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diff --git a/old/67852-0.txt b/old/67852-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index fd9e978..0000000 --- a/old/67852-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3363 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Model Aeroplanes and Their Engines, by -George Cavanagh - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Model Aeroplanes and Their Engines - A Practical Book for Beginners - -Author: George Cavanagh - -Release Date: April 16, 2022 [eBook #67852] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Brian Coe, Quentin Campbell and the Online Distributed - Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was - produced from images generously made available by the - Library of Congress) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MODEL AEROPLANES AND THEIR -ENGINES *** - - - Transcriber’s Note - -In the following transcription italic text is denoted by _underscores_. -Small capitals in the original publication have been transcribed as ALL -CAPITALS. - -See end of this document for details of corrections and other changes. - - ————————————— Start of Book ————————————— - - - [Illustration: Waid Carl’s model in flight. - - Courtesy Edward P. Warner, Concord Model Club] - - - - - MODEL AEROPLANES - AND THEIR ENGINES - - - _A Practical Book for Beginners_ - - - BY - GEORGE A. CAVANAGH - MODEL EDITOR “AERIAL AGE” - - - DRAWINGS BY - HARRY G. SCHULTZ - PRESIDENT THE AERO-SCIENCE CLUB OF AMERICA - - - WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY - HENRY WOODHOUSE - Managing Editor “Flying” - Governor of the Aero Club of America - - - NEW YORK - MOFFAT, YARD & COMPANY - 1917 - - - - - COPYRIGHT, 1916, BY - MOFFAT, YARD AND COMPANY - NEW YORK - ———— - _All rights reserved_ - - Reprinted August, 1917 - - - - - TO - M. T. H. - - - - - INTRODUCTION - - -History tells us—what some of us luckier ones heard the Wright Brothers -themselves tell—that the Wrights’ active work in aëronautics was a -result of the interest aroused by a toy helicopter presented to them by -the Reverend Bishop Milton Wright, their father. - -Tremendous developments have taken place in aëronautics and aircraft -are fast developing in size, speed, and range of action. They have -revolutionized warfare, and seem to be destined to become a most -important factor in the reconstruction that will follow the war. - -The greater the development the truer the fact that model aëroplanes -may be instrumental in bringing to aëronautics men who may make -valuable contributions to aëronautics. As a matter of fact, there are -already in active life, contributing their share to the development of -aëronautics, young men who only a few years ago competed for prizes -which the writer offered for model competition. - -The young men who are now flying models will live in the new age—and -they have much to give and much to receive from it. - -Through the tremendous strides forward of aëronautics there are -wonderful possibilities for the employment of ingenuity, genius -and skill, and business opportunities, as great as have ever been -created by progress in important lines of human endeavor. Problems -of engineering as huge as were solved by master builders; juridical -and legal questions to be decided as stupendously difficult as any -Gladstone would wish them; possibilities for the development of -international relations greater than were ever conceived; problems -of transportation to be solved by the application of aircraft, -as wonderful as any economist could wish; opportunities to gain -distinction splendid enough to satisfy the most ambitious person. - - HENRY WOODHOUSE. - - New York, June 5th, 1916. - - - - - LIST OF CONTENTS - - - PAGE - INTRODUCTION ix - - HISTORY OF MODEL AVIATION 1 - - CONSTRUCTION 8 - Propellers—Wings—Frame—Assembling—Launching— - Chassis—Pontoons—Launching an R. O. G. or Model - Hydroaëroplane. - - WORLD RECORD MODELS 52 - Lauder Distance and Duration Model—Hittle Tractor - Hydro—La Tour Flying Boat—Cook No. 42 Model—Rudy Funk - Duration Model—Alson H. Wheeler Twin Pusher Biplane. - - A MODEL WARPLANE 83 - - A SIMPLE COMPRESSED AIR ENGINE 85–93 - - COMPRESSED AIR DRIVEN MODELS 94–102 - The Dart Compressed Air Driven Model—The McMahon - Compressed Air Driven Monoplane—The McMahon - Compressed Air Driven Biplane. - - COMPRESSED AIR ENGINES 103–109 - Wise Compressed Air Engine—Schober-Funk Three Cylinder - Engine—The Schober Four Cylinder Opposed Engine. - - GASOLINE ENGINES 110–117 - Jopson—Midget Aëro Gasoline Engine. - - STEAM POWER PLANTS 118–122 - H. H. Groves Steam Power Plants—G. Harris’s Steam - Engine—Professor Langley’s Steam Engine—French - Experiments with Steam Power Plants. - - CARBONIC GAS ENGINE 123–124 - - THE FORMATION OF MODEL CLUBS 125–138 - - WORLD’S MODEL FLYING RECORDS 139–141 - - DICTIONARY OF AËRONAUTICAL TERMS 142–152 - - - - - LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - - - PAGE - Model Aëroplane in Flight _Frontispiece_ - - First Model Aëroplane Exhibition Opp. 4 - - Propellers (Diagram 1) 9 - - How to cut propellers (Diagram 2) 11 - - Designs for propellers (Diagram 3) 14 - - Designs for propellers (Diagram 4) 17 - - Wing construction (Diagram 5) 20 - - Members of the Aëro Science Club Opp. 22 - - Members of the Milwaukee and Illinois Model Aëro - Clubs Opp. 22 - - Frame construction (Diagram 6) 25 - - Model Assembly (Diagram 7) 30 - - C. W. Meyer and Wm. Hodgins exhibiting early type - models Opp. 32 - - Henry Criscouli with five foot model Opp. 32 - - Schultz hydroaëroplane Opp. 32 - - Rubber winder (Diagram 8) 35 - - Chassis construction (Diagram 9) 38 - - Pontoon construction (Diagram 10) 43 - - Obst flying boat Opp. 44 - - McLaughlin twin tractor hydroaëroplane Opp. 44 - - Louis Bamberger hydro about to leave water Opp. 44 - - E. B. Eiring and Kennith Sedgwick Milwaukee Club How - to launch R. O. G. model Opp. 48 - - Waid Carl, Concord Model Club Launching R. O. G. - model Opp. 48 - - Wallace A Lauder model (Diagram 11) 54 - - Lauder distance and duration model Opp. 56 - - Lauder R. O. G. model Opp. 56 - - Lindsay Hittle world record hydroaëroplane (Diagram 12) - 61 - - La Tour Flying Boat (Diagram 13) 66 - - Ellis Cook R. O. G. model (Diagram 14) 73 - - Funk duration model (Diagram 15) 78 - - Rudy Funk speed model Opp. 80 - - McMahon and Schober compressed air driven models Opp. 80 - - Alson H. Wheeler twin pusher biplane Opp. 82 - - C. V. Obst tractor Opp. 82 - - Model Warplane 84 - - Simple compressed air engine (Diagram 16) 87 - - Schober compressed air driven monoplane Opp. 90 - - Schober compressed air driven biplane Opp. 90 - - Dart compressed air driven model 95 - - John McMahon and compressed air driven monoplane Opp. 98 - - Frank Schober preparing model for flight Opp. 98 - - John McMahon pusher biplane (Diagram 17) 102 - - Wise compressed air engine Opp. 104 - - Schober-Funk three-cylinder rotary engine Opp. 105 - - Schober four cylinder engine (Diagram 18) 107 - - Jopson gasoline engine Opp. 110 - - Sectional view of Jopson engine (Diagram 19) 112 - - Power curve of Jopson engine (Diagram 20) 115 - - Midget gasoline engine Opp. 116 - - English steam power plant Opp. 120 - - V. E. Johnson steam driven hydroaëroplane Opp. 120 - - English compressed air driven biplane Opp. 122 - - Tractor hydroaëroplane fitted with steam power plant Opp. 122 - - English compressed air engine fitted with simple - speedometer Opp. 122 - - The Rompel six-cylinder carbonic gas engine Opp. 124 - - - - - MODEL AËROPLANES - - HISTORY OF MODEL AVIATION - - -Model aëroplaning, as a sport, was first introduced in America during -the year of 1907. It was then that the first model aëroplane club in -America was formed by Miss E. L. Todd, with the assistance of Mr. -Edward Durant, now Director of the Aëro Science Club of America. -Prior to this the model aëroplane was considered an instrument of -experimentation or, when built to resemble a full sized machine, -was used for exhibition purposes. Noted scientists, men such as -Maxim, Langley, Eiffel and others, depended largely on models to -bring about the desired results during their experiments. Before the -Wright Brothers brought forth and launched the first heavier than air -machine their experiments, to a great extent, were confined to model -aëroplanes. There is little doubt but that a large majority of aviators -engaged in flying machines in different parts of the world were at one -time in their career interested in the construction and flying of model -aircraft, and from which no doubt they obtained their initial knowledge -of the aëroplane, in so far as the same principles and laws apply to -any aëroplane, regardless of its size. - -The first model aëroplane club went under the name of the New York -Model Aëro Club and during its existence a great many of its contests -were carried on in armories. The reason for this was because of the -fact that the greater number of the models prevalent at that time -were built along the lines of full sized machines, and their manner -of construction was such as to interfere with the flying efficiency -of the model. Streamline construction was something unknown to model -constructors in those days and, in consequence, crudely constructed -and heavy models were very often evidenced, and, as a result, flights -of over one hundred feet were very seldom made. At about the same time -model enthusiasts in both England and France were actively engaged -in constructing and flying models, but the type of model used was of -a different design from those flown by the American modelists and -as a result of this innovation many of the early records were held -abroad. The type of model flown by the English modelists resembled in -appearance the letter “A”, hence the term “A” type. - -It was not long after the introduction of this type of model in America -that model aëroplaning as a sport began to assume an aspect of great -interest. Models were constructed along simpler lines and with a -greater tendency toward doing away with all unnecessary parts, thus -increasing the flying qualities of the models. Flights of greater -distance and duration were the objects sought and, in their efforts to -achieve them new records were made at most every contest, until flights -of from 500 to 1000 feet were common occurrences. By the use of the A -type model and the single stick model which made its appearance shortly -after the A type model, American modelists succeeded in breaking most -of the world records for this type of model which is now termed by -English modelists “flying sticks.” - -[Illustration: First model aëroplane exhibition held at Boston, 1910] - -One by one model aëroplane clubs were formed in different parts of the -country until to-day there are in existence about twenty-five clubs -and all with memberships of from two to eight times that of the first -model aëro club. The work which was started by the New York Model Aëro -Club is now being carried on by the Aëro Science Club of America and -its affiliated clubs. The interest in model flying grew to such an -extent that during the year of 1915 the Aëro Club of America decided -to hold the First National Model Aëroplane Competition for the purpose -of offering to the young men of America an opportunity of becoming -acquainted with this new sport and its advantages. The results of -this competition were beyond expectation. Models were made capable -of flying distances and with durations that, to the early flyers, -seemed impossible. In the hand launched contests models were flown for -distances ranging from 2000 to 2500 feet, the winning flight being -3537 feet, and it might also be said that the contestant who flew this -model, with a model of the same design established a duration record -of 195 seconds. As this goes to press, information is received that -the World’s Record for distance for hand launched models has been -broken by Thomas Hall, of Chicago, Ill., an Illinois Model Aëro Club -member, with a flight of 5337 feet. Another interesting result of the -competition was the establishing of a world hydroaëroplane record by -a member of the Illinois Model Aëro Club with a model of the tractor -type, a four-bladed propeller being used in connection with the model. -The flying boat which is a late advent to the field of model flying -also proved a record breaker in this competition, having remained in -the air after rising from the surface of the water, for a duration of -43 seconds. This model was flown by a member of the Pacific Northwest -Model Aëro Club of Seattle, Washington. The establishing of these -records clearly indicates the advantage of scientific designing and -construction and careful handling. - -So satisfactory have been the results of the First National Model -Aëroplane Competition that the Aëro Club of America has made -arrangements for holding the Second National Model Aëroplane -Competition during the year 1916. But in the announcement of the Second -National Competition the Aëro Club of America has made provision for -the holding of contests for mechanically driven models, in view of -the interest which is being shown by model flyers in the construction -of models more closely resembling large machines to be driven by -compressed air, steam and gasoline power plants. This is the outcome -of a desire on the part of model constructors to substitute for what -is now commonly known as the “flying stick,” models more closely -resembling large machines, which models can be more satisfactorily -flown by the use of compressed air, steam or gasoline power plants. As -in the early days, the best flights made by models using compressed air -and steam have been made by English flyers, the duration of the flights -ranging anywhere from 25 to 50 seconds. - -Whether or not the American flyers will repeat history and achieve -greater results with this type of model motive power is something that -can only be determined in the future. But in any event the scientific -mechanically driven model will, without doubt, assume an important -position in the field of model aviation. - - - - - CONSTRUCTION - - - PROPELLERS - -Propellers may be cut from various kinds of wood, but the most -suitable, from every standpoint, is white pine. The advantage of using -this wood lies in the fact that the propellers may be cut more rapidly -and when cut are lighter than those made from most other kinds of wood. -When coated with the proper kind of varnish they are sufficiently -strong for ordinary flying. Wood selected for propellers should be free -from knots, holes and other imperfections and it is very desirable that -it should be of perfectly straight grain. - -A piece of such clear white pine 8″ long, 1″ wide and ³⁄₄″ thick should -be selected and on one side marked TOP. A tracing of the propeller -similar in design to Figure 1, should be laid on this piece of wood and -an imprint of the propeller design drawn on the TOP side. - -[Illustration: Diagram 1] - -To find the center of the block two lines should be drawn from the -opposite corners, their point of meeting being approximately in the -center—near enough for all practical purposes to insure greater -accuracy. Similar lines should be drawn from the corners on the BOTTOM -side of the block of wood. A hole ³⁄₃₂ of an inch in diameter should -be bored through the center thus obtained, through which the propeller -shaft will be inserted when the propeller is finished. The two sections -of the propeller blades drawn in diagrammatical form on the TOP of the -block, should be marked respectively BLADE 1 and BLADE 2, as shown in -diagram 1. The block is then ready for the commencement of the actual -cutting. In cutting out the propeller, BLADE 1 should be held in the -left hand and the knife in the other, with the blade of the knife on -the straight edge of BLADE 1. The cutting should be carried out very -carefully with attention constantly paid to Fig. 2, and should be -stopped when the line shown in Fig. 2 has been reached. The semi-blade -should then be sandpapered until a small curve is obtained by which the -propeller will be enabled to grip the air. - -[Illustration: Diagram 2] - -To cut BLADE 2, BLADE 1 should be held in the left hand and BLADE 2 cut -until the line shown in Fig. 3 is reached, after which the sandpapering -process is carried out in the same manner as in the case of BLADE 1. -During all of the foregoing operations it must be clearly borne in -mind that the TOP of the blank propeller must always face upward, -and the cutting should always be done on the STRAIGHT lines. Should -the straight edge be cut on one edge of the blank propeller and the -curved edge on the other, it would result in the blades of the finished -propeller having a tendency to push in opposite directions and in -consequence no propulsion of the model would be possible. - -Attention should next be turned to the back of the propeller blank on -which the manner of cutting is exactly like that suggested for the top -side, with the exception that instead of cutting along the STRAIGHT -lines, the cutting is done along the CURVED lines. In this part of -the work great care is to be exercised for by the time the necessary -cutting has been done on the back of the propeller the entire structure -is very fragile and one excessive stroke of the knife may result in -destroying the entire propeller blade. By constantly holding the wood -to the light it is possible to determine with a reasonable degree of -accuracy the evenness of thickness. To complete the BOTTOM side of the -propeller the blade should be sandpapered as was the top. - -The method of cutting the second propeller is exactly that used in -cutting the first propeller, only that the diagram shown in Fig. 4 -should be used. This will result in two propellers being made that will -revolve in opposite directions in order to produce even and balanced -propulsion. If both propellers revolved in the same direction the -effect would be to overturn the model. - -[Illustration: Diagram 3] - -In diagram 1 the propellers are shown with the straight edge as the -entering or cutting edge of the blade. Some of the model builders -prefer the curved edge as the cutting edge (diagram 2). It is -significant that Mr. Frank Schober, a well known model constructor, -tested both designs on his compressed air driven model, and while -both propellers were the same in weight, diameter and pitch, the one -having the straight edge as the cutting edge was found one-third more -efficient. - -When the propellers have been given a light coat of shellac they should -be laid aside until the assembling of the complete model. - -By following the foregoing instructions a simple and effective set of -propellers will be produced. But in order to vary the experimental -practice of the constructor various other diagrams, Nos. 3 and 4, -illustrating suitable designs, are provided and can be made by applying -the above general theory and using the diagrams herewith. - - - WINGS - -One of the most important considerations in the construction of a model -is the making of the wings. To obtain the greatest efficiency the -wings must be carefully designed, with due attention to whether the -model is being constructed for speed, duration or climbing ability. -Attention should be given to streamline construction; that is, the -parts of the wing should be so assembled that the completed wing would -offer the least possible resistance to the air, if the best results are -to be obtained. - -For the main wing three strips of spruce, each 30″ in length, two of -them being ³⁄₁₆″ × ¹⁄₄″ and the third ³⁄₁₆″ × ¹⁄₁₆″ are required. To -make them thoroughly streamline all edges should be carefully rounded -off and all surfaces should be smooth. A strip of bamboo at least 20″ -long, ¹⁄₂″ wide, ¹⁄₈″ thick, should be cut into pieces, each piece to -be 5 in. long. To secure the necessary curve, ¹⁄₂″ depth, the pieces -of bamboo should be held in steam and slowly bent in a manner closely -resembling the skids of an ordinary bobsled. When the curvature has -been obtained, care should be exercised in cutting each piece into four -longitudinal strips, from which twelve should be selected to be used as -ribs, each to be ¹⁄₈″ wide. The bending of the bamboo preliminary to -making the ribs is done in order to secure uniformity of curvature. - -[Illustration: Diagram 4] - -When this has been done the ribs are ready for fastening to the -sticks—entering and trailing edges—and each must be attached an equal -distance apart. In order that the ribs may be evenly spaced it is -necessary to put a mark every 3″ on the larger stick or entering edge -of the wing, and also on the flat stick or trailing edge. The main beam -which is of the same dimensions as the entering edge is afterwards -fastened across the center of the wing, and does not necessarily need -to be thus marked, as it is fastened to the ribs after the ribs have -been attached to the entering and trailing edges of the wing frame. -By holding the ribs one at a time so that the curved edge rests upon -the entering edge where the mark indicates, as shown in diagram 5, -they should be fastened thereon by means of thread and glue. The rear -end of the rib must be fastened to the trailing edge where the mark -indicates, also by thread and glue. - -After all ribs have been thus securely fastened to both edges of the -frame the third stick, or main beam, should be attached to the frame -on the underside, the fastening being made at the highest point of -the curve of each rib. This main beam prevents the wing covering from -drawing in the end ribs and adds very materially to the strength of -the entire wing structure. To cover the wings fiber paper may be used -and is a suitable material, but the best results, from a standpoint of -flying efficiency and long service, are obtained by the use of China -silk. - -The frame of the forward wing or elevator is made in the same manner -as is the main wing, but it is only 12″ in span by 4″ in chord, and is -constructed without the use of a main beam. This wing has only five -ribs which are made in the same manner as those for the rear wing, and -each is placed a distance of 3″ apart. - -[Illustration: Diagram 5] - -A piece of silk measuring 2″ longer and 2″ wider than each of the wing -frames should be used in covering the wings, and this can be held in -position by the use of pins prior to the actual sewing. The extra inch -of silk on all sides of the frame is placed around the under side of -the frame—in order that it can be made thoroughly taut when the silk -has been sewn close to the edges of the frame. After the silk has been -sewn close to the edges the pins may be removed and the surplus silk -that hangs from the under side of the frame may be cut off. To make -this silk airproof it should be coated with a thin coat of shellac or -varnish and the wings should be thoroughly dry before being used. This -coating, in addition to airproofing, will assist in making the covering -perfectly taut, and also in making the wing ready for service when the -entire model is ready to be assembled. - - - FRAME - -As all other parts of the model are attached to the frame in addition -to its having to stand the strain of the tightly wound rubber strands -which serve as the motive power for the model, it must be made strong. -It is therefore necessary to exercise care and judgment in making -certain that the different units that make up the frame are rightly -proportioned and are of the proper material. Just as in the large sized -aëroplanes there are many types of bodies, so there are many different -types of frames in use in model construction, but the standard, and for -all practical purposes the best frame, resembles the letter A in shape, -hence the name A type. The lightness of the frame depends entirely on -the materials used and the manner in which it is constructed. - -Some model flyers use but a single stick for the frame, but generally -the A type frame is preferred for the reason that it is more durable, -the wings can be more securely attached to it, and that it is possible -of developing very much better results. - -[Illustration: Members of the Aëro Science Club] - -[Illustration: Members of the Milwaukee and Illinois Model Aëro Clubs] - -To construct such an A type frame 2 main sticks to serve as frame side -members are necessary and are made from spruce. Each member should be -36″ in length, ³⁄₈″ in depth by ¹⁄₄″ in width. By rounding the edges -and smoothing the various surfaces with sandpaper streamline effect -will be secured and will add to the efficiency of the machine as well -as to its appearance. When the side members are placed in A formation -the extremity of the sticks at which they meet should be so tapered -in the inner sides that when they meet and are permanently fastened -the result will be a continuance of the general streamline effect. The -permanent fastening of the frame side members at the point of the A -may be accomplished by using either strong fish glue or better, a good -waterproof glue and then have the jointure reinforced by securing a -piece of ³⁄₃₂″ steel wire 3″ in length and placing the center of it -at the point of the A, afterwards bending the wire along either outer -edge of the frame side members, putting as much pressure on the wire as -the strength of the structure will permit; after this the reinforced -jointure should have thread wound around it to insure even greater -strength. About ¹⁄₂″ of the wire on each side of the point should be -left clear and afterwards turned into a loop as shown in diagram 6, for -the purpose of attaching the hooks that hold the rubber strands. To -hold the side members apart at the rear end and for a propeller brace, -a piece of bamboo 10″ long, ¹⁄₈″ thick by ¹⁄₂″ in width is required -and this should be fastened to the extreme rear ends of the frame side -members, allowing the propeller brace to protrude on either side 1¹⁄₂″ -as illustrated. To put the propeller brace in position a slot ¹⁄₂″ deep -by ¹⁄₈″ wide should be cut into the rear ends of the frame side members -for the reception of the propeller brace. After the brace has been -placed in position the outer edge should come flush with the rear ends -of the side members. To hold the brace in place thread and glue should -be used in the same manner as described for the point of the frame -side members. Between the point of the frame and the propeller brace -two bamboo pieces, one 9″ long and another 2¹⁄₃″ long, should be used -as braces for the general strengthening of the structure. The longest -piece should be secured across the top of the frame about 9″ from the -rear and the shorter piece about 9″ from the point. - -[Illustration: Diagram 6] - -When these two braces are in position the next matter that calls for -the attention of the constructor is the matter of getting into position -at the two outer extremities of the propeller brace bearings for the -propellers. For this purpose two pieces of ³⁄₃₂nd inch brass tubing, -each ³⁄₄th of an inch long, should be used, and should be fastened to -the underside of the propeller brace, at each extremity of that brace, -by the use of thread and glue. Sometimes greater efficiency is secured -by putting these pieces of bronze tubing about ¹⁄₄″ from the end. Some -model constructors make a very neat jointure here by soldering the -piece of tubing to a strip of thin brass, which is bent over the end -of the propeller brace and bound and glued thereon. In fastening the -bronze tubing to the propeller brace it should be so adjusted that it -will run parallel to the side members of the frame and will therefore -offer the least possible resistance to the shaft of the propeller when -the rubber strands have been attached. - -When the frame has been completed a coat of shellac should be applied -to the entire structure to render it damp-proof. - - - ASSEMBLING - -The proper assembling of the parts of the model is as essential to good -results as is the designing and making. Parts, although properly made, -if improperly placed in relation to each other will very often lead to -trouble. Therefore very great care must be exercised in the assembling -process. - -When all the parts have been prepared and are ready to be assembled -the first thing that should be done is to mount the propellers in -position. This must be done very carefully on account of the fact -that the propeller shafts are easily bent and if bent the result is -considerable trouble, for such a bend in the propeller shaft will -cause the propeller to revolve irregularly with a consequent loss of -thrust. Before inserting the propeller shafts in the tubing 4 washers -each ¹⁄₄″ in diameter should be cut from hard metal, and a hole large -enough for the propeller shaft to pass through should be bored in the -center of each washer. The metal washers should be passed over the -straight ends of the shafts which extend from the rear of the tubing, -after they have been inserted in the tubing, and in this manner the -cutting into the hubs of the propellers which would follow is avoided. -The propellers are now to be mounted and this is accomplished by -allowing the ends of the shafts, which extend out from the rear of -the tubing, to pass through the hole in the hub of each propeller. In -mounting the propellers it is absolutely necessary to have the straight -edge of the propellers to face the point or front end of the model. The -propeller shown in Fig. 4 of diagram 1, should be mounted on the left -side of the frame to revolve to the left, while the propeller shown in -Fig. 1 should be mounted on the right side of the frame to revolve to -the right. When the propellers have thus been mounted the one-half inch -of shafting which extends out from the hubs of the propellers should be -bent over to grip the propeller hub and thereby prevent the shaft from -slipping during the unwinding of the rubber strands. For the reception -of the rubber strands to provide motive power a hook must be formed in -each shaft and this can be done by holding securely that portion of the -shaft which extends toward the point of the model, while the end is -being formed into a hook as illustrated in diagram 7. - -[Illustration: Diagram 7] - -Eighty-four feet of ¹⁄₈th″ flat rubber is necessary to propel the -model. This should be strung on each side from the hooks (see diagram) -at the front part of the model to the propeller shafts at the rear -of the model. In this way 14 strands of rubber will be evenly strung -on each side of the frame. To facilitate the winding of the rubbers -two double hooks made of ³⁄₃₂″ steel wire to resemble the letter S, -as shown in diagram 7, should be made. One end of this S hook should -be caught on the frame hook, while the other end is attached to the -strands of rubber, and to prevent the possible cutting of the strands a -piece of rubber tubing is used to cover over all wire hooks that come -in contact with the rubber strands providing propelling power. - -The wings are mounted on the top side of the frame members by means -of rubber bands and in placing them upon the frame it should be noted -that the entering edge of each wing must face the point or front of -the model. The wings must be so adjusted on the frame that they result -in perfect side balance which means that there is an even amount of -surface on either side of the model. To secure a longitudinal balance -it will be found that the entering edge of the main wing should be -placed approximately 8″ from the propeller brace or rear of the model, -and the entering edge of the small wing or elevator approximately 6″ -from the point. But it is only by test flying that a true balance -of the entire model can be obtained. To give the necessary power of -elevation (or lifting ability) to make the model rise, a small block of -wood about 1″ long by ¹⁄₄″ square must be placed between the entering -edge of the small wing and the frame of the model. - -After the wings have been thus adjusted and a short test flight made to -perfect the flying and elevating ability of the model, and this test -flight has been satisfactory, the model is ready for launching under -its full motive power. - - - LAUNCHING - -In the preliminary trials of a model close attention must be paid to -the few structural adjustments that will be found to be necessary -and which if not properly and quickly remedied will result in the -prevention of good flights or even in possible wrecking of the model. -Careful designing and construction are necessary but it is equally as -important that the model should be properly handled when it is complete -and ready for flying. - -[Illustration: Charles W. Meyers and William Hodgins exhibiting models -of early design.] - -[Illustration: Henry Criscouli and his five foot model. This model may -be disassembled and packed conveniently in small package.] - -[Illustration: Harry G. Schultz hydroaëroplane.] - -The approximate idea of the balance of a model can be secured by -launching it gently into the air. If the model dives down point first -it indicates that the main wing should be moved a little toward the -front. If it rises abruptly the main wing should be moved slightly -toward the rear. In this way by moving the wing forward or rearward -until the model glides away gracefully and lands flat upon the ground, -proper adjustment of the balance can be effected. If when launching -from the hand the model should curve to the left the main wing should -be moved slightly to the left of the frame members. And if the curve -is to the right the main wing should be moved in that direction. This -process can be continued until the model flies in the course desired. - -The winding of the rubber strands to get the necessary propelling power -is an important detail. The model should be firmly held by some one -at the rear with the thumb on either side member, pressing down on -the jointure and with the four fingers of each hand gripping the under -side of the frame members, and in this way holding the model steady -and until the rubber strands have been sufficiently wound. With the -hands in this position the propellers, of course, cannot and should -not revolve. The hooks attached to the rubber strands at the point or -front of the model should be detached from the side members and affixed -to the hooks of the winder. A winder may be made from an ordinary egg -beater as is shown in diagram 8. When the hooks attached to the rubber -strands at the point of the model have been affixed to the winder the -rubbers should be stretched four times their ordinary length (good -rubber being capable of being stretched seven times its length) and -the winding commenced, the person winding slowly moving in towards the -model as the strands are wound. If the ratio of the winder is 5 to 1, -that is if the rubber is twisted five times to every revolution of the -main wheel of the winder, 100 turns of the winder will be sufficient -for the first trial. This propelling power can be increased as the -trials proceed. When the winding has been accomplished the rubber hooks -should be detached from the winder hooks and attached to the hooks at -the front of the side members as shown in the diagram. - -[Illustration: Diagram 8] - -In preparation for launching, the model should be held above the head, -one hand holding it at the center of the frame, the other in the center -of the propeller brace in such a way as to prevent the propellers -from revolving. When the model is cast into the air if it is properly -adjusted it will fly straight ahead. - -A precaution which is sometimes worthy of attention before the -launching of the model under its full power is to test out the -propellers to find out whether or not they are properly mounted and -whether they revolve evenly and easily. To do this the rubber strands -may be given a few turns, enough to revolve the propellers for a brief -period, while the machine is held stationary. If the shafts have been -properly inserted in the hubs of the propellers and have not been -bent during the winding of the rubbers, the propellers will revolve -evenly and readily. If the propellers revolve unsteadily it indicates -that there is a bend in the propeller shafts or the propellers have -not been properly balanced. If the trouble is a bend in the shaft, it -must be removed before the model is launched on actual flight. If the -propeller does not revolve freely the application of some lubrication -(such as vaseline) to the shaft will eliminate this trouble. With these -adjustments made satisfactorily, the model can be launched with the -anticipation of good flying. - - - CHASSIS - -The preceding instructions and discussions have dealt with different -parts of a simple model to be used as a hand-launched type of model. -The experience which will come as the result of flying this type of -model for a period will undoubtedly tend toward a desire on the part of -the constructor to make his model more nearly represent a large sized -aëroplane and will make him want to have his model rise from the ground -under its own power. Such a model is known as an R. O. G. type, that -is, rises off the ground. - -[Illustration: Diagram 9] - -To meet this desire all that it is necessary to do is to make a -chassis, or carriage, which can be secured to the frame of the model, -and with extra power added, will result in a practical R. O. G. model. -In constructing such a chassis or carriage it is necessary to bear -in mind that it must be made sufficiently strong to withstand the -shock and stress which it will be called upon to stand when the model -descends to the ground. - -For the main struts of the chassis two pieces of bamboo each 9″ in -length are needed and these should be bent over 1″ on one end as shown -in the diagram, that they may be fastened to the under side of the -frame members, one on either side, at a point on that member 12″ from -the front. Two similar pieces of bamboo, each piece about 7″ in length, -are required to act as braces between the frame members and the main -chassis struts. Each end of each of the braces should be bent over in -the same direction and in the same manner as that described for the -main strut so that the fastening to the main frame member and the main -chassis strut may be accomplished. Steam may be used in bending the -ends of the pieces of bamboo. To make the landing chassis sufficiently -stable to withstand landing shocks a piece of bamboo 9″ should be -fastened from either side of the main chassis struts at the point where -the chassis brace on either side meets with main strut. The ends of -this cross brace should be bent in similar fashion to the other braces -to enable its being fastened easily and securely. - -Two small wheels constitute the running gear for the front part of -the chassis, for which two pieces of ¹⁄₁₆″ steel wire each 2¹⁄₄″ long -are required. These small wires are fastened to the bottom ends of -the main struts, and to accomplish this the wire should be bent in -the center at right angles; one leg of the angle is attached to the -bottom end of the main strut as shown in the diagram. Disks for wheels -may be cut from a bottle cork which should be ³⁄₄″ in diameter by -approximately ¹⁄₄″ in thickness. The edges should be rounded off to -prevent chipping. Before mounting the wheels on the axles which have -been provided by the wires attached to the bottom of the main struts, -a piece of bronze tubing ³⁄₃₂″ inside diameter and ³⁄₁₆″ long should -be inserted in the center of each disk. To secure the least possible -resistance on the revolutions of the wheels, there should be placed on -the wire axles pieces of bronze tubing similar in diameter and ¹⁄₈″ in -length on either side of the wheel (see illustration). When the wheel -is thus placed in position with the pieces of bronze tubing on either -side about ¹⁄₄″ of the axle wire will extend from the outward end of -the outside piece of tubing. This should be bent over the tubing to -prevent its falling off and at the same time hold the wheel securely in -position. - -For the rear skid a piece of bamboo 6″ long is used, one end of which -is curved as in a hockey stick so that it will glide smoothly over -the ground. The other end of the rear skid should be bent over about -¹⁄₂″ so that it can be securely fastened to the propeller braces, -as illustrated in the diagram. Two 7″ pieces of bamboo are required -to act as braces for the rear skid. Both ends of each brace strut -are bent over ¹⁄₂″ in the same direction, one end of each strut is -securely fastened to a side member 3″ from the rear and the other end -of each strut is fastened to the rear skid, at their point of meeting -as shown in diagram 9, the method of attaching being the same as in -the case of the forward portion of the chassis. All joining should be -accomplished by first gluing the braces and then binding with thread. -When completed, the rear skid should glide along the ground in bobsled -fashion, thus preventing the propellers from hitting the ground. - -[Illustration: Diagram 10] - -In making such a chassis or carriage the endeavor should be made to -use, as near as possible, the same weight of material on either side of -the model so as little interference as possible will be made with the -general balance of the model in flight. - - - PONTOONS - -Having satisfactorily developed the hand launched model and the -model rising off the ground under its own propulsion the constructor -will next turn his mind to the question of having his model rise -under its own power from the surface of the water in the fashion of -passenger-carrying hydros and flying boats. This will be accomplished -by the use of pontoons attached to a specially designed chassis. - -[Illustration: C. V. Obst World record flying boat] - -[Illustration: Twin tractor Hydroaëroplane designed and constructed by -George F. McLaughlin] - -[Illustration: Louis Bamberger’s hydro about to leave surface of water] - -Three pontoons are necessary and these should be made as light as -possible. Each pontoon should be made 6″ long, 1″ deep toward the -forward part, by ³⁄₄″ at the rear and 2″ wide. The side members of -each pontoon are made from pieces of thin white pine wood ¹⁄₃₂nd of an -inch thick, slightly curved up at the front and sloped down toward the -rear. Small niches should be made on the top and bottom sides of the -pontoons into which the cross braces are inserted and glued. Further -reference to diagram 10 will show that at the extreme forward end of -the sides a cut is made large enough to receive a flat piece of spruce -¹⁄₁₆″ wide. Another cut of the same dimensions is made at the extreme -rear end. Still further cuts are made on the top and bottom sides of -the pontoons, the forward cuts measuring 1¹⁄₂″ from the front and the -rear cuts 1¹⁄₂″ from the rear, to join the sides of the pontoons as -illustrated in diagram 10. Six pieces of ¹⁄₁₆″ flat spruce are required -for the rear pontoon, the ends of which are held in position by glue. -For the forward pontoon only 4 braces are required in so far as the -ends of the two main brace spars of the forward part of chassis are -inserted in the cuts on the top sides of the pontoon. These brace spars -measure 10 inches in length and are made from bamboo ¹⁄₈th inch in -diameter, which necessitates enlargement of the cuts on the top sides -of the forward pontoons so that the extreme ends of the spars can be -inserted in the cuts in the place of the braces. To complete the rear -pontoon and prepare it for covering, three strips of ¹⁄₈″ bamboo are -required for struts. Two of these strips should measure 9″ in length -and should be attached to the front of the pontoon on the inner side -as shown in diagram 10. Thread and glue should be used in attaching -the ends of the strips to the pontoon. To enable fastening to the -frame the upper ends of the bamboo strips should be bent over about -¹⁄₂″. The third strip should measure 8″ in length and is attached to -the upper and lower braces toward the front of the pontoon as shown -in the diagram. It is necessary that this strip be secured in the -approximate center of the pontoon to insure a good balance. For the -purpose of securing the upper end of the third strut to the center of -the propeller brace a piece of wire 1¹⁄₂″ long should be secured to the -upper end of the strut and looped as shown in diagram 10. The three -pontoons should now be covered with fiber paper and it is necessary to -exercise care to avoid punctures. For the purpose of coating the fiber -paper to render it waterproof, a satisfactory solution can be made by -mixing banana oil with celluloid until it has attained the desired -thickness, after which it should be applied to the covering of the -pontoons with a soft brush. - -For the main strut of the forward portion of the chassis two pieces of -¹⁄₈″ bamboo, each 11″ in length, are required and these should be bent -over 1″ on one end as shown in the diagram, that they may be fastened -to the under side of the frame members, one on either side at a point -on that member 11″ from the front. Two similar pieces of bamboo, each -piece 8″ in length, are required to act as braces between the frame -members and the main chassis struts. Each end of the braces should -be bent over in the same direction and in the same manner as that -described for the main struts so that the fastening to the main frame -member and the main chassis struts may be accomplished. Steam or an -alcohol lamp may be used in bending the ends of the pieces of bamboo. -To make the chassis sufficiently stable a piece of bamboo 7¹⁄₂″ should -be fastened from either side of the main chassis struts at the point -where the chassis brace on either side meets with the main strut. The -ends of this cross brace should be bent in similar fashion to the other -braces to enable its being fastened easily and permanently. - -For the accommodation of the pontoons two strips of flat steel wire, -each 4″ in length, should be attached to the ends of the main struts, -about one inch from the bottom, the farthest ends should be bent to -grip the second spar which joins the pontoons. Note diagram 10. - -To further strengthen the chassis a strip of flat steel wire -sufficiently long enough should be bent so that ¹⁄₂″ of the central -portion can be securely fastened to the center of the cross brace as -shown in diagram 10. The two outer ends should be bent down and are -fastened to the wires which are attached to the bottom ends of the -struts. This method of attaching the forward pontoons enables the -constructor to adjust them to any desired angle and also detach them -when not in use. - -A model hydroaëroplane is one of the most interesting types of models -and if properly taken care of will afford the constructor many pleasant -moments. - -[Illustration: Erwin B. Eiring about to release R. O. G. Model. (Note -manner of holding propellers.) Kennith Sedgwick, tractor record holder -Milwaukee Model Club. Courtesy Gilbert Counsell.] - -[Illustration: Waid Carl releasing R. O. G. Model. Courtesy Edward P. -Warner.] - - - LAUNCHING AN R. O. G. OR MODEL - HYDROAËROPLANE - -Although the method of determining the balance of an R. O. G. or a -model hydroaëroplane is exactly the same as that of a hand launched -model, the manner of launching is somewhat different. Instead of -holding the model one hand in the center of the frame and the other at -the rear as in the case of the hand launched model, in launching an R. -O. G. or hydro, the model should be rested upon the ground or water, -as the case may be, with both hands holding tightly to the propellers. -Then when about to let the model go release both propellers instantly. -If the model has sufficient power and it has been properly adjusted -it will glide over the surface of the ground or water for a short -distance, then rise into the air. Should the model fail to rise into -the air additional strands of rubber should be added, after which it -should be rewound and a second attempt made. - -Should the model fail to respond after the addition of extra rubber, -the indications are that something requires further adjustment. Perhaps -the pontoons need further elevation if the model is a hydro, or if -it be an R. O. G. model the forward wing may require an increase of -elevation. In any event the model should be carefully examined and -adjustments made where necessary, after which the model should be -tested for balance and elevation. If satisfied with the behavior of the -model after test flights have been made, another attempt should be made -to launch the model from the ground or water. - -On no account try to fly the model in the house, or see, supposing the -model is of the R. O. G. type, if it will rise from the dining room -floor. This advice may seem unnecessary, but it is not so, for there -has been quite a number of instances in which the above has been done, -nearly always with disastrous results, not always to the model, more -often to something of much greater value. The smashing of windows has -often resulted from such attempts, but generally speaking pictures -are the worst sufferers. It is equally unwise to attempt to fly the -model in a garden in which there are numerous obstructions, such as -trees and so forth. A wrecked model is very often the result of such -experimenting. The safest way to determine the flying ability of any -model is to take it out in an open field where its flight is less apt -to be interrupted. - - - - - WORLD RECORD MODELS - - - THE LAUDER DISTANCE AND - DURATION MODEL - -After many months of experimentation Mr. Wallace A. Lauder succeeded in -producing a model that proved to be one of his most successful models. -But a few years ago flights of 1000 feet with a duration of 60 seconds -were considered remarkable. But so rapid has been the development of -the rubber strand driven model that to-day it is hardly considered -worth while to measure a flight of 1000 feet, especially in contests -where models fly over 2500 feet or 3537 feet which was the distance -flown by Mr. Lauder’s model during one of the contests of the National -Model Aëroplane competition of 1915. Mr. Lauder’s model on several -occasions made flights of over 3500 feet with a duration in each event -of over 195 seconds. It is therefore to be remembered that this model -is both a distance and duration model, both qualities being seldom -found in one model. - -Reference to the accompanying drawing will give a clear idea of the -constructional details. - -The frame or fuselage consists of two side members 40″ in length, of -straight grained spruce. At the center each member is of approximately -circular cross section, and is ¹⁄₄″ in diameter. The members taper to -about ³⁄₁₆″ at the ends, the