very peculiar and -formidable. I went to the hospital without delay, and found him lying -on his cot quite insensible, but breathing with perfect regularity, -his pulse and skin natural, and the pupils freely contractile on the -approach of light.</p> - -<p>Alarmed and pained beyond description at such a state of things, I -hurried to the other patients—found one asleep, the third awake, -intelligent, and free from any symptoms of intoxication or alarm.</p> - -<p>Returning then to the first, an emetic was directed to be prepared, -and while waiting for it I chanced to lift up the patient’s arm. The -professional reader will judge of my astonishment, when I found that -it remained in the posture in which I placed it. It required but a -very brief examination of the limbs to find that the patient had by -the influence of this narcotic been thrown into that strange and most -extraordinary of all nervous conditions, into that state which so few -have seen, and the existence of which so many still discredit—the -genuine <em>catalepsy</em> of the nosologist.</p> - -<p>It had been my good fortune years before to have witnessed two -unequivocal cases of this disorder. One occurred in the female clinical -ward in Edinburgh, under <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Duncan’s treatment, and was reported by -myself for the “Lancet,” in 1828. The second took place in 1831, in a -family with whom I resided in London. This case was witnessed by <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> -Silver, <abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> G. Mills, and several other professional friends. In both -these cases the cataleptic state was established in full perfection, -and in both the paroxysm terminated suddenly without any evil -consequence.</p> - -<p>To return to our patient; we raised him to a sitting posture,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</span> and -placed his arms and limbs in every imaginable attitude. A waxen figure -could not be more pliant or more stationary in each position, no matter -how contrary to the natural influence of gravity on the part.</p> - -<p>To all impressions he was meanwhile almost insensible; he made no -sign of understanding questions; could not be aroused. A sinapism to -the epigastrium caused no sign of pain. The pharynx and its coadjutor -muscles acted freely in the deglutition of the stimulant remedies which -I thought it advisable to administer, although the manifest cataleptic -state had freed me altogether of the anxiety under which I before -labored.</p> - -<p>The second patient had meanwhile been roused by the noise in the ward, -and seemed vastly amused at the strange aspect and the statue-like -attitudes in which the first patient had been placed, when on a -sudden he uttered a loud peal of laughter, and exclaimed that “four -spirits were springing with his bed into the air.” In vain we -attempted to pacify him; his laughter became momentarily more and more -incontrollable. We now observed that the limbs were rather rigid, and -in a few minutes more his arms or legs could be bent, and would remain -in any desired position. A strong stimulant drink was immediately -given, and a sinapism applied. Of the latter he made no complaint, but -his intoxication led him to such noisy exclamations that we had to -remove him to a separate room; here he soon became tranquil, his limbs -in less than an hour gained their natural condition, and in two hours -he represented himself to be perfectly well and excessively hungry.</p> - -<p>The first patient continued cataleptic till one, a.m., when -consciousness and voluntary motion quickly returned, and by two, a.m., -he was exactly in the same state as the second patient.</p> - -<p>The third man experienced no effect whatever, and on further inquiry -it was found that he was habituated to the use of <i>gunjah</i> in the -pipe.</p> - -<p>On the following day it gave me much pleasure to find that both the -individuals above mentioned were not only uninjured<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</span> by the narcotic, -but much relieved of their rheumatism; they were discharged quite cured -in three days after.</p> - -<p>The fourth case of trial was an old muscular cooley, a rheumatic -malingerer, and to him half a grain of hemp resin was given in a little -spirit. The first day’s report will suffice for all:—In two hours the -old gentleman became talkative and musical, told several stories, and -sang songs to a circle of highly delighted auditors, ate the dinners -of two persons subscribed for him in the ward, sought also for other -luxuries we can scarcely venture to allude to—and finally fell soundly -asleep, and so continued till the following morning. On the noon-day -visit, he expressed himself free from headache or any other unpleasant -sequel, and begged hard for a repetition of the medicine, in which he -was indulged for a few days and then discharged.</p> - -<p>In several cases of acute and chronic rheumatism admitted about this -time, half-grain doses of the resin were given, with closely analogous -effects; alleviation of pain in most, remarkable increase of appetite -in all, unequivocal aphrodisia, and great mental cheerfulness. In -no one case did these effects proceed to delirium, or was there any -tendency to quarrelling. The disposition developed was uniform in -all, and in none was headache or sickness of stomach a sequel of the -excitement.</p> - - -<h3><i>Case of Hydrophobia.