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+The Project Gutenberg EBook The Thirty Years War, by Schiller, Book IV.
+
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+Title: The Thirty Years War, Book IV.
+
+Author: Frederich Schiller
+
+Release Date: Oct, 2004  [EBook #6773]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on January 14, 2003]
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+Edition: 10
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+Language: English
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+Character set encoding: ASCII
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+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 30 YEARS WAR, BY SCHILLER, BOOK IV. ***
+
+
+
+This eBook was produced by David Widger, widger@cecomet.net
+
+
+
+
+
+                               THE WORKS
+
+                                   OF
+
+                           FREDERICK SCHILLER
+
+
+
+                       Translated from the German
+
+
+
+                              Illustrated
+
+
+               HISTORY OF THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR IN GERMANY.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                               BOOK IV.
+
+
+
+The weak bond of union, by which Gustavus Adolphus contrived to hold
+together the Protestant members of the empire, was dissolved by his
+death: the allies were now again at liberty, and their alliance, to
+last, must be formed anew.  By the former event, if unremedied, they
+would lose all the advantages they had gained at the cost of so much
+bloodshed, and expose themselves to the inevitable danger of becoming
+one after the other the prey of an enemy, whom, by their union alone,
+they had been able to oppose and to master.  Neither Sweden, nor any of
+the states of the empire, was singly a match with the Emperor and the
+League; and, by seeking a peace under the present state of things, they
+would necessarily be obliged to receive laws from the enemy.  Union was,
+therefore, equally indispensable, either for concluding a peace or
+continuing the war.  But a peace, sought under the present
+circumstances, could not fail to be disadvantageous to the allied
+powers.  With the death of Gustavus Adolphus, the enemy had formed new
+hopes; and however gloomy might be the situation of his affairs after
+the battle of Lutzen, still the death of his dreaded rival was an event
+too disastrous to the allies, and too favourable for the Emperor, not to
+justify him in entertaining the most brilliant expectations, and not to
+encourage him to the prosecution of the war.  Its inevitable
+consequence, for the moment at least, must be want of union among the
+allies, and what might not the Emperor and the League gain from such a
+division of their enemies?  He was not likely to sacrifice such
+prospects, as the present turn of affairs held out to him, for any
+peace, not highly beneficial to himself; and such a peace the allies
+would not be disposed to accept.  They naturally determined, therefore,
+to continue the war, and for this purpose, the maintenance of the
+existing union was acknowledged to be indispensable.
+
+But how was this union to be renewed? and whence were to be derived the
+necessary means for continuing the war?  It was not the power of Sweden,
+but the talents and personal influence of its late king, which had given
+him so overwhelming an influence in Germany, so great a command over the
+minds of men; and even he had innumerable difficulties to overcome,
+before he could establish among the states even a weak and wavering
+alliance.  With his death vanished all, which his personal qualities
+alone had rendered practicable; and the mutual obligation of the states
+seemed to cease with the hopes on which it had been founded.  Several
+impatiently threw off the yoke which had always been irksome; others
+hastened to seize the helm which they had unwillingly seen in the hands
+of Gustavus, but which, during his lifetime, they did not dare to
+dispute with him.  Some were tempted, by the seductive promises of the
+Emperor, to abandon the alliance; others, oppressed by the heavy burdens
+of a fourteen years' war, longed for the repose of peace, upon any
+conditions, however ruinous.  The generals of the army, partly German
+princes, acknowledged no common head, and no one would stoop to receive
+orders from another.  Unanimity vanished alike from the cabinet and the
+field, and their common weal was threatened with ruin, by the spirit of
+disunion.
+
+Gustavus had left no male heir to the crown of Sweden: his daughter
+Christina, then six years old, was the natural heir.  The unavoidable
+weakness of a regency, suited ill with that energy and resolution, which
+Sweden would be called upon to display in this trying conjuncture.  The
+wide reaching mind of Gustavus Adolphus had raised this unimportant, and
+hitherto unknown kingdom, to a rank among the powers of Europe, which it
+could not retain without the fortune and genius of its author, and from
+which it could not recede, without a humiliating confession of weakness.
+Though the German war had been conducted chiefly on the resources of
+Germany, yet even the small contribution of men and money, which Sweden
+furnished, had sufficed to exhaust the finances of that poor kingdom,
+and the peasantry groaned beneath the imposts necessarily laid upon
+them.  The plunder gained in Germany enriched only a few individuals,
+among the nobles and the soldiers, while Sweden itself remained poor as
+before.  For a time, it is true, the national glory reconciled the
+subject to these burdens, and the sums exacted, seemed but as a loan
+placed at interest, in the fortunate hand of Gustavus Adolphus, to be
+richly repaid by the grateful monarch at the conclusion of a glorious
+peace.  But with the king's death this hope vanished, and the deluded
+people now loudly demanded relief from their burdens.
+
+But the spirit of Gustavus Adolphus still lived in the men to whom he
+had confided the administration of the kingdom.  However dreadful to
+them, and unexpected, was the intelligence of his death, it did not
+deprive them of their manly courage; and the spirit of ancient Rome,
+under the invasion of Brennus and Hannibal, animated this noble
+assembly.  The greater the price, at which these hard-gained advantages
+had been purchased, the less readily could they reconcile themselves to
+renounce them:  not unrevenged was a king to be sacrificed.  Called on
+to choose between a doubtful and exhausting war, and a profitable but
+disgraceful peace, the Swedish council of state boldly espoused the side
+of danger and honour; and with agreeable surprise, men beheld this
+venerable senate acting with all the energy and enthusiasm of youth.
+Surrounded with watchful enemies, both within and without, and
+threatened on every side with danger, they armed themselves against them
+all, with equal prudence and heroism, and laboured to extend their
+kingdom, even at the moment when they had to struggle for its existence.
+
+The decease of the king, and the minority of his daughter Christina,
+renewed the claims of Poland to the Swedish throne; and King Ladislaus,
+the son of Sigismund, spared no intrigues to gain a party in Sweden.  On
+this ground, the regency lost no time in proclaiming the young queen,
+and arranging the administration of the regency.  All the officers of
+the kingdom were summoned to do homage to their new princess; all
+correspondence with Poland prohibited, and the edicts of previous
+monarchs against the heirs of Sigismund, confirmed by a solemn act of
+the nation.  The alliance with the Czar of Muscovy was carefully
+renewed, in order, by the arms of this prince, to keep the hostile Poles
+in check.  The death of Gustavus Adolphus had put an end to the jealousy
+of Denmark, and removed the grounds of alarm which had stood in the way
+of a good understanding between the two states.  The representations by
+which the enemy sought to stir up Christian IV.  against Sweden were no
+longer listened to; and the strong wish the Danish monarch entertained
+for the marriage of his son Ulrick with the young princess, combined,
+with the dictates of a sounder policy, to incline him to a neutrality.
+At the same time, England, Holland, and France came forward with the
+gratifying assurances to the regency of continued friendship and
+support, and encouraged them, with one voice, to prosecute with activity
+the war, which hitherto had been conducted with so much glory.  Whatever
+reason France might have to congratulate itself on the death of the
+Swedish conqueror, it was as fully sensible of the expediency of
+maintaining the alliance with Sweden.  Without exposing itself to great
+danger, it could not allow the power of Sweden to sink in Germany.  Want
+of resources of its own, would either drive Sweden to conclude a hasty
+and disadvantageous peace with Austria, and then all the past efforts to
+lower the ascendancy of this dangerous power would be thrown away; or
+necessity and despair would drive the armies to extort from the Roman
+Catholic states the means of support, and France would then be regarded
+as the betrayer of those very states, who had placed themselves under
+her powerful protection.  The death of Gustavus, far from breaking up
+the alliance between France and Sweden, had only rendered it more
+necessary for both, and more profitable for France.  Now, for the first
+time, since he was dead who had stretched his protecting arm over
+Germany, and guarded its frontiers against the encroaching designs of
+France, could the latter safely pursue its designs upon Alsace, and thus
+be enabled to sell its aid to the German Protestants at a dearer rate.
+
+Strengthened by these alliances, secured in its interior, and defended
+from without by strong frontier garrisons and fleets, the regency did
+not delay an instant to continue a war, by which Sweden had little of
+its own to lose, while, if success attended its arms, one or more of the
+German provinces might be won, either as a conquest, or indemnification
+of its expenses.  Secure amidst its seas, Sweden, even if driven out of
+Germany, would scarcely be exposed to greater peril, than if it
+voluntarily retired from the contest, while the former measure was as
+honourable, as the latter was disgraceful.  The more boldness the
+regency displayed, the more confidence would they inspire among their
+confederates, the more respect among their enemies, and the more
+favourable conditions might they anticipate in the event of peace.  If
+they found themselves too weak to execute the wide-ranging projects of
+Gustavus, they at least owed it to this lofty model to do their utmost,
+and to yield to no difficulty short of absolute necessity.  Alas, that
+motives of self-interest had too great a share in this noble
+determination, to demand our unqualified admiration! For those who had
+nothing themselves to suffer from the calamities of war, but were rather
+to be enriched by it, it was an easy matter to resolve upon its
+continuation; for the German empire was, in the end, to defray the
+expenses; and the provinces on which they reckoned, would be cheaply
+purchased with the few troops they sacrificed to them, and with the
+generals who were placed at the head of armies, composed for the most
+part of Germans, and with the honourable superintendence of all the
+operations, both military and political.
+
+But this superintendence was irreconcileable with the distance of the
+Swedish regency from the scene of action, and with the slowness which
+necessarily accompanies all the movements of a council.
+
+To one comprehensive mind must be intrusted the management of Swedish
+interests in Germany, and with full powers to determine at discretion
+all questions of war and peace, the necessary alliances, or the
+acquisitions made.  With dictatorial power, and with the whole influence
+of the crown which he was to represent, must this important magistrate
+be invested, in order to maintain its dignity, to enforce united and
+combined operations, to give effect to his orders, and to supply the
+place of the monarch whom he succeeded.  Such a man was found in the
+Chancellor Oxenstiern, the first minister, and what is more, the friend
+of the deceased king, who, acquainted with all the secrets of his
+master, versed in the politics of Germany, and in the relations of all
+the states of Europe, was unquestionably the fittest instrument to carry
+out the plans of Gustavus Adolphus in their full extent.
+
+Oxenstiern was on his way to Upper Germany, in order to assemble the
+four Upper Circles, when the news of the king's death reached him at
+Hanau.  This was a heavy blow, both to the friend and the statesman.
+Sweden, indeed, had lost but a king, Germany a protector; but
+Oxenstiern, the author of his fortunes, the friend of his soul, and the
+object of his admiration.  Though the greatest sufferer in the general
+loss, he was the first who by his energy rose from the blow, and the
+only one qualified to repair it.  His penetrating glance foresaw all the
+obstacles which would oppose the execution of his plans, the
+discouragement of the estates, the intrigues of hostile courts, the
+breaking up of the confederacy, the jealousy of the leaders, and the
+dislike of princes of the empire to submit to foreign authority.  But
+even this deep insight into the existing state of things, which revealed
+the whole extent of the evil, showed him also the means by which it
+might be overcome.  It was essential to revive the drooping courage of
+the weaker states, to meet the secret machinations of the enemy, to
+allay the jealousy of the more powerful allies, to rouse the friendly
+powers, and France in particular, to active assistance; but above all,
+to repair the ruined edifice of the German alliance, and to reunite the
+scattered strength of the party by a close and permanent bond of union.
+The dismay which the loss of their leader occasioned the German
+Protestants, might as readily dispose them to a closer alliance with
+Sweden, as to a hasty peace with the Emperor; and it depended entirely
+upon the course pursued, which of these alternatives they would adopt.