circular cross section being maintained -throughout. The frame is braced by a strip of bamboo of streamline -form, extending from one side member to the other, 18″ from the apex of -the frame. The ends of this frame are bent to run parallel to the side -members of the frame where they are secured by binding with silk thread -and gluing. Piano wire hooks are also secured to the side members of -the frame adjacent the ends of the cross brace, and from these hooks -extend wires of steel (No. 2 music wire) which run diagonally to the -rear brace or propeller spar where they are secured. - -[Illustration: Diagram 11] - -The frame is braced further by an upwardly arched strip of bamboo, as -shown in diagram 11, this strip being 2¹⁄₂″ in height. At the top of -this brace are two bronze strips of No. 32 gauge brass, one above the -other, one on top of the brace and the other below. - -Adjacent the ends of these strips of metal are perforations through -which pass bracing wires, one of which wires runs to the front of -the frame where a hook is mounted for its reception, and the other -two wires extend to the rear of the frame where they are secured -to the propeller brace. The propeller brace consists of a strip of -streamlined spruce 11³⁄₄″ in length, the propellers being at an angle, -thus clearance is allowed ¹⁄₄″ wide at the center, tapering to ³⁄₁₆″ -at the ends. The ends of the propeller brace extend out one inch from -the side members of the frame, to allow room for the rubber strands to -be used as motive power. In order to avoid slotting the ends of the -side members of the frame so that the propeller brace can be secured -therein, thin strips of bamboo are secured above and below the end of -each side member, by binding with silk thread and gluing, the space -between these bamboo strips being utilized for the brace which is -securely bound and glued therein. The propeller bearings consist of -strips of very thin bronze (No. 32 gauge), about ³⁄₁₆″ in width, bent -over ⁵⁄₈″ strips of German silver tubing, the tubing being soldered to -the bronze strips and the propeller brace, which fits between the upper -and lower portions of the bronze strips, is securely bound and glued -thereto. - -The propellers are cut from solid blocks of pine, and are 12″ in -diameter. The blade, at its widest portion, measures 1³⁄₈″. The blades -are cut very thin, and in order to save weight, they are not shellacked -or painted. - -The propeller shafts are of piano wire (No. 20 size) to fit the tubing -used in the bearings, pass through the propellers and are bent over -on the outer side to prevent turning. A few small bronze washers are -interposed between the propellers and the outer ends of the tubing to -minimize friction when the propellers are revolving. Twelve strands of -rubber are used for each propeller, the rubber being ¹⁄₈″ flat. - -[Illustration: Wallace A. Lauder distance and duration model] - -[Illustration: Wallace A. Lauder R. O. G. Model] - -The wings are both double surfaced, and are of the swept back type. The -span of the main wing is 28¹⁄₂″, with a chord of 6¹⁄₂″. The elevator -has a span of 15″ with a chord of 4³⁄₄″. The main wing has eleven -double ribs, these ribs being built up on mean beams of spruce ¹⁄₁₆″ × -³⁄₁₆″, the front beam being placed 1¹⁄₄″ from the entering edge, and -the second beam being 2″ back from the front beam. The entering and -trailing edges are formed from a single strip of thin split bamboo, all -the joints being made by binding with thin silk and gluing. - -The elevator is constructed in like manner, except that it only has -seven ribs, and the measurements are as above set forth. Both planes -are covered with goldbeater’s skin, sometimes known as “Zephyr” skin, -which is first glued in place and then steamed, which tightens the same -on the plane, and given a coat of preparation used for this purpose. - - - THE HITTLE WORLD RECORD - MODEL - - (SINGLE TRACTOR MONOPLANE, 116 seconds - DURATION RISING FROM WATER) - -The Hittle World record model hydroaëroplane, designed and constructed -by Mr. Lindsay Hittle of the Illinois Model Aëro Club, is perhaps -one of the most interesting types of models yet produced. The -establishing of this record illustrates the value of careful designing -and construction and offers to the beginner an example which might -be followed if good results are sought. In having broken the world’s -model hydroaëroplane record with a tractor type model Mr. Hittle -accomplished a feat of twofold importance. First, in having advanced -the possibilities of the tractor model, and, second, in illustrating -the value of scientific construction. The previous record for this -type of model has been but 29 seconds, just one-fourth of the duration -made by Mr. Hittle’s model. - -Mr. Hittle’s model shows many new and original features not hitherto -combined on any one model. Note diagram 12. The model is of extremely -light weight, weighing complete but 1.75 ounces. The floats and their -attachments have been so designed as to offer the least possible wind -resistance. In fact every possible method was utilized in order to cut -down weight and resistance on every part of the model. As a result of -this doing away with resistance an excellent gliding ratio of 8³⁄₄ to 1 -has been obtained. - -For the motor base of the model a single stick of white pine ⁵⁄₆″ -deep and 45″ in length is used. On the front end the bearing for the -propeller is bound with silk thread and a waterproof glue of the -constructor’s own composition being used to hold it secure. For the -bearing a small light weight forging somewhat in the shape of the -letter “L” is used, this being made streamline. At the rear end of -the engine base is attached a piano wire hook for the rubber. The -stabilizer consisting of a segment of a circle measuring 12″ × 8″ is -attached to the under side of the engine base. The rudder measuring -3¹⁄₂″ × 3¹⁄₂″ is attached to the stabilizer at the rear of the engine -base. - -The wing is built up of two beams of white pine with ribs and tips of -bamboo and has an area of 215 square inches. - -The wing which has a total span of 43″ and a chord of 5¹⁄₈″ is built up -of two beams of white pine with ribs and tips of bamboo and has a total -area of 215 square inches. The wing is given a small dihedral and the -wing tips are slightly upturned at the rear. - -The trailing edge is longer than the entering edge the ribs being -placed somewhat oblique in order to secure an even spacing. The wing is -attached to the frame by two small bamboo clips which hold it rigidly -and permit easy adjustment and is set at an angle of about 4 degrees -with the line of thrust. - -[Illustration: Diagram 12] - -Both the floats which take practically the whole weight of the machine -are situated directly under the wing just far enough behind the center -of gravity to prevent the model from tipping backward. These floats -are attached to the engine base by means of streamlined bamboo struts. -Bamboo is also used in the construction of the float frames. A single -float of triangular sections is situated just behind the propeller. The -entire weight of the floats and their attachments is but .23 ounces. - -The propeller which consists of four blades is built up of two -propellers joined together at the hubs and securely glued, the -completed propeller having a diameter of 10″ with a theoretical pitch -of 14″. The blades are fairly narrow, tapering almost to a point at the -tips. The propeller is driven by five strands of ³⁄₁₆th″ strip rubber -at about 760 r.p.m. when the model is in flight. At the time when -the model made its record flight of 116 seconds the rubber was given -1500 turns which is not the maximum number of turns. At other times -the model has flown satisfactorily with less turns of the rubber. -While in the air the model flies very slow and stable notwithstanding -its light weight and large surface. On three occasions the model has -made durations of approximately 90 seconds which rather dispenses the -possibility of its being termed a freak. - - - THE LA TOUR FLYING BOAT - -One of the most notable results of the National Model Aëroplane -Competition of 1915 was the establishing of a new world’s record for -flying boats. Considering that the model flying boat is a difficult -type of model to construct and fly, the establishing of this new world -record of 43 seconds is remarkable. Credit for this performance is -due Mr. Robert La Tour of the Pacific Northwest Model Aëro Club, who -designed, constructed and flew the model flying boat which is herewith -described and illustrated. Diagram 13. - -The frame is made of laminated spruce 40″ in length, made of two strips -glued together. They are ³⁄₈″ × ¹⁄₈″ at the center tapering to ³⁄₁₆″ × -¹⁄₈″ at the ends. The cross braces are of split bamboo and are fastened -to the frame side members by bringing them to a wedge at the ends and -then inserting them into slots in the sides of the frame side members -and are finally drilled and bound to the latter. The rear brace is -of streamlined spruce ¹⁄₄″ × ¹⁄₈″; this butts against the frame side -members and is bound to them. The propeller accommodations are made of -brass. - -The propellers are 10″ in diameter with a 19″ pitch. These are carved -from a block of Alaska cedar 1¹⁄₄″ wide by ³⁄₄″ thick. Of course the -propellers may also be made from white pine. To turn the propellers 15 -strands of ¹⁄₈″ flat rubber are used. - -Bamboo about ¹⁄₁₆″ square is used to obtain the outline of the wings. -The main wing has a span of 33″ with a chord of 5¹⁄₂″. Split bamboo -is used for the making of the 9 ribs. The wing spar or brace is of -spruce ³⁄₁₆″ × ¹⁄₈″ and is fastened below the ribs as illustrated in -diagram 13. The elevator is constructed in like manner but has a span -of only 17″ × 4³⁄₄″ and has only 5 ribs. A block ³⁄₄″ high is used for -elevation. Both wings have a camber of ¹⁄₂″ and are covered on the -upper side with silk doped with a special varnish and a few coats of -white shellac. - -[Illustration: Diagram 13] - -The boat is 20″ long, 3″ in width and shaped as shown. The slip is -¹⁄₂″ deep and is located 7″ from the bow. The rear end is brought down -steeply to avoid the drag of the water on this point when the boat is -leaving the surface of the water. Spruce ³⁄₆₄ths of an inch thick is -used for the making of the sides, but the cross bracing is of slightly -heavier material, there being six braces used throughout. The rear -brace is much heavier in order to withstand the pull of the covering -and to receive the ends of the wire connections. The outriggers or -balancing pontoons are constructed of the same material as that of the -boat and are held together by a spruce beam 18″ long, ¹⁄₂″ wide by -³⁄₁₆″ thick, streamlined. This beam is fastened to the boat by means -of three brads to permit changing if necessary. The lower edges of the -outriggers should clear the water about ¹⁄₈″ before the steps on the -boat leave the water. The boat and outriggers are covered with silk, -shrunk with a special solution and then coated several times with white -shellac. It is a good plan to shellac the interior walls of the boat -and pontoons before covering to prevent them from losing their form by -becoming soft from the influence of water in the case of a puncture. - -The boat is connected to the frame at its front by two steel wires, -their ends being inserted into the cross members of the boat, and then -brought up along the sides, crossed and then bound to the frame. A -similar pair of connecting wires are used to connect the rear end of -the boat to the rear end of the frame. A U-shaped wire is bound to the -outrigger beam and frame. A single diagonal strip of bamboo is also -fastened to the outrigger beam with a brad, its upper end being bound -to the cross bracing of the frame, making a very solid connection. - -Under ideal weather conditions this model will fly on 12 strands of -rubber with the possibility of a better duration than has been made. -But, however, with 15 strands the model will rise at every attempt. -More rubber, however, causes the bow of the boat to nose under and to -accommodate this increase of power the boat should be lengthened. - - - THE COOK NO. 42 WORLD - RECORD MODEL - - (TWIN PROPELLER HYDROAËROPLANE, 100.6 - SECONDS RISING FROM WATER) - -During the National Model Aëroplane Competition of 1915 held under -the auspices of the Aëro Club of America, a number of new world -records were established, one of which was for twin propeller -hydroaëroplanes. The credit for this record is due Mr. Ellis C. Cook -of the Illinois Model Aëro Club, who succeeded in getting his model -hydroaëroplane—which by the way is a rather difficult type of model to -operate—to rise from the water and remain in the air for a duration -of 100.6 seconds. This model is of the common A frame design with the -floats or pontoons arranged in the familiar fashion, two forward and -one aft. The model is fairly light, weighing, when complete, 3.33 -ounces, ¹⁄₂ ounce of which is made up in rubber strands for motive -power. Diagram 14. - -The frame is made of two sticks of white pine for side members, each -member measuring 38¹⁄₄″ in length, ⁵⁄₁₆″ in depth, by ¹⁄₈″ in width. -These are cut to taper toward the ends where they are only ¹⁄₈″ in -width by ³⁄₁₆″ in depth in the front and rear respectively. Three “X” -strips of streamlined bamboo measuring ³⁄₁₆″ in width by ³⁄₆₄ths of an -inch in depth, are used for bracing the frame between the front and -rear and are arranged as shown in diagram 14. The propeller bearings -are of small streamlined forgings of light weight, and are bound to the -rear end of each side member first by gluing, then binding around with -thread. The front hook is made of No. 16 piano wire and is bound to the -frame as shown in diagram 14. The chassis which holds the floats or -pontoons is made of ³⁄₃₂″ bamboo bent to shape and bound to the frame -members. By the use of rubber strands the floats are attached to the -chassis; the forward ones being attached so that angle may be adjusted. - -The main wing has a span of 36″ and a chord of 5″ and is constructed of -two white pine beams each 39″ long, with bamboo wing tips. The ribs, -seven in number, are also made of bamboo and are spaced along the edges -of the wing at a distance of 4¹⁄₂″ apart. The “elevator” or front wing -has a span of 14″ and a chord of 3¹⁄₄″, the framework of which is made -entirely of bamboo. The entering edge of this wing is given a slightly -greater dihedral so that the angle of incidence at the tips is greater -than at the center. By this method the added incidence in the front -wing is obtained. By the use of rubber bands both wings are attached to -the frame. - -[Illustration: Diagram 14] - -The two forward floats are spaced eight inches apart and are of the -stepped type, the step being 3¹⁄₂″ from the front and has a depth of -¹⁄₈″. These two floats are separated by two bamboo strips as shown -in the diagram, which are tied to the rounded portion of the under -carriage by small rubber bands. By the sliding of these strips back -and forth the necessary angle of the floats may be obtained to suit -conditions. The floats are built up with two thin pieces of white pine -for sides, separated by small pieces of wood about one-half the size -of a match in cross section. Chiffon veiling which is used for the -covering of the wings, is also used for the covering of the floats, -after which it is covered with a special preparation to render both the -wings and the floats air and water-tight. - -The two ten-inch propellers with which the model is fitted have a -theoretical pitch of twelve and one-half inches. The propellers are -carved from blanks one-half inch thick, the blades of the completed -propellers having a maximum width of one inch at a radius of three -inches. The propeller shafts are made from No. 16 piano wire and have -small washers for bearings. Each propeller is driven by three strands -of ¹⁄₄″ strip elastic. The rubber is given 1700 to 1750 turns and -revolves the propellers at 1150–1200 r.p.m., when the model is in -flight. - -The model usually runs over the surface of the water for a distance of -from two to three feet before it rises, after which it climbs at a very -steep angle to the necessary altitude. The model seems, when in flight, -to be slightly overpowered but this is misleading. The rubbers usually -unwind in from 85 to 90 seconds. On four out of six flights this model -has made a duration of between 98 and 100 seconds which is rather -unusual for a model of this type. - - - THE RUDY FUNK DURATION MODEL - -Of the many different types of duration models that have made their -appearance during the year of 1915 perhaps the model described -herewith, constructed and flown by Mr. Rudolph Funk, of the Aëro -Science Club, was one of the most successful. Unlike most models the -propellers of this model are bent and not