NormalizeHEADmain

1 files changed, 0 insertions, 2756 deletions

diff --git a/old/67864-0.txt b/old/67864-0.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index cce1059..0000000
--- a/old/67864-0.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2756 +0,0 @@
-The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Story of Sir Francis Drake, by
-Letitia MacColl Elton
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: The Story of Sir Francis Drake
-       The Children's Heroes Series
-
-Author: Letitia MacColl Elton
-
-Illustrator: T. H. Robinson
-
-Release Date: April 18, 2022 [eBook #67864]
-
-Language: English
-
-Produced by: D A Alexander and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
-             at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
-             generously made available by University of California
-             libraries)
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF SIR FRANCIS
-DRAKE ***
-
-
-
-
-
-  THE CHILDREN’S HEROES SERIES
-
-  EDITED BY JOHN LANG
-
-
-  THE STORY OF
-  SIR FRANCIS DRAKE
-
-
-
-
-  TO
-  CHARLES SUTHERLAND ELTON
-
-
-[Illustration: Queen Elizabeth knighting Drake on board the ‘Golden
-Hind’ at Deptford]
-
-
-  THE STORY OF
-
-  SIR
-  FRANCIS DRAKE
-
-  BY MRS. OLIVER ELTON
-  PICTURES BY T. H. ROBINSON
-
-  LONDON: T. C. & E. C. JACK
-  NEW YORK: E. P. DUTTON & CO.
-
-
-
-
-  Printed by
-  BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO.
-  Edinburgh
-
-
-
-
-PREFACE
-
-
-It has not been possible, for lack of space, always to tell the old
-stories in the original words, which are, in almost all cases, the
-best. If any readers of this book can get a sight of two big volumes
-called “Drake and the Tudor Navy,” by Julian Corbett, they may
-consider themselves fortunate. In them there are the most fascinating
-reproductions of pictures of old fighting ships, and old charts or maps
-of the taking of Cartagena, St. Domingo, and St. Augustine by Drake’s
-ships. Here the ships are seen approaching and attacking; the towns
-are shown, and the soldiers, and the seas are full of wonderful curly
-monsters. The old charts of the invasion of the Spanish Armada show the
-shifting position of the fleets from day to day, and the books also
-contain many maps and a fine portrait.
-
-
-
-
-CONTENTS
-
-
-  Chapter                                        Page
-
-       I. Philip of Spain                          1
-      II. “The Troublesome Voyage”                 6
-     III. Nombre de Dios                          15
-      IV. Fort Diego                              25
-       V. The Golden Mule-trains                  29
-      VI. Home Again                              39
-     VII. Round the World                         50
-    VIII. Round the World (_continued_)           60
-      IX. Sir Francis                             69
-       X. Cadiz                                   81
-      XI. The Great Armada                        88
-     XII. Expedition to Lisbon                   100
-    XIII. The Last Voyage                        111
-
-
-
-
-LIST OF PICTURES
-
-
-                                                     Page
-
-  Queen Elizabeth knighting Drake on Board the
-    _Golden Hind_ at Deptford             _Frontispiece_
-  Drake carrying to Court the News of his Voyage      14
-  Drake wounded at Nombre de Dios                     22
-  The Maroon Chief showing the Atlantic and Pacific
-    Oceans from the tree-top                          30
-  Sir Francis Drake                                   72
-  Drake at the taking of Sagres Castle                84
-  Drake at Bowls on Plymouth Hoe                      94
-  Fighting the Great Armada                           98
-
-
-
-
-THE STORY OF
-
-SIR FRANCIS DRAKE
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER I
-
-PHILIP OF SPAIN
-
-
-During the life of Francis Drake, Philip the Second of Spain was the
-most powerful king in Europe. Spain and the Netherlands belonged to
-him, parts of Italy, France, and Germany, and a great part of America.
-From Mexico, Peru, and the West Indian Islands Spanish ships sailed
-home with treasure of silver and gold, as they do in fairy tales, while
-Portuguese ships traded in Africa for slaves and gold and ivory, and
-had even ventured as far as the then little-known East Indies. Lastly,
-Philip added Portugal and its possessions to his vast inheritance, and
-would have liked to hold all the world “for God and for Spain.” Being
-himself a good Catholic, he wished to see all men of that faith, and to
-those who did not believe in it he was a merciless foe, and he shed the
-blood of many martyrs.
-
-Now Drake hated Philip and the Pope more than anything in the world, as
-much as he loved England and honoured his own Queen Elizabeth. He spent
-most of his life in making war against the King of Spain in one way or
-another, calling it all, as he told Queen Elizabeth, “service done to
-your Majesty by your poor vassal (or servant) against your great enemy.”
-
-During Drake’s life wars about religion were raging in almost every
-European country. In France the struggle ended by most people remaining
-Catholics, just as England, after Elizabeth’s reign, was always a
-Protestant country. But such changes really take long to come about,
-especially in days when news travelled slowly, when there were no
-trains or steamships, and no penny newspapers.
-
-Francis Drake was born when Edward the Sixth was king, in a farmhouse
-near Tavistock in Devonshire; but while he was quite a young child his
-father, who was a Protestant, had to fly from his country home, owing
-to an outbreak of anger among his Catholic neighbours. So the first
-stories the little Francis would hear must have been tales of this time
-of persecution, when many of his father’s friends had to hide in woods
-and caves, and lost all they possessed. From his very cradle he must
-have been taught to hate the “Papists.”
-
-The new home was rather a strange one, for the old books say Drake’s
-father went to Kent, “to inhabit in the hull of a ship, wherein many of
-his younger sons were born. He had twelve in all, and as it pleased God
-that most of them should be born upon the water, so the greater part of
-them died at sea.” The father seems to have been a sailor at one time,
-and he now got a place among the seamen of the King’s Navy, to read
-prayers to them. The Navy ships were anchored off Chatham when not in
-use, and here, in an old unused warship, the elder Drake and his family
-made their floating home. Here most of the twelve boys were born, a
-troop of merry children, and many a fine game they must have had on the
-decks. The sound of wind and waves must have been familiar to them as
-they went to sleep at nights, and they grew up strong and fearless,
-and, living as they did among sailors, must have early set their hearts
-on going to sea and having adventures.
-
-At the death of King Edward the Sixth the Catholic Queen Mary began to
-reign, and Philip, then Prince of Spain, came over to marry her. He
-looked “very gallant,” they said, in his suit of white kid, covered
-with gold embroidery, and was followed by a train of splendid-looking
-Spanish nobles, and he brought quantities of gold and silver, borne
-on the backs of horses. But the English people hated the foreign
-marriage, and so strong was this feeling that in the winter before the
-wedding even the children in the streets shouted against the Spaniards
-and snowballed them as they went to Court. Perhaps Francis Drake and
-his brothers left their usual games to play at being Philip and the
-English, like some other lads, of whom we read that their play became
-so real and exciting that they were only just prevented from hanging
-the boy who acted the part of Philip. The King of Spain might have seen
-his son upon the English throne, but this hope, like so many of his,
-was doomed to be defeated, for Mary died childless, and Elizabeth came
-to the throne.
-
-As Drake’s father was at this time a poor man, he put his son Francis
-to learn seamanship of the master of a bark or small ship that used to
-coast along the shore and sometimes carried merchandise to France and
-the Netherlands. At this time he must have had to suffer many hardships
-and to live a rough life, but he learned his business well, and “was so
-diligent and painstaking, and so pleased the old man his master by his
-industry,” that at his death he left his bark to Francis Drake.
-
-Later Drake grew weary of this little ship, that “only crept along
-the shore,” and longed for something more than such safe and simple
-voyaging, so he seems to have sold the bark and taken service with his
-kinsmen, the Hawkins brothers, who were rich merchants and owned and
-sailed their ships. And so began Drake’s roving life.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER II
-
-“THE TROUBLESOME VOYAGE”
-
-
-The four centuries before the sixteenth, in which Drake lived, have
-been called the Age of Discovery. The world widened before men’s eyes
-as new lands and seas, new peoples, and even new stars, became known
-to them. The little country of Portugal was the first to begin those
-discoveries. Her ships explored the coasts of Africa and traded there.
-One of her mariners discovered the passage round the Cape of Good Hope
-to India, the Spice Islands, and China, and for long she had no rival
-in her trade.
-
-About fifty years before Drake was born, America was discovered by
-Christopher Columbus, an Italian sailor in the service of Spain. The
-ships in use in those days were very different to any we see now. There
-have been three kinds of ships made, ships with oars, ships with
-sails, and ships with steam. They are divided into two kinds, fighting
-ships and merchant ships.
-
-The old-fashioned galley was long and low-decked, and could be rowed
-or sailed. In the middle of the ship, between two platforms or upper
-decks, the rowers were chained to their seats. Three or four men
-worked each of the long oars, or _sweeps_ as they were called. There
-were twenty-five oars or more on each side of the ship. The rowers or
-galley-slaves were generally prisoners taken in war, and to “be sent to
-the galleys” was a terrible fate. They lived on the benches, ill-fed
-and ill-clothed, with only an awning to cover them when in port, though
-the low sides of the ships protected them a little from the weather and
-from the fire of the enemy. Drake seems always to have released the
-slaves he took on Spanish galleys. Once, we are told, they included
-“Turks, Greeks, Negroes, Frenchmen, and Spaniards.”
-
-The sailors who worked the ships were free. The ships were always
-armed, at first with shields and spears and arrows, later with guns and
-powder. With such ships the Italians fought many great battles on the
-Mediterranean, and in such ships the Norsemen had invaded England and
-raided the Northern Seas; and, with his _caravels_, or light Spanish
-ships, Columbus reached the islands which he called the West Indies.
-In later voyages he reached the mainland of America, but to the day
-of his death he always believed that he had found the coast of Asia.
-Another Italian sailor, named Amerigo, also in the service of Spain,
-gave his name to the New World. The Italians had long been good sailors
-and ship-builders, and great fighters at sea, and they had the glory of
-discovering America, though they gained no possessions there.
-
-Spain, at that time the most powerful state in Europe, seized upon a
-great part of the new land, and found there gold and silver mines. The
-natives they first subdued and afterwards forced to become Christians,
-as the custom was in warfare with a Pagan race.
-
-The American Indians, however, have never been easy to subdue, and
-have always had an undying affection for their own way of life.
-The Spaniards found them unfitted for hard work in the mines. The
-Portuguese had already captured negroes in their West African
-settlements, and numbers of those were sent to America as slaves.
-
-From the time of Henry the Eighth the English were building and buying
-fine ships, and learnt to sail them so well that they began less and
-less to use the old galley ship with its many oars. They traded mostly
-with Spain and the Low Countries; but as they got better ships, and
-became expert sailors, they wanted to go farther away, to discover new
-countries and get more trade. They began to sail to the Canary Islands,
-to Africa, and America.
-
-The Hawkins family had taken a large part in this new activity. The
-elder William Hawkins had sailed to Brazil; and his son, John Hawkins,
-with whom Drake took service, made several voyages to the “Isles of
-the Canaries.” Having learnt something about the West Indies, he made
-several voyages there, carrying with him numbers of negroes to sell,
-whom he took, partly by the sword, and partly by other means, on the
-coast of Africa.
-
-Hawkins and the other adventurers who joined him brought home great
-riches. In the account of those early voyages we see the beginning of a
-quarrel with Spain, which was to last through the reign of Elizabeth,
-till Philip sent his great Armada to invade England.
-
-The third and most famous voyage of John Hawkins to the West Indies was
-called “the troublesome voyage,” for it ended in disaster. It was the
-biggest venture that had yet been made by the English, and Drake took
-part in it. Hawkins sailed with six ships. There were two “great ships”
-of the Royal Navy--the _Jesus_, commanded by Hawkins himself, and the
-_Minion_; the _William and John_, named after and owned by the Hawkins
-brothers; and three smaller ones, the _Swallow_, the _Angel_, and the
-_Judith_, the last being under the command of Francis Drake.
-
-They got slaves in Africa and sold them in the West Indies, though
-not without difficulty, because the Spaniards had been forbidden by
-their king to trade with the English. As they were about to start on
-their way home, the ships met with fearful storms, and as the _Jesus_
-was much shattered, Hawkins made up his mind to seek for haven. They
-were driven at last into Vera Cruz, the port of the city of Mexico.
-Here they sheltered, hoping to buy food and repair their fleet. Now
-in this very port lay treasure which was said to be worth thousands of
-pounds. It was waiting for the fleet of armed ships which was to take
-it safely back to Spain. The Spaniards were much dismayed to see the
-English ships, with their Portuguese ships and prisoners captured on
-the voyage, come, as they thought, to seize their treasure. It was this
-very danger they had feared when Hawkins first began his slave trade
-and disturbed the peace of the Spanish colonies.
-
-Next morning thirteen great ships appeared, and proved to be a Mexican
-fleet returning with a new Viceroy or Governor from King Philip. A
-solemn and peaceful agreement was made, and the Spanish ships were
-moored alongside the English ones, which were already in possession of
-the harbour. However, the Spaniards afterwards broke faith and fell
-upon the English, and a great and fierce fight took place, which lasted
-from ten in the morning until night. The _Angel_ and the _Swallow_ were
-sunk, and the _Jesus_ so damaged that it could not be brought away.
-
-As the remaining ships were sailing away, the Spaniards sent two
-“fire ships” after them. This was not an unusual way of fighting in
-those days. The empty, burning ships were sent to try and fire the
-enemies’ ships, and were borne along, flaming, by the wind, an awful
-and terrifying sight. The men on the _Minion_ became panic-stricken,
-and set sail without orders. Some of the men from the _Judith_ followed
-in a small boat. The rest were forced “to abide the mercy of the
-Spaniards,” which, Hawkins says, he doubts was very little.
-
-“The same night,” he goes on, “the _Judith_ forsook us in our great
-misery. In the end, when the wind came larger, we weighed anchor and
-set sail, seeking for water, of which we had very little. And wandering
-thus certain days in these unknown seas, hunger forced us to eat hides,
-cats and dogs, mice, rats, parrots, and monkeys.”
-
-Some of the men asked to be put on land, rather than risk shipwreck and
-starvation in the overcrowded boat. Hawkins did, in the end, get safely
-home, with his weather-beaten ship, and the survivors of his feeble,
-starving crew. But he says that, if all the miseries and troubles of
-this sorrowful voyage were to be written, the tale would be as long
-as the “Book of Martyrs.” Some of the men that were left also reached
-England, after weary wanderings and years of terrible sufferings. Some
-were put to death as heretics, and others were sent to the galleys as
-slaves. Others, more fortunate, were sent to serve in monasteries,
-where the monks made kind and gentle masters.
