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diff --git a/old/67888-0.txt b/old/67888-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 95da8b0..0000000 --- a/old/67888-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4424 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Anticipation, by Richard Tickell - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Anticipation - -Author: Richard Tickell - -Editor: Lyman H. Butterfield - -Release Date: April 20, 2022 [eBook #67888] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Tim Lindell and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at - https://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from images - made available by the HathiTrust Digital Library.) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANTICIPATION *** - - - - - - -ANTICIPATION - - - - - ANTICIPATION - - BY - RICHARD TICKELL - - Reprinted from the - First Edition, London, 1778 - With an - Introduction, Notes & a Bibliography - of Tickell’s Writings - - BY - L. H. BUTTERFIELD - - _NEW YORK_ - King’s Crown Press, Morningside Heights - 1942 - - _Introduction, Notes, and Bibliography copyright 1942 by_ - L. H. BUTTERFIELD - - PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA - - KZ-19-VB-500 - - _King’s Crown Press is a division of Columbia University - Press organized for the purpose of making certain scholarly - material available at minimum cost. Toward that end, the - publishers have adopted every reasonable economy except - such as would interfere with a legible format. The work is - presented substantially as submitted by the author, without - the usual editorial attention of Columbia University Press._ - - - - -_To C. J. F. B._ - - - - -FOREWORD - - -Some years ago a literary investigator came into my office and inquired -whether he could find a copy of Richard Tickell’s _Anticipation_ in -our library. He was thinking of sending to the British Museum for a -photostatic copy, in case we could not supply his need. We were able to -reply that we had sixteen editions of this book—ten of them printed in -the year 1778 alone. Now publishers do not re-issue a book unless someone -is reading it. The number of reprints induced me to read the book, and I -found it one of the best of eighteenth-century satires on the ponderous -serio-comic addresses delivered in what is still pleased to call itself -the M-th-r of P-rl—m-nts. Though Mr. Butterfield has restrained himself -in the matter of drawing parallels between the bumbling follies of that -legislative conclave, then and now, yet the writer of a foreword may be -permitted to do so. - -In the summer of 1941, I received in the mail a pamphlet, in an envelope -which bore a Chinese postage stamp and the postmark of Shanghai. The -pamphlet was one of the familiar blue-covered fascicles which we all -recognize as the format of the _Parliamentary Debates_. This particular -fascicle purported to contain the debate for August 15, 1941, and was -typographically exact, even to the reproduction of the arms of H-s -Br-t-nn-c M-j-sty on the cover. An examination revealed it to be the -twentieth-century parallel of Tickell’s _Anticipation_—a satiric report -of the debates in the H—s- of C-mm-ns as of 1941. It was obvious German -propaganda, but so well done typographically that I found some of my -learned colleagues had read a part of it before it dawned on them that -the whole thing was analogous to Tickell’s _Anticipation_. But let no -American be complacent about the failure of the H—s- of C-mm-ns to -progress during the intervening one hundred and sixty-three years. Let -him dip into our own _C-ngr-ss—n-l R-c-rd_. - -Mr. Butterfield and the publisher could have chosen no more appropriate -time than the present at which to issue the twentieth-century edition -of this book. It ought to be read by all students of American -history—elementary and advanced. - - RANDOLPH G. ADAMS - - The W. L. Clements Library - Ann Arbor - - - - -EDITOR’S FOREWORD - - -This is the first reprint since 1822 of a politico-literary satire that -delighted a generation of readers during and after the American War of -Independence. It has seemed to the editor, and to others who encouraged -the project, that the neglect of _Anticipation_ has been due less to its -want of interest than to the want of a properly edited reprint. The mere -presence in it of so many names with deleted letters has discouraged -later readers.[1] The present volume provides an account of the author -and of the setting and reception of _Anticipation_, an accurate text, -explanatory notes, and a bibliography of Tickell’s writings. - -_Anticipation_ was written and printed hastily; and the spelling -(especially of proper names), the punctuation, and sometimes even the -grammar are erratic. But since it has proved impossible to distinguish -the carelessness of the printer from that of the author, I have followed -the first issue literally except when corrections were available in the -following later ones: “The Third Edition, Corrected,” which appeared -within a week of first publication; “The Tenth Edition, Corrected,” 1780, -which was the last published during Tickell’s life; and “A New Edition, -Corrected,” 1794, a re-issue occasioned, probably, by Tickell’s death and -set from new type. Two or three flagrant errors (e.g., the name “Bonille” -for “Bouillé” at p. 59) and a few typographical absurdities (such as -quotation marks without mates) recur in all the London issues. These I -have corrected without warrant from any text. - -It should be stated that in the Introduction I have usually not cited -sources for dates and other biographical details when the sources are -correctly given in W. Fraser Rae’s article on Tickell in _The Dictionary -of National Biography_. Unless otherwise indicated, the place of -publication of all works cited is London. - -A great many friends have contributed to the making of this book, and -almost as many librarians in the United States and England have aided my -researches for it. Some special debts I wish to record here. Randolph G. -Adams, Director of the William L. Clements Library at Ann Arbor, Julian -P. Boyd, Librarian of Princeton University, and Professor George Sherburn -of Harvard have read my manuscript and given me helpful advice. W. S. -Lewis, Esq., of Farmington, Connecticut, kindly allowed me to quote -from notes written by Horace Walpole in a copy of _Anticipation_ now in -Mr. Lewis’ collection of Walpoliana; Richard Eustace Tickell, Esq., of -London, sent me useful material from the Tickell family papers; Mrs. -Flora V. Livingston and Mr. William Van Lennep, curators, respectively, -of the Widener Collection and the Theatre Collection in the Harvard -College Library, allowed me to quote from manuscript letters in their -charge; the New York Public Library gave me permission to reproduce the -title-page that precedes the text. For aid in preparing the Bibliography -of Tickell’s Writings I am most indebted to Mr. John D. Gordan of the New -York Public Library, who read and ably criticized it; to Miss Anne S. -Pratt of the Yale University Library, and Mr. Frederick R. Goff of the -Library of Congress, who answered numerous bibliographical inquiries; -to the Union Catalog in the Library of Congress and its staff; and to -the admirable _Bibliotheca Americana_, begun by Joseph Sabin, continued -by Wilberforce Eames, and then completed by R. W. G. Vail, New York, -1868-1937. The services of Herbert B. Anstaett, Librarian of Franklin and -Marshall College, have been so various, constant, and indispensable that -they deserve my most sincere thanks. No thanks, however, can be adequate -for the devoted work and interest bestowed on the preparation of this -book, from beginning to end, by my wife. - - * * * * * - -I am grateful also to the following publishers for permission to quote -from the books named: The Clarendon Press, Oxford, for _Boswell’s Life of -Johnson_ edited by George Birkbeck Hill, revised and enlarged edition -by L. F. Powell; _The Letters of Horace Walpole_ edited by Mrs. Paget -Toynbee; and _Satirical Poems Published Anonymously by William Mason with -Notes by Horace Walpole_ edited by Paget Toynbee. Constable and Company, -Ltd., for _Sheridan: From New and Original Material_ by Walter Sichel. -Henry Holt and Company for _Sheridan: A Biography_ by W. Fraser Rae. The -Huntington Library for _The American Journal of Ambrose Serle, Secretary -to Lord Howe 1776-1778_, edited by Edward H. Tatum, Jr. Hutchinson and -Company, Ltd., for _The Farington Diary_ by Joseph Farington, R.A., -edited by James Greig. John Lane, the Bodley Head, Ltd., for _The Last -Journals of Horace Walpole during the Reign of George III from 1771-1783_ -edited by A. Francis Steuart. The Macmillan Company for _The Writings of -Benjamin Franklin_ edited by Albert Henry Smyth. John Murray for _Private -Letters of Edward Gibbon (1753-1794)_ edited by Rowland E. Prothero. -Martin Secker and Warburg, Ltd., for _The Linleys of Bath_ by Clementina -Black. The Viking Press, Inc., for _The Private Papers of James Boswell -from Malahide Castle_ as originally published in a limited edition by -William Rudge and to be published in an unlimited edition by The Viking -Press, Inc., under the editorship of Professor Frederick A. Pottle. - - L. H. B. - - Lancaster, Pennsylvania - March 1941 - -[1] In the present text deleted letters are supplied within square -brackets. Originally the use of blanks and asterisks in names of persons -was a means of avoiding libel actions. One should never print a man’s -name out at length, said Swift in _The Importance of the Guardian -Considered_, 1713; “but, as I do, that of Mr. St—le: so that, although -everybody alive knows whom I mean, the plaintiff can have no redress -in any court of justice.” This was such an easy way to add piquancy to -defamation that it became conventional in satire. In 1778 the reviewer of -an anti-ministerial poem called _The Conquerors_ observed that the work -seemed “designed for the perusal of astronomers; there are more _stars_ -in it than the galaxy contains” (_The Critical Review_, XLV, 150). - - - - -CONTENTS - - - PAGE - - FOREWORD _by Randolph G. Adams_ vii - - EDITOR’S FOREWORD ix - - INTRODUCTION 3 - - NOTES TO THE INTRODUCTION 17 - - ANTICIPATION 21 - - NOTES 67 - - BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TICKELL’S WRITINGS 85 - - - - - He was the happiest of any occasional writer in his day: happy - alike in the subject and in the execution of it.—I mention - with pleasure _Anticipation_, the _Wreath of Fashion_, &c. &c. - &c. and I wish to preserve the name and remembrance of such - a man as Mr. Tickell. Poets and ingenious men, who write on - occasional subjects with great ability, are too often lost - in the most undeserved oblivion. But we must recollect, that - even such a poem as “The Absalom and Achitophel” of Dryden - himself (perhaps his greatest production) was but _occasional_, - and written _for a party_.⸺_The Pursuits of Literature_, 5th - edition, 1798 - - - - -INTRODUCTION - - -_1_ - -Early in 1778 a new satirical poet caused a flutter in the polite circles -of London. Within a few weeks of one another two poems, _The Project_ -and _The Wreath of Fashion_, were issued by Becket, the bookseller of -the Adelphi in the Strand. Though anonymous, their author was soon known -to be a young barrister named Richard Tickell. _The Project_ treats of -a scheme overlooked by the Academy of Projectors which Captain Gulliver -visited in the course of his third voyage. In deft octosyllabics the -satirist proposes applying Montesquieu’s discovery of the effect of -climate on character to the problem of the parliamentary Opposition: - - Suppose the Turks, who now agree - It wou’d _fatigue_ them to be free, - Should build an ice-house, to debate - More _cooly_ on affairs of state, - Might not some Mussulmen be brought, - To brace their minds, nor shrink at thought? - -Surely the philosophers are right who have reasoned that England’s -northern air is accountable for Englishmen’s love of liberty, and many -a question has been lost by Administration from Parliament’s meeting in -cold weather. An obvious solution would be to alter the season of meeting: - - But ah, what honest squire would stay - To make his _speech_, instead of _hay_? - The _Beaux_ would scarcely think of law, - To give up _Scarborough_ or _Spa’_: - And say ye _sportsmen_, wou’d a member - Attend _St. Stephen’s_ in September? - -The poet’s more feasible plan is a better mode of heating the Parliament -buildings. He suggests that in each House, replacing the table where -votes, journals, and mace are laid, a vast “_Buzaglo_”[1] be set up; that -is, an open fire of intense heat, over which a Fire Committee should -preside with a fuel supply of seditious tracts—_Junius_, _Common Sense_, -and the works of Tucker and Price. Such a device will mollify the most -inveterate foes of Administration: - - From bench to bench, in spite of gout, - The soften’d _Chatham_ moves about: - “My good _Lord Sandwich_, how d’ye do? - I like the speech; ’twas penn’d by you. - America has gone too far; - We must support so just a war.” - -The reviewers were delighted with the poem, so distinguished by its good -nature and wit amid the current tide of party polemics. The connoisseur -in Horace Walpole was stronger than his Whiggism, and he found _The -Project_ excellent.[2] Dr. Johnson, who disapproved of flippancy in -politics, dissented. At a dinner party at Sir Joshua Reynolds’ on the -25th of April, Dr. Samuel Musgrave, the learned editor of Euripides, read -the new poem. Johnson was not amused. “A temporary poem always entertains -us,” urged Musgrave. “So,” replied Johnson, “does an account of the -criminals hanged yesterday entertain us.”[3] - -Rather ungratefully, Tickell followed up his reception as a poet in the -circles of _ton_ with a satire on one of society’s most conspicuous -foibles. _The Wreath of Fashion, or, the Art of Sentimental Poetry_, -said _The Critical Review_ in its notice, “is levelled at the same vice -in the poetical world, at which the School for Scandal was aimed in -the theatrical and moral worlds,—at the present fashionable strain of -sentimental whining.”[4] It was an age of rhyming peers. Tickell declared -in the preface that he was prompted to write his satire by reading a -recent volume by a noble author (whom he did not name but who was the -Earl of Carlisle, Byron’s “Lord, rhymester, petit-maître, pamphleteer”) -containing one ode on the death of Mr. Gray and two on the death of his -lordship’s spaniel. In _The Wreath of Fashion_ Tickell deplored, with -Sheridan, the vogue of tearful comedies and gently rebuked the inanities -of newspaper poets. His chief ridicule was reserved for the poetic salon -of Mrs. “Calliope” Miller at Batheaston, where the quality from Bath -wrote _bouts-rimés_ about buttered muffins and the like, dropped them -into a classic vase, and applauded the winners crowned by Mrs. Miller -with wreaths of myrtle.[5] Over these rites of poetic sensibility, -said the satirist, the goddess Fashion presides, and thus she must be -supplicated: - - On a spruce pedestal of _Wedgwood ware_, - Where motley forms, and tawdry emblems glare, - Behold she consecrates to cold applause, - A Petrefaction, work’d into a _Vase_: - The Vase of Sentiment!—to this impart - Thy kindred coldness, and congenial art.... - With votive song, and tributary verse, - Fashion’s gay train her gentle rites rehearse. - What soft poetic incense breathes around! - What soothing hymns from Adulation sound! - -_The Wreath of Fashion_ went through a half-dozen editions. David Garrick -wrote a puff for it in _The Monthly Review_ in which he ventured to -prophesy that “elegant poetry, refined satire, and exquisite irony” would -be revived by the new author;[6] and Samuel Rogers, belated Augustan that -he was, always remembered _The Wreath_ as an early favorite.[7] - - -_2_ - -Who was the new poet? The turn of his couplets and the delicate barbs of -his satire suggested a poetic school then growing outmoded. There were -those who, when they learned his name, remembered his grandfather, Thomas -Tickell, a poet of Queen Anne’s day and the particular friend of Mr. -Addison. Thomas Tickell (1685-1740) served as Addison’s Under-Secretary -of State and retained his post under Craggs and Carteret. In 1724, -when Carteret became Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, Tickell was sent to -Dublin as Secretary to the Lords Justices. There were cordial relations -between Dublin Castle and the Deanery of St. Patrick’s, and a circle of -friends that included Swift, the Delanys, Lord Orrery, and Dr. Sheridan -maintained in Dublin an outpost of Augustan literary society. In this -propitious atmosphere John Tickell, eldest son of Thomas and father of -Richard, our poet, was born in 1729 and grew up to take his place among -the Dublin _virtuosi_. But he had a volatile character and fell into -a train of misadventures and difficulties. In 1748 he made a runaway -marriage with Esther (or Hester) Pierson, and children to the number of -six followed in rapid succession.[8] At length he became disastrously -involved in Anglo-Irish politics while serving on the court side as a -magistrate after the Dublin riots in December 1759.[9] His conduct on -this occasion, though its precise nature is not clear, excited such -indignation that he was obliged to leave Dublin. In 1765, according to -information in the Tickell family papers, his mother purchased for him -a civil appointment at Windsor Castle; but some years later, like other -indigent Englishmen at that period, he went to live on the Continent and -disappeared from sight. - -Richard, the second son of John Tickell, is usually said to have -been born at Bath in 1751, but neither the place nor the date can be -verified. He and his elder brother Thomas were briefly at Westminster -School (from 19 June 1764); when their father went to Windsor Castle, -they were transferred to Eton (29 May 1765); three years later Richard -proceeded to the Middle Temple (8 November 1768).[10] Having in due time -been called to the bar, he was, about the beginning of 1777, appointed -by Lord Chancellor Bathurst a commissioner of bankrupts. However, as a -contemporary biographer remarked, law was not to Tickell’s taste; “his -disposition was too volatile and desultory for that study.”[11] In April -or May 1778 he was removed from his post. Doubtless his courtship of the -muses had been at the expense of the law, for his fellow-commissioners -had complained of his absences. Tickell turned in his distress to his -most influential friend, David Garrick, who at once interceded for him -with the Lord Chancellor, by way of Lady Bathurst.[12] Garrick obtained -from Bathurst a promise of reinstatement, but in June Bathurst was -succeeded by Edward Thurlow, and Garrick had to begin all over again. -His further attempts met with no success. “I am sorry we were both so -unsuccessful in our Schems with the present Chancellor,” Garrick was -informed by Lady Bathurst on the 25th of July; “I do assure you I did my -part for Mʳ Tickle but I find he has enemies who flung cold water on my -solicitations.”[13] The news plunged Tickell into despair. - -But Fortune is capricious, and at this moment Tickell made the -acquaintance of one who was even closer than Garrick to the springs of -patronage. This was William Brummell, whose only claim to remembrance -today is the fact that he had a very famous son, but who appears in -late eighteenth-century memoirs as an able backstairs politician and -private secretary to Lord North. Brummell, we are informed by the -_Biographia Dramatica_, “conceived a strong friendship for our author, -and patronised him with a generosity and warmth that did him honour.”[14] -With the approval and perhaps at the instigation of Lord North, Tickell -was at once set to work on a secret and important project. On the 7th of -November he wrote Garrick pleading to be excused from writing a prologue -that had been requested of him: - - You may be assured Mr. Garrick’s wishes shall always have the - force of commands with me; but when I acquaint you that at - present ... I am employed in a work that may make or mar my - fortune, I can scarcely think you would wish to interrupt my - attention to it.[15] - -On Monday the 23rd of that month, three days before Parliament met for -the new session, Becket announced the publication of a work entitled -“_ANTICIPATION_, Containing the Substance of his M⸻y’s most gracious -Speech to both H⸺s of P⸻t, on the Opening of the approaching Session. -Together with a full and authentic account of the Debate in the H⸺ of C⸻, -that will take place on the motion for the address and amendment.” On -Tuesday night Edward Gibbon wrote his friend Holroyd: - - You sometimes complain that I do not send you early news; - but you will now be satisfied with receiving a full and true - account of all the parliamentary transactions of _next_ - Thursday. In town we think it an excellent piece of humour - (the author is one Tickell). Burke and C. Fox are pleased with - their own Speaches, but serious Patriots groan that such things - should be turned to farce.[16] - -Horace Walpole, though unable to deny the wit of _Anticipation_, was -among those who thought its jocularity ill-timed. Said he: - - The drollery of the pamphlet was congenial with the patron: a - very unprosperous and disgraceful civil war, just heightened by - a bloody proclamation of Sir Henry Clinton, and accompanied by - a war with France, was not a very decent moment for joking![17] - - -_3_ - -No one in any party was disposed to deny the seriousness of the moment. -The preceding twelve months, as some were then aware, had proved the -turning-point in the war with America. The threat of French aggression -following Burgoyne’s defeat had transformed Britain’s war of subjugation -into one of defence. After a comfortable winter in Philadelphia, without -having struck a blow at the inferior American forces at Valley Forge, Sir -William Howe was ordered to evacuate that city lest it be cut off by a -French fleet. Englishmen at home could still cling to the official view, -held by George III and expressed by Lord North in _Anticipation_, that -most Americans, if given a chance to choose, would prefer conciliation -with England to an upstart democracy and an “unnatural connection” with -France. But those on the spot saw that the hope of affording Americans -such a chance was now dashed. At Philadelphia Admiral Lord Howe’s -secretary wrote in his journal on the 22nd of May: - - I now look upon the Contest as at an End. No man can be - expected to declare for us, when he cannot be assured of a - Fortnight’s Protection. Every man, on the contrary, whatever - might have been his primary Inclinations, will find it his - Interest to oppose & drive us out of the Country.[18] - -Two days later General Howe set sail for England and left Sir Henry -Clinton to evacuate the troops in June. The incompetence or treachery -of an American officer, Charles Lee, saved Clinton’s regiments from -severe losses as they crossed New Jersey. After their arrival within -the fortifications around New York, the British held not a square mile -elsewhere on the mainland of the northern and middle colonies. - -The summer was occupied with raids by British irregulars on the -Pennsylvania and New York frontier and a series of inconclusive feints -and chases between Admirals Howe and D’Estaing. In September Howe -resigned his command and followed his brother home to England. Deeply -disgruntled with Administration, the Howes joined General Burgoyne in -efforts to obtain satisfaction from Parliament. The Whigs, hoping for -disclosures embarrassing to the government, at once took up the cause of -the commanders; while the ministers, with equal determination, resisted -every move for a court-martial or inquiry. - -During this year the Tory government had been as hard pressed at home -as the King’s forces had been abroad. The news of Saratoga, received -early in December 1777, struck a staggering blow to the ministers, -who at once adjourned Parliament for six weeks and endeavored to open -indirect and secret negotiations with the American commissioners in -Paris. When Parliament reconvened, Fox’s motion in the Commons “that no -more of the Old Corps be sent out of the kingdom” produced a suddenly -swollen minority. There was a cry throughout the country for Chatham. -North had lost his zest for the war and would willingly have retired in -favor of Chatham, but the King refused to consider such a move. In a -desperate effort to counteract American negotiations with France, North -then introduced, 17 February 1778, his conciliatory bills, which offered -the repeal of the acts that had offended the colonists and conceded all -but the name of independence. While the House was recovering from its -amazement Charles Fox rose and said that he was glad Ministers had at -last concurred with the long-standing views of Opposition. But had not -their repentance come too late? Did not Ministers know that a commercial -treaty between France and America had already been signed?[19] “Acts of -Parliament have made a war,” Walpole wrote Sir Horace Mann three days -later, “but cannot repeal one.”[20] On the 13th of March the French -ambassador in London announced the treaty of friendship between France -and the United States. Thereafter no one in either party expected much -of North’s commission to treat with America. Detained in England until -mid-April, the commissioners arrived in the Delaware a whole month after -Congress had ratified the treaty with France and, to their great chagrin, -just in time to take part in the retreat from Philadelphia. One member -of the commission, George Johnstone, after futile private overtures to -members of Congress, quarreled with his colleagues and returned in a -huff to vindicate himself and criticize ministers and commanders before -Parliament. On the whole, the commission did little more than aggravate -the ill-feeling on both sides. - -On the 7th of April, after a long absence, Lord Chatham, wrapped in -flannels and supported by his sons, took his seat in the House of Lords. -Rising for the second time in the debate to speak on the American war, -he was struck down by an apoplexy from which he never recovered. His -death, on the 11th of May, was believed and said by many to be a portent -of doom to the Empire. - -Meanwhile the specter of a French invasion caused the King late in March -to communicate to Parliament his intention of ordering the militia “to -be drawn out and embodied, and to march as occasion shall require.” Five -encampments were established; peers and M.P.’s, Whig and Tory alike, -hastened to raise regiments; and by June Gibbon could tell Holroyd that -“The chief conversation at Almack’s is about tents, drill-Serjeants, -subdivisions, firings, &c.”