cut. This model made its -appearance during the latter part of 1915, on several occasions having -flown for over 100 seconds duration. Diagram 15. - -While retaining the important characteristics of his standard model, -slight changes have been made. Instead of the usual wire for the -construction of the frame of the wings, bamboo is used in its place for -lightness and strength. The wing frames are single surfaced, China -silk being used for covering. The “dope” which is used to render the -silk airtight is made by dissolving celluloid in banana oil. This in -turn is applied to the silk with a soft brush. - -The camber of the main wing is ³⁄₄″ at the center, with a slight -reduction towards the negative tips; it also has a dihedral angle of 2 -degrees. The main beam, which is secured to the under side of the frame -for rigidness, is of spruce 1″ by ⁵⁄₆₄″, tapering to ³⁄₄″ × ⁵⁄₆₄″. -The ribs for the main wing and small wing or “elevator” are cut from -solid pieces of bamboo ³⁄₁₆″ thick by ¹⁄₄″ wide. These pieces of bamboo -are first bent to the proper camber and are then cut into strips each -¹⁄₁₆″ wide. The ribs are next tapered to a V at the bottom, toward the -trailing edge, as shown in diagram 15, and also toward the entering -edge. To accommodate the entering and trailing edges of the frame, each -rib is slit slightly at both ends. Both edges of the frame are then -inserted in the slots at the ends of the ribs and bound around with -silk thread. - -[Illustration: Diagram 15] - -The frame is composed of two sticks of silver spruce 38″ in length, -⁵⁄₁₆″ × ³⁄₁₆″, tapering to ¹⁄₄″ × ⁵⁄₃₂″, held apart by a streamline -bamboo cross brace in the center. An additional brace of bamboo is -securely fastened across the frame toward the front. The propeller -brace consists of a streamline-cut piece of bamboo 12¹⁄₂″ in length -by ³⁄₈″ in width at the center, tapering to ¹⁄₄″ toward the ends. The -propeller brace is inserted in slots cut in the rear ends of the frame -members, then bound and glued. - -The propellers are bent from birch veneer, the bending being done -over an alcohol flame as illustrated in diagram 15. But first of all -the blades are cut to shape, sandpapered and finished before they are -bent. As shown in the drawing a slot is filed in the hub of each blade -to enable the propeller shaft to pass through when both have been -glued together. The blades are then glued and bound together, first by -placing a piece of wire in the slots to insure their being centered and -also to prevent their being filled with glue. After this has been done -each propeller is given three coats of the same dope as is used on the -wings. - -The propeller bearings are turned out of ¹⁄₃₂″ bronze tubing, the -length of each bearing being ¹⁄₂″. Steel washers are slipped over the -propeller shaft, between the bearing and propeller to insure smooth -running. The propeller shafts are made from steel hatpins which are -heated at both ends, one end of which is bent into a loop to receive -the rubber strands, the other end being bent around the hub of the -propeller to prevent the shaft from slipping during the unwinding of -the rubbers. Two strips of brass, each ¹⁄₄″ × 2″, are bent around the -one-half inch bearing and soldered. The brass strips are then glued and -bound onto the ends of the propeller brace as shown in diagram 15. - -[Illustration: Rudy Funk speed model] - -[Illustration: Schober compressed air driven monoplane. McMahon -compressed air driven tractor (right)] - - - THE ALSON H. WHEELER WORLD RECORD MODEL - - (TWIN PUSHER BIPLANE 143 SEC. DURATION - RISING FROM THE GROUND) - -Since the beginning of model flying very little attention has been -paid to the model biplane. Practically all records are held by -model aëroplanes of the monoplane type. With this fact in view, the -record established by Mr. Wheeler with his Twin Pusher Biplane is -extraordinary, in so far as it surpasses many of the monoplane records. -This model is a very slow flyer, and has excellent gliding ability. At -the time when this model flew and broke the world’s record, the greater -portion of the flight consisted of a beautiful glide of 86 seconds’ -duration, after the power gave out, making it possible for the model to -remain in the air for a duration of 143 seconds. - -The frame consists of two I-beams, each 48″ in length, running -parallel, and spaced by cross pieces, each piece 11¹⁄₂″ long. The -bearing blocks used made it possible for the propellers to clear by -one-half inch. Two 12″ expanding pitch racing propellers are used and -these are mounted on ball bearing shafts. The main upper plane has a -span of 34″ with a chord of 5″, the lower plane being 26″ by 5″. The -elevator consists of two planes, each measuring 14″ by 5″. Cork wheels -are used, each being one inch in diameter. For motive power one-eighth -inch flat rubber is used, this being coated with glycerine to prevent -sticking. - -[Illustration: Alson H. Wheeler twin pusher Biplane] - -[Illustration: C. V. Obst tractor model] - - - - - A MODEL WARPLANE - - -The model shown in the accompanying photograph was constructed by -Master R. O’Neill, of Montreal, Canada. The machine was designed -after one of the leading warplanes now in active service abroad and -in carrying out the entire features he did not fail to include the -identification marks which are of utmost importance in the war zone. - -The dimensions of the model are as follows: Length of fuselage, 23″; -span of top wing, 33″; span of lower wing, 29″, both having a chord of -7″. Motive power is derived from two ¹⁄₈ inch square elastic strands -which operate a multiple gear to which is attached a 10″ propeller. - -In coloring the model a dull aluminum was selected. Complete the model -weighs 12 ounces. Perhaps the most interesting feature of the model -is the ability to change it to a monoplane by the removal of the -upper wing after which the lower wing is raised to the sockets in the -fuselage which were especially arranged for that particular purpose. - -[Illustration: Model warplane] - - - - - A SIMPLE COMPRESSED AIR ENGINE - - -During the past few years model flyers in America have shown a tendency -toward the adoption of compressed air engines for use in connection -with model aëroplanes. Hitherto, England has been the home of the -compressed air engine, where a great deal of experimenting has been -carried on, to a considerable degree of success. Flights of over 40 -seconds have been made with models in which compressed air power plants -were used. But, however, the desire on the part of a large majority of -model flyers in America to build scientific models, that is, models -more closely resembling large machines, has made it necessary to find a -more suitable means of propulsion; rubber strands being unsatisfactory -for such purposes. Many different types of compressed air engines have -made their appearance during the past few years, among which the two -cylinder opposed type is very favorably looked upon, because it is -perhaps one of the easiest to construct. - -To make a simple two cylinder opposed compressed air power plant, as -illustrated in Figure 1 of diagram 16, it is not necessary that the -builder be in possession of a machine shop. A file, drill, small gas -blow torch and a small vise comprise the principal tools for the making -of the engine. - -The first things needed in the making of this engine are cylinders. -For the making of the cylinders two fishing rod ferrules, known as -female ferrules, are required. And for the heads of the cylinders, two -male ferrules are required. Such ferrules can be secured at most any -sporting goods store. The female ferrules should be filed down to a -length of 2″, cut down on one side a distance of ³⁄₄ of the diameter, -then cut in from the end as shown in Figure 7. When this has been done -the two male ferrules should be cut off a distance of ¹⁄₈″ from the top -as shown in Figure 7-a, to serve as heads for the cylinders. - -[Illustration: Diagram 16] - -A hole ¹⁄₈″ in diameter should be drilled in the center of each head -so as to enable the connecting of the intake pipes. By the use of soft -wire solder the heads should be soldered into the ends of the cylinders -as shown in Figure 1-d. - -The pistons should now be made; for this purpose two additional male -ferrules are required. These should be made to operate freely within -the cylinders by twisting them in a rag which has been saturated with -oil and upon which has been shaken fine powdered emery. When they have -been made to operate freely they should be cut down one-half inch -from the closed end as shown in Figure 5-a. For the connecting rods, -2 pieces of brass tubing, each ¹⁄₈″ in diameter by 1¹⁄₄″ long, are -required, and, as illustrated in Figure 6, should be flattened out at -either end and through each end a hole ³⁄₃₂″ in diameter should be -drilled. For the connecting of the piston rods to the pistons, studs -are required, and these should be cut from a piece of brass rod ¹⁄₄″ in -diameter by ¹⁄₂″ in length. As two studs are necessary, one for each -piston, this piece should be cut in half, after which each piece should -be filed in at one end deep enough to receive the end of the connecting -rod. Before soldering the studs to the heads of the pistons, however, -the connecting rods should be joined to the studs by the use of a steel -pin which is passed through the stud and connecting rod, after which -the ends of the pin are flattened, to keep it in position as shown in -Figure 5-a. - -For the outside valve mechanism and also to serve in the capacity as a -bearing for the crankshaft, a piece of brass tubing ¹⁄₄″ in diameter by -1¹⁄₂″ long is required. Into this should be drilled three holes, each -¹⁄₈″ in diameter, and each ¹⁄₂″ apart as shown in Figure 4. Next, for -the valve shaft and also propeller accommodation, secure a piece of -³⁄₁₆″ drill rod 2″ long. On the left hand side of the valve shaft, as -shown in Figure 3, a cut ¹⁄₃₂″ deep by ¹⁄₂″ in length is made 1″ from -the end. Another cut of the same dimensions is made on the right side -only; this cut is made at a distance of ³⁄₈″ from the stud end. - -As shown in Figure 1-f, the crank throw consists of a flat piece of -steel, ³⁄₃₂″ thick, ³⁄₈″ in length by ¹⁄₄″ in width. At each end of the -crank throw a hole ³⁄₁₆″ in diameter should be drilled, the holes to -be one-half inch apart. Into one hole a piece of steel drill rod ³⁄₃₂″ -in diameter by ¹⁄₄″ long is soldered, to which the connecting rods are -mounted, as shown in Figure 1-f. Into the other hole the stud end of -the crank throw is soldered. - -[Illustration: Schober pusher type compressed air driven monoplane] - -[Illustration: Schober compressed air driven biplane] - -Before making the tank it is most desirable to assemble the parts of -the engine, and this may be done by first fitting the pistons into the -cylinders as shown in Figure 1-b, after which the cylinders should be -lapped one over the other and soldered as shown in Figure 1-a. When -this has been done a hole one-fourth of an inch in diameter should be -drilled half way between the ends of the cylinders, and into this hole -should be soldered one end of the valve casing shown in Figure 4. For -the inlet pipes as shown in Figure 1-c secure two pieces of ¹⁄₈″ brass -tubing and after heating until soft, bend both to a shape similar -to that shown in Figure 1-c. When this has been done solder one end to -the end of the cylinder and the other in the second hole of the valve -shaft casing. The valve shaft should now be inserted in the valve shaft -casing and the connecting rods sprung onto the crank throw as shown -in Figure 1-d. To loosen up the parts of the engine which have just -been assembled it should be filled with oil and by tightly holding the -crankshaft in the jaws of a drill the engine can be worked for a few -minutes. - -The tank is made from a sheet of brass or copper foil 15″ long by -¹⁄₁₀₀₀″ thick. This is made in the form of a cylinder, the edges of -which are soldered together as shown in Figure 2. Sometimes this seam -is riveted every one-half inch to increase its strength, but in most -cases solder is all that is required to hold the edges together. For -the caps, or ends, the tops of two small oil cans are used, each can -measuring 2¹⁄₂″ in diameter. To complete the caps two discs of metal -should be soldered over the ends of the cans where formerly the spouts -were inserted, the bottoms of the cans having been removed. The bottom -edges of the cans should be soldered to the ends of the tank as shown -in Figure 2. Into one end of the completed tank a hole large enough -to receive an ordinary bicycle air valve should be drilled. Figure 2. -Another hole is drilled into the other end of the tank, into which is -soldered a small gas cock to act as a valve. Figure 2. This should be -filed down where necessary, to eliminate unnecessary weight. To connect -the tank with the engine, a piece of ¹⁄₈″ brass tubing 3″ long is -required, the ends of which are soldered into the holes in the valve -shaft casing nearest the cylinders, as shown in Figure 1-ee. As shown -in Figure 1-ee, a hole ¹⁄₈″ in diameter is drilled in one side of this -piece, but not through, in the end nearest the tank. Another piece of -brass tubing ¹⁄₈″ in diameter is required to connect the tank with -the engine, one end of which is soldered to the cock in the tank, the -other in the hole in the pipe which leads from the engine to the tank, -illustrated in Figure 1-ee, thus completing the engine. - -In conclusion it is suggested that the builder exercise careful -judgment in both the making and assembling of the different parts -of the engine in order to avoid unnecessary trouble and secure -satisfactory results. After having constructed an engine as has just -been described, the constructor may find it to his desire to construct -a different type of engine for experimental purposes. The constructor -therefore may find the descriptions of satisfactory compressed air -engines in the following paragraphs of suggestive value. - - - - - COMPRESSED AIR DRIVEN MODELS - - -The development of the compressed air engine has given an added impetus -to model making, necessitating more scientific experimenting and -developing the art of model flying along lines of greater value to -those who may eventually take up the work of building our future air -fleets. - - - THE DART COMPRESSED AIR DRIVEN MODEL - -In the accompanying illustration is shown a model aëroplane of -monoplane type driven by a three-cylinder rotary engine which was -constructed by Edward Willard Dart of South Norwalk, Connecticut. - -The engine was constructed after several months of patient labor. -Careful judgment was exercised in the drafting of the plane and -likewise in the assembling of the engine for it is absolutely -essential that all parts be properly fitted as to enable the engine to -run smoothly. In designing the wings every detail was taken into -consideration to insure good flying. - -[Illustration: Model by Edward Willard Dart] - -The main wing has a spread of 58″ and 7″ in chord. The elevator -measures 23″ in spread and 6″ in chord. In the construction of both -wings bamboo ribs are used, the frames being covered over with China -silk and coated with celluloid solution. The main wing is made in two -sections to facilitate quick adjustment to the fuselage. - - - THE MCMAHON COMPRESSED AIR DRIVEN MONOPLANE - -One of the latest developments in the field of model flying is the -McMahon compressed air driven monoplane. This model was built to be -used as either a tractor or pusher, but in view of its ability to -balance more easily as a pusher most of the experiments have been -carried out on this machine as a pusher. The machine in itself is -simple and inexpensive to construct, the chief portion of the expense -being involved in the making of the engine. By using the machine as a -pusher a great deal of protection is afforded both the propeller and -engine, and this protection helps to avoid damaging the propeller or -engine, which would mean an additional expenditure for repairs, thus -minimizing the cost of flying the model. - -The frame has been made to accommodate both the tank and engine, and -this is done by using two 30″ strips of spruce, each ¹⁄₄″ wide by ³⁄₈″ -deep, laid side by side, a distance of three inches apart, up to within -10″ of the front, as shown in the accompanying photograph. No braces -are used on the frame, as the tank, when securely fastened between the -frame, acts in that capacity. - -The wings are made in two sections, each section measuring 24″ in span -by 8″ in chord, consisting of two main spars, ³⁄₁₆″ in diameter, one -for the entering edge and one for the trailing edge. To these edges, at -a distance of three inches apart, are attached bamboo ribs, 18 in all, -each measuring 8″ in length by ¹⁄₈″ in width by ¹⁄₁₆″ thick. The wings -are round at the