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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3d5b152 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #67864 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/67864) diff --git a/old/67864-0.txt b/old/67864-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index cce1059..0000000 --- a/old/67864-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2756 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Story of Sir Francis Drake, by -Letitia MacColl Elton - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The Story of Sir Francis Drake - The Children's Heroes Series - -Author: Letitia MacColl Elton - -Illustrator: T. H. Robinson - -Release Date: April 18, 2022 [eBook #67864] - -Language: English - -Produced by: D A Alexander and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team - at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by University of California - libraries) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF SIR FRANCIS -DRAKE *** - - - - - - THE CHILDREN’S HEROES SERIES - - EDITED BY JOHN LANG - - - THE STORY OF - SIR FRANCIS DRAKE - - - - - TO - CHARLES SUTHERLAND ELTON - - -[Illustration: Queen Elizabeth knighting Drake on board the ‘Golden -Hind’ at Deptford] - - - THE STORY OF - - SIR - FRANCIS DRAKE - - BY MRS. OLIVER ELTON - PICTURES BY T. H. ROBINSON - - LONDON: T. C. & E. C. JACK - NEW YORK: E. P. DUTTON & CO. - - - - - Printed by - BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO. - Edinburgh - - - - -PREFACE - - -It has not been possible, for lack of space, always to tell the old -stories in the original words, which are, in almost all cases, the -best. If any readers of this book can get a sight of two big volumes -called “Drake and the Tudor Navy,” by Julian Corbett, they may -consider themselves fortunate. In them there are the most fascinating -reproductions of pictures of old fighting ships, and old charts or maps -of the taking of Cartagena, St. Domingo, and St. Augustine by Drake’s -ships. Here the ships are seen approaching and attacking; the towns -are shown, and the soldiers, and the seas are full of wonderful curly -monsters. The old charts of the invasion of the Spanish Armada show the -shifting position of the fleets from day to day, and the books also -contain many maps and a fine portrait. - - - - -CONTENTS - - - Chapter Page - - I. Philip of Spain 1 - II. “The Troublesome Voyage” 6 - III. Nombre de Dios 15 - IV. Fort Diego 25 - V. The Golden Mule-trains 29 - VI. Home Again 39 - VII. Round the World 50 - VIII. Round the World (_continued_) 60 - IX. Sir Francis 69 - X. Cadiz 81 - XI. The Great Armada 88 - XII. Expedition to Lisbon 100 - XIII. The Last Voyage 111 - - - - -LIST OF PICTURES - - - Page - - Queen Elizabeth knighting Drake on Board the - _Golden Hind_ at Deptford _Frontispiece_ - Drake carrying to Court the News of his Voyage 14 - Drake wounded at Nombre de Dios 22 - The Maroon Chief showing the Atlantic and Pacific - Oceans from the tree-top 30 - Sir Francis Drake 72 - Drake at the taking of Sagres Castle 84 - Drake at Bowls on Plymouth Hoe 94 - Fighting the Great Armada 98 - - - - -THE STORY OF - -SIR FRANCIS DRAKE - - - - -CHAPTER I - -PHILIP OF SPAIN - - -During the life of Francis Drake, Philip the Second of Spain was the -most powerful king in Europe. Spain and the Netherlands belonged to -him, parts of Italy, France, and Germany, and a great part of America. -From Mexico, Peru, and the West Indian Islands Spanish ships sailed -home with treasure of silver and gold, as they do in fairy tales, while -Portuguese ships traded in Africa for slaves and gold and ivory, and -had even ventured as far as the then little-known East Indies. Lastly, -Philip added Portugal and its possessions to his vast inheritance, and -would have liked to hold all the world “for God and for Spain.” Being -himself a good Catholic, he wished to see all men of that faith, and to -those who did not believe in it he was a merciless foe, and he shed the -blood of many martyrs. - -Now Drake hated Philip and the Pope more than anything in the world, as -much as he loved England and honoured his own Queen Elizabeth. He spent -most of his life in making war against the King of Spain in one way or -another, calling it all, as he told Queen Elizabeth, “service done to -your Majesty by your poor vassal (or servant) against your great enemy.” - -During Drake’s life wars about religion were raging in almost every -European country. In France the struggle ended by most people remaining -Catholics, just as England, after Elizabeth’s reign, was always a -Protestant country. But such changes really take long to come about, -especially in days when news travelled slowly, when there were no -trains or steamships, and no penny newspapers. - -Francis Drake was born when Edward the Sixth was king, in a farmhouse -near Tavistock in Devonshire; but while he was quite a young child his -father, who was a Protestant, had to fly from his country home, owing -to an outbreak of anger among his Catholic neighbours. So the first -stories the little Francis would hear must have been tales of this time -of persecution, when many of his father’s friends had to hide in woods -and caves, and lost all they possessed. From his very cradle he must -have been taught to hate the “Papists.” - -The new home was rather a strange one, for the old books say Drake’s -father went to Kent, “to inhabit in the hull of a ship, wherein many of -his younger sons were born. He had twelve in all, and as it pleased God -that most of them should be born upon the water, so the greater part of -them died at sea.” The father seems to have been a sailor at one time, -and he now got a place among the seamen of the King’s Navy, to read -prayers to them. The Navy ships were anchored off Chatham when not in -use, and here, in an old unused warship, the elder Drake and his family -made their floating home. Here most of the twelve boys were born, a -troop of merry children, and many a fine game they must have had on the -decks. The sound of wind and waves must have been familiar to them as -they went to sleep at nights, and they grew up strong and fearless, -and, living as they did among sailors, must have early set their hearts -on going to sea and having adventures. - -At the death of King Edward the Sixth the Catholic Queen Mary began to -reign, and Philip, then Prince of Spain, came over to marry her. He -looked “very gallant,” they said, in his suit of white kid, covered -with gold embroidery, and was followed by a train of splendid-looking -Spanish nobles, and he brought quantities of gold and silver, borne -on the backs of horses. But the English people hated the foreign -marriage, and so strong was this feeling that in the winter before the -wedding even the children in the streets shouted against the Spaniards -and snowballed them as they went to Court. Perhaps Francis Drake and -his brothers left their usual games to play at being Philip and the -English, like some other lads, of whom we read that their play became -so real and exciting that they were only just prevented from hanging -the boy who acted the part of Philip. The King of Spain might have seen -his son upon the English throne, but this hope, like so many of his, -was doomed to be defeated, for Mary died childless, and Elizabeth came -to the throne. - -As Drake’s father was at this time a poor man, he put his son Francis -to learn seamanship of the master of a bark or small ship that used to -coast along the shore and sometimes carried merchandise to France and -the Netherlands. At this time he must have had to suffer many hardships -and to live a rough life, but he learned his business well, and “was so -diligent and painstaking, and so pleased the old man his master by his -industry,” that at his death he left his bark to Francis Drake. - -Later Drake grew weary of this little ship, that “only crept along -the shore,” and longed for something more than such safe and simple -voyaging, so he seems to have sold the bark and taken service with his -kinsmen, the Hawkins brothers, who were rich merchants and owned and -sailed their ships. And so began Drake’s roving life. - - - - -CHAPTER II - -“THE TROUBLESOME VOYAGE” - - -The four centuries before the sixteenth, in which Drake lived, have -been called the Age of Discovery. The world widened before men’s eyes -as new lands and seas, new peoples, and even new stars, became known -to them. The little country of Portugal was the first to begin those -discoveries. Her ships explored the coasts of Africa and traded there. -One of her mariners discovered the passage round the Cape of Good Hope -to India, the Spice Islands, and China, and for long she had no rival -in her trade. - -About fifty years before Drake was born, America was discovered by -Christopher Columbus, an Italian sailor in the service of Spain. The -ships in use in those days were very different to any we see now. There -have been three kinds of ships made, ships with oars, ships with -sails, and ships with steam. They are divided into two kinds, fighting -ships and merchant ships. - -The old-fashioned galley was long and low-decked, and could be rowed -or sailed. In the middle of the ship, between two platforms or upper -decks, the rowers were chained to their seats. Three or four men -worked each of the long oars, or _sweeps_ as they were called. There -were twenty-five oars or more on each side of the ship. The rowers or -galley-slaves were generally prisoners taken in war, and to “be sent to -the galleys” was a terrible fate. They lived on the benches, ill-fed -and ill-clothed, with only an awning to cover them when in port, though -the low sides of the ships protected them a little from the weather and -from the fire of the enemy. Drake seems always to have released the -slaves he took on Spanish galleys. Once, we are told, they included -“Turks, Greeks, Negroes, Frenchmen, and Spaniards.” - -The sailors who worked the ships were free. The ships were always -armed, at first with shields and spears and arrows, later with guns and -powder. With such ships the Italians fought many great battles on the -Mediterranean, and in such ships the Norsemen had invaded England and -raided the Northern Seas; and, with his _caravels_, or light Spanish -ships, Columbus reached the islands which he called the West Indies. -In later voyages he reached the mainland of America, but to the day -of his death he always believed that he had found the coast of Asia. -Another Italian sailor, named Amerigo, also in the service of Spain, -gave his name to the New World. The Italians had long been good sailors -and ship-builders, and great fighters at sea, and they had the glory of -discovering America, though they gained no possessions there. - -Spain, at that time the most powerful state in Europe, seized upon a -great part of the new land, and found there gold and silver mines. The -natives they first subdued and afterwards forced to become Christians, -as the custom was in warfare with a Pagan race. - -The American Indians, however, have never been easy to subdue, and -have always had an undying affection for their own way of life. -The Spaniards found them unfitted for hard work in the mines. The -Portuguese had already captured negroes in their West African -settlements, and numbers of those were sent to America as slaves. - -From the time of Henry the Eighth the English were building and buying -fine ships, and learnt to sail them so well that they began less and -less to use the old galley ship with its many oars. They traded mostly -with Spain and the Low Countries; but as they got better ships, and -became expert sailors, they wanted to go farther away, to discover new -countries and get more trade. They began to sail to the Canary Islands, -to Africa, and America. - -The Hawkins family had taken a large part in this new activity. The -elder William Hawkins had sailed to Brazil; and his son, John Hawkins, -with whom Drake took service, made several voyages to the “Isles of -the Canaries.” Having learnt something about the West Indies, he made -several voyages there, carrying with him numbers of negroes to sell, -whom he took, partly by the sword, and partly by other means, on the -coast of Africa. - -Hawkins and the other adventurers who joined him brought home great -riches. In the account of those early voyages we see the beginning of a -quarrel with Spain, which was to last through the reign of Elizabeth, -till Philip sent his great Armada to invade England. - -The third and most famous voyage of John Hawkins to the West Indies was -called “the troublesome voyage,” for it ended in disaster. It was the -biggest venture that had yet been made by the English, and Drake took -part in it. Hawkins sailed with six ships. There were two “great ships” -of the Royal Navy--the _Jesus_, commanded by Hawkins himself, and the -_Minion_; the _William and John_, named after and owned by the Hawkins -brothers; and three smaller ones, the _Swallow_, the _Angel_, and the -_Judith_, the last being under the command of Francis Drake. - -They got slaves in Africa and sold them in the West Indies, though -not without difficulty, because the Spaniards had been forbidden by -their king to trade with the English. As they were about to start on -their way home, the ships met with fearful storms, and as the _Jesus_ -was much shattered, Hawkins made up his mind to seek for haven. They -were driven at last into Vera Cruz, the port of the city of Mexico. -Here they sheltered, hoping to buy food and repair their fleet. Now -in this very port lay treasure which was said to be worth thousands of -pounds. It was waiting for the fleet of armed ships which was to take -it safely back to Spain. The Spaniards were much dismayed to see the -English ships, with their Portuguese ships and prisoners captured on -the voyage, come, as they thought, to seize their treasure. It was this -very danger they had feared when Hawkins first began his slave trade -and disturbed the peace of the Spanish colonies. - -Next morning thirteen great ships appeared, and proved to be a Mexican -fleet returning with a new Viceroy or Governor from King Philip. A -solemn and peaceful agreement was made, and the Spanish ships were -moored alongside the English ones, which were already in possession of -the harbour. However, the Spaniards afterwards broke faith and fell -upon the English, and a great and fierce fight took place, which lasted -from ten in the morning until night. The _Angel_ and the _Swallow_ were -sunk, and the _Jesus_ so damaged that it could not be brought away. - -As the remaining ships were sailing away, the Spaniards sent two -“fire ships” after them. This was not an unusual way of fighting in -those days. The empty, burning ships were sent to try and fire the -enemies’ ships, and were borne along, flaming, by the wind, an awful -and terrifying sight. The men on the _Minion_ became panic-stricken, -and set sail without orders. Some of the men from the _Judith_ followed -in a small boat. The rest were forced “to abide the mercy of the -Spaniards,” which, Hawkins says, he doubts was very little. - -“The same night,” he goes on, “the _Judith_ forsook us in our great -misery. In the end, when the wind came larger, we weighed anchor and -set sail, seeking for water, of which we had very little. And wandering -thus certain days in these unknown seas, hunger forced us to eat hides, -cats and dogs, mice, rats, parrots, and monkeys.” - -Some of the men asked to be put on land, rather than risk shipwreck and -starvation in the overcrowded boat. Hawkins did, in the end, get safely -home, with his weather-beaten ship, and the survivors of his feeble, -starving crew. But he says that, if all the miseries and troubles of -this sorrowful voyage were to be written, the tale would be as long -as the “Book of Martyrs.” Some of the men that were left also reached -England, after weary wanderings and years of terrible sufferings. Some -were put to death as heretics, and others were sent to the galleys as -slaves. Others, more fortunate, were sent to serve in monasteries, -where the monks made kind and gentle masters. - -Five days before Hawkins reached England, the little _Judith_ struggled -into Plymouth Harbour with Drake and his load of men. William Hawkins -sent him at once to London on horseback, “post, post haste,” as the old -letters say. He carried letters to the Lords of Council, and to Sir -William Cecil, the Chief Secretary of the Queen. So he rode swiftly -along the country roads, only stopping to fling himself off one weary, -smoking horse on to the back of a fresh one. The people would gather -round him as he made the change, and wonder what great news was going -to town. - -William Hawkins said in his letter: “There is come to Plymouth, at this -present hour, one of the small barks of my brother’s fleet, and as I -have neither writing nor anything else from him, I thought it good, -and my most bounden duty, to send you the captain of the same bark. He -is our kinsman, and is called Francis Drake.” - -He was to tell the whole story, and the Queen was to hear it. He was -to tell of the losses of John Hawkins, and of his absence, which his -brother says “is unto me more grief than any other thing in the world.” - -Drake was much blamed at the time for deserting his general. It is -difficult for us to see what he could have done. His little ship was -crowded, and he had small store of food and water, and he no doubt -thought it best to get home as soon as possible. His story of Spanish -treachery and English loss must have roused the countryside. The -excitement was at its height when the _Minion_ appeared off Cornwall. - -A man “for goodwill” came riding to William Hawkins, at Plymouth, to -get help. He sent a bark, with thirty-four mariners and a store of -fresh food and other necessaries. And again letters were sent to London -with the news. Haste! haste! post haste! - -[Illustration: Drake carrying to Court the news of his voyage] - - - - -CHAPTER III - -NOMBRE DE DIOS - - -It was in January 1569 that the “troublesome voyage” ended for Drake, -and in the summer of that year he married a Devonshire girl, named Mary -Newman. The stories of his most famous voyages are found in an old -book, called “Sir Francis Drake Revived.” This was first printed by -his descendant, another Sir Francis Drake, in the reign of Charles the -First. It was written by some of the voyagers, and it is thought that -Drake himself wrote part of it and corrected it. It is supposed that -Drake presented the manuscript to Queen Elizabeth, for he dedicates it -to her as the “first fruits” of his pen. He also says that his labours -by land and sea were not more troublesome than the writing of it. - -After his losses and misfortunes in the Indies, it seems that Drake -could get no amends from Spain, though he had lost both kinsmen, -friends, and goods of some value. Queen Elizabeth could not think of -making war with Philip. Her country was poor, her father’s navy was -ruined. She had no proper army, and she had trouble enough on her hands -in France and Scotland. - -Therefore Drake decided to help himself in what he was pleased to call -his quarrel with the King of Spain. The old writer says that the story -of his life shows how “so mean a person righted himself upon so mighty -a prince. The one was in his own conceit the mightiest monarch in the -world, the other only an English captain.” - -Drake now made two voyages that really prepared the way for his great -and famous one to Nombre de Dios. He probably paid his expenses by -plundering ships or selling slaves. On the 24th day of May 1572, Drake -started with his ship, the _Pascha_, of Plymouth, and the _Swan_, of -Plymouth, in which his brother, John Drake, was captain. They had on -board seventy-three men and boys. All of these came willingly, and had -not been _pressed_, or compelled to serve, as the custom then was. - -Drake’s ships had a very good passage, and never stopped till they -reached one of the West Indian Islands, in twenty-five days. Here they -stayed three days to refresh the men, and to water the ships. The third -day they set sail for the continent. They steered for a bay named -formerly by them Port Pheasant. It was a fine, safe harbour. As they -rowed ashore in one boat, smoke was seen in the woods. Drake manned and -armed the other boats. - -When they landed, it was found that a certain Englishman, called John -Garret, of Plymouth, had lately been there. Some mariners who had been -with Drake in his other voyages had shown him the place. - -Garret had left a plate of lead, nailed fast to a mighty, great tree, -on which these words were engraved:-- - - “CAPTAIN DRAKE. - - “If you happen to come to this port, make haste away! for the - Spaniards which you had with you here, the last year, have betrayed - this place, and taken away all you left here. I depart from hence this - present day of July, 1572.--Your very loving friend, - - “JOHN GARRET.” - -The smoke came from a fire which Garret and his company had made before -they went. It had been burning for at least five days before Drake’s -arrival. Drake had brought with him “three dainty pinnaces,” made in -Plymouth, and stored on board ship in pieces. He intended to put them -together in this place. So the ships were anchored, and the place -simply but strongly fortified with great logs. - -Next day an English boat appeared. The captain was James Rance, and he -had thirty men, some of whom had been with Drake the year before. They -brought with them a Spanish _caravel_, or merchant ship, which they had -taken the day before, and a pinnace. They joined Drake’s expedition. -In seven days the pinnaces were set up and furnished out of the ships. -Some negroes on a neighbouring island told them that the townsfolk of -Nombre de Dios were in great fear of the _Cimaroons_, or “Maroons,” as -our sailors called them. They had attacked the town of Nombre de Dios, -and the Governor of Panama was to send soldiers to defend it. These -were negroes who had fled some eighty years before from the cruelty of -the Spaniards. They had married Indian women, and had grown into a -strong fighting tribe, who had two kings of their own, and lived, one -on the east, and one on the west, of the road from Nombre de Dios to -Panama. This was the road by which all the gold and silver from the -mines of Peru was sent to the port of Nombre de Dios, to be shipped for -Spain. It was carried by trains of mules. - -Drake hastened his plans. Three ships and the _caravel_ were left with -Captain Rance. He chose seventy-three men for the three pinnaces (the -fourth was that taken by Captain Rance), took plenty of arms, and two -drums and a trumpet. The men were drilled and given their weapons and -arms, which had been kept up till then “very fair and safe in good -casks.” Drake encouraged them to the attack. In the afternoon they set -sail for Nombre de Dios, and were very near before sunset. They lay -there under the shore, out of sight of the watch, till dark. Then they -rowed near shore as quietly as possible, and waited for the dawn. - -But Drake found the men were getting nervous, so when the moon rose “he -thought it best to persuade them it was day dawning,” and the men had -not time to get afraid, for they got there at three in the morning. -They landed with no difficulty. But the noise of bells and drums and -shouting soon told them that the town was awake and alarmed. Twelve -men were left to keep the pinnaces and ensure a safe retreat. Drake’s -brother, with John Oxenham and sixteen other men, went round behind the -King’s Treasure-house, and entered the eastern end of the market-place. -Drake, with the rest, passed up the broad street into the market-place, -with sound of drum and trumpets. They used fire-pikes, or long poles -with metal points, to which torches of blazing tow were fastened, and -served both to frighten the enemy and to light Drake’s men, who could -see quite well by them. The terrified townsfolk imagined an army was -marching upon them. - -After a sharp fight in the market-place the Spaniards fled. Two or -three of them were captured, and commanded to show Drake the Governor’s -house. But he found that only silver was kept there; gold, pearls, and -jewels being carried to the King’s Treasure-house, not far off. - -“This house was very strongly built of lime and stone for safe keeping -of the treasure. At the Governor’s house we found the great door open -where the mules are generally unladen. A candle stood lighted on the -top of the stairs, and a fair horse was saddled ready for the Governor -himself, or for one of his household. By this light we saw a huge heap -of silver in the lower room. It was a pile of bars of silver. - -“At this sight our Captain commanded straightly that none of us should -touch a bar of silver. We must stand to our weapons, because the town -was full of people. There was in the King’s Treasure-house, near the -waterside, more gold and jewels than all our pinnaces could carry. This -we could presently try to break open, though they thought it so strong. - -“But now a report was brought by some of our men that our pinnaces were -in danger to be taken, and that we had better get aboard before day. -This report was learnt through a negro named Diego, who had begged to -be taken on board our ships when we first came. Our Captain sent his -brother and John Oxenham to learn the truth. They found the men much -frightened, for they saw great troops of armed townsfolk and soldiers -running up and down. Presently, too, a mighty shower of rain fell, with -a terrible storm of thunder and lightning. It came down violently, as -it does in these countries. Before we could reach the shelter at the -western end of the King’s Treasure-house, some of our bowstrings were -wet, and some of our match and powder hurt. - -“Our men began to mutter about the forces of the town. But our Captain, -hearing, told them: ‘He had brought them to the mouth of the treasure -of the world; if they went without it, they might blame nobody but -themselves afterwards.’ - -“So soon as the fury of the storm was spent, he gave his men no time -to consider their doubts, nor the enemy no time to gather themselves -together. He stepped forward and commanded his brother and John Oxenham -to break the King’s Treasure-house. The rest, with him, were to hold -the market-place till the business was done. - -[Illustration: Drake wounded at Nombre-de-Dios] - -“But as he stepped forward his strength and sight and speech failed -him, and he began to faint for loss of blood. And we saw it had -flowed in great quantities upon the sand out of a wound in his leg. -He had got it in the first encounter, but though he felt some pain he -would not make it known till he fainted, and so betrayed it against his -will. He saw that some of the men, having already got many good things, -would seize any chance to escape further danger. But the blood that -filled our very footprints greatly dismayed our company, who could not -believe that one man could lose so much blood, and live. - -“Even those who were willing to risk more for so good a booty would in -no case risk their Captain’s life. So they gave him something to drink -to recover him, and bound his scarf about his leg to stop the blood. -They also entreated him to be content to go aboard with them, there to -have his wound searched and dressed, and then to return on shore again -if he thought good. - -“This they could by no means persuade him to, so they joined force -with fair entreaty, and bore him aboard his pinnace. Thus they gave -up a rich spoil only to save their Captain’s life, being sure that, -while they enjoyed his presence and had him to command them, they might -recover enough of wealth. But if once they lost him they should hardly -be able to get home again. No, nor keep that they had got already. -Thus we embarked by break of day, having besides our Captain, many of -our men wounded, though none slain but one trumpeter. And though our -surgeons were kept busy in providing remedies and salves for their -wounds, yet the main care of the Captain was respected by all the rest. - -“Before we left the harbour, we took with little trouble the ship of -wine for the greater comfort of our company. And though they shot at -us from the town we carried our prize to the Isle of Victuals. Here we -cured our wounded men, and refreshed ourselves in the goodly gardens -which we found there abounding with great store of dainty roots and -fruits. There was also great plenty of poultry and other fowls, no less -strange than delicate.” - - - - -CHAPTER IV - -FORT DIEGO - - -After the return to the ship Captain Rance departed. But Drake had a -new plan in his head; he meant to attack Cartagena, the capital of -the Spanish Main. Sailing into the harbour in the evening, they found -that the townsfolk had been warned that Frenchmen and Englishmen were -about. Drake took possession of a large ship that was outward bound. -But the townsfolk, hearing of it, took the alarm, rang out their bells, -fired their cannon, and got all their soldiers out. Next morning -Drake took two more ships near the harbour, one of which was bound to -Cartagena with a letter of warning against “Captain Drake.” Drake sent -his Spanish prisoners on shore, and so ended his first attempt upon -Cartagena. - -He saw that the coasts were aware of his presence. Yet he did not -want to go away till he had discovered the Maroons; for his faithful -negro, Diego, had told him that they were friendly to him as the -enemy of Spain. This search might take time, and must be done in the -smaller boats, which were swifter and could explore the rivers. He had -not enough of men both to sail the boats and the pinnaces; so he now -decided to burn one of the ships and make a storehouse of the other. -In this way his pinnaces would be properly manned, and he could stay -as long as he liked. This was accordingly done. For fifteen days the -big ship lay hidden in the Sound of Darien, to make the Spaniards think -they had left the coast. Here Drake kept the men busy trimming and -cleaning the pinnaces, clearing the ground, and building huts. Diego -the negro was a very good builder, and knew the ways of the country -well. The men played, too, at bowls and quoits, and shooting with -arrows at targets. The smiths had brought forges from England and set -them up. Every now and again the pinnaces crept out to sea to plunder -passing ships. Much food was put away in different storehouses to -serve till they had “made their voyage,” as they said, or “made their -fortunes,” as we should say. - -Later, Port Plenty being found an unsafe harbour, they moved to a new -place, which they fortified and called Fort Diego. They now prepared to -wait five months, because the Maroons had told them that the Spaniards -carried no treasure by land during the rainy months. They were not -idle during these months, for the ship and fort were left in charge of -John Drake, while Captain Drake and John Oxenham went roving in the -pinnaces. They had many adventures, being in some peril in their small -boats, and always at the mercy of the weather, while at one time they -were almost starving. Some of the men got ill with the cold and died, -for they had little shelter on board. When they got back to the ships -they found all things in good order; but they received the heavy news -of the death of John Drake, the Captain’s brother, a young man of great -promise. - -“Our Captain then resolved to keep close and go no more to sea, but -supplied his needs, both for his own company and the Maroons, out of -his storehouse. Then ten of our company fell down sick of an unknown -disease, and most of them died in a few days. Later, we had thirty -men sick at one time. Among the rest, Joseph Drake, another of his -brothers, died in our Captain’s arms. - -“We now heard from the Maroons, who ranged the country up and down for -us, to learn what they might for us, that the fleet had arrived from -Spain in Nombre de Dios. The Captain prepared to make his journey by -land to Panama. He gave Elias Hixon the charge of the ship and company -and the Spanish prisoners. Our Captain was advised by the Maroons what -provisions to prepare for the long and great journey, what kind of -weapons, what store of victuals, and what kind of clothes. He was to -take as many shoes as possible, because they had to pass so many rivers -with stone and gravel. Twenty-eight of our men had died. A few were -left to keep the ship, attend the sick, and guard the prisoners. - -“We started on Shrove Tuesday, February the third. At his departure -our Captain gave this Master strict charge, in any case not to trust -any messenger that should come in his name with any tokens, unless -he brought his handwriting. This he knew could not be copied by the -Maroons or the Spaniards.” - - - - -CHAPTER V - -THE GOLDEN MULE-TRAINS - - -There were forty-eight men of the party, of whom eighteen only were -English. The Maroons carried arms and food, and got more food with -their arrows from time to time. Every day they began to march by -sunrise, and rested in the heat of the day in shelters made by the -Maroons. The third day they came to a little town or village of the -Maroons, which was much admired by the sailors for its beauty and -cleanliness. “As to their religion,” says the story, “they have no kind -of priests, only they held the Cross in great awe. But by our Captain’s -persuasions, they were contented to leave their crosses and to learn -the Lord’s Prayer, and to be taught something of God’s worship.” - -They begged Drake to stay with them some days, but he had to hasten -on. Four of the best guides amongst the Maroons marched on ahead, and -broke boughs to show the path to those that followed. All kept strict -silence. The way lay through cool and pleasant woods. - -“We were much encouraged because we were told there was a great Tree -about half way, from which we could see at once both the North Sea, -from whence we came, and the South Sea, whither we were going. - -“The fourth day we came to the height of the desired hill, a very high -hill, lying east and west like a ridge between the two seas. It was -about ten of the clock. Then Pedro, the chief of the Maroons, took our -Captain by the hand, and prayed him to follow him if he wished to see -at once two seas, which he had so greatly longed for. - -“Here was that goodly and great high Tree, in which they had cut -and made various steps to get up near the top. Here they had made a -convenient bower, where ten or twelve men might easily sit. And here -we might, with no difficulty, plainly see the Atlantic Ocean, whence -we now came, and the South Atlantic (Pacific) so much desired. South -and north of the Tree they had felled certain trees that the prospect -might be