[21] All summer and autumn the country was -full of marching and countermarching for the edification of anxious -royalty. In the newspapers appeared advertisements for “martial balsam,” -recommended for those afflicted by toothache from exposure to damp -canvas and mattresses. Even theater business was depressed by the rage -for visiting the encampments. Sheridan, ever resourceful, dashed off as -a counter-attraction his entertainment of _The Camp_, with a musical -arrangement by Thomas Linley, a prologue by Tickell, and (according to -the newspaper notices) “a perspective Representation of the GRAND CAMP at -COXHEATH, from a view taken by Mr. de Loutherbourg and erected under his -direction.” - -All this was diverting, but in midsummer occurred an incident that -betrayed to the nation the smoldering antagonism between ministers and -commanders. In the previous March Admiral Keppel, a staunch Whig who had -refused to serve against America, had been promoted commander of the -Channel fleet. He found, contrary to the Admiralty’s repeated assurances -in Parliament, that ships and equipment were woefully inadequate for his -crucial task of defending the coasts. At length reinforced, Keppel on -the 27th of July engaged the Brest fleet off Ushant. In command of the -British rearward squadron was Sir Hugh Palliser, a Tory M.P. and a Lord -of the Admiralty. Following a short and indecisive action, Keppel gave -orders for a new line of battle, but Palliser did not obey until after -dark. By morning the French had escaped. Keppel did not report Palliser’s -insubordination, but accounts of the action appeared in the papers, and -before the opening of Parliament the incident had become a heated party -issue, with Keppel exalted as a popular hero and Palliser condemned as -the agent of a negligent and scheming ministry. - - -_4_ - -Affairs stood in this critical posture when Parliament was summoned -in the last week of November. Fearing defection in the Tory ranks, -North called a private meeting of his friends beforehand to consult on -strategy. He was himself there taxed with negligence, and extraordinary -steps were taken to secure attendance in the government seats. Now a -favorite parliamentary weapon of North’s had always been humor—or, as -his opponents styled it, “buffoonery.” His motto, said Walpole, ought -to have been “_Aut dormitabo, aut ridebo_.”[22] And when _Anticipation_ -appeared, it was widely believed that North himself had had a hand in its -composition.[23] The very favorable reception of the pamphlet must have -surpassed the hopes of both author and patron. For some days the papers -printed eulogistic notices and long extracts. Representative is the -comment in _The Morning Chronicle_ on the day the session opened: - - The literary piece of mimickry published on Monday last, under - the title of _Anticipation_, is beyond compare one of the - ablest sketches ever hit off by a man of fancy and talents. - Mimicks in general distort the features of those they affect - to imitate; the author of _Anticipation_, on the contrary, - has preserved the _vrais-semblance_ of each of the objects of - imitation with wonderful correctness, and it is a question - whether he deserves most applause for the humorous conceits - with which he has dished out the oratory of his heroes, or the - striking likenesses (in point of order, argument, imagery, and - diction) which he has drawn of each speaker. Lord G[ranb]y’s - harangue is, to those who have not been in the House of Commons - on the first day of a session, a perfect example of Opposition - oratory on such an occasion.—Mr. T. L[uttre]ll’s speech need - not have had his name prefixed to it; no member, T. L[uttre]ll - excepted, could possibly shew so much learning to so little - purpose.... In a word, _Anticipation_ is one of the best - pamphlets the publick have been favoured with for years, and - though it has in some measure a political tendency, ... it - serves, contrary to the effect of most political pamphlets, to - put all parties in good humour. - -The good nature of the parody was remarked by all who spoke of it. -Certainly the pleasantest circumstance of the whole episode is the fact -that some of the victims of Tickell’s mimicry enjoyed the humor of it; -though we learn from Walpole that Welbore Ellis, “another justly and -humourously drawn, proved how justly. He said, ‘It is well written, but I -perceive the author takes me for a dull man.’”[24] - -According to a tradition that is not implausible, North and his friends -took copies of _Anticipation_ into the House on the opening day and -dispensed them gratis.[25] An apparent consequence of this was Tickell’s -luckiest satirical stroke, by virtue of which _Anticipation_ lived on in -the memory of anecdotists. Walpole, who was on the spot, reported that -Col. Isaac Barré, an Opposition stalwart, “not having seen this pamphlet, -the first day of the Session cited a foreign Governor with whom he was -acquainted, exactly in the manner here ridiculed, and he also translated -a French expression.”[26] This episode grew appreciably in the telling. -In 1823 Joseph Jekyll told Tom Moore (who wrote down everything he heard) -of the - - laughable effect on the House of Col. Barré’s speech; he being - the only one (having just arrived from the country) ignorant of - the pamphlet, and falling exactly into the same peculiarities - which the pamphlet quizzed, particularly that of quoting French - words and then translating them. At every new instance of this - kind in his speech there was a roar of laughter from the House, - which Barré, of course, could not understand.[27] - -But this was not the last refinement. The progress of the story, from -contemporary witnesses to Jekyll and Moore and finally to “Senex” -writing his recollections in _Blackwood’s_ in 1826, is an illustration -and a warning of the ways of anecdotists. The humorous success of -_Anticipation_, wrote “Senex,” - - I well remember.... The style of the speeches was so - well imitated, and the matter in many cases so happily - forestalled, that, like Vulcan among Homer’s gods, it caused - inextinguishable laughter. What gave much zest to the joke - was the ignorance of most of the usual speaking members that - any such pamphlet existed. Their great surprise at the loud - mirth excited by speeches intended to make a very different - impression, and the frequent cries of “Spoke, Spoke!” the - meaning of which they could not possibly comprehend, may be - easily conceived. One of its effects was to shorten the - debate, for, as the joke soon spread, many were afraid to - address the House for fear of involving themselves in the - predicament of those who had been so humorously anticipated.[28] - - -_5_ - -_Anticipation_ had a great run. Such was the popular demand that a -“Fourth Edition” was advertised by Becket within a week of first -publication. Five more London editions and a Dublin reprint appeared -before the end of the year. As soon as copies reached America, -_Anticipation_ was reprinted at both the British headquarters in New York -and the American headquarters in Philadelphia. In announcing his New -York reprint, James Rivington stated, with what degree of exaggeration -the reader is free to guess, that “such was the reception given to this -novel and immensely admired piece, that more than _Forty Thousand_ copies -were disposed of in a few days.”[29] In London a rash of imitations broke -out at once. _Altercation_, _Deliberation_, _Anticipation Continued_, -_Anticipation for the Year MDCCLXXIX_, _The Exhibition, or a Second -Anticipation_—all these appeared within a year. As late as 1812 appeared -_Anticipation: or, The Prize Address; which will be delivered at the -Opening of the New Drury Lane Theatre_, a squib inspired by the same -circumstances that gave rise to the celebrated _Rejected Addresses_ -of James and Horace Smith. And there were others. But, as Dr. Johnson -remarked of _The Splendid Shilling_, “the merit of such performances -begins and ends with the first author.”[30] - -There was another result of the publication of the satire that, to -Tickell, was perhaps the most gratifying of all. The author was right, -observed _The London Magazine_ in its review, in predicting a majority -for Administration in his mimic debate; “and we verily believe he might -have added by way of note at the end—‘This will get me a place or a -pension.’”[31] This impertinence was justified by the event. On the 6th -of December Richard Rigby, Paymaster and general factotum in North’s -cabinet, wrote David Garrick a short but meaningful note: “I have had -a meeting with _Anticipation_, and like him very much; I wish to have -some further discourse with you upon that subject. Could you call here -to-morrow morning about eleven?”[32] The subject was unquestionably a -ministerial reward for services rendered. About this time Tickell was -granted a pension of 200_l._ _per annum_.[33] Soon afterward an anonymous -poet of the Batheaston circle returned good for evil in praising Tickell -while attempting to recall him to virtue: - - Some writers be of an amphibious race, - And prose and verse their elemental place. - Such he, whose wit made wond’ring senates roar, - And those to blush that never blush’d before. - _Anticipation_ gave him sterling fame, - _The Wreath of Fashion_ a poetic name. - And Nature gave, and at the gift repines, - At pension’d wit and prostituted lines. - Be your’s, O _Tickell_, to correct this vice, - That deals out praise or censure at a price, - And in one grand example prove to men, - How weak is Wit, when Party holds the pen; - And while you glow with more than virtue’s flame, - And all admire from whence such virtue came, - Each literary Swiss shall dread thy rage, - Dismiss their weapons, and no more engage.[34] - -But man cannot live by wit alone. In the next two years Tickell wrote -two more satirical tracts for the ministry, which, though not dull, were -scarcely inspired; and in August 1781 he was appointed a commissioner -of the Stamp Office. Here, with other beneficiaries of ministerial -generosity and a salary of 500_l._, he stayed. A year earlier (25 July -1780) he had married Miss Mary Linley, a charming and witty young lady if -less renowned than her sister Elizabeth (Mrs. Richard Brinsley Sheridan). -In September 1782, doubtless through the good offices of Lord North, they -settled in an apartment in the Gold Staff Gallery at the top of Hampton -Court Palace.[35] Tickell’s talents were useful in the Linley-Sheridan -family enterprise of Drury Lane Theatre. He served in the capacity of Mr. -Puff as “a Practitioner of Panegyric” in the newspapers, refurbished old -plays, and tried his hand, with mild success, at composing librettos. -When Fox and North formed their coalition government (of unhappy -memory), Tickell’s political allegiance was transferred to the Whigs. -That he had long had a preference for Whig society appears from the -satirical-affectionate picture of Brooks’s Club in his _Epistle from -the Honourable Charles Fox, Partridge-Shooting, to the Honourable John -Townshend, Cruising_, 1779. The devoted but sharp-tongued Mrs. Tickell -informed her sister in a letter of 1785: “So I find the election has -taken a happy turn at last and I am to congratulate myself with being -the wife of a member of Brooks’s.... T. is delighted; the great point -of his ambition is gained.”[36] To which she added, at the thought of -her husband’s increased opportunities for conviviality: “Farewell, a -long farewell to all my comforts.”[37] From the many fragments of Mary -Tickell’s spritely letters that have been printed here and there, it is -impossible not to give at least one representative passage showing both -husband and wife in character. In an undated letter from Hampton Court -she wrote: - - The men stayed last night or rather this morning till four or - five tho’ I entreated T⸺. to think of to-night’s fatigue for - me and let them go, but ’twas all in vain, for the moment my - back was turn’d off they march’d into the other room with their - Bottles and Glasses and order’d Stephen to bring the fire after - them—so at least they had the grace to think of not disturbing - me, for you are to know since the cold wether we dine and sup - in the Drawing Room. However unfortunately my ears were quick - enough to reach to Stephen’s Pantry where I heard every cruel - Pop of that odious five shilling claret which entirely hindered - my closing my eyes, so here I am at half past one just after - breakfast and thinking of my evening’s dissipation. Don’t you - think that I should cut a figure in the great world?[38] - -As a member of the glittering Whig fraternity that moved about Fox, -Sheridan, and the Prince of Wales, Tickell became a large contributor to -the great collective (and perennial) satire known as _The Rolliad_, a -shilling edition of which, George Saintsbury once remarked, if properly -annotated, would keep one amused from London to York. He also produced a -number of more or less serious pamphlets attacking Pitt’s government; and -during the regency crisis of 1788-89 he worked feverishly with the other -Foxites in the expectation of a Whig triumph. But the King recovered, the -Whigs’ hopes were dashed, and Tickell never obtained his expected seat in -Parliament.[39] - -Mary Tickell died in July 1787. Two years later Tickell eloped with the -daughter of a captain in the East India Company’s service, Miss Sarah -Ley, a reigning beauty who was for a time the rival of Emma Hamilton as -Romney’s model.[40] She was very young, very extravagant, and without any -fortune. In a year or two her husband, who was chronically improvident -and was now deprived of Mary Tickell’s common sense, found himself -overwhelmed with debts. In May 1793 he appealed to Warren Hastings -for a loan of 500_l._ and obtained it.[41] Hastings was a friend of -the Ley family, but that an intimate of the Fox-Sheridan circle and a -contributor to _The Rolliad_ should have turned to him for help is an -indication of Tickell’s desperate straits. The loan was evidently not -sufficient for his needs. On the 4th of November his lifeless body was -found below the parapet outside his Hampton Court apartment. Two days -later Joseph Farington recorded in his _Diary_: “Distressed circumstances -and an apprehension of being arrested, it is said, is the cause of this -momentary phrenzy.”[42] - - -_6_ - -As a successful parody of parliamentary proceedings and eloquence at -the time of the American Revolution, _Anticipation_ retains historical -interest. One reviewer went so far as to say that a comparison of the -actual debate with Tickell’s anticipated version would show that between -the two “the difference as to the material grounds of disputation is -trifling.”[43] This is scarcely an exaggeration, though, as it turned -out, the House was less full and the debate less animated than had been -expected from the presence in town of so many generals and admirals -known to be at odds with one another and the ministers. As a parodist, -however, Tickell was less concerned to present the substance of a -particular debate than the idiosyncracies of those who spoke frequently -in the House, whether from Opposition or Administration benches. The -verisimilitude of his subjects’ accents, attitudes, and hobby-horses -of theme was unanimously acknowledged and praised by contemporaries. -_Anticipation_ is in short a speaking picture of that House of Commons -in which, as well as in America, a bitter conflict was in progress. Here -are Burke’s rumbling periods on the decline of the British Empire, and -Fox’s skilful arguments to show that neither an offensive nor a defensive -war can be successfully continued in America. David Hartley the younger -quotes the recent sentiments of his friend Benjamin Franklin in Paris, -and a radical Member from the City praises Washington and threatens -ministers with the Tower and the block. Other Whigs attack profiteering -army contractors, false news in the _Gazettes_, and the employment of -Indians to butcher the colonists; others demand parliamentary inquiries -that government officials suggest deferring until “about six months after -Christmas.” Late in the evening Lord North rises and, after invoking the -mighty shade of Chatham, takes up his secretary’s notes on speeches by -the Opposition and urges upon an unruly House the need of unanimity. - -It is a vivid and authentic picture, and it is also an entertaining -one. Though parody is a minor genre, it has its masterpieces. But -they should be read rather than talked about. Let the last opinion on -_Anticipation_ be that of George IV, who was a person of discernment -in these matters. J. W. Croker recorded in his diary that at a royal -dinner-party in January 1822 the talk had turned to Tickell. The King -spoke of _Anticipation_ “_con amore_ and quoted some of the speeches.” He -promised to have a copy looked out for Lady Conyngham, who had never read -it. “The events and the pieces were gone by,” said the King; “but the wit -and pleasantry of it never could fade.”[44] - - -_NOTES TO THE INTRODUCTION_ - -[1] A certain A. Buzaglo, who had a shop in the Strand, opposite Somerset -House, frequently advertised in the newspapers in 1778. His warming-pans, -for curing the gout, were highly recommended to the nobility. - -[2] Letter to Mason, 18 April 1778 (_The Letters of Horace Walpole_, ed. -Mrs. Paget Toynbee, Oxford, 1903-05, X, 222). - -[3] _Boswell’s Life of Johnson_, ed. G. B. Hill and L. F. Powell, Oxford, -1934—, III, 318. - -[4] XLV, 1778, 310. - -[5] See Ruth A. Hesselgrave, _Lady Miller and the Batheaston Literary -Circle_, New Haven, 1927. - -[6] LIX, 1778, 145. Garrick acknowledged his authorship of this review in -a letter to Hannah More, misdated 1777, in William Roberts, _Memoirs of -... Mrs. Hannah More_, 3rd ed., 1835, I, 116. - -[7] _The Farington Diary_, ed. James Greig, New York, 1923-28, I, 186; -_Recollections of the Table-Talk of Samuel Rogers_ [ed. Alexander Dyce], -New York, 1856, pp. 71-72. - -[8] _Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica_, new ser., II, 1877, 473; Sir -[John] Bernard Burke, _Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed -Gentry of Great Britain & Ireland_, 9th ed., 1898, II, “Ireland,” p. -441; Richard Eustace Tickell, _Thomas Tickell and the Eighteenth Century -Poets_, 1931, p. 173 and “Tickell Pedigree.” - -[9] A long letter from John Tickell to the Duke of Newcastle, 26 -August 1767, alludes to these circumstances and appeals to Newcastle’s -generosity (Newcastle Papers, British Museum Add. MSS. 32,984, f. 350). - -[10] G. F. R. Barker and A. H. Stenning (compilers), _The Record of Old -Westminsters_, 1928, II, 919; R. A. Austen-Leigh (ed.), _The Eton College -Register, 1753-1790_, Eton, 1921, p. 517; John Hutchinson, _A Catalogue -of Notable Middle Templars_, 1902, p. 242. - -[11] David Erskine Baker, Isaac Reed, and Stephen Jones (compilers), -_Biographia Dramatica_, 1812, I, 713. - -[12] Tickell to Garrick, 11 May 1778 (_Private Correspondence of David -Garrick_ [ed. James Boaden], 1831-32, II, 304). - -[13] Unpublished letter in the Theatre Collection, Harvard College -Library. - -[14] I, 713-714. - -[15] Garrick, _Private Correspondence_, II, 317. - -[16] _Private Letters of Edward Gibbon_, ed. R. E. Prothero, 1896, I, 348. - -[17] _Last Journals during the Reign of George III_, ed. A. Francis -Steuart, 1910, II, 206n. - -[18] _The American Journal of Ambrose Serle ... 1776-1778_, ed. Edward H. -Tatum, Jr., San Marino, California, 1940, p. 296. - -[19] Walpole, _Last Journals_, II, 117; Fox, _Speeches_, 1815, I, 116-118. - -[20] _Letters_, ed. Toynbee, X, 195. - -[21] _Private Letters_, I, 338. - -[22] _Last Journals_, II, 115n. In a debate on the navy estimates, 2 -December 1778, Temple Luttrell said of North: - - Whenever the noble lord found himself closely pressed in - argument, or fact, it was his known practice to get rid of the - question by a joke. His manner was no less curious than his - matter; when he was half asleep, or seemingly quite asleep, he - collected a store of wit and humour, from Æsop, Phædrus, or - Joe Miller, or some other book equally distinguished for such - species of drollery; and, instead of reasoning, was sure to - treat the House with a laugh (_The Parliamentary History of - England ... to the Year 1803_ [compiled by William Cobbett], - 1806-20, XIX, 1388). - -[23] John Taylor, _Records of My Life_, 1832, I, 144. - -[24] _Last Journals_, II, 206. - -[25] _Altercation; Being the Substance of a Debate ... on a Motion to -Censure the Pamphlet of Anticipation_ [1778], p. 10; _The Pamphleteer_, -XIX, 1822, 310. - -[26] MS. note in Horace Walpole’s copy of _Anticipation_. - -[27] Thomas Moore, _Memoirs, Journal, and Correspondence_, ed. Lord John -Russell, 1853-56, IV, 34. - -[28] “Reminiscences.—No. IV. Richard Brinsley Sheridan, &c.,” -_Blackwood’s Magazine_, XX, 209. - -[29] _The Royal Gazette_, 17 March 1779. - -[30] Though Johnson had disapproved of _The Project_, he thought -_Anticipation_ “a mighty fine thing.” So Boswell told Tickell at a -dinner-party in April 1779 (_Private Papers of James Boswell from -Malahide Castle_, ed. Geoffrey Scott and F. A. Pottle, Mount Vernon, -N.Y., 1928-34, XIII, 232). - -[31] XLVII, 1778, 566. - -[32] Garrick, _Private Correspondence_, II, 322-323. - -[33] _Biographia Dramatica_, I, 714. - -[34] _Hobby-Horses. Read at Batheaston_, 1780, pp. 13-14. - -[35] Ernest Law, _The History of Hampton Court Palace_, 1890-91, III, -318, 464. - -[36] W. Fraser Rae, _Sheridan_, New York, 1896, I, 357. - -[37] Walter Sichel, _Sheridan_, 1909, I, 442n. - -[38] Clementina Black, _The Linleys of Bath_, 1911, p. 162. - -[39] Thomas Moore, _Memoirs of ... Sheridan_, 2nd ed., 1825, II, 62. - -[40] See Romney’s diary, as given in Humphry Ward and W. Roberts, -_Romney_, 1904, II, 157-158. Romney painted three portraits of the -second Mrs. Tickell, the best-known of which is reproduced in Sichel’s -_Sheridan_, II, facing p. 264. - -[41] British Museum Add. MSS. 29,194, f. 152; 29,173, f. 44. - -[42] I, 13. There is a circumstantial account of Tickell’s death and the -conduct of his widow in [William Smyth] _Memoir of Mr. Sheridan_, Leeds, -1840, pp. 53-55. - -[43] _The London Magazine_, XLVII, 1778, 566. - -[44] _The Croker Papers_, ed. L. J. Jennings, 1884, I, 245-246. - - - - -[Illustration: _Reduced from the original by one third_ - - ANTICIPATION: - Containing the Substance of - HIS M⸻Y’s - Most Gracious Speech - TO BOTH - H⸻S of P⸺L⸺T, - ON THE - Opening of the approaching SESSION, - TOGETHER - With a full and authentic Account of the DEBATE - which WILL take Place in the H⸺E of C⸻S, - on the Motion for the ADDRESS, and the AMENDMENT. - - With NOTES. - - “_So shall my Anticipation_ - _Prevent your Discovery._” - HAMLET. - - _LONDON_: - Printed for T. BECKET, the Corner of the Adelphi, - in the Strand. 1778.] - - - - -_ADVERTISEMENT._ - - -Several reasons concurred to urge the Editor to this publication. The -critical situation of public affairs seemed to require an extraordinary -diffusion of political knowledge; yet, in the common course, but few of -the millions, who are so deeply interested in the result of parliamentary -debates, can be admitted to an audience of them. Sometimes, the Members -shut their galleries against the intrusion of any of their Constituents; -and it is always a standing order, from the opening of the session, to -prohibit the publication of their debates. Under these circumstances, -an authentic account of the first day’s debate, put forth at this date, -will clearly avoid any breach of that order, and, without exposing the -Constituents to crowding in the gallery, to furnish them with their -Representatives Speeches, taken down with the strictest fidelity, cannot -but afford them some amusement, and indeed real use. Besides, the first -day’s debate is generally a kind of outline of the debates of the whole -session; so that a critical observer, by contemplating the buds and -seedlings of this early eloquence, may calculate what degree of radical -strength they possess, how far they will expand and bloom, and whether -they are hardy enough to stand the winter. - -The Editor cannot but seize this opportunity to thank those Gentlemen -who have furnished him with the _most authentic materials_ for some of -the speeches, which, they will immediately see, he has copied _verbatim_ -from their manuscripts—and he sincerely hopes, their having appeared in -print _before_ they are spoken, will not deter the several Gentlemen from -delivering them with their usual appearance of _extempore_ eloquence. - - November 23, 1778. - - - - - The Gentlemen trading to the East-Indies, West-Indies, - and other parts, who intend taking or sending thither any - pamphlets this season, are hereby informed, that this work is - authentic, faithful, and strictly impartial; and as the nice - and discerning eye of the British islands and settlements near - us, must feel an interest in these matters, good allowance will - be given for taking quantities.—Also the best Dutch wax, and - stationary wares. - - - - -ANTICIPATION, &c. - -_Dom. Comm. Jovis. 