-
-Five days before Hawkins reached England, the little _Judith_ struggled
-into Plymouth Harbour with Drake and his load of men. William Hawkins
-sent him at once to London on horseback, “post, post haste,” as the old
-letters say. He carried letters to the Lords of Council, and to Sir
-William Cecil, the Chief Secretary of the Queen. So he rode swiftly
-along the country roads, only stopping to fling himself off one weary,
-smoking horse on to the back of a fresh one. The people would gather
-round him as he made the change, and wonder what great news was going
-to town.
-
-William Hawkins said in his letter: “There is come to Plymouth, at this
-present hour, one of the small barks of my brother’s fleet, and as I
-have neither writing nor anything else from him, I thought it good,
-and my most bounden duty, to send you the captain of the same bark. He
-is our kinsman, and is called Francis Drake.”
-
-He was to tell the whole story, and the Queen was to hear it. He was
-to tell of the losses of John Hawkins, and of his absence, which his
-brother says “is unto me more grief than any other thing in the world.”
-
-Drake was much blamed at the time for deserting his general. It is
-difficult for us to see what he could have done. His little ship was
-crowded, and he had small store of food and water, and he no doubt
-thought it best to get home as soon as possible. His story of Spanish
-treachery and English loss must have roused the countryside. The
-excitement was at its height when the _Minion_ appeared off Cornwall.
-
-A man “for goodwill” came riding to William Hawkins, at Plymouth, to
-get help. He sent a bark, with thirty-four mariners and a store of
-fresh food and other necessaries. And again letters were sent to London
-with the news. Haste! haste! post haste!
-
-[Illustration: Drake carrying to Court the news of his voyage]
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER III
-
-NOMBRE DE DIOS
-
-
-It was in January 1569 that the “troublesome voyage” ended for Drake,
-and in the summer of that year he married a Devonshire girl, named Mary
-Newman. The stories of his most famous voyages are found in an old
-book, called “Sir Francis Drake Revived.” This was first printed by
-his descendant, another Sir Francis Drake, in the reign of Charles the
-First. It was written by some of the voyagers, and it is thought that
-Drake himself wrote part of it and corrected it. It is supposed that
-Drake presented the manuscript to Queen Elizabeth, for he dedicates it
-to her as the “first fruits” of his pen. He also says that his labours
-by land and sea were not more troublesome than the writing of it.
-
-After his losses and misfortunes in the Indies, it seems that Drake
-could get no amends from Spain, though he had lost both kinsmen,
-friends, and goods of some value. Queen Elizabeth could not think of
-making war with Philip. Her country was poor, her father’s navy was
-ruined. She had no proper army, and she had trouble enough on her hands
-in France and Scotland.
-
-Therefore Drake decided to help himself in what he was pleased to call
-his quarrel with the King of Spain. The old writer says that the story
-of his life shows how “so mean a person righted himself upon so mighty
-a prince. The one was in his own conceit the mightiest monarch in the
-world, the other only an English captain.”
-
-Drake now made two voyages that really prepared the way for his great
-and famous one to Nombre de Dios. He probably paid his expenses by
-plundering ships or selling slaves. On the 24th day of May 1572, Drake
-started with his ship, the _Pascha_, of Plymouth, and the _Swan_, of
-Plymouth, in which his brother, John Drake, was captain. They had on
-board seventy-three men and boys. All of these came willingly, and had
-not been _pressed_, or compelled to serve, as the custom then was.
-
-Drake’s ships had a very good passage, and never stopped till they
-reached one of the West Indian Islands, in twenty-five days. Here they
-stayed three days to refresh the men, and to water the ships. The third
-day they set sail for the continent. They steered for a bay named
-formerly by them Port Pheasant. It was a fine, safe harbour. As they
-rowed ashore in one boat, smoke was seen in the woods. Drake manned and
-armed the other boats.
-
-When they landed, it was found that a certain Englishman, called John
-Garret, of Plymouth, had lately been there. Some mariners who had been
-with Drake in his other voyages had shown him the place.
-
-Garret had left a plate of lead, nailed fast to a mighty, great tree,
-on which these words were engraved:--
-
-                            “CAPTAIN DRAKE.
-
- “If you happen to come to this port, make haste away! for the
- Spaniards which you had with you here, the last year, have betrayed
- this place, and taken away all you left here. I depart from hence this
- present day of July, 1572.--Your very loving friend,
-
-                                      “JOHN GARRET.”
-
-The smoke came from a fire which Garret and his company had made before
-they went. It had been burning for at least five days before Drake’s
-arrival. Drake had brought with him “three dainty pinnaces,” made in
-Plymouth, and stored on board ship in pieces. He intended to put them
-together in this place. So the ships were anchored, and the place
-simply but strongly fortified with great logs.
-
-Next day an English boat appeared. The captain was James Rance, and he
-had thirty men, some of whom had been with Drake the year before. They
-brought with them a Spanish _caravel_, or merchant ship, which they had
-taken the day before, and a pinnace. They joined Drake’s expedition.
-In seven days the pinnaces were set up and furnished out of the ships.
-Some negroes on a neighbouring island told them that the townsfolk of
-Nombre de Dios were in great fear of the _Cimaroons_, or “Maroons,” as
-our sailors called them. They had attacked the town of Nombre de Dios,
-and the Governor of Panama was to send soldiers to defend it. These
-were negroes who had fled some eighty years before from the cruelty of
-the Spaniards. They had married Indian women, and had grown into a
-strong fighting tribe, who had two kings of their own, and lived, one
-on the east, and one on the west, of the road from Nombre de Dios to
-Panama. This was the road by which all the gold and silver from the
-mines of Peru was sent to the port of Nombre de Dios, to be shipped for
-Spain. It was carried by trains of mules.
-
-Drake hastened his plans. Three ships and the _caravel_ were left with
-Captain Rance. He chose seventy-three men for the three pinnaces (the
-fourth was that taken by Captain Rance), took plenty of arms, and two
-drums and a trumpet. The men were drilled and given their weapons and
-arms, which had been kept up till then “very fair and safe in good
-casks.” Drake encouraged them to the attack. In the afternoon they set
-sail for Nombre de Dios, and were very near before sunset. They lay
-there under the shore, out of sight of the watch, till dark. Then they
-rowed near shore as quietly as possible, and waited for the dawn.
-
-But Drake found the men were getting nervous, so when the moon rose “he
-thought it best to persuade them it was day dawning,” and the men had
-not time to get afraid, for they got there at three in the morning.
-They landed with no difficulty. But the noise of bells and drums and
-shouting soon told them that the town was awake and alarmed. Twelve
-men were left to keep the pinnaces and ensure a safe retreat. Drake’s
-brother, with John Oxenham and sixteen other men, went round behind the
-King’s Treasure-house, and entered the eastern end of the market-place.
-Drake, with the rest, passed up the broad street into the market-place,
-with sound of drum and trumpets. They used fire-pikes, or long poles
-with metal points, to which torches of blazing tow were fastened, and
-served both to frighten the enemy and to light Drake’s men, who could
-see quite well by them. The terrified townsfolk imagined an army was
-marching upon them.
-
-After a sharp fight in the market-place the Spaniards fled. Two or
-three of them were captured, and commanded to show Drake the Governor’s
-house. But he found that only silver was kept there; gold, pearls, and
-jewels being carried to the King’s Treasure-house, not far off.
-
-“This house was very strongly built of lime and stone for safe keeping
-of the treasure. At the Governor’s house we found the great door open
-where the mules are generally unladen. A candle stood lighted on the
-top of the stairs, and a fair horse was saddled ready for the Governor
-himself, or for one of his household. By this light we saw a huge heap
-of silver in the lower room. It was a pile of bars of silver.
-
-“At this sight our Captain commanded straightly that none of us should
-touch a bar of silver. We must stand to our weapons, because the town
-was full of people. There was in the King’s Treasure-house, near the
-waterside, more gold and jewels than all our pinnaces could carry. This
-we could presently try to break open, though they thought it so strong.
-
-“But now a report was brought by some of our men that our pinnaces were
-in danger to be taken, and that we had better get aboard before day.
-This report was learnt through a negro named Diego, who had begged to
-be taken on board our ships when we first came. Our Captain sent his
-brother and John Oxenham to learn the truth. They found the men much
-frightened, for they saw great troops of armed townsfolk and soldiers
-running up and down. Presently, too, a mighty shower of rain fell, with
-a terrible storm of thunder and lightning. It came down violently, as
-it does in these countries. Before we could reach the shelter at the
-western end of the King’s Treasure-house, some of our bowstrings were
-wet, and some of our match and powder hurt.
-
-“Our men began to mutter about the forces of the town. But our Captain,
-hearing, told them: ‘He had brought them to the mouth of the treasure
-of the world; if they went without it, they might blame nobody but
-themselves afterwards.’
-
-“So soon as the fury of the storm was spent, he gave his men no time
-to consider their doubts, nor the enemy no time to gather themselves
-together. He stepped forward and commanded his brother and John Oxenham
-to break the King’s Treasure-house. The rest, with him, were to hold
-the market-place till the business was done.
-
-[Illustration: Drake wounded at Nombre-de-Dios]
-
-“But as he stepped forward his strength and sight and speech failed
-him, and he began to faint for loss of blood. And we saw it had
-flowed in great quantities upon the sand out of a wound in his leg.
-He had got it in the first encounter, but though he felt some pain he
-would not make it known till he fainted, and so betrayed it against his
-will. He saw that some of the men, having already got many good things,
-would seize any chance to escape further danger. But the blood that
-filled our very footprints greatly dismayed our company, who could not
-believe that one man could lose so much blood, and live.
-
-“Even those who were willing to risk more for so good a booty would in
-no case risk their Captain’s life. So they gave him something to drink
-to recover him, and bound his scarf about his leg to stop the blood.
-They also entreated him to be content to go aboard with them, there to
-have his wound searched and dressed, and then to return on shore again
-if he thought good.
-
-“This they could by no means persuade him to, so they joined force
-with fair entreaty, and bore him aboard his pinnace. Thus they gave
-up a rich spoil only to save their Captain’s life, being sure that,
-while they enjoyed his presence and had him to command them, they might
-recover enough of wealth. But if once they lost him they should hardly
-be able to get home again. No, nor keep that they had got already.
-Thus we embarked by break of day, having besides our Captain, many of
-our men wounded, though none slain but one trumpeter. And though our
-surgeons were kept busy in providing remedies and salves for their
-wounds, yet the main care of the Captain was respected by all the rest.
-
-“Before we left the harbour, we took with little trouble the ship of
-wine for the greater comfort of our company. And though they shot at
-us from the town we carried our prize to the Isle of Victuals. Here we
-cured our wounded men, and refreshed ourselves in the goodly gardens
-which we found there abounding with great store of dainty roots and
-fruits. There was also great plenty of poultry and other fowls, no less
-strange than delicate.”
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER IV
-
-FORT DIEGO
-
-
-After the return to the ship Captain Rance departed. But Drake had a
-new plan in his head; he meant to attack Cartagena, the capital of
-the Spanish Main. Sailing into the harbour in the evening, they found
-that the townsfolk had been warned that Frenchmen and Englishmen were
-about. Drake took possession of a large ship that was outward bound.
-But the townsfolk, hearing of it, took the alarm, rang out their bells,
-fired their cannon, and got all their soldiers out. Next morning
-Drake took two more ships near the harbour, one of which was bound to
-Cartagena with a letter of warning against “Captain Drake.” Drake sent
-his Spanish prisoners on shore, and so ended his first attempt upon
-Cartagena.
-
-He saw that the coasts were aware of his presence. Yet he did not
-want to go away till he had discovered the Maroons; for his faithful
-negro, Diego, had told him that they were friendly to him as the
-enemy of Spain. This search might take time, and must be done in the
-smaller boats, which were swifter and could explore the rivers. He had
-not enough of men both to sail the boats and the pinnaces; so he now
-decided to burn one of the ships and make a storehouse of the other.
-In this way his pinnaces would be properly manned, and he could stay
-as long as he liked. This was accordingly done. For fifteen days the
-big ship lay hidden in the Sound of Darien, to make the Spaniards think
-they had left the coast. Here Drake kept the men busy trimming and
-cleaning the pinnaces, clearing the ground, and building huts. Diego
-the negro was a very good builder, and knew the ways of the country
-well. The men played, too, at bowls and quoits, and shooting with
-arrows at targets. The smiths had brought forges from England and set
-them up. Every now and again the pinnaces crept out to sea to plunder
-passing ships. Much food was put away in different storehouses to
-serve till they had “made their voyage,” as they said, or “made their
-fortunes,” as we should say.
-
-Later, Port Plenty being found an unsafe harbour, they moved to a new
-place, which they fortified and called Fort Diego. They now prepared to
-wait five months, because the Maroons had told them that the Spaniards
-carried no treasure by land during the rainy months. They were not
-idle during these months, for the ship and fort were left in charge of
-John Drake, while Captain Drake and John Oxenham went roving in the
-pinnaces. They had many adventures, being in some peril in their small
-boats, and always at the mercy of the weather, while at one time they
-were almost starving. Some of the men got ill with the cold and died,
-for they had little shelter on board. When they got back to the ships
-they found all things in good order; but they received the heavy news
-of the death of John Drake, the Captain’s brother, a young man of great
-promise.
-
-“Our Captain then resolved to keep close and go no more to sea, but
-supplied his needs, both for his own company and the Maroons, out of
-his storehouse. Then ten of our company fell down sick of an unknown
-disease, and most of them died in a few days. Later, we had thirty
-men sick at one time. Among the rest, Joseph Drake, another of his
-brothers, died in our Captain’s arms.
-
-“We now heard from the Maroons, who ranged the country up and down for
-us, to learn what they might for us, that the fleet had arrived from
-Spain in Nombre de Dios. The Captain prepared to make his journey by
-land to Panama. He gave Elias Hixon the charge of the ship and company
-and the Spanish prisoners. Our Captain was advised by the Maroons what
-provisions to prepare for the long and great journey, what kind of
-weapons, what store of victuals, and what kind of clothes. He was to
-take as many shoes as possible, because they had to pass so many rivers
-with stone and gravel. Twenty-eight of our men had died. A few were
-left to keep the ship, attend the sick, and guard the prisoners.
-
-“We started on Shrove Tuesday, February the third. At his departure
-our Captain gave this Master strict charge, in any case not to trust
-any messenger that should come in his name with any tokens, unless
-he brought his handwriting. This he knew could not be copied by the
-Maroons or the Spaniards.”