clearer. - -[Illustration: The Maroon Chief showing the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans -from the tree-top] - -“Our Captain went up to this bower, with the chief Maroon. He had, -because of the breeze, as it pleased God, a very fair day. And he saw -that sea of which he had heard such golden reports. He prayed Almighty -God, of His goodness, to give him life and leave to sail once in an -English ship in that sea! Then he called up the rest of our men, and -specially he told John Oxenham of his prayer and purpose, if it pleased -God to grant him that happiness. He, understanding it, protested that, -unless our Captain did beat him from his company, he would follow him, -by God’s grace! Thus all, quite satisfied with a sight of the seas, -came down, and after our repast continued our ordinary march through -the woods.” - -The last part of the march was through high pampas grass. But now they -began to get glimpses of Panama, and could at last see the ships in the -harbour. Now the march had to be more secret and silent than ever, till -at length they lay hidden in a grove near the high road from Panama to -Nombre de Dios. From here a Maroon was despatched, clothed as a negro -of Panama, as a spy. He was to go into the town and learn when the -treasure was to be taken from the King’s Treasure-house in Panama to -Nombre de Dios. This journey to Venta Cruz was always made by night, -because of the heat and toil of walking through the pampas grass. But -from Venta Cruz to Nombre de Dios they travelled always by day and not -by night, because the way lay through fresh, cool woods. The mules were -tied together in long trains, and guarded, if possible, by soldiers, -for fear of the Maroons. - -The spy brought back news in the afternoon that a certain great man -intended to go to Spain by the first ship, and was going that night -towards Nombre de Dios with his daughter and family. He had fourteen -mules, of which eight were laden with gold and one with jewels. There -were also two other trains of fifty mules each, mostly laden with food, -and with a little silver, which were to come out that night also. Upon -hearing this they marched until they came to within two leagues of -Venta Cruz. Then Drake lay down with half his men on one side of the -way, about fifty paces off, in the long grass. John Oxenham, with -the captain of the Maroons and the other half of the men, lay on the -other side of the road at the same distance. In about half-an-hour’s -time they could hear the mules both coming and going from Venta Cruz -to Panama, where trade was lively when the fleet was there. The sound -of the deep-voiced bells which the mules wore carried far in the -still night. The men had been strictly charged not to stir or show -themselves, but let all that come from Venta Cruz pass by quietly, for -they knew the mules brought nothing but merchandise from there. But -one of the men, called Robert Pike, had “drunk too much brandy without -water,” and forgot himself, and with a Maroon went close to the road. - -“And when a cavalier from Venta Cruz, well mounted, with his page -running at his stirrup, passed by, he rose up to look, though the -Maroon, more cautious, pulled him down and tried to hide him. But by -this time the gentleman had noticed that one half of him was white, for -we had all put our shirts over our other clothing that we might be sure -to know our own men in the pell-mell in the night. The cavalier put -spurs to his horse, and rode away at a gallop to warn others. - -“The ground was hard and the night was still, and our Captain heard -this gentleman’s trot change to a gallop. He suspected that we were -discovered, but could not imagine by whose fault, nor had he time to -search. The gentleman, as we heard afterwards, warned the Treasurer, -who, fearing Captain Drake had come to look for treasure on land, -turned his train of mules aside from the way, and let the others which -were coming pass on. Thus, by the recklessness of one of our company, -and by the carefulness of that traveller, we were disappointed of a -most rich booty. But we thought that God would not let it be taken, for -likely it was well gotten by that Treasurer. - -“The other two mule trains, which came behind that of the Treasurer, -were no sooner come up to us than we stayed and seized on them. One of -the chief carriers, a very sensible fellow, told our Captain by what -means we were discovered, and counselled us to shift for ourselves -betimes, for we should encounter the whole force of the city and -country before day would be about us.” - -Drake and his men were little pleased at the loss of their golden -mule-trains, for they had only taken two horse-loads of silver. It was -the more provoking that they had been betrayed by one of their own men. -There was no help for it, and Drake never “grieved at things past,” so -they decided to march back the nearest way. Pedro, the chief of the -Maroons, said he “would rather die at Drake’s foot than leave him to -his enemies.” When they got near Venta Cruz, they turned back the mules -with their drivers. Outside the town the soldiers met them, and a fight -took place upon Drake’s refusing to surrender. - -“The soldiers shot off their whole volley, which, though it lightly -wounded our Captain and several of our men, caused death to one only -of our company, who was so powdered with hail-shot that we could not -recover his life, though he continued all that day afterwards with us. -Presently, as our Captain perceived their shot to come slacking, like -the last drops of a great shower of rain, he gave his usual signal with -his whistle, to answer them with our shot and arrows. - -“The Maroons had stept aside at first for terror of the shot. But -seeing that we marched onwards they all rushed forward, one after -the other, with their arrows ready in their bows, and their manner of -country dance or leap, ever singing, _Yo Pehò! Yo Pehò!_ and so got -before us. They then continued their leap and song, after the manner of -their country wars, till they and we overtook the enemy. Our Maroons, -now thoroughly encouraged, when they saw our resolution, broke in -through the thickets near the town’s end, and forced the enemy to fly. -Several of our men were wounded, and one Maroon was run through with -one of their pikes, but his courage and mind served him so well that he -revenged his own death ere he died, by giving him that deadly wound.” - -So they entered the town, and stayed there some hours for rest and -refreshment, and the Maroons were allowed to carry away some plunder. -At sunrise they marched away, for they had been gone from the ship -nearly a fortnight, and had left the company weak and sickly. Drake -marched cheerfully, and urged on his weary and disappointed men with -brave promises, but in the hurried march they had often to go hungry. -Three leagues from the port the Maroons had built a camp or village -while they were away, and here they persuaded Drake to stop, as it had -been built “only for his sake.” “And indeed he was the more willing to -consent, that our want of shoes might be supplied by the Maroons, who -were a great help to us. For all our men complained of the tenderness -of their feet, and our Captain himself would join in their complaint, -sometimes without cause, but sometimes with cause indeed, which made -the rest to bear the burden more easily. These Maroons did us good -service all the time they were with us. They were our spies on the -journey, our guides, our hunters, and our house-wrights, and had -indeed able and strong bodies for carrying our necessities. Yea, many -times when some of our company fainted with sickness of weariness, two -Maroons would carry him with ease between them, two miles together; -and at other times, when need was, they would show themselves no less -valiant than industrious, and of good judgment. - -“From this town our Captain despatched a Maroon with a token and a -certain order to the master. He, all those weeks, kept good watch -against the enemy, and shifted in the woods for fresh food, for the -relief and recovery of our men left on board.” - -When the messenger reached the shore he hailed those on the ship, who -quickly fetched him on board. He showed Drake’s token, the golden -toothpick, and gave the message, which was to tell the master to meet -him at a certain river. When the master looked at the toothpick, he saw -written on it, “By me, Francis Drake.” Then he believed the messenger, -and prepared what provision he had, and repaired to the mouth of the -river. About three o’clock Drake and his men saw the pinnace, and -there was double rejoicing. The wanderers seemed strangely changed in -face and plight to those who had lived in rest and plenty on board -ship. Drake, indeed, was less so than the others. The fasting and hard -marches had done much, but still more “their inward grief, for that -they returned without that golden treasure they hoped for, did show her -print and footsteps in their faces.” But Drake was determined to repeat -the attempt. - - - - -CHAPTER VI - -HOME AGAIN - - -Drake well knew that delay and idleness would soon spoil the spirits -of his men, so he at once divided them into two companies, under -himself and John Oxenham, to go roving in the two pinnaces in different -directions and seek for food and plunder. Some of the Maroons were -dismissed with gifts, and the rest remained with a few men on board -ship. The Governor of Panama had warned the towns so well that it was -useless to attempt them at present. Drake, in the _Minion_, took a -frigate of gold and dismissed it, somewhat lighter, to go on its way. -John Oxenham, in the _Bear_, took a frigate well laden with food of all -kinds. Drake was so pleased with this ship, which was strong and new -and shapely, that he kept her as a man-of-war in place of the sunken -ship. And the company were heartened with a feast and much good cheer -that Easter Day. - -Next day the pinnaces met with a French captain out of Newhaven, whose -ship was greatly distressed for want of food and water. Drake relieved -him, and the captains exchanged gifts and compliments. The French -captain sent Drake “a gilt fair scimitar” which had belonged to Henry -the Third of France, and had in return a chain of gold and a tablet. -This captain brought them the news of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew’s -Day, and said he thought “those Frenchmen the happiest who were -furthest from France, now no longer France but Frenzy.” He had heard -famous reports of their riches, and wanted to know how he also could -“make his voyage.” They resolved, after consultation, to take him and -twenty of his men to serve for halves. They now sent for the Maroons. - -A party was made up of twenty Frenchmen, fifteen Englishmen, and some -Maroons. They sailed with a frigate and two pinnaces towards a river -called Rio Francisco, to the west of Nombre de Dios. There was not -enough water to sail the frigate, so she was left in charge of a -mariner to await the return of the pinnaces. They went on, and landed -both captains with their force. Those in charge of the pinnaces were -ordered to be there the fourth day without fail. The land party went on -through the woods towards the high road from Panama to Nombre de Dios, -where the mules now went daily. They marched, as before, in silence. -They stayed all night a mile from the road, in great stillness, and -refreshed themselves. They could hear the carpenters working on their -ships, which they did at nights because of the fierce heat of the day. -Next morning, the 1st of April, they heard such a number of bells that -the Maroons rejoiced exceedingly, and assured them they should now have -more gold and silver than they could carry away. And so it came to pass. - -For three trains appeared, one of fifty mules and two of seventy each, -and every mule carried 300 lbs. weight of silver, amounting to nearly -30 tons. The leaders of the mules were taken by the heads, and all the -rest lay down, as they always do. The fifteen soldiers who guarded each -train were routed, but not before they had wounded the French captain -sorely, and slain one of the Maroons. They took what silver and gold -they could carry, and buried the rest in the burrows made in the earth -by the great land crabs under old fallen trees, and in the sand and -gravel of a shallow river. - -After two hours they marched back through the woods, but had to leave -the French captain to rest and recover from his wound. Two of his men -willingly stayed with him. Later on a third Frenchman was found to be -missing. He had got drunk, and overloaded himself with plunder, and -lost himself in the woods. They afterwards found he was taken by the -Spaniards in the evening, and, upon torture, revealed to them where the -treasure was hidden. - -When they reached the river’s mouth, they saw seven Spanish pinnaces at -sea, which had come out to search the coasts. This made them fear their -own pinnaces were taken. But a storm in the night forced the Spaniards -to go home, and also delayed the English pinnaces, for the wind was so -contrary and so strong that they could only get half way. For this -reason they had fortunately been unseen by the Spaniards. - -“But our Captain, seeing their ships, feared lest they had taken our -pinnaces, and compelled our men by torture to confess where his ships -and frigate were. In this great doubt and perplexity the company -feared that all means of returning to their country were cut off, and -that their treasure would then serve them to small purpose. But our -Captain comforted and encouraged us all, saying: ‘We should venture no -further than he did. It was no time now to fear, but rather to haste to -prevent that which was feared. If the enemy have prevailed against our -pinnaces (which God forbid!), yet they must have time to search them, -time to examine the mariners, time to execute their resolution after -it is determined. Before all those times be taken, we may get to our -ships, if ye will, though not possibly by land, because of the hills, -thickets, and rivers, yet by water. Let us, therefore, make a raft with -the trees that are here in readiness, as offering themselves, being -brought down to the river happily by this last storm, and let us put -ourselves to sea! I will be one, who will be the other?’ - -“John Smith offered himself, and two Frenchmen that could swim very -well desired they might accompany our Captain, as did the Maroons -likewise. They had prayed our Captain very earnestly to march by land, -though it was a sixteen-days’ journey, in case the ship had been -surprised, that he might abide with them always. Pedro was most eager -in this, who was fain to be left behind because he could not row. - -“The raft was fitted and fast bound; a sail of a biscuit-sack was -prepared; an oar was shaped out of a young tree to serve instead of a -rudder, to direct their course before the wind. - -“At his departure, our Captain comforted the company by promising -‘that, if it pleased God he should put his foot in safety on board his -frigate, he would, by one means or other, get them all on board, in -spite of all the Spaniards in the Indies!’ - -“In this manner pulling off to sea, he sailed some three leagues, -sitting up to the waist continually in water, and up to the armpits at -every surge of the waves, for the space of six hours upon this raft. -And what with the parching of the sun and what with the beating of salt -water, they had all of them their skins much fretted away. - -“At length God gave them the sight of two pinnaces turning towards -them with much wind, but with far greater joy to him than can easily -be guessed. So he did cheerfully declare to those three with him, that -‘they were our pinnaces! and that all was safe, so there was no cause -of fear!’ - -“But look, the pinnaces not seeing the raft, nor suspecting any such -matter, by reason of the wind, and night growing on, were forced to -run into a cove behind the point, to take shelter for the night. Our -Captain seeing this, and gathering that they would anchor there, put -his raft ashore, and ran round the point by land, where he found them. -They, upon sight of him, made as much haste as they could to take him -and his company on board. For our Captain, on purpose to see what haste -they could and would make in extremity, himself ran in great haste, and -so made the other three with him, as if they had been chased by the -enemy. And so those on board suspected, because they saw so few with -him. - -“And after his coming on board, when they demanded ‘how his company -did?’ he answered coldly, ‘Well!’ They all feared that all went scarce -well. But he, willing to rid all doubts, and fill them with joy, took -out of his bosom a quoit of gold, thanking God that ‘our voyage was -made!’” - -They then rowed up the river and rescued the others, and brought back -such of the treasure as they had been able to carry with them, and -all returned to the ships by dawn. There Drake divided the treasure -equally by weight between the French and the English. During the next -fortnight everything was set in order, and the _Pascha_ given to the -Spanish prisoners to go home in. Meanwhile a party was sent out to try -and rescue the French captain and to seek for the buried treasure. One -only of the Frenchmen managed to escape and was saved. Much of the -treasure had been discovered by the Spaniards, but not all, and the -party returned very cheerful, with thirteen bars of silver and a few -quoits of gold. The Frenchmen now left them, having got their shares of -the treasure. The ships parted when passing close by Cartagena, which -they did in the sight of all the fleet, “with a flag of St. George on -the main top of the frigate, with silk streamers and ancients (national -flags) down to the water.” - -Later on they anchored to trim and rig the frigates and stow away the -provisions, and they tore up and burnt the pinnaces so that the Maroons -might have the ironwork. One of the last days Drake desired Pedro and -three of the chief Maroons to go through both his frigates and see what -they liked. He promised to give them whatever they asked, unless he -could not get back to England without it. But Pedro set his heart on -the scimitar which the French captain had given to Drake; and knowing -Drake liked it no less, he dared not ask for it or praise it. But at -last he bribed one of the company to ask for him, with a fine quoit of -gold, and promised to give four others to Drake. Drake was sorry, but -he wished to please Pedro, who deserved so well, so he gave it to him -with many good words. Pedro received it with no little joy, and asked -Drake to accept the four pieces of gold, as a token of his thankfulness -and a pledge of his faithfulness through life. He received it -graciously, but did not keep it for himself but caused it to be cast -into the whole adventure, saying that “if he had not been helped to -that place he would never have got such a thing, and it was only just -that those who shared his burden in setting him to sea should enjoy a -share of the benefits.” - -“Thus with good love and liking, we took our leave of that people. We -took many ships during our abode in those parts, yet never burnt nor -sunk any, unless they acted as men-of-war against us, or tried to trap -us. And of all the men taken in those vessels, we never offered any -kind of violence to any, after they were once come into our power. For -we either dismissed them in safety, or kept them with us some longer -time. If so, we provided for them as for ourselves, and secured them -from the rage of the Maroons against them, till at last, the danger of -their discovering where our ships lay being past, for which cause only -we kept them prisoners, we set them also free. - -“We now intended to sail home the directest and speediest way, and this -we happily performed, even beyond our own expectations, and so arrived -at Plymouth, on Sunday about sermon-time, August the 9th, 1573. - -“And the news of our Captain’s return being brought unto his people, -did so speedily pass over all the church, and fill their minds with -delight and desire to see him, that very few or none remained with the -preacher. All hastened to see the evidence of God’s love and blessing -towards our gracious Queen and country by the fruit of our Captain’s -labour and success. - - “TO GOD ALONE BE THE GLORY.” - - - - -CHAPTER VII - -ROUND THE WORLD - - -So we see that both of Drake’s ships, the _Pascha_ and the _Swan_, were -left behind in the West Indies, and he made a quick voyage home in the -well-built Spanish frigate. We hear nothing of Drake for two years -after his return to Plymouth. There is a legend that he kept on the -seas near Ireland. Elizabeth was still unable and unwilling to go to -war with the King of Spain, but she was willing to encourage the sort -of warfare that Drake and the other rovers had so successfully carried -on against him. - -Such companies of adventurers as these that sailed under Drake and -Hawkins did a large part of the work of the navy in the time of -Elizabeth. The country was saved the expense which private persons were -willing to pay to furnish the ships. The Queen herself is known to -have shared in the expenses and plunder of some such expeditions, and -so she thriftily laid up treasure in England’s empty money-chests. But -some of her older councillors disliked exceedingly this way of getting -rich, and would rather it had been done openly in war, or not at all. - -To Drake it seems to have been a very simple affair. He wished, in the -first place, as the old book says, “to lick himself whole of the damage -he had received from the Spaniards.” So he acted in pirate-fashion to -the Spaniards, but not to the French or to the natives of the West -Indies. And Drake considered his own cause so just that he never made -a secret of his doings. He went at his own risk, for should he be -taken by the enemy his country had no power to protect him, as she was -not openly at war with Spain. But, on the other hand, he was secretly -encouraged, and his gains were immense. - -In the second place, Drake wished to attack and injure the Roman -Catholic faith whenever and wherever he could. Churchmen had told -him that this was a lawful aim. How earnestly he believed it we can -see from the story, where he tried to persuade the Maroons to “leave -their crosses,” which to him were the sign of the hated religion. The -terrible tale of the massacre of the Protestants on St. Bartholomew’s -Day told him by the French captain (who himself fell into the hands of -the Spaniards, as we have seen), must have inflamed this feeling in -his soul and in those of his men. It made them more eager than ever to -fight the enemies of their own faith. - -Then, too, the Spaniards founded their rights to own the New World -upon a grant from one of the Popes; and the English, now no longer -Catholics, denied his power to give it, and claimed the right for -themselves to explore and conquer and keep what share they could get. - -The King of Spain looked upon Drake as a pirate, but he could not find -out how far he had been secretly encouraged by Elizabeth, and Drake -was not punished, in spite of Philip’s urgent complaints. But he was -prevented from sailing away again on a voyage of discovery, though his -friends and brothers went, and among them John Oxenham, who was hanged -as a pirate by the Spaniards because he had no commission or formal -leave from the Queen or the Government to trade in the West Indies. - -During this interval Drake took service in Ireland, under the Earl of -Essex, furnishing his own ships, “and doing excellent service both by -sea and land at the winning of divers strong forts.” The work he took -a part in was as harsh and cruel as any that was ever done by fire and -sword to make Ireland more desolate. Here he met Thomas Doughty, one of -the household of the Earl of Essex, a scholar and a soldier, who became -his friend, and sailed with him on his next voyage. - -The story of this voyage is told under the name of “The World -Encompassed,” and in it Drake is said “to have turned up a furrow about -the whole world.” In 1520 Magellan had discovered the passage south of -America from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, since called by his -name. Many adventurers had tried to follow him, but all their efforts -had ended in disaster, and the Straits had an uncanny name among -sailors, and “were counted so terrible in those days that the very -thoughts of attempting them were dreadful.” - -Drake’s fleet was made up of five ships--the _Pelican_, which was -his flagship, the _Elizabeth_, the _Marigold_, the _Swan_, and the -_Christopher_. They took a hundred and sixty men and plentiful -provisions and stores for the long and dangerous voyage. They also took -pinnaces which could be set up when wanted. Nor did Drake forget to -“make provision for ornament and delight, carrying to this purpose with -him expert musicians, rich furniture (all the vessels for his table, -yea, many belonging to the cook-room, being of pure silver).” - -They started on November 15, 1577, but were forced by a gale to put -back into Plymouth for repairs, and started out again on December 13. -The sailors were not told the real aim of the voyage, which was to -“sail upon those seas greatly longed for.” They were too full of fears -and fancies. The unknown was haunted in their minds with devils and -hurtful spirits, and in those days people still believed in magic. - -They picked up several prizes on their way out, notably a large -Portuguese ship, whose cargo of wine and food was valuable to the -English ships. Drake sent the passengers and crew on shore, but kept -the pilot, Numa da Silva, who gives one account of the voyage, and -was most useful, as he knew the coasts so well. One of Drake’s main -cares on this voyage, we are told, was to keep the fleet together as -much as possible, to get fresh water, and to refresh the men, “wearied -with long toils at sea,” as often as possible. He decided to lessen -the number of the ships, for “fewer ships keep better company,” and he -looked for a harbour to anchor in. - -“Our General,” says the book, “especially in matters of moment, was -never one to rely only on other men’s care, how trusty or skilful -soever they might seem to be. But always scorning danger, and refusing -no toil, he was wont himself to be one, whosoever was a second, at -every turn, where courage, skill, or industry was to be employed. -Neither would he at any time entrust the discovery of these dangers to -another’s pains, but rather to his own experience in searching out and -sounding of them.” - -So in this case Drake himself went out in the boat and rowed into the -bay. The _Swan_, the _Christopher_, and the prize were sacrificed, -their stores being used for the other ships. - -On the 20th of June they anchored in a very good harbour, called by -Magellan Port St. Julian. Here a gibbet stood upon the land, and in -this place Magellan is supposed to have executed some disobedient and -rebellious men of his company. In this port Drake began to “inquire -diligently into the actions of Master Thomas Doughty, and found them -not to be such as he looked for.” - -(Doughty is said to have plotted to kill Drake or desert him, and take -his place as commander, or at any rate to force him to go back, to the -ruin of the voyage.) - -“Whereupon the company was called together, and the particulars of the -cause made known to them, which were found partly by Master Doughty’s -own confession, and partly by the evidence of the fact, to be true. -Which when our General saw, although his private affection to Master -Doughty (as he then in the presence of us all sacredly protested) -was great; yet the care he had of the state of the voyage, of the -expectation of her Majesty, and of the honour of his country, did more -touch him (as indeed it ought) than the private respect of one man. So -that the cause being thoroughly heard, and all things done in good -order, as near as might be to the course of our laws in England, it was -concluded that Master Doughty should receive punishment according to -the quality of the offence. And he, seeing no remedy but patience for -himself, desired before his death to receive the Communion, which he -did, at the hands of our minister, and our General himself accompanied -him in that holy action.... - -“And after this holy repast, they dined also at the same table -together, as cheerfully, in sobriety, as ever in their lives they had -done aforetime, each cheering up the other, and taking their leave, by -drinking each to other, as if some journey only had been in hand. - -“And the place of execution being ready, he having embraced our -General, and taken his leave of all the company, with prayer for -the Queen’s Majesty and our realm, in quiet sort laid his head to -the block, where he ended his life. This being done, our General -made various speeches to the whole company, persuading us to unity, -obedience, love and regard of our voyage. And to help us to this, -he willed every man the next Sunday following to prepare himself to -receive the Communion, as Christian brethren and friends ought to do, -which was done in very reverent sort, and so with good contentment -every man went about his business.” - -On the 11th of August, as quarrelling still continued, Drake ordered -the whole ships’ companies ashore. They all went into a large tent, and -the minister offered to make a sermon. “Nay, soft, Master Fletcher,” -said Drake, “I must preach this day myself, although I have small skill -in preaching.... I am a very bad speaker, for my bringing up hath not -been in learning.” - -He then told them that for what he was going to say he would answer -in England and before her Majesty. He and his men were far away from -their country and friends, and discords and mutiny had grown up among -them. “By the life of God,” said Drake, “it doth take my wits from -me to think on it. Here is such quarrels between the sailors and the -gentlemen as it doth make me mad to hear it. But, my masters, I must -have it left [off], for I must have the gentleman to haul and draw with -the mariner, and the mariner with the gentleman. What, let us show -ourselves all to be of a company, and let us not give occasion to the -enemy to rejoice at our decay and overthrow. I would know him that -would refuse to set his hand to a rope, but I know there is not any -such here....” - -He then offered to send any home that liked in the _Marigold_, a -well-furnished ship; “but let them take heed that they go homeward, for -if I find them in my way I will surely sink them, therefore you shall -have time to consider here until to-morrow; for by my troth I must -needs be plain with you now.” - -“Yet the voice was that none would return, they would all take such -part as he did.” And so, after more of such “preaching,” they were told -to forget the past, and “wishing all men to be friends, he willed them -to depart about their business.” - - - - -CHAPTER VIII - -ROUND THE WORLD (_continued_) - - -On the 20th of August the three ships entered the Straits of Magellan. -Before the “high and steep grey cliffs, full of black stars,” of Cape -Virgins, at the entrance against which the beating seas looked like -whales spouting, the fleet did homage to the Queen. The name of the -_Pelican_ also was changed to the _Golden Hind_ in remembrance of -Drake’s “friend and favourer,” Sir Christopher Hatton, whose crest was -a golden hind. In sixteen days they reached the “South Sea,” Drake -himself having rowed on ahead of the fleet with some of his gentlemen -to find out the passage. He had meant to land, and leave “a monument of -her Majesty graven in metal,” which he had brought with him for that -purpose, but there was no anchoring, as the wind did not let them stay; -for a fearful storm arose and separated the ships, and threatened to -send them all to the bottom of the sea. The _Marigold_, indeed, went -down with all hands, and the _Elizabeth_, “partly by the negligence of -those that had charge of her, partly through a kind of desire that some -in her had to be out of all those troubles and to be at home again, -returned back the same way by which they came forward, and so coasting -Brazil, they arrived in England on June 2nd the year following.” So -that now, as the story quaintly says, the other ship, if she had been -still called the _Pelican_, would indeed have been a pelican alone in -the wilderness. Never did they think there had been such a storm “since -Noah’s Flood,” for it lasted fifty-two days. The ship was driven south -of the continent of America. At this time it was generally believed -that another great continent stretched to the south of the Straits, -which was called the unknown land, “wherein many strange monsters -lived.” And now, when Drake had discovered this idea to be false, -their troubles ended for the time, the storm ceased, but they were in -great grief for the loss of their friends, and still hoped to meet the -missing ships again. - -They sailed northwards along the coast of America till they landed -on an island to get water. Here they were treacherously attacked by -Indians, who took them to be the hated Spaniards. The nine persons who -were in the boat were all wounded, and Drake’s faithful servant, Diego -the negro, died of his wounds, and one other. Drake himself was shot in -the face under the right eye, and badly wounded in the head. They were -in the worst case, because the chief doctor was dead, and the other in -the _Elizabeth_. There was none left them but a boy, “whose goodwill -was more than any skill he had.” But, owing to Drake’s advice, and “the -putting to of every man’s help,” all were cured in the end. - -They sailed on, and having picked up a friendly Indian who served as -a pilot, they reached the harbour of Valparaiso. A ship which was -lying in the harbour was seized, and then the town and the Spaniards -discovered that Drake had reached the shores of the Pacific. On the -coast the ship was trimmed and the pinnace put together, in which Drake -himself set out to search the creeks and inlets where the ship could -not sail. Grief for the absence of their friends still remained with -them. Still searching for the lost ships, they sailed northwards on -to Lima, where they got the news that a great Spanish ship had sailed -from there a fortnight before, laden with treasure. Drake at once gave -chase, hoping to take her before she reached Panama. The first man who -sighted her was promised a chain of gold. The ship was overtaken and -captured off Cape San Francisco. She was “the great glory of the South -Sea,” and laden with gold, silver, plate, and jewels, all of which the -English took. After six days the Spanish ship was dismissed, “somewhat -lighter than before,” to Panama. To the master of the ship, Saint -Juan de Anton, he gave a letter to protect him if he fell in with the -missing English ships. - -“Master Winter,” it says, “if it pleaseth God that you should chance to -meet with this ship of Saint Juan de Anton, I pray you use him well, -according to my word and promise given unto them. And if you want -anything that is in this ship of Saint Juan de Anton, I pray you pay -them double the value for it, which I will satisfy again, and command -your men not to do any hurt; desiring you, for the Passion of Christ, -if you fall into any danger, that you will not despair of God’s mercy, -for He will defend you and preserve you from all danger, and bring us -to our desired haven, to whom be all honour, glory, and praise for -ever and ever. Amen.