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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..74bf810 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #67722 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/67722) diff --git a/old/67722-0.txt b/old/67722-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 9b79965..0000000 --- a/old/67722-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1938 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Condensed History of the Mexican War -and its Glorious Results, by William McKay - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Condensed History of the Mexican War and its Glorious Results - -Authors: William McKay - Daniel E. Hungerford - Charles J. Murphy - -Release Date: March 26, 2022 [eBook #67722] - -Language: English - -Produced by: The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at - https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONDENSED HISTORY OF THE -MEXICAN WAR AND ITS GLORIOUS RESULTS *** - - - - - -ERRATA. - - -Since the printing of this book it has come to my knowledge that -comrade James C. Carleton, secretary of the National Association of -Mexican War Veterans of Bedford, Indiana, under-ranks me in age 14 -days. He was born on the 17th of June, 1832, while I saw the light -first on the 3rd of June of the same year. This knocks the conceit out -of me as to being the youngest veteran of the Mexican War, and I take -my hat off to my dear young comrade Carleton, late of the 5th Regiment -Indiana Volunteers, Colonel Lane, and I am relegated to a back seat. - -I hope my dear comrade will live to see his 100th birthday, and that he -may never die till I kill him, and when he is called away at the last -tattoo, may every hair of his head be converted into an electric light -to illumine his march to glory. - - _CJMurphy_ - - - - -[Illustration: COLONEL DANIEL E. HUNGERFORD] - - - - - (COPYRIGHTED) - - CONDENSED HISTORY - of the - Mexican War - and its glorious results - - By Hon. WILLIAM McKAY - of the Palmetto Regiment in Mexico, also Reminiscences - of the War by - - Colonel DANIEL E. HUNGERFORD, - of Rome (Italy), Captain in the 2nd New York Regiment - in the Mexican War, and latterly in command of the - 36th Regiment New York Volunteers in the War - of the Rebellion, - (Father of Mrs. John W. Mackay, of Nevada, now of London) - - and Colonel CHAS. J. MURPHY, - of Brussels (Belgium) - - the well-known Corn Propagandist, and one of the only two - officers who won the Congressional Medal of Honor (a distinction - which ranks with the cross of the Legion of Honor of France, - and the Victoria Cross of England) in the first general battle of - the War, Bull Run, and the youngest survivor now living of - the soldiers in the Mexican War. - - Compiled and Published - by JOHN E. COWAN, 122, West 93rd Street, New York - - PRICE: 25 CENTS - - FIRST EDITION 25,000 - - - - -HISTORY OF THE MEXICAN WAR - -by the Hon. WILLIAM McKAY - - -Comrades and welcome Guests: - -It has been the custom of veterans of the war with Mexico to celebrate -the fall of the capital of that Republic before the prowess of American -soldiers on the 14th day of September, 1847. - -Hence are assembled around this festive board in this magnificent Hotel -Continental the few veterans of that war whose far-wandering footsteps -have brought them to the “elbow-touch” once more on a foreign soil. We -meet to-night in this splendid capital of France, yet with the radiant -folds of our country’s flag above us, that flag honored of the nations: - - “For grace and beauty and order draw - Around that symbol of light and law.” - -In thus assembling, we commune in the sacrament of a common memory with -our comrades across the seas, who on all their homestead hills are -celebrating the same glorious event. With them we exult in the proud -consciousness that by doing our duty as American soldiers in the days -of our youth, we not only gave renewed lustre to the martial annals -of our country, but through the triumph of our arms we added greatly -to the sum of human happiness, by widening the area of the world’s -civilization. - -The occasion permits me to glance but briefly at the events of that war -which to some are still vivid memories, while others must either glean -them from the historic page or hear them recited by the men who then -acted history. - -That war had its origin in the invasion of the soil of the United -States by the Army of Mexico. - -On January 10th, 1845, the Congress of the United States passed an Act -providing for the annexation of Texas. - -The Act was ratified by the Congress of that Republic on July 4th, -1845, and Texas with its two hundred and sixty five thousand square -miles of territory, an area greater than that of the German Empire or -of Austria, thus became an integral part of the American Union. - -Texas had already maintained her independence for ten years against -Mexico, the parent country. - -Those who have questioned the political morality of the act of -annexation may be fully answered by reference to the fact that England, -France and Spain had all formally recognized the independence of the -Republic of Texas three years before her admission into our Union. -Mexico resolved to nullify that act by force of arms. - -In view of her aggressive attitude, Major General Zachary Taylor, U. -S. Army, was ordered to the Rio Grande, the Western boundary of Texas, -with a force of about four thousand men, chiefly regulars, where he -arrived July 20th, 1845, establishing his headquarters at Corpus -Christi, within four miles of the Mexican Army, then encamped ten -thousand strong, under the command of General Ampudia, on the South -side of that river. In January, 1846, General Taylor moved his command -to a point opposite Matamoras, Mexico, and erected an earthwork which -he termed Fort Brown. - -On the 24th of April, 1846, Captain Thornton, U. S. Army, while -marching at the head of seventy men of the 2nd Dragoons in Texas, fell -into an ambuscade of Mexican regular troops, numbering between three -and four hundred, and after a gallant resistance, during which he had -sixteen of his command killed, and thirty-eight wounded, was obliged -to surrender. Six days later the Mexican forces attacked Fort Brown, -and were handsomely repulsed. On May 8th General Taylor with 2,300 men -met and defeated the Mexican Army 6,000 strong, under the command of -Generals Ampudia and Arista, at Palo Alto. On the following day, the -Mexican Army having received a reinforcement of 1,000 men, made a stand -at Resaca de la Palma (Ravine of Palms) and was there again defeated by -General Taylor, the Mexican loss being 975 and ours but 110 killed and -wounded. - -It is a noteworthy fact that those battles were fought without a -declaration of war on either side. Indeed no declaration of war was -ever made by either of the two contending Republics. - -On May 13th, 1846, the Congress of the United States passed a -resolution declaring that war existed between the United Stales and -Mexico, and further resolved, that the war should be prosecuted, until -we obtained “indemnity for the past, and security for the future.” - -In response to the call of the President (Jas. K. Polk) for thirty -thousand volunteers, sixty-five thousand volunteered promptly. The -quotas furnished by the respective States were as follows: - -Alabama 2,981, Maryland and district of Columbia 1,372, Arkansas -1,274, Florida 289, Missouri 6,441, Georgia 1,987, North Carolina 895, -Illinois 5,791, South Carolina 1,120, Indiana 4,329, Ohio 5,334, Iowa -229, New Jersey 420, Kentucky 4,094, New York 1,890, Louisiana 7,341, -Pennsylvania 2,117, Michigan 1,072, Tennessee 5,392, Massachusetts 930, -Texas 7,394, Mississippi 2,235, Wisconsin 146. - -To these must be added about seven thousand regulars of the United -States Army, and one thousand marines, making an aggregate force of -about seventy-three thousand rank and file, constituting that gallant -army, charged with the duty in connection with our grand old historic -navy of enforcing from Mexico “indemnity for the past and security for -the future.” - -That demand, history attests, they translated into action. - -The Republic of Mexico consisted of twenty-four states, with a -population of about six millions. It had but twenty years previously -achieved its independence against the veteran army of Spain. - -It had a standing army of fifty thousand, and had called into the field -an additional force, chiefly volunteers, of nearly two hundred thousand. - -Her soldiers were well armed and equipped, the muskets of her infantry -all bearing the English Tower-stamp, and the cartridges being of the -best British manufacture. Her troops were, in the main, magnificently -uniformed, and we could say with literal truth that her “Cohorts were -gleaming with purple and gold.” Her coast defences were provided with -good armaments, her principal sea-port, Vera-Cruz, being guarded -by the Castle of San Juan d’Ulloa, built of white coral rock, and -mounting three hundred heavy guns. No country was better adapted by its -topography for defensive warfare. - -Abounding with mountain ranges, and rocky hill-slopes, the true -citadels of freedom, that commanded all practicable roads to the -interior, while she had a formidable ally in the deadly climate of her -coast, where the tropical sun, shining upon the ever-decaying masses -of rank vegetation, breeds the fatal malaria which burns up the blood -with fever, alternating with the icy “norther” that within an hour will -often vary the temperature from summer’s heat to an almost Arctic cold. - -Three lines of operation against Mexico were now determined on: - -1. General Taylor was to operate from Matamoras, along the line of the -Rio-Grande. - -2. A column under General Kearny was to conquer the Mexican territories -of New Mexico and California. - -3. A column under General Wool was to enter the Northern States of -Mexico and conquer Chihuahua, and the adjacent country. - -In pursuance of this plan General Taylor advanced upon the Mexican -Array, then in position at Monterey, on September 5th, 1846. - -His army numbered 6,600 of all arms, composed of 3,200 regular troops -of the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 5th, 7th, and 8th, infantry; 4 companies of -the 2nd Dragoons, and 5 batteries (30) guns of field artillery, and -3,400 volunteers, consisting of the first regiments from Kentucky, -Mississipi, Ohio and Tennessee, two Texas regiments commanded by Brig. -Gen. Henderson, including Jack Hay’s famous Texas Rangers, and one -battalion from Maryland and the District of Columbia. - -The Mexican force consisted of 7,000 regulars and 3,500 volunteers, -with 84 pieces of artillery in strong works covering every approach -to the city. Their principal works were designated as Forts Diabolo, -Teneria, Soldado, Independence, the Bishop’s Palace and the Citadel. - -Our army attacked in three divisions, commanded respectively by -Generals Worth, Twiggs and Butler of Kentucky. - -The enemy made a desperate resistance. The firing was incessant from -the windows and flat roofs of the dwellings, and from barricades in the -streets when our troops had entered the city after carrying all the -outer defences by assault. - -The attack began on September 20th, and ended on the morning of the -23rd, with the surrender of the enemy. Our loss was about 950 killed -and wounded. - -Early in December, 1846, all of the regular infantry was withdrawn from -General Taylor’s army and ordered to report to Major-General Winfield -Scott, the Commander-in-Chief, who had assumed command in person of the -fourth great column of attack, whose objective point was the Capital -of Mexico, and which was entitled, “The Army of Mexico.” General -Taylor’s army was thus reduced to only 4,500 men consisting altogether -of volunteers, except three batteries of the regular army, and two -squadrons of the 2nd Dragoons. Its numerical weakness invited attack, -and General Santa Anna, the most renowned and skilful of the Mexican -Commanders, and President of the Republic of Mexico, who had won a -decisive victory over the French Army of invasion nine years before, -moved his army against it. That army, according to the Mexican official -reports, numbered twenty three thousand, two-thirds regular soldiers. - -General Taylor decided to accept battle, and selected a position -admirably adapted for defence at the Rancho Buena Vista. The position -was marked by narrow defiles, and rugged and high ridges, that -commanded the valley below. The battle began at daylight on February -23rd, 1846, by the attack of the enemy in force on our left flank. -It was gallantly repulsed by the fire of the second and 3rd Indiana -Riflemen, and a company of Col. Yell’s dismounted Arkansas Cavalry, -with Bragg’s and Shermann’s splendidly served batteries, diverged to -our left, where the enemy was concentrating for a decisive attack. The -extreme left of our line was posted on a high and broad plateau and was -composed of the 2nd Indiana, and 2nd Illinois regiments of infantry. - -The tremendous impact of that attack forced those regiments to retire -in considerable disorder after they had sustained for some time a -severe cross-fire of artillery, and a heavy fire on their front, by a -greatly superior force of infantry. At that crisis of the battle the -1st Mississipi Rifles, the only regiment of that army that was armed -with rifles having percussion locks, commanded by Colonel Jefferson -Davis, promptly interposed between the retreating regiments, and the -charging Mexican cavalry, and doubtless saved the day by their rapid -and effective firing, before which the enemy recoiled. There are -veterans of Buena Vista, who, though in after years they still remained -true to the flag of their country, and struck in its just defence on -fields “shot-sown and bladed thick with steel,” do not feel that they -sully their loyalty in respectfully saluting Jefferson Davis, _as he -was_, recalling him to memory as with tall heroic form he so gallantly -upheld the starry ensign of the Union upon the steady and blazing line -that sheltered the brave but broken columns of Illinois and Indiana, -from the uplifted sabres of a merciless foe. - -The art of dying at the right time is the art preservative of great -reputations. - -The Mississipi Rifles were soon bravely supported by the 1st Illinois, -2nd Indiana, and 2nd Kentucky regiments with section (2 pieces) of -Bragg’s famous battery, and the ground lost on our left flank was -in great part recovered. At the base of the ridge the left flank of -the enemy was held in check by Indiana and Arkansas infantry, and the -destructive fire of our artillery. - -At that moment, when his army had met with a disastrous and -demoralizing repulse, General Santa Anna sent forward a flag of truce -and our fire was suspended. The bearer of the flag, to the amazement of -General Taylor, presented a demand for the surrender of his army. - -This expedient cannot be too strongly commended in the art of war, -although writers upon grand strategy have strangely overlooked it. It -is not suggested even by General Jomini, in his exhaustive work “Traité -des grandes Opérations Militaires.” - -It may, however, be thus formulated: When your attacking columns are -shattered and repulsed, hurry up a flag of truce, and check the advance -of your exultant enemy, and demand his surrender, and then, before he -can recover from his astonishment at your sublime impudence reform your -shattered lines and advance to further vantage ground, or retire in -good order, under the shelter of the peaceful symbol. - -Santa Anna’s messenger returned with General Taylor’s laconic answer, -“I decline acceding to your demand,” and the Mexicans again advanced -to the attack, bringing into action all their reserves, and were again -repulsed with heavy loss, after a terrible struggle. - -The battle of twelve sanguinary hours on that mountain plateau had -ended, and “our flag was still there.” - -General Santa Anna retired rapidly with his army, only pausing in the -vicinity long enough to send off a bulletin to the Capital announcing -that he had “won a decisive victory over the barbarians of the North.” -Thus ended in a blaze of glory the battle-record of the “army of -occupation,” under General Taylor. - -In the meantime, the Army of the West, under the command of General -Stephen W. Kearney, had been reaping a rich harvest of laurels. - -By a rapid march from Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, to Santa Fé, a distance -of 750 miles in thirty days, he secured possession of New Mexico. - -Dividing his force (2,500) at Santa Fé, General Kearney with 1,500 -Dragoons marched to California, and defeated the enemy in a warm -engagement at San Pasqual. He then formed a junction with the -California rifle battalion, and a force of 750 sailors and marines -from the naval squadron, under the command of Commodore Stockton, who -had just succeeded the gallant Commodore Sloat, who had previously -taken the California port of Monterey. Prior to the arrival of General -Kearney, however, that brilliant soldier, and untiring and sagacious -explorer, John C. Fremont, had hoisted the American standard in -California. He was there under orders to ascertain and lay out a new -route to Oregon further South than that travelled by our emigrants. - -The Mexican Governor of California having in May, 1846, ordered -all American settlers to leave that province, and having raised a -force to expel them, Colonel Fremont recruited a body of 400 men and -defeated the Mexicans in several sharp engagements in the valley of -the Sacramento, before he had even heard that war existed between the -United States and Mexico. Under his able and enterprising leadership -the Americans in California, united with many of the natives, declared -the independence of the province of California on the 4th of July, 1845. - -It has since transpired that but for this timely action on the part of -Col. Fremont and the resolute Americans associated with him, a large -force would have been landed from the British fleet in that vicinity, -and California would have been taken possession of by England, under an -arrangement with its Mexican Governor. - -It had been taken possession of by Admiral Drake for England in the -year 1579, under the name of “New Albion,” and the vague British claim -was to be revived in the interest of English capitalists who held the -bonds of Mexico to the amount of one hundred and fifty millions of -dollars. - -A few months after these stirring and important events on the Pacific -slope, Col. A. W. Doniphan began his famous march from Santa Fé to -Saltillo. - -He started on November 13th, 1846, with a force consisting of nine -hundred Missouri cavalry and two batteries of Missouri artillery. -A part of his command 500 strong was attacked on Christmas Day at -Brazito by a force of 1,000 Mexicans, which they defeated in twenty -minutes. They again defeated the enemy on February 28th, 1847, at -Sacramento, near the city of Chihuahua, and entered that important -city triumphantly. On the next day Doniphan began his march through -the Northern States of Mexico, back to Saltillo. He accomplished this -renowned march, winning victories as he went, in forty days, a distance -of 1,500 miles. This dims the lustre of the retreat of the ten thousand -Greeks from the field of Cunaxa, as graphically described by Xenophon, -their commander and historian. - -While these events were in progress, Col. Sterling Price, of Missouri, -who had been left by Doniphan at Santa Fé, with a force of about 500 -men, had been, as he always was, active and successful. - -On January 19th, 1847, Governor Charles Bent, with thirty-five other -Americans were massacred at Taos, New Mexico, in cold blood by a -Mexican force of about two thousand cavalry, which soon after appeared -in the vicinity of Santa Fé. Price attacked and defeated them, after -a desperate conflict, at Canada, about 18 miles north of Santa Fé. He -pursued them on their retreat, and two days later inflicted severe loss -upon them at Embedo, and finally on February 4th he utterly routed them -at Taos, the scene of their recent savage atrocity. - -The scene now opens on a broader field of action. - -On the 9th of March, 1847, the Army of Mexico, under the command of -Major-General Winfield Scott, that most regal of American soldiers, -never to be named by us, comrades, but with uplifted hat, began its -victorious march for the “Halls of the Montezumas.” General Scott on -that day effected the landing of his army at Sacrificios, an island -seven miles west of Vera Cruz. The landing was made in seventy-five -surf boats, each carrying seventy-five men, under cover of our fleet, -commanded by Commodore Conner, with those able and dashing officers -Commodores Perry and Tatnall commanding squadrons of the fleet. The -army there numbered 13,200 rank and file. General Scott established his -lines on the north and east fronts of Vera Cruz on the same day. Within -ten days he had planted five large siege batteries built of sand bags -about 1,000 yards from the walls of the city. One of them was mounted -with 8-inch ship guns, and manned by sailors from the fleet. - -A demand for the surrender of the city having been made and refused, -our guns opened fire on March 22nd, and for three days and nights -rained upon it the red ruin of avenging war. On the morning of the -25th, General Laudero, commanding the garrison of the city and the -Castle of San Juan d’Ulloa, sent in a flag of truce with overtures of -surrender. He at first proposed to surrender the city alone. General -Scott refused this, as the castle distant but a mile to the South East -of the city, completely commanded it, and he therefore demanded its -surrender also. - -This demand was finally acceded to and the surrender of the Castle of -San Juan d’Ulloa, and the City of Vera Cruz, with their garrisons 8,000 -strong was formally made on March 29, 1847. Our loss was but sixteen -killed and wounded. - -On April 8th our army took up its line of march along the national -road for the Capital of Mexico distant 290 miles. On April 14th it -confronted the Army of Santa Anna, 20,000 strong posted on the heights -of Cerro Gordo. The