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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9b2b7f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #67879 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/67879) diff --git a/old/67879-0.txt b/old/67879-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 9d28eed..0000000 --- a/old/67879-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,776 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Mayan Nomenclature, by Charles P. -Bowditch - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Mayan Nomenclature - -Author: Charles P. Bowditch - -Release Date: April 19, 2022 [eBook #67879] - -Language: English - -Produced by: The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at - https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAYAN NOMENCLATURE *** - - - - - - MAYAN NOMENCLATURE - - - BY - CHARLES P. BOWDITCH - - - _Privately Printed_ - - - CAMBRIDGE - THE UNIVERSITY PRESS - 1906 - - -It has long been well known that the Mexican numeration is vigesimal, -and, as far as I know, there is no proof that it was ever used in the -calculation of long reaches of time. The Cakchiquel numeration is also -vigesimal, and Brinton states (Maya Chronicles, p. 44) that the Maya -numeration is also vigesimal, giving - - 20 units = one kal = 20 - 20 kal = one bak = 400 - 20 bak = one pic = 8000 - 20 pic = one calab = 160000, etc. - -But this Maya system is never used in connection with days. Wherever a -long number of days is referred to, we find invariably the following -system in use: - - 20 units = one of the second term - 18 of the second term = one of the third term - 20 of the third term = one of the fourth term - 20 of the fourth term = one of the fifth term. - -And this system is, as far as we know, used for nothing else but for -reckoning days. The only difference between the first system and the -second is that in the first system twenty of the second term equal one -of the third, while in the second system eighteen of the second equal -one of the third. This difference is, of course, essential, and it -seems most probable that the change was introduced in order to bring -the third term as near the length of the year as possible, and to -conform the day numeration to the number of days and months in the year. - -Professor Cyrus Thomas is unwilling to see in this anything more than -the counters by which to count the days, and denies to it the name of -a calendar; but as the system of day numeration is different from -the usual system, and is used only for counting days, and as this -system counts forward in almost every case in the inscriptions, and in -a majority of cases in the Dresden Codex, from a fixed date, 4 Ahau -8 Cumhu, it seems impossible to see any difference between it and a -calendar system. - -It was certainly to be hoped that the designations which Dr. Seler -gave to these Maya periods of time in his “Die Monumente von Copan, -etc.,”[1] would have been accepted by Americanists, especially since -very good reasons were given by Seler for their adoption. But this -view does not meet the approval of Dr. Förstemann or Dr. Thomas. The -latter in his “Maya Calendar, Part II.,” published in the “Report of -the Bureau of American Ethnology,” still calls the period of 20 days -a chuen and that of 360 days an ahau, while the former in his article -on “Die Lage der Ahaus bei den Mayas,” published in Part I. of the -1904 issue of the “Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,” makes the following -statement: “The katun has also been supposed to be 24 × 365 = 8760 days -long (and I held this view for a long time), indeed the long period -of 52 × 365 = 18,980 days is also occasionally designated with the -word, while the sixth multiple of this member or 113,800 is called -an ahaukatun.” He uses the terms “day,” “uinal,” and “ahau” for the -periods of 1, 20, and 7200 days respectively. - -[1] See Seler, “Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur Amerikanischen Sprach- und -Alterthumskunde,” Vol. I. p. 722. - -Such statements from such learned scholars must attract attention, -especially as it is not the first time that they have made similar -statements. If they give a correct statement of facts, it shows that -the system of the Maya numeration or calendar was in a woful condition, -as far as its nomenclature was concerned. It will be well, therefore, -to take up this question of nomenclature anew. In all matters of this -kind it is wise, while giving due value to the views of later writers, -to place the most dependence for the solution of such questions upon -contemporary or nearly contemporary evidence. - -And where is such evidence to be found? Though there are several -Spanish writers who lived in the sixteenth century who have written -on the Nahuas, Bishop Landa is the earliest Spanish authority who has -dealt with Maya customs and history. And the only Maya authorities of -an early date that the student has access to are the papers contained -in Brinton’s Maya Chronicles, the principal of which are the Books -of Chilan Balam, which Dr. Brinton declares “to constitute about all -that remains to us ... of the ancient history of the peninsula” as -far as he knows. Yet, in making objection to certain views of Dr. -Seler, Dr. Förstemann says, “It is based on certain statements in the -Books of Chilan Balam, a very dubious source according to Seler’s own -assertion.” I am at a loss to know why such sweeping condemnation -should be made of these books, for though the copies from which Dr. -Brinton quotes may not be very old, these copies hand down to us -records which must be of very great age. Dr. Förstemann himself quotes -from them with approval, and it is certain that whatever may be their -historical value, the evidence which they give incidentally cannot fail -to be of great value. This evidence will, I think, prove-- - -First, that the period of 20 times 360 days was called a katun and not -an ahau. - -Second, that each of the constituent parts of a katun was called a tun. - -Third, that no such period of time as an ahaukatun is mentioned in the -Books of Chilan Balam. - -The first assertion may seem