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER V
-
-THE GOLDEN MULE-TRAINS
-
-
-There were forty-eight men of the party, of whom eighteen only were
-English. The Maroons carried arms and food, and got more food with
-their arrows from time to time. Every day they began to march by
-sunrise, and rested in the heat of the day in shelters made by the
-Maroons. The third day they came to a little town or village of the
-Maroons, which was much admired by the sailors for its beauty and
-cleanliness. “As to their religion,” says the story, “they have no kind
-of priests, only they held the Cross in great awe. But by our Captain’s
-persuasions, they were contented to leave their crosses and to learn
-the Lord’s Prayer, and to be taught something of God’s worship.”
-
-They begged Drake to stay with them some days, but he had to hasten
-on. Four of the best guides amongst the Maroons marched on ahead, and
-broke boughs to show the path to those that followed. All kept strict
-silence. The way lay through cool and pleasant woods.
-
-“We were much encouraged because we were told there was a great Tree
-about half way, from which we could see at once both the North Sea,
-from whence we came, and the South Sea, whither we were going.
-
-“The fourth day we came to the height of the desired hill, a very high
-hill, lying east and west like a ridge between the two seas. It was
-about ten of the clock. Then Pedro, the chief of the Maroons, took our
-Captain by the hand, and prayed him to follow him if he wished to see
-at once two seas, which he had so greatly longed for.
-
-“Here was that goodly and great high Tree, in which they had cut
-and made various steps to get up near the top. Here they had made a
-convenient bower, where ten or twelve men might easily sit. And here
-we might, with no difficulty, plainly see the Atlantic Ocean, whence
-we now came, and the South Atlantic (Pacific) so much desired. South
-and north of the Tree they had felled certain trees that the prospect
-might be clearer.
-
-[Illustration: The Maroon Chief showing the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
-from the tree-top]
-
-“Our Captain went up to this bower, with the chief Maroon. He had,
-because of the breeze, as it pleased God, a very fair day. And he saw
-that sea of which he had heard such golden reports. He prayed Almighty
-God, of His goodness, to give him life and leave to sail once in an
-English ship in that sea! Then he called up the rest of our men, and
-specially he told John Oxenham of his prayer and purpose, if it pleased
-God to grant him that happiness. He, understanding it, protested that,
-unless our Captain did beat him from his company, he would follow him,
-by God’s grace! Thus all, quite satisfied with a sight of the seas,
-came down, and after our repast continued our ordinary march through
-the woods.”
-
-The last part of the march was through high pampas grass. But now they
-began to get glimpses of Panama, and could at last see the ships in the
-harbour. Now the march had to be more secret and silent than ever, till
-at length they lay hidden in a grove near the high road from Panama to
-Nombre de Dios. From here a Maroon was despatched, clothed as a negro
-of Panama, as a spy. He was to go into the town and learn when the
-treasure was to be taken from the King’s Treasure-house in Panama to
-Nombre de Dios. This journey to Venta Cruz was always made by night,
-because of the heat and toil of walking through the pampas grass. But
-from Venta Cruz to Nombre de Dios they travelled always by day and not
-by night, because the way lay through fresh, cool woods. The mules were
-tied together in long trains, and guarded, if possible, by soldiers,
-for fear of the Maroons.
-
-The spy brought back news in the afternoon that a certain great man
-intended to go to Spain by the first ship, and was going that night
-towards Nombre de Dios with his daughter and family. He had fourteen
-mules, of which eight were laden with gold and one with jewels. There
-were also two other trains of fifty mules each, mostly laden with food,
-and with a little silver, which were to come out that night also. Upon
-hearing this they marched until they came to within two leagues of
-Venta Cruz. Then Drake lay down with half his men on one side of the
-way, about fifty paces off, in the long grass. John Oxenham, with
-the captain of the Maroons and the other half of the men, lay on the
-other side of the road at the same distance. In about half-an-hour’s
-time they could hear the mules both coming and going from Venta Cruz
-to Panama, where trade was lively when the fleet was there. The sound
-of the deep-voiced bells which the mules wore carried far in the
-still night. The men had been strictly charged not to stir or show
-themselves, but let all that come from Venta Cruz pass by quietly, for
-they knew the mules brought nothing but merchandise from there. But
-one of the men, called Robert Pike, had “drunk too much brandy without
-water,” and forgot himself, and with a Maroon went close to the road.
-
-“And when a cavalier from Venta Cruz, well mounted, with his page
-running at his stirrup, passed by, he rose up to look, though the
-Maroon, more cautious, pulled him down and tried to hide him. But by
-this time the gentleman had noticed that one half of him was white, for
-we had all put our shirts over our other clothing that we might be sure
-to know our own men in the pell-mell in the night. The cavalier put
-spurs to his horse, and rode away at a gallop to warn others.
-
-“The ground was hard and the night was still, and our Captain heard
-this gentleman’s trot change to a gallop. He suspected that we were
-discovered, but could not imagine by whose fault, nor had he time to
-search. The gentleman, as we heard afterwards, warned the Treasurer,
-who, fearing Captain Drake had come to look for treasure on land,
-turned his train of mules aside from the way, and let the others which
-were coming pass on. Thus, by the recklessness of one of our company,
-and by the carefulness of that traveller, we were disappointed of a
-most rich booty. But we thought that God would not let it be taken, for
-likely it was well gotten by that Treasurer.
-
-“The other two mule trains, which came behind that of the Treasurer,
-were no sooner come up to us than we stayed and seized on them. One of
-the chief carriers, a very sensible fellow, told our Captain by what
-means we were discovered, and counselled us to shift for ourselves
-betimes, for we should encounter the whole force of the city and
-country before day would be about us.”
-
-Drake and his men were little pleased at the loss of their golden
-mule-trains, for they had only taken two horse-loads of silver. It was
-the more provoking that they had been betrayed by one of their own men.
-There was no help for it, and Drake never “grieved at things past,” so
-they decided to march back the nearest way. Pedro, the chief of the
-Maroons, said he “would rather die at Drake’s foot than leave him to
-his enemies.” When they got near Venta Cruz, they turned back the mules
-with their drivers. Outside the town the soldiers met them, and a fight
-took place upon Drake’s refusing to surrender.
-
-“The soldiers shot off their whole volley, which, though it lightly
-wounded our Captain and several of our men, caused death to one only
-of our company, who was so powdered with hail-shot that we could not
-recover his life, though he continued all that day afterwards with us.
-Presently, as our Captain perceived their shot to come slacking, like
-the last drops of a great shower of rain, he gave his usual signal with
-his whistle, to answer them with our shot and arrows.
-
-“The Maroons had stept aside at first for terror of the shot. But
-seeing that we marched onwards they all rushed forward, one after
-the other, with their arrows ready in their bows, and their manner of
-country dance or leap, ever singing, _Yo Pehò! Yo Pehò!_ and so got
-before us. They then continued their leap and song, after the manner of
-their country wars, till they and we overtook the enemy. Our Maroons,
-now thoroughly encouraged, when they saw our resolution, broke in
-through the thickets near the town’s end, and forced the enemy to fly.
-Several of our men were wounded, and one Maroon was run through with
-one of their pikes, but his courage and mind served him so well that he
-revenged his own death ere he died, by giving him that deadly wound.”
-
-So they entered the town, and stayed there some hours for rest and
-refreshment, and the Maroons were allowed to carry away some plunder.
-At sunrise they marched away, for they had been gone from the ship
-nearly a fortnight, and had left the company weak and sickly. Drake
-marched cheerfully, and urged on his weary and disappointed men with
-brave promises, but in the hurried march they had often to go hungry.
-Three leagues from the port the Maroons had built a camp or village
-while they were away, and here they persuaded Drake to stop, as it had
-been built “only for his sake.” “And indeed he was the more willing to
-consent, that our want of shoes might be supplied by the Maroons, who
-were a great help to us. For all our men complained of the tenderness
-of their feet, and our Captain himself would join in their complaint,
-sometimes without cause, but sometimes with cause indeed, which made
-the rest to bear the burden more easily. These Maroons did us good
-service all the time they were with us. They were our spies on the
-journey, our guides, our hunters, and our house-wrights, and had
-indeed able and strong bodies for carrying our necessities. Yea, many
-times when some of our company fainted with sickness of weariness, two
-Maroons would carry him with ease between them, two miles together;
-and at other times, when need was, they would show themselves no less
-valiant than industrious, and of good judgment.
-
-“From this town our Captain despatched a Maroon with a token and a
-certain order to the master. He, all those weeks, kept good watch
-against the enemy, and shifted in the woods for fresh food, for the
-relief and recovery of our men left on board.”
-
-When the messenger reached the shore he hailed those on the ship, who
-quickly fetched him on board. He showed Drake’s token, the golden
-toothpick, and gave the message, which was to tell the master to meet
-him at a certain river. When the master looked at the toothpick, he saw
-written on it, “By me, Francis Drake.” Then he believed the messenger,
-and prepared what provision he had, and repaired to the mouth of the
-river. About three o’clock Drake and his men saw the pinnace, and
-there was double rejoicing. The wanderers seemed strangely changed in
-face and plight to those who had lived in rest and plenty on board
-ship. Drake, indeed, was less so than the others. The fasting and hard
-marches had done much, but still more “their inward grief, for that
-they returned without that golden treasure they hoped for, did show her
-print and footsteps in their faces.” But Drake was determined to repeat
-the attempt.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER VI
-
-HOME AGAIN
-
-
-Drake well knew that delay and idleness would soon spoil the spirits
-of his men, so he at once divided them into two companies, under
-himself and John Oxenham, to go roving in the two pinnaces in different
-directions and seek for food and plunder. Some of the Maroons were
-dismissed with gifts, and the rest remained with a few men on board
-ship. The Governor of Panama had warned the towns so well that it was
-useless to attempt them at present. Drake, in the _Minion_, took a
-frigate of gold and dismissed it, somewhat lighter, to go on its way.
-John Oxenham, in the _Bear_, took a frigate well laden with food of all
-kinds. Drake was so pleased with this ship, which was strong and new
-and shapely, that he kept her as a man-of-war in place of the sunken
-ship. And the company were heartened with a feast and much good cheer
-that Easter Day.
-
-Next day the pinnaces met with a French captain out of Newhaven, whose
-ship was greatly distressed for want of food and water. Drake relieved
-him, and the captains exchanged gifts and compliments. The French
-captain sent Drake “a gilt fair scimitar” which had belonged to Henry
-the Third of France, and had in return a chain of gold and a tablet.
-This captain brought them the news of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew’s
-Day, and said he thought “those Frenchmen the happiest who were
-furthest from France, now no longer France but Frenzy.” He had heard
-famous reports of their riches, and wanted to know how he also could
-“make his voyage.” They resolved, after consultation, to take him and
-twenty of his men to serve for halves. They now sent for the Maroons.
-
-A party was made up of twenty Frenchmen, fifteen Englishmen, and some
-Maroons. They sailed with a frigate and two pinnaces towards a river
-called Rio Francisco, to the west of Nombre de Dios. There was not
-enough water to sail the frigate, so she was left in charge of a
-mariner to await the return of the pinnaces. They went on, and landed
-both captains with their force. Those in charge of the pinnaces were
-ordered to be there the fourth day without fail. The land party went on
-through the woods towards the high road from Panama to Nombre de Dios,
-where the mules now went daily. They marched, as before, in silence.
-They stayed all night a mile from the road, in great stillness, and
-refreshed themselves. They could hear the carpenters working on their
-ships, which they did at nights because of the fierce heat of the day.
-Next morning, the 1st of April, they heard such a number of bells that
-the Maroons rejoiced exceedingly, and assured them they should now have
-more gold and silver than they could carry away. And so it came to pass.
-
-For three trains appeared, one of fifty mules and two of seventy each,
-and every mule carried 300 lbs. weight of silver, amounting to nearly
-30 tons. The leaders of the mules were taken by the heads, and all the
-rest lay down, as they always do. The fifteen soldiers who guarded each
-train were routed, but not before they had wounded the French captain
-sorely, and slain one of the Maroons. They took what silver and gold
-they could carry, and buried the rest in the burrows made in the earth
-by the great land crabs under old fallen trees, and in the sand and
-gravel of a shallow river.
-
-After two hours they marched back through the woods, but had to leave
-the French captain to rest and recover from his wound. Two of his men
-willingly stayed with him. Later on a third Frenchman was found to be
-missing. He had got drunk, and overloaded himself with plunder, and
-lost himself in the woods. They afterwards found he was taken by the
-Spaniards in the evening, and, upon torture, revealed to them where the
-treasure was hidden.
-
-When they reached the river’s mouth, they saw seven Spanish pinnaces at
-sea, which had come out to search the coasts. This made them fear their
-own pinnaces were taken. But a storm in the night forced the Spaniards
-to go home, and also delayed the English pinnaces, for the wind was so
-contrary and so strong that they could only get half way. For this
-reason they had fortunately been unseen by the Spaniards.
-
-“But our Captain, seeing their ships, feared lest they had taken our
-pinnaces, and compelled our men by torture to confess where his ships
-and frigate were. In this great doubt and perplexity the company
-feared that all means of returning to their country were cut off, and
-that their treasure would then serve them to small purpose. But our
-Captain comforted and encouraged us all, saying: ‘We should venture no
-further than he did. It was no time now to fear, but rather to haste to
-prevent that which was feared. If the enemy have prevailed against our
-pinnaces (which God forbid!), yet they must have time to search them,
-time to examine the mariners, time to execute their resolution after
-it is determined. Before all those times be taken, we may get to our
-ships, if ye will, though not possibly by land, because of the hills,
-thickets, and rivers, yet by water. Let us, therefore, make a raft with
-the trees that are here in readiness, as offering themselves, being
-brought down to the river happily by this last storm, and let us put
-ourselves to sea! I will be one, who will be the other?’
-
-“John Smith offered himself, and two Frenchmen that could swim very
-well desired they might accompany our Captain, as did the Maroons
-likewise. They had prayed our Captain very earnestly to march by land,
-though it was a sixteen-days’ journey, in case the ship had been
-surprised, that he might abide with them always. Pedro was most eager
-in this, who was fain to be left behind because he could not row.
-
-“The raft was fitted and fast bound; a sail of a biscuit-sack was
-prepared; an oar was shaped out of a young tree to serve instead of a
-rudder, to direct their course before the wind.
-
-“At his departure, our Captain comforted the company by promising
-‘that, if it pleased God he should put his foot in safety on board his
-frigate, he would, by one means or other, get them all on board, in
-spite of all the Spaniards in the Indies!’
-
-“In this manner pulling off to sea, he sailed some three leagues,
-sitting up to the waist continually in water, and up to the armpits at
-every surge of the waves, for the space of six hours upon this raft.