+Every thing might be lost by the slightest sign of despondency; nothing,
+but the confidence which Sweden showed in herself, could kindle among
+the Germans a noble feeling of self-confidence.  All the attempts of
+Austria, to detach these princes from the Swedish alliance, would be
+unavailing, the moment their eyes became opened to their true interests,
+and they were instigated to a public and formal breach with the Emperor.
+
+Before these measures could be taken, and the necessary points settled
+between the regency and their minister, a precious opportunity of action
+would, it is true, be lost to the Swedish army, of which the enemy would
+be sure to take the utmost advantage.  It was, in short, in the power of
+the Emperor totally to ruin the Swedish interest in Germany, and to this
+he was actually invited by the prudent councils of the Duke of
+Friedland.  Wallenstein advised him to proclaim a universal amnesty, and
+to meet the Protestant states with favourable conditions.  In the first
+consternation produced by the fall of Gustavus Adolphus, such a
+declaration would have had the most powerful effects, and probably would
+have brought the wavering states back to their allegiance.  But blinded
+by this unexpected turn of fortune, and infatuated by Spanish counsels,
+he anticipated a more brilliant issue from war, and, instead of
+listening to these propositions of an accommodation, he hastened to
+augment his forces.  Spain, enriched by the grant of the tenth of the
+ecclesiastical possessions, which the pope confirmed, sent him
+considerable supplies, negociated for him at the Saxon court, and
+hastily levied troops for him in Italy to be employed in Germany.  The
+Elector of Bavaria also considerably increased his military force; and
+the restless disposition of the Duke of Lorraine did not permit him to
+remain inactive in this favourable change of fortune.  But while the
+enemy were thus busy to profit by the disaster of Sweden, Oxenstiern was
+diligent to avert its most fatal consequences.
+
+Less apprehensive of open enemies, than of the jealousy of the friendly
+powers, he left Upper Germany, which he had secured by conquests and
+alliances, and set out in person to prevent a total defection of the
+Lower German states, or, what would have been almost equally ruinous to
+Sweden, a private alliance among themselves.  Offended at the boldness
+with which the chancellor assumed the direction of affairs, and inwardly
+exasperated at the thought of being dictated to by a Swedish nobleman,
+the Elector of Saxony again meditated a dangerous separation from
+Sweden; and the only question in his mind was, whether he should make
+full terms with the Emperor, or place himself at the head of the
+Protestants and form a third party in Germany.  Similar ideas were
+cherished by Duke Ulric of Brunswick, who, indeed, showed them openly
+enough by forbidding the Swedes from recruiting within his dominions,
+and inviting the Lower Saxon states to Luneburg, for the purpose of
+forming a confederacy among themselves.  The Elector of Brandenburg,
+jealous of the influence which Saxony was likely to attain in Lower
+Germany, alone manifested any zeal for the interests of the Swedish
+throne, which, in thought, he already destined for his son.  At the
+court of Saxony, Oxenstiern was no doubt honourably received; but,
+notwithstanding the personal efforts of the Elector of Brandenburg,
+empty promises of continued friendship were all which he could obtain.
+With the Duke of Brunswick he was more successful, for with him he
+ventured to assume a bolder tone.  Sweden was at the time in possession
+of the See of Magdeburg, the bishop of which had the power of assembling
+the Lower Saxon circle.  The chancellor now asserted the rights of the
+crown, and by this spirited proceeding, put a stop for the present to
+this dangerous assembly designed by the duke.  The main object, however,
+of his present journey and of his future endeavours, a general
+confederacy of the Protestants, miscarried entirely, and he was obliged
+to content himself with some unsteady alliances in the Saxon circles,
+and with the weaker assistance of Upper Germany.
+
+As the Bavarians were too powerful on the Danube, the assembly of the
+four Upper Circles, which should have been held at Ulm, was removed to
+Heilbronn, where deputies of more than twelve cities of the empire, with
+a brilliant crowd of doctors, counts, and princes, attended.  The
+ambassadors of foreign powers likewise, France, England, and Holland,
+attended this Congress, at which Oxenstiern appeared in person, with all
+the splendour of the crown whose representative he was.  He himself
+opened the proceedings, and conducted the deliberations.  After
+receiving from all the assembled estates assurances of unshaken
+fidelity, perseverance, and unity, he required of them solemnly and
+formally to declare the Emperor and the league as enemies.  But
+desirable as it was for Sweden to exasperate the ill-feeling between the
+emperor and the estates into a formal rupture, the latter, on the other
+hand, were equally indisposed to shut out the possibility of
+reconciliation, by so decided a step, and to place themselves entirely
+in the hands of the Swedes.  They maintained, that any formal
+declaration of war was useless and superfluous, where the act would
+speak for itself, and their firmness on this point silenced at last the
+chancellor.  Warmer disputes arose on the third and principal article of
+the treaty, concerning the means of prosecuting the war, and the quota
+which the several states ought to furnish for the support of the army.
+Oxenstiern's maxim, to throw as much as possible of the common burden on
+the states, did not suit very well with their determination to give as
+little as possible.  The Swedish chancellor now experienced, what had
+been felt by thirty emperors before him, to their cost, that of all
+difficult undertakings, the most difficult was to extort money from the
+Germans.  Instead of granting the necessary sums for the new armies to
+be raised, they eloquently dwelt upon the calamities occasioned by the
+former, and demanded relief from the old burdens, when they were
+required to submit to new.  The irritation which the chancellor's demand
+for money raised among the states, gave rise to a thousand complaints;
+and the outrages committed by the troops, in their marches and quarters,
+were dwelt upon with a startling minuteness and truth.
+
+In the service of two absolute monarchs, Oxenstiern had but little
+opportunity to become accustomed to the formalities and cautious
+proceedings of republican deliberations, or to bear opposition with
+patience.  Ready to act, the instant the necessity of action was
+apparent, and inflexible in his resolution, when he had once taken it,
+he was at a loss to comprehend the inconsistency of most men, who, while
+they desire the end, are yet averse to the means.  Prompt and impetuous
+by nature, he was so on this occasion from principle; for every thing
+depended on concealing the weakness of Sweden, under a firm and
+confident speech, and by assuming the tone of a lawgiver, really to
+become so.  It was nothing wonderful, therefore, if, amidst these
+interminable discussions with German doctors and deputies, he was
+entirely out of his sphere, and if the deliberateness which
+distinguishes the character of the Germans in their public
+deliberations, had driven him almost to despair.  Without respecting a
+custom, to which even the most powerful of the emperors had been obliged
+to conform, he rejected all written deliberations which suited so well
+with the national slowness of resolve.  He could not conceive how ten
+days could be spent in debating a measure, which with himself was
+decided upon its bare suggestion.  Harshly, however, as he treated the
+States, he found them ready enough to assent to his fourth motion, which
+concerned himself.  When he pointed out the necessity of giving a head
+and a director to the new confederation, that honour was unanimously
+assigned to Sweden, and he himself was humbly requested to give to the
+common cause the benefit of his enlightened experience, and to take upon
+himself the burden of the supreme command.  But in order to prevent his
+abusing the great powers thus conferred upon him, it was proposed, not
+without French influence, to appoint a number of overseers, in fact,
+under the name of assistants, to control the expenditure of the common
+treasure, and to consult with him as to the levies, marches, and
+quarterings of the troops.  Oxenstiern long and strenuously resisted
+this limitation of his authority, which could not fail to trammel him in
+the execution of every enterprise requiring promptitude or secrecy, and
+at last succeeded, with difficulty, in obtaining so far a modification
+of it, that his management in affairs of war was to be uncontrolled.
+The chancellor finally approached the delicate point of the
+indemnification which Sweden was to expect at the conclusion of the war,
+from the gratitude of the allies, and flattered himself with the hope
+that Pomerania, the main object of Sweden, would be assigned to her, and
+that he would obtain from the provinces, assurances of effectual
+cooperation in its acquisition.  But he could obtain nothing more than a
+vague assurance, that in a general peace the interests of all parties
+would be attended to.  That on this point, the caution of the estates
+was not owing to any regard for the constitution of the empire, became
+manifest from the liberality they evinced towards the chancellor, at the
+expense of the most sacred laws of the empire.  They were ready to grant
+him the archbishopric of Mentz, (which he already held as a conquest,)
+and only with difficulty did the French ambassador succeed in preventing
+a step, which was as impolitic as it was disgraceful.  Though on the
+whole, the result of the congress had fallen far short of Oxenstiern's
+expectations, he had at least gained for himself and his crown his main
+object, namely, the direction of the whole confederacy; he had also
+succeeded in strengthening the bond of union between the four upper
+circles, and obtained from the states a yearly contribution of two
+millions and a half of dollars, for the maintenance of the army.
+
+These concessions on the part of the States, demanded some return from
+Sweden.  A few weeks after the death of Gustavus Adolphus, sorrow ended
+the days of the unfortunate Elector Palatine.  For eight months he had
+swelled the pomp of his protector's court, and expended on it the small
+remainder of his patrimony.  He was, at last, approaching the goal of
+his wishes, and the prospect of a brighter future was opening, when
+death deprived him of his protector.  But what he regarded as the
+greatest calamity, was highly favourable to his heirs.  Gustavus might
+venture to delay the restoration of his dominions, or to load the gift
+with hard conditions; but Oxenstiern, to whom the friendship of England,
+Holland, and Brandenburg, and the good opinion of the Reformed States
+were indispensable, felt the necessity of immediately fulfilling the
+obligations of justice.  At this assembly, at Heilbronn, therefore, he
+engaged to surrender to Frederick's heirs the whole Palatinate, both the
+part already conquered, and that which remained to be conquered, with
+the exception of Manheim, which the Swedes were to hold, until they
+should be indemnified for their expenses.  The Chancellor did not
+confine his liberality to the family of the Palatine alone; the other
+allied princes received proofs, though at a later period, of the
+gratitude of Sweden, which, however, she dispensed at little cost to
+herself.
+
+Impartiality, the most sacred obligation of the historian, here compels
+us to an admission, not much to the honour of the champions of German
+liberty.  However the Protestant Princes might boast of the justice of
+their cause, and the sincerity of their conviction, still the motives
+from which they acted were selfish enough; and the desire of stripping
+others of their possessions, had at least as great a share in the
+commencement of hostilities, as the fear of being deprived of their own.
+Gustavus soon found that he might reckon much more on these selfish
+motives, than on their patriotic zeal, and did not fail to avail himself
+of them.  Each of his confederates received from him the promise of some
+possession, either already wrested, or to be afterwards taken from the
+enemy; and death alone prevented him from fulfilling these engagements.
+What prudence had suggested to the king, necessity now prescribed to his
+successor.  If it was his object to continue the war, he must be ready
+to divide the spoil among the allies, and promise them advantages from
+the confusion which it was his object to continue.  Thus he promised to
+the Landgrave of Hesse, the abbacies of Paderborn, Corvey, Munster, and
+Fulda; to Duke Bernard of Weimar, the Franconian Bishoprics; to the Duke
+of Wirtemberg, the Ecclesiastical domains, and the Austrian counties
+lying within his territories, all under the title of fiefs of Sweden.
+This spectacle, so strange and so dishonourable to the German character,
+surprised the Chancellor, who found it difficult to repress his
+contempt, and on one occasion exclaimed, "Let it be writ in our records,
+for an everlasting memorial, that a German prince made such a request of
+a Swedish nobleman, and that the Swedish nobleman granted it to the
+German upon German ground!"