mountain ridges on which he had taken position, had -been well fortified by that indomitable but cruel and faithless Mexican -general, and fully commanded our route to the Capital. At the instance, -and under the direction of that most excellent soldier Captain Robert -E. Lee, of the Corps of Engineers, a road was cut through the dense -forest on the enemy’s left, so as to enable us to take his position in -reverse. This work occupied three days during which our working parties -were frequently attacked. - -On the morning of the 18th of April, at dawn, we attacked in force. - -The command of our column of attack on the enemy’s left was the post of -honor, for it was the strongest point of his position, as it covered -his only line of retreat. That command was assigned to Brigadier -General James Shields, one of that warlike Irish race who have ever -keenly felt the rapture of the fight wherever battle was to be done for -a noble cause--a most knightly and heroic soldier, who would have worn -with stainless honor the white plume of Henry of Navarre on the field -of Ivry, and have worthily led the immortal Irish Brigade along the -path of glory that it trod at Fontenoy. - -Our troops dashed up the mountain side with unquailing intrepidity, the -First Regiment of New York, volunteers of Shield’s brigade under the -command of that most gallant soldier Colonel Ward B. Burnett, bravely -leading on our extreme right. The rocky ridge was soon ablaze with the -fire of musketry and artillery. - -In three hours the Mexican Army was routed. The battle was done, and -far up on the crest of the mountain range where the eagle dwells alone, -the white stars of our country’s banner shone serenely on their blue -field. Our loss was 97 killed and 408 wounded, and that of the enemy -about 1,400 in killed and wounded, and 2,750 prisoners, among whom were -officers and men of the recently surrendered garrison of Vera Cruz, who -were serving against us in violation of their paroles. - -Harney’s Dragoons pursued the enemy hotly, and sabred their scattered -columns for fifteen miles along the road to Jalapa. - -At that city the army of Scott was reduced to about 6,500 by the muster -out of the greater part of his volunteer forces, as they had enlisted -for only one year; and their term of service had expired. Leaving -Jalapa on the 22nd of April we entered Peroté and its strong castle, -a full bastion work of 80 guns, on the evening of the 23rd, the enemy -having evacuated it on approach. Halting here to rest for about two -weeks we marched for Puebla, 70 miles distant, the chief manufacturing -city in Mexico with a population of 65,000. - -We occupied Puebla on May 15th, after a desultory fire from the enemy -in its streets. - -Here General Scott was obliged to await, for nearly three months, the -arrival of reinforcements. Every day’s delay increased our hazard, as -the enemy was fortifying, along all the approaches to the capital. - -The time was not wholly lost, however, for General Scott there -brought the drill of his volunteer regiments to the highest state of -perfection, so that they marched and manœuvred with all the precision -of trained regulars. - -At length the long-expected reinforcements arrived, and on the morning -of August 7th, 1847, our Army moved out of Puebla on its march for the -city of Mexico, all our bands playing the Star Spangled Banner. - -It numbered then about 10,000 men, consisting of four divisions. - -The cavalry was commanded by that redoubtable soldier, the Murat of the -Army, Brt. Brig. Genl. Wm. S. Harney, and consisted of detachments of -the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Dragoons, to the number of about seven hundred -and fifty. - -After a toilsome march of about seventy miles, across mountain spurs -and along a very rugged road, the army, on the afternoon of August -17th, 1847, looked down for the first time on the valley of Mexico, -and saw from afar its magnificent capital, with the golden crosses of -its churches glittering in the red light of the setting sun. There -lay before us the same broad lake, mirroring the same snow-crowned -mountains in its glassy bosom, on which Cortez with his steel-clad -warriors had gazed, in the same month, three hundred and twenty six -years before. On reaching a point about nine miles from the city, -General Scott ascertained by a _reconnaissance_ that the Mexicans had -fortified El Peñón, a mountain that commanded the approach to the -capital by the National road. He therefore ordered a counter march with -the view to turn the lake (Chalco) on the south. This required a march -of twenty five miles, which was rapidly made, and on the 18th, the army -was concentrated at a point about ten miles from the city at Contreras, -a strong position held by General Valencia, with field-works mounting -twenty-four guns. These, General Scott determined to take in reverse, -and we therefore made a night march of eight miles over the pedregal -or lava fields, a route deemed by the Mexicans impracticable for any -army. The assault was made on the rear and flanks of the surprised -enemy soon after daylight on August 20th, by Riley’s Cadivalders and -Shield’s Brigades, all under the command of General P. F. Smith, whom -General Shields, although ranking above him, magnanimously allowed to -retain the command that he might carry out dispositions made prior to -the arrival of Shields on the ground. - -The whole line of works was stormed, and the battle won in eighteen -minutes. - -The enemy broke at the first assault, and fled in the direction of the -city, and nearly five hundred of them were captured by the New York -Volunteers and the Palmetto regiment, that were posted to cut off their -retreat. At this battle two guns of the 4th Artillery, that were lost -without dishonor at Buena Vista, were recaptured from the enemy. - -The army, after resting a few hours at St. Augustine, a town about -four miles from Contreras, marched against the main body of the enemy, -distant six miles from the former point. - -We were soon in the presence of the Mexican Army, thirty thousand -strong, commanded by Santa Anna, and composed of the best troops of -Mexico, including several thousand volunteers. It occupied a vast -intrenched camp near the village and convent of Churubusco, about seven -miles from the capital. - -While marching to this field we heard a number of heavy explosions -which we soon learned were due to the blowing up of the bridges along -all our possible lines of retreat back to the coast. - -That meant, as every soldier well knew, a declaration by our Mexican -foe of “War to the knife, and the knife to the hilt.” - -General Scott halted the army on a lofty plateau overlooking the valley -where stretched the serried lines of the enemy and where - - “The sheen of the spears was like stars on the sea, - When the blue waves roll nightly on deep Galilee.” - -He there briefly addressed the several commands, and expressed his firm -conviction, that each man would do his duty as an American soldier, and -thus assure victory to our arms. - -That word “Duty,” a code of honor in itself, unknown in its full -import, to every language but our own, has ever inspired the loftiest -achievements of the English speaking race. - -The battle opened at noon, by the attack of the Division of General -Worth (the Marshal Ney of the Army) on the enemy’s left flank, and soon -became general. - -The degree of resistance that we encountered, is indicated by the -following extract from the report of Brig. Genl. Shields as to the -operations of his own brigade and it is doubtless applicable to every -command on that field: “My brigade composed of the 1st New York -regiment of Volunteers, and the Palmetto (S. C.) regiment, advanced -steadily against the right flank of the enemy under as terrible a fire -as any that soldiers ever faced.” - -At sundown the battle ended with the defeat of the Mexican army which -retreated in great disorder toward the city. - -The Dragoons, under Harney, followed the flying enemy fast and far, -and Major Phil. Kearney, not hearing the recall sounded, or rather not -heeding it, pursued them to the walls of the city, sabreing the gunners -at its very gate, where he lost his right arm, and returned wounded -behind one of his soldiers. Our loss was 1,045 killed and wounded, -while that of the enemy was estimated at 7,000 in killed, wounded, and -prisoners. - -We captured 5,000 prisoners and 86 pieces of artillery. - -Among the many deeds of heroism done at Churubusco, I must note one -of the most daring that has passed into history. In our charge upon -the field-work known as the tête de pont, we found our way blocked -by a burning Mexican ammunition wagon, that threatened a destructive -explosion. At this juncture Sergeant Alexander M. Keneday of the 3rd -Dragoons, attached to Worth’s escort, sprang into the wagon, and -calling three of his comrades to his aid, with the sparks flying around -him threw the packages of gunpowder into the river below, thus saving -many lives and enabling our charging columns to advance. Sergeant -Keneday is now the honored Secretary of our National Association. - -On the same evening a flag of truce arrived from Santa Anna who -proposed an armistice of twenty days, stating that he desired to -negociate terms of peace. General Scott assented, and having but three -days’ rations in his commissariat, imposed as one of the conditions, -that he should be allowed to send a train with a proper escort into the -city, and there purchase supplies for his army. This was accordingly -done. On Sept. 6th, Gen. Scott declared the armistice at an end, having -discovered that the wily Santa Anna, in violation of its solemn terms, -was engaged in fortifying his position and reinforcing his army. - -At dawn on Sept. 8th we again advanced. Santa Anna with his army -occupied Molino del Rey or the King’s Mill, a series of massive stone -buildings surrounded by high walls, about one mile and a half west of -the castle of Chapultepec and three miles from the city of Mexico. His -force consisted of ten thousand men and twenty four pieces of artillery. - -Our attacking columns numbered 3,600 with Drum’s, Huger’s, and Duncan’s -batteries, and a company of Voltigeurs, under the immediate command of -General Worth, all regulars. - -We attacked in three columns, and our first attack being repulsed, the -Mexicans sallied from their works, and lanced our wounded officers and -men, and cut their throats within full view of our army. - -Worth rapidly reinforcing with Cadwallader’s Brigade, and Stewart’s -rifles, that had been left to support Huger’s Battery, and Duncan’s -heavy Battery of 24-pounders, attacked the enemy’s right and centre, -and having taken the Casa Mata, a strong stone citadel, the enemy -abandoned all his other positions, and the day was won. In proportion -to the force engaged, this was, for us, the most bloody battle of the -war. We had 953 killed and wounded, among them seventy five officers. -The loss of the enemy was 1200 killed and wounded, and 850 prisoners. - -The desperate nature of the conflict may be indicated by the fact that -towards its close, the guns of Drum’s and Huger’s batteries were served -almost entirely by officers--graduates of West Point, nearly every -enlisted artillery man having fallen at his post. - -The victory was important as Molino del Rey was the chief cannon -foundry of Mexico and its guns commanded some of the approaches to the -Castle of Chapultepec. - -That castle was a strong fortress of rock and masonry, mounting 26 -guns, and garrisoned by 2,500 regular troops and 300 cadets under the -command of General Bravo. It was the National Military Academy of -Mexico. It was situated about one mile and a half from the capital, on -the crest of a steep rocky height, which rose 189 feet above the road -which entered the city at the Belén gate. About midway up the ascent -was a strong redoubt on the south front, and just below that, a heavy -stone wall, with a banquette, which ran along nearly the entire front, -and was well manned with Mexican regulars. Our batteries opened fire -on the castle at the distance of about 700 yards, on the morning of -September 12th, and at night fall had made several breaches in its -walls. - -Soon after midnight our forces silently occupied the ditch that nearly -encircled the foot of the hill, and which was bordered with a profuse -growth of the Maguay plant or American aloe, which served to screen us -from the view of the enemy. At day-dawn on the 13th our men stepped -from the ditch, and being quickly aligned under the fire of the enemy, -advanced to the assault. The entire army was brought into action, -except three regiments of Worth’s division held in reserve at Molino -del Rey. In a whirlwind of fire from cannon and musketry, that swept -down the hill, which was everywhere ablaze with the flashing guns, -our men pressed upward, and onward, our artillery, in the road below, -firing shot and shell over their heads as they advanced. - -Another desperate rush, and their bayonets sparkled at every breach, -and soon the flag of the First New York volunteers, the first to crown -the castle, floated out above the battlements with its inspiring motto -“Excelsior,” and proclaimed that Chapultepec was ours! - -The presence here to-night of one of the gallant survivors of that -heroic regiment, Colonel Daniel E. Hungerford who is on my left, and -Colonel Charles J. Murphy who is on my right, a soldier of another -regiment, leads me to recall two incidents of that battle, one of which -moves me deeply with a sense of personal gratitude and bereavement. - -The Colonel of that Regiment, Ward B. Burnett, who proved himself -worthy to lead it, was severely wounded at Cherutusco, and the command -devolved upon its Lieutenant-Colonel Baxter, who was killed while most -gallantly leading it at Chapultepec. Its brave Major Burnham then -assumed command, but was soon temporarily disabled by a glancing shot -or a flying fragment of rock. - -At that critical moment, when the Regiment was nearing the breaches -under a galling fire, Captain Daniel E. Hungerford, then but in his -twenty-fifth year, though not entitled to command it, sprang to the -front and cheered the regiment forward with his voice and waving sword. - -As to the incident which touches me personally. I recall the forlorn -hope of my regiment composed of thirty men under the command of -Lieutenant Ralph Bell, third Lieutenant of my company and the youngest -officer of the _Palmetto Regiment_, being only in his twenty-first -year. Those who knew him well remember his tall, lithe but soldierly -figure, his light hair and gentle blue eyes, and his face almost -feminine in its delicate beauty. - -Most vividly does he come back to my memory, as he sprang forward -leading that forlorn hope, as cheerily as if he were going to meet -his bride, and with the blood trickling from a wound upon his right -cheek, pointing upward to the castle with the hilt of his sword, its -blade having been shivered by a grape shot. But only two years later, -he passed away among strangers in (California) far distant from his -home, and his eyes closed in a strange land in death by the brotherly -ministrations of his old comrade-in-arms Colonel Charles J. Murphy, -who was himself a gallant actor on that field, though but a youth of -seventeen years. Well indeed has the poet written, - - “The bravest are the tenderest. - The loving are the daring.” - -But to continue my cursory narrative of events that would require a -volume to detail them fully. - -Worth’s division pressed the enemy closely on his line of retreat to -the eastern or San Cosmo gate of the city. General Scott decided to -make his main attack at that gate, deeming it the most vulnerable -point. With that view he ordered General Quitman with his division, to -make a feint, and occupy the attention of the enemy at the Garita de -Belén on the west. - -Quitman’s command moved rapidly along the causeway leading to the city -near the margin of the lake, carrying several batteries of the enemy, -he having determined to convert the intended feint into a real attack -and win a victory in violation of orders. - -Far to the front the New York volunteers, the _Palmetto Regiment_, and -Captain James Stewart’s company of regular rifles sprang from arch to -arch of the great stone aqueduct, firing with rapidity as they advanced. - -Drum’s battery galloped rapidly to the front, and opened an effective -fire, which was at once replied to by the enemy, with at least twenty -heavy guns. In a few minutes nearly every officer and man of the -battery was killed or wounded. Its chivalric commander lay in the road -with both thighs shattered by a cannon ball, but true to the line -of his duty, living and dying, he called out to the Infantry in the -arches, “For God’s sake save my guns!” They quickly responded, and met -the advancing foe with the bayonet, driving them back, and following -them into their works, and the last sounds that reached the ears of the -noble captain Simon Drum, were the victorious shouts of his comrades at -the gate. - -The magnificent Infantry of P. F. Smith’s and Pierce’s Brigades, were -also at this time delivering a destructive fire at the enemy on our -flanks. - -The Mexican troops were soon driven from all their positions near -the gate, and at twenty minutes past one o’clock on the afternoon of -September 13th, 1847, the _Palmetto flag of South Carolina_ was planted -on the wall of the City of Mexico,--the first foreign ensign that had -waved over that spot since Fernando Cortez had there unfurled the royal -standard of Spain on August 13th, 1521. - -Our further advance that day was checked by the fire of the citadel, a -work with ten guns, about 600 yards from the Belén gate. - -About six in the afternoon its commander, General Flores, offered to -surrender, on the novel condition that General Quitman should give him -a receipt for all his ordnance, quartermaster and commissary stores. - -He was informed that receipts on such occasions were written with the -sword, but his demand was acceded to, and the citadel surrendered the -next morning, September 14th, at sunrise. - -The main body of the army under General Worth drove the enemy from -every position at the San Cosmo gate, and on the night of the 13th -bivouacked within the walls of the city. - -At noon on September 14th the entire army was united in the Plaza -Mayor, or great square of the city of Mexico, the site of the ancient -Tenochtitlan of the Aztec empire, nearly eight thousand feet above the -level of the sea. - -The stars and stripes were soon unfurled above the Palace of the -Cortes, (Congress), and six thousand five hundred American soldiers -stood triumphant in the capital of Mexico, with its hostile population -numbering one hundred and fifty thousand souls. - -The subsequent operations of our army, though brilliant, were but of -a minor character. Early in October, Santa Anna laid siege to our -garrison at Puebla which consisted of the First Pennsylvania regiment -of volunteers, under Colonel Childs. He summoned the garrison to -surrender, stating, with his usual mendacity, that he had routed the -army of General Scott. Col. Childs occupying Fort Loretto, in the -western suburb of Puebla, repelled four desperate assaults of the -enemy, 5000 strong, and Santa Anna drew off his forces on the approach -of General Joseph Lane who was advancing from the coast, with needed -reinforcements for Scott’s army. The last engagement of the war was -fought by Brig. General Sterling Price at Rosales, New Mexico, on March -15th, 1848. He there, with but 300 Missouri Volunteers, defeated a -Mexican force of 1000, capturing their commanding General, and eleven -pieces of artillery. - -The war ended by a treaty of peace, concluded at the Hacienda of -Guadeloupe Hidalgo on February 2nd, 1848. Peace was formally announced -in a proclamation by the President of the United States, on July 4th, -1848. - -In this necessarily imperfect sketch of the salient events of the -Mexican war, I have had to omit even the name of many an unforgotten -hero. - -It was no holiday war. It was replete with toilsome marches, with -blistered and bleeding feet, through hot sands, under a tropical sun, -and over jagged rocks, and snowy mountain ranges where horses and -riders perished with cold. It abounded with nameless tragedies, both -on bloody fields near many a battery’s smoking guns, and in the deep -gloom of fever stricken hospitals. In that memorable war of two years, -we fought seventy battles and engagements without the final loss of a -single gun or American ensign. - -Engaged always against heavy odds, we bore the honor of our great -republic triumphantly, on our ever advancing swords and bayonets. - -Blended with this patriotic reflection, we proudly recall the fact that -we marched nearly three thousand miles through the country of an enemy, -alien to us in race and language, and performed no act to wound the -modesty of woman, or to sully the sanctity of her person. - -The flames of no defenceless homestead lighted up our line of march, -and no matin hymn or vesper bell was silenced by our coming. We were -always merciful in the hour of victory, and our army, while vindicating -the prowess of our country, also illustrated its civilisation. What -have been the material results of that victorious war? It acquired for -us the vast territories of California, Nevada, Colorado, New Mexico, -Idaho, Arizona, and Utah, thus adding one million square miles or -640,000,000 of acres to the United States, nearly doubling its area. - -According to authoritative statistics, there have been taken from the -mines and rivers of the region thus acquired since 1848, gold and -silver of the value of three thousand millions of dollars. Averaging -the soldier at 140 pounds, this amount is sufficient to award to every -soldier engaged in the battles of Mexico, were even all now living, his -weight in pure gold. - -But the enterprising men, who developed that imperial domain that -had so long lain stagnant under a semi-barbaric rule, were more than -mere delvers in mines, and gold-washers in river-sands. They were the -builders of empire, the raw material, the muscle and the mind of great -civilised States, whose industrial products have even exceeded in value -during the past thirty five years, all the precious metals that have -been taken from their rocks and streams. - -Time, with its wide arch of forty years, has spanned many memorable -events in our country, since we bore its flag in triumph over the -smoking guns of hostile batteries on fields afar. - -Within thirteen years after we had entered victoriously the capital -of Mexico, the capital of the United States was itself menaced by a -hostile army. - -Through four years of internecine war the republic, founded by -Washington, battled for its existence against armed legions that -challenged its rightful supremacy within the State where Washington was -born. - -That war embraced within its theatre of operations more than 2,700,000 -men, and was signalized by more than one thousand battles and -engagements. Soon after its termination, every American State, through -its duly elected representatives, answered to the roll call beneath the -dome of the Nation’s Capitol. - -The magnanimous victors in that mighty war deserved victory, and they -neither abridged the rights, nor wounded the self-respect of the -vanquished. - -Hence, to-day, all American citizens dwell together in loyal unity -beneath the benign rule of our indestructible Union. And I can attest, -as a Southerner, through five generations “native and to the manor -born,” that if my comrades in arms of the Confederate army ever dream -of future wars, it is with the sincere hope, that they may aid in -bearing the flag of the Union among a people who have never looked upon -its starry folds, and into lands that have never felt the power of its -eagle’s beak. - - -TOASTS. - -“The day we celebrate.” Responded to by Judge McKay of South Carolina. - -“The President of the United States.” - -This toast was received with great applause and drank standing. - -Colonel Murphy in reply to the toast said: - -=Mr. Chairman and comrades of the Mexican war, and Gentlemen.