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diff --git a/old/67656-h/67656-h.htm b/old/67656-h/67656-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 1cea1ee..0000000 --- a/old/67656-h/67656-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,6281 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - South-west Africa, by William Eveleigh—A Project Gutenberg eBook - </title> - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - <style type="text/css"> - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - - h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { - text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ - clear: both; - margin-top: 2em; -} - -p { - margin-top: .51em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .49em; - text-indent: 1em; -} - -.p2 {margin-top: 2em;} -.p4 {margin-top: 4em;} -.p0 {text-indent: 0em;} - -.small {font-size: 0.8em;} -.big {font-size: 1.2em;} - -hr { - width: 33%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - margin-left: 33.5%; - margin-right: 33.5%; - clear: both; -} - -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} -@media print { hr.chap {display: none; visibility: hidden;} } - -hr.r5 {width: 5%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 47.5%; margin-right: 47.5%;} -div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} -h2.nobreak {page-break-before: avoid;} - -ul.index { list-style-type: none; margin-top: 2em;} -li.ifrst { - margin-top: 1em; - text-indent: -2em; - padding-left: 1em; -} -li.isuba { - text-indent: -2em; - padding-left: 2em; -} - -abbr[title] {text-decoration: none;} - -table { - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; -} -table.autotable { border-collapse: collapse; width: 70%; font-size: 1.1em; margin-left: 15%;} -table.autotable td, -table.autotable th { padding: 4px; } -.x-ebookmaker table {width: 95%; font-size: 0.8em; padding: 4px;} - -.tdr {text-align: right; vertical-align: top;} -.tdc {text-align: center; vertical-align: top;} -.thin { border-collapse: collapse; width: 50%; font-size: 1.1em;} -.page {width: 2.5em;} -.tt {vertical-align: top;} - -.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ - /* visibility: hidden; */ - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; - font-weight: normal; - font-variant: normal; -} /* page numbers */ - -.blockquot { - margin-left: 5%; - margin-right: 5%; -} - -.bb {border-bottom: 2px solid;} - -.bl {border-left: 2px solid;} - -.bt {border-top: 2px solid;} - -.center {text-align: center;} - -.right {text-align: right;} - -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - - -/* Footnotes */ -.footnotes {border: 1px dashed; margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%; margin-top: 2em;} - -.footnote {margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%; font-size: 0.9em;} - -.fnanchor { - vertical-align: super; - font-size: .8em; - text-decoration: - none; -} - -/* Transcriber's notes */ -.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size:smaller; - padding:0.5em; - margin-bottom:5em; - font-family:sans-serif, serif; } - - </style> - </head> -<body> -<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of South-West Africa, by William Eveleigh</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: South-West Africa</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: William Eveleigh</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: March 19, 2022 [eBook #67656]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SOUTH-WEST AFRICA ***</div> - - - - - -<h1>SOUTH-WEST AFRICA</h1> - -<p class="center p0 small"> BY</p> - -<p class="center p0 big"> WILLIAM EVELEIGH</p> - -<p class="center p0 small"> AUTHOR OF<br /> - “A SHORT HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICAN METHODISM”</p> - -<p class="center p0 p4 big"> T. FISHER UNWIN, <abbr title="limited"><span class="smcap">Ltd.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center p0"> ADELPHI TERRACE, LONDON -</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - - -<p class="center p0">TO <br /> -<span class="big">GENERAL BOTHA</span></p> - - -<p class="center p0 p4"><i>First Published in 1915</i></p> - -<p class="center p0">[<i>All Rights Reserved</i>]</p> - -</div> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="FOREWORD">FOREWORD</h2> -</div> - - -<p>“Of making many books there is no end,” said the Preacher, but strange -to say, there is not a single book in the English language that deals -with South-West Africa of modern days. Many references to the country -are found in the older books of South African travel and exploration, -and some good works have been written in later times by German authors; -but, unfortunately, the German publications are not available for the -average reader. In the present volume an attempt has been made to set -before the reader a brief but comprehensive account of the country, -its history, its people, its resources, and its<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</span> possibilities. It is -impossible in a small book to deal more than briefly with the subject, -and very slight treatment has had to suffice for many matters of -interest. I hope, however, that I have succeeded in conveying a clear -impression of what South-West Africa is, and what it may become. Brief -and unpretentious though the book is, it may serve to dispel the notion -that the country is nothing more than a desert and of very little value -to the Empire.</p> - -<p>My thanks are due to <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Rudolf Marloth, of Cape Town; <abbr title="professor">Prof.</abbr> E. H. -Schwatz, of the Rhodes University College, Grahamstown; <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> <abbr title="william">Wm.</abbr> Flint, -Librarian of the Houses of Parliament, Cape Town; <abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> F. W. Fitzsimons, -Director of the Museum, Port Elizabeth; and <abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> John Ross, of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</span> -Kimberley Public Library, for valuable suggestions. My debt to various -writers I have endeavoured to acknowledge elsewhere.</p> - -<p class="right p0"> -W. E.</p> -<p> -Kimberley, South Africa.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1915.</span><br /> -</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS</h2> -</div> - -<table class="autotable"> -<tr> -<th class="tdr"> -CHAPTER. -</th> -<th class="tdr page" colspan="2"> -PAGE -</th> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"> -<a href="#Chapter_I">I.</a> -</td> -<td> -THE LAND -</td> -<td class="tdr page"> -<a href="#Page_13">13</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"> -<a href="#Chapter_II">II.</a> -</td> -<td> CLIMATE AND RAINFALL -</td> -<td class="tdr page"> -<a href="#Page_37">37</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"> -<a href="#Chapter_III">III.</a> -</td> -<td> THE FLORA OF THE COUNTRY -</td> -<td class="tdr page"> -<a href="#Page_53">53</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"> -<a href="#Chapter_IV">IV.</a> -</td> -<td> THE FAUNA OF THE COUNTRY -</td> -<td class="tdr page"> -<a href="#Page_71">71</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"> -<a href="#Chapter_V">V.</a> -</td> -<td> THE EARLY DAYS -</td> -<td class="tdr page"> -<a href="#Page_89">89</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"> -<a href="#Chapter_VI">VI.</a> -</td> -<td> THE LATER HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT -</td> -<td class="tdr page"> -<a href="#Page_113">113</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"> -<a href="#Chapter_VII">VII.</a> -</td> -<td> THE GERMAN OCCUPATION -</td> -<td class="tdr page"> -<a href="#Page_133">133</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"> -<a href="#Chapter_VIII">VIII.</a> -</td> -<td> THE PEOPLE OF THE COUNTRY -</td> -<td class="tdr page"> -<a href="#Page_157">157</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"> -<a href="#Chapter_IX">IX.</a> -</td> -<td> THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRY -</td> -<td class="tdr page"> -<a href="#Page_173">173</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"> -<a href="#Chapter_X">X.</a> -</td> -<td> THE DIAMOND FIELDS -</td> -<td class="tdr page"> -<a href="#Page_197">197</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"> -<a href="#Chapter_XI">XI.</a> -</td> -<td> THE ECONOMIC FUTURE OF THE COUNTRY -</td> -<td class="tdr page"> -<a href="#Page_225">225</a> -</td> -</tr></table> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="SOUTH-WEST_AFRICA">SOUTH-WEST AFRICA</h2> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Chapter_I"><span class="smcap">Chapter I</span><br />THE LAND</h2> -</div> - - - -<p>A glance at the map of Africa shows that the territory now known as -British South-West Africa—formerly German South-West Africa—is a -triangular mass with the abrupt apex resting on the Orange River. It -comprises Ovamboland, in the north; Damaraland, the central portion -of the country; Great Namaqualand, in the south, and a tongue of land -running out from the north-east corner called the Caprivizipfel, and -has a total area of 322,450 square miles. This vast territory, into -which half a dozen Englands could<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span> be dropped with ease, is bounded on -the north by the Kunene River, Portuguese West Africa, and Rhodesia; -on the east by British Bechuanaland, and the Gordonia portion of the -Cape Province; on the west by the Atlantic Ocean; and on the south by -the Orange River. Some idea of the length of the eastern boundary, for -instance, may be obtained when it is stated that while the southern -extremity touches the Orange, a distance of only 400 miles from Cape -Town, the far corner of the Caprivi enclave is north-west of the -Victoria Falls. No less than 900 miles of coast-line stretch from the -mouth of the Orange to the Kunene estuary.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Physical Features</span></h3> - -<p>The physical structure of the country is extremely simple. The dominant -physical<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</span> facts are: a slowly rising sandy coast belt; a high interior -plateau, broken by isolated mountain ranges; and a gently falling -eastern strip of sandy country that merges in the level expanse of the -Kalahari Desert.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Coast Strip or the Namib</span></h3> - -<p>The coast strip is a desert, varying from 15 to 100 miles in width, -stretching from the Kunene to the Orange, in which at only a few places -is fresh water obtainable. To this desert the designation “Namib” has -been applied—a name originally restricted to the middle portion of the -strip. <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Stapff divides it into three parts: the stony desert north -of Walvis Bay, the valley of the Kuisip converging on Walvis Bay, and -the long sand dunes that run south from Walvis Bay to the Orange.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</span></p> - -<p>As a picture of dreariness and desolation this desert in places is -not surpassed even by the Sahara. South of Walvis Bay there run from -north to south mile upon mile of yellowish grey sand in long lines of -immense dunes some of them 600 feet in height. Dark, rocky hills, with -faces scarred and scoured into grotesque shapes, cut across the lines -here and there, and heap up the sand at their base on the windward -side in numerous hillocks. In some of the depressions formed by the -dunes the white basins of <i>vleís</i> reflect the burning rays of -the sun. Fierce sandstorms rage over the dunes at intervals, and the -dense yellow clouds sweep along close to the earth at a terrific speed, -blotting out the light of the sun, raining a perfect hurricane of -gritty particles upon the traveller unfortunate enough to be found in -the track of the tornado.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</span></p> - -<p>Seen from the coast the Namib has the general appearance of a vast -plain with a boundless horizon, but the country ascends continually -though almost imperceptibly towards the interior; at a distance of only -60 miles from Walvis Bay, for instance, the traveller finds himself -some 2,000 feet above sea-level.</p> - -<p>The prevailing formations along the coast are: gneiss, granite, -quartzites, mica schists, recent chalks, crystalline limestones.</p> - -<p>“The whole coast, several miles wide,” says <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Versfeld, “is a portion -of a vast Titanic pudding, whose ingredients have been well stirred.”<span class="fnanchor" id="fna1"><a href="#fn1">[1]</a></span></p> - -<p>There is a concensus of opinion among geologists that at some remote -period a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</span> tremendous upheaval of the marine bed took place, resulting -in the present coast formation. The disintegration of the gneiss rocks -and the action of the furious trade winds, have since led to the -formation of the sand dunes.</p> - -<p>The natural harbours are surprisingly few for such a lengthy -coast-line. Walvis Bay, which lies almost exactly midway between the -Orange and Kunene estuaries, is the principal inlet. A deep channel -gives access to large steamers, which are able to lie at anchor in a -fine, oval basin some 20 square miles in extent, completely sheltered -from the strong prevailing winds. This Bay, with 450 square miles of -adjoining territory, has been in the possession of Great Britain since -1878, but very little use has been made of it.</p> - -<p>Luderitz Bay, some 250 miles south of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</span> Walvis Bay, is the next -considerable inlet. It ramifies to the right and left for about five -miles south of the entrance, and here, too, large steamers find safe -anchorage. Swakop Bay, 25 miles north of Walvis Bay, is merely an open -roadstead with a landing jetty.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Central Plateau</span></h3> - -<p>We will begin in the north with Ovamboland and follow southward the -line of the main ridge that forms the inner plateau.</p> - -<p>Separated from the highlands of Angola by the gorges traversed by -the Kunene, the rocky heights of Ovamboland rise but slowly at first -above the general level, but south of the Otavi Hills in Damaraland -they gradually ascend until a veritable highland system is developed -with towering masses of table rocks and huge<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</span> dome-shaped summits. -Mount Omatako, which has an altitude of 8,500 feet, is the highest -peak. Around it, but some distance from it, grouped like satellites, -are numerous other imposing mountains from 5,000 to 6,000 feet in -height. In the clear air of the uplands the granite pinnacles of these -peaks are visible from a great distance. Huge valleys or gorges are a -characteristic of this part of Damaraland. The mountain plateaux are -widely extended. In the region of Windhoek several rivers have their -rise. Further south the ridge falls again to a level of about 3,000 -feet, and in many places is broken into by isolated ranges of manifold -forms, while the lower levels are studded with stony kopjes.</p> - -<p>The country along the eastern border consists of undulating plains and -large<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</span> areas of sandy land which closely resemble the Kalahari.</p> - -<p>In all these uplands the prevailing formations are granite, or mica -schist. Surface limestone occurs everywhere.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Great Namaqualand</span></h3> - -<p>Great Namaqualand, the country that stretches from the south of -Damaraland to the Orange River, is a land of rugged hills, stony -kopjes, and boundless plains. In the Karas Mountains, the main ridge -rises again to a height of 6,600 feet above the sea, and the plateaux -have a north to south direction. The boundless plains, really extended -tablelands, are a principal feature of the country, and they are -invariably sandy.</p> - -<p>“Sir,” said a person who knew the country to <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Moffat in 1818, “you -will<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</span> find plenty of sand and stones, a thinly scattered population -always suffering from want of water, on plains and hills roasted like a -burnt loaf under the scorching rays of a cloudless sun.”</p> - -<p>“Of the truth of this description,” says Moffat in his laconic fashion, -“I soon had abundant evidence.”<span class="fnanchor" id="fna2"><a href="#fn2">[2]</a></span></p> - -<p>Although this portion of South-West Africa is regarded as semi-desert, -at rare intervals after rain the plains are covered with long coarse -grass and then they have to English eyes the appearance of a vast field -of waving oats.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Orange River Basin</span></h3> - -<p>Trekking south through Great Namaqualand, toiling over the blistering -wastes, the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</span> traveller experiences a peculiar sensation of -unexpectedness when on rounding a kopje he sees below him in the near -distance a long, twisted line of vivid green. This is the line of the -Orange River.</p> - -<p>As very little is known about the course of this, the largest river in -South Africa, a brief description may not be without interest.</p> - -<p>The river enters South-West Africa along a deep channel and winds -its sinuous way like a giant snake between towering precipices and -overhanging mountains grey with age along cañons reminiscent of -Colorado. In some of the deep, rocky gorges the stream is inaccessible -on either side, since the overhanging escarpments of the surrounding -plateau rise sheer from the water many hundreds of feet, and a thirsty -traveller might actually perish of thirst as he<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</span> looked down upon -the tantalising waters from the precipitous banks that offered not a -single practicable way of descent. At intervals the stream broadens to -a considerable distance and takes on the appearance of a quiet lake -reflecting the image of the willow and mimosa trees that fringe its -banks; islands of vivid green dot the waters; flamingos, ibises, and -other wading birds, move leisurely in the shallows, while ever and anon -birds of brilliant plumage dart across the surface. It then presents -a picture of considerable charm. Barred in its approach to the sea by -rocky hills and granite cliffs, in its eager efforts to find the line -of least resistance, the river twists and turns, flowing now north, now -south, and in one place actually doubling back to the east. On emerging -from the mountain ranges it sprawls itself over a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</span> wide area as if -reluctant to lose its greatness in the ocean. Its mouth is generally -blocked for a number of years by a continuous narrow sand barrier -formed by the big breakers of the Atlantic, and while the waves pound -the sand with great fierceness on the one side, the cool, fresh waters -of the river gently lap it on the other side. When the river comes down -in strong flood the dam bursts with a crash and a roar heard many miles -distant. <abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> A. D. Lewis, a Government engineer, visited the mouth at -the end of 1912, having made a survey journey along the river valley -from Pella to the Atlantic. He is actually the first scientifically -trained individual to make the journey. His report,<span class="fnanchor" id="fna3"><a href="#fn3">[3]</a></span> together with -plans<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</span> and reproductions of photographs, is of absorbing interest.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Rivers</span></h3> - -<p>The rivers of South-West Africa, like many others in South Africa, are -found, mostly, on the maps. Though the country is trenched by the beds -of many rivers, not a single perennial stream reaches the sea between -the Kunene and the Orange. On account of the great depth of its channel -below the adjacent land, the Orange is of no economic value to the -country. The Swakop, which has a total length of 250 miles, rises to -the east of the Damara highlands in the Waterberg and traverses the -plateau through deep, rocky gorges. Occasionally it flows into the sea -north of Walvis Bay. The Kuisip rises in the mountains beyond Windhoek -and intersects the Namib<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</span> plain south of the Swakop to a depth of over -600 feet, but it rarely reaches the ocean. The last occasion on which -it pushed its way through to the Atlantic previous to the present year, -was in 1904. South of the Kuisip are other watercourses which are -arrested without even forming channels to the sea. During the greater -part of the year the Swakop and the Kuisip are non-existent as rivers; -a line of stunted willows or acacias, or, perhaps, a few muddy pools, -mark the river courses. After the storms, however, they are raging -torrents for a brief period, and immense volumes of water rush along -their beds.</p> - -<p>The feeble, intermittent streams on the east of the divide fall for the -most part into the saline marshes of the Kalahari. The Fish River flows -south through Great Namaqualand, and sometimes reaches the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</span> Orange. -Lake Etosha in the north is a lagoon about sixty miles wide and fifty -miles in length. When full one or two rivers issue from it.</p> - -<p>But water is not the scarce commodity that one might imagine it to be, -except, perhaps, in the Namib, for the springs or <i>fonteins</i> are a -peculiar feature of the inner plateau. The most remarkable of these are -situated in a hill to the north of Windhoek. No less than five springs -issue from the limestone. They are all warm, and lie approximately in -a straight line at intervals of a few hundred yards apart. It is a -somewhat curious phenomenon that the temperatures vary considerably; a -difference of no less than 54°<abbr title="fahrenheit">F.</abbr> has been noted between one and two. -If the streams are all from the same source, as seems likely, they are -probably influenced in their passage<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</span> to the surface by the geological -formation. Cold springs also exist in the limestone below the hot -springs. The waters of the warm spring at Warmbad, in South Great -Namaqualand, have strong sanative qualities. Centres so far distant -from each other as Bethanien, in the south-west, Omaruru, north-east of -Walvis Bay, and Gobabis, east of Windhoek, on the Kalahari border, also -have their springs.</p> - -<p>Water may generally be obtained even in the dry season by digging -beneath the alluvium of a river bed, especially where a ledge of rocks -crosses the watercourse. In some places, notably on the borders of the -Namib and in the eastern areas, the water found by boring is brackish, -and often unfit for human consumption. After the rainstorms water often -lies for long periods in the natural depressions or <i>vleís</i>; -these<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</span> afford a good supply for cattle and game.</p> - -<p>In some of these depressions, when the water around the edges has dried -up, an incrustation of salt is left, which, as <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Moffat found in -Namaqualand nearly a hundred years ago, “crackles under the feet like -hoar-frost.”</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Scenery</span></h3> - -<p>The lover of natural scenery will find little to attract him in such -parts of the country as the Namib, Great Namaqualand, or the eastern -steppes, for over large areas the aspects of nature are so consistently -uniform as to become painfully monotonous, and this uniformity, -combined with the absence of foliage and verdure and lakes and running -streams, is very depressing to the traveller. But the country is not -the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</span> wilderness many have been led to believe. When once the desert -belt is crossed and the mountain plateaux are reached, some bold and -striking mountain scenery meets the eye. Stupendous masses of naked -rock, on which the light strikes bright and hard, rise into the sky, -while other frowning heights tower aloft, menacing and fearful. In -the Waterberg the numerous rocky summits, with their clear-cut edges -and rifted walls, resemble in places the famous Giant’s Causeway, -and in their boldness and variety of outline they present a scene of -extraordinary rugged grandeur. Here are Cleopatra’s Needles, embattled -castles, lofty pinnacles, and sculptured turrets, all standing out bold -and clear in the amazingly thin, translucent air, and visible from -immense distances. Between Omaruru and Okahandja, where hilly country -is found<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</span> alternating with level plains, some fine landscape views -may be obtained. The falls on some of the rivers after the rains make -picnic spots and pleasure resorts of rare delight. The voice of running -waters, a sound but rarely heard in South Africa, can then be enjoyed -in some of the deep gorges.