tips, and have a camber of approximately one-half -inch, but they are not set at an angle of incidence. Light China silk -is used for covering and after being glued over the top of the wing -frame is given two coats of dope to shrink and fill the pores of the -fabric. A good “dope” for the purpose can be made from celluloid -dissolved in banana oil. The wing sections are attached to the frame -and braced by light wire. The forward wing or “elevator” is made in the -same manner as the main wing, but should measure only 18″ × 3″. Instead -of being made in two sections as the main wing, the forward wing is -made in one piece. - -The chassis is made by forming two V struts from strong steel wire -sufficiently large enough so that when they are attached to the frame -of the model the forward part will be 9″ above the ground. One V strut -is securely fastened to either side of the frame, at a distance of 8″ -from the front. A 7″ axle is fastened to the ends of these struts. On -the axle are mounted two light wheels, each about 2″ in diameter. The -chassis is braced by light piano wire. - -The rear skid is made in the same manner as the forward skid, only -that the ends of the struts are brought together and a wheel 1 inch in -diameter is mounted at the bottom ends by means of a short axle. The -struts are not more than 7¹⁄₂″ long, thus allowing a slight angle to -the machine when it is resting upon the ground. - -[Illustration: John McMahon and his compressed air driven monoplane] - -[Illustration: Frank Schober preparing his model for flight. Gauge to -determine pressure of air may be seen in photograph] - -The machine complete does not weigh over 7 ounces. The power plant -used in connection with this model is of the two cylinder opposed -engine type, with tank such as has just been described in the foregoing -chapter. - -The tank is mounted in the frame by drilling a ¹⁄₁₆″ hole through -either end of the tank, through which a drill rod of this diameter can -be inserted. About ³⁄₄ths of the drill rod should extend out on each -side of the tank, to permit the fastening of the tank to the frame -side members. This method of mounting the tank serves two purposes to -a satisfactory degree. First, it permits secure fastening; second, as -the rods are passed through the side and cap of the tank they help -materially in preventing the caps from being blown off in the event of -excessive pressure. - - - THE MCMAHON COMPRESSED AIR DRIVEN BIPLANE - -In the McMahon model we find a very satisfactory type of compressed -air driven model. On several occasions this model has made flights of -over 200 feet with a duration of between 10 and 15 seconds, and the -indications are that by the use of a more powerful engine the model can -be made to fly a greater distance, with a corresponding increase of -duration. The engine used in connection with the model is of the two -cylinder opposed type, such as described in the foregoing paragraphs. -The tank, however, is somewhat different in design from that just -described, it having been made of 28 gauge sheet bronze, riveted every -one-half inch. The two long bolts that hold the steel caps on either -end of the tank also serve as attachments for the spars that hold the -tank to the engine bed, as shown in diagram 17. The tank has been -satisfactorily charged to a pressure of 200 lbs. per square inch, but -only a pressure of 150 lbs. is necessary to operate the engine. The -tank measures 10″ in length by 3″ in diameter and weighs 7 ounces. - -The wings of this machine are single surfaced and covered with fiber -paper. The top wing measures 42″ in span by 6″ in chord. The lower -wing is 24″ by 6″. The wings have a total surface of 396 square inches -and are built up of two ³⁄₁₆″ dowel sticks, flattened to streamline -shape. Only two sets of uprights separate the wings, thus adding to the -streamline appearance of the machine. - -Both tail and rudder are double surfaced and are built entirely of -bamboo for lightness, the tail being made in the form of a half circle -measuring 12″ by 8″. Steel wire is used on the construction of the -landing chassis, the chassis being so designed as to render it capable -of withstanding the most violent shock that it may possibly receive -in landing. The propeller used in connection with the model is 14″ in -diameter and has an approximate pitch of 18″. - -[Illustration: Diagram 17] - - - - - COMPRESSED AIR ENGINES - - - THE WISE COMPRESSED AIR ENGINE - -Although of peculiar construction, the Wise rotary compressed air -engine offers a very interesting design from a viewpoint of ingenuity. -This engine embodies a number of novel features not hitherto employed -in the construction of compressed air engines, and in view of the fact -that the majority of compressed air engines are made on the principle -of the opposed type, this engine suggests many possibilities for the -rotary type engine. - -The engine consists of five cylinders and weighs four ounces, including -the propeller and mounting frame. On a pressure of 15 lbs. the engine -will revolve at a speed of 1000 r.p.m. The connecting rods are fastened -to the crankshaft by means of segments and are held by two rings, -making it possible to remove any one piston without disturbing the -others. This is done by simply removing a nut and one ring. The crank -case is made from seamless brass tubing, into which the cylinders are -brazed. The valve cage and cylinder heads are also turned separately -and brazed. One ring only is used in connection with the pistons. The -cylinders have a bore of ¹¹⁄₃₂″, with a piston stroke of ⁷⁄₁₆″. In -view of the fact that pull rods show a greater tendency to overcome -centrifugal force, they are used instead of push rods to operate the -valves. The crankshaft has but one post, which is uncovered in turn by -each inlet pipe as the engine revolves. The “overhang” method is used -to mount this engine to the model. With the exception of the valve -springs, the entire engine, including the mounting frame and tank, is -made of brass. - -[Illustration: Wise five cylinder rotary compressed air engine] - - - THE SCHOBER-FUNK COMPRESSED AIR ENGINE - -Two of the most enthusiastic advocates of the compressed air engine -for use in model aëroplanes are Messrs. Frank Schober and Rudolph -Funk, both members of the Aëro Science Club. For a number of months -both these gentlemen have experimented with compressed air engines of -various designs, until they finally produced what is perhaps one of -the most satisfactory rotary engines now in use, from a standpoint of -simplicity and results. - -[Illustration: Schober-Funk three cylinder rotary engine] - -As can be seen from the accompanying illustration, this little -engine is remarkably simple in appearance. The engine complete, with -equipment, weighs at the most but 14 ounces. The cylinders, three in -all, are stamped from brass shells for strength and lightness. The -pistons are made from ebony fiber. The cylinders have a bore of ⁵⁄₈″, -with a piston stroke of ¹⁄₂″. The crank case is built up from a small -piece of brass tubing and is drilled out for lightness. The crankshaft -is hollow, and is supported at the rear by a special bearing which -acts as a rotary valve, admitting the intake through the crankshaft -and permitting the exhaust to escape through a specially constructed -bearing. - -The tank is constructed of 30 gauge sheet bronze, wire wound, and -fitted at the ends with spun brass caps. The actual weight of the -engine alone is 2¹⁄₂ ounces, the tank and fittings weighing 11¹⁄₂ -ounces, making the total weight of the complete power plant 14 ounces. - - - THE SCHOBER FOUR CYLINDER OPPOSED ENGINE - -Another interesting type of compressed air engine that has been -developed in America is the Schober four cylinder opposed engine. -While this engine is different in appearance from most compressed air -engines, it has been made to work satisfactorily and is consistent with -the same high class construction that is displayed in most all of Mr. -Schober’s engines. The accompanying diagram 18 illustrates the method -of operation of the four cylinder engine. - -[Illustration: Diagram 18] - -The crank case is constructed from four pieces of 24 gauge spring -brass, substantially connected in the form of a rectangle, the top and -bottom being left open. The front and rear walls have flanges which -engage the inside of the side walls and are secured thereto by four -small screws on each side, thereby making it an easy matter to take the -crank case apart. - -The four cylinders are made from drawn brass shells and have a bore of -¹⁄₂″ and stroke of ¹⁄₂″. The pistons are made of solid red fiber. The -two-throw crankshaft is built up of steel with brass webs. The bearings -are of steel. The valves, being overhead, are driven by a gear mounted -at the end of the crankshaft, the gear driving the valve shaft by means -of a gear on that shaft, with which the crankshaft gear meshes. The -valve arrangement, as shown in diagram 18, consists of four recesses -cut into the valve shaft, two of which allow the air to pass from the -inlet pipes, which lead into the valve chamber at the center of same, -to two of the cylinders at once, while the other two recesses allow the -exhaust to pass from openings in the sides of the valve chamber. - -The cylinders are secured to the side plates of the crank case so -that when those side plates are removed, the cylinders are removed with -them. The pipes are detachable at their centers; small pipes running to -the heads of the cylinders extending into the larger pipes which run -to the valve chamber. This arrangement is shown in the end view of the -engine. A 17″ propeller is used in connection with this engine. - - - - - GASOLINE ENGINES - - - THE JOPSON 1 H. P. GASOLINE ENGINE - FOR MODEL AËROPLANES - -During the past few years several attempts have been made, both in this -country and abroad, to produce a reliable gasoline engine for model -aëroplane work, but mostly without any degree of success. The reason -for this inability, no doubt, is due to the scarcity of small working -parts sufficiently light and at the same time reliable. The engine -described herewith, designed by Mr. W. G. Jopson, a member of the -Manchester Aëro Club, England, is one of the few that have been made to -work satisfactorily. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration: The interesting horizontal-opposed Jopson gasoline -engine for model aëroplanes. The top photograph shows the half-speed -shaft and the arrangement of the valve mechanism. This engine is -air cooled, develops 1 h.p. at 1,500 r.p.m., and weighs 7¹⁄₂ lbs., -including gasoline tank and propeller. The bottom view shows the engine -with propeller _in situ_. Courtesy _Flight_.] - -As the accompanying diagrams 19 and 20 and photograph show, the engine -is of the four-cycle, horizontal opposed type, having two cast-iron -cylinders of 1¹⁄₄″ bore and 1³⁄₈″ stroke. Each cylinder is cast in -one piece, and as the engine is air cooled, they are cast with -radiating fins. One h.p. is developed at 1500 r.p.m. The total weight -of the engine, gasoline tank and propeller is 7¹⁄₂ lbs. In preparing -the design of this engine, the designs of similar full-sized aëro -engines were followed as far as possible. The pistons are similar to -those used on large aëro engines and are fitted with two rings; the -crankshaft is turned out of two inch special bar steel, and is carried -in two phosphor-bronze bearings. There is no special feature about the -connecting rods, these being of the standard type, but very strong and -light. To enable the two cylinders to be exactly opposite one another, -the connecting-rods are offset in the pistons and are connected to -the latter by gudgeonpins. The aluminum crank case is extremely -simple, being cylindrical and vertically divided. The inlet valves are -automatic, the exhaust valves being mechanically operated; the camshaft -is driven from the main shaft by two-to-one gearing. - -[Illustration: Diagram 19 - - Sectional elevation of the 1 h.p. Jopson gasoline engine for - models. The disposition of the gasoline tank and wick carburettor - is particularly noteworthy. It will be seen that metal journals are - provided for the crankshaft, which is turned out of 2-inch bar steel. - Courtesy _Flight_.] - -To assist the exhaust, and also the cooling, small holes are drilled -round the cylinder in such a position that when the piston is at the -inner end of its stroke, these holes are uncovered, thus permitting -the hot exhaust to escape, and so relieve the amount passing through -the exhaust valves. The commutator is also driven off the camshaft, as -shown in the drawing. No distributor is fitted to the commutator, as -small ones are somewhat troublesome and very light coils are obtainable -at a reasonable price. - -The gasoline tank is made of copper in streamline form, and is usually -fitted to the back of the crankcase, thus reducing the head resistance, -but if desired it can be fitted in any other position. The action of -the carburetor can be easily seen from the drawings; it is of the -surface type and much simpler, lighter and quite as efficient as the -spray type. Specially light and simple spark plugs are used, that give -very little trouble. The propeller used in connection with this engine -is somewhat out of the ordinary, having been specially designed for -this engine, and patented. The propeller is made entirely of aluminum -and has a variable pitch, this being easily obtainable, as the blades -are graduated so that any desired pitch, within certain limits, may be -given at once. The results of a series of tests on a 30 inch propeller -are shown on the accompanying chart, and from it the thrust as certain -speeds with a certain pitch can be obtained. Taking the engine running -at 1540 r.p.m. with a pitch of 15″, the thrust comes out at 9¹⁄₂ lbs., -or more than the weight of the engine and accessories. - -[Illustration: Diagram 20 - - Diagram of results obtained from tests of the 1 h.p. Jopson model - gasoline engine, showing the thrust in pounds at varying speeds with - propellers of different pitch. Courtesy _Flight_.] - - - THE MIDGET AËRO GASOLINE ENGINE - -Although numerous model constructors in America are experimenting with -model gasoline engines, the Midget Gasoline Engine, the product of -the Aëro Engine Company, Boston, Massachusetts, is perhaps the most -satisfactory up to the present time. An engine of this type was used by -Mr. P. C. McCutchen of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in his 8 foot Voisin -Type Biplane Model, for which he claims a number of satisfactory -flights. - -The engine is made from the best iron, steel, aluminum and bronze and -the complete weight including a special carburetor, spark plug and -spark coil is 2¹⁄₂ lbs. From the top of the cylinder head to the bottom -of the crank case the engine measures 7″. It is possible to obtain from -this engine various speeds from 400 to 2700 r.p.m., at which speed it -develops ¹⁄₂ h.p. The propeller used in connection with this engine -measures 18″ in diameter and has a 13″ pitch. - -[Illustration: The Midget ¹⁄₂ H. P. gasoline engine] - -It might be of interest to know that one of the parties responsible -for the development of this engine is Mr. H. W. Aitken, a former model -maker and who is now connected with one of the largest aëro engine -manufacturing companies in America. - - - - - STEAM POWER PLANTS - - -Aside from the compressed air engine there is the steam driven -engine which has been used abroad to considerable degree of success. -Owing to the difficulty in constructing and operating a steam driven -engine, very few model flyers in America have devoted any attention -to the development of this engine as a means of propulsion for model -aëroplanes. But irrespective of the limitations of the steam engine -a great deal of experimentation has been carried on in England, and -without doubt it will soon be experimented with in America. - - - H. H. GROVES STEAM POWER PLANTS - -Perhaps one of the most successful steam power plants to have been -designed since the development of the Langley steam driven model, is -the Groves type of steam power plant, designed by Mr. H. H. Groves, of -England. On one occasion several flights were made with a model driven -by a small steam engine of the Groves type weighing 3 lbs. The model -proved itself capable of rising from the ground under its own power and -when launched it flew a distance of 450 feet. This is not a long flight -when compared with the flight made by Prof. Langley’s steam driven -model on November 28, 1896, of three-quarters of a mile in 1 minute and -45 seconds, but the size of the models and also that Mr. Groves’ model -only made a duration of 30 seconds, must be considered. The model was -loaded 12 ounces to the square foot and had a soaring velocity of some -20 m.p.h. The total weight of the power