=--I -feel highly honoured, at being called on to respond to this patriotic -toast, in the presence of this important and representative assemblage, -gathered here to-night, to unite in common with our countrymen at home, -in celebrating this anniversary. - -It is significant of the ardent patriotism of our people, that however -varied may be the character of our meetings, this toast to the -President of the United States is always drunk with enthusiasm and -unanimity. And you will, I am sure, agree with me, that the able and -high-minded gentleman, who now presides over the destinies of the -Republic, is a worthy successor to those who have gone before him in -his exalted office. It is a matter of patriotic pride to us all that -the pages of history have never yet been sullied by the misdeeds of -an American President, and the representatives for the highest office -in the gift of a free people have always been honored at home and -respected and admired abroad. - -We can justly claim that our Presidents form an unbroken line of wise -and capable rulers, that leave indelible marks for good on the progress -of civilization in the path of liberty, justice, and freedom. As for -the present occupant of the White House, none can gainsay his devotion -to duty, his ability and character, and his conscientious endeavour to -serve faithfully the interest of our common country at home and abroad. -Whoever our chief magistrate may be, we may be as Americans, sure that -the national honor is always secure, and that our flag, the glorious -“Stars and Stripes” will always be among the foremost standards among -the nations of the earth. It can be truly said that our President is -at the head of a happy family. Differences may divide us on election -day, but at all times, love and reverence for our institutions, and -liberties animate us, the fires of patriotism, obliterating the petty -distinctions of politics, burn as brightly to-night in the North, -South, East and West, of a united and prosperous country, as well as -in the breasts of those around this board this evening. The public -utterances of the President mark him as a statesman, who appreciates to -the full the grandeur of our country, and the greatness of our people. -In visiting through the several states last summer, the brave men of -the South vied with the men of the North, in giving him an enthusiastic -welcome, and proving to the world that, when the occasion calls for it, -the spirit of loyalty and patriotism, and naught else, will be found in -every American heart. - -It is a pleasing spectacle to us, and a source of surprise and -admiration to foreigners, that our President comes and goes, as an -ordinary citizen; respect for his office and person being as general -among our 75 million inhabitants that we need not even the slightest -display of force to with-hold his authority or strengthen his public -acts. This is indeed an impressive fact, perhaps unparalleled in -the history of any country, and a tribute to the stability of our -institutions, supported by the people’s will and dominated by a spirit -of justice and intellectual power. We have weathered a terrible storm, -but the timbers of the ship of State have stood the strain. Our past -has been glorious, and if we are true to our trust, we may look forward -with optimism and faith to the future of our country, now the light of -the world, and a beacon of hope to the oppressed of every land. - -This elbow touch of cordiality and enjoyment with fellow-Americans on -foreign soil is a most happy occasion for us all, but the grandest -sight in this hall is our American flag, that symbol of beauty and -glory, the red, white and blue, which recalls to our minds so much that -is dear to our hearts, home, friends and native land. - -I know I express as the feelings of all when I say we are better -Americans for having travelled abroad. American citizenship is a title -the proudest might envy, and it confers a distinction of inestimable -value on its possessor. Let us assimilate all we can of the art and -learning of the world, we freely draw from the treasures of her -historic past, but let us always cherish and strengthen those grand -principles of liberty, which the Fathers of the Republic fought for, -and for the successful working of which we pledge ourselves. - -May we all take part in many more festivities, and may our children’s -children gather in like similar joyous meeting, to celebrate the -anniversary of this day, for the blessings God may vouchsafe to our -beloved country, glorious and united, under as wise and capable a -President, as now resides in the White House at the National Capital. - -“The President of our great sister Republic, France,” for whom three -rousing cheers were given, and the song of the _Marseillaise_ sung in -French with great spirit, by Colonel Murphy. - -“In memory of our dead comrades.” - - COL. C. J. MURPHY, - OF BRUSSELS. - - THE PRESS, - -Responded to in a happy manner by Mr. Marshal of the N. Y. Paris -Herald, followed by reminiscences of the Mexican War. - -I will now call on our comrade, Colonel Daniel E. Hungerford, who -commanded the 36th Regiment New York Volunteers, and served with great -distinction all through the war of the Rebellion. He was the youngest -captain in his regiment, the 2nd New York Volunteers, in the Mexican -War, and was the officer who first hoisted the American flag over the -Castle of Chapultepec. Time will not permit me to mention the many -heroic deeds of valour performed by Colonel Hungerford in the Mexican, -as well as in the Civil War. Colonel Hungerford, of Rome, Italy, will -now address you, which he did in the following words:-- - - =Comrades and gentlemen.=--To-day, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, - where a few of our comrades may be found they are gathered like - ourselves, enjoying the brief moments in the recollections of our - campaign of 1847 and 1848 in Mexico, a campaign fraught with so much - importance to the progressive age of the nineteenth century. Neither - the war of the Rebellion, (let its sad memories be for ever buried - in the depths of oblivion, is my wish), nor any other war of ancient - or modern times has accomplished so much to promote the present and - future prosperity of the civilized world, as did the brief conflict - between the Republics of Mexico and the United States of the North - in 1846 and 1848. There is no part of the globe where civilization - prevails, or where Christianity is taught and respected, but has - experienced the beneficial effects, moral, physical, and financial, - resulting from the magnificent and surprising campaigns of that - eventful period, in which our countrymen will ever feel a pardonable - pride. The impetus given to the gigantic spirit of enterprise, by - the acquisition of nearly a million square miles of territory, and - the almost simultaneous discovery of vast fields of gold and silver, - completely revolutionized all the channels of human industry, and - quickened into life the dormant energies and the inventive genius of - the world. With colossal strides, our beloved country overtook the - governments of the old world in the race for excellence, and to-day - she proudly holds her place in the front rank, the youngest and the - strongest, and the most hopeful of reaching the goal, and distancing - the field, because of her illimitable resources as yet untouched. - - I am a old New Yorker, as you know, having no feeling of animosity - with citizens of any other part, portion, or section of our common - country. When the _Palmetto Regiment of South Carolina_ marched - side by side with the New Yorkers, in front of the enemy in Mexico, - there was a rivalry, to be sure, but it was a proper spirit of - emulation--_ésprit de corps_ each trying to out-do the other, but both - having the general interests of their common country at heart. There - was no _North_ or no _South_, in the offensive sense, that entered - into the general spirit of “go-ahead!” That contest on a foreign soil - showed what the American people are capable of doing, when united - under the old flag of their fathers--whether they hailed from the - North or the South, East or West. - - In the war of the Rebellion I commanded a New York regiment on the - side of the Union, but I never for a moment forgot that I was a - soldier, or that the foe with whom we were contending was entitled to - my respect as fellow-countrymen. - -Colonel Murphy was asked to give his recollections of the war. - -[Illustration: COLONEL CHAS. J. MURPHY] - -The Chairman, on introducing the Colonel said it would not be out of -place here to give a brief sketch of his career. He is the youngest man -now living who served in the Mexican War. In the War of the Rebellion -he was one of the only two commissioned officers who were awarded the -Congressional Medal of Honor in the first general battle of the war, -Bull Run, where 50,000 men were engaged on each side. The other officer -was Major-General Adalbert Ames, of the 5th U. S. Artillery, now living -at Lowell, Mass. He was one of the only two regimental staff officers -of the same rank who won this distinction during the war. The other -officer was first Lieutenant John W. Clark, R.Q.M., 6th Regiment -Vermont Infantry. - -Our medal of Honor ranks with that of the cross of the Legion of Honor -of France, and the Victoria Cross of England, and only 1,400 were -awarded a distinction greater than can be conferred by any potentate -in Europe, because granted to so few of the two million seven hundred -and fifty thousand men who were mustered into the armies of the United -States between 1861-65. - -Colonel Murphy, after resigning from his regiment, and while awaiting -his commission in the regular army, which appointment was tendered him -by President Lincoln, was engaged in the battle of Fair Oaks, and all -through the seven days’ battles on the peninsula, from Gaine’s Mill to -that of Malvern Hill, as a volunteer aid, and this without rank or pay. - -He erected the first field hospital for the army of the Potomac at -Harrison’s Landing. - -Colonel Murphy was one of the first three officers who escaped from -Richmond after Bull Run. The history of this remarkable escape was -very graphically described by John S. C. Abbot, the historian, in -“Harper’s Magazine” of January, 1867. Colonel Murphy was one of the -old forty-niners of California, having arrived in San Francisco on the -ship South Carolina in June, 1849, the first sailing ship to arrive -with passengers for the mines from New York, after a short passage--for -those days--of 156 days. - -Of the 300 passengers on board, the only lady was Mrs. John White, the -mother of the late U.S. Senator White now living in San Francisco, who -wrote two years ago that she was not aware of any living survivors of -those passengers except herself and Colonel Murphy, who were the two -youngest people on the ship. - -He went from California to Shanghai, China, and established the first -commercial house at the mouth of the Yang Kin Pang River, opposite the -foreign quarter at Shanghai, and loaded the first vessel that carried -Chinese agricultural products to San Francisco. - -Colonel Murphy has done more than any other man in the way of -introducing the products of California in Europe, and secured the first -gold medal for the grand wines of that State at the Antwerp Exposition. - -He has done yeoman service in making known the splendid fruit of the -golden State, and it was mainly through his efforts while in the -service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture that the California wines -and fruit are now on sale in nearly all the grocery and wine houses of -Northern Europe. - -It was through his initiative work that the exports of our Indian corn -was so largely increased from 24,000,000 bushels the year he commenced -the propaganda to over 213,000,000 last year. - -If he had devoted the last fifteen of the best years of his life with -the same enthusiasm and energy that he has given to this work in any -legitimate business, he might have been a well-to-do man to-day. - -Colonel Murphy spoke as follows:-- - - =Comrades of the Mexican war=: - - I am asked to give some recollections of the Mexican War, but little - remains for me to say after the comprehensive and eloquent history of - that war by Judge McKay, of South Carolina. - - It would be presumptuous of me, after what we have just heard from the - Judge and Colonel Hungerford, to say another word. Larger gatherings - this magnificent Hotel Continental has often had within its walls, - for time has thinned the ranks of the Mexican veterans even more - woefully than did Mexican shot and shell, but it may be doubted - whether caravansary ever sheltered a party with more enthusiasm than - is shown here to-night in Paris, the gay capital of France, by the few - comrades gathered here to celebrate victories in which we were humble - participants nearly 50 years ago. - - The thought of the days of 1847 helps me to feel young again, and - brings vividly to my mind the gay, rollicking little army that marched - out of Puebla on that bright August morning (alas! how many never to - return), when General Scott left Puebla with his little army of 10,000 - men to fight an army of 35,000 veteran troops of Mexico, in trenches, - in mountain gorges, fortified cities, surrounded by impassable - marshes, your base, if you had any, hundreds of miles away, you faced - the men that had showed the quality of their mercy at Mier and the - Alamo. You felt that defeat meant death. ’Tis not becoming in soldiers - to boast, but who, among all of you that assemble on this glorious - anniversary, will not straighten up an inch taller when he says, “I - was one of that little army.” - - Where is there one whose eyes will not flash when the glorious 20th - of August is mentioned; when that little army fought five distinct - battles--among them Contreras, San Antonio, Churubusco, San Puebla. - Then came the 8th of September, that proud but sorrowful day, when you - lost 900 out of 4,000 engaged. Then came Chapultepec, and the crowning - event--our flag waving over the National Palace. The cathedraled City - of Mexico at our feet; Popocatépetl, with its venerable summit of - eternal snows, 18,000 feet above the sea, looks down upon us as it - did upon Cortez three hundred years before, only its breezes kiss the - folds of the new flag of America in place of the old flag of Castile. - These memories are dear to us all, and I can think of no happier way - of passing one day in the year than the old veterans meeting together - and fighting their battles over again. - - Now, allow me to turn to what occurred under General Taylor, who - commanded the little army of occupation on the northern line of - operations. I will only refer to the Battle of Buena Vista, which was - a glorious victory, and the last general battle and crowning glory of - this brave little army. It will be recollected that General Santa Anna - was so certain of a victory that he wrote to General Taylor saying, - “you are surrounded by 20,000 men, and cannot in any human probability - avoid suffering a rout and being cut to pieces with your troops, but - as you deserve consideration and particular esteem, I wish to save - you from a catastrophe,” and gave one hour from the arrival of his - flag of truce to General Taylor to surrender. Old “rough and ready” - did not require all the hour to respond. He wrote his memorable, - but brief dispatch, “I decline acceding to your request.” But think - of the situation; an army of 20,000 veteran soldiers, Santa Anna at - their head, General Alvarez Chief of Cavalry, Lombardine of Infantry, - Requena of Artillery, Villarnil of Engineers, with Vasquez, Torrejou, - Ampudia, Andrade, Minon, Pacheco, Garcia, Ortega, Mejia, Flores, - Gusman, Mora, Romero, and other dashing general officers, and to - resist all this less than 5,000 American regulars and volunteers, and - of regulars less than 500. - - On the morning of 22nd February, 1847, the Mexican cohort appeared - on the distant hills, dense squadrons of horse, with glittering - lances and gay pennons, forming the advance serried files of - infantry, artillery, and cavalry, column after column in apparent - endless massiveness followed, but it was Washington’s birthday, and - General Taylor declined to surrender, and that meant hard fighting. - The line of battle was formed by General Wool, General Taylor held - Colonel Jefferson Davis (his son-in-law) with his Mississipi Rifles, - Lieut.-Col. May’s Dragoons, the light batteries of Captains Sherman - and Bragg, and Captain Steers’ squadron in reserve. General Lane - moved forward with a section of Washington’s battery to arrest the - advance of the army, but that enemy seemed invincible; before night - the Mexicans had occupied the sides and scaled the summits of the - Sierra Madre. That night our little army lay on their arms without - fires, and long before daybreak were aroused from their slumbers to - the tug of war; the day dawned bright, and beautiful skies unclouded, - and mountain bathed in sunlight. Ampudia commenced the battle early, - and at 8 o’clock Santa Anna had his main column in motion, at 11 he - summoned General Taylor to surrender; the fortunes of the day seemed - against us. Lieutenant O’Brien, whose name is so indelibly written - on Buena Vista, maintained his ground until all his cannoniers were - killed or wounded. Eight regiments of Mexican infantry fell upon - the 2nd Illinois, and they were forced to take shelter. Braggs’ and - sections of Sherman’s batteries had been ordered to their relief. - Immense hosts of Mexican troops poured along the base of the mountain - to the rear of the American line. Colonel Jefferson Davis hastened - to meet them, the Mississipi Rifles went into action in double quick, - and fired advancing, the front lines of the enemy seemed to melt - before them: in the thickest of the fight Captain Bragg sent to Taylor - for a supporting party, Taylor sent back the answer, “Major Bliss - and I will support you.” He galloped to Braggs’ support, and there - gave the celebrated order, “A little more grape, Captain Bragg.” The - American line had been turned in the morning, but before night it was - recovered. In the success of the battle Colonel Jefferson Davis justly - claims a conspicuous part. Our little army of less than 5,000 men - for more than 12 hours sustained this terrible fight against 20,000 - Mexican troops, and thus closed one of the most memorable battles of - modern times. - - Mexico has fallen, the Stars and Stripes fly above the “Halls of the - Montezumas”--a nation has been conquered. History records no deeds of - greater daring, no triumphs of arms more brilliant. Empire was added - to empire, 1,000,000 square miles of territory were acquired--three - and a half times the area of France--a dwelling place for 100,000,000 - of freemen, won by half a hundred thousand. Until then much of the - territory of the Mississipi-Missouri belonged to Mexico. Now the whole - valley of one million five hundred thousand square miles, the river, - with thirteen hundred navigable branches, running from its source five - hundred miles to the north, cutting through its magnificent mountain - gateway turning to the sea, running through territories and states, - until sweetened by the breath of the olive and the orange, and finally - received into the warm embrace of the tropical gulf, 5,000 miles from - the land of the pine to the land of the palm, long enough to reach - from the mouth of the Hudson to the mouth of the Nile. Add the empire - drained by the Colorado, crown these with California--and all is ours, - and won under the flag that now protects it. - - Judge McKay’s reference to Colonel A. W. Donophan and his famous march - from Missouri to Mexico with Colonel Sterling Price reminds me of the - ever-to-be-remembered passage from Brazos Santiago to New Orleans on - the old Mississipi River a tow-boat of six hundred tons, the “Mary - Kingsland,” on which I was one of the invalid passengers. We had - crowded on that small vessel nearly 900 men of Colonel Donophan’s - regiment, over 800 men of the 2nd Indiana (Colonel Bowles) and over - 100 sick men of other commands. Many