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diff --git a/old/67838-0.txt b/old/67838-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 95671fb..0000000 --- a/old/67838-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1402 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Instructions for the Management of -Harvey's Sea Torpedo, by Frederick Harvey - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Instructions for the Management of Harvey's Sea Torpedo - -Author: Frederick Harvey - -Release Date: April 14, 2022 [eBook #67838] - -Language: English - -Produced by: deaurider and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at - https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE -MANAGEMENT OF HARVEY'S SEA TORPEDO *** - - - - - - -[Illustration: Plate 1. - -‘Royal Sovereign’ ‘Camel’ - -TRIAL OF HARVEY’S SEA TORPEDO. - -Kell Bros. Lith. London.] - - - - - INSTRUCTIONS - FOR THE - MANAGEMENT - OF - HARVEY’S SEA TORPEDO. - - LONDON: - E. & F. N. SPON, 48, CHARING CROSS. - PORTSMOUTH: J. GRIFFIN & CO. DEVONPORT: J. R. H. SPRY. - 1871. - - LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET AND - CHARING CROSS. - - - - -INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF HARVEY’S SEA TORPEDO. - - -To impart a thorough knowledge of the management of such an arm as the -sea torpedo is a matter of easy accomplishment by personal explanation; -especially so, when the arm is in the water, and practised with under -conditions that would obtain in its application to the disabling of, or -to the destruction of vessels against which it may be employed. - -But in the absence of such mode of instruction, the following directions -are offered, with a hope that they will prove sufficiently explanatory of -an arm, which, like other arms, requires skill and aptitude in using it -effectively. - -By the instructions here given, it must be understood, there are two -torpedoes; though both are of the same kind, they differ in construction, -by reason of the difference in the position of their respective planes, -so that one may diverge to port, and the other to starboard; the -direction of the divergence is known by the position of the slings and -rudder. There is a like difference in the exploding bolts; the bolts -which respectively belong to the port and starboard torpedoes are known -by the direction of their safety keys. - -[Illustration: (A) - -STARBOARD TORPEDO.] - -[Illustration: (B) - -PORT TORPEDO.] - -The sea torpedo has the advantage of exploding only when in hugging -contact with the vessel attacked; the levers by which it is exploded are -so placed in relation to the tow-rope, that either the side or top lever -is found invariably to act effectively in forcing down the exploding -bolt at the instant of contact; this has been ascertained by the result -of many experimental trials. - -The shape is an irregular figure, which can be best understood by -reference to the drawings (p. 4). The dimensions of exterior case are as -follows:— - - ft. in. - - ⎧ Length 5 0 - Large Torpedo ⎨ Breadth 0 6⅛ - ⎩ Depth 1 8¾ - - ⎧ Length 3 8 - Small Torpedo ⎨ Breadth 0 5 - ⎩ Depth 1 6 - -[Illustration: (C) - -SECTION (C).] - -The exterior case is made of well-seasoned elm 1½ in. thick, iron bound, -and screwed together with water-tight packing between the joints, also -cemented with pitch. The interior case is made of stout sheet copper; -the case has two loading holes corresponding in size to two holes in the -deck, or top of the exterior case. These holes are made sufficiently -large to load with gun-cotton discs, if preferred. The loading holes -are fitted with corks, which are inserted before screwing on the brass -cap, to prevent any chance of accident through friction in screwing on -the cap; the bushing has the thread of the screw on the outside for -the same reason. If thought necessary, the cork can be cemented over -before screwing on the cap, which will render the joint doubly secure -from leakage. The centre of the copper case has a stout copper tube, -which is soldered to the top and bottom surfaces of the copper case, the -charge being all round it; into this centre tube is screwed the priming -case. It should be understood that both the exterior and inner cases are -thoroughly water-tight, so that in the event of the outer case being -damaged, still the charge in the interior case is preserved perfectly -dry, the cases being altogether independent of each other. - -The capacity of the copper case of the large torpedo is such that it will -contain 77 lbs. of water; the capacity of the small one, 28 lbs.; from -these can be determined the quantity of any explosive agent with which it -may be desired to charge either torpedo. - -The charges of various powders the torpedoes will contain are as follows:— - - Large Torpedo. Small Torpedo. - lbs. lbs. - Glyoxilin 47 16 - Schultze’s blasting powder 60 22 - Compressed gun-cotton 60 22 - Picric powders 73 26 - Rifle grained powder 76 27 - Horsley’s original 80 28 - Horsley’s blasting powder 85 30 - Nobel’s dynamite 100 35 - -The above must be considered an approximation, since much will depend -upon the labour expended in packing the torpedo. - -Some of the powders named have not yet been manufactured on a large scale. - -The priming case is made of stout sheet copper, and contains a large -bursting charge, which may be either rifle grained powder or a stronger -explosive, which is recommended. - -[Illustration: (D) - -SECTION.] - -[Illustration: (E)] - -In the centre of the priming case is a brass tube in which the exploding -bolt works, and at the bottom of this tube is a steel-pointed pin, which -pierces the capsule on the muzzle of the exploding bolt, when the bolt is -forced down. At the side of the brass tube, and near the base of the pin, -is a small hole, covered with thin brass foil, which will allow of an -escape of water into the priming case, should any have collected at the -bottom of the tube. The loading hole of the priming case is at the bottom -of the case, and arranged with cork and cap upon the same principle as -the loading holes for main