difficult to prove when in far the larger -number of cases where a separate katun is mentioned in the Books of -Chilan Balam the word “ahau” seems to be substituted for “katun.” -This is true in all five of the Books of Chilan Balam published by -Brinton. But the reason of this is very evident, for it will be seen by -a careful perusal that the word “ahaus” is never used when katuns in -general are spoken of, and that whenever the word “ahau” is apparently -given as a synonym of “katun,” it is merely the name of a particular -katun and it always has a number attached to it and this number is the -number of the day ahau with which a given katun ended. Further, this -number is never an ordinal number, as translated by Brinton, but a -cardinal number. Therefore 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, etc. should be substituted -in Brinton’s translation for 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, etc., and in -the quotations from Brinton this substitution is made. - -It may be here stated that the inscriptions all show that where an -even uinal is given (and therefore where an even tun, katun, or cycle -is given) the day is Ahau. If then it was desirable to distinguish the -katuns from each other, two methods could be used: either count them -numerically, 1, 2, 3, 4, etc., or name them from the day Ahau with -which the preceding katun had ended. The former method is found in the -inscriptions and the Dresden Codex, the latter in the Books of Chilan -Balam. The second method would not be possible if each katun ended -with the same numbered ahau. But 7200 is not divisible by 13 without a -remainder, but equals 13 × 553 + 11. If then a particular katun ended -with 13 Ahau, the next would end with Ahau, but the number attached -to Ahau would be 13 + 11, or, deducting thirteens, 11. The next katun -would end with 9, the next with 7, and so on. The katuns then would be -known as katuns, 13 Ahau, 11 Ahau, 9 Ahau, 7 Ahau, 5 Ahau, 3 Ahau, 1 -Ahau, 12 Ahau, 10 Ahau, 8 Ahau, 6 Ahau, 4 Ahau, 2 Ahau, 13 Ahau, etc. - -Taking up, therefore, No. I. of the Books of Chilan Balam, published by -Brinton--that of Mani--we find in the paragraph numbered 1 by Brinton -“This is the arrangement of the katuns” not “of the ahaus,” and in -paragraph numbered 2 “Four katuns had passed, etc.” not “four ahaus.” -This is followed by the statement “When they set out for this country, -it was Ahau 8,” not “the 8th Ahau.” And then follows “6 Ahau, 4 Ahau, -2 Ahau, fourscore years and one year, for it was Tun 1, 13 Ahau when, -etc.” That 6 Ahau, 4 Ahau, 2 Ahau refer to the katuns is very clear, -and that 4 katuns with the names 8 Ahau, 6 Ahau, 4 Ahau, and 2 Ahau -are called fourscore years is equally clear. In paragraph 4 we have “4 -Ahau, 2 Ahau, 13 Ahau--threescore years they ruled Ziyan caan, etc.” -Here three katuns are called threescore years. - -This would seem to show that the katuns called 4 Ahau, 2 Ahau, 13 Ahau, -were each equal to a score of years of 365 days each. When, however, -we try to account for the numbering of the katuns on this basis, we -find that the numbers of the ahaus ending each katun would come in the -following order: 11. 5. 12. 6. 13. 7. 1. 8. 2. 9. 3. 10. 4. 11, etc., -while the real order is given in the books as 11. 9. 7. 5. 3. 1. 12. -10. 8. 6. 4. 2. 13, etc. If the word “haab” or the Spanish “años,”[2] -which occurs in paragraph 3, is taken literally, there would seem to be -no explanation of this difficulty; but if we consider that these books -used these words as we often use them now as meaning approximately -“years,” and if we substitute the third term of the numeral series -as found in the codices for the word “years”--in other words, if we -substitute 360 for 365--we find then that the katuns or scores of 360 -days will end with a day Ahau with the numbers 11. 9. 7. 5. 3. 1. 12. -10, etc., as has been said and as given in the Books of Chilan Balam. -This has been shown by Seler, Goodman, and others. - -[2] It is very probable that “años” is merely a gloss--and an erroneous -one at that. - -It will then be a good working theory that the score of 360 days is -called a katun, and that each katun is distinguished by the name of -an ahau with its proper number, with which a katun ended. That the -ahau and its number are merely the name of the katun and not the katun -itself is shown in No. 5 of Brinton’s Books of Chilan Balam,--the -Book of Chumayel. Here in paragraph 1 we have “4 Ahau was the name of -the katun,” in paragraph 3 “4 Ahau was the name of the katun,” and in -paragraph 7 “11 Ahau was the name of the katun.” To say that “ahau” -was a synonym for “katun” would be as foolish as to say of a family -containing John Smith, Mary Smith, and James Smith, that John and Mary -and James were all synonyms of Smith, when they were merely names to -distinguish one Smith from another. - -This is also shown in the Book of Mani (pp. 96 et seq. of Brinton’s -“Maya Chronicles”), where - - Par. 8 says “Lai u katunil cabil ahau,” “In the katun 2 Ahau.” - ” 9 says “Lai u katunil buluc ahau,” “In the katun 11 Ahau.” - ” 10 says “Laili u katunil uaxac ahau,” “In the katun 8 Ahau.” - ” 12 says “lay u katunil uac ahau,” “In the katun 6 Ahau.” - ” 15 says “u katunil ho ahau,” “In the katun 5 Ahau.” - -Also in the Book of Tizimin (pp. 139 et seq. of Brinton): - - Par. 6, “Uaxac ahau--lay u katunil,” “8 Ahau--in this katun.” - ” 14, “Bolon ahau--lai--u katunil,” “9 Ahau--in this katun.” - ” 15, “Vuc ahau--u katunil,” “7 Ahau--in this katun.” - -Also in the first Book of Chumayel (pp. 154 et seq. of Brinton): - - Par. 2, “Uaxac ahau--layli u katunil,” “8 Ahau--in this katun.” - ” 8, “Bolon ahau--u katunil,” “9 Ahau--in this katun.” - -Also in the second Book of Chumayel (pp. 166 et seq. of Brinton): - - Par. 3, “Uaxac ahau u katunil,” “8 Ahau in this katun.” - “laix u katunil,” “in this katun.” - ” 5, “Hun ahau--lay u katunil,” “1 Ahau--in this katun.” - ” 8, “Buluc ahau--laix u katunil,” “11 Ahau--in this katun.” - “Buluc ahau. Laix u katunil,” “11 Ahau in this katun.” - ” 9, “Bolon ahau--lay katun,” “9 Ahau--in this katun.” - “Uac Ahau--lay u katunil,” “6 Ahau--in this katun.” - -I can find no excuse