26 Nov. die._ - -_Anno 19ᵒ Georgii III Regis, 1778._ - - -Sir Francis M[olyneu]x, gentleman-usher of the black rod, having, with -the usual solemnity, at half past two o’clock, given three admonitory -raps at the door of the H[ous]e of C[ommo]ns, and being thereupon -admitted, and having proceeded towards the table, with three progressive -bows, acquainted the S[peake]r,[1] that his M[ajest]y commanded their -immediate attendance in the H[ous]e of L[or]ds, where soon after his -M[ajest]y delivered his most gracious speech to both Houses; which we -should give at length, having an accurate copy now before us, but that -many reasons concur to induce us rather to give a general sketch of it. -It is scarcely necessary to say, that respect to that great personage is -the principal of those motives: It is also universally felt, that the -merit of those speeches consists much less in the composition than in the -delivery. Besides, as an authentic _black letter_ copy of _this_ speech -will infallibly appear, we have too high a respect for our good friends -Messrs. the Hawkers and Criers of this great metropolis, to rob them of -any part of the fruits of their annual eloquence on this occasion⸺The -speech began by saying, - -That the situation of public affairs induced him to call them thus early -together, that they might more fully enter into the various and important -concerns which would naturally engage their attention. - -That he had reason to hope that the schemes which the natural enemies -of this country, in conjunction with their unnatural allies, had -meditated against us in the West-Indies, notwithstanding some appearance -of success, might, under Divine Providence, fail in the object of -distressing the commercial interest of his people, which, it gave him -satisfaction to observe, had hitherto continued to flourish amidst the -calamities of war, while that of the enemy had received the most material -injuries. - -That he could not but behold with particular pleasure the zeal and ardour -shewn by all his subjects on this emergency, which had fully secured the -safety of this country, and convinced our enemies that every attempt -against the internal prosperity of Great Britain must prove ineffectual. - -That he continued to receive the most friendly assurances of the pacific -dispositions of the other powers of Europe. - -That his desire of re-establishing the general tranquility could not be -doubted; and as he had not been the first to disturb the peace, so he -should embrace the earliest opportunity of putting an end to the horrors -of war, whenever that desirable end could be effected, consistently with -the honour of his crown, and the interest of his subjects, which he -should ever be careful to preserve. - -That his faithful C[o]mm[o]ns might depend on the proper officers -immediately laying before them the estimate for the expences of the -ensuing year. - -That he lamented that the present situation of affairs should oblige him -to call upon his faithful subjects for any additional supplies, but - -That his faithful C[o]mm[o]ns might depend on the strictest œconomy on -his part, in the application of such sums as they should judge necessary -for the public service, and he doubted not they would see the expediency -of providing for such contingencies as might arise from the continuance -of war, and the measures necessary to be taken for the re-establishment -of peace upon an honourable and permanent foundation. - -It concluded with relying on the wisdom and unanimity of Parliament; on -the good conduct of his Generals and Admirals; on the valor of his Fleets -and Armies; and on the zeal and spirit of all his faithful subjects. - -Upon the return of the C[ommo]ns to their House, the speech having been -read as usual from the chair, a motion for an Address, conformable to -the several sentences in the speech, and expressive of the firmness and -unanimity of the House at this important crisis, was made and seconded by -two young Members; the particular phraseology of which leading speeches -we shall not retail, it being universally admitted that the rhetoric -applied to these occasions, is not very replete with originality. Our -readers will easily imagine the proper quantity of tropes and metaphors, -apologies for inexperience, elegant timidities, graceful blushes, studied -hesitations, army safe at New-York, fleets likewise safe, individuals -enriched, perfect content at home, nothing wanting but unanimity in -council, &c. &c. &c. which ornamented and enriched these anniversary -panegyrics. We shall hasten therefore to the more material part of the -debate, which commenced by the following speech from Lord G[ranb]y[2], -proposing the amendment. - -[Sidenote: Lord G[ran]by.] - -_Lord G[ran]by._ Conscious of my own inability, and sinking under the -sense of my little knowledge or experience, totally unprovided with any -ideas for the present occasion, and absolutely ignorant not only of the -forms but even the modes of proceeding in this house, may I, Sir, in this -state of imbecility, be permitted to take the lead on this first and -most important day of the session? May I, Sir, all unequal to so arduous -a task, be allowed to dictate, if not to the whole house, at least to -this side of it, the proper and only constitutional method of compelling -ministers to furnish us with the means of discovering some errors in -their conduct; and to enable us to demonstrate to the nation at large -their total incapacity for filling the places which they now hold?—There -was a time, Sir, when this side of the house would not tamely acquiesce -in so dangerous a precedent as any minister’s retaining his office for -the unconstitutional duration of seven years. Have we forgot, Sir, the -great name of Pulteny? Pulteny, Sir! the virtuous Pulteny! Pulteny, -the wonder of the age! Pulteny, that steady Patriot, whose Herculean -eloquence overcame the Hydra of corruption! or have we forgot, Sir, that -inestimable character of our own times, whose virtues compelled the -admiration of this profligate age; whose memory excites the veneration -of every patriot mind? Let it not be objected that these illustrious -characters were dazzled by the splendour of a coronet: I will not answer -such frivolous remarks:—Sir, I wander from the question: Yet let me -remind this House, that those great patriots were ever foremost in taking -that part which now falls to my lot. They, Sir, were ever ready to awaken -the fears, and rouze the apprehensions, of the Country Gentlemen; and -that, Sir, is my object:—They, Sir, compelled Adm[i]n[i]str[a]t[io]n to -disclose the inmost recess of official iniquity; and that, Sir, that -is also my intention. Sir, with this view, I shall humbly move you, -that in place of the present Address, which I cannot but consider as -the selfish panegyric of Adm[i]n[i]str[a]t[io]n, immediately after the -general expressions of respect for his M[ajest]y, the following words may -be substituted, in order to our acquiring that full and comprehensive -knowledge of public affairs, which is so indispensably necessary at the -opening of this interesting and important session of P[a]rl[ia]m[e]nt. - -“Your faithful C[o]mm[o]ns, deeply impressed with a sense of your -M[ajest]y’s unwearied anxiety to promote the dignity and glory of Great -Britain, cannot but lament the many unhappy circumstances which have -conspired to disturb your M[ajest]y’s happiness, and to prejudice the -interests and honour of this country. When we find that the most liberal -supplies for our naval equipments have as yet produced none of those -happy effects which might reasonably have been expected to be derived -from so powerful an armament, particularly under the direction of an -officer of experienced conduct and courage, we cannot but express our -serious apprehensions of some fatal misconduct, either on the part of -Administration, by forming indecisive and contradictory instructions -for the direction of the Navy, or, in the particular department for -naval affairs, of some misapplication of those liberal supplies, which, -if wisely and faithfully applied, could not have failed, under divine -providence, and your M[ajest]y’s wisdom, of obtaining the most salutary -effects. - -For these reasons, we, your M[ajest]y’s most faithful C[o]mm[o]ns, most -humbly intreat your M[ajest]y to order the proper Officers to lay before -the House, copies of the secret instructions for the conduct of the Fleet -commanded by Admiral K[e]pp[e]l—estimates of the quantity of ballast used -in the several ships of the division of the fleet commanded by Admiral -K[e]pp[e]l—bills of parcel of the number of square yards of sail-cloth, -together with samples of ditto, intended to be used in the division of -the Fleet commanded by Vice Admiral Sir H[u]gh P[a]ll[i]s[e]r—succinct -accounts of the quota of biscuits, and ratio of salt-beef distributed -in the Fleet—faithful transcripts of the several Log-Books of each -vessel—abstracts of all letters, notes, and messages that passed and -repassed, off Ushant, between the Admirals and Ph[i]l[i]p St[e]v[e]ns, -Esq. during the course of last summer—and, finally, minute copies of all -accounts unsettled or passed, open or closed, paid or unpaid, between -the Commissioners of the Navy, and all sorts of Manufacturers, Sailors, -Contractors, &c. &c. &c. employed by them for these twenty years last -past⸺It is from a minute investigation of these important papers, that -your M[ajest]y’s most faithful C[o]mm[o]ns can alone derive just grounds -for censure or exculpation. And, however laborious this investigation -may prove, we, your M[ajest]y’s most faithful C[o]mm[o]ns, beg leave to -assure your M[ajest]y, we shall most readily devote our utmost attention -to so salutary a study, in order to promote a quick dispatch of public -business at this momentous and aweful crisis, and to give vigour and -effect to those measures which your M[ajest]y, in your great wisdom, -may think necessary to secure the safety, interest, and honour of Great -Britain.” - -Such, Sir, is the amendment which I have the honour to offer to the -consideration of this house. It will immediately strike you, Sir, that -in the accounts which I propose to have submitted to the investigation -of P[a]rl[ia]m[e]nt, I have avoided asking for one scrap of paper that -is not absolutely necessary to be seen and thoroughly studied by the -House. Should it, however, appear necessary to Gentlemen to _add_ to the -list of these official documents, I am sure I shall not oppose such an -improvement to the motion, to whatever quantity it may extend. - -[Sidenote: Mr. G[eor]g[e] S[u]tt[o]n.] - -Mr. _G[eo]rg[e] S[u]tt[o]n_ seconded the motion for the amendment, -beginning with a similar acknowledgement of his incapacity, his -inexperience and ignorance of P[a]rl[ia]m[e]nt[a]ry affairs; declining -therefore to enter into any further argument, the subject having been -discussed in so full and able a manner by his most noble cousin. - -[Sidenote: Mr. W[e]lb[o]re Ell[i]s.] - -Mr. _W[e]lb[o]re Ell[i]s_, in reply, threw out many sagacious and -novel observations. He said that he highly commended the caution and -circumspection of the noble Lord, but, that in his opinion, a more proper -time would arrive, about six months after Christmas, for entering into -the details proposed by the Amendment; as, at that period, Administration -would certainly have more leisure for furnishing the papers now called -for. - -He very properly observed, that selecting these few curious articles of -political intelligence from a variety of miscellaneous papers, would -require some short time, together with no small degree of discernment, -not to mention several thousands of extra clerks. He said, he had taken -the trouble to make a most serious investigation into the Journals, the -Votes, the Debates, and all the P[a]rl[ia]m[e]nt[a]ry Records of this -country; and he was free to say, that notwithstanding it might at first -appear rather a novel idea, yet it was his opinion, that _The Address_ on -the first day was a matter of compliment. Nay, touching the matter before -him, (and weighty and powerful indeed it was) after the most mature and -serious deliberation, daily and nightly, he would for once venture to -hazard a rhetorical, a figurative expression, to wit, that the Address -was an eccho, as it were, a complimentary eccho, of his M[ajest]y’s most -gracious speech.—He hinted, that, if any Gentleman wished for particular -enquiries, he would, as an old Member, long conversant with the forms -of the House, tell him, that certainly a Committee might be appointed -to carry on any public enquiry; and he believed such Committees were -not unfrequent.—And here he remarked, that, from all his researches, it -appeared to him, that the constitution of this country was of a triple -nature—K[i]ng—L[o]rds—and C[o]mm[o]ns—that, these three opposite and -repelling powers, reciprocally ballanced and counteracted each other; at -the same time that they contributed to the proportion and harmony of the -whole.—He took occasion to observe, that freedom of Debate was clearly -a P[a]rl[ia]m[e]nt[a]ry privilege, and he would pledge himself to prove -that every Member in that House was a representative of his constituents. - -For these reasons, he concluded with dissenting from the Amendment as -trite, abstruse, dangerous, and frivolous. - -[Sidenote: D[a]v[i]d H[a]rtly, Esq.] - -_D[a]v[i]d H[a]rtly_, Esq.[3] observed, that these were no times for -flattery and empty adulation.—For his part, he should enter at large into -the rise and origin of all Colonies, ancient and modern, into the history -of Taxation, and its effects on every state that had exercised it over -its colonies; and then review the cause, commencement, and conduct of -the whole American war. He felt how arduous, how complicated a task this -must prove to himself, and how difficult for the House to understand. -That, to lessen that difficulty, both to the House and to himself, he -would adopt the most logical method to give clearness and perspicuity -to such a multitude and diversity of ideas; and for that purpose, he -begged Gentlemen to take notice, that he should divide his speech into -four and twenty grand divisions, each of which should contain as many -subdivisions, which subdivisions should also be separately discussed in -equal number of sections, each section to be split also into the same -number of heads; so that with grand divisions, subdivisions, sections, -and heads, the number of distinct propositions would amount to several -thousands; but that Gentlemen, by attending closely, and correctly taking -down the number of any particular argument, should have an immediate -explicit answer to any query touching that individual number: and he -flattered himself this numerical logic and arithmetic of eloquence would -greatly tend to clarify their understandings. - -To follow this gentleman thro’ even one of his grand divisions, was a -task much beyond the utmost rapidity of a short-hand writer. Indeed the -noise from all parts of the house was so excessive, during the several -hours which he engrossed in this laborious harangue, that it was totally -impossible to catch up any thing beyond the mutilated fragments, and -ruins of his oratory. At length however the house sunk into a sudden -calm, upon the disclosure of a fact, which seemed to startle even the -wildest zealots of faction.—For, after every other argument was exhausted -to so little purpose, inflamed by disappointment, and hurried, as we -are willing to suppose, by the violence of patriotism, the Honourable -Gentleman avowed to the House, that one of his grounds for denouncing -ruin to his country was _his private knowledge of DR. FRANKLYN’S -sentiments on that head_.[4] “Dr. Franklyn (he exclaimed) the Cromwell -of his age, Dr. Franklyn, Ambassador Plenipotentiary from America to -France, is my most intimate and most cordial friend!”⸺He went on by -declaring, he had passed great part of the summer at Paris, with Dr. -Franklyn, in the most unreserved communication of sentiments and facts; -and he concluded with repeating, as the joint result of his own and Dr. -Franklin’s deliberation, that the glory of England was destroyed for -ever!⸺This extraordinary confession produced however no violent effect. -Ministers seemed to receive it with a contemptuous pity, not unmingled -with ridicule,[5] when _Mr. W[ilke]s_, finding the little success of -serious treason, rose, and indulged himself in the more ludicrous stile -of it. - -[Sidenote: Mr. W[ilke]s.] - -_Mr. W[ilke]s_[6] adverted with some degree of humour to the inference -of victory and triumph which might be deduced from the return of our -Generals and our Admirals, and one of our commissioners too. They found -(he said) that being on the spot interrupted their manœuvres, and he -supposed they were come three thousand miles off to act _cooly_. That, -the object they were sent to accomplish was confessedly a great one; -and it is well known, that objects of a certain magnitude are best -contemplated at a distance. Probably, their optics were too tender to -distinguish with accuracy amidst the smoak and confusion incident to -actual engagements; or perhaps, they reflected on the more imminent -dangers of domestic invasion, and hastened home from pure patriotism -to guard their native country.—At any rate, he must compliment their -discernment in pursuing a line of conduct, which could not fail of -conciliating the good opinion and sympathetic regard of the Noble Lord, -who presided in the American department. If therefore, Mr. Speaker, -by any miraculous change, I were, this day, to become the Advocate -of Administration, I should mark the inutility of recurring to the -written evidence, which the Amendment calls for, at a moment when we -are so copiously provided with _vivâ voce_ testimony. Yet, Sir, I do -not think, upon reflexion, that Ministers will adopt this ground for -rejecting the noble Lord’s Amendment. They, Sir, will more boldly tell -you—you shall have neither,—for, in these times, it is the fashion for -all modern Statesmen, first to tell their own story, and then protest -solemnly against being cross-examined—_or directly, or indirectly, -answering question, query, or otherwise_. I believe I am accurate in my -quotation.—I am not indeed surprized at these declarations of obstinate -silence—this is Scottish policy—the example was set by my good old -friend, the E[a]rl of B[u]te—for therein I am orthodox in my faith, that -the Son is equal to the Father; and I am sure I may add with Athanasian -zeal, the father is incomprehensible, and the Son is incomprehensible, -yet there are not two incomprehensibles, but one incomprehensible. - - (Here a confused cry of order, and the Chaplain reprimanded for - laughing.) - -There is indeed one North Briton of whom I entertain a better hope.—He -seems to have caught that itch for liberty, which, to our great wonder, -broke out in the Highlands last summer. He, Sir, even in the character -of his M[ajest]y’s Commissi[o]ner, solicited the intimacy of _General -Washington_. But indeed, Sir, if ever a Scotchman can be suspected of -loving liberty, it is not when he has recently become a convert to -Administration: _Washington_ therefore sent his Excellency, the worthy -Commissioner, a flat refusal.—Mr. _Laurens_ too refused his Excellency -the hearing he so generously solicited by imploring Congress, “_not to -follow the example of Br[i]t[ai]n in the hour of her insolence_;” the -_hearing_ was however refused, nay even the “_sight of the country_,” -and “_the sight of its worthy patriots_” was peremptorily refused. The -Americans, Sir, think that a Scotchman has neither eyes nor ears for -liberty, or, at least, they distrusted the capacity of his Excellency’s -organs for such an object.—I have a letter, Sir, in my pocket from my -honest friend Ethan Allen; I would read it, but I am sure you won’t let -me: He knows I am fond of scripture quotations, and tells me Congress -would have given your Scotch commissioner this _hearing_, but they knew -“he was like unto the deaf adder, who regardeth not the voice of the -charmer.” - -Let me then trouble his Excellency with one question; who was it -suggested this secret correspondence with the enemy? was it not the -Scottish secretary of this wise commission, Dr. Adam Ferguson? It must -have been one of Sir John Dalrymple’s associates in literature. The -Scotch, if they can get no Englishman to act, as they pretend to say the -great Sidney did, will make even their own countrymen treacherous in one -age, to furnish some literary assassin of the next with the foul vouchers -of treachery and baseness. At all events, Sir, I shall heartily give my -vote for the amendment, as the only means to convict the M[i]n[i]stry of -what I know they are guilty, weakness, incapacity, ignorance, obstinacy, -baseness, and treachery. - -[Sidenote: Governor J[o]hns[o]n.] - -_Governor J[o]hns[o]n_[7] now rose, and said every thing that a Gentleman -in his melancholly situation could be supposed to urge. Spoke much of -the want of candour in putting a false construction on his actions, -which he could assure the House, upon his honour, were all dictated by -the best intentions; that he should not undertake to enter into a full -defence of his conduct at present, as it was a very delicate business, -and turned upon a very nice chain of circumstances. One part of the -charges against him he would slightly touch upon, his letters, and what -he supposed was meant to be hinted at, his attempts of bribery. That -the artful policy of France had made it necessary for him to parry her -attacks by similar weapons; that he believed it was felt and would be -admitted by all parts of that House, that there is no greater spring of -public actions, in all political assemblies, than _self-interest_. That -he felt himself justified in his own mind for every step he had taken, -for he would venture to affirm, that in every negociation true wisdom -and sound policy justified the moral fitness of secret articles, and -the honourable expediency of powerful temptations. As to the failure of -success, on the part of the commissioners, various causes had concurred -to occasion it. They were sent to treat of peace with a retreating army. -Philadelphia, the chief residence of the moderate men, and most friendly -to their negociation, was evacuated by the army, on the Commissioners -arrival. A little after they had got to New-York, Mons. D’Estaign was -upon the coast. These circumstances gave spirits to a declining cause; -and America, _in this hour of her insolence_, refused to treat, unless -her independence was specifically acknowledged. - -What followed afterwards is a very serious business, indeed; but I trust -I shall be pardoned by a noble Lord opposite to me, high in character, -and in the esteem of his country, if I freely say, as my opinion, that -Monsieur D’Estaign’s fleet ought to have been attacked by the Br[i]t[i]sh -at Rhode-Island, as soon as the French came out of the harbour to fight -them. And I will further say, considering the spirit, the gallantry, -and the heroism of the British Seamen, the inequality of the force of -the fleets was not sufficient to justify the not attacking the French -fleet, without waiting a length of time to gain the weather guage, and -trusting so long as the Engl[i]sh fleet did there to an unruly element. -Sir, in the actions in the West-Indies, between the English and French -fleets, last war, where the former were greatly inferior both in number -and weight of metal, the French were beat off and obliged to fly for -it. So, in the case of the Monmouth, the Dorsetshire, and several other -instances, inferiority in the outset of the contest proved victorious in -the end. I will not, however, dwell upon matters which merely depend upon -opinion, and upon which the best officer in the world may be mistaken. -But, Sir, after the tempest at Rhode-Island, when the Noble Lord returned -to New-York to refit, was not time lost? the very time that might have -been employed in separating D’Estaign from Boston harbour? I might say, -Sir, in the defeat of D’Estaign; for, after the arrival of some of -B[y]r[o]n’s squadron, the Noble Lord was superior to him.⸺It is a very -unpleasant task to speak out, but I cannot avoid giving my opinion as -a seaman, and as one upon the spot, acquainted with the delays in this -business. - -Upon the whole, Sir, my opinion, in a very few words is this: The violent -and impolitic measures of the M[i]n[i]stry of this country first lost -America⸺the Br[i]t[i]sh army might have regained it⸺and our fleet has -lost more than one opportunity of crushing that of France, upon which -American resistance chiefly depended for protection and support. - -[Sidenote: Lord H[o]we.] - -_Lord H[o]we_ and _Mr. R[i]gby_ now rose; but the house appearing -inclined to give the former an immediate opportunity to reply, Mr. -R[i]gby sat down, and Lord H[o]we, in very modest yet pointed terms, -remarked on the unfairness which, he must say, the Honourable Gentleman -who spoke last, had discovered both in the design and manner of his -speech. That, first, to avoid entering into the motives and principles of -his own conduct, as being more proper objects for a particular committee -of enquiry, and then to launch out into vague and desultory accusations -of any other person, was inconsistent, and, he was sorry to add, -illiberal. That whatever prejudices those reflections were intended to -create against his conduct, he would not then interrupt the business of -the day, and the more general subjects of the present debate, but trust -to the candour of the house for suspending their opinion, until the whole -of his conduct might be minutely investigated by a committee appointed -for that purpose; which committee, he himself should be the first man in -that house to solicit, nay demand. - -[Sidenote: Mr. R[i]gby.] - -_Mr. R[i]gby._⸺I should not, Sir, have troubled the house on this first -day, but that I felt it the indispensable duty of private friendship, -to express my feelings on the happy return of our worthy Commissioner, -who has given you, Sir, so full and satisfactory an account both of his -principles and conduct.⸺I shall not trouble you long, Sir; I rise only -for that purpose.⸺I am sure there is no Gentleman in this house, who -more heartily congratulates the worthy Commissioner on his unembarrassed -countenance and his good looks. He certainly has passed the summer very -profitably—the voyage seems to have improved his stock of spirits—I -think, I never saw him appear to more advantage—I own, however, I -sincerely regret the unpoliteness of his American friends. After such -condescending invitations of himself, it was not very civil of those -Gentlemen to send excuses—If he had been admitted to their society, I -have no manner of doubt of the wonderful effects his eloquence would have -wrought. Even if they had allowed him a sight of the country, a man of -his taste would have brought us home some curious American memoirs: but, -alas! he was not only disappointed in that wish, but in one of a still -gentler kind. I mean, Sir, a _Flirtation Treaty_, which he _attempted_, -to negotiate with a celebrated female politician, the _Messalina of -Congress_. I say attempted, Sir; for unfortunately even there too his -Excellency met with as cold a reception. Unfortunately! for, had the Lady -indulged him with a _hearing_, or even a _sight_, what surer line to lay -the foundation of a more lasting connection? But, in short, Sir, whether -from fate or insufficiency, the affair dropt, and the _Flirtation Treaty_ -fell to the ground⸺ ⸺Sir, I trouble the house very seldom, and with as -few words as possible⸺my opinion continues to be what it invariably -has been, with respect to America—this country may be deprived of its -interests, its dignity, and its honour; but, as I never can give my -assent to a voluntary surrender of them, I most heartily agree in the -support which the address proposes to afford to his M[ajest]y. - -[Sidenote: Mr. T. T[o]wns[e]nd.] - -Mr. _T. T[o]wns[e]nd_ rose, and with great vehemence arraigned the levity -of the Right Honourable Gentleman who spoke before him; he thought it -highly indecent, at this important crisis, when the very existence of -this country is at stake, that any Gentleman should endeavour to raise -a laugh, and turn the momentous deliberations of that day into ridicule. -Under such circumstances, in his opinion, jocularity was flagitious, and -wit became blasphemy. He had, himself, sat in three P[a]rl[ia]m[e]nts, -and he appealed to the candour of that house, whether in that length -of time he had once raised a laugh, or on any occasion intentionally -distorted the muscles of any Honourable Member? “No Sir, the true -design of our meeting here, is for far other purposes than those of -calling forth the risibility of Honourable Gentlemen: a risibility at -any time highly improper for this house, but particularly so at this -tremendous, this disgraceful moment.