</p> - -<p>In certain portions of Ovamboland there are woodlands, glades, and -clearings that present the aspect of a boundless park. Windhoek, set -in a circle of giant mountains on the slope of a hill, has quite a -picturesque situation.</p> - -<p>South-West Africa, too, has all the charm of colour for which southern -Africa is famous the world over. On the uplands the morning and the -evening are times when the eye is filled and completely delighted with -the warmth and richness of tone about the landscape.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</span></p> - -<p>“At last morning broke,” says one new to the country, in a description -of the sunrise, “and delicate rosy stripes of light shot up toward the -zenith. The colours grew rapidly deeper, brighter, and stronger. The -red was glorious in its fullness, and the blue beautiful in its purity. -The light mounted and extended itself, ascending as over a new world a -thousand times more beautiful than the old one. Then came the sun, big -and clear, looking like a great, placid, wide-opened eye.”</p> - -<p>At night the moon and stars shine with a fire and brilliancy that never -fail to amaze the visitor from the northern lands.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</span></p> - - -<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> - -<p class="footnote" id="fn1"><a href="#fna1">[1]</a> “Notes on the Geological Formation of Portions of German South-West -Africa”—<i>South African Journal of Science</i>, June, 1911.</p> - -<p class="footnote" id="fn2"><a href="#fna2">[2]</a> Moffat’s “Missionary Labours and Scenes in South Africa,” <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 76.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</span></p> - -<p class="footnote" id="fn3"><a href="#fna3">[3]</a> Report of Director of Irrigation for period 1st January, 1912, to -March, 1913.—<i>Cape Times, Ltd.</i>, Cape Town.</p></div> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Chapter_II"><span class="smcap">Chapter</span> II<br />CLIMATE AND RAINFALL</h2> -</div> - - - -<p>From what has been said about the diversity of the physical conditions -of the country it will be readily inferred that there is a considerable -variation of climate. When it is remembered, too, that the land lies -within the tropic of Capricorn and corresponds in latitude to the -central provinces of India, between Bombay and Calcutta, the reader -will be prepared to learn that it is excessively hot in the summer -months and very unhealthy. As a matter of fact the climate as a whole -is healthy and the heat much less trying than the traveller from India -expects to find in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</span> such a latitude. Various factors account for this, -as we shall see.</p> - -<p>There are two seasons, summer and winter; summer lasts from October to -April, and winter from April to September.</p> - -<p>The heat is sometimes great on the coast, some little distance from -the sea, where the sea mists do not reach, rising occasionally to 120° -F. in the shade. But at noon the fresh south-west wind blows strongly -from the sea, and the nights are comparatively cool and refreshing. The -sudden fall of temperature at sunset is often a source of danger to -those who have not learned to guard themselves against rapid variations -of temperature. Strangely enough, the hottest day in the year may be -a day in the middle of winter, for it is in the winter that a fierce, -hot, desert wind from the east comes sweeping across the country, -sending up the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</span> thermometer with a rush. The winter may thus have the -hottest, as well as the coldest, days of the year. A comparison of the -temperatures of the principal centres of the country with Kenhardt and -Kimberley, two of the hottest districts in the Cape Province, may not -be without interest:</p> - -<table class="thin"> -<tr class="bb bt"> -<th></th> -<th class="tdc bl"> - November. -</th> -<th class="tdc bl"> - February. -</th> -<th class="tdc bl"> - July. -</th> -</tr> -<tr> -<td> -Windhoek -</td> -<td class="tdc bl"> -86 -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">82 -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">68 -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>Swakopmund -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">58 -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">62 -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">55 -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>Walvis Bay -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">60 -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">64 -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">57 -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>Luderitzbucht -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">62 -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">68 -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">55 -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>Omaruru -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">82 -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">82 -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">62 -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>Rehoboth -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">86 -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">86 -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">60 -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>Kenhardt -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">74 -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">85 -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">57 -</td> -</tr> -<tr class="bb"> -<td>Kimberley -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">78 -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">82 -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">55 -</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>The feature of the coast climate is the heavy fogs occasioned by the -proximity of the cold waters of the Benguella current to a heated -interior, and the contact of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</span> cool south-west winds with the -north-west air currents. These fogs veil the seaboard in a thick -haze during the night and often last to noon; they supply, however, -a considerable amount of moisture to the coast border of the Namib, -since they are sometimes so heavy that in a single night the sand is -moistened to a depth of one or two inches, and the water flows down -the stems of shrubs into the ground to a depth of six inches. Heavy -rain occurs at very rare intervals. These conditions suggest that -quite a useful supply of water might be obtained by the construction -of dew-ponds, or mist-ponds, as they are now known to be, of which -particulars are given by <abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> E. A. Martin in his recent work, entitled, -“Dew-ponds: History, Observation and Experiment.” A whole year may pass -without a single shower. Walvis Bay has an annual<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</span> average rainfall -of less than one inch. At such centres as Luderitzbucht, Swakopmund, -and Walvis Bay, water for drinking purposes is condensed from the sea. -Before the condensing plant was erected water had to be brought all the -way up from Cape Town.</p> - -<p>In the north and north-east the climate is almost tropical, but on the -central plateau it is temperate, with great fluctuations of temperature -during the day. The great heat of the sun during the summer months -would make it rather trying for Europeans, were it not for the altitude -and the great dryness of the air. As we have shown, the plateau is -from 3,000 to 5,000 feet above sea level, and this is a factor of -considerable importance in determining climatic conditions. The climate -resembles parts of Rhodesia, and while there are hot days in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</span> the -summer, for the most part the air is fresh, clear, and like elixir.</p> - -<p>Great Namaqualand has a very warm summer; the shade temperature of -the Orange River valley is often 110° F., while on the plains great -fluctuations in the day temperature prevail. In the winter severe -frosts and snow may be experienced, and snow may be seen on the Karas -Mountains. There are also occasional frosts in the Windhoek region in -this cold season.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Rainfall</span></h3> - -<p>South-West Africa is really a continuation of the Bechuanaland plateau, -a notoriously dry territory, and the rainfall is even less than in -Bechuanaland, if we except the northern territories, since very little -of the vapour from the distant Indian Ocean can reach the country. The -Eastern slope,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</span> which faces the Indian Ocean, receives a fair supply -of moisture. The Windhoek region has an average annual rainfall of -15 inches. Whirlwinds often herald the approach of the rain. In the -warmer north and north-east 24 inches is often registered in a year. -Great Namaqualand is much drier, 6 or 7 inches being about the average. -The rain comes almost invariably in the form of violent thunderstorms -which sweep along in a limited area. It is a common experience to -travel over a stretch of dry and barren land to enter suddenly a tract -of vivid green where the vegetation is in full activity, so local -is the distribution of the rain. Severe hailstorms are sometimes -responsible for much damage, since the hailstones are often as big as -marbles. Within half an hour of the passing of one of these storms, -the thermometer has been seen to drop from<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</span> 110° F. to 68° F. Droughts -of great severity continue for years together in these regions, but as -soon as the rain comes, the country revives as if by magic; grass and -flowers spring up from the steaming ground with amazing rapidity, and -the once bare and blistered plain is transformed into a vast carpet of -vivid green and brilliant hues.</p> - -<p>The Namib has a rainfall of less than an inch, but in places where -the desert borders the inner plateau, three or four inches may be -registered during the year.</p> - -<p>One of the journals of the Royal Meteorological Society has printed the -rainfall record of South-West Africa. <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Emil Ottweiler is responsible -for it, and the observations extended over periods varying from one -to twenty-three years. This record is of real value, and we give the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</span> -average fall at some of the stations mentioned.</p> - -<table class="autotable"> -<tr class="bt bb"> -<th> - Stations. -</th> -<th class="bl"> - Height above Sea Level. -</th> -<th class="bl"> - Rainfall. -</th> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td class="tdc bl">feet.</td> -<td class="bl"></td> -</tr> -<tr><td>Luderitzbucht -</td> -<td class="tdc bl"> -13 -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">0·54</td> -</tr> -<tr><td>Swakopmund -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">23 -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">1·16</td> -</tr> -<tr><td>Windhoek -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">5,350 -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">14·07</td> -</tr> -<tr><td>Grootfontein -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">5,020 -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">24·37</td> -</tr> -<tr><td>Olukonda -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">3,510 -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">22·91</td></tr> -<tr><td>Keetmanshoop -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">3,373 -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">5·85</td> -</tr> -<tr><td>Bethanien -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">3,068 -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">4·52</td> -</tr> -<tr><td>Berseba -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">3,490 -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">3·11</td> -</tr> -<tr><td>Haris -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">6,300 -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">11·24</td> -</tr> -<tr><td>Otjimbinque -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">3,084 -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">5·38</td> -</tr> -<tr><td>Karibib -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">— -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">6·01</td> -</tr> -<tr><td>Zesfontein -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">— -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">2·73</td> -</tr> -<tr><td>Gibeon -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">3,700 -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">6·82</td> -</tr> -<tr><td>Rehoboth -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">4,700 -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">10·45</td> -</tr> -<tr><td>Oas -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">4,500 -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">18·69</td> -</tr> -<tr><td>Gobabis -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">4,650 -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">18·53</td> -</tr> -<tr><td>Omaruru -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">3,800 -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">10·85</td> -</tr> -<tr class="bb"><td>Hatsamas -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">— -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">14·06</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>The rainfall, scanty as it is, generally descends in sharp storms and -showers, and as the ground is often baked hard by the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</span> heats of the -sun, it quickly runs away to the watercourses, but in recent years dams -have been made in order to store the precious liquid, and a well-filled -dam may hold sufficient water to supply a large farm for the space of a -year or two.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Health Conditions</span></h3> - -<p>The physical conditions already described determine the healthfulness -of the country; the sun, the elevation, the dryness, being responsible -for the good climate of the interior. The direct rays of the sun are -very strong during the day, for clouds are infrequent; many weeks may -pass without the smallest cloud being visible; but these rays are not -dangerous, and sunstroke is unusual. In India, as Bryce has shown, one -has always to be mounting guard against the sun. “He is a formidable<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</span> -and ever-present enemy, and he is the more dangerous the longer you -live in the country. In South Africa it is only because he dries up the -soil so terribly that the traveller wishes to have less of him.”<span class="fnanchor" id="fna4"><a href="#fn4">[4]</a></span></p> - -<p>The extreme dryness of the air on the plateaux enables Europeans to -endure heat that would be unbearable in London or New York. A shade -temperature of 108 °F. in either of these cities would be responsible -for many a collapse, but it would pass at Windhoek without anyone being -the worse for it. Even on the Namib some compensation would be afforded -by the sea breezes.</p> - -<p>There are people who have lived at Luderitzbucht, one of the driest -parts of the Namib, continuously for eight or ten years, and they are -exceedingly active and healthy, while<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</span> at Windhoek strong and sturdy -children are developing a splendid physique in the pure, bracing air of -the plateau. Malarial fever, which hangs like a death cloud over many -parts of Africa, is sometimes found in the north and north-west of the -country, but it prevails in a mild form. Last year, for instance, there -were only six deaths from this cause among Europeans, right through -the country. The dreaded black-water fever is occasionally met with -in the tropical north. The diseases common along the coast are mostly -intestinal, due almost entirely to the lack of a good supply of pure -water. Rheumatic troubles are also fairly common on the seaboard. The -death-rate for 1913 was only 11·3 per thousand of the white population, -and 21·75 per thousand among the natives. Inflammation of the lungs, -due largely to unhealthy dwellings<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</span> and lack of care with clothing, -accounts for the higher mortality among the natives.</p> - -<p>The dryness and purity of the air away from the coast account for the -absence of most forms of chest disease. More than one sufferer from -consumption in its earliest stages, who has come from Europe, has found -a new lease of life on the salubrious uplands. There can be no doubt -that in spite of the abnormal heat sometimes experienced, South-West -Africa is well fitted to afford a pleasant home and to maintain in -vigour people drawn from the cooler regions of Europe. That healthy -children can be reared here has been already demonstrated.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</span></p> - - -<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</span></p> - -<p class="footnote" id="fn4"><a href="#fna4">[4]</a> “Impressions of South Africa,” <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 13.</p></div> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Chapter_III"><span class="smcap">Chapter III</span><br />THE FLORA OF THE COUNTRY</h2> -</div> - - - -<p>“South-West Africa,” a writer on the flora of the country has recently -stated, “is distinguished neither by a great variety of its flora nor -by the presence of plants or trees of any singular kind.” How far this -is from the truth will be made clear in this chapter.</p> - -<p>For a dry country South-West Africa is fairly rich in vegetation, and -it may be useful to give some slight impression of the part which the -vegetation plays in the landscape and in the economic conditions of the -country, cursory though our examination must be.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</span></p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Coast Regions</span></h3> - -<p>To begin with the Namib. The general aspect of the vegetation here is -monotonous, since there are but few plants that rise to any appreciable -height from the sandy surface to break the dull level. No tree grows -within a dozen miles of the coast, except in an occasional watercourse -where there is underground moisture.</p> - -<p>The Kokerboom, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aloe dichotoma</i>, however, often occurs as a -solitary tree, and occasionally forms little groves on the limestone -hills of the eastern portion of the Namib. In the winter, when they -bear large clusters of bright yellow flowers, they give quite a touch -of colour to the drab landscape.</p> - -<p>The northern Namib has two plants of singular interest in the -Welwitschia and the Naras. The Welwitschia, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Welwitschia<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</span> -Bainesii</i>, is in reality a tree with a fairly thick trunk that -terminates abruptly just above the ground. Two thick, leathery leaves -are permanent and grow continuously at their base until they sometimes -reach a length of 10 feet, by which time they are frayed into numerous -snake-like thongs. The plant flowers in January and the cones ripen -in May. The roots of the largest plants may be traced to a very great -depth in the sand. “This plant,” says <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Marloth,<span class="fnanchor" id="fna5"><a href="#fn5">[5]</a></span> “is of great -scientific interest, being the most highly developed gymnospermous -plant known to us either in the living or the fossil state. It is not -a connecting link between the gymnosperms and the angiosperms, but the -final stage of a separate line of development of the vegetable kingdom, -that, as far<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</span> as is known to us, led no further.” The Welwitschia was -first discovered by <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Welwitsch in Southern Angola in 1865. It has -not been found south of the Kuisip district.</p> - -<p>The curious Naras, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Acanthosicyos horrida</i>, has been well termed -the “Wonder of the Waste,” for this shrubby, leafless member of -the order <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cucurbitacea</i> spreads over the sand dunes in dense -straggling masses, defying all the sandstorms that threaten to bury -it. Instead of tendrils it bears sharp thorns, while the main root -may be as thick as a man’s arm, with a length of 20 to 40 feet. The -fruit is about the size of a very big orange, and the skin encloses a -yellow pulp of a rich flavour and a number of seeds similar in taste -to almonds. The fruit is greatly relished by the natives, and, as -it has extraordinary nutritive<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</span> value, they almost live on it. The -seeds are stored for the dry season, when no fruit can be obtained. -The existence of this plant always indicates underground moisture. -Both the Welwitschia and the Naras flourish in the vicinity of Walvis -Bay, but the Naras has been found in recent years in several places -in the southern Namib. It is believed that the species does not occur -naturally so far south, but has been introduced by natives. Its true -southern limit is not far from the southern extremity of Walvis Bay.<span class="fnanchor" id="fna6"><a href="#fn6">[6]</a></span></p> - -<p>In the region described as the Upper Kuisip Zone, which embraces the -valley of the Kuisip, among the fairly abundant vegetation, with -camelthorns, ebony trees, and wild figs, the handsome Ana tree,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</span> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Acacia albida</i>, is found. The fruit of this remarkable tree is a -legume. The beans, when ripe and dry, are used for fodder for cattle, -and they have extraordinary fattening properties. Cattle also relish -the leaves of the tree.</p> - -<p>The flora of the desert south of Luderitzbucht is much poorer than that -of the northern portion, and, as Schinz points out, the difference is -probably accounted for by the presence of a more copious supply of -underground water in the northern area. But the Namib has a richer -vegetation than is generally supposed.</p> - -<p>“As an illustration,” writes <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Marloth, who made a careful -examination of the Lower Namib in 1909, “it may be mentioned that -I have observed over twenty species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mesembrianthemum</i>, -five species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pelargonium</i> (mostly shrubby), two of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</span> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sarcocaulon</i>, three of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lycium</i>, two of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zygophyllum</i>, -two of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Salsola</i>, three of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Othonna</i>, five shrubby -Leguminosæ (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lebeckia</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotalaria</i>), five species of -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euphorbia</i>, and many other genera represented by one or two -species.”<span class="fnanchor" id="fna7"><a href="#fn7">[7]</a></span></p> - -<p>He distinguishes four formations according to the nature of the ground: -the seashore, the sandy plains, the rocky hills, and the gravel-covered -flats of the rising plains beyond the coast-belt; and we cannot do -better than adopt his convenient division.</p> - -<p><em>The seashore.</em>—The sand dunes are devoid of vegetation on -account of the ever-shifting nature of the sand, and they present an -unforgettable scene of sterility and dreariness. A few plants specially -adapted<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</span> to salt water, such as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Salicornia natalensis</i> and -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bassia diffusa</i>, are found in the shallows or around the lagoons.</p> - -<p><em>The sandy plains and dunes.</em>—Further inland <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Salsola -Zeyheri</i> is common. This low, tight-looking shrub, grey in -colour, about 2 to 3 feet in height, has considerable value, -since it forms good food for the camels used for transport -purposes. Coarse dune-grasses are found in sheltered patches. The -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mesembrianthemum</i> is a characteristic Namib plant; it grows on -rocks as well as sand.