+
+After these successful measures, he was in a condition to take the
+field, and prosecute the war with fresh vigour.  Soon after the victory
+at Lutzen, the troops of Saxony and Lunenburg united with the Swedish
+main body; and the Imperialists were, in a short time, totally driven
+from Saxony.  The united army again divided:  the Saxons marched towards
+Lusatia and Silesia, to act in conjunction with Count Thurn against the
+Austrians in that quarter; a part of the Swedish army was led by the
+Duke of Weimar into Franconia, and the other by George, Duke of
+Brunswick, into Westphalia and Lower Saxony.
+
+The conquests on the Lech and the Danube, during Gustavus's expedition
+into Saxony, had been maintained by the Palatine of Birkenfeld, and the
+Swedish General Banner, against the Bavarians; but unable to hold their
+ground against the victorious progress of the latter, supported as they
+were by the bravery and military experience of the Imperial General
+Altringer, they were under the necessity of summoning the Swedish
+General Horn to their assistance, from Alsace.  This experienced general
+having captured the towns of Benfeld, Schlettstadt, Colmar, and Hagenau,
+committed the defence of them to the Rhinegrave Otto Louis, and hastily
+crossed the Rhine to form a junction with Banner's army.  But although
+the combined force amounted to more than 16,000, they could not prevent
+the enemy from obtaining a strong position on the Swabian frontier,
+taking Kempten, and being joined by seven regiments from Bohemia.  In
+order to retain the command of the important banks of the Lech and the
+Danube, they were under the necessity of recalling the Rhinegrave Otto
+Louis from Alsace, where he had, after the departure of Horn, found it
+difficult to defend himself against the exasperated peasantry.  With his
+army, he was now summoned to strengthen the army on the Danube; and as
+even this reinforcement was insufficient, Duke Bernard of Weimar was
+earnestly pressed to turn his arms into this quarter.
+
+Duke Bernard, soon after the opening of the campaign of 1633, had made
+himself master of the town and territory of Bamberg, and was now
+threatening Wurtzburg.  But on receiving the summons of General Horn,
+without delay he began his march towards the Danube, defeated on his way
+a Bavarian army under John de Werth, and joined the Swedes near
+Donauwerth.  This numerous force, commanded by excellent generals, now
+threatened Bavaria with a fearful inroad.  The bishopric of Eichstadt
+was completely overrun, and Ingoldstadt was on the point of being
+delivered up by treachery to the Swedes.  Altringer, fettered in his
+movements by the express order of the Duke of Friedland, and left
+without assistance from Bohemia, was unable to check the progress of the
+enemy.  The most favourable circumstances combined to further the
+progress of the Swedish arms in this quarter, when the operations of the
+army were at once stopped by a mutiny among the officers.
+
+All the previous successes in Germany were owing altogether to arms; the
+greatness of Gustavus himself was the work of the army, the fruit of
+their discipline, their bravery, and their persevering courage under
+numberless dangers and privations.  However wisely his plans were laid
+in the cabinet, it was to the army ultimately that he was indebted for
+their execution; and the expanding designs of the general did but
+continually impose new burdens on the soldiers.  All the decisive
+advantages of the war, had been violently gained by a barbarous
+sacrifice of the soldiers' lives in winter campaigns, forced marches,
+stormings, and pitched battles; for it was Gustavus's maxim never to
+decline a battle, so long as it cost him nothing but men.  The soldiers
+could not long be kept ignorant of their own importance, and they justly
+demanded a share in the spoil which had been won by their own blood.
+Yet, frequently, they hardly received their pay; and the rapacity of
+individual generals, or the wants of the state, generally swallowed up
+the greater part of the sums raised by contributions, or levied upon the
+conquered provinces.  For all the privations he endured, the soldier had
+no other recompense than the doubtful chance either of plunder or
+promotion, in both of which he was often disappointed.  During the
+lifetime of Gustavus Adolphus, the combined influence of fear and hope
+had suppressed any open complaint, but after his death, the murmurs were
+loud and universal; and the soldiery seized the most dangerous moment to
+impress their superiors with a sense of their importance.  Two officers,
+Pfuhl and Mitschefal, notorious as restless characters, even during the
+King's life, set the example in the camp on the Danube, which in a few
+days was imitated by almost all the officers of the army.  They solemnly
+bound themselves to obey no orders, till these arrears, now outstanding
+for months, and even years, should be paid up, and a gratuity, either in
+money or lands, made to each man, according to his services.  "Immense
+sums," they said, "were daily raised by contributions, and all
+dissipated by a few.  They were called out to serve amidst frost and
+snow, and no reward requited their incessant labours.  The soldiers'
+excesses at Heilbronn had been blamed, but no one ever talked of their
+services.  The world rung with the tidings of conquests and victories,
+but it was by their hands that they had been fought and won."
+
+The number of the malcontents daily increased; and they even attempted
+by letters, (which were fortunately intercepted,) to seduce the armies
+on the Rhine and in Saxony.  Neither the representations of Bernard of
+Weimar, nor the stern reproaches of his harsher associate in command,
+could suppress this mutiny, while the vehemence of Horn seemed only to
+increase the insolence of the insurgents.  The conditions they insisted
+on, were that certain towns should be assigned to each regiment for the
+payment of arrears.  Four weeks were allowed to the Swedish Chancellor
+to comply with these demands; and in case of refusal, they announced
+that they would pay themselves, and never more draw a sword for Sweden.
+
+These pressing demands, made at the very time when the military chest
+was exhausted, and credit at a low ebb, greatly embarrassed the
+chancellor.  The remedy, he saw, must be found quickly, before the
+contagion should spread to the other troops, and he should be deserted
+by all his armies at once.  Among all the Swedish generals, there was
+only one of sufficient authority and influence with the soldiers to put
+an end to this dispute.  The Duke of Weimar was the favourite of the
+army, and his prudent moderation had won the good-will of the soldiers,
+while his military experience had excited their admiration.  He now
+undertook the task of appeasing the discontented troops; but, aware of
+his importance, he embraced the opportunity to make advantageous
+stipulations for himself, and to make the embarrassment of the
+chancellor subservient to his own views.
+
+Gustavus Adolphus had flattered him with the promise of the Duchy of
+Franconia, to be formed out of the Bishoprics of Wurtzburg and Bamberg,
+and he now insisted on the performance of this pledge.  He at the same
+time demanded the chief command, as generalissimo of Sweden.  The abuse
+which the Duke of Weimar thus made of his influence, so irritated
+Oxenstiern, that, in the first moment of his displeasure, he gave him
+his dismissal from the Swedish service.  But he soon thought better of
+it, and determined, instead of sacrificing so important a leader, to
+attach him to the Swedish interests at any cost.  He therefore granted
+to him the Franconian bishoprics, as a fief of the Swedish crown,
+reserving, however, the two fortresses of Wurtzburg and Koenigshofen,
+which were to be garrisoned by the Swedes; and also engaged, in name of
+the Swedish crown, to secure these territories to the duke.  His demand
+of the supreme authority was evaded on some specious pretext.  The duke
+did not delay to display his gratitude for this valuable grant, and by
+his influence and activity soon restored tranquillity to the army.
+Large sums of money, and still more extensive estates, were divided
+among the officers, amounting in value to about five millions of
+dollars, and to which they had no other right but that of conquest.  In
+the mean time, however, the opportunity for a great undertaking had been
+lost, and the united generals divided their forces to oppose the enemy
+in other quarters.
+
+Gustavus Horn, after a short inroad into the Upper Palatinate, and the
+capture of Neumark, directed his march towards the Swabian frontier,
+where the Imperialists, strongly reinforced, threatened Wuertemberg.  At
+his approach, the enemy retired to the Lake of Constance, but only to
+show the Swedes the road into a district hitherto unvisited by war.  A
+post on the entrance to Switzerland, would be highly serviceable to the
+Swedes, and the town of Kostnitz seemed peculiarly well fitted to be a
+point of communication between him and the confederated cantons.
+Accordingly, Gustavus Horn immediately commenced the siege of it; but
+destitute of artillery, for which he was obliged to send to Wirtemberg,
+he could not press the attack with sufficient vigour, to prevent the
+enemy from throwing supplies into the town, which the lake afforded them
+convenient opportunity of doing.  He, therefore, after an ineffectual
+attempt, quitted the place and its neighbourhood, and hastened to meet a
+more threatening danger upon the Danube.
+
+At the Emperor's instigation, the Cardinal Infante, the brother of
+Philip IV.  of Spain, and the Viceroy of Milan, had raised an army of
+14,000 men, intended to act upon the Rhine, independently of
+Wallenstein, and to protect Alsace.  This force now appeared in Bavaria,
+under the command of the Duke of Feria, a Spaniard; and, that they might
+be directly employed against the Swedes, Altringer was ordered to join
+them with his corps.  Upon the first intelligence of their approach,
+Horn had summoned to his assistance the Palsgrave of Birkenfeld, from
+the Rhine; and being joined by him at Stockach, boldly advanced to meet
+the enemy's army of 30,000 men.
+
+The latter had taken the route across the Danube into Swabia, where
+Gustavus Horn came so close upon them, that the two armies were only
+separated from each other by half a German mile.  But, instead of
+accepting the offer of battle, the Imperialists moved by the Forest
+towns towards Briesgau and Alsace, where they arrived in time to relieve
+Breysack, and to arrest the victorious progress of the Rhinegrave, Otto
+Louis.  The latter had, shortly before, taken the Forest towns, and,
+supported by the Palatine of Birkenfeld, who had liberated the Lower
+Palatinate and beaten the Duke of Lorraine out of the field, had once
+more given the superiority to the Swedish arms in that quarter.  He was
+now forced to retire before the superior numbers of the enemy; but Horn
+and Birkenfeld quickly advanced to his support, and the Imperialists,
+after a brief triumph, were again expelled from Alsace.  The severity of
+the autumn, in which this hapless retreat had to be conducted, proved
+fatal to most of the Italians; and their leader, the Duke of Feria, died
+of grief at the failure of his enterprise.
+
+In the mean time, Duke Bernard of Weimar had taken up his position on
+the Danube, with eighteen regiments of infantry and 140 squadrons of
+horse, to cover Franconia, and to watch the movements of the
+Imperial-Bavarian army upon that river.  No sooner had Altringer
+departed, to join the Italians under Feria, than Bernard, profiting by
+his absence, hastened across the Danube, and with the rapidity of
+lightning appeared before Ratisbon.  The possession of this town would
+ensure the success of the Swedish designs upon Bavaria and Austria; it
+would establish them firmly on the Danube, and provide a safe refuge in
+case of defeat, while it alone could give permanence to their conquests
+in that quarter.  To defend Ratisbon, was the urgent advice which the
+dying Tilly left to the Elector; and Gustavus Adolphus had lamented it
+as an irreparable loss, that the Bavarians had anticipated him in taking
+possession of this place.  Indescribable, therefore, was the
+consternation of Maximilian, when Duke Bernard suddenly appeared before
+the town, and prepared in earnest to besiege it.
+
+The garrison consisted of not more than fifteen companies, mostly
+newly-raised soldiers; although that number was more than sufficient to
+weary out an enemy of far superior force, if supported by well-disposed
+and warlike inhabitants.  But this was not the greatest danger which the
+Bavarian garrison had to contend against.  The Protestant inhabitants of
+Ratisbon, equally jealous of their civil and religious freedom, had
+unwillingly submitted to the yoke of Bavaria, and had long looked with
+impatience for the appearance of a deliverer.  Bernard's arrival before
+the walls filled them with lively joy; and there was much reason to fear
+that they would support the attempts of the besiegers without, by
+exciting a tumult within.  In this perplexity, the Elector addressed the
+most pressing entreaties to the Emperor and the Duke of Friedland to
+assist him, were it only with 5,000 men.  Seven messengers in succession
+were despatched by Ferdinand to Wallenstein, who promised immediate
+succours, and even announced to the Elector the near advance of 12,000
+men under Gallas; but at the same time forbade that general, under pain
+of death, to march.  Meanwhile the Bavarian commandant of Ratisbon, in
+the hope of speedy assistance, made the best preparations for defence,
+armed the Roman Catholic peasants, disarmed and carefully watched the
+Protestant citizens, lest they should attempt any hostile design against
+the garrison.  But as no relief arrived, and the enemy's artillery
+incessantly battered the walls, he consulted his own safety, and that of
+the garrison, by an honourable capitulation, and abandoned the Bavarian
+officials and ecclesiastics to the conqueror's mercy.