</i></h3> - -<p>A case now occurred in which the influence of a narcotic, capable -either of cheering or of inducing harmless insensibility, would be -fraught with blessings to the wretched patient.</p> - -<p>On the 22nd November, at eight, a.m., a note in English was handed to -me by my servant, entreating my assistance for the Hakim Abdullah, then -at my gate, who had been bitten by a rabid dog three weeks before, -and who feared that the miserable consequences of the bite already -had commenced. I found the poor man in a carriage; he was perfectly -composed, though quite convinced of the desperate nature of his case. -He told me that the evening before, on passing near a tank, he started -in alarm, and since then was unable to swallow liquid.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</span> His eye was -restless, suspicious, and wild; his features anxious; his pulse 125; -his skin bedewed with cold moisture; he stated nevertheless that he -wished for food and felt well. A small red and painful cicatrix existed -on the left fore-arm.</p> - -<p>He was immediately removed to the hospital, where I accompanied -him. By his own desire water was brought in a metallic vessel, -which he grasped, and brought near his lips; never can I forget the -indescribable horrors of the paroxysm which ensued. It abated in -about three minutes, and morbid thirst still goading the unhappy -man, he besought his servant to apply a moistened cloth to his lips. -Intelligent and brave, he determinately awaited the contact of the -cloth, and for a few seconds, though in appalling agony, permitted some -drops to trickle on his tongue; but then ensued a second struggle, -which, with a due share of the callousness of my profession, I could -not stand by to contemplate.</p> - -<p>Two grains of hemp resin in a soft pillular mass were ordered every -hour; after the third dose, he stated that he felt commencing -intoxication; he now chatted cheerfully on his case, and displayed -great intelligence and experience in the treatment of the very disease -with which he was visited. He talked calmly of drinking, but said it -was in vain to try—but he could suck an orange; this was brought to -him, and he succeeded in swallowing the juice without any difficulty.</p> - -<p>The hemp was continued till the sixth dose, when he fell asleep and had -some hours’ rest. Early the ensuing morning, however, <abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> Siddons, my -assistant, was called up to him, and found him in a state of tumultuous -agony and excitement; tortured by thirst he attempted to drink; but I -will spare the reader the details of the horrors which ensued.</p> - -<p>The hemp was again repeated; and again, by the third dose, the cheering -alleviation of the previous day was witnessed. He ate a piece of -sugar-cane, and again swallowed the juice; he partook freely of some -moistened rice, and permitted a purgative enema to be administered; -his pulse was nearly natural; the skin natural in every respect; his -countenance was happy. On<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</span> <em>one</em> subject only was he incoherent, -and even here was manifested the powerful and peculiar influence of the -narcotic. He spoke in raptures of the ladies of his <i>zenana</i>, and -his anxiety to be with them. We ascertained, however, that he had no -such establishment.</p> - -<p>Four days thus passed away, the doses of hemp being continued. When he -fell asleep, on waking the paroxysms returned, but were again almost -immediately assuaged as at first. Meanwhile, purgative enemata were -employed, and he partook freely of solid food, and once drank water -without the least suffering. But about three, p.m., of the fifth day he -sunk into a profound stupor, the breathing slightly stertorous; in this -state he continued, and without further struggle death terminated his -sufferings at four, a.m., on the 27th of November.</p> - -<p>Reviewing the preceding summary of this interesting case, it seems -evident that at least one advantage was gained from the use of the -remedy—the awful malady was stripped of its horrors; if not less fatal -than before, it was reduced to less than the scale of suffering which -precedes death from most ordinary diseases. It must be remembered, -too, that in this, the first case ever so treated, I possessed no data -to guide me as to the dose or manner of administration of the drug. -The remarkable cases of tetanus detailed in the sequel throw light -on these important points, and will lead, in future cases, to the -unhesitating administration of much larger quantities than at first I -ventured to employ. I am not, however, rash enough to indulge the hope -which involuntarily forces itself upon me, that we will ever from this -narcotic derive an effectual remedy for even a solitary case of this -disease; but next to cure, the physician will perhaps esteem the means -which enable him “to strew the path to the tomb with flowers,” and to -divest of its <em>specific</em> terrors the most dreadful malady to which -mankind is exposed.</p> - -<p>While the preceding case was under treatment, and exciting the utmost -interest in the school, several pupils commenced experiments on -themselves to ascertain the effects of the drug. In all, the state of -the pulse was noted before taking a dose,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</span> and subsequently the effects -were observed by two pupils of much intelligence. The result of several -trials was, that in as small doses as a quarter of a grain the pulse -was increased in fulness and frequency; the surface of the body glowed; -the appetite became extraordinary; vivid ideas crowded the mind; -unusual loquacity occurred; and, with scarcely any exception, great -aphrodisia was experienced.