—It is with the highest astonishment -that I now see Gentlemen shifting their places, as if already tired of -public business, or afraid to look into the deplorable and calamitous -situation of this country: nay, so great is their inattention to their -duty in P[a]rl[ia]m[e]nt, that, upon my rising, I find the house almost -cleared—where are the Members?—I am afraid—at dinner! Is this a time for -revelling in taverns, when the dignity of the Imperial Crown of this -country is violated, and much harm done to our merchants?—Is this a time -for revelling, when the glory of Britannia, Sir, I say, is sullied, and -when, Sir, the French are riding on your narrow seas.”⸺He then entered -into a copious detail of the blunders of Administration, with respect to -Falkland’s Islands, the Middlesex Election, Corsica, and the massacre in -St. George’s Fields, Gibraltar, and Mr. Horne’s imprisonment; together -with cursory observations on the illegality of impressing, the bad policy -of Lotteries, the fatal example of the Justitia, and the tremendous -perils to this devoted country from the frequent exhibition of the -Beggar’s Opera.⸺At length, returning a little closer to the question, he -again animadverted on the surprising inattention of the House: “Yet Sir, -(he exclaimed) before I sit down let me ask Ministers a few questions—I -do not expect any answer from them, yet I will ask them⸺Is Dominica the -only one of our West India Islands now in the possession of France? -Are we to go on for ever with the American war?—Who are our allies?—Is -Omiah to pay us another visit?—Where is Sir Harry Cl[i]nt[o]n?⸺How is -the Czarina affected?—What will D’Estaign do after Christmas?⸺Where will -the Brest fleet be next summer?⸺If Ministers will not, and I know they -dare not, answer these questions, then Sir, how, in God’s name, can -they refuse the papers called for by the noble Lord’s Amendment? From -those papers, I pledge myself to the house, the whole of these nefarious -proceedings will be brought to light—discouraged, as I well might be, -from again pledging my person, (having been the constant and unredeemed -pledge of this House, for one thing or another, for these one and -twenty years last past,) I repeat it, Sir, I will pledge the reversion -of myself, that these papers will furnish us with all necessary and -constitutional information.—And, for these reasons, Sir, the Amendment -meets with my most hearty concurrence.” - -[Sidenote: Mr. V[y]n[e]r.] - -Mr. _V[y]n[e]r_ professed himself to be one of the independant Country -Gentlemen, and took occasion to inform the house, that five Indiamen -arrived in the River Thames about six weeks ago.—He said he embraced -this earliest opportunity to repeat his offer of fifteen shillings in -the pound, if Ministers would but seriously go on with the war, which, -for his part, he now considered in a new point of view—for, as a great -statesman had once boasted to have conquered, in his time, America in -Germany, so he would hope and believe, that we, in our days, might -conquer France in America.—And here, from regretting the loss of that -great statesman, he fell into a train of melancholy thoughts, which led -him insensibly to a pathetic eulogy on the memory of his dear departed -friend, the well-known Mr. _Van_.—“A long course of congenial studies (he -exclaimed, with torrents of tears and frequent sobs) had entwined our -hearts in political sympathy—we had but one idea between us!—Yes, Sir, I -repeat it, but one—Well therefore may I say with the Poet, - - In infancy our hopes and fears - Were to each other known, - And friendship in our riper years, - Had twined our hearts in one.” - -Here he broke off, oppressed with a flood of tears, while a confused -noise of _encore_ and _order_ resounded from several parts of the -house. At length, when the uproar began to subside, and Gentlemen became -collected enough to proceed on business, - -[Sidenote: Hon. T. L[u]ttr[e]l.] - -_Hon. T. L[uttre]l_ rose, and with great solemnity, addressed himself to -the chair in the following words:⸺Notwithstanding the general silence, -which, I find, it is the fashion for Ministers of this day not only to -hold themselves, but likewise to encourage in others, on the important -subject of maritime affairs, I cannot, Sir, acquiesce in so culpable a -silence, nor content myself with sitting still, until the close of the -debate, to be numbered with the tacit votes in its disfavour. Sir, the -Navy, I have ever considered not only as the true and constitutional -safe-guard of this insular territory, but as the very spirit and soul of -all traffic, the quintessence of merchandize, and indeed, I may say, the -palladium of commerce. With this view, Sir, my studies have ever tended -to the investigation of the origin of that stupendous piece of mechanism, -a ship.⸺Noah, Sir, was, in my opinion, the first circumnavigator—(I beg -to be understood, I mean no reflection on the memory of Sir Francis -Drake)—he was therefore, Sir, justly entitled to the highest situation -in the naval department of that early period—take him for all in all, we -shall not look upon his like again—though, in truth, there are traits -in his character not totally dissimilar to some leading features of the -noble Earl who is now at the head of that department—But it is not for me -to draw the parallel. - -Sir, The Phœnicians - - * * * * * - -It was a custom also among the Chaldeans and the Nazareens - - * * * * * - -Recollect, Sir, when news was brought to the Persians - - * * * * * - -So the Macedonians - - * * * * * - -In like manner the Lacedemonians, and the Athenians - - * * * * * - -Thus too the Carthagenians - - * * * * * - -Here let me call your attention to the Romans and Syracusians - - * * * * * - -Need I remind you of the northern hive, or trouble you with the Goths and -Vandals? - - * * * * * - -So too, Sir, the Chinese - - * * * * * - -At length, Mr. Sp[ea]k[e]r, the Danes, Dutch, Swedes, Venetians, -Neapolitans, Spaniards, French, Portuguese, Muscovites, Turks, Saracens, -and others, that I skip over to avoid tediousness - - * * * * * - -And to bring it home to our feelings, the ancient Britons, hardy Welch, -Milesians, wild Irish, Saxons, Picts, Normans, English, and _Regattaites_ -rush upon our mind, and - - * * * * * - -From this historical deduction, I cannot but think, Sir, navigation -highly necessary, highly favourable to liberty. - -If, Sir, I wanted any additional reason for opposing the address, it -would best arise from the shameful neglect and inattention to those -brave and humane French officers, (particularly the Captain of the -Licorne,) lately on their parole at Alresford, half of whom, indeed, -ministry have cruelly suffered to run away. Besides, Sir, let us advert -to the wretched deficiency in our late naval equipments.⸺I have it, -Sir, from undoubted authority, that the several ships crews laboured -under a total deprivation of Tobacco. Tobacco! that staple commodity -of our once flourishing subjects, now, alas, our avowed enemies, in -Virginia, and the Southern colonies.—Sir, not only the quota of Gin -was miserably retrenched, but adultery, so congenial to the _Noah_ of -this day, pervaded every keg in the Royal Navy.—Sir, I myself know it -for a fact, that the speaking trumpet of the Albion was sent out in -so wretched a condition, that, in haling a fishing-boat, (I believe -a cod-smack) off Scilly, the second mate cracked his pipe, and half -the crew have been hoarse ever since—some of your ships, Sir, wanted -their complement of Chaplains:—and in others, I will not say that I -know there were not surgeons, but I will say, I do _not_ know that -there were. Sir, more fatal consequences have arisen from a strange -neglect of vegetables—Potatoes, radically rotten!—Carrots, diabolically -dry!—Turnips, totally tough!—Parsnips, pitifully putrid!⸺Scurvy, Sir, -Scurvy, like the angry Dæmon of Pestilence, has lighted up everlasting -bon-fires in the blotched brows and cicatracious cheeks of your scarified -seamen; so that every crew has flashed contagion, and reeked like a -floating Pest-house, with the baneful exhalations of disease.—And now, -Sir, that I’m on my legs, a word or two to trowzers—Such is the pitiful -œconomy of Administration, such the paltry treachery of Contractors, -that, what from an original coarseness of yarn, what, from the more -pernicious and slovenly texture of the workmanship, not a trowzer but -gaped with lacerations, whose expanded apertures discovered what⸺the -P[a]rl[ia]m[e]nt[a]ry decorum of this house, forbids me to reveal. -Spurred on by such powerful incentives, I take this earliest occasion -to give notice to the house, that I shall move, on this day fortnight, -for the house to resolve itself into a Committee, in order to take into -consideration the several weighty grievances, the outline of which I -have just now had the honour to give you a rude sketch.—When, I shall -also move you, Sir, that the several Maltsters, Distillers of Gin, -Venders of Tobacco, Traders in Trowzers, Retailers of Rum, Picklers of -Pork, and Purveyors of Potatoes, together with their several servants, -followers, apprentices and retainers, be ordered to attend this house _de -die in diem_, to answer all such questions and matters touching the said -enquiry, as shall be put to them by the Committee so to be appointed.—In -the mean time, Sir, I shall give my hearty concurrence to the noble -Lord’s Amendment, as promising to afford some degree of preliminary -information, which may tend to illustrate the more important matter in -the Enquiry which I have now proposed to set on foot. - -[Sidenote: Mr. P[e]nt[o]n.] - -Mr. _P[e]nt[o]n_, in reply, begged pardon for troubling the house, -but hoped they would indulge him in a few words, as he felt himself -particularly called on to answer some reflections which the Honourable -Gentleman, who had spoke last, had thought proper to throw out against -that board where he had the honour to sit.—He said, that, at the time of -the fitting out of Mr. K[e]pp[e]l’s fleet, he had made it his business -to be very much at Portsmouth, where, though it was a task exceedingly -repugnant to his private feelings and taste, he had, however, considered -it as an official service incumbent on one in his department, to -personally experiment the several provisions and stores prepared for that -equipment. That, impelled by such motives, he had, on several occasions, -drank the small beer, not unfrequently tasted the gin, and sometimes -smoak’d, nay chewed the tobacco; that, in his humble opinion, they were -all super-excellent in their several kinds. And, as to the imputed -delinquency relative to potatoes, he could assure the house, he had -bought up several tuns of the same species, for the consumption of his -own family—nay, he would go further, he would venture to acquaint that -house, that with some of those very identical potatoes, he had lately -had the happiness and honour to regale a certain Great Personage, then -his guest; a personage indeed of too high a rank to have his name even -alluded to, though on so weighty, and so important a business. - -[Sidenote: Mr. B[urke].] - -_Mr. B[u]rke_⸺I must confess, Sir, notwithstanding my long and melancholy -experience of the present administration, I cannot hear, without -astonishment, the language held forth by the speech, and echoed in this -day’s debate. This session, Sir, at a period big with horror, pregnant -with ruin to this country, is ushered in with the song of triumph; and -parliament are bid to rejoice at a time when nothing but the language -of despair is to be heard throughout the nation. Surely, Sir, the hour -is at last arrived, when humility and moderation ought to take place -of pride and confidence; when, instead of launching further into a sea -of troubles, we might be content to try what little can be saved from -the wreck of national honour and prosperity. Ministers might at length -condescend to tell us, what means are left to avert the gathering ruin; -how we are to tread back the mazes of error and folly, through which -we have been led; and where are the resources from which one gleam of -hope might dawn upon us, in the hour of danger and despair—But, deaf to -the solemn call of occasion and necessity, they rejoice in the absence -of thought, in the contempt of foresight. Like the wretch who seeks in -stupefaction a momentary relief from sorrow, they sink from a voluntary -intoxication into a torpid insensibility. The illusion, indeed, is not -to be confined within the narrow limits of their own minds; its baneful -influence must be circulated through every corner of the nation; and, by -a shameful perversion, that anxiety for the public welfare, which, in -times like these, is, in my opinion, the highest of public virtues, must -be amused with the pageantry of domestic warfare, or lulled by the opiate -of our American Gazettes. I own, Sir, even on principles of criticism, -I cannot but consider the stile of these Ministerial annals, as no -very favourable criterion of the present times. In happier days, their -characteristic was plain conciseness. Victories were then too rapid, too -numerous, to admit of a dilated relation.—Success is seldom tedious, but -I am afraid our highest atchievements have amounted to no more than the -inroads of savages, or the depredations of pyrates. Upon my word, Sir, -though we may censure our Officers, our Ministers at least shew some -generalship; if they cannot deceive the enemy, they are prompt enough -to mislead their countrymen; though they discover but little skill in -the arrangement of armies, they have an admirable talent in marshalling -Gazettes. They have given celebrity to sheep-stealing, and blazoned, in -all the pompous prolixity of ostentatious phraseology, the important -depredations at—_Martha’s_ Island—Certainly, Sir, the gallant Commander -of that expedition may vie in pastoral atchievements with Ajax, with -Jason, or at least Don Quixote; and, if he does not obtain a triumph, he -is clearly entitled to an _ovation_. Not, Sir, that I mean to cast any -reflection on those Officers and Soldiers to whose lot these ridiculous -services have fallen—they, no doubt, have effected every thing that the -bravery of the British troops in such a situation could accomplish; but -the Hand of Nature, Sir, has thrown in their way obstacles which it -was not in the most obstinate valour, in the most consummate wisdom to -surmount. It is a want of confidence in the directors of this war that -has chilled every vein, and slackened every sinew of military enterprize. -Besides, Sir, if I may be permitted to indulge a little superstition, -there is a certain fatality attending the measures of Administration: -through all their bungling operations of war, through all their wretched -plans of peace, the evil Genius, Sir, of this country, seems to haunt -their footsteps. He it is that has suffered them to wander on, undismayed -by danger, unabashed by reproaches, from one absurdity to another, ’till -our blunders and our follies have at length reared that stupendous -fabric of American Empire that now engrosses the attention, and claims -the wonder of mankind. Allow me, Sir, to pause for a moment, while I -contemplate this phœnomenon of modern ages, this new constellation in -the western hemisphere; a mighty and extensive empire, not rising by -slow degrees and from small beginnings, but bursting forth at once into -full vigour and maturity; not cherished in the soft lap of peace and -commerce, but shaking off in its outset the long established dominion of -a powerful master, and thriving in the midst of carnage and desolation. -“Ab ipso ducit opes animumq. bello.” If we view them in another light, as -completely enthroned in sovereignty, as receiving embassies from distant -potentates, as forming leagues with the princes and states of Europe, -we shall find more abundant matter for self-humiliation—I could wish to -shut my eyes on the scene that follows: The parent baffled and depressed, -imploring pardon of her injured and alienated children, yielding to -their successful resistance, what she had denied to their prayers and -petitions, and offering every concession short of a total emancipation; -but scorned and rejected in her turn, not (as she had rejected them) -with rudeness and insolence, but with firmness and with dignity; and -convinced, at length, that the day of conciliation is past, and that the -groundwork of peace can only be laid on the broad basis of equality and -independance. - -Is this the unconditional submission the noble Lord in the American -department so prodigally announced? This is indeed unconditional -submission, but unconditional submission from Great Britain to America. - -Gentlemen may remember how often my voice has preached peace within these -walls; how often it has warned administration to healing measures, while -the wounds of America might yet have been closed. I will still repeat it, -’till the echo of this house shall be conscious of no other sound; Peace, -Peace, Peace, is still my object. - -It is now high time, Sir, that Gentlemen should awaken to a sense of -our danger, that Parliament should discard those wretched schemes of -short-sighted policy, which cannot, in our present situation, afford even -a temporary refuge. As yet, we experience only the beginnings of our -sorrows; but the storms of adversity are gathering fast around us, and -the vessel is still trusted to the direction of Pilots, whose ignorance -and obstinacy has been manifest to all the world.⸺What thanks, Sir, to -the vigilance of our Rulers, that we are not already sunk beyond the -possibility of redemption? What thanks to them, that the flower of our -army and navy, and with them all the hopes of Britain had not withered -before the power of a lately dejected but now triumphant enemy? Is it -owing to their care that the rich produce of the Western Isles has not -flowed into every harbour of France? - -No, Sir, it is the hand of Providence that wards off for a while the ruin -of this declining empire. It is Providence alone that has preserved our -gallant Admirals in America, by an almost miraculous interposition.—It is -due to Providence alone, that the heart-strings of our commerce are not -cut asunder by the sword of our adversaries. - -I own, Sir, I cannot join in an implicit approbation of such ministers: I -must be a little better acquainted with their merits before I can place -an unlimited confidence in their wisdom and discretion; that discretion -which has led us into a labyrinth of difficulties; that wisdom that -cannot find a clue for our deliverance. - -[Sidenote: Mr. D[u]nn[in]g.] - -Mr _D[u]nn[i]ng_ said a few words, which, from the learned gentleman’s -being particularly hoarse and uncommonly inarticulate, owing (as has -been suggested) to a violent cold, and a multiplicity of business in -Westminster-hall, we could not collect with the accuracy that we wish -to observe on every occasion. His language was neat and pointed, though -somewhat tinctured with professional pedantry: his arguments seemed -ingenious, though perhaps too refined for the comprehension of his -auditors. He had much antithesis, much verbal gingle, and many whimsical -climaxes. He talked of the competency or incompetency of the House to the -discussion of the present question; of the materiality or immateriality -of the proposed amendment; of the responsibility or irresponsibility of -Ministers. He said, he neither asked, nor knew, nor cared to what the -present question might ultimately tend; but of this he was confident, -that it’s propriety was clearly evinced, and it’s necessity irrefragably -proved by that opposition which purported to baffle it.—Upon the whole, -his harrangue seemed to be a medley of legal quibble and quaint humour. - -[Sidenote: Mr. S[olicito]r G[enera]l.] - -Mr. _S[o]ll[i]c[i]t[o]r-G[e]n[e]r[a]l_, CONTRA, began with _declaring_, -that when he _tuk_ his present office, he _understud_ it to be a _General -Retainer_, to _shew cause_ in behalf of Administration: That, therefore, -he hoped to be favoured with a few words by way of _replication_ to -his learned friend: That he might in this case have insisted on _want -of notice_, but, for the sake of candour in practice, he would waive -that objection; for, that he had no doubt, on the merits, but that -_judgment wud be given_ in his favour: _Protesting_, that the speech -was _warranted_ by _precedent_, and had _the highest authority_ in it’s -support: _Protesting_ also, that no _gud_ objection _cud_ be made to -the address, as it strictly pursued the very words of the speech. He -_justified, under an immemorial custom_, that Administration _have been -accustomed to have, and still of right ought to have_, certain echoes in -this House, called _Addresses_.—He admitted, that _true it was_, there -had been some _errors in our proceedings_ with respect to America; but -he was informed, and believed, that Sir Henry Clinton intended to have -a _new trial_. As to the cause of Great Britain _versus_ France, he -had been given to understand and be informed, that the place in which -the _trespass_ was supposed to have been committed, was, PARCEL of -the Island of Dominica, _in parts beyond the seas_; which place said -French, with force of arms, to wit, with ships of divers guns, drums, -trumpets, bayonets, hand grenades, and cartridge boxes, had broken and -entered, _doing nevertheless as little damage on that occasion as they -possibly cud_: but that he was clearly of opinion, that if the troops -of said France should _traverse_ the Channel, and lay _a Venue_ in Kent -or Sussex, _issue might be joined_ by the militia at Cox-Heath; and, in -that case, _afterwairds_, if verdict _shud_ be given in our favour, the -adverse party would sustain heavy and exemplary _damages_.—He concluded -with _averring_, that he approved of the address in it’s present form; -and that he should _demur_ to the amendment moved by the Noble _Lud_, as -_multifarious, uncertain, insufficient, and informal_. - -[Sidenote: Mr F[o]x.] - -Mr _F[o]x_ now rose; and, with that extent of information, refined -perspicuity, and vehemence of eloquence, by which he so invariably -commands the attention and admiration of the House, entered at large into -the subject of debate. - -To do justice to the force of his reasoning, or elegance of his stile, -is totally beyond the utmost efforts of the editor.—All that he can -attempt is, to give an imperfect sketch of an inimitable original.⸺He -began with lamenting the accomplishment of that ruin, which, from time -to time, he had too justly predicted. He confessed, that little merit -could be ascribed to those prophecies; which, however chimerical and -visionary ministers had affected to consider them, were, in fact, no -more than plain deductions of what must necessarily ensue from their own -measures. He proceeded to recapitulate the conduct of Administration -since the prorogation of Parliament; particularly observing on the -impolitic removal of the troops from Philadelphia at the moment, when, if -ever, their continuance _there_ might have effected some good purpose. -The concealment of that intended evacuation, even from the Commissioners -themselves, was a part (he said) of that system of duplicity and -deception which pervaded the whole of ministerial conduct. Possibly, -indeed, Ministers were aware, that gentlemen of high character and -esteem would not have become the executive tools of a plan so wretchedly -concerted. The Commissioners therefore were not suffered to participate -in counsels, which, if they had known, they must have despised. Nor was -folly more conspicuous in the origin than in the prosecution of this -paltry disingenuous plan. Sir Henry Clinton, to whose courage and conduct -every praise is due, was ordered to return to New-York. Encumbered with -baggage, and pursued by an army superior in numbers, he made his way -thro’ the almost impervious forests of that country; and, by almost a -miraculous effort, not only secured his retreat, but in the Jerseys had -the good fortune to resist the enemy with some success—a success however, -which, without disparaging the British troops, must in great part be -attributed to General Lee; who, in consequence of his misconduct in that -affair, was immediately put in arrest, and afterwards suspended for the -space of a year. - -He went on with indicating the circumstance of a fleet of Victuallers -having been sent to Philadelphia, after the army, which was to be -supplied by that fleet, had been ordered to evacuate Philadelphia.—That -fleet, he said, had narrowly escaped being taken in the Delaware; and, -thence, he argued Ministers were as culpable, as if, in consequence -of the capture of that fleet, the army, then arrived at New-York, had -famished for want of those provisions, on which their future subsistance -was wholly dependant. - -He said, he was yet to learn what plan Administration could pretend to -alledge they had followed, or meant to follow, in America. Upon what -grounds could they attempt to prosecute an _offensive_ war? Or, taking -the alternative, how can they presume to say they have acted on the -_defensive_?⸺As to the first, they have thirty thousand men to conquer -the continent of America: admitting then the superiority of their army -and their navy, still he contended that superiority had been, and ever -must be ineffectual and useless; because, as long as the English army and -navy co-operate, the Americans will never have the unnecessary temerity -to give up the advantage of situation, or expose their cause to the -hazard of one decisive engagement. The last campaign was the clearest -proof of that position; and, now, though our fleet was superior to the -French, yet D’Estaign is safe at Boston.—It was, on that principle, -he doubted not, the gallant and experienced Commanders of the last -campaign had formed their conduct: It was their policy, and, in his -opinion, the best policy, to keep a collected force, and to avoid any -inferior exertions, that might require a separation, or weaken that -superiority, which, in case of a decisive action, they rightly judged -could alone have been fatal to American resistance.