</p> - -<p><em>The rocky hills.</em>—Here we find a more varied vegetation. -The well-known Kokerboom (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aloe dichotoma</i>) is a conspicuous -feature. It is interesting to notice that the name Koker or Quiver (D. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">koker</i>, a case sheath; G. <i>Kocher</i>, a quiver) was given to -this tree because the Bushmen and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</span> Hottentots used the pithy branches -to make quivers for their poisoned arrows.</p> - -<p>Even more numerous than the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aloe dichotoma</i> are several species -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euphorbia</i>. Schinz, it may be noted, has described the eastern -edge of the desert as a Euphorbia-steppe.<span class="fnanchor" id="fna8"><a href="#fn8">[8]</a></span> The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. gummifera</i> -is, perhaps, the most noticeable plant, and in the Garub region this -species abounds. It forms compact bushes, 3 to 6 feet in height, and -its grey twigs have rather an unpleasant scent, while they contain -an unusually rich supply of milk juice. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. cervicornis</i>, -the olifant melkbosch of Little Namaqualand, is found occasionally. A -little plant that crouches behind rocks or isolated stones is the dwarf -shrublet <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pteronia succulenta</i>, whose main stem is often bent over -at a right angle by the fierce winds as soon as it<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</span> pushes its head -above the shelter. Other plants, usually forming upright bushes, are -here compelled to bend before the strong winds; notable among these is -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pituranthus aphyllus</i>, a leafless umbellifer.</p> - -<p>A plant of peculiar interest found among the many species of -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mesembrianthemum</i> is the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. rhopalophyllum</i>, which is -remarkable for its highly-specialised window-leaves. “The plant grows -embedded in the sand, nothing but the flat, slightly convex apex of -each leaf being visible, and even that is covered with more or less -sand according to locality. While the leaf itself is fresh green with -a rather delicate skin, the exposed part is protected by a thick -epidermis and cuticula, and possesses comparatively few stomata. It is -through this portion, which has the functions of a window, the leaf -receives its light, being thus illuminated<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</span> from within. There are five -to ten, or even more, leaves to each plant, but nothing appears at the -surface except these windows; they peep out of the sand like the eyes -of the sand-lizard or sand-vipers, which often hide themselves in a -similar way.”<span class="fnanchor" id="fna9"><a href="#fn9">[9]</a></span></p> - -<p>It is very curious to see the short flowers of these plants in the -spring, for they grow, apparently, straight out of the sand. Only -on investigation are the leaves and stem discovered. The leaves are -club-shaped. Nature has evidently chosen this underground mode of -existence for the plant in order to protect it against the herbivorous -animals. These interesting plants are found only in Africa.</p> - -<p>The leaves of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Augea capensis</i> are very<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</span> strong in sap, but -the plant is so salty that even the camels will turn away from it. This -plant is found in many parts of the Karroo.</p> - -<p>An untidy-looking shrublet, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sarcocaulon rigidum</i>, is fairly -abundant. A peculiarity of its structure is the sharp-pointed spines, -which are specially modified stalks of former leaves. Leaves of vivid -green cover these plants in the spring, and at times they are numerous -enough to influence the colour of the landscape. Pink flowers appear on -them in October.</p> - -<p><em>The gravel plains.</em>—The rising plains of the inner Namib, which -have an altitude of 1,800 feet, some fifty miles from the coast, are -swept by furious sand-laden winds for the greater part of the year. The -sea-fogs rarely reach these areas, and, as the rainfall is a negligible -quantity, no sign<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</span> of life may be encountered for many miles, only a -vast, monotonous waste of gravel and sand meets the eye. Occasionally -one lights upon the typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sarcocaulon rigidum</i>, the Candle-bush -or Bushman’s candle. This plant has been specially adapted to meet the -conditions of the desert, and it is able to defy the hottest sun and -the fiercest sandstorms. Layers of corky tissue, impregnated with a -mixture of fat, wax, and resin, form the bark. This horny casing is the -plant’s armour against the attacks of its enemies. It burns steadily -like a wax candle with a yellow, smoky flame, even when cut fresh from -the ground.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Central Plateau</span></h3> - -<p>Beginning with Ovamboland, we find considerable forest tracts of -acacia, with giant baobabs, and palms and fig-trees in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</span> the more -open park-like spaces. The palm zone is found some distance south of -the Kunene. Grasses cover the extensive plains after rains. On the -uplands of Damaraland the genus Acacia plays an important part in the -composition of the flora; in many places it predominates among the -bushes and also among the trees.<span class="fnanchor" id="fna10"><a href="#fn10">[10]</a></span> With the acacias are found other -notable species, including <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Combretum primigenium</i>, and the large -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ficus dammarensis</i>.</p> - -<p>The handsome Ana tree, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Acacia albida</i>, is frequently met with. -The mountain valleys have a much more luxurious vegetation than the -hills, since they are watered by the many rivulets that abound after -rain.</p> - -<p>On the eastern steppes where the country<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</span> is sandy and poor in -vegetation, that typical product of the Kalahari desert, the tsama -melon, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Citrullus vulgaris</i>, is found. Both man and beast -rejoice in this juicy melon. In its raw state it has remarkable -thirst-quenching properties, and when cooked it is a satisfying food. -The seeds are oily and very fattening. This fruit often affords the -only supply of water for travellers in this dry and dreary region. -That queer little plant, known as Uyntjes, a kind of sedge, is also -found in this region, and the bulbous roots, not unlike the chestnut in -flavour, are used as food by the natives. In the springtime a species -of Brunsvigia, or Candelabra flower, sometimes covers large areas of -the open country.</p> - -<p>Great Namaqualand is not so well wooded or so well watered as -Damaraland. The kokerboom is a conspicuous feature<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</span> on the hills. North -of Warmbad a bush formation is encountered in the vicinity of the dry -river beds, with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Acacia detinens</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cadaba juncea</i>, shrubby -Zygophyllaceæ, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parkinsonia Africana</i>, and trees of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Acacia -horrida</i>. Camelthorns (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Acacia Giraffæ</i>) are numerous on the -higher levels. The Twagras, or Bushman grass of the Karroo, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aristida -brevifolia</i>, is a characteristic feature of the vast plains. Even -when dry this grass retains its nourishing properties, and a period -of two years may pass before it dies. The grey hills that border the -Orange River have only a few kokerboom and chips of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euphorbia -virosa</i>, and some straggling sickly shrubs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bauhinia -garipensis</i>.</p> - - -<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> - -<p class="footnote" id="fn5"><a href="#fna5">[5]</a> “The Flora of South Africa,” <abbr title="volume">Vol.</abbr> I., by Rudolf Marloth.</p> - -<p class="footnote" id="fn6"><a href="#fna6">[6]</a> Pearson, “The Travels of a Botanist in South-West Africa”—<i>The -Geographical Journal</i>, May, 1910.</p> - -<p class="footnote" id="fn7"><a href="#fna7">[7]</a> “The Vegetation of the Southern Namib”—<i>The South African -Journal of Science</i>, January, 1910.</p> - -<p class="footnote" id="fn8"><a href="#fna8">[8]</a> Schinz, “South-West Africa,” Leipzig, 1894.</p> - -<p class="footnote" id="fn9"><a href="#fna9">[9]</a> “The Flora of South Africa,” <abbr title="volume">Vol.</abbr> I. Rudolf Marloth.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</span></p> - -<p class="footnote" id="fn10"><a href="#fna10">[10]</a> Pearson, “The Travels of a Botanist in South-West Africa”—<i>The -Geographical Journal</i>, May, 1910.</p></div> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Chapter_IV"><span class="smcap">Chapter</span> IV<br />THE FAUNA OF THE COUNTRY</h2> -</div> - - - -<p>When first visited by Europeans, South-West Africa was swarmed with -game in unusual number and variety, and the land was a veritable -hunter’s paradise. Lions were a constant source of trouble to -travellers even long after the middle of the last century. Elephants -roamed the country in big herds, and for some years, in the ’seventies -and ’eighties, the trade in ivory from Damaraland was considerable, -many thousands of pounds worth being brought to the coast for export -each year. The black rhinoceros was common. The rare animal known as -the white rhinoceros,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</span> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">R. simus</i>, was also found. As stated -in a previous chapter, the first giraffe’s skin ever sent to Europe -from South Africa came from Great Namaqualand in 1763. The buffalo, -the quagga, and the zebra abounded, and the ungainly hippopotamus -could often be seen plunging and splashing in the lower reaches of -the Orange River. But the larger game has been steadily driven to the -north and the north-east, where the elephant, the rhinoceros, and the -hippopotamus may still be found among the nobler South African fauna, -partly as a result of protective measures adopted by the Government -authorities. The Caprivi territory may be regarded as the big game -reserve of the country.</p> - -<p>Among the beasts of prey the lion is still found, but only on the -lonely Kalahari border, in the Kaokoveld, and in the far<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</span> north. The -leopard, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">felis pardus</i>, commonly called the “tiger,” exists in -many parts of the country, and is not by any means a pleasant beast to -encounter. The beautifully-marked cheetah, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cynoelurus jubatus</i>, -is sometimes found on the eastern slopes. The red lynx, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">felis -caracal</i>, the Dutch “rooikat,” with the typical tufted ears and -short tail, is fairly numerous. Among the enemies of the stock farmer -are several species of jackals; the powerful spotted hyena, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. -crocuta</i>, the Dutch tiger-wolf; and the destructive African wild -dog. The wild dogs hunt in packs, and, as they will pull down anything -from a lamb to an eland, they do a great deal of damage.</p> - -<p>The antelopes are well represented. The eland, the largest of all -antelopes, roams the eastern border districts, with the noble koodoo, -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">strepsicerous kudu</i>; the sable antelope,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</span> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hippotragus -niger</i>; the roan antelope, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hippotragus equinus</i>; the fierce -blue wildebeest or brindled gnu, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">connochoetes taurinus</i>; the -handsome oryx, or gemsbok, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">oryx gazella</i>; and occasionally the -giraffe. The giraffe and the oryx have also been observed on the -western plains, and the zebra exists in the Kaokoveld, north of the -Namib.</p> - -<p>Large herds of springbuck, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">gazella euchore</i>, roam the inner -plains of the Namib and the open, treeless country to the east. The -Waterbuck, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">kobus ellipsiprimnus</i>, is found in the vicinity -of the northern rivers, while the little Damaraland antelope, -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nanotragus damarensis</i>, may be seen at rare intervals in the -mountain fastnesses near Omaruru. Among the smaller animals are the -fecund steenbuck; the charming little klipspringer, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">oreotragus -saltator</i>, the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</span> “chamois of South Africa”; and the solitude-loving -duiker, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cephalolopus grimmi</i>.</p> - -<p>In the order Rodentia there are several hares. The Cape hare, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lepus -capensis</i>, an animal a little smaller than the English hare, -is found both in open and forest country; the rock hare, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lepus -saxatalis</i>, is a little larger, and keeps to the hilly country; the -spring hare, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pedetes capensis</i>, is really a rodent, and this -peculiar creature, which lives in burrows, has a queer kangaroo-like -method of progression, using its long bushy tail with great skill. The -flesh of all these hares makes good eating.</p> - -<p>That strange creature, the ant-bear, or Dutch aard vark, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">orycteropus -afer</i>, which lives entirely on ants and termites, is responsible for -a good deal of damage caused by its burrowing habits. This animal is -confined entirely to Africa.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</span> Among other typical African animals are -the porcupine; the dassie, or rock rabbit, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyrax capensis</i>, which -very much resembles the guinea-pig in shape; and one or two species of -meercats.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Birds</span></h3> - -<p>Game birds are fairly numerous. The largest bird is of course the -ostrich, which runs wild in many parts of the country. A considerable -trade was done in ostrich feathers from Damaraland for many years; -shooting of the birds has been wisely prohibited under the German -administration. Ostrich-farming has been attempted on a small scale.</p> - -<p>There are several species of bustard, notable among them being the big -kori bustard, or Dutch pauuw, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Otis kori</i>, which sometimes stands -as high as 5 feet and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</span> weighs 40 pounds; and one of the lesser bustards -known as knorhaan, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Otis afra</i>, whose irritating, harsh craak is -all too familiar to the South African sportsman when stalking his game. -The guinea-fowl represents the pheasant tribe, and these fine sporting -birds are very numerous in North Damaraland and parts of Ovamboland. -The so-called Namaqua pheasant is really a francolin partridge, while -the well-known Namaqua partridge is a sand grouse, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pteroclurus -namaquus</i>. Soon after sunrise the sand grouse are seen high in the -air in immense flocks, coming from all parts of the compass to gather -around the <i>vlies</i> or pans where they drink. When hunted in the -veld they rise well to the dog and provide excellent sport. It is -a much more difficult matter, however, to flush the bustard or the -guinea-fowl. Several<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</span> species of snipe and quail are found, but they -are not numerous.</p> - -<p>The wild goose, or Egyptian goose, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chenalopex aegyptiacus</i>, -one of the most edible of the South African game birds, with several -species of wild duck, frequent the watercourses. Herons, storks, -ibises, flamingos, and spoonbills are among the wading birds; the -flamingos are often in large numbers in North Damaraland and Ovamboland.</p> - -<p>Eagles and vultures are among the birds of prey, with owls and several -species of the hawk family. The Secretary bird, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Serpentarius -secretarius</i>, with its curious quill-like crest of feathers, may -sometimes be seen stalking in characteristic solemn fashion among the -low bush in search of a little animal or a young snake. Those queer -birds, the penguins, with their black<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</span> coats and white waistcoats, -thickly inhabit the islands off the coast. The gannet, the smaller -cormorant, with the penguin, have been protected by the Cape Government -on account of their importance as yielders of guano, and immense flocks -exist to-day.</p> - -<p>Among the smaller birds are the wattled starling, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dilophus -carunculatus</i>, two pratincoles, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Glareola melanoptera</i> and -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">G. pratincola</i>, all locust birds, which pursue their prey high -in the air, wheeling and darting and turning in wonderfully attractive -fashion; hoopoes, honey-guides, swifts, woodpeckers, hornbills, and -weavers. The honey-guide (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Indicatoridæ</i>) is a most interesting -bird. Its intelligence is as remarkable as its pertinacity, and it -will give the sportsman no rest until he has followed the twittering -creature to the bees’<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</span> nest. The remarkable-looking hornbills, with -their huge bills, very soon attract the attention of the traveller. The -social weaver, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Philetaerus socius</i>, is famous for its peculiar -nest-building habits. The birds are sociable little creatures and live -together in colonies of several hundreds. The nest, really a bird -city, is generally a huge mass of grass and sticks, cunningly arranged -in a camelthorn tree, and is often as big as a small haystack. A -colony of 500 birds may sometimes be found in the nest. The entrance -is from beneath as a protection against tree snakes, and there are -generally several “doors.” Inside there are a number of “streets” and -“compartments,” with individual nests in rows like little homes on each -side of a street. The nests are added to year by year, and sometimes -they become too heavy for the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</span> branches, with the result that the -branches give way and the “city” falls to pieces.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Snakes</span></h3> - -<p>The reptile world is represented by a number of exceedingly venomous -snakes, but fortunately they are not numerous, and deaths from -snake-bite are of rare occurrence. There is the ferocious cobra, one -of the most deadly snakes in South Africa, of which there are several -species. Anchietas cobra, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Naia Anchietæ</i>, attains to an average -length of 5 feet, and the well-known Cape cobra, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Naia Flava</i>, -is about the same length. These reptiles are as active as they are -venomous.</p> - -<p>With the characteristic hood raised and eyes glittering with fierce -anger, an enraged cobra is a fearsome sight. A couple of drops of its -venom are quite sufficient to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</span> kill a giant. The Ringhals cobra or -Spitting snake, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sepedon haemachates</i>, is not quite so long as its -cousin, but is highly venomous and very ferocious when roused. The name -“ringhals” means “ring-neck,” and has reference to the whitish band or -bands across the throat.</p> - -<p>Not only has this reptile the power to inflict a deadly bite with its -poison fangs—it is able to spit a stream of venom into the eyes of a -person standing some feet away. Dogs and calves are often blinded in -this way.</p> - -<p>The puff-adder, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bitis arietans</i>, is an important member of the -viper family. This flat-headed, repulsive-looking creature, with its -thick, dark-brown body, is highly venomous and exceedingly dangerous, -as it coils up and lies quite still in the open until touched or -roused. Although extremely<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</span> sluggish in nature, it lunges with -amazing rapidity. When its warning hiss is heard a hasty retirement -is expedient. Among the other dangerous adders are the Night adder, -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Causus rhombeatus</i>, which lays eggs; the small Peringuey’s adder, -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bitis Peringueyi</i>; the queer Hornsman or Horned adder, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bitis -cornuta</i>, which has two or more erect horn-like scales over each -eye, like little horns; the West African adder, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bitis gabonica</i>, -which will bury itself in the sand for hours, with only the head -visible; the Berg adder, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bitis atropos</i>, which keeps to the -mountain regions; and the Oviparous adder, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atractaspis bibronii</i>, -which is rarely found, since it burrows in the sand after the manner of -the blind burrowing reptiles.</p> - -<p>All the snakes mentioned above belong to the front-fanged variety, -which are all poisonous. The back-fanged snakes are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</span> more or -less poisonous. These include in South-West Africa the Herald or -Red-lipped snake, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leptodira hotambaeia</i>, with a speckled -body, glossy head, and red upper lip; the Whip snake, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psammophis -jurcatus</i>, a thin brown reptile with a brittle tail; the Spotted -Schaapsteker, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trimerorhinus rhombeatus</i>, well-known, too, on -the Karroo; the small Damaraland many-spotted snake, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhamphiophis -multimaculatus</i>; the Dapple-backed sand-snake, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psammophis -notostictus</i>; and the Namaqualand sand-snake, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psammophis -trigrammus</i>.</p> - -<p>None of these back-fanged reptiles are to be greatly dreaded; they will -rarely attack a person; but it is not wise to take liberties with them. -Even a snake will turn.</p> - -<p>All the solid-toothed snakes are as harmless as worms, and may be -freely handled.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</span> Quite a number of these are found in the country. -The remarkable egg-eating snake, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dasypeltis scabra</i>, has a -highly-specialised egg-breaking mechanism. A sawing apparatus in the -backbone serves the purpose of teeth. The egg-shell is cast up after -the contents have been sucked down. There are several species of the -small Coppery snake; one or two of the House snake, of the genus -Boodon, often found near dwelling-houses. House snakes can easily be -tamed, and they may become more useful than cats, and much less harmful.</p> - -<p>The non-venomous python is found occasionally in the rocky valleys. -Anchieta’s python, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. anchietæ</i>, is the only species. This -reptile has an average length of about 16 feet, and kills all its -victims by constriction. The female python lays her eggs and then -hatches them like a broody hen.