for considering “ahau” as a synonym for “katun” in -these Books of Chilan Balam. And _a priori_ it is difficult to conceive -of a numeral system being made up by a nation as cultivated as the -Mayas, by which the name of a day should be taken to mean a period of -time, with all the chances of error which might arise from such use. -Moreover, if this were the case, it would be natural to suppose that in -the inscriptions and codices the day sign ahau might be found meaning -7200 days, and yet I am unaware that a single instance of this exists -on the monuments or in the codices. There are one or two cases in the -inscriptions where this has been suggested as being possible, but it is -very far from being proved or from even having strong evidence in favor -of such an explanation. - -Dr. Förstemann says that at times the name “katun” was given to the -period of 18,980 days; but the only authority for this use is, as -far as I know, Pio Perez, who says that some applied the name to a -“lustre of 4 years,” while others thought that “13 years completed the -katun.”[3] Again Pio Perez speaks of “the cycle of 52 years called by -the Indians katun.” In none of these cases is any authority given for -this use.[4] - -[3] Stephens, “Travels in Yucatan,” Appendix, p. 439. - -[4] Ibid., p. 440. - -It is probably safe to say that any use of the word “ahau” as meaning a -katun, or any use of the word “katun” as meaning anything but 20 times -360 days, or any use of the day symbol ahau as meaning a period of -time, does not occur in any evidence which could be called contemporary -or even approximately so. Don Pio Perez is, I fear, the only author -who can be cited for the other side, and his opinion, though worthy of -being listened to, is not to be relied upon without the support of, or -against the evidence of, early authorities. - -The second question as to the name to be given to the period of 360 -days must be decided by the same authority. - -We have found that a katun is probably a score of periods of 360 days -each, and it would be natural to suppose that the constituent parts of -the katun, as mentioned in the Books of Chilan Balam, would be these -periods of 360 days, but of this there is no absolute proof in the -Books of Chilan Balam. The proof of this, however, is so strong in the -Dresden Codex, where the series runs, 20 of the first order equals 1 of -the second order, 18 of the second order equals 1 of the third order, -and 20 of the third order equals 1 of the fourth, that no time need be -wasted upon this part of the question. We do know, however, that each -of these constituent parts is called a tun and that they are numbered -as high as 13. - -The following list gives, I think, all the cases where the word “tun” -is used in the Books of Chilan Balam: - -Book of Mani, paragraph 2, “Hun piztun oxlahun ahau,” which Brinton -translates “the first year of the thirteenth ahau.” I think the proper -translation to be “Tun 1 of Ahau 13,” meaning that 1 tun had passed of -Katun 13 Ahau. - -Paragraph 9, “tu lahun tun uaxac ahau” is translated by Brinton, “and -it was the tenth year of the eighth ahau,” while it should be “in Tun -10 of Katun 8 Ahau.” - -In the Book of Tizimin we find that in - -Paragraph 1, “tu humpiztun ahoxlahunahau” is translated “to the first -year of the thirteenth ahau,” while it should be “to (or in) Tun 1 of -Katun 13 Ahau.” - -Paragraph 11, “Cabil ahau; oxlahun tun” is translated “The second ahau; -on the thirteenth, etc.” It should be “on Katun 2 Ahau Tun 13, etc.” - -Also in the second Book of Chumayel, we find in - -Paragraph 2, “tu yoxpiztun ychil hun ahau,” which is translated “on the -third year in the first ahau,” when it should be “in Tun 3 of Katun 1 -Ahau.” - -Paragraph 3, “Tu uucpiztun uaxac ahau u katunil” is translated “in the -seventh year of the eight Ahau katun,” when it should be “in Tun 7 of -Katun 8 Ahau.” - -Paragraph 8, “tu hunpiztun Buluc ahau. Laix u katunil” is translated -“in the first year of the eleventh ahau, it was also in this katun,” -when it should be “on Tun 1 of Katun 11 Ahau. In this Katun, etc.” Also -“tu uucpiztun Buluc ahau u katunil” is translated “in the seventh year -of the eleventh ahau katun,” when it should be “in Tun 7 of Katun 11 -Ahau.” - -These two katuns are evidently the same--one date being in Tun 1 and -the other in Tun 7 of the same katun--and yet Brinton translated the -first as being in the 11th katun and the other as being in the 11th -ahau katun. - -Paragraph 9, “tu uacpiztun ychil ahBolon ahau katun lae.” is translated -“in the sixth year of the ninth ahau katun.” It should be “in Tun 6 of -Katun 9 Ahau.” - -Although Brinton has almost always translated “tun” by “year,” it is -very evident from the above that the Mayas called the native division -of the katun “tun.” - -It may further be noted that the word “kin” is used for day in the way -of numeration in the Book of Mani, paragraph 13, “9 Imix was the day -on which Ahpula died” and in paragraph 13 of the Book of Tizimin and -paragraph 7 of the first Book of Chumayel, the same statement is made. - -May it not then be fairly assumed that the Mayas called the day or the -unit of their calendrical numeration “kin,” their 360-day period “tun,” -and the period of 20 tuns “katun,” as Dr. Seler has suggested? - -The third question is as to the so-called period of “ahau katun.” I -give below all the cases in which Brinton has used the word, and in all -but one of them the Maya has “ahau u katunil”; and in one case Brinton -has translated a sentence as “it was the eleventh ahau katun,” while -exactly similar phrases (with the exception of the number) have been -translated by him as “4 Ahau was the name of the katun.” In the phrase -in paragraph 9 of the second Book of Chumayel, where “ah Bolon ahau -katun” appears, the whole context makes it evident that a katun and not -an ahau katun, if there was such a period, is meant. The paragraph says -“9 Ahau; no stone was taken at this time; in this katun came the Bishop -Brother Francisco Toral; he arrived in Tun 6 of Katun 9 Ahau”; and yet -Brinton makes it read in the first clause that while Bishop Toral came -in a katun called 9 Ahau, he “arrived in