-And what with the parching of the sun and what with the beating of salt
-water, they had all of them their skins much fretted away.
-
-“At length God gave them the sight of two pinnaces turning towards
-them with much wind, but with far greater joy to him than can easily
-be guessed. So he did cheerfully declare to those three with him, that
-‘they were our pinnaces! and that all was safe, so there was no cause
-of fear!’
-
-“But look, the pinnaces not seeing the raft, nor suspecting any such
-matter, by reason of the wind, and night growing on, were forced to
-run into a cove behind the point, to take shelter for the night. Our
-Captain seeing this, and gathering that they would anchor there, put
-his raft ashore, and ran round the point by land, where he found them.
-They, upon sight of him, made as much haste as they could to take him
-and his company on board. For our Captain, on purpose to see what haste
-they could and would make in extremity, himself ran in great haste, and
-so made the other three with him, as if they had been chased by the
-enemy. And so those on board suspected, because they saw so few with
-him.
-
-“And after his coming on board, when they demanded ‘how his company
-did?’ he answered coldly, ‘Well!’ They all feared that all went scarce
-well. But he, willing to rid all doubts, and fill them with joy, took
-out of his bosom a quoit of gold, thanking God that ‘our voyage was
-made!’”
-
-They then rowed up the river and rescued the others, and brought back
-such of the treasure as they had been able to carry with them, and
-all returned to the ships by dawn. There Drake divided the treasure
-equally by weight between the French and the English. During the next
-fortnight everything was set in order, and the _Pascha_ given to the
-Spanish prisoners to go home in. Meanwhile a party was sent out to try
-and rescue the French captain and to seek for the buried treasure. One
-only of the Frenchmen managed to escape and was saved. Much of the
-treasure had been discovered by the Spaniards, but not all, and the
-party returned very cheerful, with thirteen bars of silver and a few
-quoits of gold. The Frenchmen now left them, having got their shares of
-the treasure. The ships parted when passing close by Cartagena, which
-they did in the sight of all the fleet, “with a flag of St. George on
-the main top of the frigate, with silk streamers and ancients (national
-flags) down to the water.”
-
-Later on they anchored to trim and rig the frigates and stow away the
-provisions, and they tore up and burnt the pinnaces so that the Maroons
-might have the ironwork. One of the last days Drake desired Pedro and
-three of the chief Maroons to go through both his frigates and see what
-they liked. He promised to give them whatever they asked, unless he
-could not get back to England without it. But Pedro set his heart on
-the scimitar which the French captain had given to Drake; and knowing
-Drake liked it no less, he dared not ask for it or praise it. But at
-last he bribed one of the company to ask for him, with a fine quoit of
-gold, and promised to give four others to Drake. Drake was sorry, but
-he wished to please Pedro, who deserved so well, so he gave it to him
-with many good words. Pedro received it with no little joy, and asked
-Drake to accept the four pieces of gold, as a token of his thankfulness
-and a pledge of his faithfulness through life. He received it
-graciously, but did not keep it for himself but caused it to be cast
-into the whole adventure, saying that “if he had not been helped to
-that place he would never have got such a thing, and it was only just
-that those who shared his burden in setting him to sea should enjoy a
-share of the benefits.”
-
-“Thus with good love and liking, we took our leave of that people. We
-took many ships during our abode in those parts, yet never burnt nor
-sunk any, unless they acted as men-of-war against us, or tried to trap
-us. And of all the men taken in those vessels, we never offered any
-kind of violence to any, after they were once come into our power. For
-we either dismissed them in safety, or kept them with us some longer
-time. If so, we provided for them as for ourselves, and secured them
-from the rage of the Maroons against them, till at last, the danger of
-their discovering where our ships lay being past, for which cause only
-we kept them prisoners, we set them also free.
-
-“We now intended to sail home the directest and speediest way, and this
-we happily performed, even beyond our own expectations, and so arrived
-at Plymouth, on Sunday about sermon-time, August the 9th, 1573.
-
-“And the news of our Captain’s return being brought unto his people,
-did so speedily pass over all the church, and fill their minds with
-delight and desire to see him, that very few or none remained with the
-preacher. All hastened to see the evidence of God’s love and blessing
-towards our gracious Queen and country by the fruit of our Captain’s
-labour and success.
-
-                     “TO GOD ALONE BE THE GLORY.”
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER VII
-
-ROUND THE WORLD
-
-
-So we see that both of Drake’s ships, the _Pascha_ and the _Swan_, were
-left behind in the West Indies, and he made a quick voyage home in the
-well-built Spanish frigate. We hear nothing of Drake for two years
-after his return to Plymouth. There is a legend that he kept on the
-seas near Ireland. Elizabeth was still unable and unwilling to go to
-war with the King of Spain, but she was willing to encourage the sort
-of warfare that Drake and the other rovers had so successfully carried
-on against him.
-
-Such companies of adventurers as these that sailed under Drake and
-Hawkins did a large part of the work of the navy in the time of
-Elizabeth. The country was saved the expense which private persons were
-willing to pay to furnish the ships. The Queen herself is known to
-have shared in the expenses and plunder of some such expeditions, and
-so she thriftily laid up treasure in England’s empty money-chests. But
-some of her older councillors disliked exceedingly this way of getting
-rich, and would rather it had been done openly in war, or not at all.
-
-To Drake it seems to have been a very simple affair. He wished, in the
-first place, as the old book says, “to lick himself whole of the damage
-he had received from the Spaniards.” So he acted in pirate-fashion to
-the Spaniards, but not to the French or to the natives of the West
-Indies. And Drake considered his own cause so just that he never made
-a secret of his doings. He went at his own risk, for should he be
-taken by the enemy his country had no power to protect him, as she was
-not openly at war with Spain. But, on the other hand, he was secretly
-encouraged, and his gains were immense.
-
-In the second place, Drake wished to attack and injure the Roman
-Catholic faith whenever and wherever he could. Churchmen had told
-him that this was a lawful aim. How earnestly he believed it we can
-see from the story, where he tried to persuade the Maroons to “leave
-their crosses,” which to him were the sign of the hated religion. The
-terrible tale of the massacre of the Protestants on St. Bartholomew’s
-Day told him by the French captain (who himself fell into the hands of
-the Spaniards, as we have seen), must have inflamed this feeling in
-his soul and in those of his men. It made them more eager than ever to
-fight the enemies of their own faith.
-
-Then, too, the Spaniards founded their rights to own the New World
-upon a grant from one of the Popes; and the English, now no longer
-Catholics, denied his power to give it, and claimed the right for
-themselves to explore and conquer and keep what share they could get.
-
-The King of Spain looked upon Drake as a pirate, but he could not find
-out how far he had been secretly encouraged by Elizabeth, and Drake
-was not punished, in spite of Philip’s urgent complaints. But he was
-prevented from sailing away again on a voyage of discovery, though his
-friends and brothers went, and among them John Oxenham, who was hanged
-as a pirate by the Spaniards because he had no commission or formal
-leave from the Queen or the Government to trade in the West Indies.
-
-During this interval Drake took service in Ireland, under the Earl of
-Essex, furnishing his own ships, “and doing excellent service both by
-sea and land at the winning of divers strong forts.” The work he took
-a part in was as harsh and cruel as any that was ever done by fire and
-sword to make Ireland more desolate. Here he met Thomas Doughty, one of
-the household of the Earl of Essex, a scholar and a soldier, who became
-his friend, and sailed with him on his next voyage.
-
-The story of this voyage is told under the name of “The World
-Encompassed,” and in it Drake is said “to have turned up a furrow about
-the whole world.” In 1520 Magellan had discovered the passage south of
-America from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, since called by his
-name. Many adventurers had tried to follow him, but all their efforts
-had ended in disaster, and the Straits had an uncanny name among
-sailors, and “were counted so terrible in those days that the very
-thoughts of attempting them were dreadful.”
-
-Drake’s fleet was made up of five ships--the _Pelican_, which was
-his flagship, the _Elizabeth_, the _Marigold_, the _Swan_, and the
-_Christopher_. They took a hundred and sixty men and plentiful
-provisions and stores for the long and dangerous voyage. They also took
-pinnaces which could be set up when wanted. Nor did Drake forget to
-“make provision for ornament and delight, carrying to this purpose with
-him expert musicians, rich furniture (all the vessels for his table,
-yea, many belonging to the cook-room, being of pure silver).”
-
-They started on November 15, 1577, but were forced by a gale to put
-back into Plymouth for repairs, and started out again on December 13.
-The sailors were not told the real aim of the voyage, which was to
-“sail upon those seas greatly longed for.” They were too full of fears
-and fancies. The unknown was haunted in their minds with devils and
-hurtful spirits, and in those days people still believed in magic.
-
-They picked up several prizes on their way out, notably a large
-Portuguese ship, whose cargo of wine and food was valuable to the
-English ships. Drake sent the passengers and crew on shore, but kept
-the pilot, Numa da Silva, who gives one account of the voyage, and
-was most useful, as he knew the coasts so well. One of Drake’s main
-cares on this voyage, we are told, was to keep the fleet together as
-much as possible, to get fresh water, and to refresh the men, “wearied
-with long toils at sea,” as often as possible. He decided to lessen
-the number of the ships, for “fewer ships keep better company,” and he
-looked for a harbour to anchor in.
-
-“Our General,” says the book, “especially in matters of moment, was
-never one to rely only on other men’s care, how trusty or skilful
-soever they might seem to be. But always scorning danger, and refusing
-no toil, he was wont himself to be one, whosoever was a second, at
-every turn, where courage, skill, or industry was to be employed.
-Neither would he at any time entrust the discovery of these dangers to
-another’s pains, but rather to his own experience in searching out and
-sounding of them.”
-
-So in this case Drake himself went out in the boat and rowed into the
-bay. The _Swan_, the _Christopher_, and the prize were sacrificed,
-their stores being used for the other ships.
-
-On the 20th of June they anchored in a very good harbour, called by
-Magellan Port St. Julian. Here a gibbet stood upon the land, and in
-this place Magellan is supposed to have executed some disobedient and
-rebellious men of his company. In this port Drake began to “inquire
-diligently into the actions of Master Thomas Doughty, and found them
-not to be such as he looked for.”
-
-(Doughty is said to have plotted to kill Drake or desert him, and take
-his place as commander, or at any rate to force him to go back, to the
-ruin of the voyage.)
-
-“Whereupon the company was called together, and the particulars of the
-cause made known to them, which were found partly by Master Doughty’s
-own confession, and partly by the evidence of the fact, to be true.
-Which when our General saw, although his private affection to Master
-Doughty (as he then in the presence of us all sacredly protested)
-was great; yet the care he had of the state of the voyage, of the
-expectation of her Majesty, and of the honour of his country, did more
-touch him (as indeed it ought) than the private respect of one man. So
-that the cause being thoroughly heard, and all things done in good
-order, as near as might be to the course of our laws in England, it was
-concluded that Master Doughty should receive punishment according to
-the quality of the offence. And he, seeing no remedy but patience for
-himself, desired before his death to receive the Communion, which he
-did, at the hands of our minister, and our General himself accompanied
-him in that holy action....
-
-“And after this holy repast, they dined also at the same table
-together, as cheerfully, in sobriety, as ever in their lives they had
-done aforetime, each cheering up the other, and taking their leave, by
-drinking each to other, as if some journey only had been in hand.
-
-“And the place of execution being ready, he having embraced our
-General, and taken his leave of all the company, with prayer for
-the Queen’s Majesty and our realm, in quiet sort laid his head to
-the block, where he ended his life. This being done, our General
-made various speeches to the whole company, persuading us to unity,
-obedience, love and regard of our voyage. And to help us to this,
-he willed every man the next Sunday following to prepare himself to
-receive the Communion, as Christian brethren and friends ought to do,
-which was done in very reverent sort, and so with good contentment
-every man went about his business.”
-
-On the 11th of August, as quarrelling still continued, Drake ordered
-the whole ships’ companies ashore. They all went into a large tent, and
-the minister offered to make a sermon. “Nay, soft, Master Fletcher,”
-said Drake, “I must preach this day myself, although I have small skill
-in preaching.... I am a very bad speaker, for my bringing up hath not
-been in learning.”
-
-He then told them that for what he was going to say he would answer
-in England and before her Majesty. He and his men were far away from
-their country and friends, and discords and mutiny had grown up among
-them. “By the life of God,” said Drake, “it doth take my wits from
-me to think on it. Here is such quarrels between the sailors and the
-gentlemen as it doth make me mad to hear it. But, my masters, I must
-have it left [off], for I must have the gentleman to haul and draw with
-the mariner, and the mariner with the gentleman. What, let us show
-ourselves all to be of a company, and let us not give occasion to the
-enemy to rejoice at our decay and overthrow. I would know him that
-would refuse to set his hand to a rope, but I know there is not any
-such here....”
-
-He then offered to send any home that liked in the _Marigold_, a
-well-furnished ship; “but let them take heed that they go homeward, for
-if I find them in my way I will surely sink them, therefore you shall
-have time to consider here until to-morrow; for by my troth I must
-needs be plain with you now.”
-
-“Yet the voice was that none would return, they would all take such
-part as he did.” And so, after more of such “preaching,” they were told
-to forget the past, and “wishing all men to be friends, he willed them
-to depart about their business.”
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER VIII
-
-ROUND THE WORLD (_continued_)
-
-
-On the 20th of August the three ships entered the Straits of Magellan.
-Before the “high and steep grey cliffs, full of black stars,” of Cape
-Virgins, at the entrance against which the beating seas looked like
-whales spouting, the fleet did homage to the Queen. The name of the
-_Pelican_ also was changed to the _Golden Hind_ in remembrance of
-Drake’s “friend and favourer,” Sir Christopher Hatton, whose crest was
-a golden hind. In sixteen days they reached the “South Sea,” Drake
-himself having rowed on ahead of the fleet with some of his gentlemen
-to find out the passage. He had meant to land, and leave “a monument of
-her Majesty graven in metal,” which he had brought with him for that
-purpose, but there was no anchoring, as the wind did not let them stay;
-for a fearful storm arose and separated the ships, and threatened to
-send them all to the bottom of the sea. The _Marigold_, indeed, went
-down with all hands, and the _Elizabeth_, “partly by the negligence of
-those that had charge of her, partly through a kind of desire that some
-in her had to be out of all those troubles and to be at home again,
-returned back the same way by which they came forward, and so coasting
-Brazil, they arrived in England on June 2nd the year following.” So
-that now, as the story quaintly says, the other ship, if she had been
-still called the _Pelican_, would indeed have been a pelican alone in
-the wilderness. Never did they think there had been such a storm “since
-Noah’s Flood,” for it lasted fifty-two days. The ship was driven south
-of the continent of America. At this time it was generally believed
-that another great continent stretched to the south of the Straits,
-which was called the unknown land, “wherein many strange monsters
-lived.” And now, when Drake had discovered this idea to be false,
-their troubles ended for the time, the storm ceased, but they were in
-great grief for the loss of their friends, and still hoped to meet the
-missing ships again.