charge. A powerful spanner is provided for -screwing in the priming case and caps of main loading holes, which are -fitted with leather washers to form a water-tight joint. The priming case -can be stored separate from the torpedo if preferred, but there is no -necessity for so doing unless it is charged with a dangerous compound. -When the torpedoes are being stored, a wooden plug is inserted into the -brass tube of the priming case; there is a cavity in the plug at the -lower end; the cavity is filled with a greasy composition, into which -runs the pin of the priming case when the ping is in its place; the pin -is thus protected from corrosion, and the tube of the case secured from -any foreign matter getting accidentally into it. - -The exploding bolt is fitted to work with a pressure of about 50 lbs. on -the head of the bolt for the large torpedo, and 20 lbs. for the small. - -[Illustration: (F)] - -On account of the great proportional length of the stuffing box, it is -quite impossible for water to enter into the tube, and the pressure can -be regulated to the greatest nicety by the quantity of thread wound on. -The bolts are easily kept in order by turning them round occasionally in -their tubes, stored as they would be in the bolt magazine (see p. 20, -Fig. Y). The best lubrication for them is hog’s lard free from salt, -beeswax, neat’s-foot oil, in proportion 3, 1, 1. The bolt has several -grooves for the thread stuffing to be wound on, and in the event of its -working too easy, a few turns of whity-brown thread on the two lower -stuffings will suffice; should it work too stiff, revolve it in the -magazine tube until it works with the desired amount of pressure, which, -after a little practice, is well known by the hand. In the event of a few -drops of water entering the tube, which has never occurred, a provision -is made for its escape (see priming case), that it may not impede the -descent of the bolt. The cavity in the bolt for containing the exploding -composition is, in length and diameter, sufficient to contain a charge -that will of itself explode the torpedo (see Fig G), without depending -upon the priming case. The bolts are all the same size, and differ only -in the direction of the slot for safety key, being port or starboard -bolts accordingly. - -[Illustration: (G)] - -[Illustration: (H)] - -The muzzle of the exploding bolt stands one inch off the pin when in -safety position, that is, when the safety key rests on the brasswork of -the priming case. This can always be ascertained before entering the bolt -(if thought necessary) by a wooden gauge forced down until it touches the -point of the pin, which measurement transferred to the bolt will show the -distance of the muzzle when forced down to the safety position. - -The safety key is secured in the slot of the exploding bolt by eight or -nine parts of strong whity-brown thread secured to the key, as shown -in Fig. J (p. 10), passed round the bolt, and securely knotted in this -manner; the parts of the thread come away with the key when drawn, -in order that none of the parts may be worked down the tube by the -exploding bolt. - -[Illustration: (I)] - -[Illustration: (J)] - -In the event of the large torpedo being cut away in deep water after -withdrawal of the safety key, it will explode by pressure on the head of -the bolt at about sixty fathoms depth. The small one at about thirty. - -The brass guard for the exploding bolt is an extra precaution (suggested -by Capt. A. Hood, R.N., Director-General of Naval Ordnance) should any -person by mistake attempt to place the bolt into the torpedo without -the safety key in its place. It is placed over the head of the bolt and -pushed down until the thumb-screw on the side works into a small hole in -the shoulder of the bolt.[1] The manner in which this guard is fitted -ensures its removal before launching, since the after lever cannot be -placed until it is. It also makes a convenient handle for turning the -bolt in the magazine. - -[1] As the certainty of explosion depends mainly upon the exploding -bolt being properly charged, the inventor takes entire charge of this -important detail. - -[Illustration: (K)] - -The explosive composition in the bolts is powerful and safe; so packed -that no amount of concussion can explode it; the bolt must be pierced -through the capsule at the muzzle for that purpose. The bolts are -hermetically sealed at the muzzle by a metallic capsule, and can be -stored for an indefinite length of time without chance of deterioration. -The exploding point of the composition in the bolt is 420° Fahrenheit. - -[Illustration: (L)] - -The side and top levers are so arranged, that when driven close into -the torpedo, the bolt is down to the shoulder; and, since there are -three explosions to take place, it is calculated the torpedo will be in -hugging contact when the main charge explodes, and exploded by a powerful -discharge in the centre, thereby disposing of the explosive force to the -greatest advantage. - -The torpedo must be closing to the ship when the levers are acting and -the bolt descending; no experiment for the force of explosive agents, -with a cushion of water intervening, is required. The amount of explosive -agent, when in contact, is all that is required, and the torpedo can be -manufactured to contain a larger charge, if thought necessary, with a -very small increase of dimensions; but the present size is convenient for -handling and launching; and if loaded with any of the powerful blasting -powders, would, in all probability, prove sufficient to bilge or destroy -the largest iron-clad. - -[Illustration: (M)] - -[Illustration: (N)] - -The lanyard or side-lever is permanently secured to the short arm of the -lever; the end is rove under the fair lead on the deck of the torpedo -up through the brass oval hole in the after top lever, then down under -the fair lead (abaft the first turn), and across the deck of the torpedo -to the handle, and secured with a round turn and two half-hitches. Care -should be taken that the short arm of the lever is brought close into -the fair lead, and