+
+The possession of Ratisbon, enlarged the projects of the duke, and
+Bavaria itself now appeared too narrow a field for his bold designs.  He
+determined to penetrate to the frontiers of Austria, to arm the
+Protestant peasantry against the Emperor, and restore to them their
+religious liberty.  He had already taken Straubingen, while another
+Swedish army was advancing successfully along the northern bank of the
+Danube.  At the head of his Swedes, bidding defiance to the severity of
+the weather, he reached the mouth of the Iser, which he passed in the
+presence of the Bavarian General Werth, who was encamped on that river.
+Passau and Lintz trembled for their fate; the terrified Emperor
+redoubled his entreaties and commands to Wallenstein, to hasten with all
+speed to the relief of the hard-pressed Bavarians.  But here the
+victorious Bernard, of his own accord, checked his career of conquest.
+Having in front of him the river Inn, guarded by a number of strong
+fortresses, and behind him two hostile armies, a disaffected country,
+and the river Iser, while his rear was covered by no tenable position,
+and no entrenchment could be made in the frozen ground, and threatened
+by the whole force of Wallenstein, who had at last resolved to march to
+the Danube, by a timely retreat he escaped the danger of being cut off
+from Ratisbon, and surrounded by the enemy.  He hastened across the Iser
+to the Danube, to defend the conquests he had made in the Upper
+Palatinate against Wallenstein, and fully resolved not to decline a
+battle, if necessary, with that general.  But Wallenstein, who was not
+disposed for any great exploits on the Danube, did not wait for his
+approach; and before the Bavarians could congratulate themselves on his
+arrival, he suddenly withdrew again into Bohemia.  The duke thus ended
+his victorious campaign, and allowed his troops their well-earned repose
+in winter quarters upon an enemy's country.
+
+While in Swabia the war was thus successfully conducted by Gustavus
+Horn, and on the Upper and Lower Rhine by the Palatine of Birkenfeld,
+General Baudissen, and the Rhinegrave Otto Louis, and by Duke Bernard on
+the Danube; the reputation of the Swedish arms was as gloriously
+sustained in Lower Saxony and Westphalia by the Duke of Lunenburg and
+the Landgrave of Hesse Cassel.  The fortress of Hamel was taken by Duke
+George, after a brave defence, and a brilliant victory obtained over the
+imperial General Gronsfeld, by the united Swedish and Hessian armies,
+near Oldendorf.  Count Wasaburg, a natural son of Gustavus Adolphus,
+showed himself in this battle worthy of his descent.  Sixteen pieces of
+cannon, the whole baggage of the Imperialists, together with 74 colours,
+fell into the hands of the Swedes; 3,000 of the enemy perished on the
+field, and nearly the same number were taken prisoners.  The town of
+Osnaburg surrendered to the Swedish Colonel Knyphausen, and Paderborn to
+the Landgrave of Hesse; while, on the other hand, Bueckeburg, a very
+important place for the Swedes, fell into the hands of the Imperialists.
+The Swedish banners were victorious in almost every quarter of Germany;
+and the year after the death of Gustavus, left no trace of the loss
+which had been sustained in the person of that great leader.
+
+In a review of the important events which signalized the campaign of
+1633, the inactivity of a man, of whom the highest expectations had been
+formed, justly excites astonishment.  Among all the generals who
+distinguished themselves in this campaign, none could be compared with
+Wallenstein, in experience, talents, and reputation; and yet, after the
+battle of Lutzen, we lose sight of him entirely.  The fall of his great
+rival had left the whole theatre of glory open to him; all Europe was
+now attentively awaiting those exploits, which should efface the
+remembrance of his defeat, and still prove to the world his military
+superiority.  Nevertheless, he continued inactive in Bohemia, while the
+Emperor's losses in Bavaria, Lower Saxony, and the Rhine, pressingly
+called for his presence--a conduct equally unintelligible to friend and
+foe--the terror, and, at the same time, the last hope of the Emperor.
+After the defeat of Lutzen he had hastened into Bohemia, where he
+instituted the strictest inquiry into the conduct of his officers in
+that battle.  Those whom the council of war declared guilty of
+misconduct, were put to death without mercy, those who had behaved with
+bravery, rewarded with princely munificence, and the memory of the dead
+honoured by splendid monuments.  During the winter, he oppressed the
+imperial provinces by enormous contributions, and exhausted the Austrian
+territories by his winter quarters, which he purposely avoided taking up
+in an enemy's country.  And in the spring of 1633, instead of being the
+first to open the campaign, with this well-chosen and well-appointed
+army, and to make a worthy display of his great abilities, he was the
+last who appeared in the field; and even then, it was an hereditary
+province of Austria, which he selected as the seat of war.
+
+Of all the Austrian provinces, Silesia was most exposed to danger.
+Three different armies, a Swedish under Count Thurn, a Saxon under
+Arnheim and the Duke of Lauenburg, and one of Brandenburg under
+Borgsdorf, had at the same time carried the war into this country; they
+had already taken possession of the most important places, and even
+Breslau had embraced the cause of the allies.  But this crowd of
+commanders and armies was the very means of saving this province to the
+Emperor; for the jealousy of the generals, and the mutual hatred of the
+Saxons and the Swedes, never allowed them to act with unanimity.
+Arnheim and Thurn contended for the chief command; the troops of
+Brandenburg and Saxony combined against the Swedes, whom they looked
+upon as troublesome strangers who ought to be got rid of as soon as
+possible.  The Saxons, on the contrary, lived on a very intimate footing
+with the Imperialists, and the officers of both these hostile armies
+often visited and entertained each other.  The Imperialists were allowed
+to remove their property without hindrance, and many did not affect to
+conceal that they had received large sums from Vienna.  Among such
+equivocal allies, the Swedes saw themselves sold and betrayed; and any
+great enterprise was out of the question, while so bad an understanding
+prevailed between the troops.  General Arnheim, too, was absent the
+greater part of the time; and when he at last returned, Wallenstein was
+fast approaching the frontiers with a formidable force.
+
+His army amounted to 40,000 men, while to oppose him the allies had only
+24,000.  They nevertheless resolved to give him battle, and marched to
+Munsterberg, where he had formed an intrenched camp.  But Wallenstein
+remained inactive for eight days; he then left his intrenchments, and
+marched slowly and with composure to the enemy's camp.  But even after
+quitting his position, and when the enemy, emboldened by his past delay,
+manfully prepared to receive him, he declined the opportunity of
+fighting.  The caution with which he avoided a battle was imputed to
+fear; but the well-established reputation of Wallenstein enabled him to
+despise this suspicion.  The vanity of the allies allowed them not to
+see that he purposely saved them a defeat, because a victory at that
+time would not have served his own ends.  To convince them of his
+superior power, and that his inactivity proceeded not from any fear of
+them, he put to death the commander of a castle that fell into his
+hands, because he had refused at once to surrender an untenable place.
+
+For nine days, did the two armies remain within musket-shot of each
+other, when Count Terzky, from the camp of the Imperialists, appeared
+with a trumpeter in that of the allies, inviting General Arnheim to a
+conference.  The purport was, that Wallenstein, notwithstanding his
+superiority, was willing to agree to a cessation of arms for six weeks.
+"He was come," he said, "to conclude a lasting peace with the Swedes,
+and with the princes of the empire, to pay the soldiers, and to satisfy
+every one.  All this was in his power; and if the Austrian court
+hesitated to confirm his agreement, he would unite with the allies, and
+(as he privately whispered to Arnheim) hunt the Emperor to the devil."
+At the second conference, he expressed himself still more plainly to
+Count Thurn.  "All the privileges of the Bohemians," he engaged, "should
+be confirmed anew, the exiles recalled and restored to their estates,
+and he himself would be the first to resign his share of them.  The
+Jesuits, as the authors of all past grievances, should be banished, the
+Swedish crown indemnified by stated payments, and all the superfluous
+troops on both sides employed against the Turks."  The last article
+explained the whole mystery.  "If," he continued, "HE should obtain the
+crown of Bohemia, all the exiles would have reason to applaud his
+generosity; perfect toleration of religions should be established within
+the kingdom, the Palatine family be reinstated in its rights, and he
+would accept the Margraviate of Moravia as a compensation for
+Mecklenburg.  The allied armies would then, under his command, advance
+upon Vienna, and sword in hand, compel the Emperor to ratify the
+treaty."
+
+Thus was the veil at last removed from the schemes, over which he had
+brooded for years in mysterious silence.  Every circumstance now
+convinced him that not a moment was to be lost in its execution.
+Nothing but a blind confidence in the good fortune and military genius
+of the Duke of Friedland, had induced the Emperor, in the face of the
+remonstrances of Bavaria and Spain, and at the expense of his own
+reputation, to confer upon this imperious leader such an unlimited
+command.  But this belief in Wallenstein's being invincible, had been
+much weakened by his inaction, and almost entirely overthrown by the
+defeat at Lutzen.  His enemies at the imperial court now renewed their
+intrigues; and the Emperor's disappointment at the failure of his hopes,
+procured for their remonstrances a favourable reception.  Wallenstein's
+whole conduct was now reviewed with the most malicious criticism; his
+ambitious haughtiness, his disobedience to the Emperor's orders, were
+recalled to the recollection of that jealous prince, as well as the
+complaints of the Austrian subjects against his boundless oppression;
+his fidelity was questioned, and alarming hints thrown out as to his
+secret views.  These insinuations, which the conduct of the duke seemed
+but too well to justify, failed not to make a deep impression on
+Ferdinand; but the step had been taken, and the great power with which
+Wallenstein had been invested, could not be taken from him without
+danger.  Insensibly to diminish that power, was the only course that now
+remained, and, to effect this, it must in the first place be divided;
+but, above all, the Emperor's present dependence on the good will of his
+general put an end to.  But even this right had been resigned in his
+engagement with Wallenstein, and the Emperor's own handwriting secured
+him against every attempt to unite another general with him in the
+command, or to exercise any immediate act of authority over the troops.
+As this disadvantageous contract could neither be kept nor broken,
+recourse was had to artifice.  Wallenstein was Imperial Generalissimo in
+Germany, but his command extended no further, and he could not presume
+to exercise any authority over a foreign army.  A Spanish army was
+accordingly raised in Milan, and marched into Germany under a Spanish
+general.  Wallenstein now ceased to be indispensable because he was no
+longer supreme, and in case of necessity, the Emperor was now provided
+with the means of support even against him.
+
+The duke quickly and deeply felt whence this blow came, and whither it
+was aimed.  In vain did he protest against this violation of the
+compact, to the Cardinal Infante; the Italian army continued its march,
+and he was forced to detach General Altringer to join it with a
+reinforcement.  He took care, indeed, so closely to fetter the latter,
+as to prevent the Italian army from acquiring any great reputation in
+Alsace and Swabia; but this bold step of the court awakened him from his
+security, and warned him of the approach of danger.  That he might not a
+second time be deprived of his command, and lose the fruit of all his
+labours, he must accelerate the accomplishment of his long meditated
+designs.  He secured the attachment of his troops by removing the
+doubtful officers, and by his liberality to the rest.  He had sacrificed
+to the welfare of the army every other order in the state, every
+consideration of justice and humanity, and therefore he reckoned upon
+their gratitude.  At the very moment when he meditated an unparalleled
+act of ingratitude against the author of his own good fortune, he
+founded all his hopes upon the gratitude which was due to himself.