Tun 6” of the “ninth Ahau -katun.” - -Dr. Tozzer, whose knowledge of the Maya languages, gained in long -residence among the Maya Indians of Yucatan and Chiapas, enables him -to speak with authority, writes me as follows: “The form u katunil -of ahau ukatunil, for example,” in paragraph 3 of the second Book -of Chumayel, p. 167, “is probably possessive, and it would then be -literally ‘the Ahau 8, its Katun’ (the Ahau’s Katun) which might -strengthen the point against joining the two together as Ahaukatun.” - -In the second Book of Chumayel, p. 167, paragraph 3, “uucpiztun uaxac -ahau u katunil; laix u katunil, etc.” Brinton translates “in the 7th -year of the 8th Ahau katun, in this katun, etc.” There is no authority -for translating ahau u katunil “ahau katun.” It should be “In Tun 7 of -Katun 8 Ahau, in this katun, etc.,” or, as suggested by Dr. Tozzer, “In -Tun 7 of Ahau eight’s Katun.” - -Again, in paragraph 5, the translation of “Hun ahau--tu hunpiztun ychil -hun ahau u katunile” is given, “The first ahau--in the first year of -the first ahau katun.” It should be “1 Ahau--in Tun 1 of the Katun 1 -Ahau, &c.” - -Again, in paragraph 8 “tu uucpiztun Buluc Ahau u katunil” is translated -“in the seventh year of the eleventh ahau katun,” when it should be “in -Tun 7 of Katun 11 Ahau.” Just above “Tun 1 of 11 Ahau” is given and -followed by “in this katun.” - -Again in paragraph 9 we read “Bolon Ahau--lay katun yax ulci obispo -Fray Fran’co to Ral huli tu uacpiztun ychil ahBolon ahau katun lae,” -which Brinton translates “The ninth ahau--in this katun first came -the bishop Brother Francisco Toral; he arrived in the sixth year of -the ninth ahau katun.” It should be “9 Ahau--in this katun--in Tun 6 -of Katun 9 Ahau.” This is the only place in the Maya where the words -“ahau katun” appear together. But the context makes it clear that “ahau -katun” is not a period of time. The paragraph begins with “9 Ahau,” and -speaks of it as a katun during which Bishop Toral arrived, and then -proceeds to say that he arrived in Tun 6 of this “ahBolon ahau katun,” -which can mean nothing else than the “Katun 9 Ahau.” - -In the third Book of Chumayel, paragraphs 5 and 6, Brinton translates -“Can ahau u katunil” as “The fourth ahau katun” instead of “Katun 4 -Ahau.” - -In paragraph 7 “Uaxac ahau u katunil” is translated “The eighth ahau -katun” instead of “Katun 8 Ahau” (note here that this is the same “8 -Ahau,” when Chichen Itza was deserted for Champoton). - -Also “Oxlahun ahau u katunil” is translated “In the thirteenth ahau -katun” instead of “Katun 13 Ahau.” - -Also “Buluc ahau u kaba u katunil” is here translated “it was the -eleventh ahau katun,” while in paragraph 3 a similar sentence is -translated “4 Ahau was the name of the katun.” - -Thus an ahau katun is not mentioned in the Books of Chilan Balam in -spite of Brinton’s translation, and neither is it mentioned by Landa, -in spite of Brasseur de Bourbourg’s insertions. In fact the only -evidence of it is the assertion of Don Pio Perez. I do not mean to say -that the period of 6 × 52 years = 312 years may not have had a name, -nor that “ahau katun” may not be the name of some period, but so far we -have no trustworthy contemporary evidence of either of these statements. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAYAN NOMENCLATURE *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. 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Bowditch—A Project Gutenberg eBook - </title> - <link rel="icon" href="images/cover.jpg" type="image/x-cover" /> - <style> /* <![CDATA[ */ - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - - h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { - text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ - clear: both; -} - -abbr[title] { - text-decoration: none; -} - -p { - margin-top: .51em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .49em; - text-indent: 1em; -} - -.p2 {margin-top: 2em;} -.p4 {margin-top: 4em;} - -hr { - width: 33%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - margin-left: 33.5%; - margin-right: 33.5%; - clear: both; -} - -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} -@media print { hr.chap {display: none; visibility: hidden;} } - -div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} - - -table { - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; -} -table.autotable { border-collapse: collapse; width: 60%;} -table.autotable td, -table.autotable th { padding: 4px; } -.x-ebookmaker table {width: 80%; font-size: 0.9em;} - -.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ - /* visibility: hidden; */ - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; - font-weight: normal; - font-variant: normal; -} /* page numbers */ - - -.center {text-align: center; text-indent: 0em;} - -/* Footnotes */ -.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} - -.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} - -.fnanchor { - vertical-align: super; - font-size: .8em; - text-decoration: - none; -} - -/* Poetry */ -.poetry {text-align: left; margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%; text-indent: 0em;} -/* uncomment the next line for centered poetry in browsers */ -/* .poetry {display: inline-block;} */ -/* large inline blocks don't split well on paged devices */ -@media print { .poetry {display: block;} } -.x-ebookmaker .poetry {display: block;} - -/* Transcriber's notes */ -.