of these men were down with - yellow fever, of whom ten died during the five days’ passage, and were - buried at sea. You may talk of the Black Hole of Calcutta, but I do - not think it was any worse than the lower hold of that steamer, where - we were obliged to lie packed together like sardines on square blocks - of iron used as ballast, where the foul, stenchful bilge water came - oozing up between these iron blocks. Then to add to our discomforts - we had nothing to eat but the hardest kind of ship-biscuit that was - impossible to masticate, and rotten, green measly pork and Rio coffee - served out in the green bean. The stuff was so vile that we were often - obliged to vomit after each meal, as we could not retain the putrid - meat on our stomachs. - - The Government, no doubt, paid for sound pork, but in those days - the Government contractors were principally gentlemen from the - neighbourhood of Jerusalem, located at Cincinnati, who were not over - scrupulous as to the kind of meat they supplied providing they got the - money. - - I will never forget the horrors of that five days passage, and to - add to our trouble, we experienced one of those terrible storms they - called “northers” in that latitude, during which we very nearly - foundered. You can imagine a small paddle-wheel river-steamboat of 600 - tons loaded down with nearly 2,000 men, 16 pieces of brass cannon, - and thousands of Mexican lances, besides the rotten pork, Rio coffee, - and the hardest kind of tack. The cannon and lances were captured - by Colonel Donophan’s regiment at the Battles of Sacramento and San - Jacinto, and comprised all the artillery the Mexicans had at these two - fights. - - I am confident if this war occurred at the present day, we would - have had a harder task to perform, as Mexico is possessed now of a - well-disciplined army, splendidly officered and of very different - materials, and trust we will always live in peace and friendly - intercourse with our Mexican brothers, as should become all near-by - neighbours and friends. - - Sherman and others, returning from the shores of our Western sea, - joined in another march, from Atlanta, to our Eastern sea, and but for - these, who can tell what would have been the result of our experiment - of self-government, or where the boundary lines of the States of - freedom would be drawn to-day. Milton says: - - “Peace hath her victories - No less renowned than war,” - - and the men of peace who remained fought battles in the material - world, with equal dangers requiring equal courage, and with results as - supremely grand. The difficulties, dangers, and cost incident to the - construction of the Central Pacific Railway were such as scarcely to - be comprehended by men of to-day; its obstacles were simply appalling. - The art of railway construction at that time was so far removed from - its present advanced state that engineers looked upon the project with - amazement, and capitalists with derision, its conception was so bold, - so grand, so stupendous, so startling, as to fill the incredulous even - with admiration. Bonaparte’s crossing of the Alps with his army and - artillery is dwarfed into tameness when compared with the achievement - which made this the highway of nations and the “rapid transit” of - the world’s commerce. In the autumn of 1849, the very month that - California was organised as a territory, a Pacific Railroad Convention - was held. On May 1, 1852, the Legislature of California passed “an - Act granting the right of way to the United States for a railroad to - connect the navigable waters of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans for - the purposes of national safety in the event of war, and to promote - the highest interests of the Republic, pronounced one of the greatest - necessities of the age.” A Senator, upon the floor of Congress, - said: “I look upon the building of the railroad from the waters of - the Missouri to the Pacific Ocean, at the time particularly in which - it was built during the war, as perhaps the greatest achievement of - the human race on earth.” Let us honour the builders with a simple - moment’s consideration. Engineer Colonel O. M. Poe, in his report to - General Sherman, said: “An army of workmen were employed, 25,000 men - and 6,000 teams, and the route presented a busy scene. The woods rang - with the strokes of the axe, and the quarries with the click of steel; - the streams were bordered with lumbermen’s camps and choked with - floating logs, and materials, supplies, and equipment for the Central - Pacific were scattered from New York _via_ Cape Horn and San Francisco - to the end of the track advancing eastward.” The base of supplies of - the Central Pacific from the Eastern Rolling Mills, by the way of Cape - Horn to the track layers, was equal to the circuit of the globe on the - parallel of the road. This distance was so great as to keep materials - to the value of millions of dollars, and sufficient for nearly a - year’s construction, constantly in transit. In cutting the Sierras, - miles of snow and rock were tunneled; snow slides and avalanches - destroyed many lives and large amounts of property. To hasten the work - of piercing the Sierras, three locomotives, forty cars, rails, and - track material for forty miles of railroad were hauled on sleds by - oxen and horses over the summits of that Alpine range and down into - the cañon of the Truckee River. This over a pass in which the annual - average snowfall was forty feet and the depth of hard settled snow - in midwinter was eighteen feet on the level. Who at this distance - appreciates the stupendous work of these Titans? From the Truckee to - the Bear River in Utah, the inhabitants did not average one to each - ten miles. With the exception of a few cords of stunted pine and - juniper, all the fuel had to be hauled from the Sierras. For over five - hundred miles there was not a tree that would make a board or tie. - Fortunes were expended in boring for water and in laying pipes, in - some instances over eight miles in length, to convey water to the line - of the road. - - Upon this desert stretch, as far as from Boston to Buffalo, there was - nothing that entered into the superstructure of a railroad, not even - good stone, and water for men and animals was hauled at times for - forty miles. The cost of supplies was fabulous; oats and barley for - the animals cost from $200 to $280 per ton, and hay $120. But, as - with Grant at Vicksburg and at the Wilderness, the work went on, the - road was completed, and it was California Pioneers who did it, and who - made the road they built their monument, and “success” their epitaph. - Senator Benton said his dream was “to see a train of cars thundering - down the Eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, bearing in transit - to Europe the teas, silks, and spices of the Orient.” His dream is - practically realised, as there are seven trans-continental lines - bearing this commerce to the Atlantic. - - The Pioneer has left other material legacies to the nation. The great - American Deserts you knew will soon be blotted from our maps. By - the science of civilization large tracts of these have been made to - “blossom like the rose,” rivers that ran to waste now work the mine, - turn the wheel, and then with the artesian flow irrigate the desert - wastes, until fruitful gardens have grown like sweet dreams along the - trail where comrades of ours died of damning thirst. - - We all love the sweet flowery land we knew as territory, then as the - new, and now the dear old State. We remember with becoming pride - our first votes. California came into the Union a Free State. How - controlling this action was none knew, nor when viewed in the light - of the history of the Rebellion can it be measured. California - became a gem in the Federal coronet. The pen of Bishop Berkley must - have pointed toward it when he wrote his epigrammatic expression, - “Ho! westward Empire takes its way.” It is a sunny land, and merits - the sobriquet, “Italy of America,” with its clear skies, charms of - climate, wonderful soils, wealth of mines, fabulous products and - enchantments of scenery, crowned with the Yosemite Falls, the highest - in the world, descending in three leaps 2,500 feet, or one-half a - mile, from the glaciers and eternal snows of the Sierras to the valley - below, a very Eden of sublimity and loveliness, perhaps the most - wondrously grand and beautiful spot on the earth. To stand for an hour - upon a summit crest of the Sierras, the grandest of America’s Alpine - ranges; to live a day amid their icy homes; to descend their western - slopes; to trace their long summit lines of snow-clad peaks that link - Oregon to Aztec Mexico; to walk where a single step takes you from - the glacier ice to Spring’s resurrection, where the violets greet you - with sweetest smiles through dewy tears of joy, born on the spot where - the snows of yesterday were melted by the morning’s sun; the great - pines and sequoia gigantea, those wonders of the world’s forests, - in whose branches the birds chorused their matin songs centuries - before the Christian era, towering below you; the silvery lines of - the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers mirroring hundreds of miles of - the great central valley, reaching far North and South from the Bay - of San Francisco; the Coast Range alone curtaining the Pacific Sea, - with stern old Mount Diablo standing as the sole sentinel guarding the - Golden gate--these are alone worth crossing a continent to see--and - recall the words of Tom Moore, who, after visiting the mountains of - New England, the rivers and lakes of New York, the St. Lawrence and - grand old Niagara, wrote to Lady Charlotte Rowdon, saying: - - “Oh, Lady, these are miracles which man, - Caged in the bonds of Europe’s pigmy plan, - Can scarce dream of, and which the eye must see - To know how beautiful this world can be.” - - Pity he could not have seen and sung of our lands of the Yellowstone, - the Columbia, and the Yosemite,--what words would these have inspired - his poet pen to write. - - Among the gentlemen who have honored us with their presence here - to-night as one of our guests I notice my friend the Honorable Felix - Campbell, Member of Congress from Brooklyn, and who is now the Dean - of the delegation to the Congress of the United States from the - great State of New York, and who has been honored with many many - re-elections to that body; his presence here to-night is particularly - welcome to us old soldiers of the Mexican War, for we all remember the - active part he took in helping to secure the passage of our pension - bill a few years ago. - - I must also not forget to mention the name of my old friend and - fellow forty-niner of California, James Phelan, Esq., of San - Francisco to whose generosity we are mainly indebted for this splendid - entertainment to-night, whose patriotic spirit and warm-hearted nature - always come to the front on such occasions. May his shadow never grow - less, and that he may never die till I kill him. - - As allusion has been made to the war of the rebellion, in which - comrade McKay took a most prominent part on the side of the South, - and Colonel Hungerford and myself serving in the Union Army. Although - _South Carolina_ and _New York troops fought side by side in the - same brigade under the gallant General Shields in Mexico_, we found - ourselves, _unfortunately_, arrayed against each other in later years - in our own country, and _no man who is a man_ will from _political_ or - _personal_ motives _keep alive the passions of the war_, or by fanning - the embers of sectional hatred for _political_ or _partisan effect_, - subject our people to the charge of vindictive malignity. I trust we - have long since forgotten the bitter memories of our Civil War, and - that we only remember the _gallant acts_ and _deeds_ of _both armies_. - - I have hoped for years back that the time would come, and it is - happily now at hand, when the brave soldiers of the society of the - army of Northern Virginia, who fought under the gallant Lee, will - meet side by side at the annual reunions with the soldiers of our - society of the army of the Potomac, who fought under McClellan, Grant, - Meade, and Sheridan, and at other festive meetings of our various army - gatherings and organizations of old soldiers, where I have never heard - a word said against, but the highest praise accorded to our gallant - but misguided southern brothers for their bravery and daring on the - battlefield. - -Colonel Murphy was called upon to respond to the last sentiment,--in -memory of our dead comrades,--which he did, as follows: - -I am called on to say a word to the memory of our dear departed -comrades. Would that I had command of language to do justice to our -dead heroes. Father Time has fearfully thinned our ranks, and few of us -can point to the comrade who was his file leader and marched shoulder -to shoulder with us nearly 50 years ago, and the death roll since the -Mexican War has been frightful among the distinguished men of that army -who have been called to their final account. I mention a few, Scott, -Taylor, Pillow, Quitman, Twiggs, Duncan, Pierce, Kearney, Hancock, -Shields. The last named general, and the last surviving general of that -war, was a welcome guest at my house a few years ago when stricken with -a fatal sickness when far away from his Western home and kindred. I -well remember the gallant Lieutenant Ralph Bell of the South Carolina -Regiment, mentioned by comrade McKay, and who, while wounded, led the -forlorn hope at Chapultepec. He accompanied me to California in 1849, -and his eyes I closed in death at Sacramento City the following year, -and whose placid countenance looks down upon me here to-night. These -are sad memories, and the tongue can but feebly express the feelings -of the heart at this time; our own bent forms and fast becoming hoary -locks admonish us that it will not be long before we too are called to -tread the same path, and no matter what our former condition in life, -there is no distinction then. The dead, how beautiful is the memory of -the dead, what a holy thing it is in the human heart, what a chastening -influence it has upon human life, how it subdues all the harshness -that grows up within us in the daily intercourse with the world, how -it melts our hardness and softens our pride, kindles our deepest love, -and waking our brightest aspirations in the camp and by the wayside, in -solitude or among our comrades, think sadly and speak lovingly of the -dead. - -It occurred to the compiler of this pamphlet that it would not be -out of place to mention the name of Colonel Murphy’s son, Ignatius, -a well-known journalist and editorial writer, who wrote the life of -Colonel Hungerford (a book of nearly 400 pages). This gallant soldier -recently died in Rome, Italy, at the home of his daughter, the Countess -Telfener, at the Villa Ada, attaining the ripe age of seventy-five -years. He passed peacefully away, surrounded by his affectionate wife, -his daughter, the Countess, and his numerous grandchildren. - -Ignatius Ingoldsby Murphy deserves more than a mere honourable mention -in connection with the corn propaganda. When his father commenced -his missionary labors, in 1887, he was flooded with correspondence from -all parts of Europe. This son, who was a third year naval cadet at -Annapolis, resigned, and came over to Europe to assist his father, for -which his knowledge of European languages eminently qualified him. - -[Illustration: IGNATIUS INGOLDSBY MURPHY - -CADET 1st CLASS, UNITED STATES - -NAVAL ACADEMY, ANNAPOLIS, MD., U.S.A.] - -When his father was ordered from Berlin to Russia, by General Rusk, -at the request of the Grand Duke Sergius, the uncle of the present -Emperor, the Secretary of Agriculture appointed him as special agent -and secretary to take his father’s place in Germany, and much of the -success of this propaganda is fairly attributable to his valuable -assistance, together with that of Colonel Murphy’s wife, who recently -died in Brussels. This extraordinary and gifted woman gave the last -fifteen of the best years of her life to this work; in fact her whole -life, no less than her pen has been devoted to the welfare of others. -The two daughters also worked together with the same energy and -enthusiasm as their father, for no one man could have accomplished such -phenomenal work in so short a time. - -The exports of our American corn (maize) was only 24,000,000 bushels of -56 lbs. each in 1888, less than four per cent. of our production. The -year after the commencement of this propaganda, which Colonel Murphy -undertook on his own initiative and sole expense, unaided by anyone, -the exports went up rapidly, and in 1901 were over 213 million bushels, -and every acre of land on the corn belt has doubled in value in the -last fifteen years. This result proves the value of the work done by -this propaganda in showing the people of Europe the value of maize as -human food, which was formerly only considered as fit food for animals. -This family deserves a place on the roll of grateful remembrance. - -[Illustration: ear of corn] - - - - -Transcriber’s Notes - -Obvious errors in punctuation and spelling have been fixed. - -Page 14: “El Penon” changed to “El Peñón” - -Page 15: “Cherubusco” changed to “Churubusco” and “Charlet Bent” -changed to “Charles Bent” - -Page 17: “tete-dupont” changed to “tête de pont” - -Page 18, 20 & 21: “Belen” changed to “Belén” - -Page 21: “ordinance, quartermaster and commissionary” changed to -“ordnance, quartermaster and commissary” - -Page 22: “July 4th, 1828” changed to “July 4th, 1848” - -Page 25: “will aways be among” changed to “will always be among” and -“the the misdeeds” changed to “the misdeeds” - -Page 26: “perhaps unparalled” changed to “perhaps unparalleled” - -Page 28: “would would not be out of place” changed to “would not be out -of place” - -Page 29: “tban can be” changed to “than can be” - -Page 30: “presumptious in me” changed to “presumptuous of me” and -“whether caravansery” changed to “whether caravansary” - -Page 31: “Cherubusco” changed to “Churubusco”; “Popocatopeth” changed -to “Popocatépetl” and “last General battle” changed to “last general -battle” - -Page 32: “son-is law” changed to “son-in-law” - -Page 34: “ship-buiscuit” changed to “ship-biscuit” - -Page 35: “on the peninsular” changed to “on the peninsula” - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONDENSED HISTORY OF THE -MEXICAN WAR AND ITS GLORIOUS RESULTS *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Condensed History of the Mexican War and its Glorious Results</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Authors: William McKay</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em;'>Daniel E. Hungerford</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em;'>Charles J. Murphy</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: March 26, 2022 [eBook #67722]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONDENSED HISTORY OF THE MEXICAN WAR AND ITS GLORIOUS RESULTS ***</div> - - -<h2>ERRATA.</h2> -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p>Since the printing of this book it has come to my knowledge that -comrade James C. Carleton, secretary of the National Association of -Mexican War Veterans of Bedford, Indiana, under-ranks me in age 14 -days. He was born on the 17th of June, 1832, while I saw the light -first on the 3rd of June of the same year. This knocks the conceit out -of me as to being the youngest veteran of the Mexican War, and I take -my hat off to my dear young comrade Carleton, late of the 5th Regiment -Indiana Volunteers, Colonel Lane, and I am relegated to a back seat.</p> - -<p>I hope my dear comrade will live to see his 100th birthday, and that he -may never die till I kill him, and when he is called away at the last -tattoo, may every hair of his head be converted into an electric light -to illumine his march to glory.</p> - -<p class="right p0 p2"><span class="figcenter" id="img001"> - <img src="images/001.jpg" class="w10" alt="CJ Murphy" /> -</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="center p0 p2"><span class="figcenter" id="img002"> - <img src="images/002.jpg" class="w50" alt="COLONEL DANIEL E. HUNGERFORD" /> -</span></p> -<p class="center p0 caption">COLONEL DANIEL E. HUNGERFORD<br /></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="small">(COPYRIGHTED)</p> - -<h1> CONDENSED HISTORY<br /> -<span class="vsmall">of the</span><br /> -<span class="big">Mexican War</span><br /> -<span class="small">and its glorious results</span></h1> - -<p class="center p2"><span class="big">By <abbr title="honorable">Hon.</abbr> WILLIAM McKAY</span><br /> - of the Palmetto Regiment in Mexico, also Reminiscences - of the War by</p> - -<p class="center p2"><span class="big">Colonel DANIEL E. HUNGERFORD,</span><br /> - of Rome (Italy), Captain in the 2nd New York Regiment - in the Mexican War, and latterly in command of the - 36th Regiment New York Volunteers in the War - of the Rebellion,<br /> - (Father of Mrs. John W. Mackay, of Nevada, now of London)</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="big">and Colonel CHAS. J. MURPHY,</span><br /> - of Brussels (Belgium)</p> - -<p class="center"> the well-known Corn Propagandist, and one of the only two - officers who won the Congressional Medal of Honor (a distinction - which ranks with the cross of the Legion of Honor of France, - and the Victoria Cross of England) in the first general battle of - the War, Bull Run, and the youngest survivor now living of - the soldiers in the Mexican War.</p> - -<hr class="r65" /> -<p class="center"> Compiled and Published<br /> - by <span class="smcap">John</span> E. COWAN, 122, West 93rd Street, New York</p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="center big"> PRICE: 25 CENTS</p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="center"> FIRST EDITION 25,000 -</p></div> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="HISTORY_of_the_MEXICAN_WAR"><span class="smcap">HISTORY <span class="vsmall">of the</span> MEXICAN WAR</span></h2> -</div> - -<p class="center p0">by the <abbr title="honorable">Hon.