-
-They sailed northwards along the coast of America till they landed
-on an island to get water. Here they were treacherously attacked by
-Indians, who took them to be the hated Spaniards. The nine persons who
-were in the boat were all wounded, and Drake’s faithful servant, Diego
-the negro, died of his wounds, and one other. Drake himself was shot in
-the face under the right eye, and badly wounded in the head. They were
-in the worst case, because the chief doctor was dead, and the other in
-the _Elizabeth_. There was none left them but a boy, “whose goodwill
-was more than any skill he had.” But, owing to Drake’s advice, and “the
-putting to of every man’s help,” all were cured in the end.
-
-They sailed on, and having picked up a friendly Indian who served as
-a pilot, they reached the harbour of Valparaiso. A ship which was
-lying in the harbour was seized, and then the town and the Spaniards
-discovered that Drake had reached the shores of the Pacific. On the
-coast the ship was trimmed and the pinnace put together, in which Drake
-himself set out to search the creeks and inlets where the ship could
-not sail. Grief for the absence of their friends still remained with
-them. Still searching for the lost ships, they sailed northwards on
-to Lima, where they got the news that a great Spanish ship had sailed
-from there a fortnight before, laden with treasure. Drake at once gave
-chase, hoping to take her before she reached Panama. The first man who
-sighted her was promised a chain of gold. The ship was overtaken and
-captured off Cape San Francisco. She was “the great glory of the South
-Sea,” and laden with gold, silver, plate, and jewels, all of which the
-English took. After six days the Spanish ship was dismissed, “somewhat
-lighter than before,” to Panama. To the master of the ship, Saint
-Juan de Anton, he gave a letter to protect him if he fell in with the
-missing English ships.
-
-“Master Winter,” it says, “if it pleaseth God that you should chance to
-meet with this ship of Saint Juan de Anton, I pray you use him well,
-according to my word and promise given unto them. And if you want
-anything that is in this ship of Saint Juan de Anton, I pray you pay
-them double the value for it, which I will satisfy again, and command
-your men not to do any hurt; desiring you, for the Passion of Christ,
-if you fall into any danger, that you will not despair of God’s mercy,
-for He will defend you and preserve you from all danger, and bring us
-to our desired haven, to whom be all honour, glory, and praise for
-ever and ever. Amen.--Your sorrowful Captain, whose heart is heavy for
-you,--FRANCIS DRAKE.”
-
-The next prizes captured yielded treasure of a different kind, though
-equally precious. These were some charts with sailing directions,
-taken from two China pilots. The owner of the next large Spanish ship
-captured by Drake has left an interesting account of him.
-
-He says that “the English General is the same who took Nombre de Dios
-five years ago. He is a cousin of John Hawkins, and his name is Francis
-Drake. He is about thirty-five years of age, of small size, with a
-reddish beard, and is one of the greatest sailors that exist, both
-from his skill and his power of commanding. His ship is of near four
-hundred tons, sails well, and has a hundred men all in the prime of
-life, and as well trained for war as if they had been old soldiers of
-Italy. Each one is specially careful to keep his arms clean. He treats
-them with affection and they him with respect. He has with him nine
-or ten gentlemen, younger sons of the leading men in England, who form
-his council. He calls them together on every occasion and hears what
-they have to say, but he is not bound by their advice, though he may
-be guided by it. He has no privacy; those of whom I speak all dine
-at his table, as well as a Portuguese pilot whom he has brought from
-England, but who never spoke a word while I was on board. The service
-is of silver, richly gilt, and engraved with his arms. He has, too,
-all possible luxuries, even to perfumes, many of which he told me were
-given him by the Queen. None of these gentlemen sits down or puts on
-his hat in his presence without repeated permission. He dines and sups
-to the music of violins. His ship carries thirty large guns and a great
-quantity of ammunition, as well as craftsmen who can do necessary
-repairs. He has two artists who portray the coast in its own colours,
-a thing which troubled me much to see, because everything is put so
-naturally that any one following him will have no difficulty.”
-
-Drake wished to find his way home by the north of America into the
-Atlantic. But in this he was not successful, for the weather was very
-severe, and tried the men too much; meanwhile, they found a convenient
-haven in a little bay above the harbour of San Francisco, and now known
-as “Drake’s Bay.” Here they stayed a month, repairing a leak in the
-ship and refreshing the men. They then set sail, and saw nothing but
-air and sea for sixty-eight days, till they reached some islands. These
-they named the “Islands of Thieves,” on account of the behaviour of the
-natives. In November they came to the islands of the Moluccas, where
-Drake had a splendid reception.
-
-They then sailed on till they arrived at a little island, which they
-called the “Island of Crabs.” Here they pitched their tents, and set up
-forges to repair the ironwork of the ship and the iron-hooped casks.
-Those that were sickly soon grew well and strong in this happy island.
-
-On the 9th of January the ship ran aground on a dangerous shoal, and
-struck twice on it; “knocking twice at the door of death, which no
-doubt had opened the third time.”
-
-Nothing but instant death was expected, and the whole ship’s company
-fell to praying. As soon as the prayers were said, Drake spoke to the
-men, telling them how they must think of their souls, and speaking of
-the joys of heaven “with comfortable speeches.” But he also encouraged
-them to bestir themselves, and he himself set the example, and got
-the pumps to work, and freed the ship of water. The ship was fast
-upon “hard and pinching rocks, and did tell us plain she expected
-continually her speedy despatch as soon as the sea and winds should
-come ... so that if we stay with her we must perish with her.” The
-other plan, of leaving her for the pinnace, seemed to them “worse than
-a thousand deaths.”
-
-After taking the Communion and listening to a sermon, they eased the
-ship by casting goods into the sea--“three ton of cloves, eight big
-guns, and certain meal and beans”; making, as an old writer says, a
-kind of gruel of the sea round about. After they had been in this state
-from eight o’clock at night till four o’clock next afternoon, all in a
-moment the wind changed, and “the happy gale drove them off the rocks
-again, and made of them glad men.”
-
-The rest of the homeward voyage was less adventurous, and on the 18th
-of June they passed the Cape of Good Hope, “a most stately thing, and
-the fairest cape we saw in the whole circumference of the earth.”
-
-On the 26th of September they “safely, and with joyful minds and
-thankful hearts, arrived at Plymouth, having been away three years.”
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER IX
-
-SIR FRANCIS
-
-
-It was in the autumn of 1580 that Drake returned from his three years’
-voyage. Wynter had brought the news home that Drake had entered the
-Straits of Magellan, but since then only vague rumours of his death at
-the hands of the Spaniards had reached England. Had he met such a fate,
-Sir William Cecil (now Lord Burghley) and his party at Court would not
-have been sorry; for they disliked piracy, and wished to avoid a war
-with Spain.
-
-This was more to be dreaded than ever, as at the death of the King of
-Portugal Philip had seized his crown and vast possessions, and was
-now the most powerful prince in Europe, since he owned the splendid
-Portuguese fleet. Hitherto, Philip had only warships for the protection
-of his treasure-ships, and they could not be spared. He was now known
-to be preparing, in his slow way, a great Armada.
-
-But Drake had not been hanged for a pirate, and this the Spaniards
-knew very well. They clamoured for the restoration of his plunder, or
-the forfeit of his life. At this time an army of Italian and Spanish
-soldiers, under the command of a famous Spanish officer, had been
-landed in Ireland to help the Catholic Irish in their rebellion against
-Queen Elizabeth. These soldiers were said to have been sent by the
-orders of the Pope. Finding the prospects of success too poor, the
-Spanish officer withdrew his men, and they escaped by sea; but the
-Italian soldiers, who numbered 600, were overpowered by the English,
-and all except a few officers, who could pay a ransom, were slaughtered
-in cold blood. Thus Philip’s attempt to strike a secret blow in
-Elizabeth’s fashion was met by her with cruelty as relentless as his
-own; but Elizabeth made this attempt an excuse for refusing to make an
-inquiry into Drake’s doings in the West.
-
-“The news of his home-coming in England was,” we are told, “by this
-his strange wealth, so far-fetched, marvellous strange, and of all men
-held impossible and incredible. But both proving true, it fortuned
-that many misliked it and reproached him. Besides all this there were
-others that devised and divulged” (made up and spread about) “all
-possible disgraces” (base charges) “against Drake and his followers,
-terming him the Master Thief of the Unknown World. Yet nevertheless the
-people generally with exceeding admiration applauded his wonderful long
-adventures and rich prize.”
-
-Drake at once sent a message to tell the Queen of his return. He was
-told he had nothing to fear, and was summoned to Court. He took with
-him some horseloads of gold and silver and jewels. The Queen treated
-him with great favour, and refused to take the advice of Burghley and
-others, who wished to send the treasure back to Spain. Unlike them
-she took her share of the profits, and also the fine gifts Drake had
-brought for her. “But it grieved him not a little,” we are told, “that
-some prime courtiers refused the gold he offered them, as gotten by
-piracy.” He and his men had made golden fortunes.
-
-The Spanish Ambassador naturally “burned with passion” against Drake,
-and considered his presence at Court an insult to his king. “For he
-passes much time with the Queen,” he wrote to Philip, “by whom he is
-highly favoured.”
-
-It was an insult Philip still felt himself unable to avenge. Elizabeth
-had made a fresh treaty with France, and Philip’s best generals knew
-the difficulties of an attack on England thus strengthened. Besides,
-the Dutch, whom Elizabeth was helping, were his desperate enemies; for
-they were fighting for faith and country and freedom, and to do this
-makes bold soldiers. So Philip the prudent had to content himself with
-making plans for his great Armada.
-
-Meantime Drake sunned himself in the Court favour, and books and
-pictures and songs were made in his praise.
-
-The _Golden Hind_ was brought ashore at Deptford, and became a resort
-for sightseers. But in spite of much patching she became so old that
-she had to be broken up, and the last of her timbers were made into a
-chair, which is still kept in a quiet Oxford library. So the ship ends
-her days far away from the sound of the sea, and of the gay throngs
-that used to make merry and dance on her decks.
-
-[Illustration: SIR FRANCIS DRAKE]
-
-On the 4th of April the Queen paid a State visit to the ship, and
-ordered that it should be preserved for ever. A fine banquet was
-served on board, and there, before the eyes of hundreds of onlookers,
-Elizabeth knighted the “pirate captain.” She said jestingly that the
-King of Spain had demanded Drake’s head, and now she had a gold sword
-to cut it off. Thus Elizabeth openly defied the Spaniards, who were
-still raging over their stolen treasure.
-
-But there were some not in Spain who also thirsted for revenge upon
-Drake. Thomas Doughty’s young brother was his unforgiving foe. The case
-was never brought to Court or indeed to light; but young Doughty wrote
-a letter in which he said “that when the Queen did knight Drake she did
-then knight the greatest knave, the vilest villain, the foulest thief,
-and the crudest murderer that ever was born.” The Spaniards bribed him
-to try and murder Drake. We hear that he was put in prison, and we
-never hear of his release.
-
-In 1581 Drake was made Mayor of Plymouth. In 1583 his wife died. He was
-then a member of Parliament. Two years later he married Mary Sydenham.
-He never had any children.
-
-The Queen now appointed Drake among others to inquire into the state
-of the navy; he was to see to the repairing of ships, to the building
-of new ones, and to the means of furnishing them with stores in case of
-sudden war. From this time onwards the thought of a Spanish invasion
-was a constant fear in the minds of the English people. But Philip
-was unready, and Elizabeth unwilling to be the first to begin a war.
-Elizabeth changed her mind and her plans in a way that must have
-been maddening to the men who did her work. One good result of her
-indecision was that England was better prepared for the invasion. In
-those long years of private warfare money had been gathering, and the
-navy made strong and ready for work. But for men of action, who like
-to make a plan and stick to it, and go through with it at all costs,
-Elizabeth’s delays and recalls were bewildering and unreasonable.
-
-In 1585 Philip seized a fleet of English corn-ships trading in his own
-ports. Then, at last, Drake’s long-talked-of expedition against the
-Spanish settlements was got ready and sent out. He had about thirty
-ships, commanded by some of the most famous captains of the time, men
-like Fenner, Frobisher, and Wynter, who afterwards fought against the
-Armada. His general of the soldiers was Christopher Carleill, “a man of
-long experience in wars both by sea and land,” and who was afterwards
-said to direct the service “most like a wise commander.” Drake’s ship
-was the _Elizabeth Bonaventure_.
-
-After a week spent in capturing ships, the fleet anchored at the Bayona
-Islands, off Vigo Bay. The Governor of Bayona was forced to make terms.
-He sent “some refreshing, as bread, wine, oil, apples, grapes, and
-marmalade, and such like.” The people, filled with terror, were seen to
-remove their possessions into boats to go up the Vigo River, inland,
-for safety. Many of these were seized; most of them were loaded only
-with household stuff, but one contained the “church stuff of the high
-church of Vigo ... a great cross of silver of very fair embossed work
-and double-gilt all over, having cost them a great mass of money.”
-
-The fleet now went on its way by the Canary Islands. When Santiago was
-reached, Carleill landed with a thousand troops and took possession
-of the fortress and the town, for both had been forsaken. Here they
-planted the great flag, “which had nothing on it but the plain English
-cross; and it was placed towards the sea, that our fleet might see St.
-George’s Cross flourish in the enemy’s fortress.” Guns were found ready
-loaded in various places about the town, and orders were given that
-these should be shot off “in honour of the Queen’s Majesty’s Coronation
-day, being the 17th of November, after the yearly custom in England.
-These were so answered again by the guns out of all the ships in the
-fleet, as it was strange to hear such a thundering noise last so long
-together.” No treasure was taken at Santiago, but there was food and
-wine. The town was given to the flames in revenge for wrongs done to
-old William Hawkins of Plymouth some years before.
-
-They had not been many days at sea before a mortal sickness suddenly
-broke out among the men. They anchored off some islands, where the
-Indians treated them very kindly, carried fresh water to the ships, and
-gave them food and tobacco. The tobacco was a welcome gift, to be used
-against the infection of the mysterious sickness which was killing the
-men by hundreds. They passed Christmas on an island to refresh the sick
-and cleanse and air the ships.