—It remained for -General Clinton to pursue a contrary policy.—Yet, though (he declared) -no man in that house entertained a higher respect for the personal and -professional merit of that able Commander, (who from his particular -talent for military enterprise, and his education under the Prince of -Brunswick, was best calculated for effecting such a plan) yet, from the -minutest investigation of the late Gazettes, he could not collect any -very auspicious presage of his military career. If indeed, from his -observation, of what had already happened, he might hazard an opinion of -what may happen, we had no reason to rejoice at the revival of that plan -of separation, which had proved so fatal in the Northern expedition. He -was sorry he had mentioned that expedition—It led him to a subject he -wished to avoid.—He had been accused of an asperity of reflexion on the -conduct of the noble Lord who planned that expedition. He would strive, -in future, to overcome his indignation, by indulging his contempt for -the Adviser of it.—Yet, thus much he would say; though unhappy for this -country, it was happy for our troops, happy for our officers, to be -directed and controlled by a Minister, to whose wisdom not even Envy -could ascribe one particle of their success, in whose imbecillity even -Justice would afford them an asylum from every disgrace. - -Having thus stated the impracticability of an offensive war in -America, either on the former plan of united force, or on the present -separate efforts, he recurred to the other part of his argument, -whether Administration could pretend to alledge their having adopted -the alternative, and formed even a defensive plan for America and the -West-Indies?⸺If they dared to assume that merit, how could they expect -the House to attend, with any degree of patience, to such a mockery of -all truth? On any rational plan of mere defence, would they not have left -a force at New-York, Rhode-Island, and Halifax, fully able to prevent -any attack in that quarter; at the same time, detaching a sufficient -force to protect the West-India Islands?—Upon such a plan, would not any -spirited Minister have grafted some degree of activity and enterprise? -Would He not have attacked Martinique, Guadaloupe, or St. Domingo? Such -conduct would have struck terror to France, we should have been enriched -by new acquisitions, or, at least, have prevented the disgrace of our own -losses. - -But, admitting that this defensive plan may have been but recently -adopted, how are Administration to regain the time they have lost, or -what resources of finance are still unexhausted to prosecute even this -plan? Are all the Country Gentlemen equally disposed to devote fifteen -shillings in the pound to carry on this defensive war? Are they all -equally delighted with the great and growing ruin of an accumulating -debt and a decreasing revenue? Or do they rest their hopes on the wealth -of our East-India trade? Do they know that, there too, the French are -undermining the foundation of our commerce? Or is it studiously concealed -from them, that the French ministry have sent Monsieur Vaugelin to -Canton, in the quality of their Consul at the Chinese Court?⸺He had heard -much of a sudden increase of national wealth by our late captures, but, -at best, the prizes of privateers are a partial benefit; they can enrich -but a few individuals; they afford no diminution of the general burthens -of a whole people. In the present instance, the truth was these boasted -prizes were, in fact, public losses; the French having had the art to -insure their most valuable ships, particularly the Indiamen, by English -policies—besides that, several of the richest captures were actually -freighted with consignments to English merchants. - -But, supposing this extraordinary spirit of bounty should become general -among the Country Gentlemen, and that, to support a war which had totally -lost the original object of revenue, for which they had been tempted -to engage in it; supposing they were all well inclined to a land-tax -of fifteen shillings in the pound, and determined to overflow the -Exchequer with an extraordinary redundance of profusion, yet would they -be particularly happy that all that wealth should be portioned out to -subsidise Hanover, Hesse-Cassel, Hanau, Waldeck, Brandebourg-Anspach, and -all the mercenaries of Germany? Or that it should wholly be devoted to -satiate the monopolising avarice of a Russian alliance? You have no force -at home—you are almost defenseless.⸺ - -[Sidenote: Col. T[u]ffn[e]ll.] - -(Here he was called to order by Colonel Tuffnell for speaking of the -_defenceless_ state of this country.) Col. _T[u]ffn[e]ll_ said, the word -_defenceless_ was, to the last degree, improper and disorderly; for that -he himself had the command at Dover Castle, opposite Calais, where, -though the country all about it was rather flat, he would not wish such -a word as _defenceless_ to be sent from that house to Paris, by any -friend of Dr. Franklin’s. And, as he was on his legs, he must say, that -word _defenceless_ was doubly wrong, from the late state of the camps; -where, in spite of French spies, there had been the utmost discipline, -unanimity, peace, and quietness; except, indeed, some desertions, much -nakedness, frequent floggings, and several duels. - -Mr. _F[o]x_ then proceeded, without any remark on this interruption; -and observed, that every petty Landgrave and Margrave had already been -exhausted; they had no more Chasseurs, no more mercenary boors, to -fight, or rather not to fight, our battles. Russia is frozen up for -some months; and, not improbably, the courts of Berlin and Vienna would -sufficiently engage her in their Bavarian contest; or, at least, not -make it adviseable for her to lessen the internal defence of a country -surrounded with such powerful armies. As to the Fleet, how could it be -recruited with sailors or marines? Though even the spirit of adventure -could instantly man every Privateer that had been fitted out, yet the -noble Lord at the head of the Admiralty had pretended to palliate his own -incapacity and criminal neglect, by alledging it was almost impossible, -even with an extraordinary bounty, and the utmost rigour of an Impress -and an Embargo, to man the Royal Fleet—the fact was, the minds of the -people were obstinately bent against this American war; nay, even against -a French war, when France became the protector of America. - -With such Ministers, such principles, such plans, such internal -resources, such prospects of alliance; Gentlemen were now called on to -echo the Speech, to panegyrize an Administration too despicable for -satire, to plunge this devoted country in aggravated ruin, and, with a -remorseless dispair, to _desolate_ what they had found impossible to -_subdue_. - -[Sidenote: Lord N[o]rth.] - -L[o]rd _N[o]rth_.[8] Mr. Sp[eake]r, at the same time that I agree with -many Gentlemen who have spoken in the course of this day’s debate, that -the present is a very serious moment of deliberation, I can by no means -join with them in thinking our situation is desperate, though, I confess, -it is distressing. - -Sir, in all cases of distress or difficulty there is some relief to be -found in comparison. Gentlemen who hear me, will admit that this country, -in former wars, has been acquainted with unfortunate events. The loss -of some of our possessions, and the failure of enterprizes, marked the -onset of last war. Commanders were unsuccessful, perhaps criminal;—I do -not mean to draw a complete analogy between that period and the present—I -only mean to observe, that there has been no difficulty in modern -times, from which this Country has not been able to extricate itself, -when rouzed by a sense of its wrongs, and determined to vindicate its -justice, its dignity, and its honour.⸺In saying this, I shall be told by -Gentlemen that we were indebted to a great Character in the midst of our -misfortunes during the last war, and that, by his vigour and enterprizing -genius, this Country was extricated from her embarrassing situation. I -will join heartily in paying that tribute of truth to his memory⸺Would -to God that such a man were alive at this moment, to step forward with -the full exertion of the same zeal, and the same talents. I would yield -to none as a second in the work, though I confess my inability to be -employed as a first. - -Sir, the Honourable Gentleman who spoke last, has gone over such a -variety of ground, and has given so large a history of the wickedness -of Ministers during the American war, that the asperity with which he -has delivered it, would be a sufficient reason for my silence, did I not -think it necessary, from a duty I owe to this house and to my country, to -give some answers to assertions which have fallen from him. - -Sir,[9] to the first complaint, which the Honourable Gentleman makes, -of the Minister’s concealment from the Commissioners of the removal of -the troops from Philadelphia, I shall only answer, that the importance -of that proceeding required the nicest secrecy, and (though I do not -mean to suggest the least idea disadvantageous to the confidence of the -Commissioners) it is perhaps owing to the secret decision upon that -matter, that the removal of the fleet and army from the Delaware was -so timely, and so effectually executed. And I will add, that (whatever -opinions may have been conceived either by the Commissioners or any -other persons) the events, which have since happened, amply justify the -wisdom of the measure.⸺With respect to the bad policy, as some Gentlemen -have called it, of opening a negotiation with a retreating army, will -any one tell me, that, had your army and navy been blocked up by Mons. -D’Estaign’s fleet, with the prospect of all of the latter being utterly -destroyed in the Delaware, the Congress would have been more inclined to -treat with your Commissioners, than when all were safe at New-York?—Were -they inclined to negotiate with Lord H[o]we and Sir William H[o]we, (who -had sufficient powers) at Philadelphia, after the receipt of the bills, -and before the arrival of the new Commissioners?⸺No, Sir—no appearances -of reconciliation on the part of the Congress were shewn at that -time:—their minds, worked up by their leaders to a spirit of enthusiasm, -indulged the expectation of destruction to our fleet, at least, from the -powers of France.—I am free to confess, Sir, that when I heard Mons. -D’Estaign had arrived in America previous to Admiral Byron, (whose fleet -had been so unfortunately dispersed) I had little hopes from the temper -and inclinations of the Congress, that they would be induced to treat; -until some blow had been struck, and that on our part, of a successful -nature.—My confidence was, and still is, Sir, in the people there at -large—groaning under the worst of all tyrannies, involved in a ruinous, -and, I maintain, an unsuccessful war; and driven by their corrupted -leaders into a most unnatural connection with France; I say, Sir, if -one spark of British sense and honour yet remains, if one drop of blood -of this country still flows in the veins of the Americans, they will -avail themselves of our liberality, and return to their former happy and -enviable subordination to this country. - -With respect to the Fleet of Victuallers, which, the Honourable -Gentleman observed, had a narrow escape from the Delaware, it was -supposed they had sailed from Corke, some time before the orders were -sent from hence for the evacuation of Philadelphia; and it is very lucky -they did not sail for New-York; for, if they had, they would have met -with Monsieur D’Estaign there. - -It has been urged by the Honourable Gentleman, that the American war can -be no longer made offensive; and therefore, if a defensive one has been -adopted, why not leave a sufficient number of troops for the defence of -New-York, Rhode-Island, Halifax, and the Floridas? and strike some blow -at the French Settlements in the West-Indies.—Gentlemen will recollect -the little time that has elapsed since the evacuation of Philadelphia, -the attack and defence of Rhode-Island, and the transactions between Lord -Howe’s and D’Estaign’s Fleet, and they will see how difficult it was to -be at a great many places at the same time.—With respect to Dominica, -Sir, the loss of it is certainly a misfortune, but, I trust, only a -temporary one. There can be no blame laid upon the Ministers for that -event, because, in the very beginning of the war with France, ships were -sent sufficient to make at least a superior force to the French in the -West-Indies. I am aware of the force of the argument that will be made -use of upon this occasion—Gentlemen will say, You have so many places -and possessions to guard, that many of them must be vulnerable; and -therefore it is impossible to go on in a war with France and America at -the same time, with any reasonable expectations of success.—This argument -will lead me to enter a little into what I conceive to be our actual -situation at home and abroad.—With respect to this country, Sir, it is -protected by a fleet superior to the French.—It contains, to the honour -of those who have sacrificed domestic ease to public spirit, a very fine -army, including the regulars, of 50,000 men.—Your ships of trade and -merchandise have arrived safe and unmolested; whilst the Privateers and -Letters of Marque have made considerable havock upon the property of our -enemies.⸺And here I must remark upon two observations which have fallen -from the Honourable Gentleman who spoke last.—The first, with respect to -the number of sailors who have entered on board these ships at a time -when there was so much difficulty in manning the fleet, and which is -a charge of ignorance in obtaining them upon the Admiralty.—Sir, the -bounty which has been given to seamen by individuals, to enter on board -Privateers and Letters of Marque, has been enormous—I have been told -10 l.—15 l.—and 20 l. a-man.—This, with the expectation of the larger -share of prize-money received by lesser vessels, has been a sufficient -inducement to men to enter on board those ships.⸺Upon the other -observation, that the prizes we have taken consist chiefly of British -property, and are insured here—I shall only remark, that the Merchant -here who employs French shipping and French navigation, in preference -to the British, ought to suffer.—But, Sir, with respect to insurance, -let us see which of the two countries suffers most on that head.—The -insurance upon French ships homeward bound has been very high.—Upon the -French Indiamen, I have heard, so high as 75 l. per cent.—Then, Sir, this -being the case, if the Frenchman arrives safe in France, the Englishman -gets 75 l. per cent.—If he is taken, he loses but 25 l. per cent. whilst -his neighbour shares the prize entirely.—Surely, therefore, Sir, this -country has certainly much the best of the bargain.—This, however, Sir, -great as these advantages are, is no reason nor no inducement with me -for continuing the war.—I am obliged to recur so often to what has been -said, that I beg pardon for deviating from the chief object, at least -of my consideration—that of our actual situation at home and abroad.—I -have already said, Sir, that we are sufficiently defended by our navy -and army at home.—We have certainly a greater superiority of both in -North America—of ships in the West-Indies—superior in the East-Indies, -and shall be more so when the ships now ready to proceed thither, and -with troops, are arrived there.—Sir, there is wealth, I trust there is -likewise spirit enough in this country, to support us even in a more -embarrassing situation than the present. And, though Gentlemen may have -wished to impeach the security of this country, I will fairly tell -them, that, such is the confidence, even in the hour of her distress, -foreigners of all nations have given, and do give, the preference to our -funds;—the falling of which, immediately after the opening of the last -budget, is to be imputed entirely to the jobbing of a good purchase at -a low bargain, and not to a want of confidence in the nation. I could -deduce many reasons to justify me in this opinion; and I could call upon -the Dutch, as the best politicians, in support of it.—Nor, Sir, will I -admit the prospect of ruin to be before us, until I see that the justice -of our cause has left us, and that there no longer exists that zeal and -bravery which have distinguished the people of Great Britain, as superior -to the rest of the world⸺Sir, a great deal has been said by Gentlemen -(who have in my idea gone over, unnecessarily at this time, the whole -of the American war) with respect to the conduct of it.⸺I believe, even -the most inveterate enemies Ministers may have, will allow that there -was transported to a greater distance, than ever was known before, the -finest army; that you fed and maintained it at that distance; and that, -from its excellence and its superiority, you had a right to expect the -most happy advantages. So far the business, as it concerned Ministry, was -well transacted. But, Sir, then comes the question—were the plans and the -directions to execute them wise and practicable?⸺I cannot but say, Sir, -for my own part, and, as far as my Judgment went, they were so⸺I do not -mean to suggest any thing invidious towards the Officers to whom commands -and responsibility were delegated⸺I am not one of those who easily -condemn, certainly never will, before I have just grounds for doing so⸺If -our Army and Navy have not done in every part of the world what was -expected of them—Parliament can enquire, can approve, or censure⸺This -however appears to me but a secondary subject for our consideration. - -Sir, much has been said with respect to the Union of France and America, -and the probability there is that Spain will soon be a party in it. I -will not rob many honourable Gentlemen of the gift of prophecy, of what -Spain will do in this conjuncture; but, Sir, surely her interest and her -policy should be to resist the Independance of America—She will never, -by protecting rebellion in our colonies, hold out encouragement to her -own to follow their example. It is idle, Sir, to indulge the idea of the -Spanish settlements in South America trading with the North Americans, by -purchasing, with Spanish Bullion, North American commodities. The Court -of Spain is much too wise, I think, to adopt such a measure. What, Sir, -might be the consequence? An intercourse and trade between the extremes -of that great quarter of the globe might at last be united by a centre, -and establish the greatest dominion in the World. For, time may produce -daring and flagitious characters in that continent also, whose object it -may be to destroy the sovereignty of Spain over her Colonists—Neither can -I agree with Gentlemen in thinking, that the union of America and France -can be lasting. I might as well suppose that different religions, Liberty -and slavery, in short, that contrarieties can form a system, as admit -that unity and harmony can ever last between France and America—Neither -of the countries expect it—The one supports, and the other receives, -merely for the temporary purpose of distressing Great Britain⸺France can -have no thoughts of establishing herself in the Heart of America. And -America will only avail herself of the assistance of France, until she is -at peace with this Country. - -In the mean time, however, our exertions must be of a powerful nature -to resist this unnatural alliance—And here, Sir, let me return to -the consideration of what is proper to be done in consequence of his -M[ajes]ty’s speech. - -Sir, in giving my entire approbation of what has been proposed by the -Honourable Gentleman in the motion for the Address, I trust I shall be -forgiven, if I submit to the House the necessity there is at this time -of vigour and firmness in all our proceedings, in order to give a spirit -to national exertion. And, whilst we regret that even our unanimity and -liberal offers have not been productive of peaceable accommodation with -America, I trust that her ingratitude may yet meet with the recompence -such a conduct has deserved: in holding out this doctrine, I mean not to -forget that America is still the offspring of Great Britain: that when -she returns to her duty, she will be received with open arms, and all her -faults be buried in oblivion. - -In a word, Sir, the period is arrived, when it is no longer a question -who is to be Minister, who are to compose a party, or who have been to -blame. Such discussions will not probably obtain conviction on either -side—The day has passed for reflexions on those who have been alledged to -have given confidence to Insurgency, or on those who have been said to -have provoked it. The object of your consideration is now⸺the salvation -of your Country. - -For myself, Sir, I shall no longer desire to remain in my own situation, -than his Majesty, and this House, think I can be useful in it. If any one -Man will take it from me, He will relieve me from the most anxious tasks -that any Minister probably ever experienced: But, till then, Sir, I look -to the support of this house, and to that of all good Men in defending -and maintaining the glory and honour of Great Britain. - -[Sidenote: Col. B[a]rré.] - -Col. _B[a]rré_ began with recounting his predictions.—I foretold in the -outset of the American contest, that your obstinacy would establish -independance of the colonies. My first prophecy was, that France would -join them—was I wrong?—I will boldly hazard one prediction more—I say, -Spain sooner or later will join both⸺such are the allies of America.—Who -are your’s? The Onandagas, the Tuscaroras, and the Choctaws! These are -your copper coloured allies, that fix a stain on the name of Britain; -and disgrace this country even in victory, as well as defeat—I knew of -these alliances, and their barbarities, so early as the 8th of June -last. I have a letter from a friend of mine at Poughkeepsie, of that -date;—the Indians, headed by Col. B[u]tl[e]r, began their rapine in -_Cherry Valley_; parties of _Indians and Tories_ (so my friend couples -those blood-hounds of desolation) butchered the innocent inhabitants of -_Sacandago_, and spread ruin and carnage through _Minisink_—I am sure, -Col. B[u]tl[e]r, (who is indeed as gallant and amiable an Officer as -ever I knew, and I know him well) never would have embrued his hands in -innocent blood, but that he knew he must sacrifice his feelings to the -speculative, I do not say practical, violence, of the American Secretary. -Gen. C[a]rlt[o]n lost the Noble Lord’s favour by his abhorrence of -the tomahawk and the scalping knife:—have not we tried those satanic -instruments of death too long? Is the whole of Miss _Macreas_ race to be -sacrificed? Not one innocent babe left unbutchered to lisp out the tale -of that devoted, that unhappy family? Of whom are we now to enquire for -any official documents of your war? I see no Secretary of War in this -house? Does the American Secretary monopolize and consolidate all warlike -business? I hope not.⸺ - -Sir, I beg pardon for the heat which I find rising within me—but the -inexorable hour of vengeance is not far distant; the heavy load of black -and bloody guilt will sink you all.—The time will come when the thunder -of the cannon will be heard at your walls. Examples will be made. The -Tower and the Block must expiate the crimes of Ministers. The voice of -truth will be heard. The Rubicon is passed.⸺Sir, what is the comparative -state of the revenues of France, and of this country? Mons. Neckar, a -very able and a very amiable man, has, I understand, found taxes, and -not oppressive ones, for two years;—is that a fact?—The revenue of this -country is diminished—it has been gradually so during this detestable -war—will Ministers deny it? Good God, Sir, what a state are we in? -Dominica lost!—Sir, Monsieur Bouillé was once my particular friend—Sir, -he is returned to France for fresh powers and orders—look to your -West-India settlements, callous as we are, we cannot bear the loss of -them. - -Sir, I am astonished at the blind credulity of Ministry—can they be so -very simple as to trust to vague compliments against those decisive words -of the Pacte de Famille, the Family Compact, “Qui attaque une couronne -attaque l’autre;” (I translate for the country Gentlemen) whoever attacks -one crown attacks the other.⸺I know Count Almodovar—I was introduced to -him by my old friend, Don Francisco Buccarelli:—I never shall forget -dining with him at a kind of Table d’Hotes, in a tavern opposite the -Escurial;—as chance would have it, many more illustrious characters dined -with us that day; there was the Count, his wife’s cousin, and myself, on -one side of the table;—Count Cobentzel, and Baron Reidesdel (who were -then on their travels) and Duke de Chartres (who had just come from -Paris) sat opposite to us—Monsieur de Sartine (who came in the Duke’s -vis a vis) was at the foot of the table; and we put Buccarelli in the -chair⸺we had an excellent dinner—the wine was good—and we toasted the -Madrid beauties in bumpers of Packeretti—however, I was not so far gone -but I can very well remember what Almodovar whispered in my ear, while -_Cobentzel and Reidsdale_ were drinking Maxamilian Joseph of Bavaria’s -health. Colonel (says he) _Il alte se volto Estremadura che molto_—I -won’t translate it. I feel the respect due to Ambassadors.—But, will -Ministry answer a plain question? I put it roundly, because I ask for a -positive answer—Is there no treaty now on the tapis to cede Gibraltar, or -Port Mahon?—I say, the neutrality of Spain is to be trucked for by the -dismembring this country of its best possessions.—Here he proceeded to -read variety of Gazettes, American News-papers, two or three Treaties, -letters from gallant Officers in all parts of the world; accounts of -Cl[i]nt[o]n’s retreat; transactions of Lord H[o]we, and Mons. D’Estaign; -Alderman Oliver’s letter—affair at Rhode Island, &c. &c. &c. He went -also into a string of similar surmises, recognized various intimates -in Europe, Asia, Africa, and America, and interspersed the whole with -a multiplicity of anecdotes, proverbs, quotations, menaces and bon -mots—concluding, that having then read to the house all the various -papers he himself could collect, he found it necessary to give his vote -for the Amendment, as the only way to get at more. - -[Sidenote: Mr H. St[anle]y.] - -Mr. H. _St[anle]y_ observed, that many Gentlemen had deviated from the -business immediately before the house, which, in his opinion, was merely -this: Whether this house will or will not support his M[ajest]y, and the -executive powers of government, in the endeavours to recal the Americans -to obedience, and to punish the natural enemies of this country?