--Your sorrowful Captain, whose heart is heavy for -you,--FRANCIS DRAKE.” - -The next prizes captured yielded treasure of a different kind, though -equally precious. These were some charts with sailing directions, -taken from two China pilots. The owner of the next large Spanish ship -captured by Drake has left an interesting account of him. - -He says that “the English General is the same who took Nombre de Dios -five years ago. He is a cousin of John Hawkins, and his name is Francis -Drake. He is about thirty-five years of age, of small size, with a -reddish beard, and is one of the greatest sailors that exist, both -from his skill and his power of commanding. His ship is of near four -hundred tons, sails well, and has a hundred men all in the prime of -life, and as well trained for war as if they had been old soldiers of -Italy. Each one is specially careful to keep his arms clean. He treats -them with affection and they him with respect. He has with him nine -or ten gentlemen, younger sons of the leading men in England, who form -his council. He calls them together on every occasion and hears what -they have to say, but he is not bound by their advice, though he may -be guided by it. He has no privacy; those of whom I speak all dine -at his table, as well as a Portuguese pilot whom he has brought from -England, but who never spoke a word while I was on board. The service -is of silver, richly gilt, and engraved with his arms. He has, too, -all possible luxuries, even to perfumes, many of which he told me were -given him by the Queen. None of these gentlemen sits down or puts on -his hat in his presence without repeated permission. He dines and sups -to the music of violins. His ship carries thirty large guns and a great -quantity of ammunition, as well as craftsmen who can do necessary -repairs. He has two artists who portray the coast in its own colours, -a thing which troubled me much to see, because everything is put so -naturally that any one following him will have no difficulty.” - -Drake wished to find his way home by the north of America into the -Atlantic. But in this he was not successful, for the weather was very -severe, and tried the men too much; meanwhile, they found a convenient -haven in a little bay above the harbour of San Francisco, and now known -as “Drake’s Bay.” Here they stayed a month, repairing a leak in the -ship and refreshing the men. They then set sail, and saw nothing but -air and sea for sixty-eight days, till they reached some islands. These -they named the “Islands of Thieves,” on account of the behaviour of the -natives. In November they came to the islands of the Moluccas, where -Drake had a splendid reception. - -They then sailed on till they arrived at a little island, which they -called the “Island of Crabs.” Here they pitched their tents, and set up -forges to repair the ironwork of the ship and the iron-hooped casks. -Those that were sickly soon grew well and strong in this happy island. - -On the 9th of January the ship ran aground on a dangerous shoal, and -struck twice on it; “knocking twice at the door of death, which no -doubt had opened the third time.” - -Nothing but instant death was expected, and the whole ship’s company -fell to praying. As soon as the prayers were said, Drake spoke to the -men, telling them how they must think of their souls, and speaking of -the joys of heaven “with comfortable speeches.” But he also encouraged -them to bestir themselves, and he himself set the example, and got -the pumps to work, and freed the ship of water. The ship was fast -upon “hard and pinching rocks, and did tell us plain she expected -continually her speedy despatch as soon as the sea and winds should -come ... so that if we stay with her we must perish with her.” The -other plan, of leaving her for the pinnace, seemed to them “worse than -a thousand deaths.” - -After taking the Communion and listening to a sermon, they eased the -ship by casting goods into the sea--“three ton of cloves, eight big -guns, and certain meal and beans”; making, as an old writer says, a -kind of gruel of the sea round about. After they had been in this state -from eight o’clock at night till four o’clock next afternoon, all in a -moment the wind changed, and “the happy gale drove them off the rocks -again, and made of them glad men.” - -The rest of the homeward voyage was less adventurous, and on the 18th -of June they passed the Cape of Good Hope, “a most stately thing, and -the fairest cape we saw in the whole circumference of the earth.” - -On the 26th of September they “safely, and with joyful minds and -thankful hearts, arrived at Plymouth, having been away three years.” - - - - -CHAPTER IX - -SIR FRANCIS - - -It was in the autumn of 1580 that Drake returned from his three years’ -voyage. Wynter had brought the news home that Drake had entered the -Straits of Magellan, but since then only vague rumours of his death at -the hands of the Spaniards had reached England. Had he met such a fate, -Sir William Cecil (now Lord Burghley) and his party at Court would not -have been sorry; for they disliked piracy, and wished to avoid a war -with Spain. - -This was more to be dreaded than ever, as at the death of the King of -Portugal Philip had seized his crown and vast possessions, and was -now the most powerful prince in Europe, since he owned the splendid -Portuguese fleet. Hitherto, Philip had only warships for the protection -of his treasure-ships, and they could not be spared. He was now known -to be preparing, in his slow way, a great Armada. - -But Drake had not been hanged for a pirate, and this the Spaniards -knew very well. They clamoured for the restoration of his plunder, or -the forfeit of his life. At this time an army of Italian and Spanish -soldiers, under the command of a famous Spanish officer, had been -landed in Ireland to help the Catholic Irish in their rebellion against -Queen Elizabeth. These soldiers were said to have been sent by the -orders of the Pope. Finding the prospects of success too poor, the -Spanish officer withdrew his men, and they escaped by sea; but the -Italian soldiers, who numbered 600, were overpowered by the English, -and all except a few officers, who could pay a ransom, were slaughtered -in cold blood. Thus Philip’s attempt to strike a secret blow in -Elizabeth’s fashion was met by her with cruelty as relentless as his -own; but Elizabeth made this attempt an excuse for refusing to make an -inquiry into Drake’s doings in the West. - -“The news of his home-coming in England was,” we are told, “by this -his strange wealth, so far-fetched, marvellous strange, and of all men -held impossible and incredible. But both proving true, it fortuned -that many misliked it and reproached him. Besides all this there were -others that devised and divulged” (made up and spread about) “all -possible disgraces” (base charges) “against Drake and his followers, -terming him the Master Thief of the Unknown World. Yet nevertheless the -people generally with exceeding admiration applauded his wonderful long -adventures and rich prize.” - -Drake at once sent a message to tell the Queen of his return. He was -told he had nothing to fear, and was summoned to Court. He took with -him some horseloads of gold and silver and jewels. The Queen treated -him with great favour, and refused to take the advice of Burghley and -others, who wished to send the treasure back to Spain. Unlike them -she took her share of the profits, and also the fine gifts Drake had -brought for her. “But it grieved him not a little,” we are told, “that -some prime courtiers refused the gold he offered them, as gotten by -piracy.” He and his men had made golden fortunes. - -The Spanish Ambassador naturally “burned with passion” against Drake, -and considered his presence at Court an insult to his king. “For he -passes much time with the Queen,” he wrote to Philip, “by whom he is -highly favoured.” - -It was an insult Philip still felt himself unable to avenge. Elizabeth -had made a fresh treaty with France, and Philip’s best generals knew -the difficulties of an attack on England thus strengthened. Besides, -the Dutch, whom Elizabeth was helping, were his desperate enemies; for -they were fighting for faith and country and freedom, and to do this -makes bold soldiers. So Philip the prudent had to content himself with -making plans for his great Armada. - -Meantime Drake sunned himself in the Court favour, and books and -pictures and songs were made in his praise. - -The _Golden Hind_ was brought ashore at Deptford, and became a resort -for sightseers. But in spite of much patching she became so old that -she had to be broken up, and the last of her timbers were made into a -chair, which is still kept in a quiet Oxford library. So the ship ends -her days far away from the sound of the sea, and of the gay throngs -that used to make merry and dance on her decks. - -[Illustration: SIR FRANCIS DRAKE] - -On the 4th of April the Queen paid a State visit to the ship, and -ordered that it should be preserved for ever. A fine banquet was -served on board, and there, before the eyes of hundreds of onlookers, -Elizabeth knighted the “pirate captain.” She said jestingly that the -King of Spain had demanded Drake’s head, and now she had a gold sword -to cut it off. Thus Elizabeth openly defied the Spaniards, who were -still raging over their stolen treasure. - -But there were some not in Spain who also thirsted for revenge upon -Drake. Thomas Doughty’s young brother was his unforgiving foe. The case -was never brought to Court or indeed to light; but young Doughty wrote -a letter in which he said “that when the Queen did knight Drake she did -then knight the greatest knave, the vilest villain, the foulest thief, -and the crudest murderer that ever was born.” The Spaniards bribed him -to try and murder Drake. We hear that he was put in prison, and we -never hear of his release. - -In 1581 Drake was made Mayor of Plymouth. In 1583 his wife died. He was -then a member of Parliament. Two years later he married Mary Sydenham. -He never had any children. - -The Queen now appointed Drake among others to inquire into the state -of the navy; he was to see to the repairing of ships, to the building -of new ones, and to the means of furnishing them with stores in case of -sudden war. From this time onwards the thought of a Spanish invasion -was a constant fear in the minds of the English people. But Philip -was unready, and Elizabeth unwilling to be the first to begin a war. -Elizabeth changed her mind and her plans in a way that must have -been maddening to the men who did her work. One good result of her -indecision was that England was better prepared for the invasion. In -those long years of private warfare money had been gathering, and the -navy made strong and ready for work. But for men of action, who like -to make a plan and stick to it, and go through with it at all costs, -Elizabeth’s delays and recalls were bewildering and unreasonable. - -In 1585 Philip seized a fleet of English corn-ships trading in his own -ports. Then, at last, Drake’s long-talked-of expedition against the -Spanish settlements was got ready and sent out. He had about thirty -ships, commanded by some of the most famous captains of the time, men -like Fenner, Frobisher, and Wynter, who afterwards fought against the -Armada. His general of the soldiers was Christopher Carleill, “a man of -long experience in wars both by sea and land,” and who was afterwards -said to direct the service “most like a wise commander.” Drake’s ship -was the _Elizabeth Bonaventure_. - -After a week spent in capturing ships, the fleet anchored at the Bayona -Islands, off Vigo Bay. The Governor of Bayona was forced to make terms. -He sent “some refreshing, as bread, wine, oil, apples, grapes, and -marmalade, and such like.” The people, filled with terror, were seen to -remove their possessions into boats to go up the Vigo River, inland, -for safety. Many of these were seized; most of them were loaded only -with household stuff, but one contained the “church stuff of the high -church of Vigo ... a great cross of silver of very fair embossed work -and double-gilt all over, having cost them a great mass of money.” - -The fleet now went on its way by the Canary Islands. When Santiago was -reached, Carleill landed with a thousand troops and took possession -of the fortress and the town, for both had been forsaken. Here they -planted the great flag, “which had nothing on it but the plain English -cross; and it was placed towards the sea, that our fleet might see St. -George’s Cross flourish in the enemy’s fortress.” Guns were found ready -loaded in various places about the town, and orders were given that -these should be shot off “in honour of the Queen’s Majesty’s Coronation -day, being the 17th of November, after the yearly custom in England. -These were so answered again by the guns out of all the ships in the -fleet, as it was strange to hear such a thundering noise last so long -together.” No treasure was taken at Santiago, but there was food and -wine. The town was given to the flames in revenge for wrongs done to -old William Hawkins of Plymouth some years before. - -They had not been many days at sea before a mortal sickness suddenly -broke out among the men. They anchored off some islands, where the -Indians treated them very kindly, carried fresh water to the ships, and -gave them food and tobacco. The tobacco was a welcome gift, to be used -against the infection of the mysterious sickness which was killing the -men by hundreds. They passed Christmas on an island to refresh the sick -and cleanse and air the ships. - -Then Drake resolved, with the consent of his council, to attack the -city of St. Domingo, while his forces were “in their best strength.” -This was the oldest and most important city in the Indies, and was -famous for its beauty and strength. It had never been attempted before, -although it was so rich, because it was strongly fortified. - -Some boats were sent on in advance of the fleet. They learned from a -pilot, whose boat they captured, that the Castle of St. Domingo was -well armed, and that it was almost impossible to land on the dangerous -coast; but he showed them a possible point ten miles from the harbour. -In some way Drake had sent messages to the Maroons, who lived on the -hills behind the town. At midnight, on New Year’s Day, the soldiers -were landed, Drake himself steering a boat through the surf. The -Maroons met them, having killed the Spanish watchman. - -“Our General, having seen us all landed in safety to the west of that -brave city of St. Domingo, returned to his fleet, bequeathing us to God -and the good conduct of Master Carleill, our Lieutenant-General.” - -The troops divided and met in the market-place; and as those in the -castle were preparing to meet Drake’s attack from the sea, they were -surprised from behind by the soldiers marching upon them with flags -flying and music playing. The fleet ceased firing while the fate of the -town was decided in a battle. By night Drake was in possession of the -castle, the harbour, and shipping. One of the ships captured they named -the _New Year’s Gift_. - -But after all there was little of the fabled treasure to be found. The -labour in the gold and silver mines had killed the native Indians, and -the mines were no longer worked. There was plenty of food and wine to -be had, woollen and linen cloth and silk. But there was little silver; -the rich people used dishes of china and cups of glass, and their -beautiful furniture was useless as plunder. The town had to pay a large -sum of money for its ransom, and the English stayed a month, and fed at -its expense, and took away with them guns and merchandise and food and -numbers of galley-slaves, whom they set free. - -Cartagena, the capital of the Spanish Main, was the last town to be -taken, and it had been warned. It had natural defences, which made -it very difficult to attack. Drake, as we know, had been there -before, and often, since then, he must have dreamed of taking it. He -triumphantly steered his fleet by a very difficult channel into the -outer harbour. He then threatened the fort with his guns while the -soldiers were secretly landed by night. They made their way to the town -by the shore, “wading in the sea-wash,” and so avoiding the poisoned -stakes which had been placed in the ground in readiness for them. They -also routed a company of horse soldiers sent out from the fort, as the -place where they met was so “woody and scrubby” as to be unfit for -horses. So they pushed on till they made a “furious entry” into the -town, nor paused till the market-place was won, and the people fled -into the country, where they had already sent their wives and children. - -A large price or ransom was paid for this town, equal, it is said, to a -quarter of a million of our money; but it was far less than Drake had -at first demanded. But “the inconvenience of continual death” forced -them to go, for the sickness was still taking its prey from among the -men, and it also forced them to give up an attempt upon Nombre de -Dios and Panama. The voyage had been disappointing in the matter of -plunder. Most of the treasure had been taken away from the towns before -the English came, and many of the officers had died. - -They considered the idea of remaining in Cartagena and sending home for -more troops. They would have had a fine position; but they decided that -their strength was not enough to hold the town and also man the fleet -against a possible attack by the Spaniards from the sea. So the lesser -ransom was accepted; the officers offering to give up their shares to -the “poor men, both soldiers and sailors, who had adventured their -lives against the great enemy.” They then returned to England, only -stopping to water the ships. They landed again at St. Augustine, on the -coast of Florida, where they destroyed a fort and took away the guns -and a pay-chest containing two thousand pounds. - -“And so, God be thanked, we in good safety arrived at Portsmouth the -28th of July 1586, to the great glory of God, and to no small honour to -our Prince, our Country, and Ourselves.” - - - - -CHAPTER X - -CADIZ - - -When Drake returned to England, it was to hear the news of the -“Babington plot.” This was a plot to assassinate Elizabeth, and to -place Mary of Scotland on the throne. In 1587 Mary was beheaded. In -Philip’s eyes the time had at last become ripe for an invasion of -England. Now that Mary was dead, there was less danger of France and -Scotland joining forces. And Philip, as a descendant of John of Gaunt, -could put in a claim that the throne of England, at the death of -Elizabeth, should come to himself or his daughter. - -The Armada was getting ready to sail in the summer. In April, however, -Drake was sent out again with a small fleet. His flag-ship was again -the _Elizabeth Bonaventure_. His second in command was William Borough. - -His orders were “to prevent the joining together of the King of Spain’s -fleet out of their different ports. To keep victuals from them. To -follow them in case they should come out towards England or Ireland. To -cut off as many of them as he could, and prevent their landing. To set -upon the West Indian ships as they came or went.” - -But no sooner was he instructed than the Queen changed her bold orders -to milder ones. He was not to enter any port by force, nor to offer -violence to any towns, or ships in harbour. But Drake had got away to -sea without the second orders, and acted on the first. - -He had heard that the ships were gathering in Cadiz harbour, and there -he decided boldly to seek for them. The outer and inner harbours of -Cadiz were crowded with shipping, most of which was getting ready for -the invasion of England. Drake’s fleet sailed in, routed the defending -galleys, and made havoc among the ships, about thirty-seven of which -were captured, burnt, or sunk. One was a large ship belonging to the -Marquis of Santa Cruz. They carried away four ships laden with wine, -oil, biscuits, and dried fruit; “departing thence,” as Drake says, “at -our pleasure, with as much honour as we could wish.” They were chased -by Spanish galleys, which did little harm, for the wind favoured the -English as they sailed away from Cadiz. - -The Spaniards thought Drake had gone to stop the treasure fleet. But -Drake wished to stop the Armada, which was a much greater affair. -He knew now that Santa Cruz was making his headquarters at Lisbon. -Ships were gathering in the north of Spain. Recalde, one of the best -Spanish commanders, was waiting with a small fleet off Cape St. Vincent -to protect the treasure fleet when it arrived. Fifteen big ships had -escaped the attack in Cadiz harbour. The ships were to meet in Lisbon, -where Santa Cruz was collecting stores and food. - -Recalde succeeded in escaping Drake, and took his ships safely into -Lisbon. Drake resolved to secure the station he had left. This -was the castle of Sagres, near Cape St. Vincent. His own officers -were staggered with the boldness of his plan, and Borough solemnly -protested. He had urged caution before Cadiz harbour; again he pleaded -for a council of war. He was of an older school of seamen than Drake, -and was horrified at the ways of the man who was born, as it has been -said, “to break rules.” - -Drake was most indignant at his action, and put him under arrest, while -Borough expected daily that “the Admiral would have executed upon me -his bloodthirsty desire, as he did upon Doughty.” - -[Illustration: Drake at the taking of Sagres Castle] - -After reading the accounts of Drake in the stories of the different -voyages, we can understand how his men adored his spirit, and flocked -to his ship to serve under his flag. To them there was something -magical, and to the Spaniards something uncanny, in his luck. The -English called him “Fortune’s child,” and the Spanish called him “the -Devil.” But some of the officers who served with him must have liked -him less. He made his plans swiftly, and generally well; but the doing -of them had to be swift and sure. Like many great men he knew he was -right, but could not stop to reason or argue about his course. He acted -upon the instinct of his genius, with a sure and shining faith in -himself, which must have been hateful to smaller men. In the days -of his later voyages, when he had not the undivided control of his -expedition, he failed, as he never did when he was alone, “with the -ships not pestered with soldiers,” as he once said. - -The taking of the castle of Sagres seemed almost an impossibility, so -well did the rocks and steep cliffs defend the fort. Drake himself -commanded the attack on land, and in the end helped to carry and pile -the faggots against the castle gate. The commander was slain, and then -the fort surrendered. Thus Drake took possession of one of the best -places on the coast of Spain for ships to anchor and get water. - -Meanwhile, the rest of the fleet had taken and burnt fifty ships laden -with wood and hoops of seasoned wood, for which Santa Cruz was waiting -to make his water-casks. The loss of these did much damage to the -Armada, and helped to ruin it. - -On the 10th of May, having disarmed the fort of Sagres by throwing -the big guns over the cliffs into the sea, Drake brought his fleet to -anchor in Cascaes Bay, south of Lisbon. He seems to have judged Lisbon -too strong to attack from the sea. He was prepared to “distress the -ships” had they come out; and he offered battle to Santa Cruz, who, -however, was short of powder and shot, and had no ships ready as yet -for action. - -So Drake went back to Sagres to clean his ships and refresh his men. -He then sailed for the Azores. A storm parted the ships, and on the -few that were left the men were anxious to go home. The ship on which -Borough was still a prisoner deserted. Drake believed that Borough was -responsible for this; and, though he was beyond reach, in his anger -Drake sentenced him, with his chief officers, to death as mutineers. - -Drake went on with his nine remaining ships, and came upon a splendid -prize, the big _San Felipe_, the greatest ship in all Portugal, richly -laden with spice, china, silk, and chests of gold and jewels. This -prize was valued at nearly a million pounds; and, besides, she carried -secret papers of great value concerning the East India trade. - -On the 26th of June, Drake returned home after his brilliant campaign. -Santa Cruz had indeed gone out to chase him, but it was too late. - -Borough was not found guilty by the court of law where Drake accused -him; but his grief of mind endured long. Some time after, he wrote -that “he was very fain to ease it as he might, hoping in good time he -should.” - - - - -CHAPTER XI - -THE GREAT ARMADA - - -Drake’s raid upon the Spanish coast made it impossible for the Armada -to sail in 1587. But after waiting so long Philip made his preparations -with an almost feverish haste. The death of his great general, Santa -Cruz, hindered his plans very much. Santa Cruz was a commander of -experience and renown, and the man most fitted, both by his rank and -his qualities, to undertake “the enterprise of England.” - -The man chosen to succeed him was the Duke of Medina Sidonia, whose -exalted rank seems to have been his chief claim to the difficult place -into which he was thrust by Philip. He had no desire to take the place; -he wrote to Philip and told him quite simply that he was no seaman, and -knew little about naval fighting and less about England. But he was -ordered to take the fleet into the English Channel and take possession -of Margate. He was then to send ships to bring the Duke of Parma and -his army in safety to England, when Parma was to assume the command of -the expedition. - -But, after all, the Armada was not ready to sail till July 1588, and -the months between then and January were filled by the English with -preparations for defence. They had to face the difficulties, much -greater then than now, of keeping both men and ships on the seas, and -yet fit for action. Life on board ship tried the men very severely. We -have seen how often sickness broke out among the sailors if they were -kept long to their crowded, unhealthy quarters. The feeding of both -navies seems to have been a task of great difficulty. This was due to -the hurried demand for vast quantities of stores, such as biscuit and -salt meat The Spaniards, too, owing to Drake’s foresight, had lost -their water-casks, and had to depend on new ones of unseasoned wood, -which leaked. - -Lord Howard, a cousin of the Queen, was made Lord High Admiral -of England, and Drake was his Vice-Admiral and John Hawkins his -Rear-Admiral. With them served many other famous men, such as Fenner, -Frobisher, Wynter, and Seymour, and many younger men from noble -families. All were working hard, with spirits stretched to an unusual -pitch of endurance. In the letters they wrote about the business in -hand to the Queen and her Ministers of State there is a note of high -courage and defiance; and a distant echo comes down to us from the -dim old letters of all the stir and bustle as the men gathered to the -ships, and of the hum of excitement about the clamouring dockyards. The -shipwrights were working day and night Lord Howard says he has been on -board every ship “where any man may creep,” and thanks God for their -good state, and that “never a one of them knows what a leak means.” Sir -William Wynter tells how badly the ships had suffered in the winter -storms, but adds: “Our ships doth show themselves like gallants here. I -assure you it will do a man’s heart good to behold them; and would to -God the Prince of Parma were upon the seas with all his forces, and we -in the view of them; then I doubt not but that you should hear we would -make his enterprises very unpleasant to him.” - -The ships are always spoken of like live creatures, and their personal -histories are well known and remembered. Lord Howard says of his Ark -(which was bought of Sir Walter Raleigh by the Queen): “And I pray you -tell her Majesty from me that her money was well given for the Ark -_Ralegh_, for I think her the odd (only) ship in the world for all -conditions; and truly I think there can no great ship make me change -and go out of her.” And again: “I mean not to change out of her I am in -for any ship that ever was made.” - -Drake had “her Majesty’s very good ship the _Revenge_” which was so -famous then and afterwards. Lord Henry Seymour writes from on board -“the _Elizabeth Bonaventure_, the fortunate ship where Sir Francis -Drake received all his good haps.” Howard and Drake, with other -commanders of experience, were of one mind; they wanted to go out and -meet the enemy upon the coasts of Spain, and so prevent the Spanish -fleet from ever reaching England. - -Howard pressed this opinion as that of men whom the world judged to -be the wisest in the kingdom. But the Queen was unwilling to send the -fleet away, and she still talked of making peace. - -Both the Spaniards and the English were persuaded that God was -fighting with them. Philip told the Duke of Medina Sidonia, that as -the cause was the cause of God, he could not fail. In England Drake -was saying that “the Lord is on our side”; and Fenner wrote to the -Queen: “God mightily defend my gracious Mistress from the raging enemy; -not doubting that all the world shall know and see that her Majesty’s -little army, guided by the finger of God, shall beat down the pride of -His enemies and hers, to His great glory.” Nowadays we do not look upon -our enemies as necessarily the enemies of God. - -Howard’s letters show a very noble mind. He grudged no time or labour -in the ordering of his fleet, down to the smallest matters. He is full -of care for the mariners, and is anxious that they should be well paid -and fed. He takes the advice of Drake and the other seamen of greater -experience than himself. - -The fleet did at last go out, but was driven back by the winds; and -suddenly, after the fret and worry and strain of all those months, -there is a pause, and Howard writes: “Sir, I will not trouble you -with any long letter; we are at this present otherwise occupied than -with writing. Upon Friday, at Plymouth, I received intelligence that -there was a great number of ships descried off the Lizard: whereupon, -although the wind was very scant, we first warped out of harbour that -night, and upon Saturday turned out very hardly, the wind being at -south-west; and about three of the clock in the afternoon, descried -the Spanish fleet, and did what we could to work for the wind, which -by this morning we had recovered.... At nine of the clock we gave them -fight, which continued until one.... Sir, the captains in her Majesty’s -ships have behaved themselves most bravely and like men hitherto, and -I doubt not will continue, to their great commendation.... Sir, the -southerly wind that brought us back from the coast of Spain brought -them out.” - -William Hawkins, then Mayor of Plymouth, writes that the “Spanish fleet -was in view of this town yesternight, and the Lord Admiral passed to -the sea and out of sight.” They could see the fleets fighting, the -English being to windward of the enemy. He was sending out men as fast -as he could find ships to carry them. - -There is a legend that Drake and his officers were playing bowls on -Plymouth Hoe when the news that the Armada was in the Channel was -brought to him by the captain of a pinnace. Drake calmly finished his -game, the story says, saying there was time to do that and to beat the -Spaniards too. - -As the Spanish ships lay in the English Channel, blinded with the mist -and rain, the Duke sent a boat to get news. Four fishermen of Falmouth -were brought away who had that evening seen the English fleet go out of -Plymouth, “under the charge of the English Admiral and of Drake.” - -The Spaniards had come out ready to fight in the old way, in which they -had won so many brilliant victories. They had always fought their naval -battles with great armies on great ships, much as they would fight on -land. The soldiers despised big guns, and liked better the bravery of a -close fight, “with hand-thrusts and push of pike.” The sailors were not -prepared to fight at all, but with the help of slaves they sailed the -big galleys and fighting ships, and the swarm of smaller troop-ships -and store-ships that swelled the numbers of the fleet which carried an -army. - -[Illustration: Drake at bowls on Plymouth Hoe] - -The numbers of the ships on both sides are now said to have been -not so very unequal. If the Spaniards could have fought in their own -way, they must have been easily victorious. But the English had got the -wind at their back and the enemy in front of them, and being better -masters of their ships, they had the choice, and they chose to fight -at a distance, and never to board the big ships till they were already -helpless. - -Their ships were newer, and built on different lines, and could sail -faster. They were smaller than our modern men-of-war, but carried more -guns for their size. They were, as the Spaniards said, “very nimble and -of good steerage, so that the English did with them as they desired. -And our ships being very heavy compared with the lightness of those of -the enemy, it was impossible to come to hand-stroke with them.” - -The English ships were manned with sailors and gunners who could both -sail the ships and fight the enemy. The guns were fired at the hulls -of the Spanish ships and not wasted on the enemy’s rigging, which was -harder to aim at. - -The fleets met on the 21st of July, and there followed a week of -fighting and of disasters to the Spaniards. Yet as the news of their -coming up the Channel came to those on shore, who watched beside the -beacon fires with anxious hearts, the danger must have seemed little -less fearful than before. Those who viewed the “greatness and hugeness -of the Spanish army” from the sea, considered that the only way to move -them was by fire-ships. - -Sidonia had steered