+
+The leaders of the Silesian armies had no authority from their
+principals to consent, on their own discretion, to such important
+proposals as those of Wallenstein, and they did not even feel themselves
+warranted in granting, for more than a fortnight, the cessation of
+hostilities which he demanded.  Before the duke disclosed his designs to
+Sweden and Saxony, he had deemed it advisable to secure the sanction of
+France to his bold undertaking.  For this purpose, a secret negociation
+had been carried on with the greatest possible caution and distrust, by
+Count Kinsky with Feuquieres, the French ambassador at Dresden, and had
+terminated according to his wishes.  Feuquieres received orders from his
+court to promise every assistance on the part of France, and to offer
+the duke a considerable pecuniary aid in case of need.
+
+But it was this excessive caution to secure himself on all sides, that
+led to his ruin.  The French ambassador with astonishment discovered
+that a plan, which, more than any other, required secrecy, had been
+communicated to the Swedes and the Saxons.  And yet it was generally
+known that the Saxon ministry was in the interests of the Emperor, and
+on the other hand, the conditions offered to the Swedes fell too far
+short of their expectations to be likely to be accepted.  Feuquieres,
+therefore, could not believe that the duke could be serious in
+calculating upon the aid of the latter, and the silence of the former.
+He communicated accordingly his doubts and anxieties to the Swedish
+chancellor, who equally distrusted the views of Wallenstein, and
+disliked his plans.  Although it was no secret to Oxenstiern, that the
+duke had formerly entered into a similar negociation with Gustavus
+Adolphus, he could not credit the possibility of inducing a whole army
+to revolt, and of his extravagant promises.  So daring a design, and
+such imprudent conduct, seemed not to be consistent with the duke's
+reserved and suspicious temper, and he was the more inclined to consider
+the whole as the result of dissimulation and treachery, because he had
+less reason to doubt his prudence than his honesty.
+
+Oxenstiern's doubts at last affected Arnheim himself, who, in full
+confidence in Wallenstein's sincerity, had repaired to the chancellor at
+Gelnhausen, to persuade him to lend some of his best regiments to the
+duke, to aid him in the execution of the plan.  They began to suspect
+that the whole proposal was only a snare to disarm the allies, and to
+betray the flower of their troops into the hands of the Emperor.
+Wallenstein's well-known character did not contradict the suspicion, and
+the inconsistencies in which he afterwards involved himself, entirely
+destroyed all confidence in his sincerity.  While he was endeavouring to
+draw the Swedes into this alliance, and requiring the help of their best
+troops, he declared to Arnheim that they must begin with expelling the
+Swedes from the empire; and while the Saxon officers, relying upon the
+security of the truce, repaired in great numbers to his camp, he made an
+unsuccessful attempt to seize them.  He was the first to break the
+truce, which some months afterwards he renewed, though not without great
+difficulty.  All confidence in his sincerity was lost; his whole conduct
+was regarded as a tissue of deceit and low cunning, devised to weaken
+the allies and repair his own strength.  This indeed he actually did
+effect, as his own army daily augmented, while that of the allies was
+reduced nearly one half by desertion and bad provisions.  But he did not
+make that use of his superiority which Vienna expected.  When all men
+were looking for a decisive blow to be struck, he suddenly renewed the
+negociations; and when the truce lulled the allies into security, he as
+suddenly recommenced hostilities.  All these contradictions arose out of
+the double and irreconcileable designs to ruin at once the Emperor and
+the Swedes, and to conclude a separate peace with the Saxons.
+
+Impatient at the ill success of his negociations, he at last determined
+to display his strength; the more so, as the pressing distress within
+the empire, and the growing dissatisfaction of the Imperial court,
+admitted not of his making any longer delay.  Before the last cessation
+of hostilities, General Holk, from Bohemia, had attacked the circle of
+Meissen, laid waste every thing on his route with fire and sword, driven
+the Elector into his fortresses, and taken the town of Leipzig.  But the
+truce in Silesia put a period to his ravages, and the consequences of
+his excesses brought him to the grave at Adorf.  As soon as hostilities
+were recommenced, Wallenstein made a movement, as if he designed to
+penetrate through Lusatia into Saxony, and circulated the report that
+Piccolomini had already invaded that country.  Arnheim immediately broke
+up his camp in Silesia, to follow him, and hastened to the assistance of
+the Electorate.  By this means the Swedes were left exposed, who were
+encamped in small force under Count Thurn, at Steinau, on the Oder, and
+this was exactly what Wallenstein desired.  He allowed the Saxon general
+to advance sixteen miles towards Meissen, and then suddenly turning
+towards the Oder, surprised the Swedish army in the most complete
+security.  Their cavalry were first beaten by General Schafgotsch, who
+was sent against them, and the infantry completely surrounded at Steinau
+by the duke's army which followed.  Wallenstein gave Count Thurn half an
+hour to deliberate whether he would defend himself with 2,500 men,
+against more than 20,000, or surrender at discretion.  But there was no
+room for deliberation.  The army surrendered, and the most complete
+victory was obtained without bloodshed.  Colours, baggage, and artillery
+all fell into the hands of the victors, the officers were taken into
+custody, the privates drafted into the army of Wallenstein.  And now at
+last, after a banishment of fourteen years, after numberless changes of
+fortune, the author of the Bohemian insurrection, and the remote origin
+of this destructive war, the notorious Count Thurn, was in the power of
+his enemies.  With blood-thirsty impatience, the arrival of this great
+criminal was looked for in Vienna, where they already anticipated the
+malicious triumph of sacrificing so distinguished a victim to public
+justice.  But to deprive the Jesuits of this pleasure, was a still
+sweeter triumph to Wallenstein, and Thurn was set at liberty.
+Fortunately for him, he knew more than it was prudent to have divulged
+in Vienna, and his enemies were also those of Wallenstein.  A defeat
+might have been forgiven in Vienna, but this disappointment of their
+hopes they could not pardon.  "What should I have done with this
+madman?" he writes, with a malicious sneer, to the minister who called
+him to account for this unseasonable magnanimity.  "Would to Heaven the
+enemy had no generals but such as he.  At the head of the Swedish army,
+he will render us much better service than in prison."
+
+The victory of Steinau was followed by the capture of Liegnitz,
+Grossglogau, and even of Frankfort on the Oder.  Schafgotsch, who
+remained in Silesia to complete the subjugation of that province,
+blockaded Brieg, and threatened Breslau, though in vain, as that free
+town was jealous of its privileges, and devoted to the Swedes.  Colonels
+Illo and Goetz were ordered by Wallenstein to the Warta, to push
+forwards into Pomerania, and to the coasts of the Baltic, and actually
+obtained possession of Landsberg, the key of Pomerania.  While thus the
+Elector of Brandenburg and the Duke of Pomerania were made to tremble
+for their dominions, Wallenstein himself, with the remainder of his
+army, burst suddenly into Lusatia, where he took Goerlitz by storm, and
+forced Bautzen to surrender.  But his object was merely to alarm the
+Elector of Saxony, not to follow up the advantages already obtained; and
+therefore, even with the sword in his hand, he continued his
+negociations for peace with Brandenburg and Saxony, but with no better
+success than before, as the inconsistencies of his conduct had destroyed
+all confidence in his sincerity.  He was therefore on the point of
+turning his whole force in earnest against the unfortunate Saxons, and
+effecting his object by force of arms, when circumstances compelled him
+to leave these territories.  The conquests of Duke Bernard upon the
+Danube, which threatened Austria itself with immediate danger, urgently
+demanded his presence in Bavaria; and the expulsion of the Saxons and
+Swedes from Silesia, deprived him of every pretext for longer resisting
+the Imperial orders, and leaving the Elector of Bavaria without
+assistance.  With his main body, therefore, he immediately set out for
+the Upper Palatinate, and his retreat freed Upper Saxony for ever of
+this formidable enemy.
+
+So long as was possible, he had delayed to move to the rescue of
+Bavaria, and on every pretext evaded the commands of the Emperor.  He
+had, indeed, after reiterated remonstrances, despatched from Bohemia a
+reinforcement of some regiments to Count Altringer, who was defending
+the Lech and the Danube against Horn and Bernard, but under the express
+condition of his acting merely on the defensive.  He referred the
+Emperor and the Elector, whenever they applied to him for aid, to
+Altringer, who, as he publicly gave out, had received unlimited powers;
+secretly, however, he tied up his hands by the strictest injunctions,
+and even threatened him with death, if he exceeded his orders.  When
+Duke Bernard had appeared before Ratisbon, and the Emperor as well as
+the Elector repeated still more urgently their demand for succour, he
+pretended he was about to despatch General Gallas with a considerable
+army to the Danube; but this movement also was delayed, and Ratisbon,
+Straubing, and Cham, as well as the bishopric of Eichstaedt, fell into
+the hands of the Swedes.  When at last he could no longer neglect the
+orders of the Court, he marched slowly toward the Bavarian frontier,
+where he invested the town of Cham, which had been taken by the Swedes.
+But no sooner did he learn that on the Swedish side a diversion was
+contemplated, by an inroad of the Saxons into Bohemia, than he availed
+himself of the report, as a pretext for immediately retreating into that
+kingdom.  Every consideration, he urged, must be postponed to the
+defence and preservation of the hereditary dominions of the Emperor; and
+on this plea, he remained firmly fixed in Bohemia, which he guarded as
+if it had been his own property.  And when the Emperor laid upon him his
+commands to move towards the Danube, and prevent the Duke of Weimar from
+establishing himself in so dangerous a position on the frontiers of
+Austria, Wallenstein thought proper to conclude the campaign a second
+time, and quartered his troops for the winter in this exhausted kingdom.
+
+Such continued insolence and unexampled contempt of the Imperial orders,
+as well as obvious neglect of the common cause, joined to his equivocal
+behaviour towards the enemy, tended at last to convince the Emperor of
+the truth of those unfavourable reports with regard to the Duke, which
+were current through Germany.  The latter had, for a long time,
+succeeded in glozing over his criminal correspondence with the enemy,
+and persuading the Emperor, still prepossessed in his favour, that the
+sole object of his secret conferences was to obtain peace for Germany.
+But impenetrable as he himself believed his proceedings to be, in the
+course of his conduct, enough transpired to justify the insinuations
+with which his rivals incessantly loaded the ear of the Emperor.  In
+order to satisfy himself of the truth or falsehood of these rumours,
+Ferdinand had already, at different times, sent spies into Wallenstein's
+camp; but as the Duke took the precaution never to commit anything to
+writing, they returned with nothing but conjectures.  But when, at last,
+those ministers who formerly had been his champions at the court, in
+consequence of their estates not being exempted by Wallenstein from the
+general exactions, joined his enemies; when the Elector of Bavaria
+threatened, in case of Wallenstein being any longer retained in the
+supreme command, to unite with the Swedes; when the Spanish ambassador
+insisted on his dismissal, and threatened, in case of refusal, to
+withdraw the subsidies furnished by his Crown, the Emperor found himself
+a second time compelled to deprive him of the command.
+
+The Emperor's authoritative and direct interference with the army, soon
+convinced the Duke that the compact with himself was regarded as at an
+end, and that his dismissal was inevitable.  One of his inferior
+generals in Austria, whom he had forbidden, under pain of death, to obey
+the orders of the court, received the positive commands of the Emperor
+to join the Elector of Bavaria; and Wallenstein himself was imperiously
+ordered to send some regiments to reinforce the army of the Cardinal
+Infante, who was on his march from Italy.  All these measures convinced
+him that the plan was finally arranged to disarm him by degrees, and at
+once, when he was weak and defenceless, to complete his ruin.