-
-Then Drake resolved, with the consent of his council, to attack the
-city of St. Domingo, while his forces were “in their best strength.”
-This was the oldest and most important city in the Indies, and was
-famous for its beauty and strength. It had never been attempted before,
-although it was so rich, because it was strongly fortified.
-
-Some boats were sent on in advance of the fleet. They learned from a
-pilot, whose boat they captured, that the Castle of St. Domingo was
-well armed, and that it was almost impossible to land on the dangerous
-coast; but he showed them a possible point ten miles from the harbour.
-In some way Drake had sent messages to the Maroons, who lived on the
-hills behind the town. At midnight, on New Year’s Day, the soldiers
-were landed, Drake himself steering a boat through the surf. The
-Maroons met them, having killed the Spanish watchman.
-
-“Our General, having seen us all landed in safety to the west of that
-brave city of St. Domingo, returned to his fleet, bequeathing us to God
-and the good conduct of Master Carleill, our Lieutenant-General.”
-
-The troops divided and met in the market-place; and as those in the
-castle were preparing to meet Drake’s attack from the sea, they were
-surprised from behind by the soldiers marching upon them with flags
-flying and music playing. The fleet ceased firing while the fate of the
-town was decided in a battle. By night Drake was in possession of the
-castle, the harbour, and shipping. One of the ships captured they named
-the _New Year’s Gift_.
-
-But after all there was little of the fabled treasure to be found. The
-labour in the gold and silver mines had killed the native Indians, and
-the mines were no longer worked. There was plenty of food and wine to
-be had, woollen and linen cloth and silk. But there was little silver;
-the rich people used dishes of china and cups of glass, and their
-beautiful furniture was useless as plunder. The town had to pay a large
-sum of money for its ransom, and the English stayed a month, and fed at
-its expense, and took away with them guns and merchandise and food and
-numbers of galley-slaves, whom they set free.
-
-Cartagena, the capital of the Spanish Main, was the last town to be
-taken, and it had been warned. It had natural defences, which made
-it very difficult to attack. Drake, as we know, had been there
-before, and often, since then, he must have dreamed of taking it. He
-triumphantly steered his fleet by a very difficult channel into the
-outer harbour. He then threatened the fort with his guns while the
-soldiers were secretly landed by night. They made their way to the town
-by the shore, “wading in the sea-wash,” and so avoiding the poisoned
-stakes which had been placed in the ground in readiness for them. They
-also routed a company of horse soldiers sent out from the fort, as the
-place where they met was so “woody and scrubby” as to be unfit for
-horses. So they pushed on till they made a “furious entry” into the
-town, nor paused till the market-place was won, and the people fled
-into the country, where they had already sent their wives and children.
-
-A large price or ransom was paid for this town, equal, it is said, to a
-quarter of a million of our money; but it was far less than Drake had
-at first demanded. But “the inconvenience of continual death” forced
-them to go, for the sickness was still taking its prey from among the
-men, and it also forced them to give up an attempt upon Nombre de
-Dios and Panama. The voyage had been disappointing in the matter of
-plunder. Most of the treasure had been taken away from the towns before
-the English came, and many of the officers had died.
-
-They considered the idea of remaining in Cartagena and sending home for
-more troops. They would have had a fine position; but they decided that
-their strength was not enough to hold the town and also man the fleet
-against a possible attack by the Spaniards from the sea. So the lesser
-ransom was accepted; the officers offering to give up their shares to
-the “poor men, both soldiers and sailors, who had adventured their
-lives against the great enemy.” They then returned to England, only
-stopping to water the ships. They landed again at St. Augustine, on the
-coast of Florida, where they destroyed a fort and took away the guns
-and a pay-chest containing two thousand pounds.
-
-“And so, God be thanked, we in good safety arrived at Portsmouth the
-28th of July 1586, to the great glory of God, and to no small honour to
-our Prince, our Country, and Ourselves.”
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER X
-
-CADIZ
-
-
-When Drake returned to England, it was to hear the news of the
-“Babington plot.” This was a plot to assassinate Elizabeth, and to
-place Mary of Scotland on the throne. In 1587 Mary was beheaded. In
-Philip’s eyes the time had at last become ripe for an invasion of
-England. Now that Mary was dead, there was less danger of France and
-Scotland joining forces. And Philip, as a descendant of John of Gaunt,
-could put in a claim that the throne of England, at the death of
-Elizabeth, should come to himself or his daughter.
-
-The Armada was getting ready to sail in the summer. In April, however,
-Drake was sent out again with a small fleet. His flag-ship was again
-the _Elizabeth Bonaventure_. His second in command was William Borough.
-
-His orders were “to prevent the joining together of the King of Spain’s
-fleet out of their different ports. To keep victuals from them. To
-follow them in case they should come out towards England or Ireland. To
-cut off as many of them as he could, and prevent their landing. To set
-upon the West Indian ships as they came or went.”
-
-But no sooner was he instructed than the Queen changed her bold orders
-to milder ones. He was not to enter any port by force, nor to offer
-violence to any towns, or ships in harbour. But Drake had got away to
-sea without the second orders, and acted on the first.
-
-He had heard that the ships were gathering in Cadiz harbour, and there
-he decided boldly to seek for them. The outer and inner harbours of
-Cadiz were crowded with shipping, most of which was getting ready for
-the invasion of England. Drake’s fleet sailed in, routed the defending
-galleys, and made havoc among the ships, about thirty-seven of which
-were captured, burnt, or sunk. One was a large ship belonging to the
-Marquis of Santa Cruz. They carried away four ships laden with wine,
-oil, biscuits, and dried fruit; “departing thence,” as Drake says, “at
-our pleasure, with as much honour as we could wish.” They were chased
-by Spanish galleys, which did little harm, for the wind favoured the
-English as they sailed away from Cadiz.
-
-The Spaniards thought Drake had gone to stop the treasure fleet. But
-Drake wished to stop the Armada, which was a much greater affair.
-He knew now that Santa Cruz was making his headquarters at Lisbon.
-Ships were gathering in the north of Spain. Recalde, one of the best
-Spanish commanders, was waiting with a small fleet off Cape St. Vincent
-to protect the treasure fleet when it arrived. Fifteen big ships had
-escaped the attack in Cadiz harbour. The ships were to meet in Lisbon,
-where Santa Cruz was collecting stores and food.
-
-Recalde succeeded in escaping Drake, and took his ships safely into
-Lisbon. Drake resolved to secure the station he had left. This
-was the castle of Sagres, near Cape St. Vincent. His own officers
-were staggered with the boldness of his plan, and Borough solemnly
-protested. He had urged caution before Cadiz harbour; again he pleaded
-for a council of war. He was of an older school of seamen than Drake,
-and was horrified at the ways of the man who was born, as it has been
-said, “to break rules.”
-
-Drake was most indignant at his action, and put him under arrest, while
-Borough expected daily that “the Admiral would have executed upon me
-his bloodthirsty desire, as he did upon Doughty.”
-
-[Illustration: Drake at the taking of Sagres Castle]
-
-After reading the accounts of Drake in the stories of the different
-voyages, we can understand how his men adored his spirit, and flocked
-to his ship to serve under his flag. To them there was something
-magical, and to the Spaniards something uncanny, in his luck. The
-English called him “Fortune’s child,” and the Spanish called him “the
-Devil.” But some of the officers who served with him must have liked
-him less. He made his plans swiftly, and generally well; but the doing
-of them had to be swift and sure. Like many great men he knew he was
-right, but could not stop to reason or argue about his course. He acted
-upon the instinct of his genius, with a sure and shining faith in
-himself, which must have been hateful to smaller men. In the days
-of his later voyages, when he had not the undivided control of his
-expedition, he failed, as he never did when he was alone, “with the
-ships not pestered with soldiers,” as he once said.
-
-The taking of the castle of Sagres seemed almost an impossibility, so
-well did the rocks and steep cliffs defend the fort. Drake himself
-commanded the attack on land, and in the end helped to carry and pile
-the faggots against the castle gate. The commander was slain, and then
-the fort surrendered. Thus Drake took possession of one of the best
-places on the coast of Spain for ships to anchor and get water.
-
-Meanwhile, the rest of the fleet had taken and burnt fifty ships laden
-with wood and hoops of seasoned wood, for which Santa Cruz was waiting
-to make his water-casks. The loss of these did much damage to the
-Armada, and helped to ruin it.
-
-On the 10th of May, having disarmed the fort of Sagres by throwing
-the big guns over the cliffs into the sea, Drake brought his fleet to
-anchor in Cascaes Bay, south of Lisbon. He seems to have judged Lisbon
-too strong to attack from the sea. He was prepared to “distress the
-ships” had they come out; and he offered battle to Santa Cruz, who,
-however, was short of powder and shot, and had no ships ready as yet
-for action.
-
-So Drake went back to Sagres to clean his ships and refresh his men.
-He then sailed for the Azores. A storm parted the ships, and on the
-few that were left the men were anxious to go home. The ship on which
-Borough was still a prisoner deserted. Drake believed that Borough was
-responsible for this; and, though he was beyond reach, in his anger
-Drake sentenced him, with his chief officers, to death as mutineers.
-
-Drake went on with his nine remaining ships, and came upon a splendid
-prize, the big _San Felipe_, the greatest ship in all Portugal, richly
-laden with spice, china, silk, and chests of gold and jewels. This
-prize was valued at nearly a million pounds; and, besides, she carried
-secret papers of great value concerning the East India trade.
-
-On the 26th of June, Drake returned home after his brilliant campaign.
-Santa Cruz had indeed gone out to chase him, but it was too late.
-
-Borough was not found guilty by the court of law where Drake accused
-him; but his grief of mind endured long. Some time after, he wrote
-that “he was very fain to ease it as he might, hoping in good time he
-should.”
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XI
-
-THE GREAT ARMADA
-
-
-Drake’s raid upon the Spanish coast made it impossible for the Armada
-to sail in 1587. But after waiting so long Philip made his preparations
-with an almost feverish haste. The death of his great general, Santa
-Cruz, hindered his plans very much. Santa Cruz was a commander of
-experience and renown, and the man most fitted, both by his rank and
-his qualities, to undertake “the enterprise of England.”
-
-The man chosen to succeed him was the Duke of Medina Sidonia, whose
-exalted rank seems to have been his chief claim to the difficult place
-into which he was thrust by Philip. He had no desire to take the place;
-he wrote to Philip and told him quite simply that he was no seaman, and
-knew little about naval fighting and less about England. But he was
-ordered to take the fleet into the English Channel and take possession
-of Margate. He was then to send ships to bring the Duke of Parma and
-his army in safety to England, when Parma was to assume the command of
-the expedition.
-
-But, after all, the Armada was not ready to sail till July 1588, and
-the months between then and January were filled by the English with
-preparations for defence. They had to face the difficulties, much
-greater then than now, of keeping both men and ships on the seas, and
-yet fit for action. Life on board ship tried the men very severely. We
-have seen how often sickness broke out among the sailors if they were
-kept long to their crowded, unhealthy quarters. The feeding of both
-navies seems to have been a task of great difficulty. This was due to
-the hurried demand for vast quantities of stores, such as biscuit and
-salt meat The Spaniards, too, owing to Drake’s foresight, had lost
-their water-casks, and had to depend on new ones of unseasoned wood,
-which leaked.
-
-Lord Howard, a cousin of the Queen, was made Lord High Admiral
-of England, and Drake was his Vice-Admiral and John Hawkins his
-Rear-Admiral. With them served many other famous men, such as Fenner,
-Frobisher, Wynter, and Seymour, and many younger men from noble
-families. All were working hard, with spirits stretched to an unusual
-pitch of endurance. In the letters they wrote about the business in
-hand to the Queen and her Ministers of State there is a note of high
-courage and defiance; and a distant echo comes down to us from the
-dim old letters of all the stir and bustle as the men gathered to the
-ships, and of the hum of excitement about the clamouring dockyards. The
-shipwrights were working day and night Lord Howard says he has been on
-board every ship “where any man may creep,” and thanks God for their
-good state, and that “never a one of them knows what a leak means.” Sir
-William Wynter tells how badly the ships had suffered in the winter
-storms, but adds: “Our ships doth show themselves like gallants here. I
-assure you it will do a man’s heart good to behold them; and would to
-God the Prince of Parma were upon the seas with all his forces, and we
-in the view of them; then I doubt not but that you should hear we would
-make his enterprises very unpleasant to him.”
-
-The ships are always spoken of like live creatures, and their personal
-histories are well known and remembered. Lord Howard says of his Ark
-(which was bought of Sir Walter Raleigh by the Queen): “And I pray you
-tell her Majesty from me that her money was well given for the Ark
-_Ralegh_, for I think her the odd (only) ship in the world for all
-conditions; and truly I think there can no great ship make me change
-and go out of her.” And again: “I mean not to change out of her I am in
-for any ship that ever was made.”
-
-Drake had “her Majesty’s very good ship the _Revenge_” which was so
-famous then and afterwards. Lord Henry Seymour writes from on board
-“the _Elizabeth Bonaventure_, the fortunate ship where Sir Francis
-Drake received all his good haps.” Howard and Drake, with other
-commanders of experience, were of one mind; they wanted to go out and
-meet the enemy upon the coasts of Spain, and so prevent the Spanish
-fleet from ever reaching England.
-
-Howard pressed this opinion as that of men whom the world judged to
-be the wisest in the kingdom. But the Queen was unwilling to send the
-fleet away, and she still talked of making peace.
-
-Both the Spaniards and the English were persuaded that God was
-fighting with them. Philip told the Duke of Medina Sidonia, that as
-the cause was the cause of God, he could not fail. In England Drake
-was saying that “the Lord is on our side”; and Fenner wrote to the
-Queen: “God mightily defend my gracious Mistress from the raging enemy;
-not doubting that all the world shall know and see that her Majesty’s
-little army, guided by the finger of God, shall beat down the pride of
-His enemies and hers, to His great glory.” Nowadays we do not look upon
-our enemies as necessarily the enemies of God.
-
-Howard’s letters show a very noble mind. He grudged no time or labour
-in the ordering of his fleet, down to the smallest matters. He is full
-of care for the mariners, and is anxious that they should be well paid
-and fed. He takes the advice of Drake and the other seamen of greater
-experience than himself.