</abbr> WILLIAM McKAY</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<p><strong>Comrades and welcome Guests:</strong></p> - -<p>It has been the custom of veterans of the war with Mexico to celebrate -the fall of the capital of that Republic before the prowess of American -soldiers on the 14th day of September, 1847.</p> - -<p>Hence are assembled around this festive board in this magnificent Hotel -Continental the few veterans of that war whose far-wandering footsteps -have brought them to the “elbow-touch” once more on a foreign soil. We -meet to-night in this splendid capital of France, yet with the radiant -folds of our country’s flag above us, that flag honored of the nations:</p> - -<p class="poetry p0"> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">“For grace and beauty and order draw</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Around that symbol of light and law.”</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>In thus assembling, we commune in the sacrament of a common memory with -our comrades across the seas, who on all their homestead hills are -celebrating the same glorious event. With them we exult in the proud -consciousness that by doing our duty as American soldiers in the days -of our youth, we not only gave renewed lustre to the martial annals -of our country, but through the triumph of our arms we added greatly -to the sum of human happiness, by widening the area of the world’s -civilization.</p> - -<p>The occasion permits me to glance but briefly at the events of that war -which to some are still vivid memories,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</span> while others must either glean -them from the historic page or hear them recited by the men who then -acted history.</p> - -<p>That war had its origin in the invasion of the soil of the United -States by the Army of Mexico.</p> - -<p>On January 10th, 1845, the Congress of the United States passed an Act -providing for the annexation of Texas.</p> - -<p>The Act was ratified by the Congress of that Republic on July 4th, -1845, and Texas with its two hundred and sixty five thousand square -miles of territory, an area greater than that of the German Empire or -of Austria, thus became an integral part of the American Union.</p> - -<p>Texas had already maintained her independence for ten years against -Mexico, the parent country.</p> - -<p>Those who have questioned the political morality of the act of -annexation may be fully answered by reference to the fact that England, -France and Spain had all formally recognized the independence of the -Republic of Texas three years before her admission into our Union. -Mexico resolved to nullify that act by force of arms.</p> - -<p>In view of her aggressive attitude, Major General Zachary Taylor, U. -S. Army, was ordered to the Rio Grande, the Western boundary of Texas, -with a force of about four thousand men, chiefly regulars, where he -arrived July 20th, 1845, establishing his headquarters at Corpus -Christi, within four miles of the Mexican Army, then encamped ten -thousand strong, under the command of General Ampudia, on the South -side of that river. In January, 1846, General Taylor moved his command -to a point opposite Matamoras, Mexico, and erected an earthwork which -he termed Fort Brown.</p> - -<p>On the 24th of April, 1846, Captain Thornton, U. S. Army, while -marching at the head of seventy men of the 2nd Dragoons in Texas, fell -into an ambuscade of Mexican regular troops, numbering between three -and four hundred, and after a gallant resistance, during which he had -sixteen of his command killed, and thirty-eight wounded, was obliged -to surrender. Six days later the Mexican forces attacked Fort Brown, -and were handsomely repulsed. On May 8th General<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</span> Taylor with 2,300 men -met and defeated the Mexican Army 6,000 strong, under the command of -Generals Ampudia and Arista, at Palo Alto. On the following day, the -Mexican Army having received a reinforcement of 1,000 men, made a stand -at Resaca de la Palma (Ravine of Palms) and was there again defeated by -General Taylor, the Mexican loss being 975 and ours but 110 killed and -wounded.</p> - -<p>It is a noteworthy fact that those battles were fought without a -declaration of war on either side. Indeed no declaration of war was -ever made by either of the two contending Republics.</p> - -<p>On May 13th, 1846, the Congress of the United States passed a -resolution declaring that war existed between the United Stales and -Mexico, and further resolved, that the war should be prosecuted, until -we obtained “indemnity for the past, and security for the future.”</p> - -<p>In response to the call of the President (<abbr title="James">Jas.</abbr> K. Polk) for thirty -thousand volunteers, sixty-five thousand volunteered promptly. The -quotas furnished by the respective States were as follows:</p> - -<p>Alabama 2,981, Maryland and district of Columbia 1,372, Arkansas -1,274, Florida 289, Missouri 6,441, Georgia 1,987, North Carolina 895, -Illinois 5,791, South Carolina 1,120, Indiana 4,329, Ohio 5,334, Iowa -229, New Jersey 420, Kentucky 4,094, New York 1,890, Louisiana 7,341, -Pennsylvania 2,117, Michigan 1,072, Tennessee 5,392, Massachusetts 930, -Texas 7,394, Mississippi 2,235, Wisconsin 146.</p> - -<p>To these must be added about seven thousand regulars of the United -States Army, and one thousand marines, making an aggregate force of -about seventy-three thousand rank and file, constituting that gallant -army, charged with the duty in connection with our grand old historic -navy of enforcing from Mexico “indemnity for the past and security for -the future.”</p> - -<p>That demand, history attests, they translated into action.</p> - -<p>The Republic of Mexico consisted of twenty-four states, with a -population of about six millions. It had but twenty<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span> years previously -achieved its independence against the veteran army of Spain.</p> - -<p>It had a standing army of fifty thousand, and had called into the field -an additional force, chiefly volunteers, of nearly two hundred thousand.</p> - -<p>Her soldiers were well armed and equipped, the muskets of her infantry -all bearing the English Tower-stamp, and the cartridges being of the -best British manufacture. Her troops were, in the main, magnificently -uniformed, and we could say with literal truth that her “Cohorts were -gleaming with purple and gold.” Her coast defences were provided with -good armaments, her principal sea-port, Vera-Cruz, being guarded -by the Castle of San Juan d’Ulloa, built of white coral rock, and -mounting three hundred heavy guns. No country was better adapted by its -topography for defensive warfare.</p> - -<p>Abounding with mountain ranges, and rocky hill-slopes, the true -citadels of freedom, that commanded all practicable roads to the -interior, while she had a formidable ally in the deadly climate of her -coast, where the tropical sun, shining upon the ever-decaying masses -of rank vegetation, breeds the fatal malaria which burns up the blood -with fever, alternating with the icy “norther” that within an hour will -often vary the temperature from summer’s heat to an almost Arctic cold.</p> - -<p>Three lines of operation against Mexico were now determined on:</p> - -<p>1. General Taylor was to operate from Matamoras, along the line of the -Rio-Grande.</p> - -<p>2. A column under General Kearny was to conquer the Mexican territories -of New Mexico and California.</p> - -<p>3. A column under General Wool was to enter the Northern States of -Mexico and conquer Chihuahua, and the adjacent country.</p> - -<p>In pursuance of this plan General Taylor advanced upon the Mexican -Array, then in position at Monterey, on September 5th, 1846.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</span></p> - -<p>His army numbered 6,600 of all arms, composed of 3,200 regular troops -of the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 5th, 7th, and 8th, infantry; 4 companies of -the 2nd Dragoons, and 5 batteries (30) guns of field artillery, and -3,400 volunteers, consisting of the first regiments from Kentucky, -Mississipi, Ohio and Tennessee, two Texas regiments commanded by <abbr title="brigadier">Brig.</abbr> -<abbr title="general">Gen.</abbr> Henderson, including Jack Hay’s famous Texas Rangers, and one -battalion from Maryland and the District of Columbia.</p> - -<p>The Mexican force consisted of 7,000 regulars and 3,500 volunteers, -with 84 pieces of artillery in strong works covering every approach -to the city. Their principal works were designated as Forts Diabolo, -Teneria, Soldado, Independence, the Bishop’s Palace and the Citadel.</p> - -<p>Our army attacked in three divisions, commanded respectively by -Generals Worth, Twiggs and Butler of Kentucky.</p> - -<p>The enemy made a desperate resistance. The firing was incessant from -the windows and flat roofs of the dwellings, and from barricades in the -streets when our troops had entered the city after carrying all the -outer defences by assault.</p> - -<p>The attack began on September 20th, and ended on the morning of the -23rd, with the surrender of the enemy. Our loss was about 950 killed -and wounded.</p> - -<p>Early in December, 1846, all of the regular infantry was withdrawn from -General Taylor’s army and ordered to report to Major-General Winfield -Scott, the Commander-in-Chief, who had assumed command in person of the -fourth great column of attack, whose objective point was the Capital -of Mexico, and which was entitled, “The Army of Mexico.” General -Taylor’s army was thus reduced to only 4,500 men consisting altogether -of volunteers, except three batteries of the regular army, and two -squadrons of the 2nd Dragoons. Its numerical weakness invited attack, -and General Santa Anna, the most renowned and skilful of the Mexican -Commanders, and President of the Republic of Mexico, who had won a -decisive victory over the French Army of invasion nine years before, -moved his army against it. That army, according to the Mexican official -reports,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span> numbered twenty three thousand, two-thirds regular soldiers.</p> - -<p>General Taylor decided to accept battle, and selected a position -admirably adapted for defence at the Rancho Buena Vista. The position -was marked by narrow defiles, and rugged and high ridges, that -commanded the valley below. The battle began at daylight on February -23rd, 1846, by the attack of the enemy in force on our left flank. -It was gallantly repulsed by the fire of the second and 3rd Indiana -Riflemen, and a company of <abbr title="colonel">Col.</abbr> Yell’s dismounted Arkansas Cavalry, -with Bragg’s and Shermann’s splendidly served batteries, diverged to -our left, where the enemy was concentrating for a decisive attack. The -extreme left of our line was posted on a high and broad plateau and was -composed of the 2nd Indiana, and 2nd Illinois regiments of infantry.</p> - -<p>The tremendous impact of that attack forced those regiments to retire -in considerable disorder after they had sustained for some time a -severe cross-fire of artillery, and a heavy fire on their front, by a -greatly superior force of infantry. At that crisis of the battle the -1st Mississipi Rifles, the only regiment of that army that was armed -with rifles having percussion locks, commanded by Colonel Jefferson -Davis, promptly interposed between the retreating regiments, and the -charging Mexican cavalry, and doubtless saved the day by their rapid -and effective firing, before which the enemy recoiled. There are -veterans of Buena Vista, who, though in after years they still remained -true to the flag of their country, and struck in its just defence on -fields “shot-sown and bladed thick with steel,” do not feel that they -sully their loyalty in respectfully saluting Jefferson Davis, <em>as -he was</em>, recalling him to memory as with tall heroic form he so -gallantly upheld the starry ensign of the Union upon the steady and -blazing line that sheltered the brave but broken columns of Illinois -and Indiana, from the uplifted sabres of a merciless foe.</p> - -<p>The art of dying at the right time is the art preservative of great -reputations.</p> - -<p>The Mississipi Rifles were soon bravely supported by the 1st Illinois, -2nd Indiana, and 2nd Kentucky regiments with section (2 pieces) of -Bragg’s famous battery, and the ground<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span> lost on our left flank was -in great part recovered. At the base of the ridge the left flank of -the enemy was held in check by Indiana and Arkansas infantry, and the -destructive fire of our artillery.</p> - -<p>At that moment, when his army had met with a disastrous and -demoralizing repulse, General Santa Anna sent forward a flag of truce -and our fire was suspended. The bearer of the flag, to the amazement of -General Taylor, presented a demand for the surrender of his army.</p> - -<p>This expedient cannot be too strongly commended in the art of war, -although writers upon grand strategy have strangely overlooked it. It -is not suggested even by General Jomini, in his exhaustive work <span xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">“Traité -des grandes Opérations Militaires.</span>”</p> - -<p>It may, however, be thus formulated: When your attacking columns are -shattered and repulsed, hurry up a flag of truce, and check the advance -of your exultant enemy, and demand his surrender, and then, before he -can recover from his astonishment at your sublime impudence reform your -shattered lines and advance to further vantage ground, or retire in -good order, under the shelter of the peaceful symbol.</p> - -<p>Santa Anna’s messenger returned with General Taylor’s laconic answer, -“I decline acceding to your demand,” and the Mexicans again advanced -to the attack, bringing into action all their reserves, and were again -repulsed with heavy loss, after a terrible struggle.</p> - -<p>The battle of twelve sanguinary hours on that mountain plateau had -ended, and “our flag was still there.”</p> - -<p>General Santa Anna retired rapidly with his army, only pausing in the -vicinity long enough to send off a bulletin to the Capital announcing -that he had “won a decisive victory over the barbarians of the North.” -Thus ended in a blaze of glory the battle-record of the “army of -occupation,” under General Taylor.</p> - -<p>In the meantime, the Army of the West, under the command of General -Stephen W. Kearney, had been reaping a rich harvest of laurels.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</span></p> - -<p>By a rapid march from Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, to Santa Fé, a distance -of 750 miles in thirty days, he secured possession of New Mexico.</p> - -<p>Dividing his force (2,500) at Santa Fé, General Kearney with 1,500 -Dragoons marched to California, and defeated the enemy in a warm -engagement at San Pasqual. He then formed a junction with the -California rifle battalion, and a force of 750 sailors and marines -from the naval squadron, under the command of Commodore Stockton, who -had just succeeded the gallant Commodore Sloat, who had previously -taken the California port of Monterey. Prior to the arrival of General -Kearney, however, that brilliant soldier, and untiring and sagacious -explorer, John C. Fremont, had hoisted the American standard in -California. He was there under orders to ascertain and lay out a new -route to Oregon further South than that travelled by our emigrants.</p> - -<p>The Mexican Governor of California having in May, 1846, ordered -all American settlers to leave that province, and having raised a -force to expel them, Colonel Fremont recruited a body of 400 men and -defeated the Mexicans in several sharp engagements in the valley of -the Sacramento, before he had even heard that war existed between the -United States and Mexico. Under his able and enterprising leadership -the Americans in California, united with many of the natives, declared -the independence of the province of California on the 4th of July, 1845.</p> - -<p>It has since transpired that but for this timely action on the part of -<abbr title="colonel">Col.</abbr> Fremont and the resolute Americans associated with him, a large -force would have been landed from the British fleet in that vicinity, -and California would have been taken possession of by England, under an -arrangement with its Mexican Governor.</p> - -<p>It had been taken possession of by Admiral Drake for England in the -year 1579, under the name of “New Albion,” and the vague British claim -was to be revived in the interest of English capitalists who held the -bonds of Mexico to the amount of one hundred and fifty millions of -dollars.</p> - -<p>A few months after these stirring and important events on<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span> the Pacific -slope, <abbr title="colonel">Col.</abbr> A. W. Doniphan began his famous march from Santa Fé to -Saltillo.</p> - -<p>He started on November 13th, 1846, with a force consisting of nine -hundred Missouri cavalry and two batteries of Missouri artillery. -A part of his command 500 strong was attacked on Christmas Day at -Brazito by a force of 1,000 Mexicans, which they defeated in twenty -minutes. They again defeated the enemy on February 28th, 1847, at -Sacramento, near the city of Chihuahua, and entered that important -city triumphantly. On the next day Doniphan began his march through -the Northern States of Mexico, back to Saltillo. He accomplished this -renowned march, winning victories as he went, in forty days, a distance -of 1,500 miles. This dims the lustre of the retreat of the ten thousand -Greeks from the field of Cunaxa, as graphically described by Xenophon, -their commander and historian.</p> - -<p>While these events were in progress, <abbr title="colonel">Col.</abbr> Sterling Price, of Missouri, -who had been left by Doniphan at Santa Fé, with a force of about 500 -men, had been, as he always was, active and successful.</p> - -<p>On January 19th, 1847, Governor Charles Bent, with thirty-five other -Americans were massacred at Taos, New Mexico, in cold blood by a -Mexican force of about two thousand cavalry, which soon after appeared -in the vicinity of Santa Fé. Price attacked and defeated them, after -a desperate conflict, at Canada, about 18 miles north of Santa Fé. He -pursued them on their retreat, and two days later inflicted severe loss -upon them at Embedo, and finally on February 4th he utterly routed them -at Taos, the scene of their recent savage atrocity.</p> - -<p>The scene now opens on a broader field of action.</p> - -<p>On the 9th of March, 1847, the Army of Mexico, under the command of -Major-General Winfield Scott, that most regal of American soldiers, -never to be named by us, comrades, but with uplifted hat, began its -victorious march for the “Halls of the Montezumas.” General Scott on -that day effected the landing of his army at Sacrificios, an island -seven miles west of Vera Cruz. The landing was made in seventy-five -surf<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</span> boats, each carrying seventy-five men, under cover of our fleet, -commanded by Commodore Conner, with those able and dashing officers -Commodores Perry and Tatnall commanding squadrons of the fleet. The -army there numbered 13,200 rank and file. General Scott established his -lines on the north and east fronts of Vera Cruz on the same day. Within -ten days he had planted five large siege batteries built of sand bags -about 1,000 yards from the walls of the city. One of them was mounted -with 8-inch ship guns, and manned by sailors from the fleet.</p> - -<p>A demand for the surrender of the city having been made and refused, -our guns opened fire on March 22nd, and for three days and nights -rained upon it the red ruin of avenging war. On the morning of the -25th, General Laudero, commanding the garrison of the city and the -Castle of San Juan d’Ulloa, sent in a flag of truce with overtures of -surrender. He at first proposed to surrender the city alone. General -Scott refused this, as the castle distant but a mile to the South East -of the city, completely commanded it, and he therefore demanded its -surrender also.</p> - -<p>This demand was finally acceded to and the surrender of the Castle of -San Juan d’Ulloa, and the City of Vera Cruz, with their garrisons 8,000 -strong was formally made on March 29, 1847. Our loss was but sixteen -killed and wounded.</p> - -<p>On April 8th our army took up its line of march along the national -road for the Capital of Mexico distant 290 miles. On April 14th it -confronted the Army of Santa Anna, 20,000 strong posted on the heights -of Cerro Gordo. The mountain ridges on which he had taken position, had -been well fortified by that indomitable but cruel and faithless Mexican -general, and fully commanded our route to the Capital. At the instance, -and under the direction of that most excellent soldier Captain Robert -E. Lee, of the Corps of Engineers, a road was cut through the dense -forest on the enemy’s left, so as to enable us to take his position in -reverse. This work occupied three days during which our working parties -were frequently attacked.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span></p> - -<p>On the morning of the 18th of April, at dawn, we attacked in force.</p> - -<p>The command of our column of attack on the enemy’s left was the post of -honor, for it was the strongest point of his position, as it covered -his only line of retreat. That command was assigned to Brigadier -General James Shields, one of that warlike Irish race who have ever -keenly felt the rapture of the fight wherever battle was to be done for -a noble cause—a most knightly and heroic soldier, who would have worn -with stainless honor the white plume of Henry of Navarre on the field -of Ivry, and have worthily led the immortal Irish Brigade along the -path of glory that it trod at Fontenoy.</p> - -<p>Our troops dashed up the mountain side with unquailing intrepidity, the -First Regiment of New York, volunteers of Shield’s brigade under the -command of that most gallant soldier Colonel Ward B. Burnett, bravely -leading on our extreme right. The rocky ridge was soon ablaze with the -fire of musketry and artillery.