the lanyard should be set up sufficiently taut to -give a slight spring in the after top lever by the strain brought on it. -This lever has a steel fish on the top, in order to prevent it taking -a permanent bend. If the side-lever lanyard is properly set up, the -bolt will spring down about one-eighth of an inch when the safety key -is withdrawn, owing to the spring in the lever and shrinking of the -lanyard; this brings the muzzle one-eighth of an inch nearer the pin -without disturbing the side lever. The lanyard should be made up like a -reef-point; it should be well-greased immediately before launching. - -[Illustration: (O)] - -[Illustration: (P)] - -[Illustration: (Q)] - -To secure the fore top lever to the after, in order that a back hit -may not separate them, the small lanyards, with an eye in one end, and -whipped at the other, are first placed over the eyes in the fore top -lever, then rove through the brass hole in the after top lever, in -opposite directions, passed up through the eyes in the fore top lever, -and knotted over it. The distance from the eyes in the fore top lever -to the hole in the after top lever is so arranged that it will not -interfere with the descent of them. The fore-locks for the various bolts -which fix the levers are made of fishing-line. After knotting them, the -ends should be secured together by a seizing of thread. - -[Illustration: (R)] - -[Illustration: (S)] - -The handles, formed of iron straps passing under the torpedo, and -terminating in four eyes above the deck, are principally for handling it; -one of the foremost eyes is made use of as a fair lead for the safety-key -lanyard, and to stop it to; the other foremost is made use of to secure -the side lanyard to Fig. N (p. 12). - -The ballast is composed of iron and sheet lead; the former, a fixture -to the wooden bottom of the torpedo; the latter, screwed on with long -screws into the iron. A thin sheet of lead is always kept on the -bottom, affording a soft material for moving them about on, removing -the objection that may be made to the friction caused by an iron bottom -in the moving of them in the torpedo-room. By taking out these screws, -several more thicknesses of sheet-lead can be screwed on, the same -screws binding all together. On leaving the manufacturers, there is -sufficient lead placed on the bottom for a speed between three and ten -knots. A very large increase of ballast would require another buoy to be -strung on over and above the usual complement. - -[Illustration: (T)] - -The proper adjustment of the slings is most important, as the divergence -depends upon it. The after legs of the slings, when stretched out -alongside the torpedo, should extend one foot beyond the stem iron of -the torpedo for the large torpedo, and eight inches for the small one; -the distance on the slings being reckoned from the seizing round the -thimble. This first adjustment is near enough if within two inches of the -regulation. - -The thimble of the slings is made suitable for wire or hemp rope, the -fore surface of it being bell-mouthed, to prevent chafe of the tow-rope; -the thimble is so constructed that the parts of the slings cannot escape -from the groove should the seizing become slack; it will be observed that -by this arrangement the edge of the thimble is not brought in contact -when rounding the stem or stern of a vessel, the nip after leaving the -tow-rope coming direct on to the fore span, and thence to the projecting -curve of the side lever. - -When all four legs are pulled out, in direction of the tow-rope, they -bear an equal strain; the junction of the four legs should be on a level -with the upper towing-irons, at the same time the upper fore span should -make an angle between 80° and 85° with the near side of the torpedo. -This arrangement gives the best divergence with the least strain on the -tow-rope, and is suitable when the torpedo is kept at short scope, as -well as when a long length of tow-line is out. The slings are made of -the best Italian hemp (not laid up too hard), the rope being of the same -strength as the tow-rope; for although in towing four legs divide the -strain, yet during collision the strain might be brought on one or two.[2] - -[2] It may be here remarked, the small rudder on the stern of the torpedo -is not for the purpose of increasing the divergence, but to control the -direction of the torpedo when the tow-rope is suddenly slacked. - -[Illustration: (U)] - -[Illustration: (V)] - -The tow-rope for large torpedo can be of 2½ in. or 3 in. hemp, or 1½ in. -flexible galvanized iron wire. For small torpedo, 1½ in. to 2 in. hemp, -or ⅞ in. wire. - -The buoys are made of solid cork (such cork only being used as will -ensure great floating power after being immersed for a time), it is built -up on a galvanized iron tube, running longitudinally through; on the -ends of the tube are screwed wooden cones, which bind all together and -render the buoy indestructible. The iron tube gives great facility for -stringing on the number of buoys required. - -[Illustration: DRAWING (W). - -SECTION ON A B.] - -Two buoys are generally used for the large torpedo, and one for the -small. The buoy-rope is of hemp, about five or six fathoms in length and -two inches circumference, an eye being spliced in the end nearest the -torpedo; to this eye is bent the tow-rope with a single or double sheet -bend, forming the knot by which the torpedo is towed; the other end of -the buoy-rope is passed through the large or small ring in the stern -(according to whether working in deep or shallow water), then through the -tube of the first buoy, an overhand knot made in the rear; then through -the next buoy, and a knot in the rear of that. - -[Illustration: DRAWING (X).] - -[Illustration: DRAWING 1.] - -The brakes are used for the purpose of controlling the tow-ropes; they -can be fixed by screws into the deck at the most convenient place for -command, and, in a properly-constructed vessel, would be worked below the -water-line to prevent exposure of the men. They are so arranged as to -admit of the tow-rope being quickly