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</span></p> - -<p>The dreaded scorpion is also a habitat of the country. Tortoises are -found. Swarms of the migratory locust cause much damage when they -descend upon the vegetation. Among the smaller but not less troublesome -creatures are the many beetles, spiders, ticks, and mites.</p> - -<p>In the coast waters the ungainly seals have their home, and off Cape -Cross they are found in very large numbers. Whales are not so numerous -as in former years, but several whaling stations are in existence along -the shore. Altogether, South-West Africa has an uncommon variety of -individuals in the animal world.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Chapter_V"><span class="smcap">Chapter</span> V<br />THE EARLY DAYS</h2> -</div> - - -<p>The only use of war, says a cynical writer, is to teach geography. -Certainly there are many people in South Africa who a few months ago -would have been sorely puzzled to locate Luderitz Bay on the map of -Africa. And how many are aware that this islet-studded inlet is a place -of considerable historic importance? It was here, says Theal, that -“for the first time Christian men trod the soil of Africa south of the -tropic.”<span class="fnanchor" id="fna11"><a href="#fn11">[11]</a></span></p> - -<p>In 1486 Bartholomew Diaz, the famous<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</span> Portuguese navigator, who -was in search of the way to India, stepped ashore from the little -fifty-ton ship that had brought him from the Tagus, and gave the bay -the name Angra Pequena, the Little Bay. On Serra Parda, or the Grey -Mountain, now Pedestal Point, he set up the first of the three stone -crosses erected on the South African coast. It stood there above the -dreary waste, a striking landmark, well into the nineteenth century, -when vandals from the whaling ships broke it in pieces. Fortunately, -considerable fragments of the monument were recovered and conveyed to -the South African Museum at Cape Town in 1856.</p> - -<p>For some 300 years after the landing of Diaz, South-West Africa -remained an Unknown Land, and no one seemed eager to venture into what -appeared to be a most<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</span> inhospitable region. Early in the nineteenth -century a few whaling ships might have been seen off the coast taking -heavy toll of the many whales that abounded. Walvis Bay, with its -sheltered harbour, became a base for the seamen, and from the few -Hottentots who lived in the vicinity the men purchased their supplies -of fresh meat.</p> - -<p>The first European to cross the Orange River was one Jacobus Coetsee, -who proceeded northward from his farm at Picketberg in 1760, with -a number of Hottentots, to shoot elephants. He hunted in Great -Namaqualand, and while there heard from the Namaquas of a tribe of -strange, black people living ten days further north, called the -Damrocquas, who had long hair, and wore clothes made of linen cloth. -This was the day when queer tales lost nothing in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</span> the telling. On his -return Coetsee related what he had heard to Hendrik Hop, a Captain of -the Burgher Militia; Hop reported to Governor Ryh Tulbagh, and offered -to conduct an exploring expedition in order to seek out these strange -people. Tulbagh had a zeal for knowledge surpassed among the early -Governors of the Cape only by the Van der Stels; he readily acquiesced -in the proposal, and in 1761 Hop set out on his adventurous journey -with a caravan of no less than fifteen wagons. The expedition was -well-equipped, since it included a botanist, a surveyor, a surgeon, -who also acted as a mineralogist, and a number of European volunteers, -with quite a little army of Hottentots. The journey extended from July -16th, 1761, to April 27th, 1762. It deserves to be remembered as one of -the most notable journeys connected<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</span> with early African exploration. -The result is the “New Accounts of the Cape of Good Hope, etc.”—one of -our earliest books of travel in South-West Africa, an exceedingly rare -octavo, published in Amsterdam, both in Dutch and French, in 1778. A -German edition was published at Leipzig in 1779.<span class="fnanchor" id="fna12"><a href="#fn12">[12]</a></span> The book is the -work of several hands: it contains, among other things, the journal of -C. F. Brink, the surveyor, the reports of T. Roos and P. Marais, two -volunteers, on the native tribes encountered, and some excellent plates -depicting such rare animals, as they were then, as the zebra, the -gemsbuck, the koodoo, and the gnu.</p> - -<p>The party crossed the Orange, passed the hot springs now known as -Warmbad,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</span> pushed along the western base of the Karas Mountains; and -penetrated to the borders of Damaraland. Some valuable prizes were -secured in the shape of several giraffes, animals that were among -the rarities at the time. Governor Tulbagh sent the skin of one of -these animals to Leiden, the first of its kind to be sent to Europe -from South Africa. Hop did not succeed in reaching the country of the -Damrocquas, as he was compelled to turn back owing to the loss of -cattle and the failure of water. The Orange River, placed on the map -from hearsay by the elder Van der Stel, was now definitely located, and -a fair knowledge obtained of the sterile wastes of Great Namaqualand, -and the mountainous region that lay to the north.</p> - -<p>Lieutenant William Paterson, a gifted botanist and explorer, next -reached the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</span> Orange River; in company with Colonel Gordon, the Scotch -Commanding Officer of the troops of the Dutch East India Company, and -Jacobus van Reenen. “On the 17th of August, 1779,” says Paterson, “we -launched Colonel Gordon’s boat, and hoisted Dutch colours. Colonel -Gordon proposed first to drink the States’ health and then that of the -Prince of Orange and the Company, after which he gave the river the -name of the Orange River, in honour of that Prince.”<span class="fnanchor" id="fna13"><a href="#fn13">[13]</a></span></p> - -<p>Up to this time the river had been known as the Braragul, the name -given to it by the elder Van der Stel. We owe a debt to the gallant -Gordon, who could hardly have found a more appropriate name for these -yellow muddy waters; and as Pettman<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</span> points out in his “South African -Place Names,” this is the only royal name in the place names of the -period.</p> - -<p>Le Vaillant next appears upon the scene. This romantic and picturesque -traveller assures us that he journeyed “into the interior parts of -Africa in the years 1783, 1784, and 1785,” leaving the house of his -friend <abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> Slabert, near Saldanha Bay, in the middle of 1783; but, -unfortunately, Le Vaillant was much given to romancing, and doubts have -been thrown on the authenticity of his journeys. That he travelled -somewhere in the regions north of the Orange River, “in search of rare -birds and new hordes,” “suffering much from the reverberations of the -sun,” seems clear from his descriptions of the country and people. His -many adventures make delightful reading, and he was a wonderfully<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</span> keen -observer of objects of natural history.</p> - -<p>The quest for gold next led a party into the northern wilds. In -1791 Willem van Reenen set out from his farm on the Elephant River, -accompanied by a number of burghers, in the expectation of discovering -gold, about the existence of which rumours had reached him. The party -passed the farthest point reached by Hop thirty years before, and -pushed northward until they probably penetrated into what is now -Damaraland. One Peter Brand travelled fifteen days further than the -main party, and was the first European to come into contact with -the mysterious Damrocquas, the Berg Damaras. These natives had the -appearance of Kaffirs, they spoke the Hottentot language, and they -lived like Bushmen.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</span></p> - -<p>For some months the party remained among the Damaras gleaning -information about the various clans. Game was abundant; they accounted -for no less than sixty-five rhinoceroses, six giraffes, and small game -without number. What was more important to them, they dug up large -quantities of “gold ore,” and transported it with much joy to Cape -Town. Their chagrin can be imagined when they were assured that the -“gold” ore was really copper ore.</p> - -<p>But belief in the existence of gold north of the Orange seemed to -persist, as in 1793 another party left Cape Town, with Chevalier -Duminy as a guide, in the packet <i>Meermin</i>, for a bay somewhere -up the coast, where a train of wagons, sent overland, was to meet -them on landing. The wagons, however, were not at the rendezvous,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</span> so -the <i>Meermin</i> sailed north until Walvis Bay was reached. Here, -in February of 1793, the prospectors set up a stone beacon, engraved -on one side with the arms of the States, and on the other with the -monogram of the Dutch East India Company. Hottentots were found living -along the shore, and Peter Brand sought their guidance for a trek into -the interior. He was away about a month; during which time he traversed -a portion of the Damara country, and was somewhat surprised to find an -abundance of trees and many rich grazing tracts. Elephants, buffaloes, -rhinoceroses, lions, and giraffes were numerous, but there were no -traces of the desired gold. Pienaar was probably the first European to -penetrate into the country from the west coast.</p> - -<p>The early years of the nineteenth century<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</span> bring us to the beginning -of the missionary era in South-West Africa, and we now turn to the -missionaries who came to evangelise the heathen inhabitants. These men -have played no small part in the political life of South Africa, and -the dust of the many controversies in which they were concerned ought -not to be allowed to obscure the high value and romance of the early -missionary enterprise. As pioneers, explorers, geographers, no less -than as philanthropists, they have done a great deal for knowledge.</p> - -<p>As early as 1802 the London Missionary Society—that stormy petrel -of African Missionary Societies—had its agents north of the Orange -River. The brothers Christian and Abraham Albrecht were probably the -first Europeans to reside in Great Namaqualand; they founded a mission -station at Warm Bath (now Warmbad) in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</span> 1807. Warm Bath was so named -because of the hot springs found there. Another station was established -at Bethany in 1814 by J. Henry Schmelen. Robert Moffat, who was -destined to leave his name indelibly impressed on African history, took -charge of the Warm Bath station in 1818. At this time Titus Africaner, -the outlaw Hottentot Chief, was at the height of his career as a -marauder and desperado; a cloud of dust in the distance was sufficient -to drive the peaceful tribes that lived along the course of the Orange -River frantic with terror, since it might herald the approach of the -ferocious raider. Africaner came under the benign influence of the -missionary, and a complete change of character was effected in him. -Acting on a sudden impulse, Moffat took him to Cape Town when on a -visit. An immense sensation<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</span> was created. The people at the Cape could -scarcely credit the fact that this man, once the terror of farmers and -natives, was a reformed character. Lord Charles Somerset “expressed -his pleasure at seeing thus before him one who had formerly been the -scourge of the country,” and made him the present of a wagon. Moffat’s -stay in Great Namaqualand, though brief, was certainly notable.</p> - -<p>The agents of the London Missionary Society were withdrawn from the -country by 1821, and the Wesleyans appeared on the scene. With their -early efforts is bound up one of the most tragic stories of missionary -enterprise. William Threlfall, a young minister from Yorkshire, was -seeking an opening for philanthropic labours among the Hottentots in -the region of Warm Bath in the year 1825. He lay<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</span> down to rest upon -the ground one night after a long trek; while he slept his Bushman -guide drew near with two accomplices, fell upon the defenceless man, -and dealt him blow after blow until he lay dead at their feet.<span class="fnanchor" id="fna14"><a href="#fn14">[14]</a></span> -William Threlfall is thus the missionary martyr of Namaqualand. In -1834 the only European resident in Great Namaqualand was Edward Cook, -who had charge of the Warm Bath station, renamed by Cook Nisbett Bath, -in honour of <abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> James Nisbett, a generous supporter of the Mission. -He laboured among the Bondelswaarts. Cook was the first white man to -take his wife into the wilds of Damaraland. The two people had a most -adventurous journey northward to the Windhoek Valley, to Gobabis, and -then<span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</span> across to Walvis Bay, and they actually had their young children -with them. Lions proved a great source of anxiety to Mrs. Cook. The -following extract from Cook’s journal affords an interesting glimpse of -the amenities of travel in those days. “During the night we came across -a rhinoceros grazing, the snorting of which frightened our servant -girl, who was riding an ox. She threw herself off and ran to take -shelter in the wagon. The oxen, being accustomed to be chased by wild -beasts, took fright at her screaming, and furiously galloped off. Those -who had not heard the rhinoceros thought a lion had attacked us, and -the greatest terror prevailed until an ox, getting his leg entangled in -the harness, fell, and the wagon was stopped.”<span class="fnanchor" id="fna15"><a href="#fn15">[15]</a></span></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</span></p> - -<p>Sir James Alexander was the first traveller to explore the country -who possessed the scientific attainments essential to extensive and -accurate observation. The Scottish knight journeyed slowly through -Great Namaqualand and Damaraland in 1836-7, covering, from the time he -left Cape Town till his return, a distance of 4,000 miles. It is rather -surprising, in view of what we have recorded, to read in more than -one “reliable résumé of the history of the country,” that Sir James -Alexander “was the first European to explore the unknown land.” Even -Francis Galton assumes that Alexander was the pioneer. Doubtless Sir -James was proud to emphasise the fact “that up to this day the whole of -the western region of southern Africa to the north of the Orange River -has hitherto remained a blank on our<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</span> maps,” but it was hardly the -unknown land he imagined it to be. Sir James did a good deal of hunting -in the country; he spent some time in the vicinity of Walvis Bay; where -the “climate was healthy and good”; he gathered a large number of -zoological and other specimens, many of which were unknown to the world -of science, and he gleaned much useful information about the social -condition of the Bushmen, Namaquas, and Damaras. He was the first white -man to secure an exclusive interview with the headman of the Berg -Damaras, who told the knight that he had never before looked upon a -white man; all his people had run away on hearing that such a fearsome -creature was approaching. At Warm Bath Sir James “set up his staff to -wait for the thunder rains,” and while there “took the waters,”<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</span> and -thereby “set the natives the example of ablution.”<span class="fnanchor" id="fna16"><a href="#fn16">[16]</a></span></p> - -<p>For a few years after Alexander’s visit, Wesleyan missionaries occupied -stations in Damaraland, and the Rev. J. Tindall was the first white man -to reside at Gobabis, although the <abbr title="reverend">Rev.</abbr> Edward Cook and his wife had -spent three months there in 1840; but these stations were at length -handed over to the German missionaries who belonged to the Rhenish -Missionary Society. With the entry of these men into the country in the -’forties we note the forging of the first link in the chain of events -which had its end in the establishment of a German Protectorate.</p> - -<p>Francis Galton made a notable journey through, the country in 1850-2, -in company with the Swedish naturalist and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</span> trader, Charles J. -Andersson. Galton proceeded from Walvis Bay through regions hitherto -almost unknown into Ovamboland and arrived at a point within seven days -of Lake Ngami. He was much pleased with the fertility of Ovamboland and -the quiet, sociable disposition of the Ovambo people. His “Narrative of -an Explorer in Tropical Central Africa” affords the fullest description -of the land and the people. For many years the career of Charles J. -Andersson was identified with Damaraland and the adjacent countries. -He was the first European to travel across South-West Africa to Lake -Ngami. This feat he accomplished in 1853. He discovered the Okavango -River, and as a result of his many hunting and trading expeditions -added much to our knowledge of the country. His books of travel are -richly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</span> instructive and alive with stirring incidents.</p> - -<p>The names of travellers and explorers like James Chapman, Thomas -Baines, Frederick J. Green, bring us to the ’fifties and ’sixties of -the nineteenth century, to what may be termed the closing days of the -No Man’s Land era. The consideration of the events which led up to the -German occupation we leave to another chapter.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</span></p> - - -<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> - -<p class="footnote" id="fn11"><a href="#fna11">[11]</a> Theal’s “History of South Africa” (1486-1691), <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 2.</p> - -<p class="footnote" id="fn12"><a href="#fna12">[12]</a> Mendellssau’s “South African Bibliography,” <abbr title="volume">Vol.</abbr> I., <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 185.</p> - -<p class="footnote" id="fn13"><a href="#fna13">[13]</a> Paterson’s “Narrative of Four Journeys,” 1789, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 113.</p> - -<p class="footnote" id="fn14"><a href="#fna14">[14]</a> Cheeseman’s “William Threlfall, the Missionary Martyr of -Namaqualand,” 1911.</p> - -<p class="footnote" id="fn15"><a href="#fna15">[15]</a> Cook’s “Modern Missionary,” 1849, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 136.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</span></p> - -<p class="footnote" id="fn16"><a href="#fna16">[16]</a> Alexander’s “Expedition of Discovery,” 1838.</p></div> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Chapter_VI"><span class="smcap">Chapter</span> VI<br />THE LATER HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT</h2> -</div> - - -<p>The red tide of war surged backward and forward over the land in the -’sixties, and deeds of appalling cruelty were perpetrated. The Hereros -fought to secure their independence from the Hottentots, and they -were at length victorious, but a guerilla war again broke out in the -’seventies, and the country was in a state of chronic unsettlement. In -1868 the harassed missionaries connected with the Rhenish Missionary -Society, whose stations were either plundered or destroyed during these -wars, sent an urgent appeal to the British<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</span> Government for intervention -and requested that the whole of Hereroland should be “declared British -territory, under British protection.” The appeal was backed up by -Bismarck, but the Secretary of State for the Colonies was “unable to -adopt the German views on the subject.” Efforts were made, however, to -restore peace among the tribes by a special commissioner sent up from -the Cape. The matter of annexation was not allowed to rest, and in 1875 -the Cape Parliament passed a resolution in favour of the extension -of the limits of the Colony so as to include Walvis Bay and as much -country inland as it was considered expedient to acquire. With a view -to ascertaining the feelings of the native chiefs in Namaqualand and -Damaraland, <abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> W. C. Palgrave was sent on a commission of inquiry. He -was cordially<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</span> received by the chiefs, with whom he made treaties which -placed the country under British jurisdiction, and he also arranged -that a European magistrate or diplomatic adviser should reside among -the people at Okahandja. The missionaries were in hearty agreement, as -were the German and Swedish traders. Sir Bartle Frere, the Governor -at the Cape, strongly favoured annexation, and urged it upon the Home -Government, but all that they would agree to was the acquisition of -Walvis Bay with some 400 miles of land around it. Formal possession of -this area was taken in 1878. The Guano Islands off the coast, which -had enjoyed an odorous celebrity for some time, had been annexed in -1867. Sir Bartle Frere renewed his representations at a latter time, -but the British Government still adhered to the opinion that it was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</span> -inexpedient to encourage any scheme of extension of territory in -South-West Africa.</p> - -<p>When war broke out again in 1880 between the Namaquas and the Damaras, -Palgrave was recalled from the country where he had resided for a -time, and Major Musgrave, who had been acting as diplomatic adviser -at Okahandja, was removed to Walvis Bay. This outbreak of hostilities -led to correspondence between the British Government and Germany. In a -memorandum presented to Earl Granville by the German Ambassador it was -stated (and the admission is significant in view of subsequent events) -that “since there could be no question as to an independent proceeding -on the part of Germany for the protection of life and property of its -subjects in those regions,” it was the wish of the German Government -that “the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</span> British Government would direct that any measures ordered or -intended for the protection of life and property of English subjects -might be extended likewise to the German missionaries and traders -living there.” This drew from the British Government the admission that -“Her Majesty’s Government could not be responsible for what might take -place outside British territory, which only included Walvis Bay, and a -very small portion of country immediately surrounding it.” That careful -note was taken of this reply is evident from later events.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile the Berlin <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geographische Nachrichten</i>, of November -1879, had printed an article by Ernst von Weber in which the writer -had made a cogent and powerful plea in favour of a plan for a German -Colony in South Africa, and it is not<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</span> without significance that, early -in 1883, the German Embassy politely inquired of the British Foreign -Office whether British protection would be extended to a factory about -to be established by a Bremen merchant north of the Orange River at -Angra Pequena, intimating that if this could not be done they would -do their best to extend to it the same measure of protection which -they gave to their subjects in remote places, but without any design -to establish a footing in South Africa. This was rather a disturbing -inquiry to Earl Derby; probably he called to mind the reply given to a -previous question, in which a definite statement as to the extent of -British territory had been made, so he immediately communicated with -the Cape Government asking if they had any prospect of undertaking -control of Angra Pequena<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</span> in the event of the place being declared -British. Unfortunately no reply was forthcoming from the Cape for some -months, and the matter dragged on. But it is evident that Germany was -not idle: one Vogelsang, acting as agent for Herr F. A. E. Luderitz, -the Bremen merchant, landed at Angra Pequena, got into touch with the -German missionary at Bethany and Chief Joseph Frederick, produced -treaty forms, and soon had the satisfaction of annexing some 200 miles -of land around the Bay. In a report of an official visit paid to Angra -Pequena in October 1883, on behalf of the British Government, by -Captain Church, of Her Majesty’s Navy, it is definitely asserted that -“it was through the influence of the Rhenish missionary at Bethany that -Herr Luderitz obtained this extraordinary purchase of coast land.” The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</span> -cession is dated 25th August, 1883. So Germany obtained a place in the -African sun.