</p> - -<p>In one pupil, Dinonath Dhur, a retiring lad of excellent habits, ten -drops of the tincture, equal to a quarter of a grain of the resin, -induced in twenty minutes the most amusing effects I ever witnessed. -A shout of laughter ushered in the symptoms, and a transitory state -of cataleptic rigidity occurred for two or three minutes. Summoned -to witness the effects, we found him enacting the part of a Rajah -giving orders to his courtiers; he could recognise none of his fellow -students or acquaintances; all to his mind seemed as altered as his own -condition; he spoke of many years having passed since his student’s -days; described his teachers and friends with a piquancy which a -dramatist would envy; detailed the adventures of an imaginary series -of years, his travels, his attainment of wealth and power; he entered -on discussions on religious, scientific, and political topics, with -astonishing eloquence, and disclosed an extent of knowledge, reading, -and a ready apposite wit, which those who knew him best were altogether -unprepared for. For three hours and upwards he maintained the character -he at first assumed, and with a degree of ease and dignity perfectly -becoming his high situation. A scene more interesting it would be -difficult to imagine. It terminated nearly as suddenly as it commenced, -and no headache, sickness, or other unpleasant symptom followed the -innocent excess.</p> - -<p>In the symptoms above described we are unavoidably led to trace a close -resemblance to the effects produced by the reputed inspiration of the -Delphic oracles; perhaps it would not be very erroneous to conclude -that it was referable to the same kind of excitement.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</span></p> - - -<h3><i>Use in Cholera.</i></h3> - -<p>An epidemic cholera prevailing at this period, two of the students -administered the tincture of hemp in several cases of that disease, -and cures were daily reported by its alleged efficacy. <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Goodeve was -thus led to try it in several cases, and his report was in the highest -degree favorable. The diarrhœa was in every instance checked, and the -stimulating effects of the drug clearly manifested. The durwan of the -college, an athletic Rajpoot, was attacked, and came under my treatment -after he had been ill seven hours; he was pulseless, cold, and in a -state of imminent danger, the characteristic evacuations streaming from -him without effort. Half a grain of the hemp resin was given, and in -twenty minutes the pulse returned, the skin became warm, the purging -ceased, and he fell asleep. In an hour he was cataleptic, and continued -so for several hours. In the morning he was perfectly well and at his -duty as usual.</p> - -<p>It is but fair to state, however, that the character of the epidemic -was not at the time malignant. I admit the cases to be inconclusive, -but I conceive them to be promising, and that they deserve the due -attention of the practitioner.</p> - -<p>Since this passage was written in 1838, the tincture of hemp has been -used in a great number of cases, both European and native, in the -hospital of the Medical College. I know no remedy equal to it as a -general and steady stimulant when given to <em>Europeans</em> in half -drachm doses during the tractable stage of this disease. I have known -the pulse and heat return and the purging checked by a single dose. It -allays vomiting much more certainly than the opium preparations, and -is not more likely than these to lead to cerebral congestion on the -cessation of cholera symptoms. The cheering effect on the patient’s -spirits is not the least benefit this remedy confers.</p> - -<p>In <em>native</em> cases much less advantage was obtained; nearly all -this class of patients were old gunjah smokers.</p> - - -<h3><i>Use in Tetanus.</i></h3> - -<p>I now proceed to notice a class of most important cases, in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</span> which the -results obtained are of the character which warrants me in regarding -the powers of the remedy as satisfactorily and incontrovertibly -established. I allude to its use in the treatment of traumatic -<i>tetanus</i>, or lock-jaw, next to hydrophobia, perhaps the most -intractable and agonising of the whole catalogue of human maladies.</p> - -<p>The first case of this disease treated by hemp was that of Ramjan -Khan, aged thirty, admitted to the College Hospital, on the 13th of -December, 1838, for a sloughing ulcer on the back of the left hand. -Five days previously a native empiric had applied a red hot <i>gool</i> -(the mixture of charcoal and tobacco used in the hookah) to the back -of the left wrist, as a remedy for chronic dysentery and spleen. The -patient’s brother was similarly cauterised on the same day. In both -sloughing took place down to the tendons. Symptoms of tetanus occurred -on the 24th of December. The brother, who had refused to avail himself -of European aid, had been seized with tetanus at his own home four -days previously, and died after three days’ illness. On the 26th -December spasms set in, and recurred at intervals of a few minutes; the -muscles of the abdomen, neck, and jaws became firmly and permanently -contracted. Large doses of opium with calomel having been administered -for some hours, without the least alleviation of symptoms, and his -case having on consultation been pronounced completely hopeless, I -obtained <abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> Egerton’s permission to subject the poor man to the trial -of the hemp resin. Two grains were first given at half past two, p.m., -dissolved in a little spirit. In half an hour the patient felt giddy; -at five, p.m., his eyes were closed, he felt sleepy, and expressed -himself much intoxicated.