-
-The fleet did at last go out, but was driven back by the winds; and
-suddenly, after the fret and worry and strain of all those months,
-there is a pause, and Howard writes: “Sir, I will not trouble you
-with any long letter; we are at this present otherwise occupied than
-with writing. Upon Friday, at Plymouth, I received intelligence that
-there was a great number of ships descried off the Lizard: whereupon,
-although the wind was very scant, we first warped out of harbour that
-night, and upon Saturday turned out very hardly, the wind being at
-south-west; and about three of the clock in the afternoon, descried
-the Spanish fleet, and did what we could to work for the wind, which
-by this morning we had recovered.... At nine of the clock we gave them
-fight, which continued until one.... Sir, the captains in her Majesty’s
-ships have behaved themselves most bravely and like men hitherto, and
-I doubt not will continue, to their great commendation.... Sir, the
-southerly wind that brought us back from the coast of Spain brought
-them out.”
-
-William Hawkins, then Mayor of Plymouth, writes that the “Spanish fleet
-was in view of this town yesternight, and the Lord Admiral passed to
-the sea and out of sight.” They could see the fleets fighting, the
-English being to windward of the enemy. He was sending out men as fast
-as he could find ships to carry them.
-
-There is a legend that Drake and his officers were playing bowls on
-Plymouth Hoe when the news that the Armada was in the Channel was
-brought to him by the captain of a pinnace. Drake calmly finished his
-game, the story says, saying there was time to do that and to beat the
-Spaniards too.
-
-As the Spanish ships lay in the English Channel, blinded with the mist
-and rain, the Duke sent a boat to get news. Four fishermen of Falmouth
-were brought away who had that evening seen the English fleet go out of
-Plymouth, “under the charge of the English Admiral and of Drake.”
-
-The Spaniards had come out ready to fight in the old way, in which they
-had won so many brilliant victories. They had always fought their naval
-battles with great armies on great ships, much as they would fight on
-land. The soldiers despised big guns, and liked better the bravery of a
-close fight, “with hand-thrusts and push of pike.” The sailors were not
-prepared to fight at all, but with the help of slaves they sailed the
-big galleys and fighting ships, and the swarm of smaller troop-ships
-and store-ships that swelled the numbers of the fleet which carried an
-army.
-
-[Illustration: Drake at bowls on Plymouth Hoe]
-
-The numbers of the ships on both sides are now said to have been
-not so very unequal. If the Spaniards could have fought in their own
-way, they must have been easily victorious. But the English had got the
-wind at their back and the enemy in front of them, and being better
-masters of their ships, they had the choice, and they chose to fight
-at a distance, and never to board the big ships till they were already
-helpless.
-
-Their ships were newer, and built on different lines, and could sail
-faster. They were smaller than our modern men-of-war, but carried more
-guns for their size. They were, as the Spaniards said, “very nimble and
-of good steerage, so that the English did with them as they desired.
-And our ships being very heavy compared with the lightness of those of
-the enemy, it was impossible to come to hand-stroke with them.”
-
-The English ships were manned with sailors and gunners who could both
-sail the ships and fight the enemy. The guns were fired at the hulls
-of the Spanish ships and not wasted on the enemy’s rigging, which was
-harder to aim at.
-
-The fleets met on the 21st of July, and there followed a week of
-fighting and of disasters to the Spaniards. Yet as the news of their
-coming up the Channel came to those on shore, who watched beside the
-beacon fires with anxious hearts, the danger must have seemed little
-less fearful than before. Those who viewed the “greatness and hugeness
-of the Spanish army” from the sea, considered that the only way to move
-them was by fire-ships.
-
-Sidonia had steered his great fleet magnificently through the dangers
-of the Channel; he anchored outside Calais to await the answer to the
-urgent messages he had sent to the Duke of Parma. But, as we know, the
-“Narrow Seas” were well watched by the English, and they were so helped
-by the Dutch that Parma never reached the shores of England.
-
-Eight fire-ships were hastily prepared and sent down upon the Spanish
-fleet, “all burning fiercely. These worked great mischief among the
-Spanish ships (though none of them took fire), for in the panic their
-cables and anchors were slipped.”
-
-The great fight took place off Gravelines, on the Flemish coast, where
-most of the scattered ships of the Armada had drifted in the general
-confusion. The English hastened to take advantage of this confusion,
-while Sidonia was forming his fleet again into battle order. They “set
-upon the fleet of Spain (led by Sir Francis Drake in the _Revenge_)
-and gave them a sharp fight,” while Lord Howard stopped to capture a
-helpless ship, the finest, they said, upon the sea. “And that day, Sir
-Francis’ ship was riddled with every kind of shot.”
-
-The fight went on from nine in the morning till six at night, when the
-Spanish fleet bore away, beaten, towards the north. Howard says that
-“after the fight, notwithstanding that our powder and shot was well
-near all spent, we set on a brag-countenance and gave them chase as
-though we had wanted nothing (or lacked nothing) until we had cleared
-our own coast and some part of Scotland of them.”
-
-Drake was appointed to follow the fleet, and he writes, “We have the
-army of Spain before us, and mind, with the grace of God, to wrestle
-a pull with him. There was never anything pleased me better than the
-seeing the enemy flying with a southerly wind to the northwards. God
-grant you have a good eye to the Duke of Parma: for with the grace of
-God, if we live, I doubt it not but ere it be long so to handle the
-matter with the Duke of Sidonia as he shall wish himself at St. Mary
-Port among his orange trees.”
-
-At the end of this letter he says, “I crave pardon of your honour for
-my haste, for that I had to watch this last night upon the enemy.” And
-in another letter to Walsingham he signs himself, “Your honour’s most
-ready to be commanded but now half-sleeping Francis Drake.”
-
-Many of the Spanish ships, being so crippled, were wrecked in stormy
-weather off the coasts of Scotland and Ireland, which were unknown to
-them, and thus the more dangerous. Not half of those who put out to
-sea ever reached Spain again. Many men were killed in battle or died
-of their wounds, and they were the most fortunate, for others were
-drowned, or perished miserably by the hands of the natives of the
-coasts. Some who escaped were put to death by the Queen’s orders, and
-some lingered in the foul prisons of that time. The instinct of savage
-cruelty revives, even in highly civilised races, in time of war, and
-spreads, like an infection.
-
-[Illustration: Fighting the Great Armada]
-
-We get a glimpse, in an old list of plunder taken from the Spanish
-prisoners, of the brave looks of the vanished host, that included
-the flower of Spanish youth and chivalry. There were “breeches and
-jerkins of silk, and hose of velvet, all laid over with gold lace,
-a pair of breeches of yellow satin, drawn out with cloth of silver,
-a leather jerkin, perfumed with amber and laid over with a gold and
-silver lace, a jerkin embroidered with flowers, and a blue stitched
-taffety hat, with a silver band and a plume of feathers.”
-
-For some time England was haunted by fears that the Armada would return
-to her coasts, or that Parma would avenge himself. But the reports of
-the many wrecks and of the massacre of Spanish soldiers eased this
-present anxiety. And it was well, for fever and sickness broke out
-in the English ships, and the men were dying in hundreds, “sickening
-one day and dying the next,” as the letters say. The ships had to be
-disinfected and many of the men dispersed.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XII
-
-EXPEDITION TO LISBON
-
-
-The great Armada was scattered, and yet the English did not feel secure
-from their enemy. The sight of that fleet so near their shores in “its
-terror and majesty,” and the memory of its vast army of well-drilled
-soldiers, left a feeling of deep uneasiness in the minds of wise men.
-“Sir,” writes Howard to Walsingham, “safe bind, safe find. A kingdom
-is a great wager. Sir, you know security is dangerous: and had God not
-been our best friend, we should have found it so. Some made little
-account of the Spanish force by sea: but I do warrant you, all the
-world never saw such a force as theirs was....”
-
-Fortune had favoured England this time, but what if Philip built newer
-and lighter ships, and really succeeded in landing his army? They did
-not as yet know that Philip had no money to build his ships with, and
-rumours of a second invasion were plentiful.
-
-The Spaniards, it is true, had suffered great loss and a crushing
-defeat to their pride, but they had not, after all, lost anything that
-they already had, but only failed to get something they wanted very
-badly to have, and the second kind of loss matters far less than the
-first.
-
-But, on the other hand, if the English had been defeated, it is
-difficult to think how darkly their history might have been changed.
-It was this thought that made the wise men sober in the midst of the
-national joy and exultation. They saw how much England, as an island,
-must depend for strength and defence upon her navy, and they saw this
-much more clearly than before. But Drake had seen it for a long time.
-And he had seen something more. He had seen that the English navy must
-be ready and able to protect her merchant ships by distressing and
-attacking her enemies abroad, and that this was a means of keeping the
-enemy so busy abroad that he could not invade the peace of England at
-home.
-
-Elizabeth was eager to complete the destruction of Philip’s navy,
-now so much crippled. In the spring of 1589 she consented to a new
-expedition being fitted out, and appointed Sir John Norreys and Sir
-Francis Drake as commanders-in-chief. The two men had fought together
-in Ireland. “Black John Norreys,” as he was called, came of a famous
-fighting family, and had served in the Lowlands and in France with high
-courage and skill. During the Spanish invasion he had been made chief
-of the land forces. It is said that in one battle he went on fighting
-after three horses had been killed under him. With him went his brother
-Edward, and a famous Welsh captain, Sir Roger Williams, was his second
-in command.
-
-The objects of the expedition were: first, to distress the King of
-Spain’s ships; second, to get possession of some of the islands of the
-Azores in order to waylay the treasure ships; and, lastly, to try to
-recover for Don Antonio his lost kingdom of Portugal.
-
-Money for this expedition was raised from every possible source. The
-Queen gave six royal ships and two pinnaces, money, food, and arms. The
-forces were made up of soldiers, gentlemen who wished to make their
-fortunes in war, and English and Dutch sailors and recruits, most of
-whom were pressed. With this large but mixed army the generals prepared
-to face the best-trained soldiers in Europe.
-
-As usual, there were many delays. The ships were not ready to go out,
-and much of the food was consumed before they started. More was not to
-be had, though Drake and Norreys wrote letter after letter begging for
-supplies. The Queen had already begun to regard the expedition with
-disfavour. Some days before the fleet sailed, the young Earl of Essex,
-her latest Court favourite, had slipped away to sea with Sir Roger
-Williams on the _Swiftsure_. He was tired of a courtier’s life, and
-wanted to breathe freer air, and to help to fight the Spaniards. The
-Queen was very angry, and sent orders for his arrest, accusing Drake
-and Norreys of aiding his escape. But they declared they knew nothing
-of his plans.
-
-About this time some Flemish ships appeared in Plymouth harbour laden
-with barley and wine, and Drake seized their cargoes in the Queen’s
-name to victual his fleet, and sailed early in April. The weather was
-so rough that several of the ships containing troops were unable to get
-beyond the Channel, but even with lesser numbers the crews were short
-of food before they reached Spain.
-
-Philip was very ill at this time, and in grave anxiety. He knew
-that Drake and the English ships might land on his coasts, that the
-French might cross the mountains with an invading force, and that the
-Portuguese might arise in rebellion to win back the crown for Don
-Antonio. This last danger seemed to Philip the most urgent, and Drake
-guessed this, and landed his men on the north-west coast at Corunna.
-
-In doing this he tried to obey the Queen’s orders to distress the
-King’s ships, and also, no doubt, to satisfy the craving of his hungry
-crews for food and plunder. The lower town of Corunna was taken, and
-much wine and food consumed and much wasted. The townsfolk were routed
-and put to the sword, and their houses burned. An attempt to take the
-upper town failed, but the English were the victors in a sharp battle
-which took place some miles from the town, and they thus secured their
-retreat to the ships and sailed away.
-
-The presence of Drake on the coasts caused great panic, for his name
-and luck had become a terror to the people. Philip felt deeply
-insulted that such an attack should be made “by a woman, mistress of
-half an island, with the help of a pirate and a common soldier.” In
-Spain, as we have seen, the command was always given to gentlemen of
-high birth and breeding and title.
-
-Four days after leaving Corunna, the fleet first sighted some of the
-missing ships, and also the _Swiftsure_ with the missing Earl, who had
-“put himself into the journey against the opinion of the world, and,
-as it seemed, to the hazard of his great fortune.” The _Swiftsure_ had
-taken six prizes off Cape St. Vincent.
-
-The two generals had from the first wished to go straight to Lisbon,
-and it is thought that if they had done so, and thus given the
-Spaniards no warning of their coming, they might have had success.
-But they were hindered by the Queen’s orders to destroy the shipping
-now collected in the northern ports, and chiefly in Santander. After
-leaving Corunna, however, they decided in council not to attempt that
-port, both soldiers and sailors reasoning that the conditions did not
-favour an attack.
-
-They landed next at the Portuguese town of Peniche, which lies about
-fifty miles north of Lisbon. It was difficult to land on the surf-bound
-coast, and some of the boats were upset and battered. At last, Essex
-sprang into the waves and waded ashore with his soldiers and climbed
-the steep cliffs. The commandant, thus surprised, willingly surrendered
-to Antonio as his lawful king, “The king” soon had a following of
-peasants and friars, but neither nobles nor soldiers came to help him.
-He was eager to march to Lisbon, where he thought he was sure of a
-welcome. Norreys resolved to march there overland. Drake, it is said,
-would have liked better to attack the town from the sea in his usual
-daring but successful fashion. But the soldiers’ plan carried the
-day; and leaving some ships at Peniche, Drake promised, if he could,
-to bring the fleet to meet them at Cascaes, at the mouth of the river
-Tagus, south of Lisbon.
-
-There, when he arrived, he waited, not liking to venture up the river
-without knowing where the soldiers were, and not liking to quit the
-sea, where he could give them the means of retreat if necessary.
-For this he was very much blamed by the soldiers at the time, and
-afterwards when he got home. The point is still disputed.
-
-Meanwhile the army was encamped outside the walls of Lisbon, but
-they never got inside. The Portuguese refused to join Don Antonio’s
-party, and the Spanish governor kept the gates shut in a grim and
-heroic defence. The English sailors were sick and hungry; they had had
-no exercise on board ship to keep them healthy, and were exhausted
-with the heat. The stores and guns were on the ships with Drake. So,
-reluctantly, they left the suburbs of Lisbon and marched to Cascaes,
-where they embarked, not without some loss, and sailed away.
-
-While they were still disputing in the councils, a fleet of German
-ships were sighted, and most of them secured. They were carrying corn
-and stores to Spain, against the rules of war, which bind countries not
-concerned in the quarrel to help neither foe. So the English seized
-sixty ships and the stores, both of which had been destined to furnish
-the new Armada of Spain.
-
-Next came into view some English ships with supplies, but also with
-angry letters from the Queen; in answer to which Essex was sent home
-bearing the news that the expedition, though diminished by sickness and
-death, still meant to sail to the Azores.