</p> - -<p>This action on the part of Luderitz was keenly resented by British -traders, for Captain Sinclair had obtained on behalf of De Pass, Spence -& <abbr title="company">Co.</abbr> a cession of the coast territory from Angra Pequena to Baker’s -Cove from the chief of the Bondelswaarts in 1863, and for twenty years -the company had enjoyed undisturbed and undisputed possession of the -area. Luderitz, however, assumed proprietary rights.</p> - -<p>Germany now made another move in the game. In November 1883 the British -Foreign Office was asked by the German Ambassador whether Her Majesty’s -Government claimed any rights of sovereignty over Angra Pequena and -adjacent territory. The reply was made that while Great<span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</span> Britain -only laid claim to certain specified areas, any claim to sovereignty -or jurisdiction by a foreign Power would “infringe their legitimate -rights,” since the country north of the Orange River had been viewed as -a kind of commercial dependency of Cape Colony. But this did not deter -Bismarck, who had evidently resolved on a definite course of action. -Accordingly he instructed the German Consul at Cape Town to announce -that Herr Luderitz and his establishments were under the protection of -the German Empire, and the announcement was made on April 25th, 1884. -Then the Cape Government woke up. In the following month the Governor, -Sir Hercules Robinson, telegraphed to the Home Government that -“Ministers have decided to recommend Parliament to undertake control of -the coast-line from the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</span> Orange River to Walvis Bay.” Earl Derby also -seems to have been aroused about this time, for in June he announced -that arrangements would be made for giving protection under the -British flag to any persons, German and English, who had duly acquired -concessions or established commercial enterprises on the coast-line. In -the following month the Cape Parliament passed a resolution in favour -of the annexation of the whole coast-line from the Orange River to the -Portuguese frontier; but the matter had been too long delayed—the -prize had been grasped by other hands; for before the Cape resolutions -could reach England a German gunboat had appeared at Angra Pequena, -the German flag had been hoisted, and a German Protectorate formally -proclaimed.</p> - -<p>This was an act of state on the part<span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</span> of Germany, for the territory -was vacant in the eye of International Law. Britain had done nothing -to enforce her claims over the territory, though she had ample -justification. So early as 1796 Captain Alexander of the <i>Star</i> -sloop landed at Angra Pequena and “took possession in His Majesty’s -name by hoisting the King’s colours, firing three volleys and turning -over the soil.” Unfortunately, Great Britain had persistently neglected -all opportunities to place the matter beyond reasonable doubt, -so there was nothing left for her but to acquiesce in the German -expansion with the best grace possible, and a reluctant recognition -was given to the German claims, although European Colonial opinion in -South Africa recognised the action of Germany as nothing less than -an unnecessary and unwelcome intrusion. An<span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</span> Anglo-German Commission, -consisting of Sir Sidney Shippard and a German representative, was -appointed to investigate the claims of British subjects who had secured -concessions on the coast in the vicinity of Angra Pequena before the -German occupation and to discuss the interests of the various parties -involved in the annexation. Matters were at length adjusted in a -fairly satisfactory manner. The Report of the Commissioners was never -published, twenty-five copies only being printed, of which twelve were -sent to Berlin, twelve to London, and one was retained by the High -Commissioner for South Africa.</p> - -<p>In a statement made to the Reichstag on June 23rd, 1884, Bismarck -said it was the intention of the Government to issue for Angra -Pequena (renamed Luderitz Bay by Herr Luderitz) an Imperial Letter<span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</span> -of protection similar to the Royal Charter granted by England to the -East India Company. When defining his colonial policy at a later -time he affirmed that it was not to found provinces but “mercantile -settlements which would be placed under the protection of the Empire.” -The subsequent history of South-West Africa affords a striking -commentary on what proved to be a characteristic Bismarckian utterance. -Unfortunately, Great Britain took the declaration at its face value.</p> - -<p>Angra Pequena was but a starting point for large extensions of -territory, and German eyes were soon turned in the direction of -Damaraland. When rumours of designs on the country reached Cape Town, -<abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> W. C. Palgrave was sent to Walvis Bay to make inquiries and to -learn what measures, if any, should be taken in order<span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</span> to protect -colonial interests and the rights of Her Majesty’s subjects north of -the Orange River. On arriving at Walvis Bay <abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> Palgrave was requested -by Kamaherero to visit him at Okahandja, and there, without inducement -of any kind, the Herero Chief handed the Commissioner a Deed of -Cession of Damaraland dated December 29th, 1884, giving “our whole -country” over to Great Britain. <abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> Palgrave accepted the cession -for transmission to England, but the British Government subsequently -declined the offer and stated that it would have no objection to the -extension of the German Protectorate “inland as far as the 20th degree -of East longitude.” Was not Germany a “friendly Power”? Kamaherero then -appealed to the Aborigines Protection Society, and stated that he had -given his country to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</span> the British in 1876 and in 1884, yet the Germans -threatened to seize it and bring war and destruction upon his people. -But no help was forthcoming from Great Britain, and accordingly in the -following year Germany seized the country.</p> - -<p>These developments were viewed with considerable pride in Germany, for -the early period of colonisation was characterised by immense national -enthusiasm. The perfervid Pan-Germanists and the sword-rattling -Chauvinists fanned the flame, and for a time the whole nation was -“Colony mad.” No consideration whatever was paid to the fact that the -newly acquired possessions in South-West Africa had long been widely -recognised as British commercial dependencies. Small wonder that the -startled colonists in South Africa rubbed their eyes in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</span> amazement at -the displays of German high politics.</p> - -<p>Among the events which call for brief notice during this period mention -must be made of a characteristic Boer trek which took place from -the Transvaal into Damaraland in 1873. A party of farmers journeyed -with their families and stock across the waterless wastes of the -Kalahari Desert to seek out a new home. They endured the most horrible -sufferings and their line of march was a line of the graves of their -dead. A relief expedition went up from Cape Town to their assistance -in 1879, and some 300 of them were found in great straits in North -Damaraland. They subsequently trekked into Portuguese territory.</p> - -<p>In 1885 W. W. Jordan, a trader, attempted to establish a Republic in -South Ovamboland. He purchased land from a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</span> Chief, cut it up into -farms, secured the co-operation of a few other Europeans, established a -Council and named the area Upingtonia in honour of Sir Thomas Upington, -the Cape politician; but in the following year Jordan was murdered by -natives, and the “Republic” came to an end.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Chapter_VII"><span class="smcap">Chapter VII</span><br />THE GERMAN OCCUPATION</h2> -</div> - - - -<p>During the early years of the German occupation the seat of Government -was at Otjimbingue, where <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Goering, the Imperial Commissioner, had -a handful of soldiers to assist him in the work of administration. In -1890 K. von François was appointed Commissioner and Military Commander, -and as the few troops in the country had been reinforced, he proceeded -to seize the territory around Windhoek, and two years later the first -settlers from Germany arrived to make their homes at Windhoek, destined -to be the new capital. François set about the task of subjugating<span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</span> the -natives in typical Prussian fashion, and apparently adopted a policy -of colonisation by the Mauser. In 1893 he stormed the stronghold of -Hendrik Witbooi, the Hottentot leader, and the country was forthwith -plunged into prolonged and costly wars. Even after Witbooi’s defeat -other tribes carried on a most harassing guerilla campaign. In 1902 the -Bondelswaarts rose, and in the following year the Hereros revolted. -The farms of white settlers were devastated, and men and women were -cruelly murdered, but, significantly enough, British and Boer farmers -were not molested. In 1904, General von Trotha, who had done his -utmost to suppress the rising, greatly exasperated at the failure -of many of his “drives,” entered on a campaign of extermination. He -issued a proclamation in which it was stated that “within the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</span> German -border every Herero, with or without a rifle, with or without cattle, -will be shot.” The record of the period which followed is a most -sanguinary one. Thousands of Hereros were destroyed, and thousands -more were driven out into the parched desert wastes, where they died -of thirst, and where for several years after long lines of white bones -lay bleaching in the sun, marking the track the stricken people had -tried to follow across the wilderness. In “Peter Moor,” a narrative of -the campaign written by a German soldier, some significant sidelights -are thrown on the methods adopted in this campaign. Dealing with one -incident the writer describes the foodless, waterless condition of the -country, and how the soldiers stealthily surrounded a party of the -enemy, men, women and children; and he<span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</span> proceeds: “We then led the men -away to one side and shot them. The women and children, who looked -pitiably starved, we hunted into the bush.” It is said that no less -than 40,000 Hereros were destroyed in these wars.</p> - -<p>Probably very few natives would have been left alive in the country -had von Trotha been permitted to continue his work of destruction, but -the repeal of his famous proclamation was ordered by Bismarck, and he -was superseded by Herr von Lindequist in 1905. Von Lindequist issued a -general amnesty to the Hereros, and wisely set aside reserves for those -who surrendered. This conciliatory policy had an instant effect on the -Hereros; but the Hottentots continued the struggle until 1907. The -land of the Hereros was appropriated by the Government and made fiscal -domain.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</span></p> - -<p>The campaign was a costly one for Germany, since it involved the loss -of many hundreds of lives and an expenditure of some £30,000,000. At -the height of the campaign there were 19,000 Germans in the field, -with a large number of Dutch auxiliaries responsible for the transport -arrangements.</p> - -<p>There is no doubt that the main causes of the native risings were the -bureaucratic methods of the colonial administration and the behaviour -of the white traders. “Germany has nothing to learn from England,” -said the colonial party’s official organ in Africa at the beginning of -the enterprise, “or any other colonising nation, having a method of -handling social problems peculiar to the German spirit.” Beginning in -this temper, it is hardly a matter for surprise that their policy in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</span> -South-West Africa has been marked by all the defects of the “German -spirit.”</p> - -<p>They failed utterly to appreciate the significance of the fact that -England had achieved her success as a great colonising Power by -adopting the twin principles of liberty and diversity in her dealings -with subject or conquered races. With characteristic arrogance -the Germans proceeded to apply the typical Prussian principles of -compulsion and uniformity to all their methods of administration, and -the “mailed fist” became the most appropriate symbol of German colonial -rule. A ready-made system of Prussian bureaucracy was established; -Berlin and Potsdam had their replicas on a small but exact scale in -the little settlements where officialism flourished, and the cast-iron -rules “made in Germany” were applied to the peculiarly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</span> flexible -problems of colonial administration. The “system” was infallible! -It had wrought miracles with home administration. It had only to -be applied in Africa, and it would inevitably work the miracle of -colonisation. Little regard was paid to native customs and traditions -of life. Officialism rode roughshod over the ancient ways of life, -tribal laws, and native susceptibilities in a manner that aroused the -keenest resentment among the people. In a word the attempt was not to -colonise but to Germanise.</p> - -<p>“We started with a wrong conception of colonial possibilities,” said -Professor Bonn, of Munich University, in a striking address before the -Royal Colonial Institute on “German Colonial Policy,” early in 1914. -“We wanted to concentrate on Africa the emigrants we were losing at<span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</span> -the beginning of the colonial enterprise. We wanted to build up on -African soil a new Germany and create daughter states as you have done -in Australia and in Canada. We carried this idea to its bitter end. -We tried it in South-West Africa and produced a huge native rising, -causing the loss of much treasure and many lives. We tried to assume -to ourselves the functions of Providence, and we tried to exterminate -a native race whom our lack of wisdom had goaded into rebellion. -We succeeded in breaking up the native tribes, but we have not yet -succeeded in creating a new Germany.”</p> - -<p>Worse still, some of the officials sent out were guilty of excesses -and crimes which left a most evil odour. There were not wanting, -of course, men who brought to their posts a sense of public duty -and a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</span> high standard of personal honour, but “stories of slavery, -violence, cruelty, illegality, and lust, committed both by officials -and planters, were sent home too frequently by missionaries and -clean-handed men in the colonial service, who could not see these -things and be silent, and disciplinary proceedings at home generally -confirmed the imputations of report, and frequently proved that the -half had not been told.”<span class="fnanchor" id="fna17"><a href="#fn17">[17]</a></span></p> - -<p>Among the traders there was little or no sense of obligation towards -the native races; their policy was entirely one of exploitation. No -stronger words of condemnation of the ill-treatment of the people -have been written than those which have come from German writers. At -the time of the Herero insurrection the <i>Cross Gazette</i><span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</span> stated: -“Unscrupulous traders have been allowed to exploit the inexperience and -the recklessness of the Hereros. The debts contracted with the white -traders had enormously increased during recent years, while villages -had mortgaged their cattle and their entire land with their creditors.”</p> - -<p>A white resident who wrote home from Outjo did not hesitate to affirm -that “most of the white traders are said to have been murdered, and in -their fate one can only see a not unjustifiable act of vengeance on -the part of the natives, who have avenged the unscrupulous outrages -and plundering of the traders. The traders plundered the natives -systematically. Every one took what he wanted.”</p> - -<p>Pastor Meyer, a missionary, stated that “the traders took from the -Hereros their land, though they had paid their debts four<span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</span> or five -times over, since no receipts were given, and 400 per cent. was -charged.”</p> - -<p>In 1904, Herr Schlettwein, a Government expert who has had the honour -of being called in to instruct the members of the Budget Committee of -the Reichstag on the principles of colonisation, wrote in a pamphlet a -characteristic German exposition of the policy of “frightfulness” as -applied to the colonies. “In colonial politics,” states this disciple -of Nietzsche and Bernhardi, “we stand at the parting of the ways—on -the one side the aim must be healthy egoism and practical colonisation, -and on the other exaggerated humanitarianism, vague idealism, -irrational sentimentality. The Hereros must be compelled to work and, -to work without compensation and in return for their food only. Forced -labour for years is only a just punishment, and at the same time it is -the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</span> best method of training them. The feelings of Christianity and -philanthropy with which the missionary works must for the present be -repudiated with all energy.”</p> - -<p>These words are a sufficient commentary on an emphatic statement made -in the Speech from the Throne with which the Reichstag was opened -sixteen years before, when colonial enthusiasm was at fever heat, when -it was affirmed that it must be a solemn duty of the Empire to “win the -Dark Continent for Christian civilisation.”</p> - -<p>The use of force as the method of civilisation has had its inevitable -result on the natives. In some districts it is not safe for a German -to venture to-day, and no German settler who valued his life would -presume to make a home anywhere near these areas without the protection -afforded by the presence of armed soldiers. There<span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</span> has also been a -steady exodus of Hereros into British territory for many years, for, as -one of the Hereros wrote to his kinsmen, “the land of the English is a -good land.”</p> - -<p>The Ovambos were never conquered. As recently as July of 1914, the -Luderitzbucht newspaper, the <i lang="de" xml:lang="de">Lüderitzbuchter Zeitung</i>, stated: -“If you were to tell an Ovambo despot in the far north that he was -under German protection, he would laugh himself to death.” The mailed -fist is a poor coloniser.</p> - -<p>Herr Dernburg, the versatile ex-general manager of the Dresden Bank, -who was appointed Secretary of State for the Colonies in 1907, made -a determined attempt to cleanse the Augean stables of administrative -irregularity, and initiated many useful measures of reform. In 1908 he -paid a visit of inspection to South-West Africa, and the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</span> years which -followed his tour saw considerable progress. There is something more -than irony in the fact that when war broke out Germany was beginning to -profit by the lessons learned in the hard school of experience, and had -peace continued, slow but certain progress would have been witnessed. -On South-West Africa, in annual subsidies, administrative expenses, -and warlike operations, it is estimated that Germany has spent nearly -£50,000,000.</p> - -<p>Officialism has been the bane of the country; the whole system of -government has been altogether too elaborate and costly. At one time -every third male adult was an official, and, apparently, the main -occupation of these men was the compilation of voluminous records -of all that pertained to the life of the civilians. Even the German -settlers have been moved to protest at times<span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</span> against the petty -restrictions imposed upon them by the dominant military caste. Taxes -have been heavy; little encouragement has been given to the prospector; -favouritism has been manifest in the apportioning of land; persistent -attempts have been made to Germanise the non-Germans, notably the Dutch -settlers, and the whole population has been weighed down with a burden -of ordinances and regulations altogether out of proportion to the needs -of a young colony.</p> - -<p>The local government was vested in a Council of forty members, which -had advisory functions only. The Governor, appointed by the Kaiser, had -the supreme authority. Twenty members were elected by the Districts, -and twenty were nominated by the Governor. All bills were first -submitted to the Governor, and only such<span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</span> measures as had been laid -before him, or suggested by him, could be passed into law.</p> - -<p>Protests against such autocratic rule for a young country were -numerous, and many appeals were made for a more representative form of -government, but all were in vain. The “system” could not be weakened, -and the last of the German Governors kept it inviolate to the end.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">German Intrigue in Africa</span></h3> - -<p>The recent rebellion within the Union of South Africa may be viewed as -the culminating point of forty years of intrigue in South Africa, for -German emissaries have been at work in the country seeking to undermine -British authority since the ’seventies of the last century.</p> - -<p>“Would to God,” exclaimed Karl Mauch, the traveller and explorer, -on his return to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</span> Germany from the Transvaal in 1873, “that this -fine country might soon become a German colony.” A year or two later -Bismarck was urged by Germans in the country to send a “steady stream -of Germans through Delagoa Bay to secure future domination over the -Transvaal, and so pave the way for a great German Empire in Africa.” -When in 1884 the German flag was hoisted over Angra Pequena the -perfervid Treitschke went into ecstasies of delight. This was but -a beginning to the advocate of a greater Germany. He postulated a -“natural tendency for a Teutonic population to take over South Africa,” -and painted in rosy colours a picture of a great confederation of -German possessions in Africa. South-West Africa was regarded as a -<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">point d’appui</i>; its real value lay in its proximity to the -coveted lands in the possession of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</span> “dis-affected” Boers. With -his usual prescience Sir Bartle Frere saw the danger, and warned the -Boers that “the little finger of Germany might be heavier than the -loins of the British Government.” When the Anglo-Boer war broke out a -Press campaign was inaugurated in Germany in favour of the “downtrodden -Boers,” and it is highly probable that the Kaiser’s famous telegram -sent to President Kruger after the Jameson raid was not the impulsive -message it was thought to be at the time, but part of a carefully -planned scheme of conspiracy against England.</p> - -<p>As far back as July of 1895, <i lang="de" xml:lang="de">Die Grenzboten</i>, an important -political weekly published in Berlin, wrote as follows: “For us the -Boer States, with the coasts that are their due, signify a great -possibility. Their absorption in the British Empire would<span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</span> mean a -blocking-up of our last road towards an independent agricultural colony -in a temperate climate.” The same newspaper wrote two years later: “The -possession of South Africa offers greater advantages in every respect -than the possession of Southern Brazil. If we look at the map, our -German colonies appear very good starting points for attack.” In the -same year the following appeared in the <i lang="de" xml:lang="de">Koloniales Jahrbuch</i>: -“The importance of South Africa as a land which can receive an -unlimited number of white immigrants must rouse us to the greatest -exertions in order to secure there the supremacy of the Teuton race. -The greater part of the population of South Africa is of Low German -descent. We must constantly lay stress upon the Low German origin of -the Boers, and we must, before all,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</span> stimulate their hatred against -Anglo-Saxondom.”