</p> - -<p>He slept at intervals during the night, but on waking had convulsive -attacks.</p> - -<p>On the 27th, two grains were given every third hour (a purgative enema -was also administered, which operated three times); the stiffness of -the muscles became much less towards evening, but the spasms returned -at intervals as before; pulse and skin natural.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</span></p> - -<p>28. Improved; is lethargic but intelligent; spasms occasionally occur, -but at much longer intervals, and in less severity.</p> - -<p>29. Dose of hemp increased to three grains every second hour. Symptoms -moderating.</p> - -<p>30. Much intoxicated; continues to improve.</p> - -<p>January 1, 1839. A hemp cataplasm applied to the ulcer, and internal -use of remedy continued. Towards evening was much improved; spasms -trivial; no permanent rigidity; had passed two <em>dysenteric stools</em>.</p> - -<p>2. Morning report: Had passed a good night, and seems much better. -Evening report: Doing remarkably well.</p> - -<p>3, 4, and 5. Continues to improve. Hemp resin in two grain doses every -fifth hour.</p> - -<p>6. Five, p.m.—Feverish; skin hot; pulse quick; all tetanic symptoms -gone; passing mucous and bloody stools. Leeches to abdomen; a starch -and opium enema with three grains of acetate of lead every second hour; -tepid sponging to the body; hemp omitted.</p> - -<p>7. Six, a.m.—Still feverish; stools frequent, mucous; abdomen tender -on pressure; no appetite; the ulcer sloughy, ragged, and offensive. -Opium and acetate of lead continued; abdomen leeched; sore dressed with -water. At noon there was slight rigidity of abdominal muscles. Hemp -resumed. At three, p.m., became intoxicated and hungry; ulcer extremely -dry, foul, and abominably fœtid; towards evening rigidity ceased. Hemp -discontinued.</p> - -<p>From this day the tetanus may be considered to have ceased altogether, -but the dysenteric symptoms continued, despite of the use of opium -and acetate of lead; the ulcer, too, proved utterly intractable. Some -improvement in the dysenteric symptoms occurred from the 10th to the -15th, when natural stools were passed. He seemed gaining strength, -but the wound was in no wise improved; the slough, on the contrary, -threatened to spread, and two metacarpal bones lay loose in the centre -of the sore; on consultation it was agreed to amputate the arm, but to -this the patient peremptorily objected. The mortification<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</span> now spread -rapidly, and, to our infinite regret, he died of exhaustion on the -night of the 23rd of January.</p> - -<p>An unprejudiced review of the preceding details exhibits the sedative -powers of the remedy in the most favorable light; and, although the -patient died, it must be remembered that it was of a different disease, -over which it is not presumed that the hemp possesses the least power.</p> - -<p>The <em>second</em> case was that of Chunoo Syce (treated by <abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> -O’Brien, at the Native Hospital), in whom tetanus supervened on the -11th of December, after an injury from the kick of a horse. After -an ineffectual trial of turpentine and castor oil in large doses, -two grain doses of hemp resin were given on the 16th of December. He -consumed in all 134 grains of the resin, and left the hospital cured on -the 28th of December.</p> - -<p><i>Third case.</i>—Huroo, a female, aged twenty-five, admitted to -the Native Hospital on the 16th of December; had tetanus for the -three previous days, the sequel of a cut on the left elbow received a -fortnight before. Symptoms violent on admission. Turpentine and castor -oil given repeatedly without effect; on the 16th and 17th, three grains -of hemp resin were given at bed-time. On the morning of the 18th she -was found in a state of complete catalepsy, and remained so until -evening, when she became sensible, and a tetanic paroxysm recurred. -Hemp resumed, and continued in two grain doses every fourth hour. She -subsequently took a grain twice daily till the 8th of February, when -she left the hospital apparently quite well.</p> - -<p><abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> O’Brien has since used the hemp resin in five cases, of which four -were admitted in a perfectly hopeless state. He employed the remedy in -<em>ten grain doses</em> dissolved in spirit. The effect he describes -as almost immediate relaxation of the muscles and interruption of the -convulsive tendency. Of <abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> O’Brien’s seven cases four have recovered.</p> - -<p>In the Police Hospital of Calcutta, the late <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Bain has used the -remedy in three cases of traumatic tetanus, of these one has died and -two recovered.