</p> - -<p>In three hours the Mexican Army was routed. The battle was done, and -far up on the crest of the mountain range where the eagle dwells alone, -the white stars of our country’s banner shone serenely on their blue -field. Our loss was 97 killed and 408 wounded, and that of the enemy -about 1,400 in killed and wounded, and 2,750 prisoners, among whom were -officers and men of the recently surrendered garrison of Vera Cruz, who -were serving against us in violation of their paroles.</p> - -<p>Harney’s Dragoons pursued the enemy hotly, and sabred their scattered -columns for fifteen miles along the road to Jalapa.</p> - -<p>At that city the army of Scott was reduced to about 6,500 by the muster -out of the greater part of his volunteer forces, as they had enlisted -for only one year; and their term of service had expired. Leaving -Jalapa on the 22nd of April we entered Peroté and its strong castle, -a full bastion work of 80 guns, on the evening of the 23rd, the enemy -having evacuated it on approach. Halting here to rest for about<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span> two -weeks we marched for Puebla, 70 miles distant, the chief manufacturing -city in Mexico with a population of 65,000.</p> - -<p>We occupied Puebla on May 15th, after a desultory fire from the enemy -in its streets.</p> - -<p>Here General Scott was obliged to await, for nearly three months, the -arrival of reinforcements. Every day’s delay increased our hazard, as -the enemy was fortifying, along all the approaches to the capital.</p> - -<p>The time was not wholly lost, however, for General Scott there -brought the drill of his volunteer regiments to the highest state of -perfection, so that they marched and manœuvred with all the precision -of trained regulars.</p> - -<p>At length the long-expected reinforcements arrived, and on the morning -of August 7th, 1847, our Army moved out of Puebla on its march for the -city of Mexico, all our bands playing the Star Spangled Banner.</p> - -<p>It numbered then about 10,000 men, consisting of four divisions.</p> - -<p>The cavalry was commanded by that redoubtable soldier, the Murat of the -Army, Brt. <abbr title="brigadier">Brig.</abbr> <abbr title="general">Genl.</abbr> <abbr title="William">Wm.</abbr> S. Harney, and consisted of detachments of -the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Dragoons, to the number of about seven hundred -and fifty.</p> - -<p>After a toilsome march of about seventy miles, across mountain spurs -and along a very rugged road, the army, on the afternoon of August -17th, 1847, looked down for the first time on the valley of Mexico, -and saw from afar its magnificent capital, with the golden crosses of -its churches glittering in the red light of the setting sun. There -lay before us the same broad lake, mirroring the same snow-crowned -mountains in its glassy bosom, on which Cortez with his steel-clad -warriors had gazed, in the same month, three hundred and twenty six -years before. On reaching a point about nine miles from the city, -General Scott ascertained by a <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">reconnaissance</i> that the Mexicans -had fortified El Peñón, a mountain that commanded the approach to the -capital by the National road. He therefore ordered a counter march with -the view to turn the lake (Chalco) on the south. This required<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</span> a march -of twenty five miles, which was rapidly made, and on the 18th, the army -was concentrated at a point about ten miles from the city at Contreras, -a strong position held by General Valencia, with field-works mounting -twenty-four guns. These, General Scott determined to take in reverse, -and we therefore made a night march of eight miles over the pedregal -or lava fields, a route deemed by the Mexicans impracticable for any -army. The assault was made on the rear and flanks of the surprised -enemy soon after daylight on August 20th, by Riley’s Cadivalders and -Shield’s Brigades, all under the command of General P. F. Smith, whom -General Shields, although ranking above him, magnanimously allowed to -retain the command that he might carry out dispositions made prior to -the arrival of Shields on the ground.</p> - -<p>The whole line of works was stormed, and the battle won in eighteen -minutes.</p> - -<p>The enemy broke at the first assault, and fled in the direction of the -city, and nearly five hundred of them were captured by the New York -Volunteers and the Palmetto regiment, that were posted to cut off their -retreat. At this battle two guns of the 4th Artillery, that were lost -without dishonor at Buena Vista, were recaptured from the enemy.</p> - -<p>The army, after resting a few hours at <abbr title="saint">St.</abbr> Augustine, a town about -four miles from Contreras, marched against the main body of the enemy, -distant six miles from the former point.</p> - -<p>We were soon in the presence of the Mexican Army, thirty thousand -strong, commanded by Santa Anna, and composed of the best troops of -Mexico, including several thousand volunteers. It occupied a vast -intrenched camp near the village and convent of Churubusco, about seven -miles from the capital.</p> - -<p>While marching to this field we heard a number of heavy explosions -which we soon learned were due to the blowing up of the bridges along -all our possible lines of retreat back to the coast.</p> - -<p>That meant, as every soldier well knew, a declaration by<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</span> our Mexican -foe of “War to the knife, and the knife to the hilt.”</p> - -<p>General Scott halted the army on a lofty plateau overlooking the valley -where stretched the serried lines of the enemy and where</p> - -<p class="poetry p0"> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">“The sheen of the spears was like stars on the sea,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">When the blue waves roll nightly on deep Galilee.”</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>He there briefly addressed the several commands, and expressed his firm -conviction, that each man would do his duty as an American soldier, and -thus assure victory to our arms.</p> - -<p>That word “Duty,” a code of honor in itself, unknown in its full -import, to every language but our own, has ever inspired the loftiest -achievements of the English speaking race.</p> - -<p>The battle opened at noon, by the attack of the Division of General -Worth (the Marshal Ney of the Army) on the enemy’s left flank, and soon -became general.</p> - -<p>The degree of resistance that we encountered, is indicated by the -following extract from the report of <abbr title="brigadier">Brig.</abbr> <abbr title="general">Genl.</abbr> Shields as to the -operations of his own brigade and it is doubtless applicable to every -command on that field: “My brigade composed of the 1st New York -regiment of Volunteers, and the Palmetto (S. C.) regiment, advanced -steadily against the right flank of the enemy under as terrible a fire -as any that soldiers ever faced.”</p> - -<p>At sundown the battle ended with the defeat of the Mexican army which -retreated in great disorder toward the city.</p> - -<p>The Dragoons, under Harney, followed the flying enemy fast and far, -and Major Phil. Kearney, not hearing the recall sounded, or rather not -heeding it, pursued them to the walls of the city, sabreing the gunners -at its very gate, where he lost his right arm, and returned wounded -behind one of his soldiers. Our loss was 1,045 killed and wounded, -while that of the enemy was estimated at 7,000 in killed, wounded, and -prisoners.</p> - -<p>We captured 5,000 prisoners and 86 pieces of artillery.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</span></p> - -<p>Among the many deeds of heroism done at Churubusco, I must note one -of the most daring that has passed into history. In our charge upon -the field-work known as the tête de pont, we found our way blocked -by a burning Mexican ammunition wagon, that threatened a destructive -explosion. At this juncture Sergeant Alexander M. Keneday of the 3rd -Dragoons, attached to Worth’s escort, sprang into the wagon, and -calling three of his comrades to his aid, with the sparks flying around -him threw the packages of gunpowder into the river below, thus saving -many lives and enabling our charging columns to advance. Sergeant -Keneday is now the honored Secretary of our National Association.</p> - -<p>On the same evening a flag of truce arrived from Santa Anna who -proposed an armistice of twenty days, stating that he desired to -negociate terms of peace. General Scott assented, and having but three -days’ rations in his commissariat, imposed as one of the conditions, -that he should be allowed to send a train with a proper escort into the -city, and there purchase supplies for his army. This was accordingly -done. On Sept. 6th, <abbr title="general">Gen.</abbr> Scott declared the armistice at an end, having -discovered that the wily Santa Anna, in violation of its solemn terms, -was engaged in fortifying his position and reinforcing his army.</p> - -<p>At dawn on Sept. 8th we again advanced. Santa Anna with his army -occupied Molino del Rey or the King’s Mill, a series of massive stone -buildings surrounded by high walls, about one mile and a half west of -the castle of Chapultepec and three miles from the city of Mexico. His -force consisted of ten thousand men and twenty four pieces of artillery.</p> - -<p>Our attacking columns numbered 3,600 with Drum’s, Huger’s, and Duncan’s -batteries, and a company of Voltigeurs, under the immediate command of -General Worth, all regulars.</p> - -<p>We attacked in three columns, and our first attack being repulsed, the -Mexicans sallied from their works, and lanced our wounded officers and -men, and cut their throats within full view of our army.</p> - -<p>Worth rapidly reinforcing with Cadwallader’s Brigade,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</span> and Stewart’s -rifles, that had been left to support Huger’s Battery, and Duncan’s -heavy Battery of 24-pounders, attacked the enemy’s right and centre, -and having taken the Casa Mata, a strong stone citadel, the enemy -abandoned all his other positions, and the day was won. In proportion -to the force engaged, this was, for us, the most bloody battle of the -war. We had 953 killed and wounded, among them seventy five officers. -The loss of the enemy was 1200 killed and wounded, and 850 prisoners.</p> - -<p>The desperate nature of the conflict may be indicated by the fact that -towards its close, the guns of Drum’s and Huger’s batteries were served -almost entirely by officers—graduates of West Point, nearly every -enlisted artillery man having fallen at his post.</p> - -<p>The victory was important as Molino del Rey was the chief cannon -foundry of Mexico and its guns commanded some of the approaches to the -Castle of Chapultepec.</p> - -<p>That castle was a strong fortress of rock and masonry, mounting 26 -guns, and garrisoned by 2,500 regular troops and 300 cadets under the -command of General Bravo. It was the National Military Academy of -Mexico. It was situated about one mile and a half from the capital, on -the crest of a steep rocky height, which rose 189 feet above the road -which entered the city at the Belén gate. About midway up the ascent -was a strong redoubt on the south front, and just below that, a heavy -stone wall, with a banquette, which ran along nearly the entire front, -and was well manned with Mexican regulars. Our batteries opened fire -on the castle at the distance of about 700 yards, on the morning of -September 12th, and at night fall had made several breaches in its -walls.</p> - -<p>Soon after midnight our forces silently occupied the ditch that nearly -encircled the foot of the hill, and which was bordered with a profuse -growth of the Maguay plant or American aloe, which served to screen us -from the view of the enemy. At day-dawn on the 13th our men stepped -from the ditch, and being quickly aligned under the fire of the enemy, -advanced to the assault. The entire army was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</span> brought into action, -except three regiments of Worth’s division held in reserve at Molino -del Rey. In a whirlwind of fire from cannon and musketry, that swept -down the hill, which was everywhere ablaze with the flashing guns, -our men pressed upward, and onward, our artillery, in the road below, -firing shot and shell over their heads as they advanced.</p> - -<p>Another desperate rush, and their bayonets sparkled at every breach, -and soon the flag of the First New York volunteers, the first to crown -the castle, floated out above the battlements with its inspiring motto -“Excelsior,” and proclaimed that Chapultepec was ours!</p> - -<p>The presence here to-night of one of the gallant survivors of that -heroic regiment, Colonel Daniel E. Hungerford who is on my left, and -Colonel Charles J. Murphy who is on my right, a soldier of another -regiment, leads me to recall two incidents of that battle, one of which -moves me deeply with a sense of personal gratitude and bereavement.</p> - -<p>The Colonel of that Regiment, Ward B. Burnett, who proved himself -worthy to lead it, was severely wounded at Cherutusco, and the command -devolved upon its Lieutenant-Colonel Baxter, who was killed while most -gallantly leading it at Chapultepec. Its brave Major Burnham then -assumed command, but was soon temporarily disabled by a glancing shot -or a flying fragment of rock.</p> - -<p>At that critical moment, when the Regiment was nearing the breaches -under a galling fire, Captain Daniel E. Hungerford, then but in his -twenty-fifth year, though not entitled to command it, sprang to the -front and cheered the regiment forward with his voice and waving sword.</p> - -<p>As to the incident which touches me personally. I recall the forlorn -hope of my regiment composed of thirty men under the command of -Lieutenant Ralph Bell, third Lieutenant of my company and the youngest -officer of the <i>Palmetto Regiment</i>, being only in his twenty-first -year. Those who knew him well remember his tall, lithe but soldierly -figure, his light hair and gentle blue eyes, and his face almost -feminine in its delicate beauty.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</span></p> - -<p>Most vividly does he come back to my memory, as he sprang forward -leading that forlorn hope, as cheerily as if he were going to meet -his bride, and with the blood trickling from a wound upon his right -cheek, pointing upward to the castle with the hilt of his sword, its -blade having been shivered by a grape shot. But only two years later, -he passed away among strangers in (California) far distant from his -home, and his eyes closed in a strange land in death by the brotherly -ministrations of his old comrade-in-arms Colonel Charles J. Murphy, -who was himself a gallant actor on that field, though but a youth of -seventeen years. Well indeed has the poet written,</p> - -<p class="poetry p0"> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">“The bravest are the tenderest.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The loving are the daring.”</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>But to continue my cursory narrative of events that would require a -volume to detail them fully.</p> - -<p>Worth’s division pressed the enemy closely on his line of retreat to -the eastern or San Cosmo gate of the city. General Scott decided to -make his main attack at that gate, deeming it the most vulnerable -point. With that view he ordered General Quitman with his division, to -make a feint, and occupy the attention of the enemy at the Garita de -Belén on the west.</p> - -<p>Quitman’s command moved rapidly along the causeway leading to the city -near the margin of the lake, carrying several batteries of the enemy, -he having determined to convert the intended feint into a real attack -and win a victory in violation of orders.</p> - -<p>Far to the front the New York volunteers, the <i>Palmetto Regiment</i>, -and Captain James Stewart’s company of regular rifles sprang from arch -to arch of the great stone aqueduct, firing with rapidity as they -advanced.</p> - -<p>Drum’s battery galloped rapidly to the front, and opened an effective -fire, which was at once replied to by the enemy, with at least twenty -heavy guns. In a few minutes nearly every officer and man of the -battery was killed or wounded. Its chivalric commander lay in the road -with both thighs<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</span> shattered by a cannon ball, but true to the line -of his duty, living and dying, he called out to the Infantry in the -arches, “For God’s sake save my guns!” They quickly responded, and met -the advancing foe with the bayonet, driving them back, and following -them into their works, and the last sounds that reached the ears of the -noble captain Simon Drum, were the victorious shouts of his comrades at -the gate.</p> - -<p>The magnificent Infantry of P. F. Smith’s and Pierce’s Brigades, were -also at this time delivering a destructive fire at the enemy on our -flanks.</p> - -<p>The Mexican troops were soon driven from all their positions near -the gate, and at twenty minutes past one o’clock on the afternoon of -September 13th, 1847, the <em>Palmetto flag of South Carolina</em> was -planted on the wall of the City of Mexico,—the first foreign ensign -that had waved over that spot since Fernando Cortez had there unfurled -the royal standard of Spain on August 13th, 1521.</p> - -<p>Our further advance that day was checked by the fire of the citadel, a -work with ten guns, about 600 yards from the Belén gate.</p> - -<p>About six in the afternoon its commander, General Flores, offered to -surrender, on the novel condition that General Quitman should give him -a receipt for all his ordnance, quartermaster and commissary stores.</p> - -<p>He was informed that receipts on such occasions were written with the -sword, but his demand was acceded to, and the citadel surrendered the -next morning, September 14th, at sunrise.</p> - -<p>The main body of the army under General Worth drove the enemy from -every position at the San Cosmo gate, and on the night of the 13th -bivouacked within the walls of the city.</p> - -<p>At noon on September 14th the entire army was united in the Plaza -Mayor, or great square of the city of Mexico, the site of the ancient -Tenochtitlan of the Aztec empire, nearly eight thousand feet above the -level of the sea.</p> - -<p>The stars and stripes were soon unfurled above the Palace<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</span> of the -Cortes, (Congress), and six thousand five hundred American soldiers -stood triumphant in the capital of Mexico, with its hostile population -numbering one hundred and fifty thousand souls.</p> - -<p>The subsequent operations of our army, though brilliant, were but of -a minor character. Early in October, Santa Anna laid siege to our -garrison at Puebla which consisted of the First Pennsylvania regiment -of volunteers, under Colonel Childs. He summoned the garrison to -surrender, stating, with his usual mendacity, that he had routed the -army of General Scott. <abbr title="colonel">Col.</abbr> Childs occupying Fort Loretto, in the -western suburb of Puebla, repelled four desperate assaults of the -enemy, 5000 strong, and Santa Anna drew off his forces on the approach -of General Joseph Lane who was advancing from the coast, with needed -reinforcements for Scott’s army. The last engagement of the war was -fought by <abbr title="brigadier">Brig.</abbr> General Sterling Price at Rosales, New Mexico, on March -15th, 1848. He there, with but 300 Missouri Volunteers, defeated a -Mexican force of 1000, capturing their commanding General, and eleven -pieces of artillery.</p> - -<p>The war ended by a treaty of peace, concluded at the Hacienda of -Guadeloupe Hidalgo on February 2nd, 1848. Peace was formally announced -in a proclamation by the President of the United States, on July 4th, -1848.</p> - -<p>In this necessarily imperfect sketch of the salient events of the -Mexican war, I have had to omit even the name of many an unforgotten -hero.</p> - -<p>It was no holiday war. It was replete with toilsome marches, with -blistered and bleeding feet, through hot sands, under a tropical sun, -and over jagged rocks, and snowy mountain ranges where horses and -riders perished with cold. It abounded with nameless tragedies, both -on bloody fields near many a battery’s smoking guns, and in the deep -gloom of fever stricken hospitals. In that memorable war of two years, -we fought seventy battles and engagements without the final loss of a -single gun or American ensign.</p> - -<p>Engaged always against heavy odds, we bore the honor of our great -republic triumphantly, on our ever advancing swords and bayonets.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</span></p> - -<p>Blended with this patriotic reflection, we proudly recall the fact that -we marched nearly three thousand miles through the country of an enemy, -alien to us in race and language, and performed no act to wound the -modesty of woman, or to sully the sanctity of her person.</p> - -<p>The flames of no defenceless homestead lighted up our line of march, -and no matin hymn or vesper bell was silenced by our coming. We were -always merciful in the hour of victory, and our army, while vindicating -the prowess of our country, also illustrated its civilisation. What -have been the material results of that victorious war? It acquired for -us the vast territories of California, Nevada, Colorado, New Mexico, -Idaho, Arizona, and Utah, thus adding one million square miles or -640,000,000 of acres to the United States, nearly doubling its area.</p> - -<p>According to authoritative statistics, there have been taken from the -mines and rivers of the region thus acquired since 1848, gold and -silver of the value of three thousand millions of dollars. Averaging -the soldier at 140 pounds, this amount is sufficient to award to every -soldier engaged in the battles of Mexico, were even all now living, his -weight in pure gold.