plant was 1¹⁄₂ lbs. Propeller -thrust 10 to 12 ounces. The total weight of the model was 48 ounces. -The type of steam plant used in connection with this model was of the -flash boiler, pressure fed type, with benzoline for fuel. - -Mr. Groves has done considerable experimenting with the steam driven -type power plant. Many of the designs used in the construction of -steam plants for models are taken from his designs. A Groves steam -power plant is employed in one of Mr. V. E. Johnson’s (Model Editor -of _Flight_) model hydroaëroplanes, the first power-driven, or -“mechanically driven” model hydroaëroplane (so far as can be learned) -to rise from the surface of the water under its own power. This model -has a total weight of 3 lbs. 4 ounces. - - - G. HARRIS’S STEAM ENGINE - -Another advocate of the steam driven type model is Mr. G. Harris, also -of England. Several good flights were made by Mr. Harris with his -pusher type monoplane equipped with a steam driven engine. As a result -of his experiments he concluded that mushroom valves with a lift of -¹⁄₆₄ part of an inch were best, used in connection with the pump, and -at least 12 feet of steel tubing should be used for boiler coils. The -first power plant constructed by Mr. Harris contained a boiler coil 8 -feet long, but after he had replaced this coil with one 12 feet long, -irrespective of the fact that the extra length of tube weighed a couple -of ounces, the thrust was increased by nearly a half pound. - -[Illustration: An English steam power plant for model aëroplanes. -Courtesy _Flight_.] - -[Illustration: Model hydroaëroplane owned by V. E. Johnson, Model -Editor of _Flight_, England, equipped with an H. H. Groves steam power -plant. This model is the first power driven—as far as can be learned—to -rise from the surface of the water under its own power. Courtesy -_Flight_.] - -The principal parts used in Mr. Harris’s steam power plant was an -engine of the H. H. Groves type, twin cylinder, ⁷⁄₈″ bore with a piston -stroke of ¹⁄₂″. The boiler was made from 12″ of ³⁄₁₆″ × 20″ G. steel -tubing, weighing 10.5 ounces. The blow lamp consisted of a steel tube, -⁵⁄₃₂″ × 22″ G. wound round a carbide carrier for a nozzle. The tank was -made of brass ⁵⁄₁₀₀₀″ thick. The pump, ⁷⁄₃₂″ bore, stroke variable to -¹⁄₂″, fitted with two non-return valves (mushroom type) and was geared -down from the engine 4.5 to 1. - - - PROFESSOR LANGLEY’S STEAM ENGINE - -The Langley steam driven model, of which so much has been said, and -which on one occasion flew a distance of one-half mile in 90 seconds, -had a total weight of 30 lbs., the engine and generating plant -constituting one-quarter of this weight. The weight of the complete -plant worked out to 7 lbs. per h.p. The engine developed from 1 to 1¹⁄₂ -h.p. A flash type boiler was used, with a steam pressure of from 150 -to 200 lbs., the coils having been made of copper. A modified naphtha -blow-torch, such as is used by plumbers, was used to eject a blast or -flame about 2000 Fahrenheit through the center of this coil. A pump was -used for circulation purposes. With the best mechanical assistance that -could be obtained at that date, it took Professor Langley one year to -construct the model. - - - FRENCH EXPERIMENTS WITH STEAM POWER PLANTS - -About ten months after Langley’s results, some experiments were carried -out by the French at Carquenez, near Toulon. The model used for the -experiments weighed in total 70 lbs., the engine developing more than -1 h.p. As in the Langley case, twin propellers were used, but instead -of being mounted side by side, they were mounted one in front and the -other behind. The result of these experiments compared very poorly with -Langley’s. A flight of only 462 feet was made, with a duration of a few -seconds. The maximum velocity is stated to have been 40 m.p.h. The span -of this model was a little more than 6 meters, or about 19 feet, with a -surface of more than 8 square meters, or about 80 square feet. - -[Illustration: An English hydroaëroplane of tractor design equipped -with steam power plant. Courtesy _Flight_.] - -[Illustration: On the left an English 10 oz. Compressed air driven -biplane. On the right, the engine shown fitted with a simple speedometer -for experimental purposes. Courtesy _Flight_.] - - - - - CARBONIC GAS ENGINE - - -The six-cylinder carbonic gas engine described herewith is the product -of Mr. Henry Rompel, Kansas City, Missouri. - -This is perhaps one of the most interesting of its kind to have been -developed during 1916, and its appearance in the model aëroplane field -adds weight to the claim that mechanical engines will soon replace the -rubber strand as motive power for model aëroplanes. - -Mr. Rompel’s engine is of rotary, carbonic gas type, having six -cylinders, a bore of ⁵⁄₈″ and a stroke of ³⁄₄″. - -The intake is derived through a rotary valve which also acts as a crank -shaft bearing, thereby saving weight. - -The exhaust is accomplished by mechanically operated valves situated in -the heads of the cylinders being opened by the aid of rocker arms and -push rods, which gain their timing from a cam placed on the crankshaft. - -To save weight in construction the crankshaft, connecting rods, pistons -and cylinders were made of telescopic tubing with a side wall of one -thirty-second of an inch or less in thickness. - -The engine has a swing of 5¹⁄₂″ over all, weighs a little less than 8 -ounces complete, and is operated on 1,500 pounds pressure (carbonic -gas) and at a speed of 3,500 to 3,700 r.p.m. will develop about 1 horse -power. While spinning a 17″ propeller with a pitch of 20 inches it will -deliver a thrust of 21 ounces, and has a duration of 40 seconds. Two -hundred and fifty-six pieces were embodied in its construction. - -[Illustration: The Rompel six-cylinder carbonic gas engine] - - - - - THE FORMATION OF MODEL CLUBS - - -To form a model aëroplane club at least six interested persons are -necessary. As soon as a place in which to hold meetings has been -decided upon the club should proceed to elect a director whose duty -should be to manage the affairs of the club. One of the first things -to be considered is the name under which the club will operate; the -custom is usually to adopt the name of the town or city in which the -club is located, viz.: Concord Model Aëro Club, Concord, Massachusetts, -although it is the privilege of the majority of the members to choose -a name such as they might feel will best benefit the purpose for which -the club was organized. As in the case of the Aëro Science Club of -America, this club was formed for the purpose of stimulating interest -in model aëronautics and to help those who might become interested -therein, not only in New York City but throughout the entire United -States. - -When the matter of name and place has been settled the club should -decide upon the course it is to follow, first by electing OFFICERS and -second by preparing a CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS. In the case of clubs -whose membership does not comprise more than six members, it does not -seem desirable to have more than one officer, namely, a DIRECTOR, who -might perform the duties of a president, treasurer and secretary until -the club has reached a larger membership. In this way the members are -enabled to concentrate upon the construction and flying of models -and to engage in such other activities as to carry out the purpose -for which the club was organized. However, the foregoing is merely a -suggestion on the part of the writer, who by the way is a member of -the Aëro Science Club of America and formerly acted in the capacity of -secretary to that club. - -Clubs whose membership totals more than twelve, however, should proceed -to elect a President, Treasurer and Secretary, all of whom must receive -a vote of at least two-thirds of the membership. With clubs of this -size a director is not needed as the affairs of the club are usually -entrusted with the governing officers, the President, Treasurer and -Secretary. In as much as the constitution and by-laws are an important -factor in the affairs of any model club, the governing officers, -before mentioned, should hold a private meeting at the earliest -moment whereat to frame a constitution and set of by-laws embodying -the purposes and policy of the club. When the proposed constitution -and by-laws are completed they should be presented to the members for -approval after which a copy should be given to every member. - -The following is a specimen of constitution and by-laws that might be -used by any person or persons desiring to form a Model Aëro Club: - - - CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS OF A MODEL - AËROPLANE CLUB - -ARTICLE 1. NAME. The name of this club will be known as The .......... -Model Aëro Club. - -PURPOSE. The object of this club shall be to study and increase the -interest in the science of aëronautics in every way possible and to -realize this object, shall construct and fly model aëroplanes, gliders -and man carrying machines. - -FURTHER, Contests shall be held for model aëroplanes and prizes awarded -to the winners thereof. And as a further step in the advancement of -this art, meetings, lectures, discussions, debates and exhibitions will -be held. - -ARTICLE 2. MEMBERSHIP. Any person may become a member of this club -provided his application receives the unanimous approval of the -majority of members, or is passed upon by the membership committee. -A member may resign his membership by written communication to the -secretary who shall present it to the membership committee to be passed -upon. - -ARTICLE 3. OFFICERS. The officers of this organization shall be a -President, Vice-president, Secretary and Treasurer and a board of -governors to consist of said officers. The president and vice-president -shall constitute the executive committee of the board of governors, -with full powers to act for them in the affairs of the club. The -election of officers shall take place at the first meeting held during -the month of .......... of each year and shall hold office for one -year. In the event of a vacancy in the office of the President the -Vice-president or next highest officer present shall preside. Any -other vacancy shall be filled by an officer temporarily appointed by -the President. The President shall preside at all meetings of the -club and of the board of governors, and shall perform such other -duties as usually pertain to that office. The President shall have -full authority to appoint committees or boards as may be necessary to -further the interests of the club. - -The Secretary shall keep a record of all meetings of the club, board of -governors and committees and shall use the seal of the club as may be -directed by the executive committee. Further, he shall issue notices -to officers and members of all special meetings and perform such other -duties as may be assigned him by the constitution, by the club or by -the board of governors. - -The Treasurer shall have charge of the funds of the club, receive -all moneys, fees, dues, etc.; pay all bills approved by the board of -governors, and preserve all proper vouchers for such disbursements. - - - RULES FOR CONTESTS - -We now come to the matter of contests. As there are many different -types of models so must there be rules to correspond to avoid -misunderstandings, and until the club has reached the stage where -it may decide upon a particular set of rules under which its members -should participate perhaps the following set of rules, applicable to -contests for hand launched models, can be adopted. In so far as there -are different rules for different contests, namely, hand launched, R. -O. G. and R. O. W. and mechanical driven, the following rules are used -only in connection with contests for hand launched models; rules for -other contests follow: - - - RULES - -A contest to be official must have at least five contestants. - -Each contestant must abide by the rules of the contest and decision of -the judges. - -Each contestant must register his name, age, and address before the -event. - -Each contestant must enter and fly models made by himself only. - -Trials to start from a given point indicated by the starter of the -trials, and distance to be measured in a straight line from the -starting point to where the model first touches the ground, regardless -of the curves or circles it may have made. Each contestant must have -his models marked with his name and number of his models (1, 2, 3, -etc.), and each model will be entitled to three official trials. -Contestant has the privilege of changing the planes and propellers as -he may see fit, everything to be of his own construction, but only -three frames can be used in any contest. If in the opinion of the board -of judges there are too many entries to give each one nine flights in -the length of time fixed, the judges have the power to change that part -of rule No. 6 to the following: - -“Six flights or less, as circumstances may require, will be allowed to -each contestant, which can be made with one model or any one of three -entered; all of his own construction; due notice must be given to each -contestant of the change.” - -No trial is considered as official unless the model flies over 100 feet -from the starting point. (The qualifying distance can be changed by -agreement between the club and the starter provided the entrants are -notified.) Should the rubber become detached from the model, or the -propeller drop off during the trial, the trial is counted as official, -provided the model has covered the qualifying distance. No matter what -may happen to the model after it has covered the qualifying distance -the flight is official. Contests should cover a period of three hours, -unless otherwise agreed. - -No contestant shall use the model of another contestant, although the -former may have made it himself. - -The officials should be: a starter, measurer, judge and scorer; also -three or four guards to keep starting point and course clear. The first -three officials shall, as board of judges, decide all questions and -disputes. A space 25 feet square (with stakes and ropes) should be -measured off for officials and contestants, together with an assistant -for each contestant. All others must be kept out by the guards and a -space kept clear (at least 25 feet) in front of the starting point, so -a contestant will not be impeded in making his trial. - -Each official should wear a badge, ribbon or arm band designating his -office, and must be upheld in his duties. - - - HANDICAPS - -At the discretion of the club there may be imposed a handicap for club -events as follows: A contestant in order to win must exceed his last -record with which he won a prize. - - - COMBINATION AND DURATION EVENTS - -First, second and third records to count. Lowest number of points to -win. For example: - - A may have 1st in distance and 2nd in duration, 3 total points. - - B may have 3rd in distance and 1st in duration, 4 total points. - - C may have 2nd in distance and 3rd in duration, 5 total points. - -Accordingly A wins. - - - R. O. G. CONTESTS - - (Rising from the Ground) - -Models to be set on the ground and allowed to start off without any -effort on the part of the contestant. Models should rise from the -ground before reaching a predetermined mark, no flight to be considered -unless it does so. Contestant may start at any length back from the -mark, but the distance is to be measured only from the mark. - - - MECHANICALLY DRIVEN MODEL CONTESTS - -For duration, or distance, contests for mechanically driven models -might be held under the same ruling that applies to R. O. G. models. -But owing to the many types of engines used in mechanically driven -models, definite rules for the holding of such a contest must be left -to the discretion of the club or contestants. - - - EVENTS OPEN TO ALL - -These events are open to all, with no handicaps to be imposed on either -club members or others. - - - INTER-CLUB MODEL AËROPLANE TOURNAMENTS - - (Prizes to be determined by contesting clubs) - -The tournament to consist of five events as follows: - - Duration: Models launched from hand. - - Distance: Models launched from hand. - - Duration: Models launched from ground. R. O. G. - - Distance: Models launched from ground. R. O. G. - - Duration: Models launched from water. R. O. W. - -Dates for inter-club contest should be arranged for at least three -weeks prior to date of first contest, to allow ample time for the -construction of special models and elimination trials. - -In event of inclement weather the contest to take place the week -following (each contest following to be set one week ahead), or at any -time that may be determined by a committee appointed by the contesting -clubs. - -Each competing club must be represented by a team of three contestants -and one non-competitor, who will act as judge in conjunction with