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size:smaller; - padding:0.5em; - margin-bottom:5em; - font-family:sans-serif, serif; } - -.small {font-size: 0.8em;} - /* ]]> */ </style> -</head> -<body> -<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Mayan Nomenclature, by Charles P. Bowditch</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Mayan Nomenclature</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Charles P. Bowditch</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: April 19, 2022 [eBook #67879]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAYAN NOMENCLATURE ***</div> - - - - -<h1> MAYAN NOMENCLATURE</h1> - - -<p class="center p2"><span class="small">BY</span><br /> - CHARLES P. BOWDITCH</p> - - -<p class="center small p2"> <i>Privately Printed</i></p> - - -<p class="center p4"> CAMBRIDGE<br /> - THE UNIVERSITY PRESS<br /> - 1906 -</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<div class="chapter"> - -<p>It has long been well known that the Mexican numeration is vigesimal, -and, as far as I know, there is no proof that it was ever used in the -calculation of long reaches of time. The Cakchiquel numeration is also -vigesimal, and Brinton states (Maya Chronicles, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 44) that the Maya -numeration is also vigesimal, giving</p> - -<table class="autotable"> -<tr><td>20 units</td><td>=</td><td>one kal</td><td>=</td><td>20</td></tr> -<tr><td>20 kal</td><td>=</td><td>one bak</td><td>=</td><td>400</td></tr> -<tr><td>20 bak</td><td>=</td><td>one pic</td><td>=</td><td>8000</td></tr> -<tr><td>20 pic</td><td>=</td><td>one calab</td><td>=</td><td>160000, etc.</td></tr> -</table> - -<p>But this Maya system is never used in connection with days. Wherever a -long number of days is referred to, we find invariably the following -system in use:</p> - -<table class="autotable"> -<tr><td>20 units</td><td>=</td><td>one of the second term</td></tr> -<tr><td>18 of the second term</td><td>=</td><td>one of the third term</td></tr> -<tr><td>20 of the third term</td><td>=</td><td>one of the fourth term</td></tr> -<tr><td>20 of the fourth term</td><td>=</td><td>one of the fifth term.</td></tr> -</table> - -<p>And this system is, as far as we know, used for nothing else but for -reckoning days. The only difference between the first system and the -second is that in the first system twenty of the second term equal one -of the third, while in the second system eighteen of the second equal -one of the third. This difference is, of course, essential, and it -seems most probable that the change was introduced in order to bring -the third term as near the length of the year as possible, and to -conform the day numeration to the number of days and months in the year.</p> - -<p>Professor Cyrus Thomas is unwilling to see in this anything more than -the counters by which to count the days, and denies to it the name of -a calendar; but as the system of day numeration is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</span> different from -the usual system, and is used only for counting days, and as this -system counts forward in almost every case in the inscriptions, and in -a majority of cases in the Dresden Codex, from a fixed date, 4 Ahau -8 Cumhu, it seems impossible to see any difference between it and a -calendar system.</p> - -<p>It was certainly to be hoped that the designations which Dr. Seler -gave to these Maya periods of time in his “Die Monumente von Copan, -etc.,”<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> would have been accepted by Americanists, especially since -very good reasons were given by Seler for their adoption. But this -view does not meet the approval of Dr. Förstemann or Dr. Thomas. The -latter in his “Maya Calendar, Part II.,” published in the “Report of -the Bureau of American Ethnology,” still calls the period of 20 days -a chuen and that of 360 days an ahau, while the former in his article -on “Die Lage der Ahaus bei den Mayas,” published in Part I. of the -1904 issue of the “Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,” makes the following -statement: “The katun has also been supposed to be 24 × 365 = 8760 days -long (and I held this view for a long time), indeed the long period -of 52 × 365 = 18,980 days is also occasionally designated with the -word, while the sixth multiple of this member or 113,800 is called -an ahaukatun.” He uses the terms “day,” “uinal,” and “ahau” for the -periods of 1, 20, and 7200 days respectively.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> See Seler, “<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur Amerikanischen -Sprach- und Alterthumskunde,</span>” <abbr title="volume">Vol.</abbr> I. <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 722.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Such statements from such learned scholars must attract attention, -especially as it is not the first time that they have made similar -statements. If they give a correct statement of facts, it shows that -the system of the Maya numeration or calendar was in a woful condition, -as far as its nomenclature was concerned. It will be well, therefore, -to take up this question of nomenclature anew. In all matters of this -kind it is wise, while giving due value to the views of later writers, -to place the most dependence for the solution of such questions upon -contemporary or nearly contemporary evidence.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</span></p> - -<p>And where is such evidence to be found? Though there are several -Spanish writers who lived in the sixteenth century who have written -on the Nahuas, Bishop Landa is the earliest Spanish authority who has -dealt with Maya customs and history. And the only Maya authorities of -an early date that the student has access to are the papers contained -in Brinton’s Maya Chronicles, the principal of which are the Books -of Chilan Balam, which Dr. Brinton declares “to constitute about all -that remains to us ... of the ancient history of the peninsula” as -far as he knows. Yet, in making objection to certain views of Dr. -Seler, Dr. Förstemann says, “It is based on certain statements in the -Books of Chilan Balam, a very dubious source according to Seler’s own -assertion.” I am at a loss to know why such sweeping condemnation -should be made of these books, for though the copies from which Dr. -Brinton quotes may not be very old, these copies hand down to us -records which must be of very great age. Dr. Förstemann himself quotes -from them with approval, and it is certain that whatever may be their -historical value, the evidence which they give incidentally cannot fail -to be of great value. This evidence will, I think, prove—</p> - -<p>First, that the period of 20 times 360 days was called a katun and not -an ahau.</p> - -<p>Second, that each of the constituent parts of a katun was called a tun.</p> - -<p>Third, that no such period of time as an ahaukatun is mentioned in the -Books of Chilan Balam.