</p> - -<p>A very remarkable case has recently occurred in the practice<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</span> of my -cousin, <abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> Richard O’Shaughnessy. The patient was a Jew, aged thirty, -attacked with tetanus during the progress of a sloughing sore of the -scrotum, the sequel of a neglected hydrocele. Three grain doses were -used every second hour with the effect of inducing intoxication and -suspending the symptoms. The patient has recovered perfectly, and now -enjoys excellent health.</p> - -<p>Beside the preceding cases I have heard of two of puerperal trismus -treated in native females. Both terminated fatally, an event which -cannot discredit the remedy, when it is remembered that the Hindoo -native females of all ranks are placed, during and subsequent to their -confinement, in a cell, within which large logs of wood are kept -constantly ignited. The temperature of these dens I have found to -exceed 120° of Fahrenheit’s scale.</p> - -<p>A curious coincidental proof of the value of hemp in these cases has -very recently come to my notice. In the appendix to Sir James Murray’s -“Medical Essays,” <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 16, dated Dublin 1837, occurs the following -passage:—“Having written the substance of these pages (Sir James’s -work) to my brother, then assistant-surgeon of the 60th Rifles, at the -Cape of Good Hope, he mentioned that a plant called <i>dyka</i>, or -wild hemp, which grows on the eastern coast of Africa, is used by the -natives for this purpose (the relief of puerperal convulsions), and -that they all, male and female, smoke it to bring on perfect relaxation -and relief from pain and spasm of any kind during its relaxing -influence.”</p> - -<p>The preceding facts are offered to the professional reader with -unfeigned diffidence as to the inferences I feel disposed to derive -from their consideration. To me they seem unequivocally to show that -when given boldly and in large doses the resin of hemp is capable of -arresting effectually the progress of this formidable disease, and in a -large proportion of cases of effecting a perfect cure.</p> - -<p>The facts are such at least as justify the hope that the virtues of -the drug may be widely and severely tested in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</span> multitudes of these -appalling cases which present themselves in all Indian hospitals.</p> - -<p>Messrs. Hughes and Templar, eminent veterinary surgeons of Calcutta, -have used the hemp resin in five cases of horses suffering from -tetanus; of these three have recovered. <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Sawyers, of the medical -board, has cured a pony similarly affected.</p> - -<p>Drs. Esdaile and Macrae have used the hemp with success; the former -in a case of tetanus; the latter in one of convulsions from neuralgia -of the testis, which had resisted every other remedy, and for which -the removal of the organ had been decided on. In the “London Medical -Gazette” <abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> Lewis gives a case of tetanus in which the hemp was used -with great relief to the symptoms, although it did not effect a cure.</p> - - -<h3><i>Case of Infantile Convulsions.</i></h3> - -<p>A very interesting case of this disease has recently occurred in my -private practice, the particulars of which I have the permission of the -family to insert in this paper.</p> - -<p>A female infant, forty days old, the child of <abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> and Mrs. J. L., of -Calcutta, on the 10th of September had a slight attack of convulsions, -which recurred chiefly at night for about a fortnight, and for which -the usual purgatives—warm baths and a few doses of calomel and -chalk—were given without effect. On the 23rd the convulsive paroxysms -became very severe, and the bowels being but little deranged two -leeches were applied to the head. Leeches, purgatives, and opiates, -were alternately resorted to, and without the slightest benefit, up to -the 30th of September.</p> - -<p>On that day the attacks were almost unceasing, and amounted to regular -tetanic paroxysms. The child had, moreover, completely lost appetite -and was emaciating rapidly.<a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p> - -<p>I had by this time exhausted all the usual methods of treatment, and -the child was apparently in a sinking state.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</span></p> - -<p>Under these circumstances I stated to the parents the results of the -experiments I had made with the hemp, and my conviction that it would -relieve their infant if relief could possibly be obtained.</p> - -<p>They gladly consented to the trial, and a single drop of the spirituous -tincture, equal to the one-twentieth part of a grain of extract, was -placed on the child’s tongue at ten, p.m. No immediate effect was -perceptible, and in an hour and a half two drops more were given. The -infant fell asleep in a few minutes, and slept soundly till four, p.m., -when she awoke, screamed for food, <em>took the breast freely</em>, and -fell asleep again. At nine, a.m., 1st of October, I found the child -fast asleep, but easily roused; the pulse, countenance, and skin -perfectly natural. In this drowsy state she continued for four days -totally free from convulsive symptoms in any form. During this time -the bowels were frequently spontaneously relieved, and the appetite -returned to the natural degree.