his great fleet magnificently through the dangers -of the Channel; he anchored outside Calais to await the answer to the -urgent messages he had sent to the Duke of Parma. But, as we know, the -“Narrow Seas” were well watched by the English, and they were so helped -by the Dutch that Parma never reached the shores of England. - -Eight fire-ships were hastily prepared and sent down upon the Spanish -fleet, “all burning fiercely. These worked great mischief among the -Spanish ships (though none of them took fire), for in the panic their -cables and anchors were slipped.” - -The great fight took place off Gravelines, on the Flemish coast, where -most of the scattered ships of the Armada had drifted in the general -confusion. The English hastened to take advantage of this confusion, -while Sidonia was forming his fleet again into battle order. They “set -upon the fleet of Spain (led by Sir Francis Drake in the _Revenge_) -and gave them a sharp fight,” while Lord Howard stopped to capture a -helpless ship, the finest, they said, upon the sea. “And that day, Sir -Francis’ ship was riddled with every kind of shot.” - -The fight went on from nine in the morning till six at night, when the -Spanish fleet bore away, beaten, towards the north. Howard says that -“after the fight, notwithstanding that our powder and shot was well -near all spent, we set on a brag-countenance and gave them chase as -though we had wanted nothing (or lacked nothing) until we had cleared -our own coast and some part of Scotland of them.” - -Drake was appointed to follow the fleet, and he writes, “We have the -army of Spain before us, and mind, with the grace of God, to wrestle -a pull with him. There was never anything pleased me better than the -seeing the enemy flying with a southerly wind to the northwards. God -grant you have a good eye to the Duke of Parma: for with the grace of -God, if we live, I doubt it not but ere it be long so to handle the -matter with the Duke of Sidonia as he shall wish himself at St. Mary -Port among his orange trees.” - -At the end of this letter he says, “I crave pardon of your honour for -my haste, for that I had to watch this last night upon the enemy.” And -in another letter to Walsingham he signs himself, “Your honour’s most -ready to be commanded but now half-sleeping Francis Drake.” - -Many of the Spanish ships, being so crippled, were wrecked in stormy -weather off the coasts of Scotland and Ireland, which were unknown to -them, and thus the more dangerous. Not half of those who put out to -sea ever reached Spain again. Many men were killed in battle or died -of their wounds, and they were the most fortunate, for others were -drowned, or perished miserably by the hands of the natives of the -coasts. Some who escaped were put to death by the Queen’s orders, and -some lingered in the foul prisons of that time. The instinct of savage -cruelty revives, even in highly civilised races, in time of war, and -spreads, like an infection. - -[Illustration: Fighting the Great Armada] - -We get a glimpse, in an old list of plunder taken from the Spanish -prisoners, of the brave looks of the vanished host, that included -the flower of Spanish youth and chivalry. There were “breeches and -jerkins of silk, and hose of velvet, all laid over with gold lace, -a pair of breeches of yellow satin, drawn out with cloth of silver, -a leather jerkin, perfumed with amber and laid over with a gold and -silver lace, a jerkin embroidered with flowers, and a blue stitched -taffety hat, with a silver band and a plume of feathers.” - -For some time England was haunted by fears that the Armada would return -to her coasts, or that Parma would avenge himself. But the reports of -the many wrecks and of the massacre of Spanish soldiers eased this -present anxiety. And it was well, for fever and sickness broke out -in the English ships, and the men were dying in hundreds, “sickening -one day and dying the next,” as the letters say. The ships had to be -disinfected and many of the men dispersed. - - - - -CHAPTER XII - -EXPEDITION TO LISBON - - -The great Armada was scattered, and yet the English did not feel secure -from their enemy. The sight of that fleet so near their shores in “its -terror and majesty,” and the memory of its vast army of well-drilled -soldiers, left a feeling of deep uneasiness in the minds of wise men. -“Sir,” writes Howard to Walsingham, “safe bind, safe find. A kingdom -is a great wager. Sir, you know security is dangerous: and had God not -been our best friend, we should have found it so. Some made little -account of the Spanish force by sea: but I do warrant you, all the -world never saw such a force as theirs was....” - -Fortune had favoured England this time, but what if Philip built newer -and lighter ships, and really succeeded in landing his army? They did -not as yet know that Philip had no money to build his ships with, and -rumours of a second invasion were plentiful. - -The Spaniards, it is true, had suffered great loss and a crushing -defeat to their pride, but they had not, after all, lost anything that -they already had, but only failed to get something they wanted very -badly to have, and the second kind of loss matters far less than the -first. - -But, on the other hand, if the English had been defeated, it is -difficult to think how darkly their history might have been changed. -It was this thought that made the wise men sober in the midst of the -national joy and exultation. They saw how much England, as an island, -must depend for strength and defence upon her navy, and they saw this -much more clearly than before. But Drake had seen it for a long time. -And he had seen something more. He had seen that the English navy must -be ready and able to protect her merchant ships by distressing and -attacking her enemies abroad, and that this was a means of keeping the -enemy so busy abroad that he could not invade the peace of England at -home. - -Elizabeth was eager to complete the destruction of Philip’s navy, -now so much crippled. In the spring of 1589 she consented to a new -expedition being fitted out, and appointed Sir John Norreys and Sir -Francis Drake as commanders-in-chief. The two men had fought together -in Ireland. “Black John Norreys,” as he was called, came of a famous -fighting family, and had served in the Lowlands and in France with high -courage and skill. During the Spanish invasion he had been made chief -of the land forces. It is said that in one battle he went on fighting -after three horses had been killed under him. With him went his brother -Edward, and a famous Welsh captain, Sir Roger Williams, was his second -in command. - -The objects of the expedition were: first, to distress the King of -Spain’s ships; second, to get possession of some of the islands of the -Azores in order to waylay the treasure ships; and, lastly, to try to -recover for Don Antonio his lost kingdom of Portugal. - -Money for this expedition was raised from every possible source. The -Queen gave six royal ships and two pinnaces, money, food, and arms. The -forces were made up of soldiers, gentlemen who wished to make their -fortunes in war, and English and Dutch sailors and recruits, most of -whom were pressed. With this large but mixed army the generals prepared -to face the best-trained soldiers in Europe. - -As usual, there were many delays. The ships were not ready to go out, -and much of the food was consumed before they started. More was not to -be had, though Drake and Norreys wrote letter after letter begging for -supplies. The Queen had already begun to regard the expedition with -disfavour. Some days before the fleet sailed, the young Earl of Essex, -her latest Court favourite, had slipped away to sea with Sir Roger -Williams on the _Swiftsure_. He was tired of a courtier’s life, and -wanted to breathe freer air, and to help to fight the Spaniards. The -Queen was very angry, and sent orders for his arrest, accusing Drake -and Norreys of aiding his escape. But they declared they knew nothing -of his plans. - -About this time some Flemish ships appeared in Plymouth harbour laden -with barley and wine, and Drake seized their cargoes in the Queen’s -name to victual his fleet, and sailed early in April. The weather was -so rough that several of the ships containing troops were unable to get -beyond the Channel, but even with lesser numbers the crews were short -of food before they reached Spain. - -Philip was very ill at this time, and in grave anxiety. He knew -that Drake and the English ships might land on his coasts, that the -French might cross the mountains with an invading force, and that the -Portuguese might arise in rebellion to win back the crown for Don -Antonio. This last danger seemed to Philip the most urgent, and Drake -guessed this, and landed his men on the north-west coast at Corunna. - -In doing this he tried to obey the Queen’s orders to distress the -King’s ships, and also, no doubt, to satisfy the craving of his hungry -crews for food and plunder. The lower town of Corunna was taken, and -much wine and food consumed and much wasted. The townsfolk were routed -and put to the sword, and their houses burned. An attempt to take the -upper town failed, but the English were the victors in a sharp battle -which took place some miles from the town, and they thus secured their -retreat to the ships and sailed away. - -The presence of Drake on the coasts caused great panic, for his name -and luck had become a terror to the people. Philip felt deeply -insulted that such an attack should be made “by a woman, mistress of -half an island, with the help of a pirate and a common soldier.” In -Spain, as we have seen, the command was always given to gentlemen of -high birth and breeding and title. - -Four days after leaving Corunna, the fleet first sighted some of the -missing ships, and also the _Swiftsure_ with the missing Earl, who had -“put himself into the journey against the opinion of the world, and, -as it seemed, to the hazard of his great fortune.” The _Swiftsure_ had -taken six prizes off Cape St. Vincent. - -The two generals had from the first wished to go straight to Lisbon, -and it is thought that if they had done so, and thus given the -Spaniards no warning of their coming, they might have had success. -But they were hindered by the Queen’s orders to destroy the shipping -now collected in the northern ports, and chiefly in Santander. After -leaving Corunna, however, they decided in council not to attempt that -port, both soldiers and sailors reasoning that the conditions did not -favour an attack. - -They landed next at the Portuguese town of Peniche, which lies about -fifty miles north of Lisbon. It was difficult to land on the surf-bound -coast, and some of the boats were upset and battered. At last, Essex -sprang into the waves and waded ashore with his soldiers and climbed -the steep cliffs. The commandant, thus surprised, willingly surrendered -to Antonio as his lawful king, “The king” soon had a following of -peasants and friars, but neither nobles nor soldiers came to help him. -He was eager to march to Lisbon, where he thought he was sure of a -welcome. Norreys resolved to march there overland. Drake, it is said, -would have liked better to attack the town from the sea in his usual -daring but successful fashion. But the soldiers’ plan carried the -day; and leaving some ships at Peniche, Drake promised, if he could, -to bring the fleet to meet them at Cascaes, at the mouth of the river -Tagus, south of Lisbon. - -There, when he arrived, he waited, not liking to venture up the river -without knowing where the soldiers were, and not liking to quit the -sea, where he could give them the means of retreat if necessary. -For this he was very much blamed by the soldiers at the time, and -afterwards when he got home. The point is still disputed. - -Meanwhile the army was encamped outside the walls of Lisbon, but -they never got inside. The Portuguese refused to join Don Antonio’s -party, and the Spanish governor kept the gates shut in a grim and -heroic defence. The English sailors were sick and hungry; they had had -no exercise on board ship to keep them healthy, and were exhausted -with the heat. The stores and guns were on the ships with Drake. So, -reluctantly, they left the suburbs of Lisbon and marched to Cascaes, -where they embarked, not without some loss, and sailed away. - -While they were still disputing in the councils, a fleet of German -ships were sighted, and most of them secured. They were carrying corn -and stores to Spain, against the rules of war, which bind countries not -concerned in the quarrel to help neither foe. So the English seized -sixty ships and the stores, both of which had been destined to furnish -the new Armada of Spain. - -Next came into view some English ships with supplies, but also with -angry letters from the Queen; in answer to which Essex was sent home -bearing the news that the expedition, though diminished by sickness and -death, still meant to sail to the Azores. - -On June the 8th a wind had scattered the fleet, and suddenly left it -becalmed. The Lisbon galleys came out and cut off four English ships. - -The winds continued to prevent the fleet from going towards the Azores, -and all this time hundreds of sick and wounded men were dying. After -seventeen days at sea, they landed at the town of Vigo and burned it, -and laid waste the country round. At length storms and sickness and -ill-fortune drove them home, and the expedition, woefully shrunken, -straggled miserably back. Don Antonio died, poor and forsaken, some -years later. The English had done a considerable amount of damage, but -at great cost to themselves; for the loss of life was terrible, and -that of money very considerable. Both Norreys and Drake were called -upon to account for their failure, and at the time Drake got the most -of the blame. Perhaps he was more hardly judged because failure had -never come near him before, and his successes had always been so -brilliant. His best friends at Court were dead, and for five years he -was not asked to act in the Queen’s service. So five years of his life -which should have been the most active were spent in retirement, if not -actually in “disgrace with fortune and men’s eyes.” - -The war was carried on upon the old lines of distressing the King’s -ships, but with very poor success. After Drake’s voyage round the -world, which encouraged other adventurers and treasure-seekers, the -Spanish treasure-fleet had been carefully guarded. This was done by -strongly fortifying the coast stations, by providing an armed escort, -and a service of light ships, which went frequently to and fro with -letters of advice and warning from the Indies to Spain. - -Drake had ruined this defence in 1585, and in 1588 again many of the -guard-ships had to be used in the service of the Armada. A really -strong English fleet might at this time have stayed the treasure, but -Philip continued to gather in his gold, and also began, with splendid -patience, to rebuild his navy. In 1591 a royal squadron was sent -out under Lord Thomas Howard, and the great battle of Sir Richard -Grenville on the _Revenge_ was fought, “the fight of the one and the -fifty-three,” with the loss of that ship and the victory of the Spanish -fleet. The Queen made a fighting alliance with Henry the Fourth of -France, who was the enemy of Philip, and this she felt would help to -keep him out of England. Philip was now trying to establish a fortified -station on the north coast of Brittany, from which his new Armada might -be despatched. - - - - -CHAPTER XIII - -THE LAST VOYAGE - - -Drake had settled in Buckland Abbey, which he had bought from Sir -Richard Grenville. He helped to prepare and furnish ships for some -of the different excursions against Spain, and he spent much time on -schemes to improve Plymouth. He paid to have pure water brought to the -town from many miles away; he had flour-mills built, that the sailors -might have good biscuits provided for them, and he overlooked the -work of fortifying Plymouth, and making it in all ways a strong naval -station. - -As the danger of a fresh invasion by Philip grew more threatening, -Drake was called to Court again, and it was about this time that he -gave to the Queen his written story of the voyage to Nombre de Dios. - -In 1595 a fresh expedition was arranged for the Indies, and after the -usual bewildering indecision at Court, and difference of views and -plans (delays that proved fatal to an excursion whose proper nature was -to be swift and secret, and above all things powerful), on August 28, -1598, Sir Francis Drake started on his last voyage. - -The story of the expedition begins by saying that “the Spaniard leaves -no means untried to turn the peace of England into a cursed thraldom, -and this is shown by his attempts, and also by his greedy desires to be -our neighbour in Brittany, to gain so near us a quiet and safe road for -his fleet. So the forces were sent to invade him in that kingdom from -whence he has feathers to fly to the top of his high desires. - -“The invasion was glorious spoken of long before it was sent, and Sir -Francis Drake was named General. For his very name was a great terror -to all in those parts, and he had done many things in those countries -to his honourable fame and profit. But entering into them as the Child -of Fortune, it may be that his self-willed and peremptory (despotic) -command was doubted, and that caused her Majesty, as it should seem, -to join Sir John Hawkins as second in command. He was an old, wary man, -and so leaden-footed” (or slow in action) “that Drake’s meat would be -eaten before his was cooked. They were men of such different natures -that what one desired the other commonly opposed. The journey had so -glorious a name that crowds of volunteers came to them, and they had -to discharge such few as they had pressed. Yet many times it was very -doubtful if the voyage would be made, till at last the news came of a -ship of the King of Spain, which was driven into Puerto Rico with two -millions and a half of treasure. So her Majesty commanded them to haste -their departure, which they did with twenty-seven ships.” - -The generals began to disagree soon after. Drake wanted to begin with -an attack upon the Canaries, and Hawkins thought it unnecessary and -unwise; and, as the story says, “the fire which lay hidden in their -stomachs began to break forth.” - -It was five years since Drake had fought with his old enemies. He did -not know how much stronger the Spanish defence at sea had become, -owing to the lessons he had given them, nor how complete Philip had -made the protection of the traffic and the treasure-ships. He was to -see this first at the Canary Islands, where he tried, and failed, to -make one of his old surprise visits. - -The fleet sailed on, and anchored on the 29th of October, for water, -at Guadeloupe. The _Delight_ was the last of the ships to arrive the -next day, and she brought news that the _Francis_, a small ship of the -company, was taken by five Spanish ships, which had been sent out by -Philip to bring home the wrecked ship at Puerto Rico. This was a great -misfortune, because Sir John Hawkins had made known to all the company, -“even to the basest mariners,” the places whither they were bound, -naming Puerto Rico, Nombre de Dios, and Panama. Now the Spaniards would -learn this from their prisoners, and at once send warning to the coasts. - -Drake wanted to give chase at once, but Hawkins was old and cautious, -and desired to stay and mount his guns, take in water, set up his -pinnaces, and make all things ready to meet the Spaniards. - -And Sir John prevailed, “for that he was sickly, Sir Francis being -loath to breed his further disquiet.” It took four days to make those -preparations, and always the sickness of Sir John increased. On the -12th of October Drake brought the fleet up by a secret way to Puerto -Rico, and about three o’clock that afternoon Sir John Hawkins died. - -In the evening, as Drake sat at supper, his chair was shot from under -him, and two of his officers received their death wounds from the -Spanish guns. The ships had to move away. The next night the English -made a desperate effort to fire the five ships that had come for the -treasure. Four of them were set alight, but only one was burnt, and by -the great light she gave the Spaniards “played upon the English with -their ordnance and small shot as if it had been fair day,” and sunk -some of the boats. - -Next day Drake, undaunted by failure, determined to try and take his -whole fleet boldly into the harbour and storm the place. But the -Spaniards, guessing his desperate intention, and fearing his great -courage, sunk four ships laden with merchandise and armed, as they -were, and so, at a great sacrifice, blocked the way for the English. - -Drake took counsel with the soldiers as to the strength of the place, -but most of them thought it too great a risk, though one or two were -for trying it. “The General presently said: ‘I will bring you to twenty -places far more wealthy and easier to be gotten;’ and hence we went on -the 15th. And here,” says the teller of the story, “I left all hope of -good success.” - -On the way to Nombre de Dios they stopped at Rio de la Hacha, where -Drake had first been wronged by the Spaniards. This town they took with -little difficulty, and some treasure was won. - -On December 27th they were at Nombre de Dios, which they took with -small resistance. But the people had been warned, and had fled and -hidden their treasure, and the town was left very bare. So they -resolved to “hasten with speed to Panama.” The soldiers were under the -command of Sir Thomas Baskerville, who had been a brave fighter against -the Spaniards before now in Holland and France. They started to go -to Panama by the old road well known to Drake. He, meanwhile, stayed -with the ships and burned the town. He was about to sail nearer the -river when news came that the soldiers were returning. The road was -only too strongly defended now, and Baskerville’s men were driven back -with severe loss. They were a small force, and weak with the long march -through heavy rains; their powder was wet and their food scarce and -sodden, and Baskerville decided upon a retreat. “This march,” says the -story, “had made many swear that they would never buy gold at such a -price again.” - -Drake, being disappointed of his highest hopes, now called a council to -decide what was to be done. All the towns had been forewarned, and told -“to be careful and look well to themselves, for that Drake and Hawkins -were making ready in England to come upon them.” And now the company -seem to have regarded their leader with some bitterness, as his brave -promises failed, and the places that he used to know were found to be -changed and formidable. Now they had to rely “upon cards and maps, he -being at these parts at the farthest limit of his knowledge.” But -still he proposed fresh places that had the golden sound of riches in -their names, and gallant Baskerville said he would attempt both, one -after another. - -But the winds drove them instead to a “waste island, which is counted -the sickliest place in the Indies, and there died many of the men, and -victuals began to grow scarce. Here,” says Maynarde, who writes the -story, “I was often private with our General, and I demanded of him -why he so often begged me, being in England, to stay with him in these -parts as long as himself.... He answered me with grief, protesting -that he was as ignorant of the Indies as myself, and that he never -thought any place could be so changed, as it were, from a delicious -and pleasant arbour into a waste and desert wilderness: besides the -variableness and changes of the wind and weather, so stormy and -blustrous as he never saw it before. But he most wondered that since -his coming out of England he never saw sail worth giving chase unto. -Yet, in the greatness of his mind, he would, in the end, conclude with -these words: ‘It matters not, man; God hath many things in store for -us. And I know many means to do her Majesty good service and to make us -rich, for we must have gold before we reach England.’ - -“And since our return from Panama he never carried mirth nor joy in his -face, yet no man he loved must show he took thought thereof. And he -began to grow sickly. And now so many of the company were dying of the -sickness, and food was getting so scarce, that at last he resolved ‘to -depart and take the wind as God sent it.’” - -But the lurking fever in the swamp had done its work, and on January -28, 1596, after a brief fight with illness and death, Drake “yielded up -his spirit like a Christian to his Creator quietly in his cabin.” - -“The General being dead,” we are told, “most men’s hearts were bent to -hasten for England as soon as they might. ‘Fortune’s Child,’ they -said, ‘was dead; things would not fall into their mouths, nor riches be -their portions, how dearly soever they adventured for them.’” - -But Sir Thomas Baskerville assumed the command and took the remains of -the fleet in his charge, and did not return home till he had met the -Spaniards and fought a battle with them at sea. - -Before the fleet left Puerto Rico he burned that port, and sunk two of -the ships no longer needed, and all the prizes. And there, a league -from the shore, under seas, he left the body of Sir Francis Drake, -heavily freighted with death and silence. But I like to think that his -soul went a-roving again among the stars. - - THE END - - - Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO. - Edinburgh & London - - - - -TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES - - --Illustrations have been moved up or down from their original - positions to avoid interrupting the flow of adjacent paragraphs. - --Archaic and variant spellings have been retained. - --Hyphenation across this e-text are as originally typeset. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF SIR FRANCIS -DRAKE *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The Story of Sir Francis Drake</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em;'>The Children's Heroes Series</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Letitia MacColl Elton</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Illustrator: T. H. Robinson</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: April 18, 2022 [eBook #67864]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: D A Alexander and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by University of California libraries)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF SIR FRANCIS DRAKE ***</div> - -<div class="figcenter hide"><img src="images/cover.jpg" width="40%" alt="" /></div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter adblock"> -<p class="no-indent">THE CHILDREN’S HEROES SERIES</p> - -<p class="no-indent"><span class="smcap">Edited by John Lang</span></p> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p class="ph2 center no-indent"><span class="smaller">THE STORY OF</span><br /> -SIR FRANCIS DRAKE</p></div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="center no-indent">TO<br /> -CHARLES SUTHERLAND ELTON</p></div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> -<a id="Frontispiece"><img class="box" src="images/i_frontispiece.jpg" width="400" alt="Queen Elizabeth knighting Drake on board the -‘Golden Hind’ at Deptford" /></a></div> - -<p class="caption no-indent">Queen Elizabeth knighting Drake on board the<br /> -‘Golden Hind’ at Deptford</p></div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h1><span class="smaller">THE STORY OF</span><br /> -SIR<br /> -FRANCIS DRAKE</h1></div> - -<p class="center bgap">BY MRS. OLIVER ELTON<br /> -PICTURES BY T. H. ROBINSON</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 180px;"> -<img src="images/i_logo.jpg" width="180" alt="Publishers Logo" /></div> - -<p class="center no-indent gap">LONDON: T. C. & E. C. JACK<br /> -NEW YORK: E. P. DUTTON & CO.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<div class="chapter"> - -<p class="center no-indent">Printed by<br /> -<span class="smcap">Ballantyne, Hanson & Co.</span><br /> -Edinburgh<br /> -</p></div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph2 nobreak">PREFACE</p></div> - -<p class="no-indent"><span class="smcap">It</span> has not been possible, for lack of space, -always to tell the old stories in the original -words, which are, in almost all cases, the -best. If any readers of this book can get -a sight of two big volumes called “Drake -and the Tudor Navy,” by Julian Corbett, -they may consider themselves fortunate. In -them there are the most fascinating reproductions -of pictures of old fighting ships, -and old charts or maps of the taking of -Cartagena, St. Domingo, and St. Augustine -by Drake’s ships. Here the ships are seen -approaching and attacking; the towns are -shown, and the soldiers, and the seas are -full of wonderful curly monsters. The old -charts of the invasion of the Spanish Armada -show the shifting position of the fleets from -day to day, and the books also contain -many maps and a fine portrait.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="nobreak ph2">CONTENTS</p></div> - -<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="3" summary="CONTENTS"> - -<tr><td class="tdc"><small>Chapter</small></td> -<td> </td> -<td class="tdl"><small>Page</small></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdch">I.</td> -<td class="tdl">Philip of Spain</td> -<td class="tdbr"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdch">II.</td> -<td class="tdl">“The Troublesome Voyage”</td> -<td class="tdbr"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdch">III.</td> -<td class="tdl">Nombre de Dios</td> -<td class="tdbr"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdch">IV.</td> -<td class="tdl">Fort Diego</td> -<td class="tdbr"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdch">V.</td> -<td class="tdl">The Golden Mule-trains</td> -<td class="tdbr"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdch">VI.</td> -<td class="tdl">Home Again</td> -<td class="tdbr"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdch">VII.</td> -<td class="tdl">Round the World</td> -<td class="tdbr"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdch">VIII.</td> -<td class="tdl">Round the World (<i>continued</i>)</td> -<td class="tdbr"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdch">IX.</td> -<td class="tdl">Sir Francis</td> -<td class="tdbr"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdch">X.</td> -<td class="tdl">Cadiz</td> -<td class="tdbr"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdch">XI.</td> -<td class="tdl">The Great Armada</td> -<td class="tdbr"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdch">XII.</td> -<td class="tdl">Expedition to Lisbon</td> -<td class="tdbr"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdch">XIII.</td> -<td class="tdl">The Last Voyage</td> -<td class="tdbr"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td></tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph2 nobreak">LIST OF PICTURES</p></div> - -<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="3" summary="LIST OF PICTURES"> - -<tr><td colspan="2"> </td> -<td class="tdr"><small>Page</small></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdl">Queen Elizabeth knighting Drake on Board the<br /> -<i>Golden Hind</i> at Deptford</td> -<td> </td> -<td class="tdbr"><a href="#Frontispiece"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdl">Drake carrying to Court the News of his Voyage</td> -<td> </td> -<td class="tdbr"><a href="#illo1">14</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdl">Drake wounded at Nombre de Dios</td> -<td> </td> -<td class="tdbr"><a href="#illo2">22</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdl">The Maroon Chief showing the Atlantic and Pacific<br /> -Oceans from the tree-top</td> -<td> </td> -<td class="tdbr"><a href="#illo3">30</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdl">Sir Francis Drake</td> -<td> </td> -<td class="tdbr"><a href="#illo4">72</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdl">Drake at the taking of Sagres Castle</td> -<td> </td> -<td class="tdbr"><a href="#illo5">84</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdl">Drake at Bowls on Plymouth Hoe</td> -<td> </td> -<td class="tdbr"><a href="#illo6">94</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdl">Fighting the Great Armada</td> -<td> </td> -<td class="tdbr"><a href="#illo7">98</a></td></tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</span></p> -<p class="nobreak ph1"><span class="smaller">THE STORY OF</span><br /> -SIR FRANCIS DRAKE</p> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I<br /> -<span class="smaller">PHILIP OF SPAIN</span></h2></div> - -<p class="no-indent"><span class="dropcap">D</span><span class="smcap">uring</span> the life of Francis Drake, -Philip the Second of Spain was the -most powerful king in Europe. Spain -and the Netherlands belonged to him, parts -of Italy, France, and Germany, and a great -part of America. From Mexico, Peru, and -the West Indian Islands Spanish ships -sailed home with treasure of silver and -gold, as they do in fairy tales, while -Portuguese ships traded in Africa for -slaves and gold and ivory, and had even -ventured as far as the then little-known -East Indies. Lastly, Philip added Portugal -and its possessions to his vast inheritance, -<span class="pagenum2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</span>and would have liked to hold all the world -“for God and for Spain.” Being himself -a good Catholic, he wished to see all men -of that faith, and to those who did not -believe in it he was a merciless foe, and -he shed the blood of many martyrs.</p> - -<p>Now Drake hated Philip and the Pope -more than anything in the world, as -much as he loved England and honoured -his own Queen Elizabeth. He spent most -of his life in making war against the King -of Spain in one way or another, calling it -all, as he told Queen Elizabeth, “service -done to your Majesty by your poor vassal -(or servant) against your great enemy.”</p> - -<p>During Drake’s life wars about religion -were raging in almost every European -country. In France the struggle ended by -most people remaining Catholics, just as -England, after Elizabeth’s reign, was always -a Protestant country. But such changes -really take long to come about, especially -in days when news travelled slowly, when -there were no trains or steamships, and no -penny newspapers.