</p> - -<p>The first assertion may seem difficult to prove when in far the larger -number of cases where a separate katun is mentioned in the Books of -Chilan Balam the word “ahau” seems to be substituted for “katun.” -This is true in all five of the Books of Chilan Balam published by -Brinton. But the reason of this is very evident, for it will be seen by -a careful perusal that the word “ahaus” is never used when katuns in -general are spoken of, and that whenever the word “ahau” is apparently -given as a synonym of “katun,” it is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</span> merely the name of a particular -katun and it always has a number attached to it and this number is the -number of the day ahau with which a given katun ended. Further, this -number is never an ordinal number, as translated by Brinton, but a -cardinal number. Therefore 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, etc. should be substituted -in Brinton’s translation for 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, etc., and in -the quotations from Brinton this substitution is made.</p> - -<p>It may be here stated that the inscriptions all show that where an -even uinal is given (and therefore where an even tun, katun, or cycle -is given) the day is Ahau. If then it was desirable to distinguish the -katuns from each other, two methods could be used: either count them -numerically, 1, 2, 3, 4, etc., or name them from the day Ahau with -which the preceding katun had ended. The former method is found in the -inscriptions and the Dresden Codex, the latter in the Books of Chilan -Balam. The second method would not be possible if each katun ended -with the same numbered ahau. But 7200 is not divisible by 13 without a -remainder, but equals 13 × 553 + 11. If then a particular katun ended -with 13 Ahau, the next would end with Ahau, but the number attached -to Ahau would be 13 + 11, or, deducting thirteens, 11. The next katun -would end with 9, the next with 7, and so on. The katuns then would be -known as katuns, 13 Ahau, 11 Ahau, 9 Ahau, 7 Ahau, 5 Ahau, 3 Ahau, 1 -Ahau, 12 Ahau, 10 Ahau, 8 Ahau, 6 Ahau, 4 Ahau, 2 Ahau, 13 Ahau, etc.</p> - -<p>Taking up, therefore, <abbr title="number">No.</abbr> I. of the Books of Chilan Balam, published by -Brinton—that of Mani—we find in the paragraph numbered 1 by Brinton -“This is the arrangement of the katuns” not “of the ahaus,” and in -paragraph numbered 2 “Four katuns had passed, etc.” not “four ahaus.” -This is followed by the statement “When they set out for this country, -it was Ahau 8,” not “the 8th Ahau.” And then follows “6 Ahau, 4 Ahau, -2 Ahau, fourscore years and one year, for it was Tun 1, 13 Ahau when, -etc.” That 6 Ahau, 4 Ahau, 2 Ahau refer to the katuns is very clear, -and that 4 katuns with the names 8 Ahau, 6 Ahau, 4 Ahau, and 2 Ahau -are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</span> called fourscore years is equally clear. In paragraph 4 we have “4 -Ahau, 2 Ahau, 13 Ahau—threescore years they ruled Ziyan caan, etc.” -Here three katuns are called threescore years.</p> - -<p>This would seem to show that the katuns called 4 Ahau, 2 Ahau, 13 Ahau, -were each equal to a score of years of 365 days each. When, however, -we try to account for the numbering of the katuns on this basis, we -find that the numbers of the ahaus ending each katun would come in the -following order: 11. 5. 12. 6. 13. 7. 1. 8. 2. 9. 3. 10. 4. 11, etc., -while the real order is given in the books as 11. 9. 7. 5. 3. 1. 12. -10. 8. 6. 4. 2. 13, etc. If the word “haab” or the Spanish “años,”<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> -which occurs in paragraph 3, is taken literally, there would seem to be -no explanation of this difficulty; but if we consider that these books -used these words as we often use them now as meaning approximately -“years,” and if we substitute the third term of the numeral series -as found in the codices for the word “years”—in other words, if we -substitute 360 for 365—we find then that the katuns or scores of 360 -days will end with a day Ahau with the numbers 11. 9. 7. 5. 3. 1. 12. -10, etc., as has been said and as given in the Books of Chilan Balam. -This has been shown by Seler, Goodman, and others.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">[2]</a> It is very probable that “años” is merely a gloss—and an -erroneous one at that.</p> - -</div> - -<p>It will then be a good working theory that the score of 360 days is -called a katun, and that each katun is distinguished by the name of -an ahau with its proper number, with which a katun ended. That the -ahau and its number are merely the name of the katun and not the katun -itself is shown in <abbr title="number">No.</abbr> 5 of Brinton’s Books of Chilan Balam,—the -Book of Chumayel. Here in paragraph 1 we have “4 Ahau was the name of -the katun,” in paragraph 3 “4 Ahau was the name of the katun,” and in -paragraph 7 “11 Ahau was the name of the katun.” To say that “ahau” -was a synonym for “katun” would be as foolish as to say of a family -containing John Smith, Mary Smith, and James Smith, that John and Mary -and James were all synonyms of Smith, when they were merely names to -distinguish one Smith from another.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span></p> - -<p>This is also shown in the Book of Mani (pp. 96 et seq. of Brinton’s -“Maya Chronicles”), where</p> - -<p class="poetry"> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Par. 8 says “Lai u katunil cabil ahau,” “In the katun 2 Ahau.”</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">”  9 says “Lai u katunil buluc ahau,” “In the katun 11 Ahau.”</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">”  10 says “Laili u katunil uaxac ahau,” “In the katun 8 Ahau.”</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">”  12 says “lay u katunil uac ahau,” “In the katun 6 Ahau.”</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">”  15 says “u katunil ho ahau,” “In the katun 5 Ahau.”</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>Also in the Book of Tizimin (pp. 139 et seq. of Brinton):</p> - -<p class="poetry"> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Par. 6, “Uaxac ahau—lay u katunil,” “8 Ahau—in this katun.”