[10] That -his own opinion was determined by a conviction of the necessity, in this -hour of difficulty and distress, for exertion and firmness. Much has -been said of the wealth and resources of France in comparison of those -of England. I can only say, Sir, from all the observations I have been -able to make, that France is, with respect to its finances, certainly an -impoverished country. It has not yet recovered the impression made by -the last war; and, whatever Gentlemen may think, neither Mons. Neckar -(whom I very much respect) nor any other person, will be able, at least -for a great length of time, to overturn the old mode of attainment of -French money; I mean, Sir, by the vehicle of the _Fermeurs Generaux_. -It must be a minister of great courage indeed, and a King of Terrors, -that will new model the French finances; new taxes may be imposed, but -I much doubt of the collection of them. When a good contract has been -long in possession, it is too sweet to resign easily; and the _Fermeurs -Genereaux_ are too important to be offended, especially, when the state -is necessitated to have recourse to their assistance. In saying this, I -give full credit to Mons. Neckar for his attempt to improve the revenue -of France, and that too, when the attempt is surrounded with so much -difficulty and danger.⸺The revenue of this country, Sir, has not suffered -by the American war; the surpluses of the sinking fund, are as great as -during the state of perfect peace with America. Other countries have -taken from us those manufactures which we exported before with bounties -to America. - -As I think Britain is still equal to resist, and, I trust, to subdue all -its Enemies, I am clearly for the Motion which has been proposed, and -seconded, by the honourable Gentlemen, with so much credit to themselves, -and with so particular a desert of the approbation of their Country. - -[Sidenote: Gen. C[o]n[wa]y.] - -_Gen. C[o]n[wa]y._ Mr. Sp[eake]r, I beg pardon for troubling the House -with one short word, Sir, at this late hour of the night, Sir, when -there are many Gentlemen very desirous⸺and much more capable than I am, -of speaking—upon so material—so important—so comprehensive a business—I -may say, Sir—as that which now immediately comes before us—for our -deliberation.⸺In doing this, Sir—in offering my poor sentiments—upon this -matter, Sir⸺I own, I feel some degree of warmth, at the supineness—at the -coolness—I may say—of the Ministers in so dangerous—so hazardous—and, God -knows, probably so destructive an hour⸺And, Sir, I hope I may suggest -my thoughts at so critical a period, when, indeed, all Europe and -America are convulsed—and shaken—by the imbecillity, the inattention, -and the indecision of Ministers; who have so supinely, so cooly, and so -indecisively sat _with their hands before them_, waiting for events—and -contingencies⸺In saying this, Sir,—I mean not to throw any reflexion upon -any of them—Most of them I know to be men of honour and ability—but, Sir, -I beg pardon, Sir, for taking up the time of the house, Sir; I think the -moment is past when any system can prevail, I mean on the part of this -country over America. Your West-India Islands are unprotected—Dominica is -gone—Who knows but Jamaica is gone too? What force have you at Antigua? I -understand, Admiral Barrington is gone from Barbadoes. What is to become -of St. Vincents and Grenada? Good God! Sir, will the Nation sit still -under these apprehensions? Have Ministers taken care of Ireland? Does -the Noble Lord underneath me know the state of Guernsey and Jersey? Will -they be able to resist Count Broglio with 50,000 men? Is your force, -particularly at Jersey, equal to resistance—Sir, at this moment, I -tremble for Jersey.[11]⸺ - -In one short word, Sir, I beg pardon—I do trust in God, Sir ... in the -King ... Sir, and in the spirit of this unhappy Nation, Sir, that we -shall be relieved from these dreadful apprehensions, and difficulties, -and that we shall see once more, Peace, Harmony, and Wisdom, resume their -order in this country, in the stead of weakness, irresolution, wavering -folly, absurd doubts, and indecision, Sir. - -[Sidenote: Mr S[aw]b[rid]ge.] - -Mr _S[aw]b[rid]ge_⸺Example—impeachment—axes—Tower—blood—Sister -Mac[au]ly—republicanism—Washington, greatest man in the World—will -be heard—tyranny at Warley-Common—militia men turned to -road-pioneers—undermining trees—sand in bread—waste of powder—Middlesex -election—vast expence of flints—triennial parliaments—body politic—ill -humours—state-surgeons—example—axes—Tower—blood⸺_Da Capo_. - -The question being now called for with most violent impatience, the House -prepared to divide.⸺The Editor cannot but lament that the eloquence -of the day is compriseable in so small a compass.—He regrets, with -many others, the silence of those who might have been supposed, from -attachment, from principle, and a sense of honour, to have taken a more -decided part in the debate. Probably it might be considered too severe to -impute the conduct of those Gentlemen to the precariousness of the times, -to the expectation of new Administrations, or to the fretfulness of an -insatiable avarice of wealth and power. - -Little more remains to add, than that the House having become very -clamorous for a division, at half past three the question on the -Amendment being put, the motion was rejected by a majority of 261 to 148. -Tellers for the Ayes, Mr T. T[ownshe]nd and Mr B[y]ng—for the Noes, Sir -G[re]y C[oope]r and Mr C[harles] T[ownshe]nd.⸺The main question being -then put, the original Address was carried in nearly the same proportion. - - * * * * * - -Immediately after the division, the H[ous]e were much astonished at Mr -C[harle]s T[u]rn[e]r’s calling their attention to a most libellous, -nefarious, and enormous pamphlet, entitled _Anticipation_, calculated to -misrepresent the debates, and vilify the proceedings of P[arliamen]t; -observing, that the publication of Honourable Gentlemen’s speeches -_before_ they could possibly have been spoken, was infinitely more -dangerous to the constitution than mistaking them after they had actually -been delivered; as not only the public were thereby much more likely -to be deceived, but many country Gentlemen were most illegally hurried -up to town before the time, to the great annoyance of themselves and -cattle. Besides, what struck at the very heart-strings of debate, many -good speeches were marred thereby, and Honourable Gentlemen stopt from -repeating their own words, lest they should authenticate the said -publication. - -For all which reasons, he humbly moved, that the Publisher of a -pamphlet, entitled, _Anticipation_, be immediately taken into custody -by a Messenger of this House, together with all papers in his shops and -warehouses, in order that this House may be enabled to discover the -Author or Authors of this very black conspiracy. He moved also, that the -several statutes against forgery, coining, and uttering, knowing to -be false, forestallers, and regraters, &c. &c. be forthwith all read. -And further⸺But, the laughter having now become intense, the remnant of -his oratory was cut short by a most clamorous repetition of _Adjourn_, -_Adjourn_; so that it was impossible for the Editor to collect the result -of this important motion. - -And then the House adjourned till the morning, nine of the clock. - - -FINIS. - - -FOOTNOTES - -[1] It was observed the S[peake]r was remarkable civil to the new -Att[o]rn[e]y G[e]n[e]r[a]l, as supposed upon his succeeding to that great -object of his wishes, which leaves Sir F[letche]r some chance of a Chief -Justiceship and a Peerage. - -[2] Exempli gratiâ, for whether it is his Lordship’s Speech, or Lord J. -C[a]v[e]nd[i]sh’s, or Sir W. M[e]r[e]dith’s, or Sir G. Y[ou]ng’s, &c. the -subject matter and stile, with a few exceptions, is of course much the -same. - -[3] Here Mr. B[a]mb[e]r G[a]sc[oy]ne headed the dinner troop, which -followed him with great precipitation—at the same time departed Sir John -Irw[i]n and Mr. S[e]lw[y]n, with his Honour Mr. Br[u]d[e]n[e]ll, of whom -great enquiries were made, respecting the present arrangements of the -Opera.—Nor were there wanting many cries for the question. - -[4] Here Sir GR[E]Y C[OO]P[E]R caught at a pen, and began to take notes. - -[5] Probably, from supposing the first origin of their connection to -have arisen (at least on the part of Dr. Franklyn) from a philosophical -rather than a political curiosity. And certainly, no two projectors in -Science were ever more strikingly contrasted: the one, like a modern -Prometheus, collecting fire from vapour to inflame the terrestrial mass -by its pernicious infusion: the other employing his magic _plates_ to -freeze its ardour and quench its malignity.—Happy for this country, -if these professors had shifted their pursuits! as the former, could -his inclinations have been propitious to the peace of mankind, might -then have become a powerfull _Extinguisher_, while the other, however -malignant his intentions, must always have been acknowledged an -_innocent_ Incendiary. - -[6] The Editor was furnished with copies of this speech from the Printers -of the respective News Papers, many weeks ago. - -[7] Gentlemen were here desired by the Sp[ea]k[e]r to take their seats, -and the Serjeant to clear the bar—places! places! was repeated with great -vehemence. - -[8] As the Noble Lord was almost the only Speaker on the side of -Administration, the Editor felt it the duty of impartiality, after giving -so many excellent speeches on the opposite side, to collect this with -particular accuracy, which he was the better enabled to do, from the -deliberate manner of its being delivered, and the respectful attention -with which it was received. - -[9] Here Lord N[o]rth took up Sir G[re]y C[oo]p[e]r’s notes. - -[10] Whilst Mr. St[anle]y was speaking, Mr. B[yn]g was making numerical -criticisms on the state of the House, which Mr. R[o]b[i]ns[o]n had done -before, with his usual assiduity; and had taken his place at the door -accordingly. - -[11] N.B. G[enera]l C[onwa]y is Governor of it.—Query, Whether he had not -better be there at this dangerous crisis? - - - - -NOTES - - - - -NOTES - - -PAGE 22 - -_The Gentlemen trading to the East-Indies, &c._ The publisher’s -advertisement burlesques a practice of the bookseller John Almon -(1737-1805), friend and biographer of John Wilkes, and between the -years 1761-81 publisher-in-ordinary to the Whig Opposition. Almon had -extensive connections in the American colonies and was the compiler of -_The Remembrancer_, 1775-84, a valuable collection of materials relating -to the Revolution. In his satire on the French ministry, _The Green Box -of Monsieur de Sartine_, 1779, Tickell represents a French spy in London -reporting ruefully: - - News-papers, pamphlets, parliamentary debates, remembrancers, - and all the infinite variety of periodical libels, under the - conduct of our good friend Mr. Almon, leave but a scanty and - beaten field of politics for private discovery (pp. 12-13). - - -PAGE 23 - -_Sir Francis Molyneux._ Sir Francis Molyneux (d. 1812), Knt.; succeeded -his father as seventh Baronet, 1781. - -_the Speaker._ Sir Fletcher Norton (1716-1789), Knt.; M.P. for Guildford; -Speaker of the House of Commons, 1770-80; cr. Baron Grantley of -Markenfield, 1782. - -_the merit of those speeches._ Since the speech from the throne rarely -contains more than generalities, Tickell was able to approximate its -substance fairly closely. In the debate on the opening day John Wilkes -had the temerity to say that there were only two particulars in the -King’s speech to which he could assent: “They are, that we are called -together in a conjuncture, which demands our most serious attention, and -that a restoration of the blessings of peace ought to be our first wish” -(_Parliamentary History_, XIX, 1334). - -_the new Attorney General._ Alexander Wedderburn (1733-1805), M.P. for -Bishop’s Castle; succeeded Edward Thurlow as Attorney-General, June -1778; elevated to the Chief Justiceship of the Common Pleas as Baron -Loughborough of Loughborough, 1780; cr. Earl of Rosslyn, 1801. In the -spring of 1778 Sir Fletcher Norton, by a threat of impeachment, had -blocked Wedderburn’s intrigue to obtain the Chief Justiceship; see -Walpole to Mason, 31 May 1778 (_Letters_, ed. Toynbee, X, 254). - - -PAGE 25 - -_Lord Granby._ Charles Manners (1754-1787), second son of the Marquis -of Granby famous as a military hero; M.P. for Cambridge University; -succeeded his grandfather as fourth Duke of Rutland, 1779. - -_Pulteny._ Sir William Pulteney (1684-1764), Earl of Bath; long -the leader of the “patriot” opposition during Sir Robert Walpole’s -administration, but politically ruined by his acceptance, upon Walpole’s -fall, of an earldom. - -_Cavendish ... Meredith ... Young._ Three supporters of the Whig -Opposition: John Cavendish (1732-1796), fourth son of the third Duke of -Devonshire, M.P. for York, friend and correspondent of Burke; Sir William -Meredith (1725?-1790), third Baronet, M.P. for Liverpool; Sir George -Yonge (1731-1812), fifth Baronet, M.P. for Honiton. - - -PAGE 26 - -_that inestimable character of our own times._ William Pitt (1708-1778), -first Earl of Chatham. The “Great Commoner’s” acceptance of a peerage in -1766 occasioned a storm of popular indignation. - - -PAGE 27 - -_Admiral Keppel ... Vice Admiral Sir Hugh Palliser._ Augustus Keppel -(1725-1786), second son of the second Earl of Albemarle; M.P. for -Windsor; Admiral of the Blue and Commander-in-Chief of the Grand Fleet, -1778; cr. Viscount Keppel, 1782. Sir Hugh Palliser (1723-1796), first -Baronet; M.P. for Scarborough and a Lord of the Admiralty; Vice-Admiral -of the Blue, 1778. - -The allusions are to the indecisive action off Ushant between the Channel -fleet under Keppel, with Palliser as third in command, and the Brest -fleet under D’Orvilliers, 27 July 1778; see Introduction, p. 10. On the -third day of the session an altercation broke out in the House of Commons -between the two admirals, and a few days later Palliser applied to his -colleagues at the Admiralty Board for a court-martial on Keppel. After -a protracted trial the court declared Palliser’s charges “malicious -and ill-founded.” This verdict so delighted the populace that street -riots ensued in which the Admiralty was attacked and Palliser’s house -in Pall-Mall was gutted. Palliser was obliged to resign all his public -appointments. See Sir G. O. Trevelyan, _George the Third and Charles -James Fox: The Concluding Part of the American Revolution_, New York, -1912-14, I, ch. v. - -_Philip Stevens, Esq._ Philip Stephens (1723-1809), M.P. for Sandwich and -First Secretary to the Admiralty; cr. a baronet, 1795. - - -PAGE 28 - -_Mr. George Sutton._ George Manners-Sutton (1751-1804), nephew of the -famous Marquis of Granby; M.P. for Newark. - -_Mr. Welbore Ellis._ Welbore Ellis (1713-1802), M.P. for Weymouth -and Treasurer of the Navy; cr. Baron Mendip of Mendip, 1794; see -Introduction, p. 12. - - -PAGE 29 - -_David Hartly, Esq._ David Hartley the younger (1732-1813), son of the -philosopher; M.P. for Kingston-upon-Hull; published _Letters on the -American War_, 1777-79, which critically reviewed the history of British -colonial policy; friend and correspondent of Franklin (whose letters -he sometimes read in the House of Commons); British plenipotentiary at -Paris to negotiate peace with America, 1783. He was the Cassandra of the -House and a tireless advocate of peace, but his long-windedness made -him disliked. In _The Abbey of Kilkhampton_, 1780, Sir Herbert Croft’s -satirical garland of epitaphs, Hartley’s epitaph reads as follows (Part -II, p. 124): - - Here rests, - If we may trust the Silence of his Grave, - D.... H....y, Esq. - His abilities were the Subject of Admiration, and the - public Utility was the generous Object they had - in view, - But⸺he was _troublesome_. - -_Mr. Bamber Gascoyne._ Bamber Gascoyne (1725-1791), M.P. for Truro and -a Lord of Trade and Plantations. Of this footnote and the speech by -Hartley, _The London Magazine_ observed: - - The description of a certain fat member heading the dinner - troop and drawing them out of the house, upon a dry, - metaphysical, long winded speaker getting up, is truly - characteristic; and strangers frequenting the gallery may - congratulate themselves on this happy stroke, for it has partly - silenced the tedious declaimer, who never considered that if - each speaker claimed the same right, to pay no regard to time, - a whole session might be passed in adjourned debates from - _three_ in the afternoon to _three_ in the morning, day after - day (XLVII, 566). - -_Sir John Irwin._ Sir John Irwin (1728-1788), K.B.; M.P. for East -Grinstead; Major-General and Commander-in-Chief in Ireland; famous for -his sartorial elegance and convivial habits. - -_Mr. Selwyn._ George Augustus Selwyn (1719-1791), M.P. for Gloucester; -the celebrated wit and club-man. Though he sat in Parliament for about -thirty years, Selwyn was notoriously apathetic towards politics. But -since he returned two members besides himself, and always woke up in time -to give his vote for the ministers when a division was called, Selwyn was -amply rewarded by successive administrations. He was, wrote Sir George -Otto Trevelyan, - - at one and the same time surveyor-general of crown lands—which - he never surveyed—registrar in chancery at Barbadoes—which he - never visited—and surveyor of the meltings and clerk of the - irons in the mint—where he showed himself once a week in order - to eat a dinner which he ordered, but for which the nation paid - (_The Early History of Charles James Fox_, New York, 1881, pp. - 94-95). - -_his Honour Mr. Brudenell._ James Brudenell (1725-1811), second son of -the third Earl of Cardigan; M.P. for Marlborough; cr. Baron Brudenell of -Deene, 1780; succeeded his brother as fifth Earl of Cardigan, 1790. - - -PAGE 30 - -_Mr. Wilkes._ John Wilkes (1727-1797), M.P. for Middlesex; the radical -politician and hero of the London populace. He had a reputation for -facetious wit, and he made a practice of sending his speeches in advance -to the newspapers. Wilkes was another, like Fox and Burke, who enjoyed -Tickell’s anticipation of his speech. Boswell reported Wilkes as saying -to Tickell in April 1779: “Much obliged for your speech for me. If you’ll -make me another for next session, I’ll be damn’d if I don’t speak it” -(_Private Papers of James Boswell_, XIII, 231). - -_Here Sir Grey Cooper caught at a pen._ Sir Grey Cooper (1726?-1801), -third Baronet; M.P. for Saltash and a Secretary of the Treasury. The -allusion is to Lord North’s habit of sleeping through Whig speeches and -answering them from the notes of his favorite secretary. The following -lines are from _The London Magazine_, XLVIII, 1779, 186: - - Whilst B[ur]ke and B[arr]é strain their throats - The mild SIR GREY is taking notes; - And, wise as owl, is seen _composing_, - For the good Premier, who is _dozing_: - Whilst to each patriot’s loudest roar - N[or]th answers with a well-tim’d _snore_. - Till by some shriller trebles vex’d, - He discants on the _good Knight’s_ text. - -_magic plates._ Hartley had invented an arrangement of thin iron strips -to be placed as a lining under floors and above ceilings to prevent fire. -An anonymous handbill of four quarto pages, dated July 1776 and called -_An Account of Some Experiments Made with the Fire-Plates, Together -with a Description of the Manner of Application, and an Estimate of the -Expence_, contains newspaper accounts of unsuccessful attempts to burn a -house near Reading equipped with Hartley’s plates. - - -PAGE 31 - -_the Noble Lord, who presided in the American department._ George -Sackville Germain (1716-1785), called Lord George Germain, third son -of the first Duke of Dorset; M.P. for East Grinstead and Secretary of -State for Colonies; cr. Viscount Sackville, 1782. As minister in charge -of military operations in America, Germain bore the brunt of frequent -and savage onslaughts by Opposition. His famous Kentish holiday, which -delayed dispatches to Sir William Howe in New York, was long supposed -to have caused Burgoyne’s defeat at Saratoga; Lord Edmond Fitzmaurice, -_Life of William, Earl of Shelburne_, 1875-76, I, 358-359; but cf. Troyer -Steele Anderson, _The Command of the Howe Brothers during the American -Revolution_, New York, 1936, ch. xiv. Germain’s resignation was forced in -January 1782, two months before North’s government fell. - -_the Earl of Bute._ John Stuart (1713-1792), third Earl of Bute; favorite -of George III in the early years of the reign; First Lord of the -Treasury, 1762-63, but forced to resign on account of his unpopularity, -to which the anti-Scots propaganda of Wilkes largely contributed. Lord -North was popularly regarded as the political heir of Lord Bute. - - -PAGE 32 - -_one North Briton._ George Johnstone; see last note on this page. - -_Mr. Laurens._ Henry Laurens (1724-1792), of South Carolina; President of -Congress, 1777-78. The quoted phrases that follow are from Johnstone’s -letter to Laurens, 10 June 1778, soliciting a private interview. This -letter, with Laurens’ answer, was promptly made public by Congress. - -_Ethan Allen._ Ethan Allen (1738-1789), famous for his partisan exploits -as leader of the Green Mountain Boys of Vermont; surprised and took -Fort Ticonderoga, May 1775; a captive in England, Canada, and New York, -September 1775-May 1778; author of a deistic treatise, _Reason the Only -Oracle of Man_, Bennington, Vermont, 1784. - -_Dr. Adam Ferguson._ Adam Ferguson (1723-1816), LL.D.; Professor of -Pneumatics and Moral Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh; secretary -to the British commissioners to treat with America, 1778. - -_Sir John Dalrymple._ Sir John Dalrymple (1726-1810), fourth Baronet; -author of the Tory _Memoirs of Great Britain and Ireland_. _From the -Dissolution of the Last Parliament of Charles II until the Sea-Battle -off La Hogue_, 1771, the design of which (according to Horace Walpole) -was “to degrade & blacken the brightest names in English Story, & more -particularly the Protomartyrs of the Revolution, Lord Russel & Algernon -Sydney” (_Satirical Poems Published Anonymously by William Mason with -Notes by Horace Walpole_, ed. Paget Toynbee, Oxford, 1926, p. 115). - -_the great Sidney._ Algernon Sidney (1622-1683), son of the second Earl -of Leicester; tried before Jeffreys and executed, December 1683, for -complicity in the Rye House Plot to murder Charles II and the Duke of -York. - -_Governor Johnson._ George Johnstone (1730-1787), M.P. for Appleby; -formerly Governor of West Florida; one of North’s commissioners to treat -with America; see Introduction, p. 9. His conduct as commissioner was -quarrelsome, clumsy, and ineffectual; Carl Van Doren, _Secret History of -the American Revolution_, New York, 1941, pp. 96-104. Of his speech on -the opening day of the session Walpole reported: - - Governor Johnston made a strange, unintelligible speech (it - was impossible for him to make a clear one without condemning - himself); he endeavoured to wipe off some of his attempt to - bribe some of the Congress, yet owned at much as he denied, - condemned and approved the march to Philadelphia, and rather - insinuated blame on Keppel than on anybody else. He was soon - after called upon in several newspapers to say, whether he did - not still retain his pay of Commissioner, though he had so long - quitted the office. He made no answer—consequently was by that - sinecure retained by the Court (_Last Journals_, II, 209). - - -PAGE 33 - -_Mons. D’Estaign._ Jean-Baptiste-Charles-Henri-Hector, Comte d’Estaing -(1729-1794), French admiral in command in American waters, 1778-80. - -_a noble Lord opposite to me._ Richard, Lord Howe; see below, note to p. -34. - -_D’Estaign’s fleet ought to have been attacked._ In August Howe pursued -D’Estaing to Newport, but a storm prevented an engagement. - - -PAGE 34 - -_Byron’s squadron._ John Byron (1723-1786), Vice-Admiral; sailed from -Plymouth with a squadron in pursuit of D’Estaing, June 1778; his ships -joined Howe’s fleet piecemeal during the summer. - -_Lord Howe._ Richard Howe (1726-1799), fourth Viscount Howe in the -peerage of Ireland; M.P. for Dartmouth; Vice-Admiral; Commander-in-Chief -on the North American station, 1776-78; resigned his command because of -discontent with the ministry, September 1778; cr. an English peer, 1782, -and Earl Howe, 1788. - -_Mr. Rigby._ Richard Rigby (1722-1788), M.P. for Tavistock and Paymaster -of the Forces. Reputed to have derived immense profits from his office -during the American war, Rigby served as the model for Disraeli’s corrupt -politician of the same name in _Coningsby_, 1844. - - -PAGE 35 - -_Mr. T. Townsend._ Thomas Townshend (1733-1800), nephew of the third -Viscount Townshend; M.P. for Whitchurch, 1754-83; cr. Baron Sydney of -Chislehurst, 1783, and Viscount Sydney, 1789, the city in Australia -being named for him. He was one of the most voluble and pertinacious -speakers in debates. His contemptuous reference in the House of Commons -to Johnson’s pension earned Townshend a passing glance in Goldsmith’s -_Retaliation_, where Burke is said to be, - - Though fraught with all learning, yet straining his throat - To persuade Tommy Townshend to lend him a vote. - - -PAGE 36 - -_the blunders of Administration, with respect to Falkland’s Islands, &c._ -Townshend views with alarm an assortment of the events, momentous and -trivial, that had agitated the public mind in the preceding decade. - -As to _Falkland’s Islands_, west of the southern tip of South America, a -dispute over their possession nearly brought on war between Great Britain -and Spain in 1770-71. After a display of force by Spain and a demand for -restitution by the British government, diplomatic exchanges resulted in -a conciliation that was unpopular in England (_The Annual Register_ for -1771, “History of Europe,” chs. i-v). At the request of the ministers, -Dr. Johnson wrote a spirited defence of their conduct, _Thoughts on the -Late Transactions respecting Falkland’s Islands_, 1771. - -The _Middlesex Election_ was a remarkable exploit in the career of John -Wilkes, who in 1768 returned from France still an outlaw for his offence -in _North Briton_ No. 45, and was elected to Parliament for the county -of Middlesex. Expelled before he could take his seat, he was thrice -re-elected and as many times expelled. After his fourth victory at the -polls Parliament declared his opponent, the ministerial candidate, -duly elected. This breach of electoral rights led to street-rioting, -protracted debates in and out of Parliament, and, eventually, the -formation of a Radical party. See Horace Bleackley, _Life of John -Wilkes_, 1917, chs. xii-xiii. - -The revolt of _Corsica_ under Pasquale Paoli against the French, who had -purchased the island from Genoa in 1768, won wide public sympathy in -England. The leading advocate of British intervention in favor of the -Corsicans was James Boswell. See Chauncey Brewster Tinker, _Nature’s -Simple Plan_, Princeton, 1922, ch. ii. - -The _massacre in St. George’s Fields_, 10 May 1768, occurred when a crowd -of London citizens waiting for Wilkes to attend the opening of Parliament -taunted a detachment of foot-guards into firing on them. Several persons -were killed and about a dozen wounded. This “massacre” was the forerunner -and partly the inspiration of that in King Street, Boston, two years -later. - -_Mr. Horne’s imprisonment_ resulted from the zeal of that radical parson -in the cause of America. The Rev. John Horne (1736-1812), afterwards -Horne Tooke, wrote and circulated an advertisement for the Constitutional -Society, June 1775, stating that 100_l._ was to be raised for “the -relief of the widows, orphans, and aged parents of our beloved American -fellow-subjects, who, faithful to the character of Englishmen, preferring -death to slavery, were, for that reason only, inhumanly murdered by the -king’s troops” at Lexington and Concord on the 19th of April. In July -1777 Horne was brought to trial before Lord Mansfield, found guilty, -and in November sentenced to a year’s imprisonment and a fine of 200_l._ -(_The Annual Register_ for 1777, “Appendix to the Chronicle,” pp. -234-245). - -The _fatal example of the Justitia_ is an allusion to the _Justitia_ -hulk, a convict-ship stationed at Woolwich by an act of 1776 for the -purpose of dredging the Thames. - -The _frequent exhibition of the Beggar’s Opera_ evidently alludes to -remarks by Townshend that had excited mirth in a debate on a bill for -licensing a play-house in Birmingham, 29 April 1777. Townshend opposed -the bill because, he said, - - He had heard from good authority that the theatre licensed at - Manchester, in consequence of a similar application, had done - a great deal of mischief already: nor could it be wondered - at, if we consider what pieces are sometimes represented, - which, not being new, are not subject to the controul of the - Lord Chamberlain: the Beggar’s Opera, for instance, which had - brought more unhappy people to the gallows, than any one thing - he could name. As to the country gentlemen, surely this was - not such an age of domestic retirement, but what they might - find sufficient amusement in visiting their neighbours in the - summer, without wanting to frequent a theatre.... Considering, - then, the circumstances of Birmingham as a great manufacturing - and trading town, depending on the industry and frugality of - the poorer class of people, he was of opinion it would be - highly improper to license any theatre there (_Parliamentary - History_, XIX, 202). - -_Is Omiah to pay us another visit?