+
+In self-defence, must he now hasten to carry into execution the plans
+which he had originally formed only with the view to aggrandizement.  He
+had delayed too long, either because the favourable configuration of the
+stars had not yet presented itself, or, as he used to say, to check the
+impatience of his friends, because THE TIME WAS NOT YET COME.  The time,
+even now, was not come:  but the pressure of circumstances no longer
+allowed him to await the favour of the stars.  The first step was to
+assure himself of the sentiments of his principal officers, and then to
+try the attachment of the army, which he had so long confidently
+reckoned on.  Three of them, Colonels Kinsky, Terzky, and Illo, had long
+been in his secrets, and the two first were further united to his
+interests by the ties of relationship.  The same wild ambition, the same
+bitter hatred of the government, and the hope of enormous rewards, bound
+them in the closest manner to Wallenstein, who, to increase the number
+of his adherents, could stoop to the lowest means.  He had once advised
+Colonel Illo to solicit, in Vienna, the title of Count, and had promised
+to back his application with his powerful mediation.  But he secretly
+wrote to the ministry, advising them to refuse his request, as to grant
+it would give rise to similar demands from others, whose services and
+claims were equal to his.  On Illo's return to the camp, Wallenstein
+immediately demanded to know the success of his mission; and when
+informed by Illo of its failure, he broke out into the bitterest
+complaints against the court.  "Thus," said he, "are our faithful
+services rewarded.  My recommendation is disregarded, and your merit
+denied so trifling a reward!  Who would any longer devote his services
+to so ungrateful a master?  No, for my part, I am henceforth the
+determined foe of Austria."  Illo agreed with him, and a close alliance
+was cemented between them.
+
+But what was known to these three confidants of the duke, was long an
+impenetrable secret to the rest; and the confidence with which
+Wallenstein spoke of the devotion of his officers, was founded merely on
+the favours he had lavished on them, and on their known dissatisfaction
+with the Court.  But this vague presumption must be converted into
+certainty, before he could venture to lay aside the mask, or take any
+open step against the Emperor.  Count Piccolomini, who had distinguished
+himself by his unparalleled bravery at Lutzen, was the first whose
+fidelity he put to the proof.  He had, he thought, gained the attachment
+of this general by large presents, and preferred him to all others,
+because born under the same constellations with himself.  He disclosed
+to him, that, in consequence of the Emperor's ingratitude, and the near
+approach of his own danger, he had irrevocably determined entirely to
+abandon the party of Austria, to join the enemy with the best part of
+his army, and to make war upon the House of Austria, on all sides of its
+dominions, till he had wholly extirpated it.  In the execution of this
+plan, he principally reckoned on the services of Piccolomini, and had
+beforehand promised him the greatest rewards.  When the latter, to
+conceal his amazement at this extraordinary communication, spoke of the
+dangers and obstacles which would oppose so hazardous an enterprise,
+Wallenstein ridiculed his fears.  "In such enterprises," he maintained,
+"nothing was difficult but the commencement.  The stars were propitious
+to him, the opportunity the best that could be wished for, and something
+must always be trusted to fortune.  His resolution was taken, and if it
+could not be otherwise, he would encounter the hazard at the head of a
+thousand horse."  Piccolomini was careful not to excite Wallenstein's
+suspicions by longer opposition, and yielded apparently to the force of
+his reasoning.  Such was the infatuation of the Duke, that
+notwithstanding the warnings of Count Terzky, he never doubted the
+sincerity of this man, who lost not a moment in communicating to the
+court at Vienna this important conversation.
+
+Preparatory to taking the last decisive step, he, in January 1634,
+called a meeting of all the commanders of the army at Pilsen, whither he
+had marched after his retreat from Bavaria.  The Emperor's recent orders
+to spare his hereditary dominions from winter quarterings, to recover
+Ratisbon in the middle of winter, and to reduce the army by a detachment
+of six thousand horse to the Cardinal Infante, were matters sufficiently
+grave to be laid before a council of war; and this plausible pretext
+served to conceal from the curious the real object of the meeting.
+Sweden and Saxony received invitations to be present, in order to treat
+with the Duke of Friedland for a peace; to the leaders of more distant
+armies, written communications were made.  Of the commanders thus
+summoned, twenty appeared; but three most influential, Gallas,
+Colloredo, and Altringer, were absent.  The Duke reiterated his summons
+to them, and in the mean time, in expectation of their speedy arrival,
+proceeded to execute his designs.
+
+It was no light task that he had to perform:  a nobleman, proud, brave,
+and jealous of his honour, was to declare himself capable of the basest
+treachery, in the very presence of those who had been accustomed to
+regard him as the representative of majesty, the judge of their actions,
+and the supporter of their laws, and to show himself suddenly as a
+traitor, a cheat, and a rebel.  It was no easy task, either, to shake to
+its foundations a legitimate sovereignty, strengthened by time and
+consecrated by laws and religion; to dissolve all the charms of the
+senses and the imagination, those formidable guardians of an established
+throne, and to attempt forcibly to uproot those invincible feelings of
+duty, which plead so loudly and so powerfully in the breast of the
+subject, in favour of his sovereign.  But, blinded by the splendour of a
+crown, Wallenstein observed not the precipice that yawned beneath his
+feet; and in full reliance on his own strength, the common case with
+energetic and daring minds, he stopped not to consider the magnitude and
+the number of the difficulties that opposed him.  Wallenstein saw
+nothing but an army, partly indifferent and partly exasperated against
+the court, accustomed, with a blind submission, to do homage to his
+great name, to bow to him as their legislator and judge, and with
+trembling reverence to follow his orders as the decrees of fate.  In the
+extravagant flatteries which were paid to his omnipotence, in the bold
+abuse of the court government, in which a lawless soldiery indulged, and
+which the wild licence of the camp excused, he thought he read the
+sentiments of the army; and the boldness with which they were ready to
+censure the monarch's measures, passed with him for a readiness to
+renounce their allegiance to a sovereign so little respected.  But that
+which he had regarded as the lightest matter, proved the most formidable
+obstacle with which he had to contend; the soldiers' feelings of
+allegiance were the rock on which his hopes were wrecked.  Deceived by
+the profound respect in which he was held by these lawless bands, he
+ascribed the whole to his own personal greatness, without distinguishing
+how much he owed to himself, and how much to the dignity with which he
+was invested.  All trembled before him, while he exercised a legitimate
+authority, while obedience to him was a duty, and while his consequence
+was supported by the majesty of the sovereign.  Greatness, in and of
+itself, may excite terror and admiration; but legitimate greatness alone
+can inspire reverence and submission; and of this decisive advantage he
+deprived himself, the instant he avowed himself a traitor.
+
+Field-Marshal Illo undertook to learn the sentiments of the officers,
+and to prepare them for the step which was expected of them.  He began
+by laying before them the new orders of the court to the general and the
+army; and by the obnoxious turn he skilfully gave to them, he found it
+easy to excite the indignation of the assembly.  After this well chosen
+introduction, he expatiated with much eloquence upon the merits of the
+army and the general, and the ingratitude with which the Emperor was
+accustomed to requite them.  "Spanish influence," he maintained,
+"governed the court; the ministry were in the pay of Spain; the Duke of
+Friedland alone had hitherto opposed this tyranny, and had thus drawn
+down upon himself the deadly enmity of the Spaniards.  To remove him
+from the command, or to make away with him entirely," he continued, "had
+long been the end of their desires; and, until they could succeed in one
+or other, they endeavoured to abridge his power in the field.  The
+command was to be placed in the hands of the King of Hungary, for no
+other reason than the better to promote the Spanish power in Germany;
+because this prince, as the ready instrument of foreign counsels, might
+be led at pleasure.  It was merely with the view of weakening the army,
+that the six thousand troops were required for the Cardinal Infante; it
+was solely for the purpose of harassing it by a winter campaign, that
+they were now called on, in this inhospitable season, to undertake the
+recovery of Ratisbon.  The means of subsistence were everywhere rendered
+difficult, while the Jesuits and the ministry enriched themselves with
+the sweat of the provinces, and squandered the money intended for the
+pay of the troops.  The general, abandoned by the court, acknowledges
+his inability to keep his engagements to the army.  For all the services
+which, for two and twenty years, he had rendered the House of Austria;
+for all the difficulties with which he had struggled; for all the
+treasures of his own, which he had expended in the imperial service, a
+second disgraceful dismissal awaited him.  But he was resolved the
+matter should not come to this; he was determined voluntarily to resign
+the command, before it should be wrested from his hands; and this,"
+continued the orator, "is what, through me, he now makes known to his
+officers.  It was now for them to say whether it would be advisable to
+lose such a general.  Let each consider who was to refund him the sums
+he had expended in the Emperor's service, and where he was now to reap
+the reward of their bravery, when he who was their evidence removed from
+the scene."
+
+A universal cry, that they would not allow their general to be taken
+from them, interrupted the speaker.  Four of the principal officers were
+deputed to lay before him the wish of the assembly, and earnestly to
+request that he would not leave the army.  The duke made a show of
+resistance, and only yielded after the second deputation.  This
+concession on his side, seemed to demand a return on theirs; as he
+engaged not to quit the service without the knowledge and consent of the
+generals, he required of them, on the other hand, a written promise to
+truly and firmly adhere to him, neither to separate nor to allow
+themselves to be separated from him, and to shed their last drop of
+blood in his defence.  Whoever should break this covenant, was to be
+regarded as a perfidious traitor, and treated by the rest as a common
+enemy.  The express condition which was added, "AS LONG AS WALLENSTEIN
+SHALL EMPLOY THE ARMY IN THE EMPEROR'S SERVICE," seemed to exclude all
+misconception, and none of the assembled generals hesitated at once to
+accede to a demand, apparently so innocent and so reasonable.
+
+This document was publicly read before an entertainment, which
+Field-Marshal Illo had expressly prepared for the purpose; it was to be
+signed, after they rose from table.  The host did his utmost to stupify
+his guests by strong potations; and it was not until he saw them
+affected with the wine, that he produced the paper for signature.  Most
+of them wrote their names, without knowing what they were subscribing; a
+few only, more curious or more distrustful, read the paper over again,
+and discovered with astonishment that the clause "as long as Wallenstein
+shall employ the army for the Emperor's service" was omitted.  Illo had,
+in fact, artfully contrived to substitute for the first another copy, in
+which these words were wanting.  The trick was manifest, and many
+refused now to sign.  Piccolomini, who had seen through the whole cheat,
+and had been present at this scene merely with the view of giving
+information of the whole to the court, forgot himself so far in his cups
+as to drink the Emperor's health.  But Count Terzky now rose, and
+declared that all were perjured villains who should recede from their
+engagement.  His menaces, the idea of the inevitable danger to which
+they who resisted any longer would be exposed, the example of the rest,
+and Illo's rhetoric, at last overcame their scruples; and the paper was
+signed by all without exception.
+
+Wallenstein had now effected his purpose; but the unexpected resistance
+he had met with from the commanders roused him at last from the fond
+illusions in which he had hitherto indulged.  Besides, most of the names
+were scrawled so illegibly, that some deceit was evidently intended.
+But instead of being recalled to his discretion by this warning, he gave
+vent to his injured pride in undignified complaints and reproaches.  He
+assembled the generals the next day, and undertook personally to confirm
+the whole tenor of the agreement which Illo had submitted to them the
+day before.  After pouring out the bitterest reproaches and abuse
+against the court, he reminded them of their opposition to the
+proposition of the previous day, and declared that this circumstance had
+induced him to retract his own promise.  The generals withdrew in
+silence and confusion; but after a short consultation in the
+antichamber, they returned to apologize for their late conduct, and
+offered to sign the paper anew.