</p> - -<p>More remarkable still is the speech made in the Reichstag by the -unsentimental Herr Lattman, when discussing the railway line from -Luderitzbucht to Keetmanshoop. “The line,” he boldly stated, “is not -of very great importance for the transport of war material or for -commercial purposes, but it gives us the solution of a much more -important problem, namely, the position of the colony if war should -break out between us and Great Britain. In this case the line would -facilitate considerably our attack on Cape Colony.”</p> - -<p>That a Pan-German propaganda has been carried on in South Africa for -some time is now evident, and, as recent events have made abundantly -clear, the seduction of men of “Low German descent” from their<span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</span> -allegiance to the Union Government, was a main part of the propaganda. -Happily, the majority of the Dutch Africanders were too wise to attach -any importance to the specious promises of a Republic, and with their -fellow citizens of British extraction they have played an honourable -part in the breaking up of the German rule in South-West Africa.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</span></p> - - -<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</span></p> - -<p class="footnote" id="fn17"><a href="#fna17">[17]</a> Dawson’s “The Evolution of Modern Germany,” <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 370.</p></div> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Chapter_VIII"><span class="smcap">Chapter VIII</span><br />THE PEOPLE OF THE COUNTRY</h2> -</div> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Native Races</span></h3> - -<p>The native races represented in South-West Africa are the Bushmen, -Hottentots, and Bantu people, and they vary not only in physical -appearance and language, but also in character and habits.</p> - -<p>The Bushmen, so-called because of their preference for places abounding -in bushes, were probably the earliest inhabitants of the land, since -members of this race roamed the entire country south of the Zambesi -at a time of remote antiquity. These people were nomads of a most -primitive type, and lived on wild animals, wild plants<span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</span> and fruits, -the roots of plants, locusts, and even the larvæ of ants. Small in -stature, yellowish brown in colour, with queer, fox-like face, slender -limbs, and a language abounding in strange clicks and deep guttural -sounds, the Bushman did not seem far removed from the animals upon whom -he preyed. The people lived in small societies after a most primitive -fashion, with no religion, and no fixed abode. Though incapable of -protracted labour, they possessed marvellous keenness of vision and -fleetness of foot, and could travel immense distances in pursuit of -game without taking rest. Savages though they were, they had artistic -gifts of no mean order: on the walls of caves and the sheltered sides -of great rocks in various parts of the country there are found to-day -rude but spirited and clever pictures in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</span> profile of wild animals, in -red, and yellow and black. But they have been so ruthlessly hunted -down and destroyed by successive intruding races, that these keen-eyed -children of the wilds have almost entirely disappeared from the vast -territory which at one time was their exclusive hunting-ground. Some -of them linger yet on the Kalahari border, and some thousands of -half-breeds are found in the districts of Grootfontein, Outjo, and -Gobabis.</p> - -<p>How and whence the Hottentots came no one can say with certainty. -Some affirm that their origin is to be sought in the intermarriage -of men of light brown or yellow colour with women of Bushmen blood, -while others incline to the view that they came from North Africa -somewhere about the end of the fourteenth century. Compared to the -Bushmen they<span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</span> are but recent dwellers in the land. They called -themselves the Khoi-Khoin, or men of men, and they probably travelled -slowly southward and westward, dispossessing the Bushmen of their -lands here and there, until they covered considerable areas of the -country. They were small men, but greatly superior to the Bushmen -both in physique and intellect. They lived in tribes under hereditary -chiefs, but the chief’s authority was very limited. On the whole they -were a good-natured sort of people, merry, thoughtless, and indolent. -Various tribes of Namaqua Hottentots roamed over the southern portion -of South-West Africa for many years prior to the German occupation. -They had an abundance of horned cattle, sheep, and goats, and most of -their rather frequent tribal conflicts were about flocks and herds.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</span> -Their descendants have shown themselves capable of adopting civilised -habits of life, and they have learned to cultivate the soil, and -even to act as rough handicraftsmen. More pure Hottentots are found -in Great Namaqualand to-day than in any other part of South Africa. -When the last census was taken a year or two ago they numbered some -15,000. Until brought under German rule, after the various unsuccessful -conflicts which they waged against the Germans, they enjoyed a life of -independence.</p> - -<p>To the great Bantu family, or Kaffir races, belong the Ovahereros, or -Damaras—better known as Hereros—and the Ovambo people, but there -are well marked distinctions between these two neighbours. The name -Herero, it is said, is an attempt to reproduce the whirring sound of -the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</span> broad-bladed assagai used by these people in its flight through -the air. “The meaning of the name Ovaherero,” says G. W. Stow, “is the -men of the whirring assagais.” The Hereros migrated from the north or -north-east, and for some time they occupied the territory north of -the Namaquas, living in communities under the government of chiefs. -Their riches consisted of cattle, and they have always shown a great -reluctance to part with any of their animals. Among early travellers -they won an unenviable notoriety on account of their cruelty, filthy -habits, and degenerate tastes. In their conflicts with the German -forces they revealed remarkable and unexpected powers of resistance. -About 15,000 to 20,000 of these people are found in the country at -present.</p> - -<p>The Ovambo people in the far north were<span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</span> practically unknown until the -’fifties of the last century, when travellers discovered them to be -a rich, industrious, and hospitable tribe, skilled in the working of -metals, and possessed of a real love for agriculture. They live under a -fairly strict tribal government in large communities, and for some time -have carried on trade with the Portuguese; they have even supplied such -articles as knives and iron pearls to their southern neighbours, the -Hereros. It is estimated that there are at least 80,000 of these people -in the northern territory, while the total population of Ovamboland and -the Caprivizipfel may be anything between 150,000 and 200,000.</p> - -<p>The Bergdamaras, who for many years inhabited the mountainous district -of Western Damaraland, constitute a fascinating ethnological problem. -They are Bantu<span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</span> by blood, Hottentot by language, and Bushmen by habit. -Whence these strange affinities?</p> - -<p>It is probable that the Bergdamaras were at one time connected with -the main stream of Bantu people that spread southward over the -country, but who by an eddy in the tide were left stranded in what is -now Damaraland. Enslaved there by the more powerful Hottentots, they -adopted the enemy’s language, and at length escaped from bondage to -make their home in the fastnesses of the mountains, where no other -means of subsistence remained for them but that of the Bushmen. They -number about 18,000 to-day.</p> - -<p>South-West Africa presents then a deeply interesting microcosm of -native life, and affords glimpses of the migratory movements of the -native people in far-off days.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</span> There are the Bushmen, the descendants -of the aboriginal hunters who dwelt in the land unknown ages ago; the -Hottentots, who are the sons of the yellow-skinned people that intruded -into the hunting-grounds of the pigmy Bushmen; the Bergdamaras, who -probably represent the pioneer tribes of the virile black-skinned races -that early followed upon the trail of the yellow-skins; while in the -Ovambos are exhibited some of the best traits of the most advanced -native tribes in the whole country.</p> - -<p>The number of natives actually counted when the census was taken in -1913 was 69,003, but the total estimated native population, excluding -Ovamboland and the Caprivizipfel, was 78,810. A few thousands of -the Ovambos have been attracted to the mines, but the Hottentots, -Bergdamaras,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</span> and Hereros find employment on the farms and as domestic -servants. About 2,500 natives from the Cape work as labourers at the -diamond fields.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">The White People</span></h3> - -<p>In the year 1880 the white population of South-West Africa consisted of -300 trek-Boers and 150 Europeans in Damaraland, and a dozen whites at -Walvis Bay: in 1900, that is, six years after the German annexation, -there was a total white population of 3,388, made up of 2,146 men, 452 -women, and 790 children. The last census, taken on January 1st, 1913, -showed a total population of 14,830. Including the 1,819 members of -the military forces, the males numbered 10,147, the females 4,683, and -the children 1,625. There was an increase of 250 women against the -preceding year,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</span> and this is a healthy sign, since it goes to show -that existence is becoming more stable in the colony, and that social -conditions are improving.</p> - -<p>The Windhoek district has the largest population, as it claims 2,871 -people; Luderitzbucht is second with 1,616; Swakopmund third with -1,463; Karibib has the fourth place with 1,170; while Keetmanshoop is -not far behind with 1,155.</p> - -<p>The nationality of the population was, of course, largely German; -there were only 272 Englishmen, but there were 1,630 “other British -subjects.” The percentage of other nationalities to the population was -very small.</p> - -<p>There has been a slow but steady increase in population since the close -of the native wars in 1906; but the increase is small in proportion to -the size of the country;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</span> it should be noted, however, that the many -native wars have had a most unsettling effect for years, and only a -comparatively brief period has elapsed since they were brought to a -close. There is no doubt that colonists will find their way to the -country in increasing numbers in the near future, for the large areas -in the central region constitute a fine “white man’s country.”</p> - -<p>Up to the present the land has only claimed the labours of 24 per cent. -of the adult males, while the commercial community has been responsible -for 18 per cent., and “other professions” no less than 45 per cent.</p> - -<p>It is evident that mining activities have absorbed the energies of the -great number of whites, and that the farming profession has not yet -been brought into<span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</span> the position of prominence that it must have before -permanent success can be assured to the country.</p> - -<p>It is somewhat surprising to learn that of 2,368 adult females, only -1,761 were married. Boys and girls exist in about equal numbers.</p> - -<p>The majority of the people are Protestants in religion; Roman Catholics -number 17 per cent., while “other religions” claim 2 per cent.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Chapter_IX"><span class="smcap">Chapter IX</span><br />THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRY</h2> -</div> - - -<p>It must not be concluded from what has been written about the blunders -of the colonial administration in dealing with the native people that -little or nothing has been done in the way of developing the country’s -resources, for many solid achievements stand to the credit of Germany.</p> - -<p>While many and grievous mistakes have been made, it must be remembered -that success in the difficult sphere of colonial enterprise rarely, if -ever, comes save with experience. To provide in South-West Africa a -home for German emigrants and a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</span> market for German trade, considerable -effort and large sums of money have been expended, and that success is -not more marked is partly due to the fact that so much energy has been -devoted to warlike operations rather than to the task of colonisation.</p> - -<p>For purposes of administration the country was divided into fifteen -districts (excluding Ovamboland and the Caprivizipfel), Grootfontein, -Omaruru, Outjo, Okahandja, Karibib, Windhoek, Gobabis, Rehoboth, -Gibeon, Maltahoehe, Bethanien, Keetmanshoop, Warmbad, Luderitzbucht, -and Swakopmund. There are no very large towns in existence, but the -few small towns and villages compare very favourably with those -of similar size in the Union of South African, while several of -them are considerably in advance as regards public<span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</span> buildings and -modern improvements. The principal towns are Windhoek, Swakopmund, -Luderitzbucht, and Keetmanshoop. Windhoek has a picturesque situation -in the best part of the territory, 180 miles from Swakopmund in a -direct line. As the seat of Government and the military headquarters, -it has long been the most important town in the country. About a -thousand Europeans resided here, and 800 natives. The principal -thoroughfare is a wide street nearly two miles in length. There are -substantial churches, a park, a public library, a museum, Government -buildings, clubs, fort, barracks, a fine marble monument to the -soldiers who perished in the native wars, and the inevitable brewery. -Houses nestle among the trees in pleasing fashion, and there are many -well-cultivated gardens.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</span></p> - -<p>Swakopmund, at the mouth of the Swakop River, is the principal port, -and for some years it has been the busiest town in the country, but it -has a poor harbour, lying as it does on the open Atlantic seaboard. -Immense sums of money have been spent in order to provide good landing -accommodation, but Swakopmund has too many natural disadvantages to -make it a safe and satisfactory harbour. Thousands of tons of sand -are deposited yearly in the bight by the Benguella current, and the -pounding of the big Atlantic waves would destroy any but the strongest -and most massive jetty. A new jetty was nearing completion when the -war broke out. Some very fine Government buildings have been erected, -as well as hospitals and churches and business establishments; the -streets are wide, with wood-paved footpaths, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</span> the town has an air -of solidity and neatness quite unusual to a young colonial township.</p> - -<p>But the natural entry into the country is the spacious and sheltered -harbour at Walvis Bay, twenty-five miles to the south of Swakopmund, -which though undeveloped has enormous possibilities as a naval base, -and a port for the hinterland. A good railway from Walvis Bay to -Swakopmund will go far to solve the problem of the future of a town -which is a good monument to German industry and enterprise.</p> - -<p>Luderitzbucht was formerly nothing more than a dilapidated trading -station for the interior, but with the discovery of diamonds in the -vicinity the settlement grew into a town with almost magical swiftness. -It had a white population of 800 in 1914. Many substantial and even -handsome buildings have been erected. The town has a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</span> fine harbour, an -electric power station, a powerful plant for condensing sea-water, and -a good telephone system, but the roads are merely tracks in the sand, -and when the wind blows; as it often does, the sand is everywhere, -indoors and out. Goggles are a necessity for every one.</p> - -<p>Keetmanshoop was the capital of the southern territory, and was -important on account of its position as a military headquarters. The -town is small, but well laid out, and has a church, a Government -school, a number of hotels, stores, and some neat residences.</p> - -<p>Other centres of population, of more or less importance, are Karibib, -some 125 miles from Swakopmund, a busy railway centre, which has grown -very rapidly since 1901; Omaruru, about 150 miles from Swakopmund, -with rich grazing lands; Okahandja,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</span> north of Windhoek, noted for its -good water supply; Gobabis, the chief town on the eastern border; -Grootfontein, in North Damaraland, founded by Boer settlers in the -’eighties of the last century; Tsumeb, the centre of the valuable -copper mining industry; Outjo, a military station in the Kaokoveld; -Bethanien and Warmbad, old mission stations in Great Namaqualand; and -Gibeon, the centre of some good farm lands.</p> - -<p>Recent years have seen marked progress throughout the country, mainly -owing to the extension of the railways. It is true that the railways -have been built with a view to their strategic importance, and -altogether in advance of the population, but they have been a most -important factor in increasing the economical value of the territory. A -line from Swakopmund,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</span> managed by the Otavi Mining and Railway Company, -connects the port with the copper mining districts at Otavi and Tsumeb, -and is some 419 miles in length. It is of approximately two-foot -gauge. A branch extends from Otavi to Grootfontein. A second railway, -managed by the State, extends from Swakopmund almost parallel with the -narrow-gauge line to Karibib, then curves south to Windhoek, from which -place it proceeds due south to Keetmanshoop and Kalkfontein.</p> - -<p>From Luderitzbucht a line of the standard South African gauge, 3 feet -6 inches, worked by the Lenz Company, has been laid to Keetmanshoop -via Seeheim, so all the important districts have been linked up. A -branch line, 66 miles in length, runs parallel with the coast, from -Kolmanskuppe to Bogenfels, and intersects diamondiferous<span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</span> country -practically all the way. The locomotives on this line are driven by -electricity generated on the engines. In all there are some 1,400 miles -of railways, 780 of which are narrow gauge, while the rest are of Cape -gauge.</p> - -<p>Kalkfontein is 172½ miles from Upington, in the Cape Province, and -since the war broke out the two places have been linked up by rail as a -result of magnificent record construction work by the engineers and men -of the Union Railways. From De Aar to Windhoek it is now 876 miles by -rail, and 1191 from Luderitzbucht to Johannesburg.</p> - -<p>Roads have been improved between some of the larger centres of -population, but in many places they are nothing more than mere tracks -across the country. In regard to the telegraph and telephone service, -the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</span> colony is well in advance of many parts of the Union of South -Africa, since many of the farm settlements are linked up with the -villages and towns, and many of the military stations and police posts -are similarly joined. At Windhoek, a high-power wireless station, -consisting of five towers, 360 feet high, was erected in 1914, to -form a link in the chain of stations between Germany and her overseas -possessions, stretching from Nauen to East Africa. Wireless stations -were also erected at Swakopmund and Luderitzbucht. There are seventy -post offices in the country, and fifty of these are also telegraph -offices. The schools for European children have increased of late, but -the medium has been compulsory German, even for the children of the -Dutch settlers. Numerous wells have been sunk, dams made, irrigation -work undertaken;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</span> and it is estimated that in addition to the natural -springs, there are now 1,613 wells, 130 dams, and 59 water-boring -holes. The Windhoek district is favoured with no less than 12 springs, -231 wells, 35 dams, and 20 water-boring holes.</p> - -<p>Trade has shown some advance, and the traffic of the two ports has -steadily increased. In 1913 the imports were valued at £2,171,200, and -they consisted mainly of foodstuffs, liquors, coal, building materials, -textiles, galvanised iron, and rails. No less than 81 per cent. of -the imports came from Germany, while less than 1 per cent. came from -England, and about 12 per cent. from British South Africa. Far more -coal came from Germany than from the coalfields of South Africa. The -exports for 1913 were valued at £3,515,100, but the diamond production -was responsible for no less than<span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</span> £2,945,975. Other exports were -copper, £396,436; tin, £31,568; wool, £5,500; cattle, small stock, -meat, hides, skins, and ostrich feathers. Germany received 83 per cent. -of the articles.</p> - -<p>The finances of the colony show improvement. The revenue, accruing -mostly from railways, harbours, and taxes on minerals, showed a surplus -for 1913; and in budgeting for the year 1915, revenue and expenditure -were estimated to balance at £2,081,157. Public works of some -importance were contemplated for 1914-15.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Minerals</span></h3> - -<p>One of the immediate results of the German occupation was an influx -into the country of mining prospectors who were eager to secure -concessions. Mineral rights over large areas were bought from native<span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</span> -chiefs, and prospecting was actively carried on. The concessions were -in many instances transferred to third and sometimes fourth parties, -until at length the mining rights of the whole country were held by -the following: The Deutsche Kolonial Gesellschaft, the Kaoko Land und -Minen Gesellschaft, the South-West Africa Company, the Otavi Minen und -Eisenbahn Gesellschaft, the Hanseatische Land und Minen Gesellschaft, -the Gibeon Schuerf und Handels Gesellschaft, the South African -Territories Company, and the Government. For some years each of these -parties kept to its own laws, which regulated or prohibited prospecting -operations. The Government recognised the need for greater uniformity, -and in 1913 the various companies, with the exception of the South-West -Africa Company, entered into agreements with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</span> the Government. The -royalties payable to the different companies were fixed by these -agreements.</p> - -<p>Next to the valuable diamond fields, the copper mines rank in -importance. The rich deposits in the Otavi district were known to South -Africans some years before the German occupation. They were worked by -the Bushmen, who quarried and smelted the metal, using as a flux the -ash of a tree, and by the Ovambos, who adorned themselves with heavy -copper ornaments. The fine outcrop at Tsumeb was discovered in 1892. -The Otavi Company is a German concern with issued capital which has -been fully paid up in cash, of £1,000,000 in 200,000 £5 shares. The -Company took over from the South-West Africa Company 1,000 square miles -of mining rights and 500 square miles of freehold rights contained<span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</span> -therein, in order to work the group of copper mines in the Otavi area, -but by virtue of its shareholding the South-West Africa Company holds -an interest in the Otavi Company of about 55 per cent. This holding -is the chief asset of the South-West Africa Company. The ore mined is -divided into a high-grade copper product, principally copper glance, -which has been exported to America, and lead ores, largely galena, and -low-grade carbonate copper ores, which have been smelted at the mine. -Since the completion of the Company’s railway from Swakopmund in 1908, -the yearly output has averaged 36,000 tons. Other deposits are found -at Grootfontein, Grossotavi, and Gochab, while recent discoveries -include finds in the Bobos Mountains in the Tsumeb district, and at -Okatumba, north-east of Windhoek. The Khan mine has been<span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</span> opened up -to a considerable depth, and development work was proceeding in other -promising mines when war was declared.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Tin</span></h3> - -<p>Large deposits of tin ores have been found, mostly in alluvial -deposits, situated in the neighbourhood of outcrops of pegmatite and -quartz, which occur in the hinterland of Swakopmund.