_ Omiah or Omai, a native of Otaheite -(Tahiti), was brought to England in 1774 by Captain Tobias Furneaux of -the _Adventure_. As the first South Sea Islander ever seen in England, -Omiah made a stir in fashionable and literary society, sat for his -portrait to the most eminent artists, and was the subject of countless -newspaper paragraphs and several pamphlet poems. There are well-known -lines by Cowper on Omiah in the first book of _The Task_, 1785: - - The dream is past; and thou hast found again - Thy cocoas and bananas, palms and yams, - And homestall thatch’d with leaves. But hast thou found - Their former charms? And, having seen our state, - Our palaces, our ladies, and our pomp - Of equipage, our gardens, and our sports, - And heard our music; are thy simple friends, - Thy simple fare, and all thy plain delights, - As dear to thee as once? - -_Sir Harry Clinton._ Sir Henry Clinton (1738?-1795), K.B.; Major-General; -succeeded Sir William Howe as Commander-in-Chief in America, May 1778. - - -PAGE 37 - -_Mr. Vyner._ Robert Vyner (1717-1799), M.P. for Lincoln. He was, said -Nathaniel Wraxall, a gentleman of large property in Lincolnshire, -whose person suggested “the portraits of ‘Hudibras’” (_Historical and -Posthumous Memoirs ... 1772-1784_, ed. H. B. Wheatley, 1884, V, 203). - -_his offer of fifteen shillings in the pound._ In a debate on the budget, -3 May 1775, Vyner defended the motives of the country gentlemen in -supporting the ministers’ coercive American policy. He said, in part: - - In support of such a cause ... he was willing to pay not - only 4s. but 14s. in the pound: and as he entertained not a - single doubt but we should prevail in the contest, we ought to - oblige America to pay the expence she had wantonly put us to, - and which would likewise enable us to bring back our quondam - peace establishment, that of a land-tax of 2s. in the pound - (_Parliamentary History_, XVIII, 625). - -_a great statesman had once boasted, &c._ William Pitt the elder, during -the Seven Years’ War. - -_Mr. Van._ Charles Van, prior to his death, in April 1778, M.P. for -Brecon. - - -PAGE 38 - -_Hon. T. Luttrel._ Temple Simon Luttrell (d. 1803), third son of the -first Earl of Carhampton; M.P. for Milborne Port. A florid orator, -Luttrell was always pertinacious in debates on naval affairs. Tickell’s -parody perhaps reflects an interminable speech on the state of the -navy, 11 March 1778, in which Luttrell described the timber used for -ship-repairs as so “singularly spungy and porous” that “your seamen ... -are frequently set afloat in their hammocks, from the water soaking -in, over-head, through the planks,” related an instance of a seaman’s -driving his fist, “without much pain to his knuckles,” through the hull -of a man-of-war, and entered into a detail of the twenty-four invasions -of Great Britain and Ireland since the Norman Conquest (_Parliamentary -History_, XIX, 874-892). - -_the noble Earl who is now at the head of that department._ John Montagu -(1718-1792), fourth Earl of Sandwich; First Lord of the Admiralty. -Sandwich was notorious for the dissoluteness of his private life. - - -PAGE 40 - -_Regattaites._ Not a tribe or nation, but participants in the summer -regattas on the Thames. In _The Annual Register_ for 1775 appears “Some -Account of the new Entertainment, called a _Regatta_, introduced from -_Venice_ into _England_, in the Course of the Year 1775,” from which the -following sentences are extracted: - - Before five o’clock, Westminster bridge was covered with - spectators, in carriages and on foot, and men even placed - themselves in the bodies of the lamp-irons. Plans of the - regatta were sold from a shilling to a penny each, and songs - on the occasion sung, in which _Regatta_ was the rhyme for - _Ranelagh_, and _Royal Family_ echoed to _Liberty_.... Before - six o’clock it was a perfect fair on both sides the water, and - bad liquor, with short measure, was plentifully retailed.... - The Thames was now a floating town. All the cutters, - sailing-boats, &c. in short, every thing, from the dung-barge - to the wherry, was in motion (“Appendix to the Chronicle,” pp. - 216, 217). - -_the Captain of the Licorne._ The _Licorne_ frigate, encountered -and detained by Admiral Keppel on the 17th of June, yielded Keppel -information respecting the strength of the French fleet. - -_the wretched deficiency in our late naval equipments._ War-profiteering -is not of recent origin; in the Eighteenth Century the loose organization -of finance and supply in both services gave large opportunities to -contractors and commissaries. “You must not think of persuading us that -you are no gainer,” Lord Loudoun remarked to Benjamin Franklin when the -latter sought reimbursement for outlays in connection with Braddock’s -expedition in 1755; “we understand better those affairs, and know that -every one concerned in supplying the army finds means, in the doing -it, to fill his own pockets” (Franklin, _Writings_, ed. A. H. Smyth, -New York, 1905-07, I, 430). Satirists frequently exposed this form of -parasitism. Samuel Foote produced a comedy called _The Commissary_ in -1765. In Sheridan’s _The Camp_, 1778, the commissary Gage supplied a -regiment with lime (which he dug himself, at no expense) instead of -hair-powder. It did very well, he reported, while the weather was fine, -but when a shower came up the troops’ heads were all slacked in an -instant. “I stood a near chance of being tied up to the halberts; but I -excused myself by saying, they looked only like raw recruits before; but -now they appeared like old veterans of service” (I, i). - - -PAGE 42 - -_Mr. Penton._ Henry Penton (1736-1812), M.P. for Winchester and a Lord of -the Admiralty. - -_a certain Great Personage._ On their tour of the militia camps at -Winchester and Salisbury in September, the King and Queen “alighted at -Mr. Penton’s house [in Winchester], where they were waited on by the -Mayor and Corporation” (_The Annual Register_ for 1778, “Appendix to the -Chronicle,” p. 235). - -_Mr. Burke._ Edmund Burke (1729-1797), M.P. for Bristol. The dominant -theme of Burke’s speech, “the ruin of this declining empire” was a -favorite one among anti-ministerial orators, pamphleteers, and poets -during the Revolution. Soon after the appearance, in 1781, of the second -and third volumes of Gibbon’s _Decline and Fall_, Thomas Powys, M.P. for -Northamptonshire, read extracts from that work in a debate on a motion -for putting an end to the American war. Powys ventured to say that the -description of Rome in the Fifth Century by Mr. Gibbon, - - whose enrolment in the administration was the only accession of - which his Majesty’s ministers had to boast, ... was so strong, - so expressive, so applicable, that though it was said to belong - to Rome, he could not help thinking that it alluded to a nearer - country, and a nearer period (_Parliamentary History_, XXII, - 805). - - -PAGE 43 - -_the pageantry of domestic warfare._ An allusion to the vogue of the -militia encampments as places of fashionable resort. - -_important depredations at—Martha’s Island._ Early in September -Major-General Grey, under orders from Sir Henry Clinton, invested -Martha’s Vineyard and carried off “a considerable and most desirable -contribution, consisting of 10,000 sheep, and 300 oxen, for the public -service at New York” (_The Annual Register_ for 1779, “History of -Europe,” p. 2). - - -PAGE 45 - -_Mr Dunning._ John Dunning (1731-1783), M.P. for Calne; the leading Whig -lawyer in the House of Commons; cr. Baron Ashburton of Ashburton, 1782. - - -PAGE 46 - -_Mr. Sollicitor-General._ James Wallace (d. 1783), M.P. for Horsham; -succeeded Wedderburn as Solicitor-General, June 1778. - - -PAGE 47 - -_Mr Fox._ Charles James Fox (1749-1806), third son of the first Baron -Holland; M.P. for Malmesbury and leader of the Opposition in the House -of Commons. Either out of personal regard for Fox or at the request of -Lord North, Tickell does not burlesque Fox’s oratory. It is stated in the -review of _Anticipation_ in _The Town and Country Magazine_ that Fox’s -speech actually “was noticed by that gentleman in the house, who, at the -same time, lamented his incapacity of making so good an harangue upon the -occasion” (XI, 1779, 45). According to a note in Horace Walpole’s copy of -_Anticipation_, “Charles Fox said, ‘he has anticipated many things I have -intended to say, but I shall say them nevertheless.’” - - -PAGE 48 - -_General Lee._ Charles Lee (1731-1782), Lieutenant-Colonel in the British -army; appointed Major-General by Congress, 1775; court-martialed and -suspended from service for disobedience to orders and misbehavior before -the enemy during the battle of Monmouth Court House, June 1778. - - -PAGE 49 - -_the Prince of Brunswick._ Either Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick -(1721-1792), Commander of the English and Hanoverian forces in the Seven -Years’ War; or his nephew, Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand (1735-1806), Hereditary -Prince of Brunswick, who commanded a division in his uncle’s army. -Clinton served in Germany, 1760-63, acting for a time as aide-de-camp to -the Hereditary Prince. - -_the noble Lord who planned that expedition._ Lord George Germain; see -above, note to p. 31. - - -PAGE 50 - -_Monsieur Vaugelin._ Not further identified. The name is unusual and may -be misspelled. - -_Colonel Tufnell._ George Foster Tufnell. (1725-1798), M.P. for Beverly -and Colonel of the East Middlesex Militia. - - -PAGE 51 - -_their Bavarian contest._ The War of the Bavarian Succession, 1778-79, -occasioned by the extinction of the electoral house of Bavaria upon the -death of Maximilian Joseph. - -_Lord North._ Frederick, Lord North (1732-1792), eldest son of the first -Earl of Guilford; M.P. for Banbury; First Lord of the Treasury, 1770-82; -succeeded as second Earl of Guilford, 1790; see Introduction, _passim_. - - -PAGE 52 - -_a great Character._ William Pitt, Lord Chatham. - - -PAGE 58 - -_Col. Barré._ Isaac Barré (1726-1802), M.P. for Calne. Barré, who had -served with Wolfe in America, was a devoted friend of the colonists and -in Parliament was regarded as a master of invective and the special -antagonist of Lord North. North had his revenge in _Anticipation_; see -Introduction, p. 12. - -_the Indians, headed by Col. Butler, began their rapine in Cherry -Valley._ John Butler (1725-1796), Indian agent under the Johnsons in the -Mohawk Valley; Lieutenant-Colonel of Militia, 1768; Major in command -of Butler’s Rangers, 1777. Under his leadership parties of Loyalists -and their Indian allies of the Six Nations systematically harried the -back settlements in New York and Pennsylvania during the Revolution. -Their raids reached a peak of frequency and destructiveness in the early -summer of 1778, the notorious “Wyoming Massacre” occurring 3-4 July. -None of the settlements mentioned by Barré had been attacked at the time -his informant is supposed to have written; but rumors were rife on the -frontier as well as at the Poughkeepsie headquarters of the Continental -Army; and the worst fears of the settlers were realized when Butler’s -son, Captain Walter Butler, together with the Mohawk chief Joseph Brant, -sacked the village of Cherry Valley on the 11th of November. See Howard -Swiggett, _War out of Niagara: Walter Butler and the Tory Rangers_, New -York, 1933, chs. vi-vii. - -_Gen. Carlton._ Guy Carleton (1724-1808), Lieutenant-General; Governor of -Quebec, 1775-78; requested his recall because of differences with Lord -George Germain, May 1777; cr. Baron Dorchester of Dorchester (Oxford), -1786. - -_Miss Macrea._ Jane MacCrea, daughter of a Tory clergyman residing near -Fort Edward on the upper Hudson, was scalped by a marauding party of -Burgoyne’s Indian allies, 27 July 1777. This incident, about which a mass -of romantic legend soon grew up, proved highly embarrassing to Burgoyne -and the Administration. - - -PAGE 59 - -_no Secretary of War in this house._ “Ld Barrington [William Wildman -Barrington (1717-1793), second Viscount] was out of Parliament, and no -successor was then appointed” (note by Horace Walpole in his copy of -_Anticipation_). Barrington, Secretary at War since 1765, had given -notice of his retirement in the previous May; in December Charles -Jenkinson was named his successor. - -_Mons. Neckar._ Jacques Necker (1732-1804), Director-General of -Finances in the French government, 1777-81; famous for his fiscal and -administrative reforms. - -_Monsieur Bouillé._ The island of Dominica, ceded by France to Great -Britain by the Treaty of Paris, 1763, was retaken, 7 September 1778, -by the French under the command of the Marquis de Bouillé (1739-1800), -Governor of Martinique. - -_the Pacte de Famille._ The defensive alliance formed in 1761 among the -Bourbon states of France, Spain, and the Two Sicilies. - -_Count Almodovar._ Pedro Jiménez de Góngora, Marquès (later Duque) de -Almodóvar (d. 1794), Spanish Ambassador to the Court of St. James’s, -1778-79. - -_Don Francisco Buccarelli._ Spanish Governor of Buenos Aires who ordered -the expedition against the Falkland Islands that led to the surrender -of the English garrison at Port Egmont, June 1770, and aroused great -indignation in England; see above, note to p. 36, on Falkland’s Islands. -Probably a member of the family of Bucareli y Ursúa, of Seville, several -of whom held high military and colonial posts at that period. - -_Count Cobentzel._ This may refer either to Johann Philipp, Graf von -Cobenzl (1741-1810), Austrian statesman who drafted the Peace of -Teschen, 1779; or to his cousin, Johann Ludwig Joseph, Graf von Cobenzl -(1753-1809), Austrian Ambassador to the Court of Catherine II, 1779-97. - -_Baron Reidesdel._ Joseph Herman, Baron Riedesel (1740-1785), Prussian -diplomat, traveler, and archeologist. - -_Duke de Chartres._ Louis-Philippe-Joseph de Bourbon (1747-1793), Duc de -Chartres, son of the Duc d’Orléans, whom he succeeded, 1785; later known -as Philippe Égalité. - -_Monsieur de Sartine._ Antoine-Raimond-Jean-Gualbert-Gabriel de Sartine -(1729-1801), Comte d’Alby, French statesman; Lieutenant-General of -Police, 1759-74; Minister of Marine, 1774-80. He was satirized in -Tickell’s _Green Box of Monsieur de Sartine_, 1779; see Bibliography, pp. -88-90. - - -PAGE 60 - -_Il alte se volto, &c._ This defies translation. Tickell perhaps -deliberately garbled Barré’s Italian. - -_Alderman Oliver’s letter._ Richard Oliver (1734?-1784), Alderman of -Billingsgate Ward and M.P. for the City of London; remembered for his -defiance of the House of Commons in the case of the printer Millar, for -which he was committed to the Tower, 1771. On 6 September 1778 Oliver -wrote a letter, soon published in the papers, declining nomination as -Lord Mayor and quitting his seat in Parliament in view of a prospective -visit to his property in Antigua, W.I., which he feared stood in danger -of seizure by France; _The Annual Register_ for 1778, “Chronicle,” pp. -200-201. - -_Mr. H. Stanley._ Hans Stanley (1720?-1780), M.P. for Southampton, -Governor of the Isle of Wight, and Cofferer of the Household. He had -lived for some years in France and was regarded as an authority on the -affairs of that nation. - -_Mr. Byng._ George Byng (1735-1789), nephew of the third Viscount -Torrington; M.P. for Wigan. An ardent supporter of Fox, he here acts in -the role of party whip. - -_Mr. Robinson._ John Robinson (1727-1802), M.P. for Harwich and a -Secretary of the Treasury. A favorite of George III’s, Robinson -managed the Treasury boroughs and served as the King’s personal agent -in Parliament. In _The Castle of Infamy_, 1780, an anonymous satirist -describes - - how Rob[in]son’s quick Eye - Controll’d the _pension’d, plac’d_, expectant Fry.... - At his shrewd Look, his pregnant Nod, or Wink, - The Spirits of all Parties rise or sink. - - -PAGE 61 - -_the Fermeurs Generaux._ The _Fermiers-Généraux_ were the body of French -officials who, under the _Ancien Régime_, leased as a concession the -collection of taxes. - -_Gen. Conway._ Henry Seymour Conway (1721-1795), second son of the first -Baron Conway; M.P. for Bury St. Edmunds; General; Governor of Jersey; -cousin and correspondent of Horace Walpole. - - -PAGE 62 - -_Admiral Barrington._ Samuel Barrington (1729-1800), fifth son of the -first Viscount Barrington; Rear-Admiral; Commander-in-Chief in the West -Indies until superseded by Byron in January 1779. - -_Count Broglio._ Victor-François, Duc de Broglie (1718-1804), Marshal of -France; appointed Commander-in-Chief on the Coasts on the Ocean, May 1778. - -_Mr Sawbridge._ John Sawbridge (1732?-1795), Radical M.P. for the City of -London; an intimate of John Wilkes’, and active in founding the Society -of the Supporters of the Bill of Rights. - -_Sister Macauly._ Catharine Sawbridge Macaulay (1731-1791), afterwards -Mrs. Graham, sister of the foregoing; republican bluestocking; wrote _The -History of England from the Accession of James I to That of the Brunswick -Line_, 1763-83, much praised and damned in its day for its republicanism; -visited America and stopped with Washington for ten days, 1785. Dr. -Johnson took satisfaction in having exposed her principles by once -desiring her to invite her footman to sit at table with her; _Boswell’s -Johnson_, ed. Hill and Powell, I, 447. - -_Warley-Common._ In Essex, where one of the militia camps was situated. - - -PAGE 63 - -_a majority of 261 to 148._ The motion for the amendment to the address -was rejected on the opening day of the session by a vote of 226 to 107, -an indication that the House was less crowded than had been expected. - -_Mr Charles Townshend._ Charles Townshend (1728-1810), nephew of the -third Viscount Townshend; M.P. for Yarmouth; cr. Baron Bayning of Foxley, -1797. - -_Mr Charles Turner._ Charles Turner (1726?-1803), M.P. for York; cr. a -baronet, 1782. He was a staunch Whig and according to Nathaniel Wraxall -“one of the most eccentric men who ever sat in Parliament” (_Historical -and Posthumous Memoirs_, II, 267). - - - - -BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TICKELL’S WRITINGS - - - - -BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TICKELL’S WRITINGS - - -The entries in this bibliography, with a few necessary exceptions, are -arranged as follows: - - _a._ a transcript of the text of the title-page of the first - edition; - - _b._ a collation of the first edition by pages; - - _c._ locations of copies of the first edition that I have used - and have had reproduced or consulted for me; - - _d._ a list of later editions, variant issues, and reprints. - -Under _c_ a complete census has not been attempted, and not every copy -located may be assumed to be perfect. Under _d_ sufficient information -is given to identify the various editions, but differences in title, -text, and collation are not recorded unless they are essential for -identification. To give complete descriptions of all the issues of -Tickell’s writings would require from two to three times the space of the -present bibliography. - -The symbols for locations should be expanded thus: BA = Boston Athenæum, -BM = British Museum, BP = Boston Public Library, C = Library of Congress, -HC = Harvard College Library, HEH = Henry E. Huntington Library, JCB = -John Carter Brown Library, LHB = the present editor, NEWB = Newberry -Library, NYP = New York Public Library, WLC = William L. Clements -Library, YU = Yale University Library. - -As stated earlier, the place of publication, unless otherwise indicated, -is London. - - -i - -The Project. A Poem. Dedicated to Dean Tucker. Verum, ubi, tempestas, et -cæli mobilis humor Mutavêre vias, et Jupiter uvidus Austris Densat erant -quæ rara modo, et quæ densa, relaxat; Vertuntur species animorum;⸺Virgil. -London: Printed for T. Becket, Adelphi, in the Strand. M DCC LXXVIII. - -4to. P. [i], title, verso blank; pp. [iii—iv], “Dedication”; pp. [1]-12, -text. - -Copies: BM, HC, LHB. - -Second, Third, and Fourth Editions, Becket, 1778. Fifth Edition, Becket, -1779. Sixth Edition, Becket, 1780. Reprinted in _The New Foundling -Hospital for Wit.... A New Edition.... In Six Volumes_, J. Debrett, -1786, I, 307-317. Reprinted in _Bell’s Classical Arrangement of Fugitive -Poetry_, British Library, 1789-94, IV, [92]-101. - - -ii - -The Wreath of Fashion, or, the Art of Sentimental Poetry. ⸺ Demetri, teq; -Tigelli, Discipularum inter jubeo plorare cathedras. Horace. London: -Printed for T. Becket, Adelphi, in the Strand. M DCC LXXVIII. [Price One -Shilling.] - -4to. P. [i], title, verso blank; pp. [iii]-iv, “Advertisement”; pp. -[1]-14, text; p. [15], advertisement of _The Project_, Second Edition, -verso blank. - -Copies: BM, HC, LHB. - -Second, Third, and Fourth Editions, Becket, 1778. Fifth Edition, Becket, -1778 or 1779 (I have traced no copy). Sixth Edition, Becket, 1780. -Dublin: Wm. Wilson, 1779. Reprinted in _The New Foundling Hospital for -Wit.... A New Edition.... In Six Volumes_, J. Debrett, 1786, I, 295-306. -Reprinted in _Bell’s Classical Arrangement of Fugitive Poetry_, British -Library, 1789-94, V, [76]-85. Reprinted in _The School for Satire: or, A -Collection of Modern Satirical Poems Written during the Present Reign_, -Jacques and Co., 1801 (sometimes 1802), pp. 143-159. - - -iii - -Prologue to the Camp. Written by Richard Tickell, Esq. - -This entry is from _The London Chronicle_, 23 October 1778. Though -printed in several magazines at the time of the production, the Prologue -seems first to have accompanied the text of the play in John Murray’s -edition of Sheridan’s _Works_, 1821, II, 161-162. - - _The Camp_, “a musical entertainment,” was first performed 15 - October 1778, at Drury Lane Theatre; it was first printed, - without publisher’s name, London, 1795. Sheridan’s authorship - was universally accepted by the press of the time and in the - early biographical notices of Sheridan; see R. Crompton Rhodes’ - edition of Sheridan’s _Plays and Poems_, New York, 1929, II, - 271. The first to question it was Tate Wilkinson, who asserted - that Sheridan “never wrote a line” of this “catchpenny for - the time” (_The Wandering Patentee_, York, 1795, IV, 124). - Later, Thomas Moore likewise thought _The Camp_ “unworthy” of - Sheridan’s genius and declared, on the evidence of a rough copy - in Tickell’s hand, that Tickell was the author (_Sheridan_, 2nd - ed., 1825, I, 264). Following Moore, some editors have omitted - it from editions of Sheridan. Library catalogues and recent - bibliographies, apparently following Walter Sichel (_Sheridan_, - I, 443), whose statements on these matters are sometimes - merely conjectures, generally assign _The Camp_ to Tickell as - “revised” by Sheridan. - - A rough copy in Tickell’s hand is very inconclusive evidence of - his authorship. In view of known “catchpenny” work by Sheridan, - the alleged inferiority of _The Camp_ is still less conclusive. - Tickell may of course have contributed to the dialogue, as he - later did in many of the Drury Lane productions. But there are - no adequate grounds for denying the contemporary attribution to - Sheridan. - - -iv - -Anticipation: Containing the Substance of His M⸺y’s Most Gracious Speech -to both H⸺s of P⸺l⸺t, on the Opening of the approaching Session, together -With a full and authentic Account of the Debate which will take Place in -the H⸺e of C⸺s, on the Motion for the Address, and the Amendment. With -Notes. “So shall my Anticipation Prevent your Discovery.” Hamlet. London: -Printed for T. Becket, the Corner of the Adelphi, in the Strand. 