veered, and at the same time powerful -in bringing the torpedo to the surface when required. Success greatly -depends on the skilful handling of these brakes, for in conjunction with -the cork buoys they give the operator command of the depth at which -the enemy is to be struck. The handles on the leather straps are for -the purpose of lifting the strap off the drum when veering suddenly, -that there may be no friction to interfere. The handles for winding -up would rarely be used in real action, and never should be on when -veering. Unless a very high rate of speed is required, one handspike -will control the tow-rope; the other strap can be thrown off the drum, -and the handspike allowed to lie on the deck ready to be thrown into -gear, if necessary. The surface of the drum in contact with the strap -should be powdered with rosin to increase the friction. The tow-rope -should be so reeled up, that in veering the reel may revolve towards the -men at the handspike (see Plate 2). The spindle will contain several -tow-ropes, that, in the event of one torpedo being cut away, another can -be immediately bent. - -The brake for small torpedo requires only one drum and handspike. It can -be fitted to a steam-launch by placing an extra thwart across near one of -the others. - -[Illustration: DRAWING 2.] - -The drawing shows a small brake fitted for the electric torpedo, having -a hollow central spindle, through which the end of the tow-rope carrying -the insulated wire is rove, after passing out at the axle; a swivel -connection is made with the battery. The brakes, both large and small, -are so made as to ensure durability, they being considered a part of the -ship’s furniture. - -Brake for safety-key line is a small reel on the same principle. When -going a slow speed, it may not be necessary, as the safety-key line can -be attended by hand; but when going ten or eleven knots, it will be found -of considerable advantage, both in keeping the light of the safety-key -line from dragging astern, thereby lessening the divergence of the -torpedo, and also in drawing the safety key when a strong stop is used. -The ordinary deep-sea lead line can be used for a safety-key line, or any -hemp-rope from three-quarters to an inch circumference. It should be new -and of good quality; for in the event of its carrying away before the -stop, it would necessitate the recovery of the torpedo. - -[Illustration: DRAWING 3.] - -[Illustration: (Y)] - -The magazine for exploding bolts is fitted with exactly the same size -brass tubing as in the priming case; therefore, if the bolts are kept to -work with the proper pressure when in the magazine, they will do so in -the torpedo. This magazine should be kept apart from the torpedo-room, -and care should be taken that the tube is clear before forcing the loaded -bolt into it. The torpedoes are then no more dangerous than any other -powder case, and, being very strongly made and sealed, are probably less -so. - -[Illustration: Plate 2. - -Kell Bros. Lith. London.] - - -ARRANGEMENTS REQUIRED FOR LAUNCHING AND TOWING. - -A yard across either the main or mizen mast of a torpedo vessel, from ten -to fifteen feet above the water-line, is a very convenient method for -launching and towing. The leading block on the yard, through which the -tow-rope is rove, may be fitted to a traveller on the yard with an inhaul -and outhaul, that the distance out from the ship’s side may be regulated -as convenient. - -In a large vessel, the leading block for tow-rope can be fixed to the -end of the quarter-boat’s davits. The brakes for commanding the tow-rope -should be screwed firmly to the deck. In a vessel properly constructed -for the service, they would be on the lower deck, the tow-rope having -been led along the yard, and down each side of the mast. - -A leading block for the tow-rope is placed on the deck by span or bolt -a few feet in front of the brake. The safety-key reel, if used, must be -fixed in a convenient position on deck, that the man attending it can see -how to control it; in a properly-constructed vessel he would be in the -pilot-house. The safety-key line leads through a small leading block on -the ensign-staff or some convenient point abaft the lead of the tow-rope, -that it may be kept well clear of it. The leading block on the yard may -be fitted with a lizard, if thought necessary. A sharp instrument should -be kept by the brakes ready to sever the tow-rope. - - -PREPARATIONS FOR LAUNCHING AND TOWING. - -[Illustration: (Z)] - -The torpedoes, port and starboard, loaded and ballasted, having been -hoisted out of the torpedo-room, are placed on the deck on their own -sides, with their heads forward under the leading block, and the number -of buoys required for each, placed abaft them, strung together as -directed (p. 17); the necessary number of exploding bolts having also -been taken from the bolt magazine, are now entered into the torpedoes, -and forced down until their safety keys rest on the brasswork, taking -care that each safety key points in the direction of the eye through -which its lanyard has to pass; the brass guard is now taken off, and -after top lever placed in the crutch of the exploding bolt; the fore top -lever is now placed on the shoulder of the after one, and the two levers -secured by their lanyards, as directed in pages 12 and 13. The eye at -the end of the buoy-rope is now rove through the large or small ring -in the stern end of the torpedo (see p. 17). The tow-rope having been -previously rove through the leading block on the deck and on the yard, is -rove through the thimble of the slings from forward aft, and bent, with a -single or double sheet bend, to the eye of the buoy-rope. The safety-key -line having been previously rove through the leading block on the -ensign-staff, and the lanyard on the safety key having been led through -the eye of the handle, making a fair lead with the slit in the bolt, are -bent together with a double-sheet bend, and stopped to the eye by a split -yarn of suitable strength, the yarn having been secured outside the bend. -It can also be stopped with another