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Marble</span></h3> - -<p>There are immense layers of good quality marble in the Karibib -district. The quarrying rights are held by the Afrika-Marmor-Kolonial -Gesellschaft.</p> - -<p>Gold has been found at several places in the South-West Africa -Company’s territory, and occasional nuggets have been unearthed in the -Neineis tinfields, but as yet there are no discoveries of the precious<span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</span> -ore in payable quantities. Coal has not been found.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Agriculture and Live Stock</span></h3> - -<p>There is a surprisingly small proportion of the land of the country -under cultivation, since only 13,000 acres have been treated. -Four-tenths of this total is in the well-watered Grootfontein district, -while the Windhoek region has another three-tenths. Mealies, potatoes, -lucerne, vegetables and melons are the principal articles grown, but a -good beginning has been made with fruit and tobacco.</p> - -<p>There are 1,330 farms, and they cover an area of over 32,000,000 acres; -they vary in size from 6,000 to 50,000 acres. In 1913 they carried -205,643 cattle, 53,691 woolled sheep, 17,171 Persian sheep, 472,585 -Afrikander sheep, 485,401 goats,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</span> 13,340 Angora goats, 18,163 half-bred -Angoras, 15,916 horses, 13,618 mules and donkeys, 7,772 pigs, 709 -camels, and 1,507 ostriches. All these figures, with the exception -of those relating to the camels, show a considerable increase on the -preceding year, and while they may be of no value in estimating the -quantity of stock in the country at the close of the war, on account -of the inevitable slaughter following on a siege, they serve to show -how much advance has been made in pastoral development, in spite of the -rinderpest of 1896-7, the droughts of more recent years, and diseases -such as anthrax and lamziekte.</p> - -<p>Great improvements have been made in the stock since the German -occupation. The cattle owned by the natives, while hardy and useful, -were of little value as sources of milk, and the meat was of an -inferior<span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</span> quality. Goats and fat-tailed sheep were the other animals -possessed by the natives. But the Germans have imported stock of the -best quality and of every description.</p> - -<p>Cattle and horses have come from Germany and the Argentine, Karakul -sheep from Russia, merino sheep from Australia, and Angora goats from -Cape Colony. Animals purchased abroad by farmers have been imported at -the expense of the Government, and considerable encouragement given -to stock-rearing. Much good work was expected from an Agricultural -Advisory Board organised at the end of 1913, and a staff of Government -experts had been collecting information on such matters as water -laws, fencing rights, and animal diseases; these experts were to have -assisted the members of the Board in drafting useful measures. A Land -Bank<span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</span> with a capital of £500,000 was established in 1913, and some -advances were made to farmers in the following year. The object of -the Bank was to supply the farmer with capital at a reasonable rate -of interest under a bond which could not be called up as long as the -interest and other charges were duly paid, and to provide easy terms -for repayment of the principal. The Bank was also expected to assist -in providing fresh capital for effecting farm improvements, making the -increased value of the farm security for the advances made, to foster -the establishment of co-operative societies for the sale of produce -and the purchase of certain articles in bulk. It would appear that the -first grants were made to the farmers in one particular area, and the -farmers in other parts were highly incensed at what they affirmed to be -favouritism.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</span> Shortly before the war broke out the Bank was notified -from Berlin that the proposed remittance of one and a half million -marks for advances had been cancelled.</p> - -<p>Among other industries are those connected with sealing, guano export, -whaling, and brewing. The export value of seal skins has averaged about -£2,000 per year for several years, but in 1913 little profit was made -by the sealers on account of the low price received for the skins. -Whaling has not yet been a great success. The breweries at Windhoek and -Swakopmund have proved highly lucrative; and they have been successful -in driving imported beer out of the market.</p> - -<p>Then it should be remembered that much valuable research work has -been done in the country, and that the characteristic German virtue -of thoroughness has been<span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</span> manifest in the systematic labours of such -men as H. Hahn, Rath, Schenck, G. Hartmann, Lotz, Range, Schinz, -Schultze and Rohrbach, who have done much for knowledge in the realms -of history, ethnology, geology, philology, and economics. The peculiar -problems of the country have been most diligently studied, and maps -dealing with geological features, rainfall, vegetation, distribution -of wild animals, etc., have been compiled with great skill and most -careful attention to detail.</p> - -<p>On the whole Germany is able to give a fairly good account of her -stewardship so far as the development of the colony is concerned. -Thirty years is a short period in which to look for broad and -beneficial results in a land that has many natural disadvantages; that -so much has been achieved is a tribute to the patience and persistence -of the settlers.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Chapter_X"><span class="smcap">Chapter X</span><br />THE DIAMOND FIELDS</h2> -</div> - - - -<p>The discovery of diamonds near Luderitzbucht in 1908 was an event -of great importance to the country, and in view of the value of the -diamond fields, and the powerful influence they have had on the -economical development of the country, we shall give some account -of their discovery, probable origin, and the nature of the mining -operations connected with them.</p> - -<p>There can hardly be a more dreary place on earth than the strip of -desert land that borders the coast of South-West Africa, and it is -hardly a matter for surprise that geologists tramped leisurely over -the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</span> wind-blown sand dunes, making careful note of the geological -features of the country, without for a moment suspecting that the -gravel beneath their feet was thickly studded with the hard and -brilliant little “stones of fire” known as diamonds. Somehow or other -it is not the lot of the geologist to discover gems and gold in South -Africa. A child playing with the pebbles on a river bank; a poor Dutch -farmer lazily sifting gravel through a coarse wire sieve; a prospector -sinking a well in search of water; a kaffir shovelling sand—in such -unromantic ways have Nature’s chiefest treasures come to light in this -land.</p> - -<p>One day in April of 1908, a kaffir working on the Kolmanskuppe railway -line, not far from Luderitzbucht, picked out of a shovelful of coarse -sand a small, rough,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</span> whitish stone that sparkled in the sunlight. -Little did the “boss” to whom he showed it dream that in the tiny -stone lay the promise of an increase in the revenue of the country of -nearly seven million sterling in half a dozen years, and the conversion -of the tin-shanty settlement at Luderitzbucht into a substantial and -progressive little town in the same period. But so it proved.</p> - -<p>As luck would have it, the native had worked in the De Beers diamond -mines at Kimberley; he knew the difference between a rough diamond -and a white pebble. Had he not received a substantial bonus from the -compound manager as a reward for his honesty whenever he discovered a -“fire stone” in the blue ground and handed it over to the official? -But his “boss” laughed at him when he said it was a diamond, and told -him to “get out!”<span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</span> The railway contractor, however, a gentleman named -Stauch, laughed after another fashion when the gem came into his hands. -He hurried off to Swakopmund, and there sought an interview with the -owners of the land, the Deutsches Kolonial Gesellschaft. He came back -with half a dozen licences in his pocket which gave him the right to -peg certain extensive areas. It was not long before little parcels of -the gleaming gems were in his possession. The wise Herr Stauch is now a -diamond magnate.</p> - -<p>The news of the wonderful discovery quickly spread, and before many -months had passed companies were exploiting the gravel occurrences. It -is amusing to recall to-day the ridicule heaped on these “discoveries” -by financial and other journals. The gems were “dolls’ diamonds,” -“diamondettes”; it was “financial folly” to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</span> pick up these little -glittering, weather-beaten specks. With a characteristic display of -journalistic wit, one well-known weekly affirmed that “he would be an -ass indeed to allow himself to be imposed upon by such ‘carats’ as -these.” But the carats recovered last year, for instance, were valued -at the nice little sum of £2,945,975.</p> - -<p>The diamondiferous area is an extensive one. It is a strip of -sandy country near the coast, from 2 to 12 miles wide, extending -intermittently from Conception Bay (100 miles south of Swakopmund) to -Angra Juntas, some 60 miles north of the Orange River, a total distance -of about 250 miles. The strip is broken by a chain of hills and rocky -ridges running mainly from north to south. In the wide valleys and -depressions thus formed, ranging from 2 to 3 feet above sea-level -to over 500 feet, the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</span> diamondiferous gravel is found. The deposits -are by no means uniform. Large stretches of ground may not contain a -single stone, while a rich “pocket” may hold scores of the glittering -gems. The patch, too, that is so rich in diamonds may have a surface -view precisely similar to that of the barren areas around. Such freaks -of deposit seemed to some of the early prospectors to be the work of -whimsical genii.</p> - -<p>The precious stones lie among tiny fragments of banded agate, red -garnet, red jasper, chalcedony, milky quartz, and sand.</p> - -<p>The deposit varies in depth from 6 inches to 15 feet. Over the mixture -the furious trade winds from the south rage for eight or nine months -in the year. A process of natural concentration proceeds apace. The -light particles are caught up and whirled<span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</span> away to the sand dunes, -until in many places nothing is left but the heavy diamonds and a thin -layer of coarse particles. Naturally, the little depressions here and -there, especially those on the windward side of obstacles, have a -good concentration of rich detritus. The gems are never found in any -quantity in the valleys that run from east to west, but in those that -lie in the line of the prevailing wind.</p> - -<p>The diamonds found in this sand are peculiar to the country. They are -wholly unlike any other known African stones. When in 1901 some natives -professed to have found certain small stones in the alluvial diggings -on the Vaal River, the experts knew at once they were not river stones. -The boys had stolen them from German South-West Africa. All shades -of colour are found among them, but the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</span> stones of a clear white -appearance, with a barely perceptible yellowish tinge, predominate. -Pale pinks and lemon yellows are fairly common. Impure shades are -remarkably few, and fully 85 per cent. of the gems are fit for cutting. -They are said to resemble the stones derived from Brazil. In size they -are small; it takes six or eight to make a carat as a rule, but a few -large stones have been found. One weighed 34 carats and another 17 -carats. These large stones, however, are very exceptional.</p> - -<p>How did the diamonds get there? That these lustrous gems should -sprinkle the sand so thickly in this dreary region may well give cause -for wonder. Geologists differ as to their probable source of origin. -<abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Wagner, in his exhaustive work on “The Diamond Mines of Southern -Africa,” summarises the main theories as follows:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p class="p0">(1) The diamonds were released by weathering from the crystalline -rocks of the basement system.</p> - -<p class="p0">(2) The diamonds were derived from the denudation of the primary -deposits of British South Africa, carried down to sea by the Orange -River and distributed along the coast by the agency of the Benguella -current.</p> - -<p class="p0">(3) A modification of the second hypothesis, according to which the -diamonds were carried down to the sea from sources believed to exist -within the interior of German South-West Africa.</p> - -<p class="p0">(4) The parent rock of the diamonds lies submerged off the present -coast.</p> -</div> - -<p><abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Wagner dismisses the first three, and advances arguments in -favour of the fourth. He concludes that they have been<span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</span> derived “from -a primary deposit, or from primary deposits, which now lie buried -beneath the sea somewhere off Pomona,” as there is a steady—if not -quite persistent—increase in the average size of the stones as one -proceeds from north to south, until the Pomona area is reached, where -the average weight is greater than anywhere else. On this supposition -the lighter stones have been swept northward by a strong ocean current -when the coast was still submerged. To this we may add the statement of -<abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Marloth that among “the prospectors who know the country south of -Prince of Wales Bay, the belief is quite common that Pomona diamonds -came from some volcanic fissures that occurred there.” Kimberlite -“pipes” and dykes occur in the Keetmanshoop, Gibeon and Bethany -districts, but they contain no diamonds.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</span></p> - -<p><abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Versfeld, however, is of the opinion that the diamond-bearing -gravel is not of marine origin, but debris from diamond “pipes” which -has been concentrated by the strong winds. It is quite possible, he -argues, that the stones may have been transported hundreds of miles, -but he recognises the futility of laying down hard-and-fast theories. -He ventures to affirm, however, that the discovery of diamond-bearing -pipes “much nearer to the Luderitzbucht deposits than those at present -known seems well within the bounds of probability.” And with that -pleasant probability we leave the matter of the origin of the stones.</p> - -<p>All the mineral rights of the diamond fields have been held by the -German Colonial Company, and their “sphere of influence” extends -for over 300 miles<span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</span> along the coast and about 60 miles inland. Six -companies—each with a fifty years’ concession from the Colonial -Company—practically monopolised the industry. These are the Pomona -Diamantminen Gesellschaft, the Koloniale Bergbaugesellschaft, the -Diamanten Pachtgesellschaft, the Deutsche Diamantengesellschaft, the -Vereinigte Diamantminen, Luderitzbucht, and the Kolmanskop Diamond -Mines, Ltd. The Kolmanskop Company is registered in the Cape Province, -and they have a valuable holding of about 10,000 acres, 6 miles from -Luderitzbucht.</p> - -<p>The first stage in exploitation is rather picturesque, from the -spectator’s point of view. You plod up the side of a sand dune and, -on gaining the top, look down into the depression below and see, -perhaps, a dozen natives crawling about the sand<span class="pagenum" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</span> on all fours as if -in search of coins or gems which some one has dropped. You watch them. -One man is using the flat of his hand as a scoop, running it slowly -through the sand; another is “harrowing” with his fingers; a third -squats on his haunches native fashion and gazes intently at a little -heap of particles in his hand, while another, by a hoarse exclamation, -draws attention to something in the palm of his hand. These boys are -“sampling” the ground. It is a laborious and most trying task in the -fierce summer sun. The top layer of diamondiferous gravel is invariably -richer than any underlying deposit, so it is possible to get a fairly -accurate idea of the value of the detritus by this primitive picking. -“Washing” tests are sometimes made instead of hand sampling. Should -the boys succeed in finding a fair number<span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</span> of gems, the second stage -is entered upon, This is very prosaic. The deposit is shovelled into -swinging sieves (the “babies” of the Vaal River diggings, slightly -improved), set in a rectangular frame. The sieve is swung backwards -and forwards in order to eliminate the fine sand, which falls to the -ground. The screened gravel is then conveyed to the concentration plant -for further treatment. On some of the claims the deposit is excavated -by dredgers which use large electric shovels.</p> - -<p>The jigging plant—highly specialised machinery—receives the gravel in -capacious hopper mouths, a process of digestion goes on to the sound of -much crunching and groaning, the useless tailings are thrust out, while -the diamonds are ingeniously hustled into a place of security from -which they can be easily removed at intervals. Fully<span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</span> 90 per cent. of -the gems in the gravel are recovered in this way. Immense sums of money -have been spent on machinery. Huge structures have sprung up on the -sandy waste; and it is claimed that on some properties the equipment -is even superior to that of the highly elaborated plant at Kimberley. -Certainly this lavish expenditure on central concentration plant shows -a great faith in the future possibilities of the industry.</p> - -<p>Several of the mining properties are linked up to Luderitzbucht -by light railways, and the companies in the vicinity of the town -draw their electric power for the machinery from the well-equipped -power-station at Luderitz Bay. Oil engines are in use on the distant -claims. The entire coastal belt is practically a desert, and the -little water found here and there in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</span> wells that have been sunk is -too brackish for human consumption; so water, both for drinking and -diamond-washing purposes, is derived from the sea. Large condensers -have been erected on the coast; the water is conveyed along pump lines, -and also transported to the distant claims by water-carts and in tanks -carried by camels. The pump line from Elisabeth Bay to Kolmanskuppe -is no less than 17 miles in length. Some 5,000 natives and coloured -men were in the employ of the various companies before the war; the -majority of the natives were Ovambos, but Cape boys were found in large -numbers. The pay for the Ovambos was at the rate of £1 5s. per month, -with rations, while the more satisfactory Cape boys received £3 per -month, with rations.</p> - -<p>Working costs vary considerably. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</span> factors which determine them are: -the situation of the claims, the richness of the deposit, and the scale -of operations. In the case of five companies, we give the figures for -1913:</p> - -<table class="autotable"> -<tr class="bb bt"> -<th> -</th> -<th class="bl"> - Average Cost Per Carat. -</th> -<th class="bl"> - Average Value. -</th> -</tr> -<tr> -<td> -</td> -<td class="tdc bl"> -s. d. -</td> -<td class="tdc bl"> -s. d. -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td>Pomona Diamantminen Gesellschaft -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">1 6 -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">50 0 -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td>Koloniale Bergbaugesellschaft -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">8 0 -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">40 0 -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td>Deutsche Diamantengesellschaft -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">15 0 -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">45 0 -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td>Diamanten Pachtgesellschaft -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">— -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">40 0 -</td> -</tr> -<tr class="bb"><td>Kolmanskop Diamond Mines, Ltd. -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">10 6 -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">23 6 -</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>These figures compare most favourably with those of the South African -diamond mines. The average cost per carat from the Premier Mine, for -instance, is 11s., while the average value is only 22s. But it must -be remembered that operations begin on these fields at what may be -called the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</span> middle stage of the Kimberley activities. Underground -mining, flooring, and washing, in connection with the Kimberley mines, -involve enormous expenditure, so it can readily be understood that the -working costs of exploiting a gravelly surface deposit will be, other -things being equal, considerably less than the mining of underground -diamondiferous rock.</p> - -<p>The German Government derived a good revenue from the fields, as they -imposed a tax of 66 per cent. of the output value, less 70 per cent. -of the working costs. Prior to 1912, the heavy taxation and royalties -absorbed from 45 to 50 per cent. of the gross value of the output, but -the scheme of taxation was amended as above. In addition to the tax the -Government enjoyed a monopoly in the sale of the stones. Producers were -compelled to sell them<span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</span> through a Government organisation in Berlin, -called the Diamant Regie, and a commission of 2 per cent. was charged -on all sales made. On presenting his diamonds to the representative of -the Regie at Luderitzbucht, the producer received 12 marks (a little -less than 12s.) per carat on account. He had to wait until the Regie -had disposed of the gems; then the Government tax and the Regie’s -commission were deducted from the amount paid for them, and the balance -came at length into his hands. Early in 1914 the Regie was reorganised -and came under the management of the parties directly interested in the -revenue derived from the sale of the diamonds. Half the shares were -held by the Government and half by the mining companies. The Government -also had large interests in the Fiskus block of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</span> claims, which during -1913 produced an average of about 12,000 carats per month, so even if -the Government should make no change in the present law in South-West -Africa, they stand to reap a rich harvest from the fields. The areas -owned by private companies cannot, of course, be confiscated.