</p> - -<p>Francis Drake was born when Edward -the Sixth was king, in a farmhouse near -Tavistock in Devonshire; but while he was -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</span>quite a young child his father, who was a -Protestant, had to fly from his country home, -owing to an outbreak of anger among his -Catholic neighbours. So the first stories -the little Francis would hear must have -been tales of this time of persecution, when -many of his father’s friends had to hide -in woods and caves, and lost all they possessed. -From his very cradle he must have -been taught to hate the “Papists.”</p> - -<p>The new home was rather a strange -one, for the old books say Drake’s father -went to Kent, “to inhabit in the hull of a -ship, wherein many of his younger sons -were born. He had twelve in all, and as -it pleased God that most of them should -be born upon the water, so the greater -part of them died at sea.” The father -seems to have been a sailor at one time, -and he now got a place among the seamen -of the King’s Navy, to read prayers to -them. The Navy ships were anchored off -Chatham when not in use, and here, in an -old unused warship, the elder Drake and -his family made their floating home. Here -most of the twelve boys were born, a -troop of merry children, and many a fine -game they must have had on the decks. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</span>The sound of wind and waves must have -been familiar to them as they went to sleep -at nights, and they grew up strong and -fearless, and, living as they did among -sailors, must have early set their hearts on -going to sea and having adventures.</p> - -<p>At the death of King Edward the Sixth -the Catholic Queen Mary began to reign, -and Philip, then Prince of Spain, came over -to marry her. He looked “very gallant,” -they said, in his suit of white kid, covered -with gold embroidery, and was followed by -a train of splendid-looking Spanish nobles, -and he brought quantities of gold and silver, -borne on the backs of horses. But the -English people hated the foreign marriage, -and so strong was this feeling that in the -winter before the wedding even the children -in the streets shouted against the Spaniards -and snowballed them as they went to Court. -Perhaps Francis Drake and his brothers -left their usual games to play at being -Philip and the English, like some other -lads, of whom we read that their play -became so real and exciting that they were -only just prevented from hanging the boy -who acted the part of Philip. The King of -Spain might have seen his son upon the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</span>English throne, but this hope, like so many -of his, was doomed to be defeated, for -Mary died childless, and Elizabeth came to -the throne.</p> - -<p>As Drake’s father was at this time a poor -man, he put his son Francis to learn seamanship -of the master of a bark or small -ship that used to coast along the shore -and sometimes carried merchandise to -France and the Netherlands. At this time -he must have had to suffer many hardships -and to live a rough life, but he -learned his business well, and “was so -diligent and painstaking, and so pleased -the old man his master by his industry,” -that at his death he left his bark to Francis -Drake.</p> - -<p>Later Drake grew weary of this little -ship, that “only crept along the shore,” -and longed for something more than such -safe and simple voyaging, so he seems to have -sold the bark and taken service with his -kinsmen, the Hawkins brothers, who were -rich merchants and owned and sailed their -ships. And so began Drake’s roving life.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span></p> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II<br /> -<span class="smaller">“THE TROUBLESOME VOYAGE”</span></h2></div> - -<p class="no-indent"><span class="dropcap">T</span><span class="smcap">he</span> four centuries before the sixteenth, -in which Drake lived, have been called -the Age of Discovery. The world widened -before men’s eyes as new lands and seas, -new peoples, and even new stars, became -known to them. The little country of -Portugal was the first to begin those -discoveries. Her ships explored the coasts -of Africa and traded there. One of her -mariners discovered the passage round the -Cape of Good Hope to India, the Spice -Islands, and China, and for long she had -no rival in her trade.</p> - -<p>About fifty years before Drake was born, -America was discovered by Christopher -Columbus, an Italian sailor in the service -of Spain. The ships in use in those days -were very different to any we see now. -There have been three kinds of ships made, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</span>ships with oars, ships with sails, and ships -with steam. They are divided into two -kinds, fighting ships and merchant ships.</p> - -<p>The old-fashioned galley was long and -low-decked, and could be rowed or sailed. -In the middle of the ship, between two -platforms or upper decks, the rowers were -chained to their seats. Three or four men -worked each of the long oars, or <i>sweeps</i> -as they were called. There were twenty-five -oars or more on each side of the ship. -The rowers or galley-slaves were generally -prisoners taken in war, and to “be sent to -the galleys” was a terrible fate. They lived -on the benches, ill-fed and ill-clothed, with -only an awning to cover them when in port, -though the low sides of the ships protected -them a little from the weather and from -the fire of the enemy. Drake seems always -to have released the slaves he took on -Spanish galleys. Once, we are told, they -included “Turks, Greeks, Negroes, Frenchmen, -and Spaniards.”</p> - -<p>The sailors who worked the ships were -free. The ships were always armed, at -first with shields and spears and arrows, -later with guns and powder. With such -ships the Italians fought many great battles -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span>on the Mediterranean, and in such ships the -Norsemen had invaded England and raided -the Northern Seas; and, with his <i>caravels</i>, -or light Spanish ships, Columbus reached -the islands which he called the West Indies. -In later voyages he reached the mainland -of America, but to the day of his death he -always believed that he had found the coast -of Asia. Another Italian sailor, named -Amerigo, also in the service of Spain, gave -his name to the New World. The Italians -had long been good sailors and ship-builders, -and great fighters at sea, and they had the -glory of discovering America, though they -gained no possessions there.</p> - -<p>Spain, at that time the most powerful state -in Europe, seized upon a great part of the -new land, and found there gold and silver -mines. The natives they first subdued and -afterwards forced to become Christians, as -the custom was in warfare with a Pagan -race.</p> - -<p>The American Indians, however, have -never been easy to subdue, and have always -had an undying affection for their own way -of life. The Spaniards found them unfitted -for hard work in the mines. The Portuguese -had already captured negroes in their -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span>West African settlements, and numbers of -those were sent to America as slaves.</p> - -<p>From the time of Henry the Eighth the -English were building and buying fine ships, -and learnt to sail them so well that they -began less and less to use the old galley -ship with its many oars. They traded mostly -with Spain and the Low Countries; but as -they got better ships, and became expert -sailors, they wanted to go farther away, to -discover new countries and get more trade. -They began to sail to the Canary Islands, -to Africa, and America.</p> - -<p>The Hawkins family had taken a large -part in this new activity. The elder William -Hawkins had sailed to Brazil; and his -son, John Hawkins, with whom Drake took -service, made several voyages to the “Isles -of the Canaries.” Having learnt something -about the West Indies, he made several -voyages there, carrying with him numbers -of negroes to sell, whom he took, partly by -the sword, and partly by other means, on -the coast of Africa.</p> - -<p>Hawkins and the other adventurers who -joined him brought home great riches. In -the account of those early voyages we see -the beginning of a quarrel with Spain, which -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</span>was to last through the reign of Elizabeth, -till Philip sent his great Armada to invade -England.</p> - -<p>The third and most famous voyage of -John Hawkins to the West Indies was called -“the troublesome voyage,” for it ended in -disaster. It was the biggest venture that had -yet been made by the English, and Drake -took part in it. Hawkins sailed with six -ships. There were two “great ships” of -the Royal Navy—the <i>Jesus</i>, commanded by -Hawkins himself, and the <i>Minion</i>; the -<i>William and John</i>, named after and owned -by the Hawkins brothers; and three smaller -ones, the <i>Swallow</i>, the <i>Angel</i>, and the <i>Judith</i>, -the last being under the command of Francis -Drake.</p> - -<p>They got slaves in Africa and sold them -in the West Indies, though not without -difficulty, because the Spaniards had been -forbidden by their king to trade with the -English. As they were about to start on -their way home, the ships met with fearful -storms, and as the <i>Jesus</i> was much shattered, -Hawkins made up his mind to seek for -haven. They were driven at last into Vera -Cruz, the port of the city of Mexico. -Here they sheltered, hoping to buy food and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span>repair their fleet. Now in this very port -lay treasure which was said to be worth -thousands of pounds. It was waiting for -the fleet of armed ships which was to take -it safely back to Spain. The Spaniards were -much dismayed to see the English ships, -with their Portuguese ships and prisoners -captured on the voyage, come, as they -thought, to seize their treasure. It was -this very danger they had feared when -Hawkins first began his slave trade and -disturbed the peace of the Spanish colonies.</p> - -<p>Next morning thirteen great ships appeared, -and proved to be a Mexican fleet -returning with a new Viceroy or Governor -from King Philip. A solemn and peaceful -agreement was made, and the Spanish -ships were moored alongside the English -ones, which were already in possession of -the harbour. However, the Spaniards afterwards -broke faith and fell upon the English, -and a great and fierce fight took -place, which lasted from ten in the morning -until night. The <i>Angel</i> and the <i>Swallow</i> -were sunk, and the <i>Jesus</i> so damaged that -it could not be brought away.</p> - -<p>As the remaining ships were sailing away, -the Spaniards sent two “fire ships” after -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</span>them. This was not an unusual way of -fighting in those days. The empty, burning -ships were sent to try and fire the -enemies’ ships, and were borne along, flaming, -by the wind, an awful and terrifying -sight. The men on the <i>Minion</i> became -panic-stricken, and set sail without orders. -Some of the men from the <i>Judith</i> followed -in a small boat. The rest were forced “to -abide the mercy of the Spaniards,” which, -Hawkins says, he doubts was very little.</p> - -<p>“The same night,” he goes on, “the -<i>Judith</i> forsook us in our great misery. In -the end, when the wind came larger, we -weighed anchor and set sail, seeking for -water, of which we had very little. And -wandering thus certain days in these unknown -seas, hunger forced us to eat hides, -cats and dogs, mice, rats, parrots, and -monkeys.”</p> - -<p>Some of the men asked to be put on -land, rather than risk shipwreck and starvation -in the overcrowded boat. Hawkins -did, in the end, get safely home, with his -weather-beaten ship, and the survivors of -his feeble, starving crew. But he says that, -if all the miseries and troubles of this -sorrowful voyage were to be written, the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span>tale would be as long as the “Book of -Martyrs.” Some of the men that were left -also reached England, after weary wanderings -and years of terrible sufferings. Some -were put to death as heretics, and others -were sent to the galleys as slaves. Others, -more fortunate, were sent to serve in monasteries, -where the monks made kind and -gentle masters.</p> - -<p>Five days before Hawkins reached England, -the little <i>Judith</i> struggled into Plymouth -Harbour with Drake and his load -of men. William Hawkins sent him at -once to London on horseback, “post, post -haste,” as the old letters say. He carried -letters to the Lords of Council, and -to Sir William Cecil, the Chief Secretary -of the Queen. So he rode swiftly along -the country roads, only stopping to fling -himself off one weary, smoking horse on -to the back of a fresh one. The people -would gather round him as he made the -change, and wonder what great news was -going to town.</p> - -<p>William Hawkins said in his letter: “There -is come to Plymouth, at this present hour, -one of the small barks of my brother’s -fleet, and as I have neither writing nor -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span>anything else from him, I thought it good, -and my most bounden duty, to send you -the captain of the same bark. He is our -kinsman, and is called Francis Drake.”</p> - -<p>He was to tell the whole story, and the -Queen was to hear it. He was to tell of -the losses of John Hawkins, and of his -absence, which his brother says “is unto -me more grief than any other thing in the -world.”</p> - -<p>Drake was much blamed at the time for -deserting his general. It is difficult for us -to see what he could have done. His little -ship was crowded, and he had small store -of food and water, and he no doubt thought -it best to get home as soon as possible. -His story of Spanish treachery and English -loss must have roused the countryside. -The excitement was at its height -when the <i>Minion</i> appeared off Cornwall.</p> - -<p>A man “for goodwill” came riding to -William Hawkins, at Plymouth, to get help. -He sent a bark, with thirty-four mariners -and a store of fresh food and other necessaries. -And again letters were sent to -London with the news. Haste! haste! post -haste!</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> -<a id="illo1"><img class="box" src="images/i_014.jpg" width="400" alt="Drake carrying to Court the news of his voyage" /></a></div> - -<p class="caption no-indent">Drake carrying to Court the news of his voyage</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</span></p> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III<br /> -<span class="smaller">NOMBRE DE DIOS</span></h2></div> - -<p class="no-indent"><span class="dropcap">I</span><span class="smcap">t</span> was in January 1569 that the “troublesome -voyage” ended for Drake, and in -the summer of that year he married a -Devonshire girl, named Mary Newman. -The stories of his most famous voyages -are found in an old book, called “Sir -Francis Drake Revived.” This was first -printed by his descendant, another Sir -Francis Drake, in the reign of Charles the -First. It was written by some of the -voyagers, and it is thought that Drake -himself wrote part of it and corrected it. -It is supposed that Drake presented the -manuscript to Queen Elizabeth, for he dedicates -it to her as the “first fruits” of his -pen. He also says that his labours by -land and sea were not more troublesome -than the writing of it.</p> - -<p>After his losses and misfortunes in the -Indies, it seems that Drake could get no -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</span>amends from Spain, though he had lost -both kinsmen, friends, and goods of some -value. Queen Elizabeth could not think -of making war with Philip. Her country -was poor, her father’s navy was ruined. -She had no proper army, and she had -trouble enough on her hands in France -and Scotland.</p> - -<p>Therefore Drake decided to help himself -in what he was pleased to call his quarrel -with the King of Spain. The old writer -says that the story of his life shows how -“so mean a person righted himself upon -so mighty a prince. The one was in his -own conceit the mightiest monarch in the -world, the other only an English captain.”</p> - -<p>Drake now made two voyages that really -prepared the way for his great and famous -one to Nombre de Dios. He probably paid -his expenses by plundering ships or selling -slaves. On the 24th day of May 1572, -Drake started with his ship, the <i>Pascha</i>, of -Plymouth, and the <i>Swan</i>, of Plymouth, in -which his brother, John Drake, was captain. -They had on board seventy-three -men and boys. All of these came willingly, -and had not been <i>pressed</i>, or compelled -to serve, as the custom then was.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</span></p> -<p>Drake’s ships had a very good passage, -and never stopped till they reached one of -the West Indian Islands, in twenty-five -days. Here they stayed three days to refresh -the men, and to water the ships. -The third day they set sail for the continent. -They steered for a bay named formerly -by them Port Pheasant. It was a -fine, safe harbour. As they rowed ashore -in one boat, smoke was seen in the woods. -Drake manned and armed the other boats.</p> - -<p>When they landed, it was found that a -certain Englishman, called John Garret, of -Plymouth, had lately been there. Some -mariners who had been with Drake in his -other voyages had shown him the place.</p> - -<p>Garret had left a plate of lead, nailed fast -to a mighty, great tree, on which these -words were engraved:—</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="center no-indent">“CAPTAIN DRAKE.</p> - -<p>“If you happen to come to this port, -make haste away! for the Spaniards which -you had with you here, the last year, have -betrayed this place, and taken away all you -left here. I depart from hence this present -day of July, 1572.—Your very loving friend,</p> - -<p class="right no-indent">“JOHN GARRET.”</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</span></p> - -<p>The smoke came from a fire which Garret -and his company had made before they -went. It had been burning for at least -five days before Drake’s arrival. Drake -had brought with him “three dainty pinnaces,” -made in Plymouth, and stored on -board ship in pieces. He intended to put -them together in this place. So the ships -were anchored, and the place simply but -strongly fortified with great logs.</p> - -<p>Next day an English boat appeared. The -captain was James Rance, and he had -thirty men, some of whom had been with -Drake the year before. They brought with -them a Spanish <i>caravel</i>, or merchant ship, -which they had taken the day before, and -a pinnace. They joined Drake’s expedition. -In seven days the pinnaces were set up -and furnished out of the ships. Some -negroes on a neighbouring island told them -that the townsfolk of Nombre de Dios -were in great fear of the <i>Cimaroons</i>, or -“Maroons,” as our sailors called them. -They had attacked the town of Nombre -de Dios, and the Governor of Panama was -to send soldiers to defend it. These were -negroes who had fled some eighty years -before from the cruelty of the Spaniards. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</span>They had married Indian women, and had -grown into a strong fighting tribe, who -had two kings of their own, and lived, one -on the east, and one on the west, of the -road from Nombre de Dios to Panama. This -was the road by which all the gold and -silver from the mines of Peru was sent to -the port of Nombre de Dios, to be shipped -for Spain. It was carried by trains of mules.</p> - -<p>Drake hastened his plans. Three ships -and the <i>caravel</i> were left with Captain -Rance. He chose seventy-three men for -the three pinnaces (the fourth was that -taken by Captain Rance), took plenty of -arms, and two drums and a trumpet. The -men were drilled and given their weapons -and arms, which had been kept up till -then “very fair and safe in good casks.” -Drake encouraged them to the attack. In -the afternoon they set sail for Nombre de -Dios, and were very near before sunset. -They lay there under the shore, out of -sight of the watch, till dark. Then they -rowed near shore as quietly as possible, -and waited for the dawn.</p> - -<p>But Drake found the men were getting -nervous, so when the moon rose “he -thought it best to persuade them it was -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</span>day dawning,” and the men had not time -to get afraid, for they got there at three -in the morning. They landed with no difficulty. -But the noise of bells and drums -and shouting soon told them that the town -was awake and alarmed. Twelve men -were left to keep the pinnaces and ensure -a safe retreat. Drake’s brother, with John -Oxenham and sixteen other men, went -round behind the King’s Treasure-house, -and entered the eastern end of the market-place. -Drake, with the rest, passed up the -broad street into the market-place, with -sound of drum and trumpets. They used -fire-pikes, or long poles with metal points, -to which torches of blazing tow were -fastened, and served both to frighten the -enemy and to light Drake’s men, who could -see quite well by them. The terrified -townsfolk imagined an army was marching -upon them.</p> - -<p>After a sharp fight in the market-place -the Spaniards fled. Two or three of them -were captured, and commanded to show -Drake the Governor’s house. But he found -that only silver was kept there; gold, -pearls, and jewels being carried to the -King’s Treasure-house, not far off.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</span></p> -<p>“This house was very strongly built of -lime and stone for safe keeping of the -treasure. At the Governor’s house we found -the great door open where the mules are -generally unladen. A candle stood lighted -on the top of the stairs, and a fair horse -was saddled ready for the Governor himself, -or for one of his household. By this -light we saw a huge heap of silver in the -lower room. It was a pile of bars of -silver.</p> - -<p>“At this sight our Captain commanded -straightly that none of us should touch a -bar of silver. We must stand to our -weapons, because the town was full of -people. There was in the King’s Treasure-house, -near the waterside, more gold and -jewels than all our pinnaces could carry. -This we could presently try to break open, -though they thought it so strong.</p> - -<p>“But now a report was brought by some -of our men that our pinnaces were in danger -to be taken, and that we had better -get aboard before day. This report was -learnt through a negro named Diego, who -had begged to be taken on board our -ships when we first came. Our Captain -sent his brother and John Oxenham to -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</span>learn the truth. They found the men -much frightened, for they saw great troops -of armed townsfolk and soldiers running -up and down. Presently, too, a mighty -shower of rain fell, with a terrible storm of -thunder and lightning. It came down -violently, as it does in these countries. -Before we could reach the shelter at the -western end of the King’s Treasure-house, -some of our bowstrings were wet, and -some of our match and powder hurt.</p> - -<p>“Our men began to mutter about the -forces of the town. But our Captain, hearing, -told them: ‘He had brought them to -the mouth of the treasure of the world; -if they went without it, they might blame -nobody but themselves afterwards.’</p> - -<p>“So soon as the fury of the storm was -spent, he gave his men no time to consider -their doubts, nor the enemy no time -to gather themselves together. He stepped -forward and commanded his brother and -John Oxenham to break the King’s Treasure-house. -The rest, with him, were to -hold the market-place till the business -was done.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> -<a id="illo2"><img class="box" src="images/i_022.jpg" width="400" alt="Drake wounded at Nombre-de-Dios" /></a></div> - -<p class="caption no-indent">Drake wounded at Nombre-de-Dios</p></div> - -<p>“But as he stepped forward his strength -and sight and speech failed him, and he -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</span>began to faint for loss of blood. And we -saw it had flowed in great quantities -upon the sand out of a wound in his leg. -He had got it in the first encounter, but -though he felt some pain he would not -make it known till he fainted, and so betrayed -it against his will. He saw that -some of the men, having already got many -good things, would seize any chance to -escape further danger. But the blood that -filled our very footprints greatly dismayed -our company, who could not believe that -one man could lose so much blood, and -live.</p> - -<p>“Even those who were willing to risk -more for so good a booty would in no case -risk their Captain’s life. So they gave -him something to drink to recover him, -and bound his scarf about his leg to stop -the blood. They also entreated him to be -content to go aboard with them, there to -have his wound searched and dressed, and -then to return on shore again if he thought -good.</p> - -<p>“This they could by no means persuade -him to, so they joined force with fair entreaty, -and bore him aboard his pinnace. -Thus they gave up a rich spoil only to save -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</span>their Captain’s life, being sure that, while -they enjoyed his presence and had him -to command them, they might recover -enough of wealth. But if once they lost -him they should hardly be able to get -home again. No, nor keep that they had -got already. Thus we embarked by break -of day, having besides our Captain, many -of our men wounded, though none slain -but one trumpeter. And though our -surgeons were kept busy in providing remedies -and salves for their wounds, yet the -main care of the Captain was respected by -all the rest.</p> - -<p>“Before we left the harbour, we took -with little trouble the ship of wine for the -greater comfort of our company. And -though they shot at us from the town we -carried our prize to the Isle of Victuals. -Here we cured our wounded men, and -refreshed ourselves in the goodly gardens -which we found there abounding with -great store of dainty roots and fruits. -There was also great plenty of poultry -and other fowls, no less strange than delicate.”</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</span></p> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV<br /> -<span class="smaller">FORT DIEGO</span></h2></div> - -<p class="no-indent"><span class="dropcap">A</span><span class="smcap">fter</span> the return to the ship Captain -Rance departed. But Drake had a -new plan in his head; he meant to attack -Cartagena, the capital of the Spanish Main. -Sailing into the harbour in the evening, they -found that the townsfolk had been warned -that Frenchmen and Englishmen were about. -Drake took possession of a large ship that -was outward bound. But the townsfolk, -hearing of it, took the alarm, rang out their -bells, fired their cannon, and got all their -soldiers out. Next morning Drake took two -more ships near the harbour, one of which -was bound to Cartagena with a letter of -warning against “Captain Drake.” Drake -sent his Spanish prisoners on shore, and so -ended his first attempt upon Cartagena.</p> - -<p>He saw that the coasts were aware of his -presence. Yet he did not want to go away -till he had discovered the Maroons; for -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</span>his faithful negro, Diego, had told him that -they were friendly to him as the enemy of -Spain. This search might take time, and -must be done in the smaller boats, which -were swifter and could explore the rivers. -He had not enough of men both to sail the -boats and the pinnaces; so he now decided -to burn one of the ships and make a storehouse -of the other. In this way his pinnaces -would be properly manned, and he could stay -as long as he liked. This was accordingly -done. For fifteen days the big ship lay -hidden in the Sound of Darien, to make the -Spaniards think they had left the coast. -Here Drake kept the men busy trimming -and cleaning the pinnaces, clearing the -ground, and building huts. Diego the negro -was a very good builder, and knew the ways -of the country well. The men played, too, -at bowls and quoits, and shooting with -arrows at targets. The smiths had brought -forges from England and set them up. -Every now and again the pinnaces crept -out to sea to plunder passing ships. Much -food was put away in different storehouses -to serve till they had “made their voyage,” -as they said, or “made their fortunes,” as -we should say.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</span></p> - -<p>Later, Port Plenty being found an unsafe -harbour, they moved to a new place, which -they fortified and called Fort Diego. They -now prepared to wait five months, because -the Maroons had told them that the Spaniards -carried no treasure by land during the -rainy months. They were not idle during -these months, for the ship and fort were left -in charge of John Drake, while Captain -Drake and John Oxenham went roving in -the pinnaces. They had many adventures, -being in some peril in their small boats, and -always at the mercy of the weather, while -at one time they were almost starving. Some -of the men got ill with the cold and died, for -they had little shelter on board. When they -got back to the ships they found all things -in good order; but they received the heavy -news of the death of John Drake, the Captain’s -brother, a young man of great promise.</p> - -<p>“Our Captain then resolved to keep close -and go no more to sea, but supplied his -needs, both for his own company and the -Maroons, out of his storehouse. Then ten -of our company fell down sick of an unknown -disease, and most of them died in a -few days. Later, we had thirty men sick at -one time. Among the rest, Joseph Drake, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</span>another of his brothers, died in our Captain’s -arms.</p> - -<p>“We now heard from the Maroons, who -ranged the country up and down for us, to -learn what they might for us, that the fleet -had arrived from Spain in Nombre de Dios. -The Captain prepared to make his journey -by land to Panama. He gave Elias Hixon -the charge of the ship and company and the -Spanish prisoners. Our Captain was advised -by the Maroons what provisions to -prepare for the long and great journey, what -kind of weapons, what store of victuals, and -what kind of clothes. He was to take as -many shoes as possible, because they had -to pass so many rivers with stone and gravel. -Twenty-eight of our men had died. A few -were left to keep the ship, attend the sick, -and guard the prisoners.</p> - -<p>“We started on Shrove Tuesday, February -the third. At his departure our Captain gave -this Master strict charge, in any case not to -trust any messenger that should come in his -name with any tokens, unless he brought his -handwriting. This he knew could not be -copied by the Maroons or the Spaniards.”</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</span></p> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V<br /> -<span class="smaller">THE GOLDEN MULE-TRAINS</span></h2></div> - -<p class="no-indent"><span class="dropcap">T</span><span class="smcap">here</span> were forty-eight men of the -party, of whom eighteen only were English. -The Maroons carried arms and food, -and got more food with their arrows from -time to time. Every day they began to -march by sunrise, and rested in the heat -of the day in shelters made by the Maroons. -The third day they came to a little town or -village of the Maroons, which was much -admired by the sailors for its beauty and -cleanliness. “As to their religion,” says -the story, “they have no kind of priests, -only they held the Cross in great awe. -But by our Captain’s persuasions, they were -contented to leave their crosses and to -learn the Lord’s Prayer, and to be taught -something of God’s worship.”</p> - -<p>They begged Drake to stay with them -some days, but he had to hasten on. Four -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</span>of the best guides amongst the Maroons -marched on ahead, and broke boughs to -show the path to those that followed. All -kept strict silence. The way lay through -cool and pleasant woods.</p> - -<p>“We were much encouraged because we -were told there was a great Tree about -half way, from which we could see at once -both the North Sea, from whence we came, -and the South Sea, whither we were going.</p> - -<p>“The fourth day we came to the height -of the desired hill, a very high hill, lying -east and west like a ridge between the -two seas. It was about ten of the clock. -Then Pedro, the chief of the Maroons, took -our Captain by the hand, and prayed him -to follow him if he wished to see at once -two seas, which he had so greatly longed -for.</p> - -<p>“Here was that goodly and great high -Tree, in which they had cut and made various -steps to get up near the top. Here they -had made a convenient bower, where ten -or twelve men might easily sit. And here -we might, with no difficulty, plainly see the -Atlantic Ocean, whence we now came, and -the South Atlantic (Pacific) so much desired. -South and north of the Tree they -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</span>had felled certain trees that the prospect -might be clearer.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> -<a id="illo3"><img class="box" src="images/i_030.jpg" width="400" alt="The Maroon Chief showing the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans -from the tree-top" /></a></div> - -<p class="caption no-indent">The Maroon Chief showing the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans<br /> -from the tree-top</p> - -<p>“Our Captain went up to this bower, with -the chief Maroon. He had, because of the -breeze, as it pleased God, a very fair day. -And he saw that sea of which he had heard -such golden reports. He prayed Almighty -God, of His goodness, to give him life and -leave to sail once in an English ship in -that sea! Then he called up the rest of -our men, and specially he told John Oxenham -of his prayer and purpose, if it pleased -God to grant him that happiness. He, -understanding it, protested that, unless our -Captain did beat him from his company, -he would follow him, by God’s grace! Thus -all, quite satisfied with a sight of the seas, -came down, and after our repast continued -our ordinary march through the woods.”