</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">”  14, “Bolon ahau—lai—u katunil,” “9 Ahau—in this katun.”</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">”  15, “Vuc ahau—u katunil,” “7 Ahau—in this katun.”</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>Also in the first Book of Chumayel (pp. 154 et seq. of Brinton):</p> - -<p class="poetry"> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Par. 2, “Uaxac ahau—layli u katunil,” “8 Ahau—in this katun.”</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">”  8, “Bolon ahau—u katunil,” “9 Ahau—in this katun.”</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>Also in the second Book of Chumayel (pp. 166 et seq. of Brinton):</p> - -<p class="poetry"> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Par. 3, “Uaxac ahau u katunil,” “8 Ahau in this katun.”</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 6em;">“laix u katunil,” “in this katun.”</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">”  5, “Hun ahau—lay u katunil,” “1 Ahau—in this katun.”</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">”  8, “Buluc ahau—laix u katunil,” “11 Ahau—in this katun.”</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 5em;">“Buluc ahau. Laix u katunil,” “11 Ahau in this katun.”</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">”  9, “Bolon ahau—lay katun,” “9 Ahau—in this katun.”</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 5em;">“Uac Ahau—lay u katunil,” “6 Ahau—in this katun.”</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>I can find no excuse for considering “ahau” as a synonym for “katun” -in these Books of Chilan Balam. And <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">a priori</i> it is difficult to -conceive of a numeral system being made up by a nation as cultivated as -the Mayas, by which the name of a day should be taken to mean a period -of time, with all the chances of error which might arise from such use. -Moreover, if this were the case, it would be natural to suppose that in -the inscriptions and codices the day sign ahau might be found meaning -7200 days, and yet I am<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</span> unaware that a single instance of this exists -on the monuments or in the codices. There are one or two cases in the -inscriptions where this has been suggested as being possible, but it is -very far from being proved or from even having strong evidence in favor -of such an explanation.</p> - -<p>Dr. Förstemann says that at times the name “katun” was given to the -period of 18,980 days; but the only authority for this use is, as -far as I know, Pio Perez, who says that some applied the name to a -“lustre of 4 years,” while others thought that “13 years completed the -katun.”<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> Again Pio Perez speaks of “the cycle of 52 years called by -the Indians katun.” In none of these cases is any authority given for -this use.<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">[3]</a> Stephens, “Travels in Yucatan,” Appendix, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 439.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">[4]</a> Ibid., <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 440.</p> - -</div> - -<p>It is probably safe to say that any use of the word “ahau” as meaning a -katun, or any use of the word “katun” as meaning anything but 20 times -360 days, or any use of the day symbol ahau as meaning a period of -time, does not occur in any evidence which could be called contemporary -or even approximately so. Don Pio Perez is, I fear, the only author -who can be cited for the other side, and his opinion, though worthy of -being listened to, is not to be relied upon without the support of, or -against the evidence of, early authorities.</p> - -<p>The second question as to the name to be given to the period of 360 -days must be decided by the same authority.</p> - -<p>We have found that a katun is probably a score of periods of 360 days -each, and it would be natural to suppose that the constituent parts of -the katun, as mentioned in the Books of Chilan Balam, would be these -periods of 360 days, but of this there is no absolute proof in the -Books of Chilan Balam. The proof of this, however, is so strong in the -Dresden Codex, where the series runs, 20 of the first order equals 1 of -the second order, 18 of the second order equals 1 of the third order, -and 20 of the third order equals 1 of the fourth, that no time need be -wasted upon this part<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span> of the question. We do know, however, that each -of these constituent parts is called a tun and that they are numbered -as high as 13.</p> - -<p>The following list gives, I think, all the cases where the word “tun” -is used in the Books of Chilan Balam:</p> - -<p>Book of Mani, paragraph 2, “Hun piztun oxlahun ahau,” which Brinton -translates “the first year of the thirteenth ahau.” I think the proper -translation to be “Tun 1 of Ahau 13,” meaning that 1 tun had passed of -Katun 13 Ahau.</p> - -<p>Paragraph 9, “tu lahun tun uaxac ahau” is translated by Brinton, “and -it was the tenth year of the eighth ahau,” while it should be “in Tun -10 of Katun 8 Ahau.”</p> - -<p>In the Book of Tizimin we find that in</p> - -<p>Paragraph 1, “tu humpiztun ahoxlahunahau” is translated “to the first -year of the thirteenth ahau,” while it should be “to (or in) Tun 1 of -Katun 13 Ahau.”</p> - -<p>Paragraph 11, “Cabil ahau; oxlahun tun” is translated “The second ahau; -on the thirteenth, etc.” It should be “on Katun 2 Ahau Tun 13, etc.”</p> - -<p>Also in the second Book of Chumayel, we find in</p> - -<p>Paragraph 2, “tu yoxpiztun ychil hun ahau,” which is translated “on the -third year in the first ahau,” when it should be “in Tun 3 of Katun 1 -Ahau.”</p> - -<p>Paragraph 3, “Tu uucpiztun uaxac ahau u katunil” is translated “in the -seventh year of the eight Ahau katun,” when it should be “in Tun 7 of -Katun 8 Ahau.”