-
-On June the 8th a wind had scattered the fleet, and suddenly left it
-becalmed. The Lisbon galleys came out and cut off four English ships.
-
-The winds continued to prevent the fleet from going towards the Azores,
-and all this time hundreds of sick and wounded men were dying. After
-seventeen days at sea, they landed at the town of Vigo and burned it,
-and laid waste the country round. At length storms and sickness and
-ill-fortune drove them home, and the expedition, woefully shrunken,
-straggled miserably back. Don Antonio died, poor and forsaken, some
-years later. The English had done a considerable amount of damage, but
-at great cost to themselves; for the loss of life was terrible, and
-that of money very considerable. Both Norreys and Drake were called
-upon to account for their failure, and at the time Drake got the most
-of the blame. Perhaps he was more hardly judged because failure had
-never come near him before, and his successes had always been so
-brilliant. His best friends at Court were dead, and for five years he
-was not asked to act in the Queen’s service. So five years of his life
-which should have been the most active were spent in retirement, if not
-actually in “disgrace with fortune and men’s eyes.”
-
-The war was carried on upon the old lines of distressing the King’s
-ships, but with very poor success. After Drake’s voyage round the
-world, which encouraged other adventurers and treasure-seekers, the
-Spanish treasure-fleet had been carefully guarded. This was done by
-strongly fortifying the coast stations, by providing an armed escort,
-and a service of light ships, which went frequently to and fro with
-letters of advice and warning from the Indies to Spain.
-
-Drake had ruined this defence in 1585, and in 1588 again many of the
-guard-ships had to be used in the service of the Armada. A really
-strong English fleet might at this time have stayed the treasure, but
-Philip continued to gather in his gold, and also began, with splendid
-patience, to rebuild his navy. In 1591 a royal squadron was sent
-out under Lord Thomas Howard, and the great battle of Sir Richard
-Grenville on the _Revenge_ was fought, “the fight of the one and the
-fifty-three,” with the loss of that ship and the victory of the Spanish
-fleet. The Queen made a fighting alliance with Henry the Fourth of
-France, who was the enemy of Philip, and this she felt would help to
-keep him out of England. Philip was now trying to establish a fortified
-station on the north coast of Brittany, from which his new Armada might
-be despatched.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XIII
-
-THE LAST VOYAGE
-
-
-Drake had settled in Buckland Abbey, which he had bought from Sir
-Richard Grenville. He helped to prepare and furnish ships for some
-of the different excursions against Spain, and he spent much time on
-schemes to improve Plymouth. He paid to have pure water brought to the
-town from many miles away; he had flour-mills built, that the sailors
-might have good biscuits provided for them, and he overlooked the
-work of fortifying Plymouth, and making it in all ways a strong naval
-station.
-
-As the danger of a fresh invasion by Philip grew more threatening,
-Drake was called to Court again, and it was about this time that he
-gave to the Queen his written story of the voyage to Nombre de Dios.
-
-In 1595 a fresh expedition was arranged for the Indies, and after the
-usual bewildering indecision at Court, and difference of views and
-plans (delays that proved fatal to an excursion whose proper nature was
-to be swift and secret, and above all things powerful), on August 28,
-1598, Sir Francis Drake started on his last voyage.
-
-The story of the expedition begins by saying that “the Spaniard leaves
-no means untried to turn the peace of England into a cursed thraldom,
-and this is shown by his attempts, and also by his greedy desires to be
-our neighbour in Brittany, to gain so near us a quiet and safe road for
-his fleet. So the forces were sent to invade him in that kingdom from
-whence he has feathers to fly to the top of his high desires.
-
-“The invasion was glorious spoken of long before it was sent, and Sir
-Francis Drake was named General. For his very name was a great terror
-to all in those parts, and he had done many things in those countries
-to his honourable fame and profit. But entering into them as the Child
-of Fortune, it may be that his self-willed and peremptory (despotic)
-command was doubted, and that caused her Majesty, as it should seem,
-to join Sir John Hawkins as second in command. He was an old, wary man,
-and so leaden-footed” (or slow in action) “that Drake’s meat would be
-eaten before his was cooked. They were men of such different natures
-that what one desired the other commonly opposed. The journey had so
-glorious a name that crowds of volunteers came to them, and they had
-to discharge such few as they had pressed. Yet many times it was very
-doubtful if the voyage would be made, till at last the news came of a
-ship of the King of Spain, which was driven into Puerto Rico with two
-millions and a half of treasure. So her Majesty commanded them to haste
-their departure, which they did with twenty-seven ships.”
-
-The generals began to disagree soon after. Drake wanted to begin with
-an attack upon the Canaries, and Hawkins thought it unnecessary and
-unwise; and, as the story says, “the fire which lay hidden in their
-stomachs began to break forth.”
-
-It was five years since Drake had fought with his old enemies. He did
-not know how much stronger the Spanish defence at sea had become,
-owing to the lessons he had given them, nor how complete Philip had
-made the protection of the traffic and the treasure-ships. He was to
-see this first at the Canary Islands, where he tried, and failed, to
-make one of his old surprise visits.
-
-The fleet sailed on, and anchored on the 29th of October, for water,
-at Guadeloupe. The _Delight_ was the last of the ships to arrive the
-next day, and she brought news that the _Francis_, a small ship of the
-company, was taken by five Spanish ships, which had been sent out by
-Philip to bring home the wrecked ship at Puerto Rico. This was a great
-misfortune, because Sir John Hawkins had made known to all the company,
-“even to the basest mariners,” the places whither they were bound,
-naming Puerto Rico, Nombre de Dios, and Panama. Now the Spaniards would
-learn this from their prisoners, and at once send warning to the coasts.
-
-Drake wanted to give chase at once, but Hawkins was old and cautious,
-and desired to stay and mount his guns, take in water, set up his
-pinnaces, and make all things ready to meet the Spaniards.
-
-And Sir John prevailed, “for that he was sickly, Sir Francis being
-loath to breed his further disquiet.” It took four days to make those
-preparations, and always the sickness of Sir John increased. On the
-12th of October Drake brought the fleet up by a secret way to Puerto
-Rico, and about three o’clock that afternoon Sir John Hawkins died.
-
-In the evening, as Drake sat at supper, his chair was shot from under
-him, and two of his officers received their death wounds from the
-Spanish guns. The ships had to move away. The next night the English
-made a desperate effort to fire the five ships that had come for the
-treasure. Four of them were set alight, but only one was burnt, and by
-the great light she gave the Spaniards “played upon the English with
-their ordnance and small shot as if it had been fair day,” and sunk
-some of the boats.
-
-Next day Drake, undaunted by failure, determined to try and take his
-whole fleet boldly into the harbour and storm the place. But the
-Spaniards, guessing his desperate intention, and fearing his great
-courage, sunk four ships laden with merchandise and armed, as they
-were, and so, at a great sacrifice, blocked the way for the English.
-
-Drake took counsel with the soldiers as to the strength of the place,
-but most of them thought it too great a risk, though one or two were
-for trying it. “The General presently said: ‘I will bring you to twenty
-places far more wealthy and easier to be gotten;’ and hence we went on
-the 15th. And here,” says the teller of the story, “I left all hope of
-good success.”
-
-On the way to Nombre de Dios they stopped at Rio de la Hacha, where
-Drake had first been wronged by the Spaniards. This town they took with
-little difficulty, and some treasure was won.
-
-On December 27th they were at Nombre de Dios, which they took with
-small resistance. But the people had been warned, and had fled and
-hidden their treasure, and the town was left very bare. So they
-resolved to “hasten with speed to Panama.” The soldiers were under the
-command of Sir Thomas Baskerville, who had been a brave fighter against
-the Spaniards before now in Holland and France. They started to go
-to Panama by the old road well known to Drake. He, meanwhile, stayed
-with the ships and burned the town. He was about to sail nearer the
-river when news came that the soldiers were returning. The road was
-only too strongly defended now, and Baskerville’s men were driven back
-with severe loss. They were a small force, and weak with the long march
-through heavy rains; their powder was wet and their food scarce and
-sodden, and Baskerville decided upon a retreat. “This march,” says the
-story, “had made many swear that they would never buy gold at such a
-price again.”
-
-Drake, being disappointed of his highest hopes, now called a council to
-decide what was to be done. All the towns had been forewarned, and told
-“to be careful and look well to themselves, for that Drake and Hawkins
-were making ready in England to come upon them.” And now the company
-seem to have regarded their leader with some bitterness, as his brave
-promises failed, and the places that he used to know were found to be
-changed and formidable. Now they had to rely “upon cards and maps, he
-being at these parts at the farthest limit of his knowledge.” But
-still he proposed fresh places that had the golden sound of riches in
-their names, and gallant Baskerville said he would attempt both, one
-after another.
-
-But the winds drove them instead to a “waste island, which is counted
-the sickliest place in the Indies, and there died many of the men, and
-victuals began to grow scarce. Here,” says Maynarde, who writes the
-story, “I was often private with our General, and I demanded of him
-why he so often begged me, being in England, to stay with him in these
-parts as long as himself.... He answered me with grief, protesting
-that he was as ignorant of the Indies as myself, and that he never
-thought any place could be so changed, as it were, from a delicious
-and pleasant arbour into a waste and desert wilderness: besides the
-variableness and changes of the wind and weather, so stormy and
-blustrous as he never saw it before. But he most wondered that since
-his coming out of England he never saw sail worth giving chase unto.
-Yet, in the greatness of his mind, he would, in the end, conclude with
-these words: ‘It matters not, man; God hath many things in store for
-us. And I know many means to do her Majesty good service and to make us
-rich, for we must have gold before we reach England.’
-
-“And since our return from Panama he never carried mirth nor joy in his
-face, yet no man he loved must show he took thought thereof. And he
-began to grow sickly. And now so many of the company were dying of the
-sickness, and food was getting so scarce, that at last he resolved ‘to
-depart and take the wind as God sent it.’”
-
-But the lurking fever in the swamp had done its work, and on January
-28, 1596, after a brief fight with illness and death, Drake “yielded up
-his spirit like a Christian to his Creator quietly in his cabin.”
-
-“The General being dead,” we are told, “most men’s hearts were bent to
-hasten for England as soon as they might. ‘Fortune’s Child,’ they
-said, ‘was dead; things would not fall into their mouths, nor riches be
-their portions, how dearly soever they adventured for them.’”
-
-But Sir Thomas Baskerville assumed the command and took the remains of
-the fleet in his charge, and did not return home till he had met the
-Spaniards and fought a battle with them at sea.
-
-Before the fleet left Puerto Rico he burned that port, and sunk two of
-the ships no longer needed, and all the prizes. And there, a league
-from the shore, under seas, he left the body of Sir Francis Drake,
-heavily freighted with death and silence. But I like to think that his
-soul went a-roving again among the stars.
-
-                                THE END
-
-
-                  Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO.
-                          Edinburgh & London
-
-
-
-
-TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
-
-  --Illustrations have been moved up or down from their original
-    positions to avoid interrupting the flow of adjacent paragraphs.
-  --Archaic and variant spellings have been retained.
-  --Hyphenation across this e-text are as originally typeset.
-
-*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF SIR FRANCIS
-DRAKE ***
-
-Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
-be renamed.
-
-Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
-law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
-so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the
-United States without permission and without paying copyright
-royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
-of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
-concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
-and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
-the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
-of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
-copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
-easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
-of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project
-Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may
-do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected
-by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark
-license, especially commercial redistribution.
-
-START: FULL LICENSE
-
-THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
-PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
-
-To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
-distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
-(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
-Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
-www.gutenberg.org/license.
-
-Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-
-1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
-and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
-(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
-the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
-destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
-possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
-Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
-by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
-person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
-1.E.8.
-
-1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
-used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
-agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
-things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
-paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
-agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
-
-1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
-Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
-of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
-works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
-States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
-United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
-claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
-displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
-all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
-that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
-free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
-works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
-Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
-comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
-same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
-you share it without charge with others.
-
-1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
-what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
-in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
-check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
-agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
-distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
-other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
-representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
-country other than the United States.
-
-1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
-
-1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
-immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
-prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
-on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
-phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
-performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
-
-  This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-  most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
-  restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
-  under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
-  eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
-  United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
-  you are located before using this eBook.
-
-1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
-derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
-contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
-copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
-the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
-redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
-either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
-obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
-trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
-with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
-must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
-additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
-will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
-posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
-beginning of this work.
-
-1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
-work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
-
-1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
-electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
-prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
-active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm License.
-
-1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
-compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
-any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
-to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
-other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
-version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm website
-(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
-to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
-of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
-Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
-full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
-
-1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
-performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
-unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
-access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-provided that:
-
-* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
-  the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
-  you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
-  to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
-  agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
-  within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
-  legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
-  payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
-  Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
-  Literary Archive Foundation."
-
-* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
-  you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
-  does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-  License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
-  copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
-  all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
-  works.
-
-* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
-  any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
-  electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
-  receipt of the work.
-
-* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
-  distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
-
-1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
-are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
-from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
-the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
-forth in Section 3 below.
-
-1.F.
-
-1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
-effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
-works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
-Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
-contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
-or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
-intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
-other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
-cannot be read by your equipment.
-
-1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
-of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
-liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
-fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
-LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
-PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
-TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
-LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
-INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
-DAMAGE.
-
-1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
-defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
-receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
-written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
-received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
-with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
-with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
-lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
-or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
-opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
-the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
-without further opportunities to fix the problem.
-
-1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
-in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
-OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
-LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
-
-1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
-warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
-damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
-violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
-agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
-limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
-unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
-remaining provisions.
-
-1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
-trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
-providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
-accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
-production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
-including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
-the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
-or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
-additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
-Defect you cause.
-
-Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
-electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
-computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
-exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
-from people in all walks of life.
-
-Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
-assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
-goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
-remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
-and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
-generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
-Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
-www.gutenberg.org
-
-Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation
-
-The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
-501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
-state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
-Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
-number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
-U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
-
-The Foundation's business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,
-Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
-to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's website
-and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
-
-Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
-Literary Archive Foundation
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without
-widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
-increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
-freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
-array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
-($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
-status with the IRS.
-
-The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
-charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
-States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
-considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
-with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
-where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
-DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
-state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
-have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
-against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
-approach us with offers to donate.
-
-International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
-any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
-outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
-
-Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
-methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
-ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
-donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-
-Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
-freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
-distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
-volunteer support.
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
-editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
-the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
-necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
-edition.
-
-Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
-facility: www.gutenberg.org
-
-This website includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
-including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
-subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.