</p> - -<p>October 4. At one, a.m., convulsions returned and continued at -intervals during the day; five drop doses of the tincture were given -hourly. Up to midnight there were thirty fits, and forty-four drops of -the tincture of hemp were ineffectually given.</p> - -<p>5. Paroxysms continued during the night. At eleven, a.m., it was found -that the tincture in use during the preceding days had been kept by the -servant in a small bottle with a paper stopper; that the spirit had -evaporated and the whole of the resin had settled on the sides of the -phial. The infant had in fact been taking drops of mere water during -the preceding day.</p> - -<p>A new preparation was given in three drop doses during the 5th and -6th, and increased to eight drops with the effect of diminishing the -violence, though not of preventing the return of the paroxysm.</p> - -<p>On the 7th I met <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Nicholson in consultation, and despairing of a -cure from the hemp, it was agreed to intermit its use, to apply a -mustard poultice to the epigastrium, and to give a dose of castor oil -and turpentine. The child, however, rapidly became worse, and at two, -p.m., a tetanic spasm set in, which lasted<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</span> without intermission till -half-past six, p.m. A cold bath was tried without solution of the -spasm; the hemp was, therefore, again resorted to, and a dose of thirty -drops, equal to one and a half grains of the resin, given at once.</p> - -<p>Immediately after this dose was given the limbs relaxed, the little -patient fell fast asleep, and so continued for thirteen hours. While -asleep, she was evidently under the peculiar influence of the drug.</p> - -<p>On the 8th October, at four, a.m., there was a severe fit, and from -this hour to ten at night twenty-five fits occurred, and 130 drops of -the tincture were given in thirty drop doses. It was now manifestly a -struggle between the disease and the remedy; but at ten, p.m., she was -again narcotised, and from that hour no fit returned.</p> - -<p>On the three following days there was considerable griping, and on -administering large doses of almond oil several small dark green lumps -of hemp resin were voided, which gave effectual relief. The child is -now (December 17) in the enjoyment of robust health, and has regained -her natural plump and happy appearance.</p> - -<p>In reviewing this case several very remarkable circumstances present -themselves. At first we find three drops, or three-twentieths of a -grain, causing profound narcotism, subsequently we find 130 drops daily -required to produce the same effect. The severity of the symptoms -doubtless must be taken chiefly into account in endeavouring to explain -this circumstance. It was too soon for habit to gain ascendency over -the narcotic powers of the drug. Should the disease ever recur, it will -be a matter of much interest to notice the quantity of the tincture -requisite to afford relief. The reader will remember that this infant -was but sixty days old when 130 drops were given in one day, of the -same preparation of which ten drops had intoxicated the student -Dinonath Dhur, who took the drug for experiment.</p> - - -<h3><i>Use in Delirium Tremens.</i></h3> - -<p>I have given the tincture of hemp an extensive trial in this disease, -and have had much reason to be gratified with its<span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</span> effects. In -action it resembles opium and wine, but is much more certain than -these remedies. I have no hesitation in saying, that in the cases in -which the opium treatment is applicable, hemp will be found far more -effectual. The changed state of mind it produces is truly wonderful. -From the appalling terror which generally predominates, the patient -soon passes into a state of cheerfulness, often of boisterous mirth, -and soon sinks into a happy sleep. Of course there are many cases in -which this, or any other, narcotic should not be employed.</p> - - -<h3><i>Delirium occasioned by continued Hemp Inebriation.</i></h3> - -<p>Before quitting this subject, it is desirable to notice the singular -form of delirium which the incautious use of the hemp preparations -often occasions, especially among young men who try it for the first -time. Several such cases have presented themselves to my notice. They -are as peculiar as the “delirium tremens” which succeeds the prolonged -abuse of spirituous liquors, but are quite distinct from any other -species of delirium with which I am acquainted.</p> - -<p>This state is at once recognised by the strange balancing gait of the -patient, a constant rubbing of the hands, perpetual giggling, and a -propensity to caress and chafe the feet of all bystanders of whatever -rank. The eye wears an expression of cunning and merriment which -can scarcely be mistaken. In a few cases, the patients are violent; -in many, highly aphrodisiac; in all that I have seen, voraciously -hungry. There is no increased heat or frequency of circulation, or any -appearance of inflammation or congestion, and the skin and general -functions are in a natural state.</p> - -<p>A blister to the nape of the neck, leeches to the temples, and -nauseating doses of tartar emetic with saline purgatives have rapidly -dispelled the symptoms in all the cases I have met with, and have -restored the patient to perfect health.