the -judges from the other clubs, and a manager selected by the judges who -will supervise over the entire tournament and issue calls for meetings. -(Substitutes should also be selected for any possible vacancy.) - -Meetings of the judges of the competing clubs should be held at some -designated place, at which time dates and general details shall be -arranged, and between events there should be a meeting called, for -general discussion regarding the recent event, receive protests and -suggestions and to announce officially the result of the contest. - -The manager shall have control of the various events, assisted by the -judges and they shall decide all disputes that may arise, and act as -scorers and timers, as well. - -Each flyer will be allowed but one model and shall be entitled to three -official flights, but he shall be permitted to make any repairs or -replace any broken parts. No contestant shall be privileged to fly a -model not of his own construction. Each event shall close when all the -contestants have made three official flights, or when three hours’ time -has elapsed. - - - - - WORLD’S MODEL FLYING RECORDS - - - (TWIN PROPELLER PUSHER TYPE MODELS) - - MONOPLANE - - Year 1917. Ward Pease (America), rise off ground, distance - 3364 feet. - - Year 1916. Thomas Hall (America), hand launched, distance - 5537 feet. - - Year 1917. Donovan Lathrop (America), hand launched, - duration 5 minutes. - - Year 1917. Emil Laird (America), 18 inch type model, - distance 750 feet. - - Year 1915. Wallace A. Lauder (America), hand launched, - distance 3537 feet. - - Year 1915. Wallace A. Lauder (America), hand launched, - duration 195 seconds. - - Year 1914. Fred Watkins (America), rise off ground, - distance 1761 feet. - - Year 1914. J. E. Louch (England), rise off ground, duration - 169 seconds. - - Year 1915. E. C. Cook (America), rise off water, duration - 100 seconds. - - - (TWIN PROPELLER TRACTOR TYPE) - - MONOPLANE - - Year 1913. Harry Herzog (America), rise off water, duration - 28 seconds. - - - (TWIN PROPELLER PUSHER TYPE) - - BIPLANE - - Year 1915. A. H. Wheeler (America), rise off ground, - duration 143 seconds. - - - (SINGLE PROPELLER PUSHER TYPE) - - MONOPLANE - - Year 1914. J. E. Louch (England), hand launched, duration - 95 seconds. - - Year 1914. W. E. Evans (England), rise from ground, - distance 870 feet. - - Year 1914. J. E. Louch (England), rise from ground, - duration 68 seconds. - - Year 1914. L. H. Slatter (England), rise from water, - duration 35 seconds. - - - (SINGLE PROPELLER TRACTOR TYPE) - - MONOPLANE - - Year 1915. D. Lathrop (America), hand launched, distance - 1039 feet. - - Year 1915. D. Lathrop (America), hand launched, duration - 240 seconds. - - Year 1914. C. D. Dutton (England), rise from ground, - distance 570 feet. - - Year 1914. J. E. Louch (England), rise from ground, - duration 94 seconds. - - Year 1915. L. Hittle (America), rise from water, duration - 116 seconds. - - - (SINGLE PROPELLER TRACTOR TYPE) - - BIPLANE - - Year 1915. Laird Hall (American), rise from ground, - duration 76 seconds. - - - (FLYING BOAT TYPE) - - MONOPLANE - - Year 1915. Robert La Tour (America), rise from water, - duration 43 seconds. - - - (FLYING BOAT TYPE) - - BIPLANE - - Year 1914. C. V. Obst (America), rise from water, duration - 27 seconds. - - - (MECHANICAL DRIVEN MODEL) - - Year 1914. D. Stanger (England), rise from ground, duration - 51 seconds. - - (All British records are quoted from _Flight_) - - - - - DICTIONARY OF AËRONAUTICAL TERMS - - - A - - AËRODROME—A tract of land selected for flying purposes. - - AËRODYNAMICS—The science of Aviation, literally the study of the - influence of air in motion. - - AËROFOIL—A flat or flexed plane which lends support to an - aëroplane. - - AËRONAUT—One engaged in navigating the air. - - AËRONAUTICS—The science of navigating the air. - - AËROPLANE—A heavier than air machine supported by one or more - fixed wings or planes. - - AËROSTATICS—The science of aërostation, or of buoyancy caused by - displacement, ballooning. - - AËROSTATION—The science of lighter than air or gas-borne machines. - - AILERON—The outer edge or tip of a wing, usually adjustable, used - to balance or stabilize. - - AIRSHIP—Commonly used to denote both heavier and lighter than air - machines; correctly a dirigible balloon. - - ANGLE OF INCIDENCE—The angle of the wing with the line of travel. - - AREA—In the case of wings, the extent of surface measured on - both the upper and lower sides. An area of one square foot - comprises the actual surface of two square feet. - - ASPECT RATIO—The proportion of the chord to the span of a wing. - For example if the wing has a span of 30 inches and a chord - of 6 inches the - span - aspect ratio will be 5 or ————— - chord. - - AUTOMATIC STABILITY—Stability secured by fins, the angle of the - wings and similar devices. - - AVIATOR—One engaged in Aviation. - - AVIATION—The science of heavier than air machines. - - ANGLE OF BLADE—The angle of the blade of a propeller to the axis - of the shaft. - - - B - - BALANCER—A plane or other part intended for lateral equilibrium. - - BEARING BLOCK—Used in connection with the mounting of propellers - on model aëroplanes. Made from wood and metal. - - BRACE—Strip of bamboo or other material used to join together the - frame side members. Also used in joining other parts of a - model. - - BIPLANE—An aëroplane or model aëroplane with two wings superposed. - - BODY—The main framework supporting the wing or wings and the - machinery. - - BANKING—The lateral tilting of an aëroplane when taking a turn. - - - C - - CAMBER—The rise of the curved contour of an arched surface above - the Chord Line. - - CENTER OF GRAVITY—The point at which the aëroplane balances. - - CENTER OF PRESSURE—The imaginary line beneath the wing at which - the pressure balances. - - CHASSIS (CARRIAGE)—The part on which the main body of an - aëroplane or model aëroplane is supported on land or water. - - CHORD—The distance between the entering and trailing edges of a - wing. - - - D - - DECK—The main surface of a biplane or multiplane. - - DIRECTIONAL CONTROL—The ability to determine the direction of the - flight of an aëroplane. - - DIRIGIBLE—A balloon driven by power. - - DOPE—A coating for wings. - - DOWN WIND—With the wind. - - DRIFT—The resistance of the wing to the forward movement. - - DIHEDRAL ANGLE—The inclination of the wings to each other usually - bent up from the center in the form of a flat V. - - - E - - ELEVATOR—The plane or wing intended to control the vertical - flight of the machine. - - ENGINE—A contrivance for generating driving power. - - ENGINE BASE—Main stick used for frame of single stick model. - - ENGINEER—One who controls the power, driving the machinery. - - ENTERING EDGE _or_ LEADING EDGE—Front edge or edge of the surface - upon which the air impinges. - - EQUILIBRATOR—A plane or other contrivance which makes for - stability. - - - F - - FIN—A fixed vertical plane. - - FLEXED—A wing is said to be flexed when it curves upward forming - an arc of a circle. - - FLYING STICK—Name applied to ordinary A type and single stick - models. - - FLYING MACHINE—Literally a form of lighter than air craft; a - gas-borne airship. - - FLYING BOAT—A hull or large float used in connection with an - aëroplane to enable its rising from and alighting upon the - surface of the water. - - FRAME—A single or double stick structure to which all parts of - a model are attached. Three or more sticks are sometimes - employed in the construction of a frame. However, the usual - number is two, joined together in the form of letter “A.” - - FRAME HOOKS—The looped ends of a piece of wire attached to the - point of the frame to accommodate the S hooks attached to the - rubber strands. - - FRAME SIDE MEMBERS—Two main sticks of an A type frame. - - FUSELAGE—The body or framework of an aëroplane. - - - G - - GLIDER—An aëroplane without motive power. - - GUY—A brace, usually a wire or cord used for tuning up the - aëroplane. - - GROSS WEIGHT—The weight of the aircraft, comprising fuel, - lubricating oils and the pilot. - - GYROSCOPE—A rotating mechanism for maintaining equilibrium. - - GAP—The vertical distance between the superposed wings. - - - H - - HANGAR—A shed for housing an aëroplane. - - HARBOR—A shelter for aircraft. - - HEAVIER THAN AIR—A machine weighing more than the air it - displaces. - - HELICOPTER—A flying machine in which propellers are utilized to - give a lifting effect by their own direct action on the air. - In aviation the term implies that the screw exerts a direct - lift. - - HELMSMAN—One in charge of the steering device. - - HYDROAËROPLANE—An aëroplane with pontoons to enable its rising - from the surface of the water. Known as hydro in model - circles. - - - K - - KEEL—A vertical plane or planes arranged longitudinally either - above or below the body for the purpose of giving stability. - - - L - - LATERAL STABILITY—Stability which prevents side motion. - - LOADING—The gross weight divided by the supporting area measured - in square feet. - - LONGITUDINAL STABILITY—Stability which prevents fore and aft - motion or pitching. - - LONGERONS—Main members of the fuselage. Sometimes called - longitudinals. - - - M - - MAST—A perpendicular stick holding the stays or struts which keep - the wings rigid. - - MODEL AËROPLANE—A scale reproduction of a man-carrying machine. - - MECHANICAL POWER—A model driven by means other than rubber - strands such as compressed air, steam, gasoline, spring, - electricity and so forth is termed a mechanical driven model. - The power used is termed mechanical power. - - MOTIVE POWER—In connection with model aëroplanes a number of - rubber strands evenly strung from the propeller shaft to the - frame hooks which while unwinding furnish the necessary power - to propel the model. - - MAIN BEAM—In connection with model aëroplanes a long stick which - is secured to the under side of the wing frame at the highest - point in the curve of the ribs adding materially to the - rigidity of the wing. - - MONOPLANE—An aëroplane or heavier than air machine supported by a - single main wing which may be formed of two wings extending - from a central body. - - MULTIPLANE—An aëroplane with more than four wings superposed. - - - N - - NACELLE—The car of a dirigible balloon, literally a cradle. Also - applied to short body used in connection with aëroplanes for - the accommodation of the pilot and engine. - - NET WEIGHT—Complete weight of the machine without pilot, fuel or - oil. - - - O - - ORNITHOPTER—A flapping wing machine which has arched wings like - those of a bird. - - ORTHOGONAL—A flight maintained by flapping wings. - - OUTRIGGERS—Members which extend forward or rearward from the main - planes for the purpose of supporting the elevator or tail - planes of an aëroplane. - - - P - - PLANE—A surface or wing, either plain or flexed, employed to - support or control an aëroplane. - - PILOT—One directing an aëroplane in flight. - - PITCH—Theoretical distance covered by a propeller in making one - revolution. - - PROPELLER—The screw used for driving an aëroplane. - - PROPELLER BEARINGS—Pieces of bronze tubing or strips of metal - formed to the shape of the letter “L” used to mount - propellers. Also made from blocks of wood. - - PROPELLER BLANK—A block of wood cut to the design of a propeller. - - PROPELLER SPAR(S)—The heavy stick or sticks upon which the - bearing or bearings of a single or twin propeller model are - mounted. - - PROPELLER SHAFT—A piece of wire which is run through the hub of - the propeller and tubing in mounting the propeller. - - PYLON—Correctly, a structure housing a falling weight used for - starting an aëroplane, commonly a turning point in aëroplane - flights. - - PUSHER—An aëroplane with the propeller or propellers situated in - back of the main supporting surfaces. - - - Q - - QUADRUPLANE—An aëroplane with four wings superposed. - - - R - - RUDDER—A plane or group of planes used to steer an aëroplane. - - RUNNER—Strip beneath an aëroplane used for a skid. - - RUNNING GEAR _or_ LANDING GEAR—That portion of the chassis - consisting of the axle, wheels and shock absorber. - - RIB—Curved brace fastened to the entering and trailing edges of a - wing. - - - S - - SCALE MODEL—A miniature aëroplane exactly reproducing the - proportions of an original. - - SPAR—A mast strut or brace. - - SIDE SLIP—The tendency of an aëroplane to slide or slip sideways - when too steep banking is attempted. - - STABILITY—The power to maintain an even keel in flight. - - STARTING PLATFORM—A runway to enable an aëroplane to leave the - ground. - - SURFACE FRICTION—Resistance offered by planes or wings. - - SLIP—The difference between the distance actually traveled by a - propeller and that measured by the pitch. - - SOARING FLIGHT—A gliding movement without apparent effort. - - SUSTAINING SURFACE—Extent of the wings or planes which lend - support to an aëroplane. - - SPAN (SPREAD)—The dimension of a surface across the air stream. - - STREAMLINE—Exposing as little surface as possible to offer - resistance to air. - - SKIDS—In connection with model aëroplanes, steel wires or strips - of bamboo allowed to extend below the frame to protect the - model in landing and to permit its rising off the ground or - ice. - - S OR MOTOR HOOKS—A piece of wire bent in a double hook to - resemble the letter “S.” One end to be attached to the frame - hook, the other serving as accommodation for the rubber - strands. - - - T - - TAIL—The plane or planes, both horizontal and vertical, carried - behind the main planes. - - TANDEM—An arrangement of two planes one behind the other. - - THRUST—The power exerted by the propeller of an aëroplane. - - TENSION—The power exerted by twisted strands of rubber in - unwinding. - - TRACTOR—An aëroplane with the propeller situated before the main - supporting surfaces. - - TRIPLANE—An aëroplane with three wings superposed. - - TRAILING EDGE—The rear edge of a surface. - - TORQUE—The twisting force of a propeller tending to overturn or - swerve an aëroplane sideways. - - - U - - UP WIND—Against the wind. - - - W - - WAKE—The churned or disturbed air in the track of a moving - aëroplane. - - WASH—The movement of the air radiating from the sides of an - aëroplane in flight. - - WINGS—Planes or supporting surfaces, commonly a pair of wings - extending out from a central body. - - WINDER—An apparatus used for winding two sets of rubber strands - at the same time in opposite directions or one at a time. - Very often made from an egg beater or hand drill. - - WARPING—The springing of a wing out of its normal shape, thereby - creating a temporary difference in the extremities of the - wing which enables the wind to heel the machine back again - into balance. - - - ABREVIATIONS - - H. P. Horse Power. - R. P. M. Revolutions per minute. - H. L. Hand launched. - R. O. G. Rise off ground model. - R. O. W. Rise off water model. - M. P. H. Miles per hour. - - - THE END - - - ————————————— End of Book ————————————— - - - - - Transcriber’s Note (continued) - -Errors in punctuation have been corrected. Inconsistencies in spelling, -grammar, capitalisation, and hyphenation are as they appear in the -original publication except where noted below: - - Page 16 – “bob-sled″” changed to “bobsled″” (an ordinary bobsled) - - Page 53 – “approximately cross section” changed to “approximately - circular cross section” - - Page 55 – “run” changed to “runs” (one of which wires runs to) - - Page 83 – “ten″” changed to “10″” (10″ propeller) - - Page 105 – “five cylinder” changed to “three cylinder” (Schober-Funk - three cylinder rotary engine) [This change was made to - the illustration caption on this page and also to the - entry in the List of Illustrations that points to it.] - - Page 106 – “diagram 17” changed to “diagram 18” (The accompanying - diagram 18 illustrates) - - Page 108 – “crank-shaft” changed to “crankshaft” (The two-throw - crankshaft) - - Page 111 – “cam-shaft” changed to “camshaft” (provided for the - camshaft) - - Page 112 – “crank-shaft” changed to “crankshaft” (the crankshaft - is driven) - - Page 113 – “stream-line” changed to “streamline” (streamline form) - - Page 116 – “Bi-plane” changed to “Biplane” (Type Biplane Model) - -The prefix of AËRO/Aëro/aëro as in ‘aëroplane’, etc., is used -throughout the body text of the original publication with a few -exceptions. These latter have been changed for consistency in this -transcription. The unaccented prefix AERO/Aero/aero is now only used -in title page text. - -Incorrect entries in the Table of Contents have had their text and/or -page references changed so that they agree with the text and location -of the parts of the original publication to which they refer. - -Entries in the DICTIONARY OF AËRONAUTICAL TERMS which are not in -the correct alphabetical order have been left as they appear in the -original publication. 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