1778. - -8vo. P. [i], half-title, verso blank; p. [iii], title, verso blank; -pp. [v]-vi, “Advertisement”; p. [vii], “The Gentlemen trading to the -East-Indies ...,” verso blank; pp. [1]-74, text. (The last leaf of the -text is signed L, and it is likely that a blank leaf should follow as -the conjugate. In all the copies I have seen and in all but one of those -consulted for me by librarians, this final leaf is wanting. Miss Anne -S. Pratt reports a copy in the Mason-Franklin Collection at Yale that, -though closely bound, appears to have been issued with this final blank -leaf.) - -Copies: BA, BP, C, HC, HEH, JCB, NEWB, NYP, WLC, YU. Sabin #95788. - -Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth Editions, -Becket, 1778. Also a variant “Second Edition,” with the same imprint -and date but with a different number of blanks in the words containing -deleted letters in the title and with different collation: p. [i], title, -verso blank; pp. [iii]-iv, “Advertisement”; pp. [5]-67, text; p. [68], -blank. Tenth Edition, Becket, 1780. A New Edition, Becket, 1794. Dublin: -Byrn and Son, 1778. Philadelphia: T. Bradford, 1779; called “The Sixth -Edition.” New York: James Rivington, 1779 (no copy traced; announced as -published in Rivington’s _Royal Gazette_, 17 March). Reprinted in _The -Pamphleteer_; _Dedicated to Both Houses of Parliament_, A. J. Valpy, XIX, -1822, [309]-345. - - Of the numerous continuations and imitations that appeared - in the next few years, none except _Common-Place Arguments_, - 1780 (no. viii, below), is by Tickell. _Opposition Mornings: - with Betty’s Remarks_, J. Wilkie, 1779, is assigned to him in - Halkett and Laing (_Dictionary of Anonymous and Pseudonymous - Literature_, new ed., Edinburgh, 1926-34, IV, 265), in Sabin - (#95797), and in library catalogues generally. Not made by - earlier bibliographers, this attribution is probably based on a - conjecture in _The Monthly Review_ that _Opposition Mornings_ - might be an inferior work by Tickell (LX, 1779, 473). The tract - makes use of several of Tickell’s satirical devices of the kind - easily borrowed. But there is no good evidence that he wrote - it, and the lack of a spark of wit in the whole performance is - strong evidence to the contrary. - - -v - -La Cassette Verte de Monsieur de Sartine, Trouvée chez Mademoiselle Du -Thé. Ipse dolos tecti ambagesque resolvit. Virgil. (Cinquième Edition -revue & corrigée sur celles de Leipsic & d’Amsterdam.) A La Haye: Chez la -Veuve Whiskerfeld, in de Platte Borze by de Vrydagmerkt. M,DCC,LXX,IX. - -8vo. P. [i], half-title, verso blank; p. [iii], title, verso blank; -pp. [1]-4, “Avis au Lecteur”; p. [5], “Avant Propos,” verso blank; pp. -[7]-71, text; p. [72], blank. - -Copies: HEH, NYP, YU. Sabin #95793. - -Sixième Edition, with identical title (except for change in number of -edition), identical imprint and date; the text is set largely from the -same type but extended by new matter to p. 76, and there is no blank page -at the end. The Cinquième Edition described above may be safely regarded -as the _editio princeps_; there were, however, at least three variant -issues, two of which are easily confused with the original edition. One -of these corresponds exactly in imprint, pagination, and signatures with -the regular Cinquième Edition but is set from different type, has a -different title-page border, and uses less elaborate printer’s ornaments -throughout; it may be at once distinguished from the original by the fact -that the words “Monsieur de Sartine” in the title are printed, not in red -as in the original, but in black; copies in BA, NYP. A second variant has -the same imprint as the regular Cinquième Edition, but the title-page -has a still different border, no rubrication, and the word “Cinquième” -is erroneously printed with an acute instead of a grave accent; the -pagination is the same as that of the regular Cinquième Edition, but -the variant is a smaller octavo, the type is not the same, nor are the -signatures (regular: []², B-K⁴; variant: []², B-E⁸, F⁴); copies in NYP, -YU. There is, finally, in the Yale University Library an issue called -the “Cinquieme [_sic_] édition,” with a title-page border different from -any in the preceding issues, with the same pagination as the regular -Cinquième Edition, but from different type, with signatures[]¹, B⁸, C-I⁴ -(half-title doubtless wanting), and with the puzzling date “M. DCC. -LXXXII.” - - _La Cassette verte_ is a political and bibliographical hoax. - The text purports to be secret papers found in a dispatch-box - belonging to M. de Sartine, French Minister of Marine. (On - Mademoiselle Du Thé, i.e., Rosalie Duthé, a Parisian courtesan - who had recently visited England, see Pierre Larousse, - _Grand dictionnaire ... du XIXᵉ siècle_, Paris, 1866-90, - VI, 1447-1448.) The papers expose the motives of the French - government in aiding the United States and satirize Franklin’s - activities in Paris, English sympathizers with the American - cause, and the like. A letter supposedly written by one of - Sartine’s agents in London provides a gloss on certain passages - in _Anticipation_. I quote from the English version (no. vi, - below): - - Alas! in these times, a spy’s office here is almost a sinecure: - a dozen newspapers in the morning, and as many fresh ones - every evening, rob us of all our business: a secret even in - private affairs is a prodigy in London; but as to public - matters, it is the patriot’s boast, that a free constitution - abhors secrecy: and so indeed it seems; for, not only the - minutest accounts of the army, the navy, and the taxes, but - the minister’s letters, official instructions, and in short, - every paper, the disclosure of which may serve opposition, and - tend to prejudice the ministers by a premature discovery of - their plans, are perpetually called for, and must lie on the - tables of Parliament; where, as soon as they are once brought, - their contents one way or other get into print; consequently, - ... the French ministers are not only as much in possession of - them as the English, but study them far more attentively, and - to ten times more advantage than _they_ do who called for their - disclosure in England⸺All this is bad encouragement to a spy at - London. - - Bibliographically, the pamphlet raises questions that cannot be - answered with complete certainty. How is the number of variant - issues to be accounted for, and what are their relations to the - _editio princeps_? The satire was originally written by Tickell - in English and was then translated into bad French to circulate - on the Continent as propaganda against the Franco-American - alliance (see the extract from _The Monthly Review_ under the - next entry, and that from Bachaumont’s _Mémoires_ further on in - the present entry). However, the French version, purporting to - be the “Cinquième Edition,” published “A La Haye,” and “revue - & corrigée sur celles de Leipsic & d’Amsterdam,” appeared in - England earlier than the English original (_La Cassette verte_ - was noticed in _The Monthly Review_ for May 1779, p. 394; _The - Green Box_ in the following month, p. 473). It seems most - likely that the regular Cinquième and the Sixième Editions - were printed on the Continent and that the variant issues were - English reprints. Typographical evidence tends to confirm this - supposition. The type and ornaments of the regular Cinquième - Edition and the Sixième seem clearly not to be English. The - variants, on the other hand, all appear to be English in - origin, and it may be noted that their less elaborate ornaments - give the impression of feeble imitation. - - There is evidence that the hoax was disliked in certain high - quarters. In Louis Petit de Bachaumont’s _Mémoires secrets pour - servir à l’histoire de la republique des lettres en France_, - 1780-89, appears an “Extrait d’une lettre d’Amsterdam du 22 Mai - 1780,” which reads, in part: - - Il a paru dans ce pays, il y a déja du tems, peut-être un an, - une brochure très courte, intitulée _la cassette verte_.... On - ne sait si M. de Sartine en a été piqué, ou si c’est un zele - de ses partisans dans ce pays; mais on mande de la Haye que - le jeudi 19 de ce mois, on y a arrêté une Dame Godin, comme - ayant eu quelque part à cette _cassette verte_ & qu’elle en est - partie le jour même avec des gardes qui la conduisent jusqu’aux - frontieres de France, d’où vraisemblement elle sera transférée - à la Bastille (XV, 189). - - -vi - -The Green Box of Monsieur de Sartine, Found at Mademoiselle du Thé’s -Lodgings. From the French of the Hague Edition. Revised and corrected by -those of Leipsic and Amsterdam. “I translate for the Country Gentlemen.” -Anticipation. London: Sold by A. Becket, corner of the Adelphi, Strand; -and R. Faulder, Bond-street. M DCC LXXIX. - -8vo. P. [i], half-title, verso blank; p. [iii], title, verso blank; pp. -[1]-4, “Advertisement”; p. [5], note by the “Editor,” verso blank; pp. -[7]-71, text; p. [72], advertisement of _Anticipation_, Ninth Edition, -_La Cassette verte_, and other works by Tickell. - -Copies: BP, HC, HEH, NYP. Sabin #95796. - -Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth Editions, Becket and Faulder, 1779. -Dublin: James Byrn and Son, 1779. Also an edition dated 1779 without -place or publisher’s name and with different collation; evidently a -piracy. Heartman’s Historical Series No. 19; “Sixty-five copies printed -for Charles F. Heartman, New York City 1916”; this is an independent -translation of _La Cassette verte_. - - “It now appears that this pretended English translation is the - _original work_, as it came from the ludicrous pen of Mr. - Tickell ...; and that the French edition ... was only a - _circumstance_ in the _joke_” (_The Monthly Review_, LX, - 1779, 473). - - A number of imitations followed _La Cassette verte_ and _The - Green Box_. Among these are _An English Green Box_ ..., G. - Kearsly, 1779; _Histoire d’un pou françois_ ..., “A Paris, de - l’Imprimerie Royale,” 1779, and the English version of the - latter, _History of a French Louse_ ..., T. Becket, 1779—all - of which have been erroneously ascribed to Tickell. - - -vii - -Epistle from the Honourable Charles Fox, Partridge-Shooting, to the -Honourable John Townshend, Cruising. London: Printed for R. Faulder, New -Bond Street. M DCC LXXIX. - -4to. P. [1], half-title, verso blank; p. [3], title, verso blank; pp. -[5]-14, text; pp. [15-16], blank. - -Copies: BM, HC. Sabin #95795. - -A New Edition, Faulder, 1779. Third Edition, Faulder, 1780. Dublin: R. -Marchbank, 1779. Reprinted in _The New Foundling Hospital for Wit ... A -New Edition ... In Six Volumes_, J. Debrett, 1786, I, 318-323. Reprinted -in _Bell’s Classical Arrangement of Fugitive Poetry_, British Library, -1789-94, IV, [86]-91. - - The _Epistle_ is a pleasing Horatian piece that makes - good-natured fun of the Whig wits and politicians of Brooks’s - Club. On John Townshend (1757-1833), later called Lord John, - second son of the first Marquis Townshend, see W. P. Courtney, - _Eight Friends of the Great_, 1910, pp. 172-183. Fox, in the - country, is depicted urging on his pointers with “patriot - names”: - - No servile ministerial runners they! - Not RANGER then, but WASHINGTON, I cry; - Hey on! PAUL JONES, re-echoes to the sky: - Toho! old FRANKLIN—SILAS DEANE, take heed!— - Cheer’d with the sound, o’er hills and dales they speed. - - But as he toils through fields of stubble he yearns for “The - long lost pleasures of ST. JAMES’S STREET,” which are set - forth by Tickell in graceful and glowing lines. The _Epistle_ - was very highly praised by the reviewers and by others, but - Horace Walpole, in a letter to Lady Ossory of 2 December 1779, - recorded an acute dissent: “Towards the end there seems some - very pretty lines; but, upon the whole, _à quoi bon? à quel - propos?_ I believe it was meant for a satire, but the author - winked, and it flashed in the pan (_Letters_, ed. Toynbee, XI, - 74-75).” - - -viii - -Common-Place Arguments against Administration, with Obvious Answers, -(Intended for the Use of the New Parliament.) London: Printed for R. -Faulder, New Bond Street. M DCC LXXX. - -8vo. P. [i], half-title, verso blank; p. [iii], title, verso blank; -pp. [v]-viii, “Advertisement”; pp. [an inserted leaf], “Contents”; pp. -[9]-101, text; p. [102], blank. - -Copies: HC, NYP. Sabin #95794. - -Second, Third, and Fourth Editions, Faulder, 1780. Dublin: R. Marchbank, -1780; called “The Third Edition.” - - A transparent attempt to repeat the success of _Anticipation_, - this satire was unanimously assigned to Tickell by the reviews - and is clearly his. Opposition charges and ministerial replies - are provided on such topics as “Best Officers drawn from the - Service,” “The last Campaign, and State of the Nation,” and the - like, together with a section of “Miscellaneous Eloquence, or, - Collateral Rhetoric for the Gallery,” which contains the best - mimicry the tract affords. The reviewers justly taxed Tickell - with writing for hire and borrowing from himself. - - -ix - -Select Songs of the Gentle Shepherd. As It Is Performed at the -Theatre-Royal, Drury-Lane London: Printed for T. Becket, Adelphi, Strand. -M DCC LXXXI. [Price Six-pence.] - -8vo. P. [1], title, verso blank; pp. [3]-19, text; p. [20], blank. - -Copy: HEH. - -There were no other issues. - - This pastoral opera in two acts, performed as an afterpiece - at Drury Lane, 29 October 1781, is an alteration of Allan - Ramsay’s _Gentle Shepherd_, 1725, which had already had a long - stage history. It ran for twenty-two nights and remained the - standard stage version until after 1800. In an article entitled - “Reviving ‘The Gentle Shepherd,’” W. J. Lawrence condemned - Tickell’s alteration out of hand because “the abounding Doric - had been bled white, and new music had been substituted for - the fine old Scots melodies” (_The_ [London] _Graphic_, CVIII, - 1923, 340). The music has not survived, but the discriminating - review in _The Universal Magazine_ praised Linley’s skill in - preserving the original airs while providing accompaniments for - an expanded orchestra (LXIX, 1781, 237). The dialogue, however - handled, was certain to produce disagreement, but Tickell was - more faithful to the original than previous adapters had been. - On this point James Boaden wrote: - - The simple beauties of the poem were ... felt on this occasion, - and the lovers of rustic nature were obliged to Mr. Tickell for - the restoration of its original language—the _pronunciation_, - and still more the _cadence_, suffered as might be expected - from diffidence and badness of ear (_Memoirs of Mrs. Siddons_, - 1827, I, 252). - - -x - -Songs, Duos, Trios, Chorusses, &c., in the Comic Opera of the Carnival -of Venice, as it is Performed at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. London. -1781. Pr. Iˢ. - -8vo. P. [1], title, verso blank; p. [3], “Dramatis Personæ,” verso blank; -pp. 5-27, text; p. [28], blank. - -Copy: BM. - -There were no other issues. - - _The Carnival of Venice_ opened on 13 December 1781 and - played twenty-three times during the season but was never - revived. It was written to suit what Tickell himself, in a - letter to an aspiring playwright, called “the present taste - for complicated plot and perplexed incidents” (unpublished - letter to A. Becket, August 1781, in the Widener Collection, - Harvard College Library); for the plot, see the review in _The - Universal Magazine_, LXIX, 1781, 328. The music was provided by - Linley, and the elaborate sets and costumes by De Loutherbourg. - In particular the songs were admired: Tom Moore and Samuel - Rogers remembered and quoted them in the next century (Moore, - _Sheridan_, 2nd ed., 1825, II, 227; Rogers, _Table-Talk_, p. - 72). Mary Young, in her _Memoirs of Mrs. Crouch_, 1806, said - that “Many of the songs in this piece so perfectly resemble, - in poetic beauty, those which adorn the Duenna [by Sheridan], - that they declare themselves to be the offspring of the same - Muse” (I, 127). Sheridan’s biographers have variously ascribed - the songs, in part or entirely, to him and Mrs. Sheridan, but - on what grounds save their excellence does not appear (Sichel, - _Sheridan_, I, 443, and II, 459; Rae, article on Tickell in the - _DNB_). - - -xi - -[Prologue to] Variety; A Comedy, in Five Acts: as it is performed at the -Theatre-Royal in Drury-Lane. London: Printed for T. Becket, Adelphi, -Strand, Bookseller to His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, and Their -Royal Highnesses the Princes. MDCCLXXXII. - -Copies: BM, C. - -8vo. P. [i], half-title, verso blank; p. [iii], title, verso blank; pp. -[v-vi], “Prologue, by Richard Tickell, Esq;”; p. [vii], “Epilogue”; p. -[viii], “Epilogue,” continued, and “Dramatis Personæ”; pp. [1]-71, text; -p. [72], publisher’s advertisements. - -Subsequent issues disregarded here. - - _Variety_ was written by Richard Griffith (d. 1788), and was - first performed 25 February 1782. - - -xii - -Remarks on the Commutation Act. Addressed to the People of England. -London: Printed for T. Becket, in Pall-Mall. M DCC LXXXV. [Price One -Shilling and Six-pence.] - -8vo. P. [i], title, verso blank; pp. [1]-81, text; p. [82], blank. - -Copy: YU. - -Second, Third, and Fourth Editions, Becket, 1785. - - Assigned to Tickell by a MS. note on the title-page of a copy - of the Fourth Edition in the New York Public Library. It is - characteristically Tickell’s in substance and style. Intended - as an attack on a proposed reduction of the tea-duty, it - enlarges into a satire on Pitt’s administration, especially - the ascendancy of the East India Company interest therein. - While the Company continues its corrupt sway, Pitt directs - the energies of Parliament to “Edicts against the Waste of - Wafers in Public Offices, and Registrations of the Nett - Consumption of Quills; together with Sworn Meters of Sand, and - a Comptroller-General of Blotting-Paper.” - - -xiii - -Contributions to _The Rolliad_. - - The work known as _The Rolliad_ is only for the sake of - convenience so styled. The name serves as a collective title - for a group of many works, differently titled and separately - published, ranging from squibs a quatrain long to extended - mock-heroic poems. These collaborative Whig satires began - to appear in Henry Bate’s _Morning Herald_ late in 1784; - and the inclusive editions, issued from 1795 on under the - title of _The Rolliad_, contain _Criticisms on The Rolliad_, - _Political Eclogues_, _Probationary Odes for the Laureateship_, - and _Political Miscellanies_. Many ancillary pieces by the - same group of authors appeared in newspapers and fugitive - miscellanies but were never reprinted. - - A good deal has been written in appreciation of the literary - and political satire of the _Rolliad_ pieces, but no thorough - study of their history and bibliography has been attempted. - So complex is their bibliography that it is impossible to - give a satisfactory account of any single author’s share. - The principal information on authorship will be found in - several contributions to _Notes and Queries_, 1st ser., II, - 1850, and III, 1851, from copies of _The Rolliad_ annotated - by the authors or by those who knew them, as follows: - French Laurence’s notes, II, 373, and III, 129-131; George - Ellis’ notes, II, 114-115; Alexander Chalmers’ notes, II, - 242; Sir James Mackintosh’s notes, III, 131. To these should - be added Sheridan’s notes in a copy used by Walter Sichel; - see his _Sheridan_, II, 87ff. There is much other scattered - information, of which full use has not yet been made, in late - eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century memoirs and journals. - - According to French Laurence, who acted as editor, “the piece - first published, and the origin of all that followed,” was - the “Short Account of the Family of the Rollos, now Rolles,” - written principally by Tickell and purporting to be a genealogy - of the family of John Rolle, M.P. for Devon, the unlucky - hero of the projected mock epic. Tickell designed the absurd - family tree that served as frontispiece for _Criticisms on - The Rolliad_ (information from Sheridan, in Lord Broughton - [John Cam Hobhouse], _Recollections of a Long Life_, ed. Lady - Dorchester, 1909-11, I, 202). He had also a leading hand in - the next project of the group, the _Probationary Odes_, for - which he provided the editorial preliminaries, the first of - the trial odes, supposed to be by Sir Cecil Wray, and the - ninth, supposed to be by Nathaniel Wraxall and one of the best - in the series. (According to Mackintosh, the ninth ode was - “sketched by Canning, the Eton boy, finished by Tickell.”) - The most successful of the _Political Eclogues_, a satire on - Lord Lansdowne called _Jekyll_, was the collaborative work - of Tickell and Lord John Townshend; it first appeared as a - quarto poem published by J. Debrett, 1788. For the smaller - contributions of Tickell, which are numerous, the lists in - _Notes and Queries_ may be consulted. - - -xiv - -A Woollen Draper’s Letter on the French Treaty, to His Friends and Fellow -Tradesmen All over England. “The clothiers all not able to maintain “The -many to them ’longing, have put off “The spinsters, carders, fullers, -weavers.” Shakespeare’s Henry VIII. London: Printed for the Author, -and sold by J. French, Bookseller, No. 164, Fenchurch-street, by the -Booksellers near the Royal Exchange, Pater-Noster-Row, Fleet-street, &c. -&c. &c. M,DCC,LXXXVI. - -8vo. P. [i], title, verso blank; pp. [I]-48, text. - -Copies: HC, NYP. - -Second Edition, French, 1786. - - This tract is here first assigned to Tickell, who stated he - was the author in a letter to Samuel Parr, 20 February [1787] - (Parr, _Works_, ed. J. Johnstone, 1828, VIII, 131). It is - assigned to a different author in Halkett and Laing (new ed., - 1926-34, VI, 252), where a copy is reported that contains a MS. - dedication signed “Lieut. J. Mackenzie.” Tickell’s statement of - authorship, the lack of any information about J. Mackenzie, and - various circumstances (too involved to detail here) relating - to Whig propagandist activity at this time, all suggest that - Lieut. J. Mackenzie is a fictitious person. As the Foxites’ - chief pamphleteer Tickell did his duty, but as a member of - Brooks’s he did not care to associate his name with a sober - commercial tract. - - This supposed Woollen Draper, who seems to be well acquainted - with the subject he treats, endeavours to shew his fellow - tradesmen the very great injuries to which the woollen trade is - exposed, by the commercial treaty, lately signed at Paris.... - In his own style, the sample, which he hath here offered to the - Public, is well wrought, and of a good fabric (_The Monthly - Review_, LXXVI, 1787, 71). - - -xv - -The People’s Answer to the Court Pamphlet: Entitled A Short Review of -the Political State of Great Britain. Quid prius dicam solitis Parentis -Laudibus?⸺Printed for J. Debrett, opposite Burlington-house Piccadilly. -MDCCLXXXVII. - -8vo. P. [i], half-title, verso blank; p. [iii], title, verso blank; pp. -[1]-50, text; pp. [51-52], blank. - -Copies: HC, NYP, WLC. - -Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth Editions, Debrett, 1787. Dublin: White, -Byrne, Moore, and Jones, 1787. - - This tract is here first assigned to Tickell. His letter to - Parr of 20 February [1787], mentioned in the preceding entry, - begins: - - From some enquiries in your letter to Mrs. Sheridan, I believe - you thought it was right to answer _the Political Review_. I - mean the pamphlet that traduced the Prince of Wales and every - one else except Hastings. I now send you the answer I gave - it, because, as you thought it right it should be answered, - you will excuse faults in a paper written in a hurry (Parr, - _Works_, VIII, 131). - - The pamphlet to which Tickell refers is _A Short Review of - the Political State of Great-Britain at the Commencement - of the Year One Thousand Seven Hundred and Eighty-Seven_, - Debrett, 1787, a collection of political portraits and cursory - observations as thin in substance as they are florid in style. - Its authorship was acknowledged in the _Posthumous Memoirs_, - 1836, of Sir Nathaniel Wraxall, who told there of its immense - success upon publication: it ran through six editions in the - last ten days of January, sold 17,000 copies, and elicited a - half-dozen replies within a month (_Historical and Posthumous - Memoirs_, 1884, IV, 372-375). _The People’s Answer_ was written - from Tickell’s precise political position at this time and - displays his characteristic style. - - Beginning in his usual brisk and pointed manner, Tickell - suggests that the celebrity of the _Short Review_ is due - largely to such a total want of polite wit among the supporters - of Administration “that even a Charade from one of the _King’s - Friends_ would excite ... admiration.” The author has provided - “the dull desponding train of an unlettered Court” with - - a sort of handy manual for the Levee ..., lightly touching on - the topicks most in vogue, and sketching out handy sentences - for the Lords of the Bedchamber to retail, or the Maids of - Honour to scribble on their fans. - - Here is the hand of the author of _The Wreath of Fashion_. In - his treatment of Pitt’s commercial treaty, his gift of mimicry - is also apparent. Tickell the elegant amateur cannot resist - parodying the style of writers on commercial subjects: - - Every leaf of these motley compositions displays an epitome - of all the tricks of invitation, that are practised by the - trades they discuss; some of them intoxicating the eye, like - Vintners’ windows, with BRANDY! RUM! and BRITISH SPIRIT! in - capitals—while others denote their beaten track, and towns - of baiting; like the lettered pannels of a stage coach, in - characters of a most extensive and convincing size; as, - - HULL, - LEEDS, - WAKEFIELD, - YORK, - - or - - BOCKING, - BRAINTREE, - DUNMOW, - COLCHESTER, &c. - - Perhaps the most amusing thing about this passage is that - Tickell is ridiculing, among others, himself, for these are - the very devices of the honest Woollen Draper’s _Letter_. The - defence of the Prince of Wales’ conduct and friends, which - occupies the later pages of _The People’s Answer_, is in a more - serious tone. - - -xvi - -[Prologue to] The Fugitive: A Comedy. As it is performed at the King’s -Theatre, Haymarket. By Joseph Richardson, Esq. Barrister at Law. -Ætherias, lascive cupis, volitare per auras I, fuge, sed poteris, -tutior esse domi. Martial. London: Printed for J. Debrett, opposite -Burlington-House, Piccadilly. MDCCXCII. - -8vo. P. [i], half-title, verso blank; p. [iii], title, verso blank; pp. -[v-viii], “Advertisement”; pp. [ix-x], “Prologue written by Richard -Tickell, Esq.”; p. [xi], “Dramatis Personæ,” verso blank; pp. [1]-83, -text; p. [84], blank; pp. [85-86], “Epilogue, written by the Right Hon. -Lieutenant General Burgoyne.” - -Copies: BM, C. - -Subsequent issues disregarded here. - - Joseph Richardson (1755-1803) was an intimate of the - Sheridan circle, a Foxite politician, and one of the largest - contributors to _The Rolliad_. _The Fugitive_ was first - performed 20 April 1792. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANTICIPATION *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. 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