</p> - - -<h3><i>Conclusion.</i></h3> - -<p>The preceding cases constitute an abstract of my experience on this -subject, and constitute the grounds of my belief that in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</span> hemp the -profession has gained an anti-convulsive remedy of the greatest value. -Entertaining this conviction, be it true or false, I deem it my duty -to publish it without any avoidable delay, in order that the most -extensive and the speediest trial may be given to the proposed remedy. -I repeat what I have already stated in a previous paper—that were -mere reputation my object, I would let years pass by, and hundreds of -cases accumulate before publication; and in publishing I would enter -into every kind of elaborate detail. But the object I have proposed -to myself in these inquiries is of a very different kind. To gather -together a few strong facts, to ascertain the limits which cannot be -passed without danger, and then pointing out these to the profession, -to leave them to prosecute and decide on the subject of discussion, -such seems to me the fittest mode of attempting to explore the -medicinal resources which an untried remedy may afford.</p> - -<p>It may be useful to add a formula for making the preparations which I -have employed.</p> - -<p>The <em>resinous extract</em> is prepared by boiling the rich, adhesive -tops of the dried <i>gunjah</i>, in spirit (sp. gr. 835), until all the -resin is dissolved. The tincture thus obtained is evaporated to dryness -by distillation, or in a vessel placed over a pot of boiling water. The -extract softens at a gentle heat, and can be made into pills without -any addition.</p> - -<p>The <em>tincture</em> is prepared by dissolving the extract in spirit of -835° density.</p> - -<p><i>Doses, &c.</i>—In <i>tetanus</i> a drachm of the tincture every -half hour until the paroxysms cease, or catalepsy or narcotism is -induced. In <i>hydrophobia</i> I recommend the resin in soft pills, to -the extent of ten to twenty grains to be chewed by the patient, and -repeated according to the effect. In <i>cholera</i>, thirty drops of -the tincture every half hour will be often found to check the vomiting -and purging, and bring back warmth to the surface. My experience would -here lead me to prefer <em>small</em> doses of the remedy in order to -excite rather than narcotise the patient.</p> - -<p>I have only further to add, that since the substance of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</span> preceding -memoir was first published, numerous cases have come to my knowledge in -which the <i>churrus</i>, or resin prepared by the natives for smoking, -has been used with little effect. This was the case in some experiments -made by <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Pereira with <i>churrus</i> which I sent him myself. Age -and adulteration have been probably both concerned in rendering this -substance inactive. But with the alcoholic extract made from the tops -in the way I recommend, the practitioner has only to feel his way, and -increase the dose till he produces intoxication as the test of the -remedy having taken effect.</p> - -<p>Of all powerful narcotics it is the safest to use with boldness and -decision.</p> - -<p>I have given <abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> Squire, of Oxford-street, a large supply of the -gunjah, and that gentleman has kindly promised me to place a sufficient -quantity of the extract at the disposal of any hospital physician or -surgeon who may desire to employ the remedy. My object is to have it -extensively and exactly tested without favor or prejudice, for the -experience of four years has established the conviction in my mind, -that we possess no remedy at all equal to this in anti-convulsive and -anti-neuralgic power.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>(<i>Date of Reprint</i>) London, January, 1843.</p> -</div> - - -<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> For very fine specimens of <i>churrus</i>, I have to -express my thanks to <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Campbell, late political resident at Nipal.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">[2]</a> By this term is probably meant the first of the Sassanian -dynasty, to whom the epithet of “Khusrow” or Cosroes, equivalent to -Kȧiser, Cæsar, or Czar, has been applied in many generations. This -dynasty endured from <span class="allsmcap">A.D.</span> 202 to <span class="allsmcap">A.D.</span> 636.—<i>Vide -note 50 to Lane’s Translation of the Arabian Nights</i>, <i><abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr></i> -ii. <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 226.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">[3]</a> Handbuch der Medicin und Pharmac. Botanik, von F. Ness von -Esenbeck und <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Carl Ebermaier, <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> i, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 338.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">[4]</a> Although I observed no effect from two drachms of hemp -resin given to a horse, Messrs. Hughes and Templar, of Calcutta, have -since cured four horses of traumatic tetanus by giving half-pint doses -of the tincture.—W. B. O’S.