</p> - -<p>The last part of the march was through -high pampas grass. But now they began -to get glimpses of Panama, and could at -last see the ships in the harbour. Now -the march had to be more secret and silent -than ever, till at length they lay hidden in -a grove near the high road from Panama -to Nombre de Dios. From here a Maroon -was despatched, clothed as a negro of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</span>Panama, as a spy. He was to go into the -town and learn when the treasure was to -be taken from the King’s Treasure-house -in Panama to Nombre de Dios. This -journey to Venta Cruz was always made -by night, because of the heat and toil of -walking through the pampas grass. But -from Venta Cruz to Nombre de Dios they -travelled always by day and not by night, -because the way lay through fresh, cool -woods. The mules were tied together in -long trains, and guarded, if possible, by -soldiers, for fear of the Maroons.</p> - -<p>The spy brought back news in the afternoon -that a certain great man intended -to go to Spain by the first ship, and was -going that night towards Nombre de Dios -with his daughter and family. He had -fourteen mules, of which eight were laden -with gold and one with jewels. There were -also two other trains of fifty mules each, -mostly laden with food, and with a little -silver, which were to come out that night -also. Upon hearing this they marched -until they came to within two leagues of -Venta Cruz. Then Drake lay down with -half his men on one side of the way, about -fifty paces off, in the long grass. John -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</span>Oxenham, with the captain of the Maroons -and the other half of the men, lay on the -other side of the road at the same distance. -In about half-an-hour’s time they could hear -the mules both coming and going from Venta -Cruz to Panama, where trade was lively -when the fleet was there. The sound of -the deep-voiced bells which the mules wore -carried far in the still night. The men had -been strictly charged not to stir or show -themselves, but let all that come from Venta -Cruz pass by quietly, for they knew the -mules brought nothing but merchandise -from there. But one of the men, called -Robert Pike, had “drunk too much brandy -without water,” and forgot himself, and with -a Maroon went close to the road.</p> - -<p>“And when a cavalier from Venta Cruz, -well mounted, with his page running at -his stirrup, passed by, he rose up to look, -though the Maroon, more cautious, pulled -him down and tried to hide him. But by -this time the gentleman had noticed that -one half of him was white, for we had all -put our shirts over our other clothing -that we might be sure to know our own -men in the pell-mell in the night. The -cavalier put spurs to his horse, and rode -away at a gallop to warn others.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</span></p> -<p>“The ground was hard and the night -was still, and our Captain heard this gentleman’s -trot change to a gallop. He suspected -that we were discovered, but could -not imagine by whose fault, nor had he -time to search. The gentleman, as we -heard afterwards, warned the Treasurer, -who, fearing Captain Drake had come to -look for treasure on land, turned his train -of mules aside from the way, and let the -others which were coming pass on. Thus, -by the recklessness of one of our company, -and by the carefulness of that traveller, we -were disappointed of a most rich booty. -But we thought that God would not let -it be taken, for likely it was well gotten by -that Treasurer.</p> - -<p>“The other two mule trains, which came -behind that of the Treasurer, were no -sooner come up to us than we stayed and -seized on them. One of the chief carriers, -a very sensible fellow, told our Captain by -what means we were discovered, and counselled -us to shift for ourselves betimes, -for we should encounter the whole force -of the city and country before day would -be about us.”</p> - -<p>Drake and his men were little pleased -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</span>at the loss of their golden mule-trains, for -they had only taken two horse-loads of -silver. It was the more provoking that -they had been betrayed by one of their own -men. There was no help for it, and Drake -never “grieved at things past,” so they -decided to march back the nearest way. -Pedro, the chief of the Maroons, said he -“would rather die at Drake’s foot than -leave him to his enemies.” When they got -near Venta Cruz, they turned back the -mules with their drivers. Outside the town -the soldiers met them, and a fight took -place upon Drake’s refusing to surrender.</p> - -<p>“The soldiers shot off their whole volley, -which, though it lightly wounded our Captain -and several of our men, caused death -to one only of our company, who was so -powdered with hail-shot that we could not -recover his life, though he continued all that -day afterwards with us. Presently, as our -Captain perceived their shot to come slacking, -like the last drops of a great shower -of rain, he gave his usual signal with his -whistle, to answer them with our shot and -arrows.</p> - -<p>“The Maroons had stept aside at first -for terror of the shot. But seeing that we -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</span>marched onwards they all rushed forward, -one after the other, with their arrows ready -in their bows, and their manner of country -dance or leap, ever singing, <i>Yo Pehò! Yo -Pehò!</i> and so got before us. They then -continued their leap and song, after the -manner of their country wars, till they and -we overtook the enemy. Our Maroons, -now thoroughly encouraged, when they -saw our resolution, broke in through the -thickets near the town’s end, and forced -the enemy to fly. Several of our men were -wounded, and one Maroon was run through -with one of their pikes, but his courage -and mind served him so well that he revenged -his own death ere he died, by -giving him that deadly wound.”</p> - -<p>So they entered the town, and stayed -there some hours for rest and refreshment, -and the Maroons were allowed to carry -away some plunder. At sunrise they -marched away, for they had been gone -from the ship nearly a fortnight, and had -left the company weak and sickly. Drake -marched cheerfully, and urged on his weary -and disappointed men with brave promises, -but in the hurried march they had -often to go hungry. Three leagues from -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</span>the port the Maroons had built a camp -or village while they were away, and here -they persuaded Drake to stop, as it had -been built “only for his sake.” “And indeed -he was the more willing to consent, -that our want of shoes might be supplied -by the Maroons, who were a great help to -us. For all our men complained of the -tenderness of their feet, and our Captain -himself would join in their complaint, sometimes -without cause, but sometimes with -cause indeed, which made the rest to bear -the burden more easily. These Maroons -did us good service all the time they were -with us. They were our spies on the -journey, our guides, our hunters, and our -house-wrights, and had indeed able and -strong bodies for carrying our necessities. -Yea, many times when some of our company -fainted with sickness of weariness, -two Maroons would carry him with ease -between them, two miles together; and at -other times, when need was, they would -show themselves no less valiant than industrious, -and of good judgment.</p> - -<p>“From this town our Captain despatched -a Maroon with a token and a certain order -to the master. He, all those weeks, kept -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</span>good watch against the enemy, and shifted -in the woods for fresh food, for the relief -and recovery of our men left on board.”</p> - -<p>When the messenger reached the shore -he hailed those on the ship, who quickly -fetched him on board. He showed Drake’s -token, the golden toothpick, and gave the -message, which was to tell the master to -meet him at a certain river. When the -master looked at the toothpick, he saw -written on it, “By me, Francis Drake.” -Then he believed the messenger, and prepared -what provision he had, and repaired -to the mouth of the river. About three -o’clock Drake and his men saw the pinnace, -and there was double rejoicing. The -wanderers seemed strangely changed in -face and plight to those who had lived in -rest and plenty on board ship. Drake, indeed, -was less so than the others. The -fasting and hard marches had done much, -but still more “their inward grief, for that -they returned without that golden treasure -they hoped for, did show her print and -footsteps in their faces.” But Drake was -determined to repeat the attempt.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</span></p> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI<br /> -<span class="smaller">HOME AGAIN</span></h2></div> - -<p class="no-indent"><span class="dropcap">D</span><span class="smcap">rake</span> well knew that delay and idleness -would soon spoil the spirits of -his men, so he at once divided them into -two companies, under himself and John -Oxenham, to go roving in the two pinnaces -in different directions and seek for food and -plunder. Some of the Maroons were dismissed -with gifts, and the rest remained -with a few men on board ship. The -Governor of Panama had warned the towns -so well that it was useless to attempt them -at present. Drake, in the <i>Minion</i>, took a -frigate of gold and dismissed it, somewhat -lighter, to go on its way. John Oxenham, -in the <i>Bear</i>, took a frigate well laden with -food of all kinds. Drake was so pleased -with this ship, which was strong and new -and shapely, that he kept her as a man-of-war -in place of the sunken ship. And the -<span class="pagenum2" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</span>company were heartened with a feast and -much good cheer that Easter Day.</p> - -<p>Next day the pinnaces met with a -French captain out of Newhaven, whose -ship was greatly distressed for want of -food and water. Drake relieved him, and -the captains exchanged gifts and compliments. -The French captain sent Drake -“a gilt fair scimitar” which had belonged -to Henry the Third of France, and had in -return a chain of gold and a tablet. This -captain brought them the news of the -Massacre of St. Bartholomew’s Day, and -said he thought “those Frenchmen the -happiest who were furthest from France, -now no longer France but Frenzy.” He -had heard famous reports of their riches, -and wanted to know how he also could -“make his voyage.” They resolved, after -consultation, to take him and twenty of his -men to serve for halves. They now sent -for the Maroons.</p> - -<p>A party was made up of twenty Frenchmen, -fifteen Englishmen, and some Maroons. -They sailed with a frigate and two -pinnaces towards a river called Rio Francisco, -to the west of Nombre de Dios. -There was not enough water to sail the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</span>frigate, so she was left in charge of a -mariner to await the return of the pinnaces. -They went on, and landed both captains -with their force. Those in charge of the -pinnaces were ordered to be there the -fourth day without fail. The land party -went on through the woods towards the -high road from Panama to Nombre de -Dios, where the mules now went daily. -They marched, as before, in silence. They -stayed all night a mile from the road, in -great stillness, and refreshed themselves. -They could hear the carpenters working on -their ships, which they did at nights because -of the fierce heat of the day. Next -morning, the 1st of April, they heard such -a number of bells that the Maroons rejoiced -exceedingly, and assured them they -should now have more gold and silver than -they could carry away. And so it came to -pass.</p> - -<p>For three trains appeared, one of fifty -mules and two of seventy each, and every -mule carried 300 lbs. weight of silver, -amounting to nearly 30 tons. The leaders -of the mules were taken by the heads, and -all the rest lay down, as they always do. -The fifteen soldiers who guarded each -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</span>train were routed, but not before they had -wounded the French captain sorely, and -slain one of the Maroons. They took what -silver and gold they could carry, and buried -the rest in the burrows made in the earth -by the great land crabs under old fallen -trees, and in the sand and gravel of a -shallow river.</p> - -<p>After two hours they marched back -through the woods, but had to leave the -French captain to rest and recover from -his wound. Two of his men willingly -stayed with him. Later on a third Frenchman -was found to be missing. He had got -drunk, and overloaded himself with plunder, -and lost himself in the woods. They -afterwards found he was taken by the -Spaniards in the evening, and, upon torture, -revealed to them where the treasure was -hidden.</p> - -<p>When they reached the river’s mouth, -they saw seven Spanish pinnaces at sea, -which had come out to search the coasts. -This made them fear their own pinnaces -were taken. But a storm in the night -forced the Spaniards to go home, and also -delayed the English pinnaces, for the wind -was so contrary and so strong that they -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</span>could only get half way. For this reason -they had fortunately been unseen by the -Spaniards.</p> - -<p>“But our Captain, seeing their ships, feared -lest they had taken our pinnaces, and compelled -our men by torture to confess where -his ships and frigate were. In this great -doubt and perplexity the company feared -that all means of returning to their country -were cut off, and that their treasure would -then serve them to small purpose. But -our Captain comforted and encouraged us -all, saying: ‘We should venture no further -than he did. It was no time now to fear, -but rather to haste to prevent that which -was feared. If the enemy have prevailed -against our pinnaces (which God forbid!), -yet they must have time to search them, -time to examine the mariners, time to execute -their resolution after it is determined. -Before all those times be taken, we may -get to our ships, if ye will, though not -possibly by land, because of the hills, -thickets, and rivers, yet by water. Let us, -therefore, make a raft with the trees that -are here in readiness, as offering themselves, -being brought down to the river -happily by this last storm, and let us put -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</span>ourselves to sea! I will be one, who will -be the other?’</p> - -<p>“John Smith offered himself, and two -Frenchmen that could swim very well desired -they might accompany our Captain, -as did the Maroons likewise. They had -prayed our Captain very earnestly to march -by land, though it was a sixteen-days’ -journey, in case the ship had been surprised, -that he might abide with them -always. Pedro was most eager in this, -who was fain to be left behind because he -could not row.</p> - -<p>“The raft was fitted and fast bound; a -sail of a biscuit-sack was prepared; an oar -was shaped out of a young tree to serve -instead of a rudder, to direct their course -before the wind.</p> - -<p>“At his departure, our Captain comforted -the company by promising ‘that, if it -pleased God he should put his foot in -safety on board his frigate, he would, by -one means or other, get them all on -board, in spite of all the Spaniards in -the Indies!’</p> - -<p>“In this manner pulling off to sea, he -sailed some three leagues, sitting up to the -waist continually in water, and up to the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</span>armpits at every surge of the waves, for -the space of six hours upon this raft. And -what with the parching of the sun and what -with the beating of salt water, they had all -of them their skins much fretted away.</p> - -<p>“At length God gave them the sight of -two pinnaces turning towards them with -much wind, but with far greater joy to him -than can easily be guessed. So he did -cheerfully declare to those three with him, -that ‘they were our pinnaces! and that -all was safe, so there was no cause of -fear!’</p> - -<p>“But look, the pinnaces not seeing the -raft, nor suspecting any such matter, by -reason of the wind, and night growing on, -were forced to run into a cove behind the -point, to take shelter for the night. Our -Captain seeing this, and gathering that they -would anchor there, put his raft ashore, and -ran round the point by land, where he found -them. They, upon sight of him, made as -much haste as they could to take him and -his company on board. For our Captain, on -purpose to see what haste they could and -would make in extremity, himself ran in -great haste, and so made the other three -with him, as if they had been chased by -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</span>the enemy. And so those on board suspected, -because they saw so few with him.</p> - -<p>“And after his coming on board, when -they demanded ‘how his company did?’ he -answered coldly, ‘Well!’ They all feared that -all went scarce well. But he, willing to rid -all doubts, and fill them with joy, took out -of his bosom a quoit of gold, thanking God -that ‘our voyage was made!’”</p> - -<p>They then rowed up the river and rescued -the others, and brought back such of the -treasure as they had been able to carry with -them, and all returned to the ships by dawn. -There Drake divided the treasure equally -by weight between the French and the -English. During the next fortnight everything -was set in order, and the <i>Pascha</i> given -to the Spanish prisoners to go home in. -Meanwhile a party was sent out to try and -rescue the French captain and to seek for the -buried treasure. One only of the Frenchmen -managed to escape and was saved. Much -of the treasure had been discovered by the -Spaniards, but not all, and the party returned -very cheerful, with thirteen bars of silver -and a few quoits of gold. The Frenchmen -now left them, having got their shares of -the treasure. The ships parted when passing -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</span>close by Cartagena, which they did in the -sight of all the fleet, “with a flag of St. -George on the main top of the frigate, with -silk streamers and ancients (national flags) -down to the water.”</p> - -<p>Later on they anchored to trim and rig -the frigates and stow away the provisions, -and they tore up and burnt the pinnaces so -that the Maroons might have the ironwork. -One of the last days Drake desired Pedro -and three of the chief Maroons to go through -both his frigates and see what they liked. -He promised to give them whatever they -asked, unless he could not get back to -England without it. But Pedro set his -heart on the scimitar which the French -captain had given to Drake; and knowing -Drake liked it no less, he dared not ask for -it or praise it. But at last he bribed one -of the company to ask for him, with a fine -quoit of gold, and promised to give four -others to Drake. Drake was sorry, but he -wished to please Pedro, who deserved so -well, so he gave it to him with many good -words. Pedro received it with no little joy, -and asked Drake to accept the four pieces -of gold, as a token of his thankfulness and -a pledge of his faithfulness through life. He -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</span>received it graciously, but did not keep it -for himself but caused it to be cast into -the whole adventure, saying that “if he had -not been helped to that place he would never -have got such a thing, and it was only just -that those who shared his burden in setting -him to sea should enjoy a share of the -benefits.”</p> - -<p>“Thus with good love and liking, we took -our leave of that people. We took many -ships during our abode in those parts, yet -never burnt nor sunk any, unless they acted -as men-of-war against us, or tried to trap -us. And of all the men taken in those -vessels, we never offered any kind of violence -to any, after they were once come into our -power. For we either dismissed them in -safety, or kept them with us some longer -time. If so, we provided for them as for -ourselves, and secured them from the rage -of the Maroons against them, till at last, -the danger of their discovering where our -ships lay being past, for which cause only -we kept them prisoners, we set them also -free.</p> - -<p>“We now intended to sail home the directest -and speediest way, and this we happily -performed, even beyond our own expectations,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</span> -and so arrived at Plymouth, on Sunday -about sermon-time, August the 9th, 1573.</p> - -<p>“And the news of our Captain’s return -being brought unto his people, did so speedily -pass over all the church, and fill their minds -with delight and desire to see him, that very -few or none remained with the preacher. All -hastened to see the evidence of God’s love -and blessing towards our gracious Queen -and country by the fruit of our Captain’s -labour and success.</p> - -<p class="center no-indent">“TO GOD ALONE BE THE GLORY.”</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</span></p> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII<br /> -<span class="smaller">ROUND THE WORLD</span></h2></div> - -<p class="no-indent"><span class="dropcap">S</span><span class="smcap">o</span> we see that both of Drake’s ships, the -<i>Pascha</i> and the <i>Swan</i>, were left behind -in the West Indies, and he made a quick -voyage home in the well-built Spanish -frigate. We hear nothing of Drake for -two years after his return to Plymouth. -There is a legend that he kept on the -seas near Ireland. Elizabeth was still unable -and unwilling to go to war with the -King of Spain, but she was willing to encourage -the sort of warfare that Drake and -the other rovers had so successfully carried -on against him.</p> - -<p>Such companies of adventurers as these -that sailed under Drake and Hawkins did -a large part of the work of the navy in -the time of Elizabeth. The country was -saved the expense which private persons -were willing to pay to furnish the ships. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</span>The Queen herself is known to have shared -in the expenses and plunder of some such -expeditions, and so she thriftily laid up -treasure in England’s empty money-chests. -But some of her older councillors disliked -exceedingly this way of getting rich, and -would rather it had been done openly in -war, or not at all.</p> - -<p>To Drake it seems to have been a very -simple affair. He wished, in the first place, -as the old book says, “to lick himself whole -of the damage he had received from the -Spaniards.” So he acted in pirate-fashion -to the Spaniards, but not to the French -or to the natives of the West Indies. And -Drake considered his own cause so just -that he never made a secret of his doings. -He went at his own risk, for should he be -taken by the enemy his country had no -power to protect him, as she was not openly -at war with Spain. But, on the other -hand, he was secretly encouraged, and his -gains were immense.</p> - -<p>In the second place, Drake wished to -attack and injure the Roman Catholic faith -whenever and wherever he could. Churchmen -had told him that this was a lawful -aim. How earnestly he believed it we can -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</span>see from the story, where he tried to -persuade the Maroons to “leave their -crosses,” which to him were the sign of -the hated religion. The terrible tale of -the massacre of the Protestants on St. -Bartholomew’s Day told him by the French -captain (who himself fell into the hands -of the Spaniards, as we have seen), must -have inflamed this feeling in his soul and -in those of his men. It made them more -eager than ever to fight the enemies of -their own faith.</p> - -<p>Then, too, the Spaniards founded their -rights to own the New World upon a -grant from one of the Popes; and the -English, now no longer Catholics, denied -his power to give it, and claimed the right -for themselves to explore and conquer and -keep what share they could get.</p> - -<p>The King of Spain looked upon Drake -as a pirate, but he could not find out how -far he had been secretly encouraged by -Elizabeth, and Drake was not punished, in -spite of Philip’s urgent complaints. But -he was prevented from sailing away again -on a voyage of discovery, though his friends -and brothers went, and among them John -Oxenham, who was hanged as a pirate by -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</span>the Spaniards because he had no commission -or formal leave from the Queen or the -Government to trade in the West Indies.</p> - -<p>During this interval Drake took service -in Ireland, under the Earl of Essex, furnishing -his own ships, “and doing excellent -service both by sea and land at the -winning of divers strong forts.” The work -he took a part in was as harsh and cruel -as any that was ever done by fire and sword -to make Ireland more desolate. Here he -met Thomas Doughty, one of the household -of the Earl of Essex, a scholar and a soldier, -who became his friend, and sailed with him -on his next voyage.</p> - -<p>The story of this voyage is told under the -name of “The World Encompassed,” and -in it Drake is said “to have turned up a -furrow about the whole world.” In 1520 -Magellan had discovered the passage -south of America from the Atlantic to the -Pacific Ocean, since called by his name. -Many adventurers had tried to follow him, -but all their efforts had ended in disaster, -and the Straits had an uncanny name -among sailors, and “were counted so terrible -in those days that the very thoughts -of attempting them were dreadful.”</p> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</span></p> -<p>Drake’s fleet was made up of five ships—the -<i>Pelican</i>, which was his flagship, the -<i>Elizabeth</i>, the <i>Marigold</i>, the <i>Swan</i>, and the -<i>Christopher</i>. They took a hundred and sixty -men and plentiful provisions and stores for -the long and dangerous voyage. They also -took pinnaces which could be set up when -wanted. Nor did Drake forget to “make -provision for ornament and delight, carrying -to this purpose with him expert musicians, -rich furniture (all the vessels for his table, -yea, many belonging to the cook-room, being -of pure silver).”</p> - -<p>They started on November 15, 1577, but -were forced by a gale to put back into -Plymouth for repairs, and started out again -on December 13. The sailors were not -told the real aim of the voyage, which was -to “sail upon those seas greatly longed -for.” They were too full of fears and fancies. -The unknown was haunted in their minds -with devils and hurtful spirits, and in those -days people still believed in magic.</p> - -<p>They picked up several prizes on their -way out, notably a large Portuguese ship, -whose cargo of wine and food was valuable -to the English ships. Drake sent the passengers -and crew on shore, but kept the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</span>pilot, Numa da Silva, who gives one account -of the voyage, and was most useful, as he -knew the coasts so well. One of Drake’s -main cares on this voyage, we are told, -was to keep the fleet together as much as -possible, to get fresh water, and to refresh -the men, “wearied with long toils at sea,” -as often as possible. He decided to lessen -the number of the ships, for “fewer ships -keep better company,” and he looked for a -harbour to anchor in.</p> - -<p>“Our General,” says the book, “especially -in matters of moment, was never one to rely -only on other men’s care, how trusty or -skilful soever they might seem to be. But -always scorning danger, and refusing no toil, -he was wont himself to be one, whosoever -was a second, at every turn, where courage, -skill, or industry was to be employed. -Neither would he at any time entrust the -discovery of these dangers to another’s -pains, but rather to his own experience in -searching out and sounding of them.”</p> - -<p>So in this case Drake himself went out in -the boat and rowed into the bay. The <i>Swan</i>, -the <i>Christopher</i>, and the prize were sacrificed, -their stores being used for the other -ships.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</span></p> -<p>On the 20th of June they anchored in a -very good harbour, called by Magellan Port -St. Julian. Here a gibbet stood upon the -land, and in this place Magellan is supposed -to have executed some disobedient and rebellious -men of his company. In this port -Drake began to “inquire diligently into the -actions of Master Thomas Doughty, and -found them not to be such as he looked for.”</p> - -<p>(Doughty is said to have plotted to kill -Drake or desert him, and take his place as -commander, or at any rate to force him to -go back, to the ruin of the voyage.)</p> - -<p>“Whereupon the company was called together, -and the particulars of the cause made -known to them, which were found partly by -Master Doughty’s own confession, and -partly by the evidence of the fact, to be -true. Which when our General saw, -although his private affection to Master -Doughty (as he then in the presence of us -all sacredly protested) was great; yet the -care he had of the state of the voyage, of -the expectation of her Majesty, and of the -honour of his country, did more touch him -(as indeed it ought) than the private respect -of one man. So that the cause being -thoroughly heard, and all things done in -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</span>good order, as near as might be to the -course of our laws in England, it was concluded -that Master Doughty should receive -punishment according to the quality of -the offence. And he, seeing no remedy but -patience for himself, desired before his -death to receive the Communion, which he -did, at the hands of our minister, and our -General himself accompanied him in that -holy action....</p> - -<p>“And after this holy repast, they dined -also at the same table together, as cheerfully, -in sobriety, as ever in their lives they -had done aforetime, each cheering up the -other, and taking their leave, by drinking -each to other, as if some journey only had -been in hand.</p> - -<p>“And the place of execution being ready, -he having embraced our General, and taken -his leave of all the company, with prayer for -the Queen’s Majesty and our realm, in quiet -sort laid his head to the block, where he -ended his life. This being done, our General -made various speeches to the whole company, -persuading us to unity, obedience, -love and regard of our voyage. And to help -us to this, he willed every man the next -Sunday following to prepare himself to receive<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</span> -the Communion, as Christian brethren -and friends ought to do, which was done -in very reverent sort, and so with good -contentment every man went about his -business.”</p> - -<p>On the 11th of August, as quarrelling still -continued, Drake ordered the whole ships’ -companies ashore. They all went into a -large tent, and the minister offered to make -a sermon. “Nay, soft, Master Fletcher,” -said Drake, “I must preach this day myself, -although I have small skill in preaching.... -I am a very bad speaker, for my bringing -up hath not been in learning.”</p> - -<p>He then told them that for what he was -going to say he would answer in England -and before her Majesty. He and his men were -far away from their country and friends, and -discords and mutiny had grown up among -them. “By the life of God,” said Drake, “it -doth take my wits from me to think on it. -Here is such quarrels between the sailors -and the gentlemen as it doth make me mad -to hear it. But, my masters, I must have -it left [off], for I must have the gentleman -to haul and draw with the mariner, and the -mariner with the gentleman. What, let us -show ourselves all to be of a company, and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</span>let us not give occasion to the enemy to -rejoice at our decay and overthrow. I would -know him that would refuse to set his hand -to a rope, but I know there is not any such -here....”</p> - -<p>He then offered to send any home that -liked in the <i>Marigold</i>, a well-furnished ship; -“but let them take heed that they go homeward, -for if I find them in my way I will -surely sink them, therefore you shall have -time to consider here until to-morrow; for -by my troth I must needs be plain with you -now.”</p> - -<p>“Yet the voice was that none would return, -they would all take such part as he -did.” And so, after more of such “preaching,” -they were told to forget the past, and “wishing -all men to be friends, he willed them to -depart about their business.”</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</span></p> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VIII">CHAPTER VIII<br /> -<span class="smaller">ROUND THE WORLD (<i>continued</i>)</span></h2></div> - -<p class="no-indent"><span class="dropcap">O</span><span class="smcap">n</span> the 20th of August the three ships -entered the Straits of Magellan. Before -the “high and steep grey cliffs, full of -black stars,” of Cape Virgins, at the entrance -against which the beating seas looked like -whales spouting, the fleet did homage to the -Queen. The name of the <i>Pelican</i> also was -changed to the <i>Golden Hind</i> in remembrance -of Drake’s “friend and favourer,” Sir Christopher -Hatton, whose crest was a golden -hind. In sixteen days they reached the -“South Sea,” Drake himself having rowed -on ahead of the fleet with some of his -gentlemen to find out the passage. He -had meant to land, and leave “a monument -of her Majesty graven in metal,” which -he had brought with him for that purpose, -but there was no anchoring, as the wind -did not let them stay; for a fearful storm -<span class="pagenum2" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</span>arose and separated the ships, and threatened -to send them all to the bottom of the sea. -The <i>Marigold</i>, indeed, went down with all -hands, and the <i>Elizabeth</i>, “partly by the -negligence of those that had charge of her, -partly through a kind of desire that some -in her had to be out of all those troubles -and to be at home again, returned back the -same way by which they came forward, and -so coasting Brazil, they arrived in England -on June 2nd the year following.” So that -now, as the story quaintly says, the other -ship, if she had been still called the <i>Pelican</i>, -would indeed have been a pelican alone in -the wilderness. Never did they think there -had been such a storm “since Noah’s Flood,” -for it lasted fifty-two days. The ship was -driven south of the continent of America. -At this time it was generally believed that -another great continent stretched to the -south of the Straits, which was called -the unknown land, “wherein many strange -monsters lived.” And now, when Drake had -discovered this idea to be false, their troubles -ended for the time, the storm ceased, but -they were in great grief for the loss of their -friends, and still hoped to meet the missing -ships again.