split yarn to the slings near the -thimble of the slings. The torpedo is now ready for launching. - - -LAUNCHING THE TORPEDO. - -The crew having been stationed at their respective posts, the handles -having been shipped on the tow-reel, the tow-line is then reeled up until -the torpedo will launch clear, and swing out under the leading block on -the yard. Hold the torpedo by the handspikes, and take off the handles of -the brake. In swinging out, care should be taken that in starting from -the deck the fore slings do not foul the fore top lever. The stern of the -torpedo can be steadied by keeping a slight strain on the buoy-rope. The -safety-key line must be kept clear, and not checked, or it might break -the stop and draw the safety key before intended. - -The buoys must be placed in a proper position, and hands stationed by -them to launch them overboard the instant the torpedo takes the water. -It would be better to stop the screw, if circumstances would allow of it, -when lowering the torpedo and buoys into the water, to prevent the chance -of the buoys fouling the screw. The torpedo, on reaching the water, will -_immediately_ diverge clear of the ship; the buoys being launched, as the -strain comes on the buoy-rope, they will be towed clear away from the -screw, and full speed may be put on at once. The men at the handspikes -must veer steadily, occasionally checking the torpedo, that it may be -kept near the surface, and not allowed to dive, which it will do if the -tow-rope is slacked up altogether, and then a sudden strain brought on it. - -[Illustration: DRAWING 4.] - -Eventually it will come to the surface, when the bow is pointed up by -the strain on the tow-rope; greater the speed the more quickly will it -be brought to the surface. In shallow water this should be particularly -attended to, as in diving it might strike the bottom and injure the -levers; and if the safety key has been withdrawn, explode; moreover it -brings an undue strain on the tow-rope. The torpedo can now be gradually -veered out to the distance required, the safety-key line so attended, -that a sufficient strain is kept on it as not to allow of a long bight -of line dragging astern of the torpedo; at the same time having due -regard to the strength of the yarn by which the line is stopped to the -handle of the torpedo. The distance veered must depend upon the nature -of attack. The tow-line should be marked with knots every ten fathoms; -under some circumstances the torpedo would be close to the ship until -passing the enemy (_see_ Tactics); at other times veered to 40 fathoms it -will be found most suitable. The full divergence of 45° is obtained up -to 50 fathoms, beyond that the bight of the tow-rope in the water drags -the torpedo astern unless the tow-rope is triced much higher up, which -has its disadvantage; 40 to 50 fathoms of tow-rope gives the best command -of the torpedo, veering 2 or 3 fathoms of tow-line suddenly will always -sink the torpedo some feet below the surface. Should it become necessary -to use the torpedoes with a stern-board they can be so used, but in -this case the port torpedo is used on the starboard bow and starboard -on the port; all other arrangements being exactly the same. In rough -weather, advantage should be taken of the roll, and the torpedo allowed -to swing out from the yard, and be let go by the run, checking the -tow-rope immediately the torpedo is in the water. It is not absolutely -necessary to ease the vessel when launching, the torpedo can be launched -at full speed. In the event of its being found necessary to cut adrift -the torpedo, in consequence of coming suddenly across a friendly vessel, -the tow-rope should be cut near the brake, and if the buoy-rope has been -rove through the large stern-ring, the torpedo will sink and be lost, the -buoy only remaining. If the buoy-rope has been rove through the small -stern-ring, the torpedo will be suspended by the buoy-rope; and should -the safety key not have been withdrawn, can be recovered with safety. -In the event of wishing to recover it when the buoy-rope has been rove -through the large ring, a toggle must be lashed on the tow-rope abaft the -leading block on the yard, when it can be recovered by the buoy-rope; as -a general rule, it will however be found best to expend the torpedo, and -not attempt its recovery. By slacking the tow-rope roundly and stopping -the vessel, a friendly ship can pass over the bight of the tow-rope -without striking the torpedo; but this is rather a delicate operation, -particularly if the safety key has been withdrawn. - - -RECOVERING THE TORPEDO. - -Should the safety key have been withdrawn, great caution must be used. - -[Illustration: DRAWING 5.] - -Tongs, for going round the upper part of the bolt, to take the place of -the safety key, when once clasped and secured round the bolt, render the -torpedo safe to handle; this could only be done from a boat. With the -safety key in, there is no danger in hooking it inboard again by its own -tow-rope, and hoisting up the buoys at the same time with a grapnel. - - -TORPEDO ARRANGED TO EXPLODE BY ELECTRICITY. - -To substitute the electrical method of firing the torpedo for the -mechanical one, all that will be necessary is to unscrew the priming -case from the centre hole of the mechanical torpedo, and screw in the -electrical arrangement which contains McEvoy’s patent circuit-closer, -especially adapted by him to suit this particular torpedo. - -The electrical arrangement has its own exploding bolt, which differs -from the other only below the safety key, which key is fitted and worked -in the same manner as the mechanical one, in order that the electrical -arrangement might not be disturbed by an accidental blow when launching. -The insulated conducting wire is carried along the whole length of -the tow-rope in the centre, forming a core. The tow-rope, as in the -mechanical one, is bent on to the hemp buoy-rope by a sheet bend, the -strands at the end are then unlaid, sufficiently so to form a connection -between the insulated wire in the tow-rope and that projecting from -the centre hole of the torpedo; this connection can be best made with -McEvoy’s patent jointer. The other end of the tow-rope on the barrel of -the brake passes through the hollow spindle of the brake at one extremity -and is connected with the constant battery, which must be suitable for -heating platinum at the distance of 100 fathoms, the return circuit being -by the water. The levers act in the same manner as in the mechanical one, -forcing down the bolt and thereby closing the circuit through the fuze -and exploding the torpedo. - -This system of exploding the torpedo may be preferred in rivers or -shallow water, where it would be considered dangerous to leave a -mechanical torpedo at the bottom; but it cannot be reckoned upon with -the same certainty as the mechanical one. It is necessarily more costly, -complicated, and delicate; the two latter conditions rendering it -unsuited for the rough work it will have to encounter. - -The torpedo being provided with this centre tube in addition to the -usual priming case, admits of its being used upon an emergency, special -ones not being at hand, for various other purposes, _viz._ clearing -away obstructions; as land torpedoes; as stationary torpedoes, provided -they are not to remain a very long time in the water. In these cases -the ordinary insulated wire and jointers are all that is required. If -required to be fired at will, it will be only necessary to force down the -bolt sufficiently to close the circuit through the fuze and then secure -it. If to be self-acting, leave the bolt up in its position, as when -working at sea, to be acted upon by pressure. - - -DESCRIPTION OF CAPT. C. A. MCEVOY’S CIRCUIT-CLOSING ARRANGEMENT FOR -HARVEY’S SEA TORPEDO. - -[Illustration: _Fig: 1._ _Fig: 2._ - -London: E. & F. N. Spon, 48, Charing Cross. - -Kell Bros. Lithrs. - -FIG. 1.—An exterior tube, _a a_; screw-head, [= _a_]; interior tube, -_b_; intermediate tube, _d_; firing bolt, _e_; spindle, _f_; long brass -spiral spring, _g_; short spiral spring, _h_; socket for spindle, _i i_; -insulated wire from battery, _k k_; insulated terminal, _l_; electric -fuze, _m_; priming space, _n n_; charging hole, _o_; insulated bridge, -_p_; metal bridge, _u_.] - -The electric wire _k k_ passes through the screw-head [= _a_] of external -tube _a a_, and winding spirally around the intermediate tube _d_, -terminates in a connection with the insulated bridge _p_ at _s_. The -intermediate tube _d_ is attached to the head of the spindle _f_ at _t_. -When pressure is brought to bear on the firing bolt _e_, the spindle _f_ -is forced down, and carries with it the insulated bridge _p_, until the -bridge touches the insulated terminal _l_. It will be seen that the -long spiral spring _g_ and short spiral spring _h_ serve to support -the spindle _f_, and keep the bridge _p_ off the terminal _l_ until -they are forced into contact. Whilst the insulated bridge _p_ remains -above the insulated terminal, the former is in constant contact with -the metal bridge _u_; but this contact is broken when the metal bridge -moves downward and before it makes contact with the insulated terminal -_l_. When the insulated bridge _p_ is in contact with the metal bridge -_u_, the electric fuze is out of circuit; and a current sent through -the torpedo will return by way of the earth without firing the torpedo; -but when contact with the metal bridge _u_ is broken, and contact with -the insulated terminal _l_ is made, the current is directed through the -electric fuze, and the torpedo fired. - -The priming in the tube is sufficient to rupture the tubes and ignite the -charge in the torpedo. - -Fig. 2 shows a section of the circuit-closer, with the spiral spring -slightly compressed, and the insulated bridge in contact with the -insulated terminal, and the circuit closed. By dispensing with the -electric fuze, and using in its place a piece of copper wire, any number -of experiments may be made with an uncharged torpedo without adjustment -or manipulation of any kind; it only being necessary to attach to the -return wire near the battery a galvanometer or electric fuze to indicate -the time of the impact. - - The torpedoes here described are manufactured by J. Vavasseur - and Co., at the London Ordnance Works; at which establishment - the inventor has every facility in the supervision of the - various details in the construction of the torpedoes, buoys, - and brakes. Such supervision of the torpedoes and their - equipments is highly essential to secure safety and efficiency. - - - - -TACTICS. - - -Torpedo vessels should, as a rule, attack under the cover of darkness. By -the experience gained in blockade running in the late American conflict, -we are assured that a vessel in rapid motion can, when it is dark, pass -with impunity close under the fire of hostile vessels, armed with cannon. - -In the more early stage of the torpedo, the tactics of vessels armed -with torpedoes embraced modes of attack that are not now entertained. So -general is becoming the use of torpedoes as a means both of defence and -offence, that vessels, which may be at anchor or moored in a harbour or -roadstead, would be protected by stationary torpedoes; the use of which -admits also of vessels, when at anchor or moored, protecting themselves -by placing a web of torpedoes in such manner as to render the attack -of a hostile vessel or boats extremely hazardous, and therefore not -likely to be attempted. But in the event of a vessel being at anchor in -a harbour or roadstead unprotected, she could be attacked, as shown in -the illustration of Tactics, under such conditions. As, however, vessels -armed with torpedoes are intended to work the arm against vessels at sea -or in motion, the management of the torpedo in so attacking vessels is -the more important part of the code of Tactics. - -It should be here remarked, that with a view to simplicity, the -explanations will be confined to a single steamer, the attacking vessel -adapted to the service of the arm in question, and confined also to a -single vessel, the object of attack. - - - - -CASE 1. - -ATTACKING A VESSEL MOORED HEAD AND STERN. - - -In this case the torpedo vessel steers in for the bow or quarter of -the vessel attacked, according to the direction of the current, and on -the side approached launches the torpedo between the moorings as at A; -leaving the tow-rope slack, the torpedo vessel proceeds ahead or astern -against the current, and when at a sufficient distance off, the tow-rope -is held fast, which will cause the torpedo to diverge into contact with -the vessel attacked, as shown by the drawing. - -[Illustration: Plate 4. - -Kell Bros. Lith. London. - -CASE 1.