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="label">[5]</a> The nurse, I should have mentioned, was changed early in -the illness, and change of air resorted to on the river, but in vain.</p> - -</div> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="INDIAN_HEMP">INDIAN HEMP.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center">TO THE EDITORS OF THE PROVINCIAL MEDICAL JOURNAL.</p> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span>,—With reference to my paper on the Indian Hemp, -lately inserted in your Journal, I trust I may be permitted to disclaim -any wish to advance these preparations as specifics in the treatment -of tetanus, or in spasmodic diseases generally. That hemp possesses -great, indeed extraordinary, anti-convulsive power, I feel assured from -numerous facts which I have myself observed, and which others have also -witnessed. The cases of the six horses affected by traumatic tetanus, -recorded in my<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</span> paper, of which four recovered, are almost enough -by themselves to convince any unprejudiced person of the energy and -promise of this drug.</p> - -<p>Many failures must be expected at first, from the salutary caution -all good practitioners must observe in the doses of a remedy with -which they are not practically familiar. On this point I have further -to remark that in a case of traumatic tetanus, now under treatment, -fifteen grain doses of the resin have been given every second or third -hour, and of these doses five taken before narcotism was induced.</p> - -<p>In cases of tetanus, I consider no trial of the drug at all conclusive, -unless it has been pushed to the extent of inducing stupor and -insensibility.</p> - -<p>Too much importance has been attached by commentators on my paper to -the occurrence of <em>catalepsy</em> as an effect of this drug; catalepsy -I have witnessed unequivocally in many cases, but the effect is not an -universal one; I have seen it produced by ten drops of the tincture, -and by one grain of the resin. But, on the other hand, I have given -fifty grains in one day to a tetanic patient without any such effect -being observable.</p> - -<p>It seems quite evident, from the experiments made by <abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> Ley and <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> -Pereira, that much larger doses must be used in this country than -those we found sufficient in India. The cause of this is possibly -to be traced to molecular chemical changes taking place by age in -the constituents of the drug, and analogous to those familiar to the -profession in the case of hemlock and its active principle.</p> - -<p>The tincture, made by dissolving the extract in spirit, I consider the -best form of the drug for use in tetanic cases—or the resin may be -made into an emulsion, by trituration with a little flour, carbonate -of soda, and mucilage. The soda tends to dissolve the resin, and its -use is in accordance with the precepts of the ancient Eastern writers, -who prescribed hemp with alkaline substances, and used acids in various -forms (such as oxymel and sorrel wine) to counteract its effects when -taken in overdoses.</p> - -<p>In conclusion, I venture to refer to the very interesting cases<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</span> lately -published by <abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> Ley, in the Provincial Medical Journal. Another memoir -from the same able pen, will, I understand, soon appear, and will -afford ample evidence of the therapeutic value of this agent. <abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> Ley -informs me that of the <em>anti-convulsive</em> power of the hemp he -entertains no doubt. This is the great, the valuable result to look -for; all else is comparatively of but little importance. On some minor -points <abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> Ley’s results differ from mine. This must be regarded but -as a proof of the accuracy of his observations—that he is recording -faithfully what he sees, and is not merely treading in the footsteps of -another.</p> - -<p class="right"> -<span style="margin-right: 6em;">I am, Gentlemen,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-right: 4em;">Your faithful servant,</span><br /> -<span class="smcap">W. B. O’Shaughnessy</span>, M.D.</p> -<p> -London, Feb. 8, 1843.<br /> -</p> - -<p>P.S.—I would take the liberty of inviting experimentalists to the -repetition on the hemp resin of the processes for preparing conia and -nicotina—namely by distillation with caustic potash or soda and water, -receiving the distilled liquid in dilute acid, and redistilling this -with an excess of alkali, as before. My departure from India interfered -with my trial of this process, and I think it likely to lead to -valuable results.</p> - - -<p class="center p4 small"> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">LONDON:</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">S. Taylor, Printer, 6, Chandos street, Covent-garden.</span><br /> -</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter transnote"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Transcribers_Notes">Transcriber’s Notes</h2> - - -<p>A few very minor mistakes in punctuation and spelling were fixed.</p> - -</div> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ON THE PREPARATIONS OF THE INDIAN HEMP, OR GUNJAH (CANNABIS INDICA) ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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