+
+Nothing now remained, but to obtain a similar assurance from the absent
+generals, or, on their refusal, to seize their persons.  Wallenstein
+renewed his invitation to them, and earnestly urged them to hasten their
+arrival.  But a rumour of the doings at Pilsen reached them on their
+journey, and suddenly stopped their further progress.  Altringer, on
+pretence of sickness, remained in the strong fortress of Frauenberg.
+Gallas made his appearance, but merely with the design of better
+qualifying himself as an eyewitness, to keep the Emperor informed of all
+Wallenstein's proceedings.  The intelligence which he and Piccolomini
+gave, at once converted the suspicions of the court into an alarming
+certainty.  Similar disclosures, which were at the same time made from
+other quarters, left no room for farther doubt; and the sudden change of
+the commanders in Austria and Silesia, appeared to be the prelude to
+some important enterprise.  The danger was pressing, and the remedy must
+be speedy, but the court was unwilling to proceed at once to the
+execution of the sentence, till the regular forms of justice were
+complied with.  Secret instructions were therefore issued to the
+principal officers, on whose fidelity reliance could be placed, to seize
+the persons of the Duke of Friedland and of his two associates, Illo and
+Terzky, and keep them in close confinement, till they should have an
+opportunity of being heard, and of answering for their conduct; but if
+this could not be accomplished quietly, the public danger required that
+they should be taken dead or live.  At the same time, General Gallas
+received a patent commission, by which these orders of the Emperor were
+made known to the colonels and officers, and the army was released from
+its obedience to the traitor, and placed under Lieutenant-General
+Gallas, till a new generalissimo could be appointed.  In order to bring
+back the seduced and deluded to their duty, and not to drive the guilty
+to despair, a general amnesty was proclaimed, in regard to all offences
+against the imperial majesty committed at Pilsen.
+
+General Gallas was not pleased with the honour which was done him.  He
+was at Pilsen, under the eye of the person whose fate he was to dispose
+of; in the power of an enemy, who had a hundred eyes to watch his
+motions.  If Wallenstein once discovered the secret of his commission,
+nothing could save him from the effects of his vengeance and despair.
+But if it was thus dangerous to be the secret depositary of such a
+commission, how much more so to execute it?  The sentiments of the
+generals were uncertain; and it was at least doubtful whether, after the
+step they had taken, they would be ready to trust the Emperor's
+promises, and at once to abandon the brilliant expectations they had
+built upon Wallenstein's enterprise.  It was also hazardous to attempt
+to lay hands on the person of a man who, till now, had been considered
+inviolable; who from long exercise of supreme power, and from habitual
+obedience, had become the object of deepest respect; who was invested
+with every attribute of outward majesty and inward greatness; whose very
+aspect inspired terror, and who by a nod disposed of life and death! To
+seize such a man, like a common criminal, in the midst of the guards by
+whom he was surrounded, and in a city apparently devoted to him; to
+convert the object of this deep and habitual veneration into a subject
+of compassion, or of contempt, was a commission calculated to make even
+the boldest hesitate.  So deeply was fear and veneration for their
+general engraven in the breasts of the soldiers, that even the atrocious
+crime of high treason could not wholly eradicate these sentiments.
+
+Gallas perceived the impossibility of executing his commission under the
+eyes of the duke; and his most anxious wish was, before venturing on any
+steps, to have an interview with Altringer.  As the long absence of the
+latter had already begun to excite the duke's suspicions, Gallas offered
+to repair in person to Frauenberg, and to prevail on Altringer, his
+relation, to return with him.  Wallenstein was so pleased with this
+proof of his zeal, that he even lent him his own equipage for the
+journey.  Rejoicing at the success of his stratagem, he left Pilsen
+without delay, leaving to Count Piccolomini the task of watching
+Wallenstein's further movements.  He did not fail, as he went along, to
+make use of the imperial patent, and the sentiments of the troops proved
+more favourable than he had expected.  Instead of taking back his friend
+to Pilsen, he despatched him to Vienna, to warn the Emperor against the
+intended attack, while he himself repaired to Upper Austria, of which
+the safety was threatened by the near approach of Duke Bernard.  In
+Bohemia, the towns of Budweiss and Tabor were again garrisoned for the
+Emperor, and every precaution taken to oppose with energy the designs of
+the traitor.
+
+As Gallas did not appear disposed to return, Piccolomini determined to
+put Wallenstein's credulity once more to the test.  He begged to be sent
+to bring back Gallas, and Wallenstein suffered himself a second time to
+be overreached.  This inconceivable blindness can only be accounted for
+as the result of his pride, which never retracted the opinion it had
+once formed of any person, and would not acknowledge, even to itself,
+the possibility of being deceived.  He conveyed Count Piccolomini in his
+own carriage to Lintz, where the latter immediately followed the example
+of Gallas, and even went a step farther.  He had promised the duke to
+return.  He did so, but it was at the head of an army, intending to
+surprise the duke in Pilsen.  Another army under General Suys hastened
+to Prague, to secure that capital in its allegiance, and to defend it
+against the rebels.  Gallas, at the same time, announced himself to the
+different imperial armies as the commander-in-chief, from whom they were
+henceforth to receive orders.  Placards were circulated through all the
+imperial camps, denouncing the duke and his four confidants, and
+absolving the soldiers from all obedience to him.
+
+The example which had been set at Lintz, was universally followed;
+imprecations were showered on the traitor, and he was forsaken by all
+the armies.  At last, when even Piccolomini returned no more, the mist
+fell from Wallenstein's eyes, and in consternation he awoke from his
+dream.  Yet his faith in the truth of astrology, and in the fidelity of
+the army was unshaken.  Immediately after the intelligence of
+Piccolomini's defection, he issued orders, that in future no commands
+were to be obeyed, which did not proceed directly from himself, or from
+Terzky, or Illo.  He prepared, in all haste, to advance upon Prague,
+where he intended to throw off the mask, and openly to declare against
+the Emperor.  All the troops were to assemble before that city, and from
+thence to pour down with rapidity upon Austria.  Duke Bernard, who had
+joined the conspiracy, was to support the operations of the duke, with
+the Swedish troops, and to effect a diversion upon the Danube.
+
+Terzky was already upon his march towards Prague; and nothing, but the
+want of horses, prevented the duke from following him with the regiments
+who still adhered faithfully to him.  But when, with the most anxious
+expectation, he awaited the intelligence from Prague, he suddenly
+received information of the loss of that town, the defection of his
+generals, the desertion of his troops, the discovery of his whole plot,
+and the rapid advance of Piccolomini, who was sworn to his destruction.
+Suddenly and fearfully had all his projects been ruined--all his hopes
+annihilated.  He stood alone, abandoned by all to whom he had been a
+benefactor, betrayed by all on whom he had depended.  But it is under
+such circumstances that great minds reveal themselves.  Though deceived
+in all his expectations, he refused to abandon one of his designs; he
+despaired of nothing, so long as life remained.  The time was now come,
+when he absolutely required that assistance, which he had so often
+solicited from the Swedes and the Saxons, and when all doubts of the
+sincerity of his purposes must be dispelled.  And now, when Oxenstiern
+and Arnheim were convinced of the sincerity of his intentions, and were
+aware of his necessities, they no longer hesitated to embrace the
+favourable opportunity, and to offer him their protection.  On the part
+of Saxony, the Duke Francis Albert of Saxe Lauenberg was to join him
+with 4,000 men; and Duke Bernard, and the Palatine Christian of
+Birkenfeld, with 6,000 from Sweden, all chosen troops.
+
+Wallenstein left Pilsen, with Terzky's regiment, and the few who either
+were, or pretended to be, faithful to him, and hastened to Egra, on the
+frontiers of the kingdom, in order to be near the Upper Palatinate, and
+to facilitate his junction with Duke Bernard.  He was not yet informed
+of the decree by which he was proclaimed a public enemy and traitor;
+this thunder-stroke awaited him at Egra.  He still reckoned on the army,
+which General Schafgotsch was preparing for him in Silesia, and
+flattered himself with the hope that many even of those who had forsaken
+him, would return with the first dawning of success.  Even during his
+flight to Egra (so little humility had he learned from melancholy
+experience) he was still occupied with the colossal scheme of dethroning
+the Emperor.  It was under these circumstances, that one of his suite
+asked leave to offer him his advice.  "Under the Emperor," said he,
+"your highness is certain of being a great and respected noble; with the
+enemy, you are at best but a precarious king.  It is unwise to risk
+certainty for uncertainty.  The enemy will avail themselves of your
+personal influence, while the opportunity lasts; but you will ever be
+regarded with suspicion, and they will always be fearful lest you should
+treat them as you have done the Emperor.  Return, then, to your
+allegiance, while there is yet time."--"And how is that to be done?"
+said Wallenstein, interrupting him:  "You have 40,000 men-at-arms,"
+rejoined he, (meaning ducats, which were stamped with the figure of an
+armed man,) "take them with you, and go straight to the Imperial Court;
+then declare that the steps you have hitherto taken were merely designed
+to test the fidelity of the Emperor's servants, and of distinguishing
+the loyal from the doubtful; and since most have shown a disposition to
+revolt, say you are come to warn his Imperial Majesty against those
+dangerous men.  Thus you will make those appear as traitors, who are
+labouring to represent you as a false villain.  At the Imperial Court, a
+man is sure to be welcome with 40,000 ducats, and Friedland will be
+again as he was at the first."--"The advice is good," said Wallenstein,
+after a pause, "but let the devil trust to it."
+
+While the duke, in his retirement in Egra, was energetically pushing his
+negociations with the enemy, consulting the stars, and indulging in new
+hopes, the dagger which was to put an end to his existence was
+unsheathed almost under his very eyes.  The imperial decree which
+proclaimed him an outlaw, had not failed of its effect; and an avenging
+Nemesis ordained that the ungrateful should fall beneath the blow of
+ingratitude.  Among his officers, Wallenstein had particularly
+distinguished one Leslie, an Irishman, and had made his fortune.
+
+     [Schiller is mistaken as to this point.  Leslie was a Scotchman,
+     and Buttler an Irishman and a papist.  He died a general in the
+     Emperor's service, and founded, at Prague, a convent of Irish
+     Franciscans which still exists.--Ed.]
+
+This was the man who now felt himself called on to execute the sentence
+against him, and to earn the price of blood.  No sooner had he reached
+Egra, in the suite of the duke, than he disclosed to the commandant of
+the town, Colonel Buttler, and to Lieutenant-Colonel Gordon, two
+Protestant Scotchmen, the treasonable designs of the duke, which the
+latter had imprudently enough communicated to him during the journey.
+In these two individuals, he had found men capable of a determined
+resolution.  They were now called on to choose between treason and duty,
+between their legitimate sovereign and a fugitive abandoned rebel; and
+though the latter was their common benefactor, the choice could not
+remain for a moment doubtful.  They were solemnly pledged to the
+allegiance of the Emperor, and this duty required them to take the most
+rapid measures against the public enemy.  The opportunity was
+favourable; his evil genius seemed to have delivered him into the hands
+of vengeance.  But not to encroach on the province of justice, they
+resolved to deliver up their victim alive; and they parted with the bold
+resolve to take their general prisoner.  This dark plot was buried in
+the deepest silence; and Wallenstein, far from suspecting his impending
+ruin, flattered himself that in the garrison of Egra he possessed his
+bravest and most faithful champions.
+
+At this time, he became acquainted with the Imperial proclamations
+containing his sentence, and which had been published in all the camps.