</p> - -<p>Paragraph 8, “tu hunpiztun Buluc ahau. Laix u katunil” is translated -“in the first year of the eleventh ahau, it was also in this katun,” -when it should be “on Tun 1 of Katun 11 Ahau. In this Katun, etc.” Also -“tu uucpiztun Buluc ahau u katunil” is translated “in the seventh year -of the eleventh ahau katun,” when it should be “in Tun 7 of Katun 11 -Ahau.”</p> - -<p>These two katuns are evidently the same—one date being in Tun 1 and -the other in Tun 7 of the same katun—and yet Brinton<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span> translated the -first as being in the 11th katun and the other as being in the 11th -ahau katun.</p> - -<p>Paragraph 9, “tu uacpiztun ychil ahBolon ahau katun lae.” is translated -“in the sixth year of the ninth ahau katun.” It should be “in Tun 6 of -Katun 9 Ahau.”</p> - -<p>Although Brinton has almost always translated “tun” by “year,” it is -very evident from the above that the Mayas called the native division -of the katun “tun.”</p> - -<p>It may further be noted that the word “kin” is used for day in the way -of numeration in the Book of Mani, paragraph 13, “9 Imix was the day -on which Ahpula died” and in paragraph 13 of the Book of Tizimin and -paragraph 7 of the first Book of Chumayel, the same statement is made.</p> - -<p>May it not then be fairly assumed that the Mayas called the day or the -unit of their calendrical numeration “kin,” their 360-day period “tun,” -and the period of 20 tuns “katun,” as Dr. Seler has suggested?</p> - -<p>The third question is as to the so-called period of “ahau katun.” I -give below all the cases in which Brinton has used the word, and in all -but one of them the Maya has “ahau u katunil”; and in one case Brinton -has translated a sentence as “it was the eleventh ahau katun,” while -exactly similar phrases (with the exception of the number) have been -translated by him as “4 Ahau was the name of the katun.” In the phrase -in paragraph 9 of the second Book of Chumayel, where “ah Bolon ahau -katun” appears, the whole context makes it evident that a katun and not -an ahau katun, if there was such a period, is meant. The paragraph says -“9 Ahau; no stone was taken at this time; in this katun came the Bishop -Brother Francisco Toral; he arrived in Tun 6 of Katun 9 Ahau”; and yet -Brinton makes it read in the first clause that while Bishop Toral came -in a katun called 9 Ahau, he “arrived in Tun 6” of the “ninth Ahau -katun.”</p> - -<p>Dr. Tozzer, whose knowledge of the Maya languages, gained in long -residence among the Maya Indians of Yucatan and Chiapas,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</span> enables him -to speak with authority, writes me as follows: “The form u katunil -of ahau ukatunil, for example,” in paragraph 3 of the second Book -of Chumayel, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 167, “is probably possessive, and it would then be -literally ‘the Ahau 8, its Katun’ (the Ahau’s Katun) which might -strengthen the point against joining the two together as Ahaukatun.”</p> - -<p>In the second Book of Chumayel, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 167, paragraph 3, “uucpiztun uaxac -ahau u katunil; laix u katunil, etc.” Brinton translates “in the 7th -year of the 8th Ahau katun, in this katun, etc.” There is no authority -for translating ahau u katunil “ahau katun.” It should be “In Tun 7 of -Katun 8 Ahau, in this katun, etc.,” or, as suggested by Dr. Tozzer, “In -Tun 7 of Ahau eight’s Katun.”</p> - -<p>Again, in paragraph 5, the translation of “Hun ahau—tu hunpiztun ychil -hun ahau u katunile” is given, “The first ahau—in the first year of -the first ahau katun.” It should be “1 Ahau—in Tun 1 of the Katun 1 -Ahau, &c.”</p> - -<p>Again, in paragraph 8 “tu uucpiztun Buluc Ahau u katunil” is translated -“in the seventh year of the eleventh ahau katun,” when it should be “in -Tun 7 of Katun 11 Ahau.” Just above “Tun 1 of 11 Ahau” is given and -followed by “in this katun.”</p> - -<p>Again in paragraph 9 we read “Bolon Ahau—lay katun yax ulci obispo -Fray Fran’co to Ral huli tu uacpiztun ychil ahBolon ahau katun lae,” -which Brinton translates “The ninth ahau—in this katun first came -the bishop Brother Francisco Toral; he arrived in the sixth year of -the ninth ahau katun.” It should be “9 Ahau—in this katun—in Tun 6 -of Katun 9 Ahau.” This is the only place in the Maya where the words -“ahau katun” appear together. But the context makes it clear that “ahau -katun” is not a period of time. The paragraph begins with “9 Ahau,” and -speaks of it as a katun during which Bishop Toral arrived, and then -proceeds to say that he arrived in Tun 6 of this “ahBolon ahau katun,” -which can mean nothing else than the “Katun 9 Ahau.”</p> - -<p>In the third Book of Chumayel, paragraphs 5 and 6, Brinton<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span> translates -“Can ahau u katunil” as “The fourth ahau katun” instead of “Katun 4 -Ahau.”</p> - -<p>In paragraph 7 “Uaxac ahau u katunil” is translated “The eighth ahau -katun” instead of “Katun 8 Ahau” (note here that this is the same “8 -Ahau,” when Chichen Itza was deserted for Champoton).</p> - -<p>Also “Oxlahun ahau u katunil” is translated “In the thirteenth ahau -katun” instead of “Katun 13 Ahau.”</p> - -<p>Also “Buluc ahau u kaba u katunil” is here translated “it was the -eleventh ahau katun,” while in paragraph 3 a similar sentence is -translated “4 Ahau was the name of the katun.”</p> - -<p>Thus an ahau katun is not mentioned in the Books of Chilan Balam in -spite of Brinton’s translation, and neither is it mentioned by Landa, -in spite of Brasseur de Bourbourg’s insertions. In fact the only -evidence of it is the assertion of Don Pio Perez. I do not mean to say -that the period of 6 × 52 years = 312 years may not have had a name, -nor that “ahau katun” may not be the name of some period, but so far we -have no trustworthy contemporary evidence of either of these statements.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<div class="chapter transnote"> - -<h2>Transcriber's Note</h2> - -<p>The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.</p> -</div> -</div> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAYAN NOMENCLATURE ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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