—ATTACKING A VESSEL MOORED HEAD AND STERN.] - - - - -CASE 2. - -ATTACKING A VESSEL AT ANCHOR BY CROSSING THE BOW. - - -In this case, the torpedo is sufficiently diverged when near to the -vessel with a good scope of tow-rope out. After having crossed her bow, -proceeding onwards, the tow-rope will be brought obliquely across her -cable, and the torpedo will swing into her, as shown in the drawing. It -may be here remarked that, in all cases, the depth of explosion can be -obtained by the sudden slacking of the tow-rope; and the tow-rope, once -under the keel, causes the torpedo to be hauled down near to it before -exploding. - -[Illustration: Plate 5. - -Kell Bros. Lith. London. - -CASE 2.—ATTACKING A VESSEL AT ANCHOR BY CROSSING THE BOW.] - - - - -CASE 3. - -ATTACKING A VESSEL AT ANCHOR BY PASSING ON EITHER SIDE DETERMINED UPON, -COMING UP FROM THE STERN. - - -In this case, the torpedo is launched when on the quarter of the vessel -attacked, as at A, the tow-rope left slack. After steaming ahead some -distance, hold fast the tow-rope, when, by continuing to steam on, -the torpedo will diverge into contact with the bottom of the vessel -attacked, as shown in the drawing. _When skilfully performed_, the total -destruction of the enemy is certain, since the torpedo is springing -from a depth to the surface, and will, in consequence, strike near the -keel. The torpedo vessel can pass at her greatest speed, and, if thought -necessary, near enough to clear away any of the ordinary obstructions, -such as booms, nets, &c. - -[Illustration: Plate 6. - -Kell Bros. Lith. London. - -CASE 3.—ATTACKING A VESSEL AT ANCHOR BY PASSING ON EITHER SIDE.] - - - - -CASE 4. - -ATTACKING A VESSEL AT ANCHOR BY COMING UP RIGHT ASTERN AND THEN PASSING -ON EITHER SIDE. - - -In this case, having determined upon the side it is desirable to pass, -a torpedo is launched accordingly. When near the vessel, the torpedo is -sufficiently diverged, and the torpedo vessel passing onwards ahead, the -torpedo is brought under the run or bottom of the vessel attacked, as -shown by the drawing. - -[Illustration: Plate 7. - -Kell Bros. Lith. London. - -CASE 4.—ATTACKING A VESSEL AT ANCHOR COMING UP FROM ASTERN AND THEN -PASSING ON EITHER SIDE.] - - - - -CASE 5. - -PASSING DOWN BETWEEN TWO LINES OF VESSELS AT ANCHOR, AND DESTROYING THEM -ON EITHER SIDE. - - -In this case, it would be impossible to fire at the torpedo vessel for -fear of injury to their friends. Two or more torpedo vessels following -each other with preconcerted signals would cause great destruction. - -[Illustration: Plate 8. - -Kell Bros. Lith. London. - -CASE 5.—PASSING BETWEEN TWO VESSELS AT ANCHOR.] - - - - -CASE 6. - -ATTACKING A VESSEL IN MOTION BY COMING DOWN FROM RIGHT AHEAD. - - -In this case, two torpedoes are launched, port and starboard, each -diverging to its full extent; when passing the vessel attacked, one -or the other of the tow-ropes is brought across the cut-water, and by -the simultaneous motion of the two vessels in opposite directions, -the torpedo is brought alongside of or under the bottom of the vessel -attacked, as shown by the drawing. The torpedo vessel should keep the -masts of her enemy in one until close to, when either torpedo will be -used, according to the movement of the enemy. At the time of the tow-rope -taking the cut-water, the brake is suddenly eased up; the tow-rope will -then pass under the bottom, when, by checking the tow-rope, the torpedo -will be hauled under the bottom. - -[Illustration: Plate 9. - -Kell Bros. Lith. London. - -CASE 6.—ATTACKING A VESSEL IN MOTION COMING DOWN FROM AHEAD.] - - - - -CASE 7. - -ATTACKING A VESSEL IN MOTION, COMING UP TO HER FROM RIGHT ASTERN. - - -In this case, two torpedoes are launched and diverged, as in Case 6; -and in this case it is assumed that the torpedo vessel can outspeed the -vessel attacked, which will enable her to bring a torpedo under the run -of the vessel attacked, as shown by the drawing. - -[Illustration: Plate 10. - -Kell Bros. Lith. London. - -CASE 7.—ATTACKING A VESSEL IN MOTION COMING UP FROM ASTERN.] - - - - -CASE 8. - -IF CHASED BY A HOSTILE VESSEL, AND IT IS DEEMED UNADVISABLE TO FACE HER -AND PROCEED AS IN CASE 6. - - -In this case, veer a torpedo astern, having first obtained a position -a little on the bow of the chasing vessel. When it is known, by the -length of the tow-rope out, that the torpedo is about abreast of her bow, -hold fast the tow-rope, which will cause the torpedo to diverge, and be -brought into contact, as shown in the drawing. As a last resort, drop -spanned torpedoes. - -[Illustration: Plate 11 - -Kell Bros. Lith. London. - -CASE 8.—CHASED BY A HOSTILE VESSEL.] - - - - -CASE 9. - -ATTACKING A VESSEL IN MOTION BY CROSSING HER BOW. - - -In this case, the torpedo being diverged when near, will, after crossing -the bow, be dragged into contact, as shown by the drawing. - -Torpedoes can be used with a stern-board, if necessary. The port torpedo, -in this case, will be launched on the starboard side, and the starboard -on the port side. - -[Illustration: Plate 12 - -Kell Bros. Lith. London. - -CASE 9.