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</span></p> - -<p>They sailed northwards along the coast -of America till they landed on an island to -get water. Here they were treacherously -attacked by Indians, who took them to be -the hated Spaniards. The nine persons who -were in the boat were all wounded, and -Drake’s faithful servant, Diego the negro, -died of his wounds, and one other. Drake -himself was shot in the face under the right -eye, and badly wounded in the head. They -were in the worst case, because the chief -doctor was dead, and the other in the <i>Elizabeth</i>. -There was none left them but a boy, -“whose goodwill was more than any skill -he had.” But, owing to Drake’s advice, and -“the putting to of every man’s help,” all -were cured in the end.</p> - -<p>They sailed on, and having picked up a -friendly Indian who served as a pilot, they -reached the harbour of Valparaiso. A ship -which was lying in the harbour was seized, -and then the town and the Spaniards -discovered that Drake had reached the -shores of the Pacific. On the coast the ship -was trimmed and the pinnace put together, -in which Drake himself set out to search -the creeks and inlets where the ship could -not sail. Grief for the absence of their -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</span>friends still remained with them. Still -searching for the lost ships, they sailed -northwards on to Lima, where they got the -news that a great Spanish ship had sailed -from there a fortnight before, laden with -treasure. Drake at once gave chase, hoping -to take her before she reached Panama. -The first man who sighted her was promised -a chain of gold. The ship was overtaken -and captured off Cape San Francisco. She -was “the great glory of the South Sea,” and -laden with gold, silver, plate, and jewels, all -of which the English took. After six days -the Spanish ship was dismissed, “somewhat -lighter than before,” to Panama. To the -master of the ship, Saint Juan de Anton, he -gave a letter to protect him if he fell in with -the missing English ships.</p> - -<p>“Master Winter,” it says, “if it pleaseth -God that you should chance to meet with -this ship of Saint Juan de Anton, I pray -you use him well, according to my word and -promise given unto them. And if you want -anything that is in this ship of Saint Juan -de Anton, I pray you pay them double the -value for it, which I will satisfy again, and -command your men not to do any hurt; desiring -you, for the Passion of Christ, if you -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</span>fall into any danger, that you will not despair -of God’s mercy, for He will defend you and -preserve you from all danger, and bring us -to our desired haven, to whom be all honour, -glory, and praise for ever and ever. Amen.—Your -sorrowful Captain, whose heart is -heavy for you,—<span class="smcap">Francis Drake</span>.”</p> - -<p>The next prizes captured yielded treasure -of a different kind, though equally precious. -These were some charts with sailing directions, -taken from two China pilots. The -owner of the next large Spanish ship -captured by Drake has left an interesting -account of him.</p> - -<p>He says that “the English General is the -same who took Nombre de Dios five years -ago. He is a cousin of John Hawkins, and -his name is Francis Drake. He is about -thirty-five years of age, of small size, with -a reddish beard, and is one of the greatest -sailors that exist, both from his skill and -his power of commanding. His ship is of -near four hundred tons, sails well, and has -a hundred men all in the prime of life, and -as well trained for war as if they had been -old soldiers of Italy. Each one is specially -careful to keep his arms clean. He treats -them with affection and they him with -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</span>respect. He has with him nine or ten gentlemen, -younger sons of the leading men in -England, who form his council. He calls -them together on every occasion and hears -what they have to say, but he is not bound -by their advice, though he may be guided -by it. He has no privacy; those of whom -I speak all dine at his table, as well as a -Portuguese pilot whom he has brought from -England, but who never spoke a word while -I was on board. The service is of silver, -richly gilt, and engraved with his arms. He -has, too, all possible luxuries, even to perfumes, -many of which he told me were given -him by the Queen. None of these gentlemen -sits down or puts on his hat in his presence -without repeated permission. He dines and -sups to the music of violins. His ship carries -thirty large guns and a great quantity of -ammunition, as well as craftsmen who can -do necessary repairs. He has two artists -who portray the coast in its own colours, -a thing which troubled me much to see, because -everything is put so naturally that any -one following him will have no difficulty.”</p> - -<p>Drake wished to find his way home by -the north of America into the Atlantic. -But in this he was not successful, for the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</span>weather was very severe, and tried the -men too much; meanwhile, they found a -convenient haven in a little bay above the -harbour of San Francisco, and now known -as “Drake’s Bay.” Here they stayed a -month, repairing a leak in the ship and -refreshing the men. They then set sail, -and saw nothing but air and sea for sixty-eight -days, till they reached some islands. -These they named the “Islands of Thieves,” -on account of the behaviour of the natives. -In November they came to the islands of -the Moluccas, where Drake had a splendid -reception.</p> - -<p>They then sailed on till they arrived at a -little island, which they called the “Island of -Crabs.” Here they pitched their tents, and -set up forges to repair the ironwork of the -ship and the iron-hooped casks. Those -that were sickly soon grew well and strong -in this happy island.</p> - -<p>On the 9th of January the ship ran aground -on a dangerous shoal, and struck twice on it; -“knocking twice at the door of death, which -no doubt had opened the third time.”</p> - -<p>Nothing but instant death was expected, -and the whole ship’s company fell to praying. -As soon as the prayers were said, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</span>Drake spoke to the men, telling them how -they must think of their souls, and speaking -of the joys of heaven “with comfortable -speeches.” But he also encouraged -them to bestir themselves, and he himself -set the example, and got the pumps to -work, and freed the ship of water. The -ship was fast upon “hard and pinching -rocks, and did tell us plain she expected -continually her speedy despatch as soon -as the sea and winds should come ... so -that if we stay with her we must perish -with her.” The other plan, of leaving her -for the pinnace, seemed to them “worse -than a thousand deaths.”</p> - -<p>After taking the Communion and listening -to a sermon, they eased the ship by -casting goods into the sea—“three ton of -cloves, eight big guns, and certain meal -and beans”; making, as an old writer says, -a kind of gruel of the sea round about. -After they had been in this state from -eight o’clock at night till four o’clock next -afternoon, all in a moment the wind changed, -and “the happy gale drove them off the -rocks again, and made of them glad men.”</p> - -<p>The rest of the homeward voyage was -less adventurous, and on the 18th of June -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</span>they passed the Cape of Good Hope, “a -most stately thing, and the fairest cape we -saw in the whole circumference of the -earth.”</p> - -<p>On the 26th of September they “safely, -and with joyful minds and thankful hearts, -arrived at Plymouth, having been away -three years.”</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</span></p> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_IX">CHAPTER IX<br /> -<span class="smaller">SIR FRANCIS</span></h2></div> - -<p class="no-indent"><span class="dropcap">I</span><span class="smcap">t</span> was in the autumn of 1580 that Drake -returned from his three years’ voyage. -Wynter had brought the news home that -Drake had entered the Straits of Magellan, -but since then only vague rumours of his -death at the hands of the Spaniards had -reached England. Had he met such a fate, -Sir William Cecil (now Lord Burghley) and -his party at Court would not have been sorry; -for they disliked piracy, and wished to avoid -a war with Spain.</p> - -<p>This was more to be dreaded than ever, -as at the death of the King of Portugal -Philip had seized his crown and vast possessions, -and was now the most powerful prince -in Europe, since he owned the splendid -Portuguese fleet. Hitherto, Philip had only -warships for the protection of his treasure-ships, -and they could not be spared. He -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</span>was now known to be preparing, in his -slow way, a great Armada.</p> - -<p>But Drake had not been hanged for a -pirate, and this the Spaniards knew very well. -They clamoured for the restoration of his -plunder, or the forfeit of his life. At this -time an army of Italian and Spanish soldiers, -under the command of a famous Spanish -officer, had been landed in Ireland to help -the Catholic Irish in their rebellion against -Queen Elizabeth. These soldiers were said -to have been sent by the orders of the Pope. -Finding the prospects of success too poor, -the Spanish officer withdrew his men, and -they escaped by sea; but the Italian soldiers, -who numbered 600, were overpowered by the -English, and all except a few officers, who -could pay a ransom, were slaughtered in cold -blood. Thus Philip’s attempt to strike a -secret blow in Elizabeth’s fashion was met -by her with cruelty as relentless as his own; -but Elizabeth made this attempt an excuse -for refusing to make an inquiry into Drake’s -doings in the West.</p> - -<p>“The news of his home-coming in England -was,” we are told, “by this his strange -wealth, so far-fetched, marvellous strange, -and of all men held impossible and incredible. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</span>But both proving true, it fortuned that many -misliked it and reproached him. Besides -all this there were others that devised and -divulged” (made up and spread about) “all -possible disgraces” (base charges) “against -Drake and his followers, terming him the -Master Thief of the Unknown World. Yet -nevertheless the people generally with exceeding -admiration applauded his wonderful -long adventures and rich prize.”</p> - -<p>Drake at once sent a message to tell the -Queen of his return. He was told he had -nothing to fear, and was summoned to Court. -He took with him some horseloads of gold -and silver and jewels. The Queen treated -him with great favour, and refused to take -the advice of Burghley and others, who -wished to send the treasure back to Spain. -Unlike them she took her share of the -profits, and also the fine gifts Drake had -brought for her. “But it grieved him not -a little,” we are told, “that some prime -courtiers refused the gold he offered them, -as gotten by piracy.” He and his men had -made golden fortunes.</p> - -<p>The Spanish Ambassador naturally -“burned with passion” against Drake, and -considered his presence at Court an insult -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</span>to his king. “For he passes much time -with the Queen,” he wrote to Philip, “by -whom he is highly favoured.”</p> - -<p>It was an insult Philip still felt himself -unable to avenge. Elizabeth had made a -fresh treaty with France, and Philip’s best -generals knew the difficulties of an attack -on England thus strengthened. Besides, -the Dutch, whom Elizabeth was helping, -were his desperate enemies; for they were -fighting for faith and country and freedom, -and to do this makes bold soldiers. So Philip -the prudent had to content himself with -making plans for his great Armada.</p> - -<p>Meantime Drake sunned himself in the -Court favour, and books and pictures and -songs were made in his praise.</p> - -<p>The <i>Golden Hind</i> was brought ashore at -Deptford, and became a resort for sightseers. -But in spite of much patching she became -so old that she had to be broken up, and the -last of her timbers were made into a chair, -which is still kept in a quiet Oxford library. -So the ship ends her days far away from the -sound of the sea, and of the gay throngs that -used to make merry and dance on her decks.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> -<a id="illo4"><img class="box" src="images/i_072.jpg" width="400" alt="SIR FRANCIS DRAKE" /></a></div> - -<p class="caption no-indent">SIR FRANCIS DRAKE</p> - -<p>On the 4th of April the Queen paid a State -visit to the ship, and ordered that it should -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</span>be preserved for ever. A fine banquet was -served on board, and there, before the eyes -of hundreds of onlookers, Elizabeth knighted -the “pirate captain.” She said jestingly that -the King of Spain had demanded Drake’s -head, and now she had a gold sword to cut -it off. Thus Elizabeth openly defied the -Spaniards, who were still raging over their -stolen treasure.</p> - -<p>But there were some not in Spain who also -thirsted for revenge upon Drake. Thomas -Doughty’s young brother was his unforgiving -foe. The case was never brought to Court -or indeed to light; but young Doughty wrote -a letter in which he said “that when the -Queen did knight Drake she did then knight -the greatest knave, the vilest villain, the -foulest thief, and the crudest murderer that -ever was born.” The Spaniards bribed him -to try and murder Drake. We hear that -he was put in prison, and we never hear of -his release.</p> - -<p>In 1581 Drake was made Mayor of Plymouth. -In 1583 his wife died. He was -then a member of Parliament. Two years -later he married Mary Sydenham. He never -had any children.</p> - -<p>The Queen now appointed Drake among -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</span>others to inquire into the state of the navy; -he was to see to the repairing of ships, to -the building of new ones, and to the means -of furnishing them with stores in case of -sudden war. From this time onwards the -thought of a Spanish invasion was a constant -fear in the minds of the English people. But -Philip was unready, and Elizabeth unwilling -to be the first to begin a war. Elizabeth -changed her mind and her plans in a way -that must have been maddening to the men -who did her work. One good result of her -indecision was that England was better prepared -for the invasion. In those long years -of private warfare money had been gathering, -and the navy made strong and ready for -work. But for men of action, who like to -make a plan and stick to it, and go through -with it at all costs, Elizabeth’s delays and -recalls were bewildering and unreasonable.</p> - -<p>In 1585 Philip seized a fleet of English -corn-ships trading in his own ports. Then, -at last, Drake’s long-talked-of expedition -against the Spanish settlements was got -ready and sent out. He had about thirty -ships, commanded by some of the most -famous captains of the time, men like -Fenner, Frobisher, and Wynter, who afterwards<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</span> -fought against the Armada. His -general of the soldiers was Christopher -Carleill, “a man of long experience in wars -both by sea and land,” and who was afterwards -said to direct the service “most like -a wise commander.” Drake’s ship was the -<i>Elizabeth Bonaventure</i>.</p> - -<p>After a week spent in capturing ships, -the fleet anchored at the Bayona Islands, -off Vigo Bay. The Governor of Bayona -was forced to make terms. He sent “some -refreshing, as bread, wine, oil, apples, grapes, -and marmalade, and such like.” The people, -filled with terror, were seen to remove their -possessions into boats to go up the Vigo -River, inland, for safety. Many of these were -seized; most of them were loaded only -with household stuff, but one contained -the “church stuff of the high church of -Vigo ... a great cross of silver of very fair -embossed work and double-gilt all over, -having cost them a great mass of money.”</p> - -<p>The fleet now went on its way by the -Canary Islands. When Santiago was -reached, Carleill landed with a thousand -troops and took possession of the fortress -and the town, for both had been forsaken. -Here they planted the great flag, “which -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</span>had nothing on it but the plain English -cross; and it was placed towards the sea, -that our fleet might see St. George’s Cross -flourish in the enemy’s fortress.” Guns were -found ready loaded in various places about -the town, and orders were given that these -should be shot off “in honour of the Queen’s -Majesty’s Coronation day, being the 17th -of November, after the yearly custom in England. -These were so answered again by the -guns out of all the ships in the fleet, as it was -strange to hear such a thundering noise last -so long together.” No treasure was taken -at Santiago, but there was food and wine. -The town was given to the flames in revenge -for wrongs done to old William -Hawkins of Plymouth some years before.</p> - -<p>They had not been many days at sea -before a mortal sickness suddenly broke -out among the men. They anchored off -some islands, where the Indians treated -them very kindly, carried fresh water to -the ships, and gave them food and tobacco. -The tobacco was a welcome gift, to be used -against the infection of the mysterious sickness -which was killing the men by hundreds. -They passed Christmas on an island to refresh -the sick and cleanse and air the ships.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</span></p> -<p>Then Drake resolved, with the consent of -his council, to attack the city of St. Domingo, -while his forces were “in their best strength.” -This was the oldest and most important city -in the Indies, and was famous for its beauty -and strength. It had never been attempted -before, although it was so rich, because it -was strongly fortified.</p> - -<p>Some boats were sent on in advance of -the fleet. They learned from a pilot, whose -boat they captured, that the Castle of St. -Domingo was well armed, and that it was -almost impossible to land on the dangerous -coast; but he showed them a possible -point ten miles from the harbour. In -some way Drake had sent messages to the -Maroons, who lived on the hills behind the -town. At midnight, on New Year’s Day, the -soldiers were landed, Drake himself steering -a boat through the surf. The Maroons met -them, having killed the Spanish watchman.</p> - -<p>“Our General, having seen us all landed -in safety to the west of that brave city of -St. Domingo, returned to his fleet, bequeathing -us to God and the good conduct of -Master Carleill, our Lieutenant-General.”</p> - -<p>The troops divided and met in the market-place; -and as those in the castle were -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</span>preparing to meet Drake’s attack from the -sea, they were surprised from behind by -the soldiers marching upon them with flags -flying and music playing. The fleet ceased -firing while the fate of the town was decided -in a battle. By night Drake was in -possession of the castle, the harbour, and -shipping. One of the ships captured they -named the <i>New Year’s Gift</i>.</p> - -<p>But after all there was little of the fabled -treasure to be found. The labour in the -gold and silver mines had killed the native -Indians, and the mines were no longer -worked. There was plenty of food and -wine to be had, woollen and linen cloth -and silk. But there was little silver; the -rich people used dishes of china and cups -of glass, and their beautiful furniture was -useless as plunder. The town had to pay a -large sum of money for its ransom, and the -English stayed a month, and fed at its -expense, and took away with them guns -and merchandise and food and numbers of -galley-slaves, whom they set free.</p> - -<p>Cartagena, the capital of the Spanish -Main, was the last town to be taken, and -it had been warned. It had natural defences, -which made it very difficult to attack. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</span>Drake, as we know, had been there before, -and often, since then, he must have dreamed -of taking it. He triumphantly steered his -fleet by a very difficult channel into the -outer harbour. He then threatened the -fort with his guns while the soldiers were -secretly landed by night. They made their -way to the town by the shore, “wading in -the sea-wash,” and so avoiding the poisoned -stakes which had been placed in the ground -in readiness for them. They also routed a -company of horse soldiers sent out from -the fort, as the place where they met was -so “woody and scrubby” as to be unfit for -horses. So they pushed on till they made -a “furious entry” into the town, nor paused -till the market-place was won, and the people -fled into the country, where they had already -sent their wives and children.</p> - -<p>A large price or ransom was paid for this -town, equal, it is said, to a quarter of a -million of our money; but it was far less -than Drake had at first demanded. But -“the inconvenience of continual death” -forced them to go, for the sickness was -still taking its prey from among the men, -and it also forced them to give up an -attempt upon Nombre de Dios and Panama. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</span>The voyage had been disappointing in the -matter of plunder. Most of the treasure -had been taken away from the towns before -the English came, and many of the -officers had died.</p> - -<p>They considered the idea of remaining -in Cartagena and sending home for more -troops. They would have had a fine position; -but they decided that their strength -was not enough to hold the town and also -man the fleet against a possible attack by -the Spaniards from the sea. So the lesser -ransom was accepted; the officers offering -to give up their shares to the “poor men, -both soldiers and sailors, who had adventured -their lives against the great enemy.” -They then returned to England, only stopping -to water the ships. They landed -again at St. Augustine, on the coast of -Florida, where they destroyed a fort and -took away the guns and a pay-chest containing -two thousand pounds.</p> - -<p>“And so, God be thanked, we in good -safety arrived at Portsmouth the 28th of -July 1586, to the great glory of God, and -to no small honour to our Prince, our -Country, and Ourselves.”</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</span></p> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_X">CHAPTER X<br /> -<span class="smaller">CADIZ</span></h2></div> - -<p class="no-indent"><span class="dropcap">W</span><span class="smcap">hen</span> Drake returned to England, it -was to hear the news of the “Babington -plot.” This was a plot to assassinate -Elizabeth, and to place Mary of -Scotland on the throne. In 1587 Mary was -beheaded. In Philip’s eyes the time had -at last become ripe for an invasion of England. -Now that Mary was dead, there -was less danger of France and Scotland -joining forces. And Philip, as a descendant -of John of Gaunt, could put in a claim -that the throne of England, at the death -of Elizabeth, should come to himself or his -daughter.</p> - -<p>The Armada was getting ready to sail -in the summer. In April, however, Drake -was sent out again with a small fleet. -His flag-ship was again the <i>Elizabeth Bonaventure</i>. -His second in command was -William Borough.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</span></p> - -<p>His orders were “to prevent the joining -together of the King of Spain’s fleet -out of their different ports. To keep -victuals from them. To follow them in -case they should come out towards England -or Ireland. To cut off as many of -them as he could, and prevent their landing. -To set upon the West Indian ships -as they came or went.”</p> - -<p>But no sooner was he instructed than the -Queen changed her bold orders to milder -ones. He was not to enter any port by -force, nor to offer violence to any towns, -or ships in harbour. But Drake had got -away to sea without the second orders, -and acted on the first.</p> - -<p>He had heard that the ships were gathering -in Cadiz harbour, and there he decided -boldly to seek for them. The outer -and inner harbours of Cadiz were crowded -with shipping, most of which was getting -ready for the invasion of England. Drake’s -fleet sailed in, routed the defending galleys, -and made havoc among the ships, -about thirty-seven of which were captured, -burnt, or sunk. One was a large ship belonging -to the Marquis of Santa Cruz. -They carried away four ships laden with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</span> -wine, oil, biscuits, and dried fruit; “departing -thence,” as Drake says, “at our -pleasure, with as much honour as we could -wish.” They were chased by Spanish galleys, -which did little harm, for the wind -favoured the English as they sailed away -from Cadiz.</p> - -<p>The Spaniards thought Drake had gone -to stop the treasure fleet. But Drake -wished to stop the Armada, which was a -much greater affair. He knew now that -Santa Cruz was making his headquarters at -Lisbon. Ships were gathering in the north -of Spain. Recalde, one of the best Spanish -commanders, was waiting with a small fleet -off Cape St. Vincent to protect the treasure -fleet when it arrived. Fifteen big -ships had escaped the attack in Cadiz harbour. -The ships were to meet in Lisbon, -where Santa Cruz was collecting stores and -food.</p> - -<p>Recalde succeeded in escaping Drake, and -took his ships safely into Lisbon. Drake -resolved to secure the station he had left. -This was the castle of Sagres, near Cape -St. Vincent. His own officers were staggered -with the boldness of his plan, and -Borough solemnly protested. He had urged -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</span>caution before Cadiz harbour; again he -pleaded for a council of war. He was of -an older school of seamen than Drake, and -was horrified at the ways of the man who -was born, as it has been said, “to break -rules.”</p> - -<p>Drake was most indignant at his action, -and put him under arrest, while Borough -expected daily that “the Admiral would -have executed upon me his bloodthirsty -desire, as he did upon Doughty.”</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> -<a id="illo5"><img class="box" src="images/i_084.jpg" width="400" alt="Drake at the taking of Sagres Castle" /></a></div> - -<p class="caption no-indent">Drake at the taking of Sagres Castle</p> - -<p>After reading the accounts of Drake in -the stories of the different voyages, we can -understand how his men adored his spirit, -and flocked to his ship to serve under -his flag. To them there was something -magical, and to the Spaniards something -uncanny, in his luck. The English called -him “Fortune’s child,” and the Spanish -called him “the Devil.” But some of the -officers who served with him must have -liked him less. He made his plans swiftly, -and generally well; but the doing of them -had to be swift and sure. Like many -great men he knew he was right, but -could not stop to reason or argue about -his course. He acted upon the instinct of -his genius, with a sure and shining faith -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</span>in himself, which must have been hateful -to smaller men. In the days of his later -voyages, when he had not the undivided -control of his expedition, he failed, as he -never did when he was alone, “with the -ships not pestered with soldiers,” as he once -said.</p> - -<p>The taking of the castle of Sagres -seemed almost an impossibility, so well -did the rocks and steep cliffs defend the -fort. Drake himself commanded the attack -on land, and in the end helped to carry -and pile the faggots against the castle -gate. The commander was slain, and then -the fort surrendered. Thus Drake took -possession of one of the best places on -the coast of Spain for ships to anchor -and get water.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile, the rest of the fleet had taken -and burnt fifty ships laden with wood and -hoops of seasoned wood, for which Santa -Cruz was waiting to make his water-casks. -The loss of these did much damage to the -Armada, and helped to ruin it.</p> - -<p>On the 10th of May, having disarmed the -fort of Sagres by throwing the big guns -over the cliffs into the sea, Drake brought -his fleet to anchor in Cascaes Bay, south -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</span>of Lisbon. He seems to have judged -Lisbon too strong to attack from the sea. -He was prepared to “distress the ships” -had they come out; and he offered battle -to Santa Cruz, who, however, was short of -powder and shot, and had no ships ready -as yet for action.</p> - -<p>So Drake went back to Sagres to clean -his ships and refresh his men. He then -sailed for the Azores. A storm parted the -ships, and on the few that were left the -men were anxious to go home. The ship -on which Borough was still a prisoner deserted. -Drake believed that Borough was -responsible for this; and, though he was -beyond reach, in his anger Drake sentenced -him, with his chief officers, to death as -mutineers.</p> - -<p>Drake went on with his nine remaining -ships, and came upon a splendid prize, the -big <i>San Felipe</i>, the greatest ship in all -Portugal, richly laden with spice, china, -silk, and chests of gold and jewels. This -prize was valued at nearly a million pounds; -and, besides, she carried secret papers of -great value concerning the East India trade.</p> - -<p>On the 26th of June, Drake returned -home after his brilliant campaign. Santa -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</span>Cruz had indeed gone out to chase him, -but it was too late.</p> - -<p>Borough was not found guilty by the -court of law where Drake accused him; -but his grief of mind endured long. Some -time after, he wrote that “he was very fain -to ease it as he might, hoping in good time -he should.”</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</span></p> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XI">CHAPTER XI<br /> -<span class="smaller">THE GREAT ARMADA</span></h2></div> - -<p class="no-indent"><span class="dropcap">D</span><span class="smcap">rake’s</span> raid upon the Spanish coast -made it impossible for the Armada to -sail in 1587. But after waiting so long -Philip made his preparations with an almost -feverish haste. The death of his great -general, Santa Cruz, hindered his plans very -much. Santa Cruz was a commander of -experience and renown, and the man most -fitted, both by his rank and his qualities, to -undertake “the enterprise of England.”</p> - -<p>The man chosen to succeed him was the -Duke of Medina Sidonia, whose exalted -rank seems to have been his chief claim to -the difficult place into which he was thrust -by Philip. He had no desire to take the -place; he wrote to Philip and told him quite -simply that he was no seaman, and knew -little about naval fighting and less about -England. But he was ordered to take the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</span>fleet into the English Channel and take possession -of Margate. He was then to send -ships to bring the Duke of Parma and his -army in safety to England, when Parma was -to assume the command of the expedition.</p> - -<p>But, after all, the Armada was not ready -to sail till July 1588, and the months between -then and January were filled by the English -with preparations for defence. They had to -face the difficulties, much greater then than -now, of keeping both men and ships on the -seas, and yet fit for action. Life on board -ship tried the men very severely. We have -seen how often sickness broke out among -the sailors if they were kept long to their -crowded, unhealthy quarters. The feeding -of both navies seems to have been a task of -great difficulty. This was due to the hurried -demand for vast quantities of stores, such -as biscuit and salt meat The Spaniards, too, -owing to Drake’s foresight, had lost their -water-casks, and had to depend on new ones -of unseasoned wood, which leaked.</p> - -<p>Lord Howard, a cousin of the Queen, was -made Lord High Admiral of England, and -Drake was his Vice-Admiral and John -Hawkins his Rear-Admiral. With them -served many other famous men, such as -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</span>Fenner, Frobisher, Wynter, and Seymour, -and many younger men from noble families. -All were working hard, with spirits stretched -to an unusual pitch of endurance. In the -letters they wrote about the business in hand -to the Queen and her Ministers of State -there is a note of high courage and defiance; -and a distant echo comes down to us from -the dim old letters of all the stir and bustle -as the men gathered to the ships, and of the -hum of excitement about the clamouring -dockyards. The shipwrights were working -day and night Lord Howard says he has -been on board every ship “where any man -may creep,” and thanks God for their good -state, and that “never a one of them knows -what a leak means.” Sir William Wynter -tells how badly the ships had suffered in the -winter storms, but adds: “Our ships doth -show themselves like gallants here. I assure -you it will do a man’s heart good to behold -them; and would to God the Prince of Parma -were upon the seas with all his forces, and -we in the view of them; then I doubt not but -that you should hear we would make his -enterprises very unpleasant to him.”</p> - -<p>The ships are always spoken of like live -creatures, and their personal histories are -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</span>well known and remembered. Lord Howard -says of his Ark (which was bought of Sir -Walter Raleigh by the Queen): “And I pray -you tell her Majesty from me that her money -was well given for the Ark <i>Ralegh</i>, for I -think her the odd (only) ship in the world -for all conditions; and truly I think there -can no great ship make me change and go -out of her.” And again: “I mean not to -change out of her I am in for any ship that -ever was made.”</p> - -<p>Drake had “her Majesty’s very good ship -the <i>Revenge</i>” which was so famous then and -afterwards. Lord Henry Seymour writes -from on board “the <i>Elizabeth Bonaventure</i>, -the fortunate ship where Sir Francis Drake -received all his good haps.” Howard and -Drake, with other commanders of experience, -were of one mind; they wanted to go out and -meet the enemy upon the coasts of Spain, -and so prevent the Spanish fleet from ever -reaching England.