+He now became aware of the full extent of the danger which encompassed
+him, the utter impossibility of retracing his steps, his fearfully
+forlorn condition, and the absolute necessity of at once trusting
+himself to the faith and honour of the Emperor's enemies.  To Leslie he
+poured forth all the anguish of his wounded spirit, and the vehemence of
+his agitation extracted from him his last remaining secret.  He
+disclosed to this officer his intention to deliver up Egra and
+Ellenbogen, the passes of the kingdom, to the Palatine of Birkenfeld,
+and at the same time, informed him of the near approach of Duke Bernard,
+of whose arrival he hoped to receive tidings that very night.  These
+disclosures, which Leslie immediately communicated to the conspirators,
+made them change their original plan.  The urgency of the danger
+admitted not of half measures.  Egra might in a moment be in the enemy's
+hands, and a sudden revolution set their prisoner at liberty.  To
+anticipate this mischance, they resolved to assassinate him and his
+associates the following night.
+
+In order to execute this design with less noise, it was arranged that
+the fearful deed should be perpetrated at an entertainment which Colonel
+Buttler should give in the Castle of Egra.  All the guests, except
+Wallenstein, made their appearance, who being in too great anxiety of
+mind to enjoy company excused himself.  With regard to him, therefore,
+their plan must be again changed; but they resolved to execute their
+design against the others.  The three Colonels, Illo, Terzky, and
+William Kinsky, came in with careless confidence, and with them Captain
+Neumann, an officer of ability, whose advice Terzky sought in every
+intricate affair.  Previous to their arrival, trusty soldiers of the
+garrison, to whom the plot had been communicated, were admitted into the
+Castle, all the avenues leading from it guarded, and six of Buttler's
+dragoons concealed in an apartment close to the banqueting-room, who, on
+a concerted signal, were to rush in and kill the traitors.  Without
+suspecting the danger that hung over them, the guests gaily abandoned
+themselves to the pleasures of the table, and Wallenstein's health was
+drunk in full bumpers, not as a servant of the Emperor, but as a
+sovereign prince.  The wine opened their hearts, and Illo, with
+exultation, boasted that in three days an army would arrive, such as
+Wallenstein had never before been at the head of.  "Yes," cried Neumann,
+"and then he hopes to bathe his hands in Austrian blood." During this
+conversation, the dessert was brought in, and Leslie gave the concerted
+signal to raise the drawbridges, while he himself received the keys of
+the gates.  In an instant, the hall was filled with armed men, who, with
+the unexpected greeting of "Long live Ferdinand!" placed themselves
+behind the chairs of the marked guests.  Surprised, and with a
+presentiment of their fate, they sprang from the table.  Kinsky and
+Terzky were killed upon the spot, and before they could put themselves
+upon their guard.  Neumann, during the confusion in the hall, escaped
+into the court, where, however, he was instantly recognised and cut
+down.  Illo alone had the presence of mind to defend himself.  He placed
+his back against a window, from whence he poured the bitterest
+reproaches upon Gordon, and challenged him to fight him fairly and
+honourably.  After a gallant resistance, in which he slew two of his
+assailants, he fell to the ground overpowered by numbers, and pierced
+with ten wounds.  The deed was no sooner accomplished, than Leslie
+hastened into the town to prevent a tumult.  The sentinels at the castle
+gate, seeing him running and out of breath, and believing he belonged to
+the rebels, fired their muskets after him, but without effect.  The
+firing, however, aroused the town-guard, and all Leslie's presence of
+mind was requisite to allay the tumult.  He hastily detailed to them all
+the circumstances of Wallenstein's conspiracy, the measures which had
+been already taken to counteract it, the fate of the four rebels, as
+well as that which awaited their chief.  Finding the troops well
+disposed, he exacted from them a new oath of fidelity to the Emperor,
+and to live and die for the good cause.  A hundred of Buttler's dragoons
+were sent from the Castle into the town to patrol the streets, to
+overawe the partisans of the Duke, and to prevent tumult.  All the gates
+of Egra were at the same time seized, and every avenue to Wallenstein's
+residence, which adjoined the market-place, guarded by a numerous and
+trusty body of troops, sufficient to prevent either his escape or his
+receiving any assistance from without.
+
+But before they proceeded finally to execute the deed, a long conference
+was held among the conspirators in the Castle, whether they should kill
+him, or content themselves with making him prisoner.  Besprinkled as
+they were with the blood, and deliberating almost over the very corpses
+of his murdered associates, even these furious men yet shuddered at the
+horror of taking away so illustrious a life.  They saw before their
+mind's eye him their leader in battle, in the days of his good fortune,
+surrounded by his victorious army, clothed with all the pomp of military
+greatness, and long-accustomed awe again seized their minds.  But this
+transitory emotion was soon effaced by the thought of the immediate
+danger.  They remembered the hints which Neumann and Illo had thrown out
+at table, the near approach of a formidable army of Swedes and Saxons,
+and they clearly saw that the death of the traitor was their only chance
+of safety.  They adhered, therefore, to their first resolution, and
+Captain Deveroux, an Irishman, who had already been retained for the
+murderous purpose, received decisive orders to act.
+
+While these three officers were thus deciding upon his fate in the
+castle of Egra, Wallenstein was occupied in reading the stars with Seni.
+"The danger is not yet over," said the astrologer with prophetic spirit.
+"IT IS," replied the Duke, who would give the law even to heaven.
+"But," he continued with equally prophetic spirit, "that thou friend
+Seni thyself shall soon be thrown into prison, that also is written in
+the stars."  The astrologer had taken his leave, and Wallenstein had
+retired to bed, when Captain Deveroux appeared before his residence with
+six halberdiers, and was immediately admitted by the guard, who were
+accustomed to see him visit the general at all hours.  A page who met
+him upon the stairs, and attempted to raise an alarm, was run through
+the body with a pike.  In the antichamber, the assassins met a servant,
+who had just come out of the sleeping-room of his master, and had taken
+with him the key.  Putting his finger upon his mouth, the terrified
+domestic made a sign to them to make no noise, as the Duke was asleep.
+"Friend," cried Deveroux, "it is time to awake him;" and with these
+words he rushed against the door, which was also bolted from within, and
+burst it open.
+
+Wallenstein had been roused from his first sleep, by the report of a
+musket which had accidentally gone off, and had sprung to the window to
+call the guard.  At the same moment, he heard, from the adjoining
+building, the shrieks of the Countesses Terzky and Kinsky, who had just
+learnt the violent fate of their husbands.  Ere he had time to reflect
+on these terrible events, Deveroux, with the other murderers, was in his
+chamber.  The Duke was in his shirt, as he had leaped out of bed, and
+leaning on a table near the window.  "Art thou the villain," cried
+Deveroux to him, "who intends to deliver up the Emperor's troops to the
+enemy, and to tear the crown from the head of his Majesty? Now thou must
+die!"  He paused for a few moments, as if expecting an answer; but scorn
+and astonishment kept Wallenstein silent.  Throwing his arms wide open,
+he received in his breast, the deadly blow of the halberds, and without
+uttering a groan, fell weltering in his blood.
+
+The next day, an express arrived from the Duke of Lauenburg, announcing
+his approach.  The messenger was secured, and another in Wallenstein's
+livery despatched to the Duke, to decoy him into Egra.  The stratagem
+succeeded, and Francis Albert fell into the hands of the enemy.  Duke
+Bernard of Weimar, who was on his march towards Egra, was nearly sharing
+the same fate.  Fortunately, he heard of Wallenstein's death in time to
+save himself by a retreat.  Ferdinand shed a tear over the fate of his
+general, and ordered three thousand masses to be said for his soul at
+Vienna; but, at the same time, he did not forget to reward his assassins
+with gold chains, chamberlains' keys, dignities, and estates.
+
+Thus did Wallenstein, at the age of fifty, terminate his active and
+extraordinary life.  To ambition, he owed both his greatness and his
+ruin; with all his failings, he possessed great and admirable qualities,
+and had he kept himself within due bounds, he would have lived and died
+without an equal.  The virtues of the ruler and of the hero, prudence,
+justice, firmness, and courage, are strikingly prominent features in his
+character; but he wanted the gentler virtues of the man, which adorn the
+hero, and make the ruler beloved.  Terror was the talisman with which he
+worked; extreme in his punishments as in his rewards, he knew how to
+keep alive the zeal of his followers, while no general of ancient or
+modern times could boast of being obeyed with equal alacrity.
+Submission to his will was more prized by him than bravery; for, if the
+soldiers work by the latter, it is on the former that the general
+depends.  He continually kept up the obedience of his troops by
+capricious orders, and profusely rewarded the readiness to obey even in
+trifles; because he looked rather to the act itself, than its object.
+He once issued a decree, with the penalty of death on disobedience, that
+none but red sashes should be worn in the army.  A captain of horse no
+sooner heard the order, than pulling off his gold-embroidered sash, he
+trampled it under foot; Wallenstein, on being informed of the
+circumstance, promoted him on the spot to the rank of Colonel.  His
+comprehensive glance was always directed to the whole, and in all his
+apparent caprice, he steadily kept in view some general scope or
+bearing.  The robberies committed by the soldiers in a friendly country,
+had led to the severest orders against marauders; and all who should be
+caught thieving, were threatened with the halter.  Wallenstein himself
+having met a straggler in the open country upon the field, commanded him
+to be seized without trial, as a transgressor of the law, and in his
+usual voice of thunder, exclaimed, "Hang the fellow," against which no
+opposition ever availed.  The soldier pleaded and proved his innocence,
+but the irrevocable sentence had gone forth.  "Hang then innocent,"
+cried the inexorable Wallenstein, "the guilty will have then more reason
+to tremble."  Preparations were already making to execute the sentence,
+when the soldier, who gave himself up for lost, formed the desperate
+resolution of not dying without revenge.  He fell furiously upon his
+judge, but was overpowered by numbers, and disarmed before he could
+fulfil his design.  "Now let him go," said the Duke, "it will excite
+sufficient terror."
+
+His munificence was supported by an immense income, which was estimated
+at three millions of florins yearly, without reckoning the enormous sums
+which he raised under the name of contributions.  His liberality and
+clearness of understanding, raised him above the religious prejudices of
+his age; and the Jesuits never forgave him for having seen through their
+system, and for regarding the pope as nothing more than a bishop of
+Rome.
+
+But as no one ever yet came to a fortunate end who quarrelled with the
+Church, Wallenstein also must augment the number of its victims.
+Through the intrigues of monks, he lost at Ratisbon the command of the
+army, and at Egra his life; by the same arts, perhaps, he lost what was
+of more consequence, his honourable name and good repute with posterity.
+
+For in justice it must be admitted, that the pens which have traced the
+history of this extraordinary man are not untinged with partiality, and
+that the treachery of the duke, and his designs upon the throne of
+Bohemia, rest not so much upon proven facts, as upon probable
+conjecture.  No documents have yet been brought to light, which disclose
+with historical certainty the secret motives of his conduct; and among
+all his public and well attested actions, there is, perhaps, not one
+which could not have had an innocent end.  Many of his most obnoxious
+measures proved nothing but the earnest wish he entertained for peace;
+most of the others are explained and justified by the well-founded
+distrust he entertained of the Emperor, and the excusable wish of
+maintaining his own importance.  It is true, that his conduct towards
+the Elector of Bavaria looks too like an unworthy revenge, and the
+dictates of an implacable spirit; but still, none of his actions perhaps
+warrant us in holding his treason to be proved.  If necessity and
+despair at last forced him to deserve the sentence which had been
+pronounced against him while innocent, still this, if true, will not
+justify that sentence.  Thus Wallenstein fell, not because he was a
+rebel, but he became a rebel because he fell.  Unfortunate in life that
+he made a victorious party his enemy, and still more unfortunate in
+death, that the same party survived him and wrote his history.
+
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 30 YEARS WAR, BY SCHILLER, BOOK IV. ***
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