—ATTACKING A VESSEL IN MOTION BY CROSSING THE BOW.] - - - - -In conclusion, it should be stated that a dark night and tempestuous -weather are in favour of the attacking torpedo vessels; and these -conditions are especially advantageous when attacking large, long, -unwieldy vessels, and the greater the number of them together, the -more easily can they be disabled or destroyed, by reason of consequent -confusion. Though the sea torpedo can be used in the light of day, or -darkness of night, by vessels of the present navies, armed with cannon, -it is nevertheless earnestly advised that fast vessels be built of -comparatively small size and cost, adapted to the service of and armed -with torpedoes, by reason that such vessels can keep at sea for long -periods without replenishing supplies of coals and provisions; and -in conflict upon the ocean, can easily destroy or render unseaworthy -vessels, how large soever they may be, and armed with any cannon and -projectiles at present known. Hence the necessity of being prepared -with vessels suited to the change in naval warfare, and with officers -well practised in an arm which, sooner or later, will be adopted by -all Maritime States, by reason of its economy and efficiency. In the -tactics, here attempted to be rendered intelligible, it is presumed that -the various modes of attack are by small handy vessels adapted to the -service, and armed with torpedoes, against large unwieldy vessels, armed -with cannon. When it shall have been clearly demonstrated, in actual war, -that large vessels can be disabled or destroyed by small vessels, with -something like impunity, torpedo warfare will then take another form, -that of torpedo vessels against torpedo vessels, whose tactics will, in -due time, be a subject for another study. - - FREDERICK HARVEY, - _Commander R.N._ - - - - -THE SUBJOINED IS A REMARK UPON THE DESCRIPTION OF VESSEL ADAPTED TO THE -SERVICE OF THE SEA TORPEDO. - - -Vessels adapted to the service of the sea torpedo should be about 400 -tons burthen; her extreme length, over all, from taffrail to figure-head, -about 150 feet. The form of body to be such as to attain the greatest -practicable speed. - -Speed being the essential condition of a torpedo vessel, a perfectly -flush upper or weather deck, without any bulwarks, is advisable; instead -of bulwarks, life-lines, supported by stanchions, supply their place -to prevent accidents of falling overboard. Thus fitted, there would be -nothing to hold wind that could retard speed, as there is in vessels of -ordinary build. So covered in, the vessel would not, under any condition -of weather, ship water; she would not, from such cause, be in any danger -of foundering. - -The height of the weather-deck above the water-line at midships, 9 feet; -the height of the main deck above the water-line, 18 inches; leaving -a clear height between decks of 6 feet 6 inches. There should be two -water-tight bulkheads, one about 50 feet from the stem, and the other -about 20 feet from the stern-post; the two water-tight bulkheads come -up to the under side of the main deck, with which the bulkhead form -perfectly water-tight compartments. In the fore compartment, empty -water-tight cases would occupy the lower part, over which would be stowed -the cork buoys and some light resisting material, rendered uninflammable, -so that in the event of the fore body being ripped open below the -water-line, there would be no space for the admission of water; the -trim of the vessel would therefore be preserved. The after compartment -would be similarly stowed. There would be a capacious engine-room to -allow of powerful engines to work twin screws; there would also be -capacious coal-bunkers and a coal-hold before the engine-room; and -before the coal-hold a small hold for the stowage of cables and various -articles. There would also be a pilot-house, in which would be protected -the officer in command, who would be so placed as to have his orders -immediately obeyed. The torpedo-room, to contain about one hundred -torpedoes of various destructive powers, the weight of which may be -about 10 tons, would be in the after body, and as low down as may be -convenient. Upon the orlop deck, which covers the magazine, would be the -towing gear, and machinery for working such gear. On the orlop deck would -also be a steering wheel, by which the vessel would be steered when in -action. The space between the decks of the entire length of the vessel -would afford ample accommodation for officers and crew, embracing, also, -stowage for provisions and means of cooking. Ventilation and light would -be obtained by hatchways, fitted with skylights; and there would also be -side scuttles, which, from their height above water, would admit of their -being generally open. The rig would be that of a three-masted schooner, -having fore, main, and mizen gaffsails, with a fore staysail and two -jibs, inner and outer. When going into action, the sails would be lowered -and stowed; the vessel would then be entirely under steam. To each mast -there would be a yard of suitable dimensions, for the double purpose of -towing the torpedoes and setting flying square sails. The rigging would -not be rattled; the ascent to the masthead would be by a Jacob’s ladder -before the mast; there would be a small top to each masthead, principally -for the use of the look-out men. The crew would be stationed upon the -orlop deck, each man being provided with a life-belt. With regard to -boats, there may be a small stern boat, and two larger boats, stowed on -deck; and upon going into action, gripes or lashings should be cast off -so that the boats would instantly be disengaged from the vessel. - -Torpedo vessels for foreign service should, under the present -difficulties of keeping iron from oxidizing and fouling, be built -of timber. For home service, vessels constructed of iron would be -preferable, and with very reduced masts, to enable them to pass under the -yards of a vessel. One or two light guns, to bring-to an unarmed vessel, -and for signal purposes, on the weather-deck, and fired over all. - -[Illustration: Plate 3. - -Kell Bros. Lith. London. - -AN IRON CLAD FLEET SURPRISED AT SEA BY A SQUADRON OF TORPEDO CRAFT ARMED -WITH HARVEY’S SEA TORPEDOES.] - - -LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING -CROSS. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE MANAGEMENT -OF HARVEY'S SEA TORPEDO *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. 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