</p> - -<p>Howard pressed this opinion as that of -men whom the world judged to be the -wisest in the kingdom. But the Queen was -unwilling to send the fleet away, and she -still talked of making peace.</p> - -<p>Both the Spaniards and the English were -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</span>persuaded that God was fighting with them. -Philip told the Duke of Medina Sidonia, that -as the cause was the cause of God, he could -not fail. In England Drake was saying that -“the Lord is on our side”; and Fenner wrote -to the Queen: “God mightily defend my -gracious Mistress from the raging enemy; -not doubting that all the world shall know -and see that her Majesty’s little army, guided -by the finger of God, shall beat down the -pride of His enemies and hers, to His great -glory.” Nowadays we do not look upon -our enemies as necessarily the enemies of -God.</p> - -<p>Howard’s letters show a very noble mind. -He grudged no time or labour in the ordering -of his fleet, down to the smallest matters. -He is full of care for the mariners, and is -anxious that they should be well paid and -fed. He takes the advice of Drake and the -other seamen of greater experience than -himself.</p> - -<p>The fleet did at last go out, but was -driven back by the winds; and suddenly, -after the fret and worry and strain of all -those months, there is a pause, and Howard -writes: “Sir, I will not trouble you with any -long letter; we are at this present otherwise -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</span>occupied than with writing. Upon Friday, -at Plymouth, I received intelligence that -there was a great number of ships descried -off the Lizard: whereupon, although the -wind was very scant, we first warped out -of harbour that night, and upon Saturday -turned out very hardly, the wind being at -south-west; and about three of the clock in -the afternoon, descried the Spanish fleet, and -did what we could to work for the wind, -which by this morning we had recovered.... -At nine of the clock we gave them fight, -which continued until one.... Sir, the captains -in her Majesty’s ships have behaved -themselves most bravely and like men hitherto, -and I doubt not will continue, to their -great commendation.... Sir, the southerly -wind that brought us back from the coast -of Spain brought them out.”</p> - -<p>William Hawkins, then Mayor of Plymouth, -writes that the “Spanish fleet was -in view of this town yesternight, and the -Lord Admiral passed to the sea and out of -sight.” They could see the fleets fighting, -the English being to windward of the enemy. -He was sending out men as fast as he could -find ships to carry them.</p> - -<p>There is a legend that Drake and his -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</span>officers were playing bowls on Plymouth Hoe -when the news that the Armada was in the -Channel was brought to him by the captain of -a pinnace. Drake calmly finished his game, -the story says, saying there was time to do -that and to beat the Spaniards too.</p> - -<p>As the Spanish ships lay in the English -Channel, blinded with the mist and rain, the -Duke sent a boat to get news. Four fishermen -of Falmouth were brought away who -had that evening seen the English fleet go -out of Plymouth, “under the charge of the -English Admiral and of Drake.”</p> - -<p>The Spaniards had come out ready to fight -in the old way, in which they had won so -many brilliant victories. They had always -fought their naval battles with great armies -on great ships, much as they would fight on -land. The soldiers despised big guns, and -liked better the bravery of a close fight, -“with hand-thrusts and push of pike.” The -sailors were not prepared to fight at all, but -with the help of slaves they sailed the big -galleys and fighting ships, and the swarm -of smaller troop-ships and store-ships that -swelled the numbers of the fleet which -carried an army.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 541px;"> -<a id="illo6"><img class="box" src="images/i_094.jpg" width="541" alt="Drake at bowls on Plymouth Hoe" /></a></div> - -<p class="caption no-indent">Drake at bowls on Plymouth Hoe</p> -<p>The numbers of the ships on both sides -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</span>are now said to have been not so very unequal. -If the Spaniards could have fought -in their own way, they must have been easily -victorious. But the English had got the -wind at their back and the enemy in front -of them, and being better masters of their -ships, they had the choice, and they chose -to fight at a distance, and never to board -the big ships till they were already helpless.</p> - -<p>Their ships were newer, and built on different -lines, and could sail faster. They were -smaller than our modern men-of-war, but -carried more guns for their size. They were, -as the Spaniards said, “very nimble and of -good steerage, so that the English did with -them as they desired. And our ships being -very heavy compared with the lightness of -those of the enemy, it was impossible to -come to hand-stroke with them.”</p> - -<p>The English ships were manned with -sailors and gunners who could both sail the -ships and fight the enemy. The guns were -fired at the hulls of the Spanish ships and -not wasted on the enemy’s rigging, which -was harder to aim at.</p> - -<p>The fleets met on the 21st of July, and -there followed a week of fighting and of -disasters to the Spaniards. Yet as the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</span>news of their coming up the Channel came -to those on shore, who watched beside the -beacon fires with anxious hearts, the danger -must have seemed little less fearful than -before. Those who viewed the “greatness -and hugeness of the Spanish army” from -the sea, considered that the only way to -move them was by fire-ships.</p> - -<p>Sidonia had steered his great fleet magnificently -through the dangers of the Channel; -he anchored outside Calais to await the -answer to the urgent messages he had sent -to the Duke of Parma. But, as we know, -the “Narrow Seas” were well watched by -the English, and they were so helped by -the Dutch that Parma never reached the -shores of England.</p> - -<p>Eight fire-ships were hastily prepared and -sent down upon the Spanish fleet, “all burning -fiercely. These worked great mischief -among the Spanish ships (though none of -them took fire), for in the panic their cables -and anchors were slipped.”</p> - -<p>The great fight took place off Gravelines, -on the Flemish coast, where most of the -scattered ships of the Armada had drifted -in the general confusion. The English -hastened to take advantage of this confusion, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</span>while Sidonia was forming his fleet again -into battle order. They “set upon the fleet -of Spain (led by Sir Francis Drake in the -<i>Revenge</i>) and gave them a sharp fight,” while -Lord Howard stopped to capture a helpless -ship, the finest, they said, upon the -sea. “And that day, Sir Francis’ ship was -riddled with every kind of shot.”</p> - -<p>The fight went on from nine in the morning -till six at night, when the Spanish fleet bore -away, beaten, towards the north. Howard -says that “after the fight, notwithstanding -that our powder and shot was well near all -spent, we set on a brag-countenance and -gave them chase as though we had wanted -nothing (or lacked nothing) until we had -cleared our own coast and some part of -Scotland of them.”</p> - -<p>Drake was appointed to follow the fleet, -and he writes, “We have the army of Spain -before us, and mind, with the grace of God, -to wrestle a pull with him. There was -never anything pleased me better than the -seeing the enemy flying with a southerly -wind to the northwards. God grant you -have a good eye to the Duke of Parma: -for with the grace of God, if we live, I doubt -it not but ere it be long so to handle the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</span>matter with the Duke of Sidonia as he -shall wish himself at St. Mary Port among -his orange trees.”</p> - -<p>At the end of this letter he says, “I crave -pardon of your honour for my haste, for that -I had to watch this last night upon the -enemy.” And in another letter to Walsingham -he signs himself, “Your honour’s most -ready to be commanded but now half-sleeping -Francis Drake.”</p> - -<p>Many of the Spanish ships, being so -crippled, were wrecked in stormy weather -off the coasts of Scotland and Ireland, which -were unknown to them, and thus the more -dangerous. Not half of those who put out -to sea ever reached Spain again. Many -men were killed in battle or died of their -wounds, and they were the most fortunate, -for others were drowned, or perished miserably -by the hands of the natives of the coasts. -Some who escaped were put to death by the -Queen’s orders, and some lingered in the -foul prisons of that time. The instinct of -savage cruelty revives, even in highly civilised -races, in time of war, and spreads, like an -infection.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> -<a id="illo7"><img class="box" src="images/i_098.jpg" width="400" alt="Fighting the Great Armada" /></a></div> - -<p class="caption no-indent">Fighting the Great Armada</p> - -<p>We get a glimpse, in an old list of plunder -taken from the Spanish prisoners, of the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</span>brave looks of the vanished host, that included -the flower of Spanish youth and chivalry. -There were “breeches and jerkins of silk, -and hose of velvet, all laid over with gold -lace, a pair of breeches of yellow satin, -drawn out with cloth of silver, a leather -jerkin, perfumed with amber and laid over -with a gold and silver lace, a jerkin embroidered -with flowers, and a blue stitched -taffety hat, with a silver band and a plume -of feathers.”</p> - -<p>For some time England was haunted -by fears that the Armada would return to -her coasts, or that Parma would avenge -himself. But the reports of the many -wrecks and of the massacre of Spanish -soldiers eased this present anxiety. And -it was well, for fever and sickness broke -out in the English ships, and the men were -dying in hundreds, “sickening one day and -dying the next,” as the letters say. The -ships had to be disinfected and many of -the men dispersed.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</span></p> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XII">CHAPTER XII<br /> -<span class="smaller">EXPEDITION TO LISBON</span></h2></div> - -<p class="no-indent"><span class="dropcap">T</span><span class="smcap">he</span> great Armada was scattered, and -yet the English did not feel secure -from their enemy. The sight of that fleet -so near their shores in “its terror and -majesty,” and the memory of its vast army -of well-drilled soldiers, left a feeling of deep -uneasiness in the minds of wise men. “Sir,” -writes Howard to Walsingham, “safe bind, -safe find. A kingdom is a great wager. Sir, -you know security is dangerous: and had -God not been our best friend, we should have -found it so. Some made little account of -the Spanish force by sea: but I do warrant -you, all the world never saw such a force -as theirs was....”</p> - -<p>Fortune had favoured England this time, -but what if Philip built newer and lighter -ships, and really succeeded in landing his -army? They did not as yet know that Philip -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</span>had no money to build his ships with, and -rumours of a second invasion were plentiful.</p> - -<p>The Spaniards, it is true, had suffered -great loss and a crushing defeat to their -pride, but they had not, after all, lost anything -that they already had, but only failed -to get something they wanted very badly -to have, and the second kind of loss matters -far less than the first.</p> - -<p>But, on the other hand, if the English had -been defeated, it is difficult to think how -darkly their history might have been changed. -It was this thought that made the wise men -sober in the midst of the national joy and -exultation. They saw how much England, -as an island, must depend for strength and -defence upon her navy, and they saw this -much more clearly than before. But Drake -had seen it for a long time. And he had -seen something more. He had seen that -the English navy must be ready and able -to protect her merchant ships by distressing -and attacking her enemies abroad, and that -this was a means of keeping the enemy so -busy abroad that he could not invade the -peace of England at home.</p> - -<p>Elizabeth was eager to complete the destruction -of Philip’s navy, now so much -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</span>crippled. In the spring of 1589 she consented -to a new expedition being fitted out, and -appointed Sir John Norreys and Sir Francis -Drake as commanders-in-chief. The two -men had fought together in Ireland. “Black -John Norreys,” as he was called, came of a -famous fighting family, and had served in -the Lowlands and in France with high -courage and skill. During the Spanish invasion -he had been made chief of the land -forces. It is said that in one battle he went -on fighting after three horses had been -killed under him. With him went his -brother Edward, and a famous Welsh captain, -Sir Roger Williams, was his second in -command.</p> - -<p>The objects of the expedition were: first, -to distress the King of Spain’s ships; second, -to get possession of some of the islands of -the Azores in order to waylay the treasure -ships; and, lastly, to try to recover for Don -Antonio his lost kingdom of Portugal.</p> - -<p>Money for this expedition was raised from -every possible source. The Queen gave six -royal ships and two pinnaces, money, food, -and arms. The forces were made up of -soldiers, gentlemen who wished to make -their fortunes in war, and English and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</span>Dutch sailors and recruits, most of whom -were pressed. With this large but mixed -army the generals prepared to face the best-trained -soldiers in Europe.</p> - -<p>As usual, there were many delays. The -ships were not ready to go out, and much -of the food was consumed before they started. -More was not to be had, though Drake and -Norreys wrote letter after letter begging for -supplies. The Queen had already begun to -regard the expedition with disfavour. Some -days before the fleet sailed, the young Earl -of Essex, her latest Court favourite, had -slipped away to sea with Sir Roger Williams -on the <i>Swiftsure</i>. He was tired of a -courtier’s life, and wanted to breathe freer -air, and to help to fight the Spaniards. The -Queen was very angry, and sent orders for -his arrest, accusing Drake and Norreys of -aiding his escape. But they declared they -knew nothing of his plans.</p> - -<p>About this time some Flemish ships appeared -in Plymouth harbour laden with -barley and wine, and Drake seized their -cargoes in the Queen’s name to victual his -fleet, and sailed early in April. The weather -was so rough that several of the ships containing -troops were unable to get beyond -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</span>the Channel, but even with lesser numbers -the crews were short of food before they -reached Spain.</p> - -<p>Philip was very ill at this time, and in -grave anxiety. He knew that Drake and -the English ships might land on his coasts, -that the French might cross the mountains -with an invading force, and that the Portuguese -might arise in rebellion to win back -the crown for Don Antonio. This last -danger seemed to Philip the most urgent, -and Drake guessed this, and landed his men -on the north-west coast at Corunna.</p> - -<p>In doing this he tried to obey the Queen’s -orders to distress the King’s ships, and also, -no doubt, to satisfy the craving of his hungry -crews for food and plunder. The lower town -of Corunna was taken, and much wine and -food consumed and much wasted. The -townsfolk were routed and put to the sword, -and their houses burned. An attempt to -take the upper town failed, but the English -were the victors in a sharp battle which took -place some miles from the town, and they -thus secured their retreat to the ships and -sailed away.</p> - -<p>The presence of Drake on the coasts -caused great panic, for his name and luck -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</span>had become a terror to the people. Philip -felt deeply insulted that such an attack -should be made “by a woman, mistress of -half an island, with the help of a pirate and -a common soldier.” In Spain, as we have -seen, the command was always given to -gentlemen of high birth and breeding and -title.</p> - -<p>Four days after leaving Corunna, the fleet -first sighted some of the missing ships, and -also the <i>Swiftsure</i> with the missing Earl, -who had “put himself into the journey against -the opinion of the world, and, as it seemed, -to the hazard of his great fortune.” The -<i>Swiftsure</i> had taken six prizes off Cape St. -Vincent.</p> - -<p>The two generals had from the first -wished to go straight to Lisbon, and it is -thought that if they had done so, and thus -given the Spaniards no warning of their -coming, they might have had success. But -they were hindered by the Queen’s orders -to destroy the shipping now collected in -the northern ports, and chiefly in Santander. -After leaving Corunna, however, they decided -in council not to attempt that port, -both soldiers and sailors reasoning that the -conditions did not favour an attack.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</span></p> - -<p>They landed next at the Portuguese -town of Peniche, which lies about fifty -miles north of Lisbon. It was difficult to -land on the surf-bound coast, and some of -the boats were upset and battered. At -last, Essex sprang into the waves and -waded ashore with his soldiers and climbed -the steep cliffs. The commandant, thus -surprised, willingly surrendered to Antonio -as his lawful king, “The king” soon had -a following of peasants and friars, but -neither nobles nor soldiers came to help -him. He was eager to march to Lisbon, -where he thought he was sure of a welcome. -Norreys resolved to march there -overland. Drake, it is said, would have -liked better to attack the town from the -sea in his usual daring but successful -fashion. But the soldiers’ plan carried the -day; and leaving some ships at Peniche, -Drake promised, if he could, to bring the -fleet to meet them at Cascaes, at the mouth -of the river Tagus, south of Lisbon.</p> - -<p>There, when he arrived, he waited, not -liking to venture up the river without -knowing where the soldiers were, and not -liking to quit the sea, where he could give -them the means of retreat if necessary. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</span>For this he was very much blamed by the -soldiers at the time, and afterwards when -he got home. The point is still disputed.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile the army was encamped outside -the walls of Lisbon, but they never -got inside. The Portuguese refused to join -Don Antonio’s party, and the Spanish governor -kept the gates shut in a grim and -heroic defence. The English sailors were -sick and hungry; they had had no exercise -on board ship to keep them healthy, and -were exhausted with the heat. The stores -and guns were on the ships with Drake. -So, reluctantly, they left the suburbs of -Lisbon and marched to Cascaes, where -they embarked, not without some loss, and -sailed away.</p> - -<p>While they were still disputing in the -councils, a fleet of German ships were -sighted, and most of them secured. They -were carrying corn and stores to Spain, -against the rules of war, which bind countries -not concerned in the quarrel to help -neither foe. So the English seized sixty -ships and the stores, both of which had -been destined to furnish the new Armada -of Spain.</p> - -<p>Next came into view some English ships -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</span>with supplies, but also with angry letters -from the Queen; in answer to which Essex -was sent home bearing the news that the -expedition, though diminished by sickness -and death, still meant to sail to the Azores.</p> - -<p>On June the 8th a wind had scattered -the fleet, and suddenly left it becalmed. -The Lisbon galleys came out and cut off -four English ships.</p> - -<p>The winds continued to prevent the fleet -from going towards the Azores, and all this -time hundreds of sick and wounded men -were dying. After seventeen days at sea, -they landed at the town of Vigo and burned -it, and laid waste the country round. At -length storms and sickness and ill-fortune -drove them home, and the expedition, woefully -shrunken, straggled miserably back. -Don Antonio died, poor and forsaken, some -years later. The English had done a considerable -amount of damage, but at great -cost to themselves; for the loss of life -was terrible, and that of money very considerable. -Both Norreys and Drake were -called upon to account for their failure, -and at the time Drake got the most of -the blame. Perhaps he was more hardly -judged because failure had never come -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</span>near him before, and his successes had -always been so brilliant. His best friends -at Court were dead, and for five years he -was not asked to act in the Queen’s service. -So five years of his life which should have -been the most active were spent in retirement, -if not actually in “disgrace with -fortune and men’s eyes.”</p> - -<p>The war was carried on upon the old -lines of distressing the King’s ships, but -with very poor success. After Drake’s -voyage round the world, which encouraged -other adventurers and treasure-seekers, the -Spanish treasure-fleet had been carefully -guarded. This was done by strongly fortifying -the coast stations, by providing an -armed escort, and a service of light ships, -which went frequently to and fro with -letters of advice and warning from the -Indies to Spain.</p> - -<p>Drake had ruined this defence in 1585, -and in 1588 again many of the guard-ships -had to be used in the service of the -Armada. A really strong English fleet -might at this time have stayed the treasure, -but Philip continued to gather in his gold, -and also began, with splendid patience, to -rebuild his navy. In 1591 a royal squadron -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</span>was sent out under Lord Thomas Howard, -and the great battle of Sir Richard Grenville -on the <i>Revenge</i> was fought, “the fight of -the one and the fifty-three,” with the loss of -that ship and the victory of the Spanish fleet. -The Queen made a fighting alliance with -Henry the Fourth of France, who was the -enemy of Philip, and this she felt would -help to keep him out of England. Philip -was now trying to establish a fortified -station on the north coast of Brittany, -from which his new Armada might be -despatched.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</span></p> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XIII">CHAPTER XIII<br /> -<span class="smaller">THE LAST VOYAGE</span></h2></div> - -<p class="no-indent"><span class="dropcap">D</span><span class="smcap">rake</span> had settled in Buckland Abbey, -which he had bought from Sir Richard -Grenville. He helped to prepare and furnish -ships for some of the different excursions -against Spain, and he spent much -time on schemes to improve Plymouth. He -paid to have pure water brought to the -town from many miles away; he had flour-mills -built, that the sailors might have -good biscuits provided for them, and he -overlooked the work of fortifying Plymouth, -and making it in all ways a strong naval -station.</p> - -<p>As the danger of a fresh invasion by -Philip grew more threatening, Drake was -called to Court again, and it was about -this time that he gave to the Queen his -written story of the voyage to Nombre de -Dios.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</span></p> -<p>In 1595 a fresh expedition was arranged -for the Indies, and after the usual bewildering -indecision at Court, and difference -of views and plans (delays that proved -fatal to an excursion whose proper nature -was to be swift and secret, and above all -things powerful), on August 28, 1598, Sir -Francis Drake started on his last voyage.</p> - -<p>The story of the expedition begins by -saying that “the Spaniard leaves no means -untried to turn the peace of England into -a cursed thraldom, and this is shown by -his attempts, and also by his greedy desires -to be our neighbour in Brittany, to gain -so near us a quiet and safe road for his -fleet. So the forces were sent to invade -him in that kingdom from whence he has -feathers to fly to the top of his high -desires.</p> - -<p>“The invasion was glorious spoken of -long before it was sent, and Sir Francis -Drake was named General. For his very -name was a great terror to all in those -parts, and he had done many things in -those countries to his honourable fame and -profit. But entering into them as the Child -of Fortune, it may be that his self-willed -and peremptory (despotic) command was -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</span>doubted, and that caused her Majesty, as -it should seem, to join Sir John Hawkins -as second in command. He was an old, -wary man, and so leaden-footed” (or slow -in action) “that Drake’s meat would be eaten -before his was cooked. They were men of -such different natures that what one desired -the other commonly opposed. The journey -had so glorious a name that crowds of -volunteers came to them, and they had to -discharge such few as they had pressed. -Yet many times it was very doubtful if the -voyage would be made, till at last the news -came of a ship of the King of Spain, which -was driven into Puerto Rico with two -millions and a half of treasure. So her -Majesty commanded them to haste their -departure, which they did with twenty-seven -ships.”</p> - -<p>The generals began to disagree soon -after. Drake wanted to begin with an -attack upon the Canaries, and Hawkins -thought it unnecessary and unwise; and, -as the story says, “the fire which lay -hidden in their stomachs began to break -forth.”</p> - -<p>It was five years since Drake had fought -with his old enemies. He did not know -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</span>how much stronger the Spanish defence at -sea had become, owing to the lessons he -had given them, nor how complete Philip -had made the protection of the traffic and -the treasure-ships. He was to see this first -at the Canary Islands, where he tried, and -failed, to make one of his old surprise visits.</p> - -<p>The fleet sailed on, and anchored on the -29th of October, for water, at Guadeloupe. -The <i>Delight</i> was the last of the ships to -arrive the next day, and she brought news -that the <i>Francis</i>, a small ship of the company, -was taken by five Spanish ships, -which had been sent out by Philip to bring -home the wrecked ship at Puerto Rico. -This was a great misfortune, because Sir -John Hawkins had made known to all the -company, “even to the basest mariners,” -the places whither they were bound, naming -Puerto Rico, Nombre de Dios, and Panama. -Now the Spaniards would learn this from -their prisoners, and at once send warning -to the coasts.</p> - -<p>Drake wanted to give chase at once, but -Hawkins was old and cautious, and desired -to stay and mount his guns, take in water, -set up his pinnaces, and make all things -ready to meet the Spaniards.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</span></p> - -<p>And Sir John prevailed, “for that he was -sickly, Sir Francis being loath to breed his -further disquiet.” It took four days to -make those preparations, and always the -sickness of Sir John increased. On the -12th of October Drake brought the fleet up -by a secret way to Puerto Rico, and about -three o’clock that afternoon Sir John Hawkins -died.</p> - -<p>In the evening, as Drake sat at supper, -his chair was shot from under him, and -two of his officers received their death -wounds from the Spanish guns. The ships -had to move away. The next night the -English made a desperate effort to fire the -five ships that had come for the treasure. -Four of them were set alight, but only -one was burnt, and by the great light she -gave the Spaniards “played upon the English -with their ordnance and small shot as -if it had been fair day,” and sunk some of -the boats.</p> - -<p>Next day Drake, undaunted by failure, -determined to try and take his whole fleet -boldly into the harbour and storm the -place. But the Spaniards, guessing his -desperate intention, and fearing his great -courage, sunk four ships laden with merchandise<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</span> -and armed, as they were, and so, -at a great sacrifice, blocked the way for -the English.</p> - -<p>Drake took counsel with the soldiers as -to the strength of the place, but most of -them thought it too great a risk, though -one or two were for trying it. “The -General presently said: ‘I will bring you -to twenty places far more wealthy and -easier to be gotten;’ and hence we went -on the 15th. And here,” says the teller -of the story, “I left all hope of good -success.”</p> - -<p>On the way to Nombre de Dios they -stopped at Rio de la Hacha, where Drake -had first been wronged by the Spaniards. -This town they took with little difficulty, -and some treasure was won.</p> - -<p>On December 27th they were at Nombre -de Dios, which they took with small resistance. -But the people had been warned, -and had fled and hidden their treasure, and -the town was left very bare. So they resolved -to “hasten with speed to Panama.” -The soldiers were under the command of -Sir Thomas Baskerville, who had been a -brave fighter against the Spaniards before -now in Holland and France. They started -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</span>to go to Panama by the old road well -known to Drake. He, meanwhile, stayed -with the ships and burned the town. He -was about to sail nearer the river when -news came that the soldiers were returning. -The road was only too strongly defended -now, and Baskerville’s men were driven -back with severe loss. They were a small -force, and weak with the long march -through heavy rains; their powder was wet -and their food scarce and sodden, and -Baskerville decided upon a retreat. “This -march,” says the story, “had made many -swear that they would never buy gold at -such a price again.”</p> - -<p>Drake, being disappointed of his highest -hopes, now called a council to decide what -was to be done. All the towns had been -forewarned, and told “to be careful and -look well to themselves, for that Drake -and Hawkins were making ready in England -to come upon them.” And now the -company seem to have regarded their leader -with some bitterness, as his brave promises -failed, and the places that he used to know -were found to be changed and formidable. -Now they had to rely “upon cards and -maps, he being at these parts at the farthest -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</span>limit of his knowledge.” But still he proposed -fresh places that had the golden -sound of riches in their names, and gallant -Baskerville said he would attempt both, -one after another.</p> - -<p>But the winds drove them instead to a -“waste island, which is counted the sickliest -place in the Indies, and there died -many of the men, and victuals began to -grow scarce. Here,” says Maynarde, who -writes the story, “I was often private with -our General, and I demanded of him why -he so often begged me, being in England, -to stay with him in these parts as long as -himself.... He answered me with grief, -protesting that he was as ignorant of the -Indies as myself, and that he never thought -any place could be so changed, as it were, -from a delicious and pleasant arbour into -a waste and desert wilderness: besides the -variableness and changes of the wind and -weather, so stormy and blustrous as he -never saw it before. But he most wondered -that since his coming out of England -he never saw sail worth giving chase -unto. Yet, in the greatness of his mind, -he would, in the end, conclude with these -words: ‘It matters not, man; God hath -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</span>many things in store for us. And I know -many means to do her Majesty good service -and to make us rich, for we must -have gold before we reach England.’</p> - -<p>“And since our return from Panama he -never carried mirth nor joy in his face, yet -no man he loved must show he took -thought thereof. And he began to grow -sickly. And now so many of the company -were dying of the sickness, and food was -getting so scarce, that at last he resolved -‘to depart and take the wind as God -sent it.’”</p> - -<p>But the lurking fever in the swamp had -done its work, and on January 28, 1596, -after a brief fight with illness and death, -Drake “yielded up his spirit like a Christian -to his Creator quietly in his cabin.”</p> - -<p>“The General being dead,” we are told, -“most men’s hearts were bent to hasten -for England as soon as they might. ‘Fortune’s -Child,’ they said, ‘was dead; things -would not fall into their mouths, nor riches -be their portions, how dearly soever they -adventured for them.’”</p> - -<p>But Sir Thomas Baskerville assumed the -command and took the remains of the fleet -in his charge, and did not return home till -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</span>he had met the Spaniards and fought a -battle with them at sea.</p> - -<p>Before the fleet left Puerto Rico he -burned that port, and sunk two of the ships -no longer needed, and all the prizes. And -there, a league from the shore, under seas, -he left the body of Sir Francis Drake, -heavily freighted with death and silence. -But I like to think that his soul went -a-roving again among the stars.</p> - -<p class="no-indent center">THE END</p> - -<p class="no-indent center">Printed by <span class="smcap">Ballantyne, Hanson & Co.</span><br /> -Edinburgh & London</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter transnote"> -<p class="ph2 nobreak"><span class="smcap">Transcriber’s Notes</span></p> - -<p class="no-indent">—Illustrations have been moved up or down from their original -positions to avoid interrupting the flow of adjacent paragraphs.</p> - -<p class="no-indent">—Archaic and variant spellings have been retained.</p> - -<p class="no-indent">—Hyphenation across this e-text are as originally typeset.</p></div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF SIR FRANCIS DRAKE ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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