</p> - -<p>But the enterprising men, who developed that imperial domain that -had so long lain stagnant under a semi-barbaric rule, were more than -mere delvers in mines, and gold-washers in river-sands. They were the -builders of empire, the raw material, the muscle and the mind of great -civilised States, whose industrial products have even exceeded in value -during the past thirty five years, all the precious metals that have -been taken from their rocks and streams.</p> - -<p>Time, with its wide arch of forty years, has spanned many memorable -events in our country, since we bore its flag in triumph over the -smoking guns of hostile batteries on fields afar.</p> - -<p>Within thirteen years after we had entered victoriously the capital -of Mexico, the capital of the United States was itself menaced by a -hostile army.</p> - -<p>Through four years of internecine war the republic, founded by -Washington, battled for its existence against<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</span> armed legions that -challenged its rightful supremacy within the State where Washington was -born.</p> - -<p>That war embraced within its theatre of operations more than 2,700,000 -men, and was signalized by more than one thousand battles and -engagements. Soon after its termination, every American State, through -its duly elected representatives, answered to the roll call beneath the -dome of the Nation’s Capitol.</p> - -<p>The magnanimous victors in that mighty war deserved victory, and they -neither abridged the rights, nor wounded the self-respect of the -vanquished.</p> - -<p>Hence, to-day, all American citizens dwell together in loyal unity -beneath the benign rule of our indestructible Union. And I can attest, -as a Southerner, through five generations “native and to the manor -born,” that if my comrades in arms of the Confederate army ever dream -of future wars, it is with the sincere hope, that they may aid in -bearing the flag of the Union among a people who have never looked upon -its starry folds, and into lands that have never felt the power of its -eagle’s beak.</p> - - -<h3>TOASTS.</h3> - -<p>“The day we celebrate.” Responded to by Judge McKay of South Carolina.</p> - -<p>“The President of the United States.”</p> - -<p>This toast was received with great applause and drank standing.</p> - -<p>Colonel Murphy in reply to the toast said:</p> - -<p><b><abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> Chairman and comrades of the Mexican war, and Gentlemen.</b>—I -feel highly honoured, at being called on to respond to this patriotic -toast, in the presence of this important and representative assemblage, -gathered here to-night, to unite in common with our countrymen at home, -in celebrating this anniversary.</p> - -<p>It is significant of the ardent patriotism of our people, that however -varied may be the character of our meetings, this toast to the -President of the United States is always drunk with enthusiasm and -unanimity. And you will, I am sure, agree with me, that the able and -high-minded gentleman,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</span> who now presides over the destinies of the -Republic, is a worthy successor to those who have gone before him in -his exalted office. It is a matter of patriotic pride to us all that -the pages of history have never yet been sullied by the misdeeds of -an American President, and the representatives for the highest office -in the gift of a free people have always been honored at home and -respected and admired abroad.</p> - -<p>We can justly claim that our Presidents form an unbroken line of wise -and capable rulers, that leave indelible marks for good on the progress -of civilization in the path of liberty, justice, and freedom. As for -the present occupant of the White House, none can gainsay his devotion -to duty, his ability and character, and his conscientious endeavour to -serve faithfully the interest of our common country at home and abroad. -Whoever our chief magistrate may be, we may be as Americans, sure that -the national honor is always secure, and that our flag, the glorious -“Stars and Stripes” will always be among the foremost standards among -the nations of the earth. It can be truly said that our President is -at the head of a happy family. Differences may divide us on election -day, but at all times, love and reverence for our institutions, and -liberties animate us, the fires of patriotism, obliterating the petty -distinctions of politics, burn as brightly to-night in the North, -South, East and West, of a united and prosperous country, as well as -in the breasts of those around this board this evening. The public -utterances of the President mark him as a statesman, who appreciates to -the full the grandeur of our country, and the greatness of our people. -In visiting through the several states last summer, the brave men of -the South vied with the men of the North, in giving him an enthusiastic -welcome, and proving to the world that, when the occasion calls for it, -the spirit of loyalty and patriotism, and naught else, will be found in -every American heart.</p> - -<p>It is a pleasing spectacle to us, and a source of surprise and -admiration to foreigners, that our President comes and goes, as an -ordinary citizen; respect for his office and person being as general -among our 75 million inhabitants that we<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</span> need not even the slightest -display of force to with-hold his authority or strengthen his public -acts. This is indeed an impressive fact, perhaps unparalleled in -the history of any country, and a tribute to the stability of our -institutions, supported by the people’s will and dominated by a spirit -of justice and intellectual power. We have weathered a terrible storm, -but the timbers of the ship of State have stood the strain. Our past -has been glorious, and if we are true to our trust, we may look forward -with optimism and faith to the future of our country, now the light of -the world, and a beacon of hope to the oppressed of every land.</p> - -<p>This elbow touch of cordiality and enjoyment with fellow-Americans on -foreign soil is a most happy occasion for us all, but the grandest -sight in this hall is our American flag, that symbol of beauty and -glory, the red, white and blue, which recalls to our minds so much that -is dear to our hearts, home, friends and native land.</p> - -<p>I know I express as the feelings of all when I say we are better -Americans for having travelled abroad. American citizenship is a title -the proudest might envy, and it confers a distinction of inestimable -value on its possessor. Let us assimilate all we can of the art and -learning of the world, we freely draw from the treasures of her -historic past, but let us always cherish and strengthen those grand -principles of liberty, which the Fathers of the Republic fought for, -and for the successful working of which we pledge ourselves.</p> - -<p>May we all take part in many more festivities, and may our children’s -children gather in like similar joyous meeting, to celebrate the -anniversary of this day, for the blessings God may vouchsafe to our -beloved country, glorious and united, under as wise and capable a -President, as now resides in the White House at the National Capital.</p> - -<p>“The President of our great sister Republic, France,” for whom three -rousing cheers were given, and the song of the <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Marseillaise</i> sung -in French with great spirit, by Colonel Murphy.</p> - -<p>“In memory of our dead comrades.”</p> - -<p class="right p0"> -<span style="margin-right: 1em;"><span class="smcap"><abbr title="colonel">Col.</abbr> C. J. Murphy,<br /> -of Brussels.</span></span><br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</span></p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">The Press</span>,</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>Responded to in a happy manner by <abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> Marshal of the <abbr title="New York">N. Y.</abbr> Paris -Herald, followed by reminiscences of the Mexican War.</p> - -<p>I will now call on our comrade, Colonel Daniel E. Hungerford, who -commanded the 36th Regiment New York Volunteers, and served with great -distinction all through the war of the Rebellion. He was the youngest -captain in his regiment, the 2nd New York Volunteers, in the Mexican -War, and was the officer who first hoisted the American flag over the -Castle of Chapultepec. Time will not permit me to mention the many -heroic deeds of valour performed by Colonel Hungerford in the Mexican, -as well as in the Civil War. Colonel Hungerford, of Rome, Italy, will -now address you, which he did in the following words:—</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><b>Comrades and gentlemen.</b>—To-day, from the Atlantic to the -Pacific, where a few of our comrades may be found they are gathered -like ourselves, enjoying the brief moments in the recollections of our -campaign of 1847 and 1848 in Mexico, a campaign fraught with so much -importance to the progressive age of the nineteenth century. Neither -the war of the Rebellion, (let its sad memories be for ever buried -in the depths of oblivion, is my wish), nor any other war of ancient -or modern times has accomplished so much to promote the present and -future prosperity of the civilized world, as did the brief conflict -between the Republics of Mexico and the United States of the North -in 1846 and 1848. There is no part of the globe where civilization -prevails, or where Christianity is taught and respected, but has -experienced the beneficial effects, moral, physical, and financial, -resulting from the magnificent and surprising campaigns of that -eventful period, in which our countrymen will ever feel a pardonable -pride. The impetus given to the gigantic spirit of enterprise, by -the acquisition of nearly a million square miles of territory, and -the almost simultaneous discovery of vast fields of gold and silver, -completely revolutionized all the channels of human industry, and -quickened into life the dormant<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</span> energies and the inventive genius of -the world. With colossal strides, our beloved country overtook the -governments of the old world in the race for excellence, and to-day -she proudly holds her place in the front rank, the youngest and the -strongest, and the most hopeful of reaching the goal, and distancing -the field, because of her illimitable resources as yet untouched.</p> - -<p>I am a old New Yorker, as you know, having no feeling of animosity -with citizens of any other part, portion, or section of our common -country. When the <i>Palmetto Regiment of South Carolina</i> marched -side by side with the New Yorkers, in front of the enemy in Mexico, -there was a rivalry, to be sure, but it was a proper spirit of -emulation—<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">ésprit de corps</i> each trying to out-do the other, but -both having the general interests of their common country at heart. -There was no <em>North</em> or no <em>South</em>, in the offensive sense, -that entered into the general spirit of “go-ahead!” That contest on -a foreign soil showed what the American people are capable of doing, -when united under the old flag of their fathers—whether they hailed -from the North or the South, East or West.</p> - -<p>In the war of the Rebellion I commanded a New York regiment on the -side of the Union, but I never for a moment forgot that I was a -soldier, or that the foe with whom we were contending was entitled to -my respect as fellow-countrymen.</p> -</div> - -<p>Colonel Murphy was asked to give his recollections of the war.</p> - -<p class="center p0 p2"><span class="figcenter" id="img003"> - <img src="images/003.jpg" class="w50" alt="COLONEL CHAS. J. MURPHY" /> -</span></p> - -<p class="center caption">COLONEL CHAS. J. MURPHY<br /></p> - -<p>The Chairman, on introducing the Colonel said it would not be out of -place here to give a brief sketch of his career. He is the youngest man -now living who served in the Mexican War. In the War of the Rebellion -he was one of the only two commissioned officers who were awarded the -Congressional Medal of Honor in the first general battle of the war, -Bull Run, where 50,000 men were engaged on each side. The other officer -was Major-General Adalbert Ames, of the 5th U. S. Artillery, now living -at Lowell, Mass. He was one of the only two regimental staff officers -of the same rank who won this distinction during the war. The other<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</span> -officer was first Lieutenant John W. Clark, R.Q.M., 6th Regiment -Vermont Infantry.</p> - -<p>Our medal of Honor ranks with that of the cross of the Legion of Honor -of France, and the Victoria Cross of England, and only 1,400 were -awarded a distinction greater than can be conferred by any potentate -in Europe, because granted to so few of the two million seven hundred -and fifty thousand men who were mustered into the armies of the United -States between 1861-65.</p> - -<p>Colonel Murphy, after resigning from his regiment, and while awaiting -his commission in the regular army, which appointment was tendered him -by President Lincoln, was engaged in the battle of Fair Oaks, and all -through the seven days’ battles on the peninsula, from Gaine’s Mill to -that of Malvern Hill, as a volunteer aid, and this without rank or pay.</p> - -<p>He erected the first field hospital for the army of the Potomac at -Harrison’s Landing.</p> - -<p>Colonel Murphy was one of the first three officers who escaped from -Richmond after Bull Run. The history of this remarkable escape was -very graphically described by John S. C. Abbot, the historian, in -“Harper’s Magazine” of January, 1867. Colonel Murphy was one of the -old forty-niners of California, having arrived in San Francisco on the -ship South Carolina in June, 1849, the first sailing ship to arrive -with passengers for the mines from New York, after a short passage—for -those days—of 156 days.</p> - -<p>Of the 300 passengers on board, the only lady was Mrs. John White, the -mother of the late U.S. Senator White now living in San Francisco, who -wrote two years ago that she was not aware of any living survivors of -those passengers except herself and Colonel Murphy, who were the two -youngest people on the ship.</p> - -<p>He went from California to Shanghai, China, and established the first -commercial house at the mouth of the Yang Kin Pang River, opposite the -foreign quarter at Shanghai, and loaded the first vessel that carried -Chinese agricultural products to San Francisco.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</span></p> - -<p>Colonel Murphy has done more than any other man in the way of -introducing the products of California in Europe, and secured the first -gold medal for the grand wines of that State at the Antwerp Exposition.</p> - -<p>He has done yeoman service in making known the splendid fruit of the -golden State, and it was mainly through his efforts while in the -service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture that the California wines -and fruit are now on sale in nearly all the grocery and wine houses of -Northern Europe.</p> - -<p>It was through his initiative work that the exports of our Indian corn -was so largely increased from 24,000,000 bushels the year he commenced -the propaganda to over 213,000,000 last year.</p> - -<p>If he had devoted the last fifteen of the best years of his life with -the same enthusiasm and energy that he has given to this work in any -legitimate business, he might have been a well-to-do man to-day.</p> - -<p>Colonel Murphy spoke as follows:—</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><b>Comrades of the Mexican war</b>:</p> - -<p>I am asked to give some recollections of the Mexican War, but little -remains for me to say after the comprehensive and eloquent history of -that war by Judge McKay, of South Carolina.</p> - -<p>It would be presumptuous of me, after what we have just heard from the -Judge and Colonel Hungerford, to say another word. Larger gatherings -this magnificent Hotel Continental has often had within its walls, -for time has thinned the ranks of the Mexican veterans even more -woefully than did Mexican shot and shell, but it may be doubted -whether caravansary ever sheltered a party with more enthusiasm than -is shown here to-night in Paris, the gay capital of France, by the few -comrades gathered here to celebrate victories in which we were humble -participants nearly 50 years ago.</p> - -<p>The thought of the days of 1847 helps me to feel young again, and -brings vividly to my mind the gay, rollicking little army that marched -out of Puebla on that bright August<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</span> morning (alas! how many never to -return), when General Scott left Puebla with his little army of 10,000 -men to fight an army of 35,000 veteran troops of Mexico, in trenches, -in mountain gorges, fortified cities, surrounded by impassable -marshes, your base, if you had any, hundreds of miles away, you faced -the men that had showed the quality of their mercy at Mier and the -Alamo. You felt that defeat meant death. ’Tis not becoming in soldiers -to boast, but who, among all of you that assemble on this glorious -anniversary, will not straighten up an inch taller when he says, “I -was one of that little army.”</p> - -<p>Where is there one whose eyes will not flash when the glorious 20th -of August is mentioned; when that little army fought five distinct -battles—among them Contreras, San Antonio, Churubusco, San Puebla. -Then came the 8th of September, that proud but sorrowful day, when you -lost 900 out of 4,000 engaged. Then came Chapultepec, and the crowning -event—our flag waving over the National Palace. The cathedraled City -of Mexico at our feet; Popocatépetl, with its venerable summit of -eternal snows, 18,000 feet above the sea, looks down upon us as it -did upon Cortez three hundred years before, only its breezes kiss the -folds of the new flag of America in place of the old flag of Castile. -These memories are dear to us all, and I can think of no happier way -of passing one day in the year than the old veterans meeting together -and fighting their battles over again.</p> - -<p>Now, allow me to turn to what occurred under General Taylor, who -commanded the little army of occupation on the northern line of -operations. I will only refer to the Battle of Buena Vista, which was -a glorious victory, and the last general battle and crowning glory of -this brave little army. It will be recollected that General Santa Anna -was so certain of a victory that he wrote to General Taylor saying, -“you are surrounded by 20,000 men, and cannot in any human probability -avoid suffering a rout and being cut to pieces with your troops, but -as you deserve consideration and particular esteem, I wish to save -you from a catastrophe,” and gave one hour from the arrival of his -flag of truce to General Taylor to surrender. Old “rough and ready” -did not require all<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</span> the hour to respond. He wrote his memorable, -but brief dispatch, “I decline acceding to your request.” But think -of the situation; an army of 20,000 veteran soldiers, Santa Anna at -their head, General Alvarez Chief of Cavalry, Lombardine of Infantry, -Requena of Artillery, Villarnil of Engineers, with Vasquez, Torrejou, -Ampudia, Andrade, Minon, Pacheco, Garcia, Ortega, Mejia, Flores, -Gusman, Mora, Romero, and other dashing general officers, and to -resist all this less than 5,000 American regulars and volunteers, and -of regulars less than 500.</p> - -<p>On the morning of 22nd February, 1847, the Mexican cohort appeared -on the distant hills, dense squadrons of horse, with glittering -lances and gay pennons, forming the advance serried files of -infantry, artillery, and cavalry, column after column in apparent -endless massiveness followed, but it was Washington’s birthday, and -General Taylor declined to surrender, and that meant hard fighting. -The line of battle was formed by General Wool, General Taylor held -Colonel Jefferson Davis (his son-in-law) with his Mississipi Rifles, -<abbr title="lieutenant">Lieut.</abbr>-<abbr title="colonel">Col.</abbr> May’s Dragoons, the light batteries of Captains Sherman -and Bragg, and Captain Steers’ squadron in reserve. General Lane -moved forward with a section of Washington’s battery to arrest the -advance of the army, but that enemy seemed invincible; before night -the Mexicans had occupied the sides and scaled the summits of the -Sierra Madre. That night our little army lay on their arms without -fires, and long before daybreak were aroused from their slumbers to -the tug of war; the day dawned bright, and beautiful skies unclouded, -and mountain bathed in sunlight. Ampudia commenced the battle early, -and at 8 o’clock Santa Anna had his main column in motion, at 11 he -summoned General Taylor to surrender; the fortunes of the day seemed -against us. Lieutenant O’Brien, whose name is so indelibly written -on Buena Vista, maintained his ground until all his cannoniers were -killed or wounded. Eight regiments of Mexican infantry fell upon -the 2nd Illinois, and they were forced to take shelter. Braggs’ and -sections of Sherman’s batteries had been ordered to their relief. -Immense hosts of Mexican troops poured along the base of the mountain -to the rear of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</span> the American line. Colonel Jefferson Davis hastened -to meet them, the Mississipi Rifles went into action in double quick, -and fired advancing, the front lines of the enemy seemed to melt -before them: in the thickest of the fight Captain Bragg sent to Taylor -for a supporting party, Taylor sent back the answer, “Major Bliss -and I will support you.” He galloped to Braggs’ support, and there -gave the celebrated order, “A little more grape, Captain Bragg.” The -American line had been turned in the morning, but before night it was -recovered. In the success of the battle Colonel Jefferson Davis justly -claims a conspicuous part. Our little army of less than 5,000 men -for more than 12 hours sustained this terrible fight against 20,000 -Mexican troops, and thus closed one of the most memorable battles of -modern times.</p> - -<p>Mexico has fallen, the Stars and Stripes fly above the “Halls of the -Montezumas”—a nation has been conquered. History records no deeds of -greater daring, no triumphs of arms more brilliant. Empire was added -to empire, 1,000,000 square miles of territory were acquired—three -and a half times the area of France—a dwelling place for 100,000,000 -of freemen, won by half a hundred thousand. Until then much of the -territory of the Mississipi-Missouri belonged to Mexico. Now the whole -valley of one million five hundred thousand square miles, the river, -with thirteen hundred navigable branches, running from its source five -hundred miles to the north, cutting through its magnificent mountain -gateway turning to the sea, running through territories and states, -until sweetened by the breath of the olive and the orange, and finally -received into the warm embrace of the tropical gulf, 5,000 miles from -the land of the pine to the land of the palm, long enough to reach -from the mouth of the Hudson to the mouth of the Nile. Add the empire -drained by the Colorado, crown these with California—and all is ours, -and won under the flag that now protects it.</p> - -<p>Judge McKay’s reference to Colonel A. W. Donophan and his famous march -from Missouri to Mexico with Colonel Sterling Price reminds me of the -ever-to-be-remembered passage from Brazos Santiago to New Orleans on -the old Mississipi River a tow-boat of six hundred tons, the “Mary<span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</span> -Kingsland,” on which I was one of the invalid passengers. We had -crowded on that small vessel nearly 900 men of Colonel Donophan’s -regiment, over 800 men of the 2nd Indiana (Colonel Bowles) and over -100 sick men of other commands. Many of these men were down with -yellow fever, of whom ten died during the five days’ passage, and were -buried at sea. You may talk of the Black Hole of Calcutta, but I do -not think it was any worse than the lower hold of that steamer, where -we were obliged to lie packed together like sardines on square blocks -of iron used as ballast, where the foul, stenchful bilge water came -oozing up between these iron blocks. Then to add to our discomforts -we had nothing to eat but the hardest kind of ship-biscuit that was -impossible to masticate, and rotten, green measly pork and Rio coffee -served out in the green bean. The stuff was so vile that we were often -obliged to vomit after each meal, as we could not retain the putrid -meat on our stomachs.</p> - -<p>The Government, no doubt, paid for sound pork, but in those days -the Government contractors were principally gentlemen from the -neighbourhood of Jerusalem, located at Cincinnati, who were not over -scrupulous as to the kind of meat they supplied providing they got the -money.</p> - -<p>I will never forget the horrors of that five days passage, and to -add to our trouble, we experienced one of those terrible storms they -called “northers” in that latitude, during which we very nearly -foundered. You can imagine a small paddle-wheel river-steamboat of 600 -tons loaded down with nearly 2,000 men, 16 pieces of brass cannon, -and thousands of Mexican lances, besides the rotten pork, Rio coffee, -and the hardest kind of tack. The cannon and lances were captured -by Colonel Donophan’s regiment at the Battles of Sacramento and San -Jacinto, and comprised all the artillery the Mexicans had at these two -fights.</p> - -<p>I am confident if this war occurred at the present day, we would -have had a harder task to perform, as Mexico is possessed now of a -well-disciplined army, splendidly officered and of very different -materials, and trust we will always live in peace and friendly -intercourse with our<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</span> Mexican brothers, as should become all near-by -neighbours and friends.</p> - -<p>Sherman and others, returning from the shores of our Western sea, -joined in another march, from Atlanta, to our Eastern sea, and but for -these, who can tell what would have been the result of our experiment -of self-government, or where the boundary lines of the States of -freedom would be drawn to-day. Milton says:</p> - -<p class="poetry p0"> -“Peace hath her victories<br /> -No less renowned than war,”<br /> -</p> - -<p class="p0">and the men of peace who remained fought battles in the material -world, with equal dangers requiring equal courage, and with results as -supremely grand. The difficulties, dangers, and cost incident to the -construction of the Central Pacific Railway were such as scarcely to -be comprehended by men of to-day; its obstacles were simply appalling. -The art of railway construction at that time was so far removed from -its present advanced state that engineers looked upon the project with -amazement, and capitalists with derision, its conception was so bold, -so grand, so stupendous, so startling, as to fill the incredulous even -with admiration. Bonaparte’s crossing of the Alps with his army and -artillery is dwarfed into tameness when compared with the achievement -which made this the highway of nations and the “rapid transit” of -the world’s commerce. In the autumn of 1849, the very month that -California was organised as a territory, a Pacific Railroad Convention -was held. On May 1, 1852, the Legislature of California passed “an -Act granting the right of way to the United States for a railroad to -connect the navigable waters of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans for -the purposes of national safety in the event of war, and to promote -the highest interests of the Republic, pronounced one of the greatest -necessities of the age.” A Senator, upon the floor of Congress, -said: “I look upon the building of the railroad from the waters of -the Missouri to the Pacific Ocean, at the time particularly in which -it was built during the war, as perhaps the greatest achievement of -the human race on earth.” Let us honour<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</span> the builders with a simple -moment’s consideration. Engineer Colonel O. M. Poe, in his report -to General Sherman, said: “An army of workmen were employed, 25,000 -men and 6,000 teams, and the route presented a busy scene. The woods -rang with the strokes of the axe, and the quarries with the click of -steel; the streams were bordered with lumbermen’s camps and choked -with floating logs, and materials, supplies, and equipment for the -Central Pacific were scattered from New York <em>via</em> Cape Horn and -San Francisco to the end of the track advancing eastward.” The base -of supplies of the Central Pacific from the Eastern Rolling Mills, by -the way of Cape Horn to the track layers, was equal to the circuit of -the globe on the parallel of the road. This distance was so great as -to keep materials to the value of millions of dollars, and sufficient -for nearly a year’s construction, constantly in transit. In cutting -the Sierras, miles of snow and rock were tunneled; snow slides and -avalanches destroyed many lives and large amounts of property. To -hasten the work of piercing the Sierras, three locomotives, forty -cars, rails, and track material for forty miles of railroad were -hauled on sleds by oxen and horses over the summits of that Alpine -range and down into the cañon of the Truckee River. This over a pass -in which the annual average snowfall was forty feet and the depth of -hard settled snow in midwinter was eighteen feet on the level. Who at -this distance appreciates the stupendous work of these Titans? From -the Truckee to the Bear River in Utah, the inhabitants did not average -one to each ten miles. With the exception of a few cords of stunted -pine and juniper, all the fuel had to be hauled from the Sierras. For -over five hundred miles there was not a tree that would make a board -or tie. Fortunes were expended in boring for water and in laying -pipes, in some instances over eight miles in length, to convey water -to the line of the road.</p> - -<p>Upon this desert stretch, as far as from Boston to Buffalo, there was -nothing that entered into the superstructure of a railroad, not even -good stone, and water for men and animals was hauled at times for -forty miles. The cost of supplies was fabulous; oats and barley for -the animals cost from $200<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</span> to $280 per ton, and hay $120. But, as -with Grant at Vicksburg and at the Wilderness, the work went on, the -road was completed, and it was California Pioneers who did it, and who -made the road they built their monument, and “success” their epitaph. -Senator Benton said his dream was “to see a train of cars thundering -down the Eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, bearing in transit -to Europe the teas, silks, and spices of the Orient.” His dream is -practically realised, as there are seven trans-continental lines -bearing this commerce to the Atlantic.</p> - -<p>The Pioneer has left other material legacies to the nation. The great -American Deserts you knew will soon be blotted from our maps. By -the science of civilization large tracts of these have been made to -“blossom like the rose,” rivers that ran to waste now work the mine, -turn the wheel, and then with the artesian flow irrigate the desert -wastes, until fruitful gardens have grown like sweet dreams along the -trail where comrades of ours died of damning thirst.</p> - -<p>We all love the sweet flowery land we knew as territory, then as the -new, and now the dear old State. We remember with becoming pride -our first votes. California came into the Union a Free State. How -controlling this action was none knew, nor when viewed in the light -of the history of the Rebellion can it be measured. California -became a gem in the Federal coronet. The pen of Bishop Berkley must -have pointed toward it when he wrote his epigrammatic expression, -“Ho! westward Empire takes its way.” It is a sunny land, and merits -the sobriquet, “Italy of America,” with its clear skies, charms of -climate, wonderful soils, wealth of mines, fabulous products and -enchantments of scenery, crowned with the Yosemite Falls, the highest -in the world, descending in three leaps 2,500 feet, or one-half a -mile, from the glaciers and eternal snows of the Sierras to the valley -below, a very Eden of sublimity and loveliness, perhaps the most -wondrously grand and beautiful spot on the earth. To stand for an hour -upon a summit crest of the Sierras, the grandest of America’s Alpine -ranges; to live a day amid their icy homes; to descend their western -slopes; to trace their long summit lines of snow-clad peaks that link<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</span> -Oregon to Aztec Mexico; to walk where a single step takes you from -the glacier ice to Spring’s resurrection, where the violets greet you -with sweetest smiles through dewy tears of joy, born on the spot where -the snows of yesterday were melted by the morning’s sun; the great -pines and sequoia gigantea, those wonders of the world’s forests, -in whose branches the birds chorused their matin songs centuries -before the Christian era, towering below you; the silvery lines of -the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers mirroring hundreds of miles of -the great central valley, reaching far North and South from the Bay -of San Francisco; the Coast Range alone curtaining the Pacific Sea, -with stern old Mount Diablo standing as the sole sentinel guarding the -Golden gate—these are alone worth crossing a continent to see—and -recall the words of Tom Moore, who, after visiting the mountains of -New England, the rivers and lakes of New York, the <abbr title="saint">St.</abbr> Lawrence and -grand old Niagara, wrote to Lady Charlotte Rowdon, saying:</p> - -<p class="poetry p0"> -“Oh, Lady, these are miracles which man,<br /> -Caged in the bonds of Europe’s pigmy plan,<br /> -Can scarce dream of, and which the eye must see<br /> -To know how beautiful this world can be.”<br /> -</p> - -<p>Pity he could not have seen and sung of our lands of the Yellowstone, -the Columbia, and the Yosemite,—what words would these have inspired -his poet pen to write.</p> - -<p>Among the gentlemen who have honored us with their presence here -to-night as one of our guests I notice my friend the Honorable Felix -Campbell, Member of Congress from Brooklyn, and who is now the Dean -of the delegation to the Congress of the United States from the -great State of New York, and who has been honored with many many -re-elections to that body; his presence here to-night is particularly -welcome to us old soldiers of the Mexican War, for we all remember the -active part he took in helping to secure the passage of our pension -bill a few years ago.</p> - -<p>I must also not forget to mention the name of my old friend and -fellow forty-niner of California, James Phelan, Esq.,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</span> of San -Francisco to whose generosity we are mainly indebted for this splendid -entertainment to-night, whose patriotic spirit and warm-hearted nature -always come to the front on such occasions. May his shadow never grow -less, and that he may never die till I kill him.</p> - -<p>As allusion has been made to the war of the rebellion, in which -comrade McKay took a most prominent part on the side of the South, -and Colonel Hungerford and myself serving in the Union Army. Although -<em>South Carolina</em> and <em>New York troops fought side by side in -the same brigade under the gallant General Shields in Mexico</em>, we -found ourselves, <em>unfortunately</em>, arrayed against each other -in later years in our own country, and <em>no man who is a man</em> -will from <em>political</em> or <em>personal</em> motives <em>keep alive -the passions of the war</em>, or by fanning the embers of sectional -hatred for <em>political</em> or <em>partisan effect</em>, subject our -people to the charge of vindictive malignity. I trust we have long -since forgotten the bitter memories of our Civil War, and that we -only remember the <em>gallant acts</em> and <em>deeds</em> of <em>both -armies</em>.</p> - -<p>I have hoped for years back that the time would come, and it is -happily now at hand, when the brave soldiers of the society of the -army of Northern Virginia, who fought under the gallant Lee, will -meet side by side at the annual reunions with the soldiers of our -society of the army of the Potomac, who fought under McClellan, Grant, -Meade, and Sheridan, and at other festive meetings of our various army -gatherings and organizations of old soldiers, where I have never heard -a word said against, but the highest praise accorded to our gallant -but misguided southern brothers for their bravery and daring on the -battlefield.</p> -</div> - -<p>Colonel Murphy was called upon to respond to the last sentiment,—in -memory of our dead comrades,—which he did, as follows:</p> -<div class="blockquot"> -<p>I am called on to say a word to the memory of our dear departed -comrades. Would that I had command of language to do justice to our -dead heroes. Father Time has fearfully thinned our ranks, and few of us -can point to the comrade who was his file leader and marched shoulder -to shoulder<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</span> with us nearly 50 years ago, and the death roll since the -Mexican War has been frightful among the distinguished men of that army -who have been called to their final account. I mention a few, Scott, -Taylor, Pillow, Quitman, Twiggs, Duncan, Pierce, Kearney, Hancock, -Shields. The last named general, and the last surviving general of that -war, was a welcome guest at my house a few years ago when stricken with -a fatal sickness when far away from his Western home and kindred. I -well remember the gallant Lieutenant Ralph Bell of the South Carolina -Regiment, mentioned by comrade McKay, and who, while wounded, led the -forlorn hope at Chapultepec. He accompanied me to California in 1849, -and his eyes I closed in death at Sacramento City the following year, -and whose placid countenance looks down upon me here to-night. These -are sad memories, and the tongue can but feebly express the feelings -of the heart at this time; our own bent forms and fast becoming hoary -locks admonish us that it will not be long before we too are called to -tread the same path, and no matter what our former condition in life, -there is no distinction then. The dead, how beautiful is the memory of -the dead, what a holy thing it is in the human heart, what a chastening -influence it has upon human life, how it subdues all the harshness -that grows up within us in the daily intercourse with the world, how -it melts our hardness and softens our pride, kindles our deepest love, -and waking our brightest aspirations in the camp and by the wayside, in -solitude or among our comrades, think sadly and speak lovingly of the -dead.</p></div> - -<p>It occurred to the compiler of this pamphlet that it would not be -out of place to mention the name of Colonel Murphy’s son, Ignatius, -a well-known journalist and editorial writer, who wrote the life of -Colonel Hungerford (a book of nearly 400 pages). This gallant soldier -recently died in Rome, Italy, at the home of his daughter, the Countess -Telfener, at the Villa Ada, attaining the ripe age of seventy-five -years. He passed peacefully away, surrounded by his affectionate wife, -his daughter, the Countess, and his numerous grandchildren.</p> - -<p>Ignatius Ingoldsby Murphy deserves more than a mere honourable mention -in connection with the corn propaganda.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</span> When his father commenced -his missionary labors, in 1887, he was flooded with correspondence from -all parts of Europe. This son, who was a third year naval cadet at -Annapolis, resigned, and came over to Europe to assist his father, for -which his knowledge of European languages eminently qualified him.</p> - - -<p class="center p0 p2"><span class="figcenter" id="img004"> - <img src="images/004.jpg" class="w50" alt="IGNATIUS INGOLDSBY MURPHY" /> -</span></p> -<p class="center caption">IGNATIUS INGOLDSBY MURPHY</p> - -<p class="center caption">CADET 1st CLASS, UNITED STATES</p> - -<p class="center caption">NAVAL ACADEMY, ANNAPOLIS, <abbr title="Maryland">MD.</abbr>, U.S.A.</p> - -<p>When his father was ordered from Berlin to Russia, by General Rusk, -at the request of the Grand Duke Sergius, the uncle of the present -Emperor, the Secretary of Agriculture appointed him as special agent -and secretary to take his father’s place in Germany, and much of the -success of this propaganda is fairly attributable to his valuable -assistance, together with that of Colonel Murphy’s wife, who recently -died in Brussels. This extraordinary and gifted woman gave the last -fifteen of the best years of her life to this work; in fact her whole -life, no less than her pen has been devoted to the welfare of others. -The two daughters also worked together with the same energy and -enthusiasm as their father, for no one man could have accomplished such -phenomenal work in so short a time.</p> - -<p>The exports of our American corn (maize) was only 24,000,000 bushels of -56 <abbr title="pounds">lbs.</abbr> each in 1888, less than four per cent. of our production. The -year after the commencement of this propaganda, which Colonel Murphy -undertook on his own initiative and sole expense, unaided by anyone, -the exports went up rapidly, and in 1901 were over 213 million bushels, -and every acre of land on the corn belt has doubled in value in the -last fifteen years. This result proves the value of the work done by -this propaganda in showing the people of Europe the value of maize as -human food, which was formerly only considered as fit food for animals. -This family deserves a place on the roll of grateful remembrance.</p> - -<p class="center p0 p2"><span class="figcenter" id="img005"> - <img src="images/005.jpg" class="w20" alt="Ear of corn" /> -</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter transnote"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Transcribers_Notes">Transcriber’s Notes</h2> - -<p>Obvious errors in punctuation and spelling have been fixed.</p> - -<p><a href="#Page_14">Page 14</a>: “El Penon” changed to “El Peñón”</p> - -<p><a href="#Page_15">Page 15</a>: “Cherubusco” changed to “Churubusco” and “Charlet Bent” changed to “Charles Bent”</p> - -<p><a href="#Page_17">Page 17</a>: “tete-dupont” changed to “tête de pont”</p> - -<p><a href="#Page_18">Page 18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a> & <a href="#Page_21">21</a>: “Belen” changed to “Belén”</p> - -<p><a href="#Page_21">Page 21</a>: “ordinance, quartermaster and commissionary” changed to -“ordnance, quartermaster and commissary”</p> - -<p><a href="#Page_22">Page 22</a>: “July 4th, 1828” changed to “July 4th, 1848”</p> - -<p><a href="#Page_25">Page 25</a>: “will aways be among” changed to “will always be among” and -“the the misdeeds” changed to “the misdeeds”</p> - -<p><a href="#Page_26">Page 26</a>: “perhaps unparalled” changed to “perhaps unparalleled”</p> - -<p><a href="#Page_28">Page 28</a>: “would would not be out of place” changed to “would not be out -of place”</p> - -<p><a href="#Page_29">Page 29</a>: “tban can be” changed to “than can be”</p> - -<p><a href="#Page_30">Page 30</a>: “presumptious in me” changed to “presumptuous of me” and -“whether caravansery” changed to “whether caravansary”</p> - -<p><a href="#Page_31">Page 31</a>: “Cherubusco” changed to “Churubusco”; “Popocatopeth” changed -to “Popocatépetl” and “last General battle” changed to “last general -battle”</p> - -<p><a href="#Page_32">Page 32</a>: “son-is law” changed to “son-in-law”</p> - -<p><a href="#Page_34">Page 34</a>: “ship-buiscuit” changed to “ship-biscuit”</p> - -<p><a href="#Page_35">Page 35</a>: “on the peninsular” changed to “on the peninsula”</p> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONDENSED HISTORY OF THE MEXICAN WAR AND ITS GLORIOUS RESULTS ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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