</p> - -<p>In view of the fact that South-West Africa may now be regarded as -a part of the British Empire, the probable life of the fields is a -matter of very real interest and importance. The experts differ, but -there is reason to believe that they will yield diamonds in good -number for many years. There are some who fix the limit at fifteen -years. Writing in 1913, <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Wagner states that “a long and prosperous -career may confidently be predicted” for the industry. Probably they -will last another twenty<span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</span> years. It is true that certain rich claims -have already been worked out, but vast areas of low-grade gravel yet -remain to be exploited. It is estimated that no less than £20,000,000 -sterling worth of gems are in sight on the 10,000 acres held by the -Kolmanskop Company. During 1913 areas considered unworkable were dealt -with at a good profit owing to the introduction of modern plant; the -northern fields in the neighbourhood of Conception Bay and Spencer -Bay, which had been neglected for some time, were added to the list -of profitable propositions. It is not at all unlikely that new -deposits will be discovered. It is believed that diamonds were found -off Pomona as a result of dredging operations, but these activities -were abruptly terminated by an Imperial Decree. Diamonds have been -found on Possession Island and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</span> Halifax Island (British possessions -for many years), but the cost of the prospecting operations, which -was considerably in excess of the value of the stones found, did not -encourage the Union Government to follow up the discoveries. As the -gems are found along the coast and on the islands off the coast, it is -not unreasonable to infer that they lie in the sand of the sea-bed, -unless they have been dropped from the clouds. Here is an opportunity -for an enterprising syndicate. Then it must be remembered that the war -has seriously affected the diamond trade. The market will take years -to recover. Even when conditions swing back to normal it will be some -time before the market will be able to absorb the existing stock of -stones. To continue working these fields at the rate of output shown -by the figures for 1914,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</span> for instance, would be worse than folly. -Wisdom will dictate a considerable lessening of the output, and this, -of course, will have the effect of prolonging the life of the fields, -an altogether desirable state of affairs, since the revenue may then be -used to develop the agricultural resources of the hinterland. Whether -the many German shareholders will consider this wise or pleasant is -another matter. Up to the present the main portion of the profits has -gone into Government revenue to pay for the civil administration of the -country, but the bulk of the dividends paid to shareholders has gone -into the pockets of men who reside out of the country. The investors, -except in a few instances, have had the satisfaction of drawing some -fat dividends. The Koloniale Bergbaugesellschaft paid out in 1912 the -nice little<span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</span> dividend of 3,800 per cent.; the year before it was 2,500. -The Pomona Company paid out at the rate of 175 per cent. in 1913, while -the Kolmanskop Company paid 30 per cent. in 1912.</p> - -<p class="center p0"><span class="smcap">Diamonds Produced in South-West Africa since 1908.</span></p> -<table class="autotable"> -<tr class="bb bt"> -<th> Year. -</th> -<th class="bl"> Carats. -</th> -<th class="bl"> Value. -</th> -<th class="bl"> Value per Carat. -</th> -</tr> -<tr> -<td> -</td> -<td class="bl"> -</td> -<td class="bl tdc"> -£ -</td> -<td class="bl tdc"> -s. d. -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td>1908 -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">39,762 -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">53,842 -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">27 1 -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td>1909 -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">519,190 -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">704,123 -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">29 0·5 -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td>1910 -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">792,642 -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">1,015,779 -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">25 7 -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td>1911 -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">766,465 -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">968,418 -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">25 3·1 -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td>1912 -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">992,380 -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">1,408,738 -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">28 4·7 -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td>1913<span class="fnanchor" id="fna18"><a href="#fn18">[18]</a></span> -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">1,470,000 -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">2,953,500 -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">40 1·9 -</td> -</tr> -<tr class="bb bt"><td><span class="smcap">Total</span> -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">4,580,439 -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">£7,104,400 -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">—</td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<p>The figures given in the last Consular Report (1913) differ slightly -from the above, which are from <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Wagner’s volume, “The Diamond Mines -of Southern Africa.” The Consul’s figures are as follows:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</span></p> - -<table class="thin"> -<tr class="bb bt"> -<th> -</th> -<th> - Carats. </th> -</tr> -<tr><td>1908 -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">39,375</td> -</tr> -<tr><td>1909 -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">483,268</td> -</tr> -<tr><td>1910 -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">867,296</td> -</tr> -<tr><td>1911 -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">747,152</td> -</tr> -<tr><td>1912 -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">985,882</td> -</tr> -<tr class="bb"><td>1913 -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">1,570,000</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>The Consul also appends a statement showing the output of diamonds -during the last three years from mines in the Union of South Africa, -and the sales of German South-West African stones during the same -period. These figures are deeply significant, and serve to show how -important a factor in the diamond market these stones have become.</p> - -<table class="thin"> -<tr class="bb bt"> -<th> - Year. -</th> -<th class="bl"> - Country. -</th> -<th class="bl"> Carats. -</th> -<th class="bl"> Value. -</th> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tdc">1911 -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">Union of S. Africa -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">4,891,998 -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">8,746,724</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdc">” -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">German S.W. Africa -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">816,296 -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">1,019,444</td></tr> -<tr class="bt"><td class="tdc">1912 -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">Union of S. Africa -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">5,071,882 -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">10,061,489</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdc">” -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">German S.W. Africa -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">902,157 -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">1,303,092</td></tr> -<tr class="bt"><td class="tdc">1913 -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">Union of S. Africa -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">5,163,546 -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">11,389,807</td></tr> -<tr class="bb"><td class="tdc">” -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">German S.W. Africa -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">1,284,727 -</td> -<td class="bl tdc">2,153,230</td></tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</span></p> - - -<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</span></p> - -<p class="footnote" id="fn18"><a href="#fna18">[18]</a> Of the 1913 production only 1,284,727 carats were sold.</p></div> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Chapter_XI"><span class="smcap">Chapter XI</span><br />THE ECONOMIC FUTURE OF THE COUNTRY</h2> -</div> - - -<p>After a visit paid to South Africa in 1895, <abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> (now Viscount) Bryce -published a volume of “Impressions,” in which he made the following -reference to South-West Africa: “Great Namaqualand and Damaraland -constitute an enormous wilderness, very thinly peopled, because the -means of life are very scanty ... the country taken all in all, and -excepting the little explored districts to the north-east, towards the -Upper Zambesi—districts whose resources are still very imperfectly -known—is a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</span> dreary and desolate region, which seems likely to prove of -little value.”<span class="fnanchor" id="fna19"><a href="#fn19">[19]</a></span></p> - -<p>That this was the prevailing opinion of the country for many years -there can be no doubt to the student of South African history, but with -the development of the territory by the Germans opinion has undergone -a radical change, and it is now recognised that South-West Africa is a -valuable mineral and agricultural country.</p> - -<p>What is the future of the country to be under British rule? Herr -Dernburg had no doubt what it would be under German rule. He regarded -it as the most promising of the German overseas possessions, and saw -in it a “potential Argentina or Canada,” and anticipated the day -when the “tide of immigration will turn thither from the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</span> channels -which in the past depleted the home country, without helping towards -the consolidation of a new Germany abroad,” and he points to the day -when “3,000,000 cattle and 10,000,000 sheep will pasture upon its -vast inland prairies.” But according to his critics Herr Dernburg -was a colonial enthusiast who “juggled with millions and balanced -himself with percentages.” One has more than a suspicion that he was -in the habit of holding out to his countrymen brilliant pictures of -a prosperous colonial empire in the effort to keep warm the colonial -breast. His favourite story is “of a box of dates that was lost several -years ago on the way, and now offers to the sight of the wandering -traveller date palms 10 feet high bearing fruit.”</p> - -<p><abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Karl Peters, on the other hand, roundly affirms that South-West -Africa<span class="pagenum" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</span> “does not equal the poorest part of South Africa.” But while -Herr Dernburg is probably guilty of over-adulation, <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Karl Peters is -certainly at the opposite extreme of undue depreciation. South-West -Africa is not a land of milk and honey; and there is no immediate -prospect that it will become a Canada or a second edition of the -Rand. The many German Commissioners who have carefully investigated -the natural conditions of the colony have held out no brilliant hopes -of a colonial Atlanta; they have simply described a possible land of -settlement in which some thousands of white settlers may live in health -and comparative prosperity, and this is an eminently reasonable view of -the country.</p> - -<p>The three great natural sources of wealth in the country are: minerals, -pasture land, and agricultural land.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</span></p> - -<p>The mineral wealth is the most considerable source of prosperity, and -is likely to exercise a most important influence on the immediate -future of the colony. The diamond fields will not be exhausted, -perhaps, for another twenty years; and should there be a considerable -restriction of the output on resuming operations, as is likely, the -fields may be a source of wealth for a much longer period. Development -work in the existing copper mines has greatly improved the prospects -of the mining companies, since the continuity of the ore to greater -depths has been definitely proved. It has also been ascertained that -the copper ores in the Otavi Valley belong to the same formation as -the rich Tsumeb occurrence, and there is reason to hope that the Otavi -Valley mines will prove payable to greater depths and that fresh<span class="pagenum" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</span> mines -may be opened up between the Otavi Valley and Tsumeb. The Khan mine, -which is now connected to the Otavi railway by a branch line, has -lately been equipped with up-to-date machinery, including a powerful -concentration plant, and this mine is certain to be a factor of -importance in the industry. Other discoveries go to show that for many -years to come South-West Africa will export copper in large quantities.</p> - -<p>“The copper-bearing ‘quartz mica diorite’ of O’okiep (Little -Namaqualand) has not yet been discovered,” says <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Versfeld, who has -made a close study of the geology of Southern Namaqualand, “but the -possibilities are very much in favour of this rock being found.”</p> - -<p>Increase in the tin and marble production may be anticipated, while -the galena and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</span> wolfram deposits in the area of the South African -Territories Company, and the iron ore deposits in Kaokoland, still -await development. Mica will probably be a payable proposition in -Southern Namaqualand before long. Hopes are entertained by prospectors -that gold will be found in payable quantities, but a dearth of capital -and official restrictions have prevented the thorough investigation -of many promising deposits. <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Versfeld is of the opinion that it is -not likely that gold will be found in the primary formation in Great -Namaqualand, as he had examined numerous quartz reefs and conglomerates -and found them particularly poor in that metal, but, he writes, “there -is every possibility of valuable deposits of minerals being discovered, -particularly in the Great and Little Karas Mountains, which are the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</span> -contact zones between intrusive plutonic and volcanic rocks and -sedimentary rocks.”<span class="fnanchor" id="fna20"><a href="#fn20">[20]</a></span> The possibility of finding coal, however, seems -to grow more remote, though the formation of the country is analogous -to that of the Cape Province.</p> - -<p>The concessions system does not seem to have been the success it was -anticipated to be, since of the eight companies with an original total -capital of about £4,300,000, six companies appear to have spent about -£400,000, half of which represented a loss from which no benefit -accrued to the colony. With an efficient and sympathetic administration -capital should be attracted to the country; a rich mineral treasure -house may then be unlocked. There are vast areas in Ovamboland which -have not even<span class="pagenum" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</span> been prospected in the most cursory fashion.</p> - -<p><abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Paul Rohrbach, the Imperial Emigration Commissioner, in “Die -Deutschen Kolonien” (1914), expects much from the mineral wealth of the -country. With only the diamond fields and the copper mines of Otavi and -Tsumeb in operation, he finds the prospect distinctly encouraging, and -in the likely event of other large deposits of valuable minerals being -discovered, he anticipates that a strong development would set in. Even -if no extraordinary discoveries are made he is convinced that the total -value of the imports will be easily doubled in the course of the next -decade.</p> - -<p>Herr Grotefeld, in “Unser Kolonialwesen,” describes the trackless -wildernesses of sand in the coastal regions, and the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</span> desolate nature -of some parts of the country, but he states that the colony will be -able to support a large mining population, and he admits that the -mountains are “rich mineral treasure houses.”</p> - -<p>As a stock-raising country South-West Africa has great possibilities. -<abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Rohrbach writes: “In spite of the varied nature of the land, from -the Orange River in the south to the Kunene in the north, and from -the Namib in the west to the Kalahari in the east, its vegetation -and conformation are those of a sub-tropical steppe and grazing -country, which is marked out by Nature herself for cattle raising.” -Herr Hermann, in “Viehzucht und Bodenkultur in Deutsch Süd-West Africa” -(1914), confirms this estimate, and states that “the whole country -is open to cattle breeders. Every blade of grass, every leaf,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</span> every -shoot possesses unusual nourishing properties. This is proved by the -fat, good condition and strength of cattle, mules, horses, etc., fed -on this dry but extraordinarily nourishing fodder, even after a ten -months’ drought. One district is best for cattle breeding, another for -small stock, and yet another for horse raising, but cattle can be bred -everywhere, and even the most desolate, desert-like districts can be -turned to account by grazing the cattle over a large area.”</p> - -<p>After thorough examination of the territory <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Rohrbach estimated that -the grazing land was equal in area to that of the German Empire in -Europe, and capable of carrying 3,000,000 head of cattle and 2,000,000 -sheep and goats.</p> - -<p>But although large areas may be suitable for live stock it must be -remembered that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</span> this does not by any means imply a large population. -The pasturage is thin, droughts are frequent, and small farms are -practically useless. A farm capable of giving any adequate return -should be at least 20,000 acres in extent. Two or three white men on -such a farm would be quite able to attend to the stock with the help of -a few natives. South-West Africa is not a country for close settlement, -and the efforts made to start settlers near the towns with small -farms have not been attended with much success. An inquiring would-be -colonist was told by the emigration department of the German Colonial -Society that “in South-West Africa, which is chiefly suited for cattle -breeding, at least £1,000 or £1,250 has hitherto been regarded as -necessary.” It may be urged that Boer settlers with considerably less<span class="pagenum" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</span> -than £1,000 have found it profitable to take up farming in the country, -but none the less the small farmer is not likely to find much success -in the colony. When “carefully developed,” <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Rohrbach estimates that -the country will be able to maintain a population of several hundred -thousand European settlers, but in making this estimate <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Rohrbach -would appear to be slightly infected with the rosy optimism of Herr -Dernburg.</p> - -<p>The Karakul fur industry is likely to prove an asset of increasing -value. Karakul sheep, which supply the “Persian” lamb fur, or the curly -black Karakul, were first imported into the country from Bokhara in -1907, and they have been bred on a Government farm near Windhoek with -most satisfactory results.</p> - -<p>The Karakul has been crossed with the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</span> Afrikander, and many thousands -of the half-bred animals are now in existence. On the heights of -Damaraland and Namaqualand the Karakuls find most congenial climatic -conditions, and they seem to thrive on the pasturage of the country. -Sample skins sent to Europe have sold for as much as £2; but it is -stated that the industry can be carried on at a profit if the skins -realise from 10s. to 15s. each. The mutton of these animals is of a -superior kind.</p> - -<p>It may be predicted with safety that frozen meat will be one of the -chief exports in the coming years. Walvis Bay is comparatively near to -Europe, and with a direct steamship service to British ports, it will -be possible to establish a lucrative industry in slaughtered cattle and -sheep. Germany was hoping to profit considerably by the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</span> development -of the pastoral lands of the territory, but the stream will now be -diverted to Great Britain and the Union of South Africa.</p> - -<p>The third source of wealth is the agricultural lands. As already -stated, there are only 13,000 acres under cultivation, and this fact is -explained by the dryness of the climate. The rainfall is too scanty, -and the soil of too sandy a nature, to permit of extensive cultivation -without artificial aids. Much might be done by the introduction of -improved methods of farming and by means of irrigation, since the soil -is amazingly fertile. <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Rohrbach maintains that the land is much -better and more fertile than most parts of Cape Colony.</p> - -<p>The rich silt lands of the Kuisip River, and the alluvial loams of the -Kuisip Valley, for instance, wait for exploitation by the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</span> man who will -tap the underground stores of water and send them out over the fertile -tracts. A good start has been made in this connection by some of the -farmers in the northern districts, and further developments may be -anticipated.</p> - -<p>It is significant that owing to drought the crops of 1913 were a total -failure, with the exception—and the exception is important—of those -under irrigation. There should be no great difficulty in the way of -developing the water supply, since the country seems to have a good -supply of underground water. Even in the Kalahari nine artesian wells -were struck last year by boring in the valley of the Auob River. Fresh -boreholes have developed an ample supply for the town of Windhoek, -with more than sufficient to meet the need for an underground drainage -system. The two<span class="pagenum" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</span> perennial streams of the country—the Kunene and the -Orange—are of little economic value, since the channels are too deep -to serve the purposes of extensive irrigation. According to the report -made in 1913 of the irrigation possibilities along the banks of the -Orange, by <abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> A. D. Lewis, the Government engineer, the irrigable -patches found here and there on the northern bank are less than 3,000 -morgen; there are about 4,000 morgen on the south bank. Until wells -are dug, dams made, large irrigation works executed, and markets for -produce opened up, agriculture will play only a subordinate part in -South-West African industry, and the energies of the whites will be -devoted to the exploitation of the mineral wealth and the raising of -cattle and sheep.</p> - -<p>The progress of the country has been<span class="pagenum" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</span> retarded by a shortage of native -labour. Some farmers affirm that they can make no progress whatever -owing to the scarcity and unreliability of native workmen, but, as the -ex-Consul shrewdly observes in his last Report on the Trade of German -South-West Africa (1913), “As a rule a farmer who knows how to manage -his servants and understands their limitations has no difficulty in -getting his work done. On some farms there are sufficient labourers for -every emergency, while on others there are a few dissatisfied servants, -who take the first opportunity they can of changing their master.”</p> - -<p>The difficulty of obtaining labour has hampered the exploitation of the -mineral resources of the colony, and during recent years Cape boys have -been imported in considerable numbers. The Germans,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</span> however, have only -themselves to blame for this shortage, as in decimating the Hereros -they destroyed the best material for developing the resources of the -country. Forced labour was tried with the Herero and Hottentot captives -after the wars, and even in 1913 the police were kept busy collecting -stray natives and apportioning them to masters in need of servants.</p> - -<p>Efforts have been made by the mining authorities lately to attract more -labourers from Ovamboland by effecting improvements in respect to the -feeding, clothing, housing, and transport of men, and in the hospital -arrangements, and the standard wage has been raised 25 per cent. -With a more sympathetic administration and an influx of settlers who -understand the native, the problem of the native labour supply might -find a partial solution, but<span class="pagenum" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</span> it will probably continue to be a source -of anxiety for some time to come. In many parts of the Union of South -Africa the farmers are confronted with a similar difficulty.</p> - -<p>Will South-West Africa ever become a manufacturing country? Certainly -there is no prospect of it at present. The requisites for producing -manufactured articles, such as a big market, cheap sources of -mechanical power, and cheap and efficient labour, are all wanting, -and they are not likely to be available, at any rate in the present -generation. Such demand for manufactured goods as there is can easily -be met by importation from Europe. The lack of a good port has been a -drawback to German enterprise, but Walvis Bay will now take its proper -place as the natural harbour of the country, and its importance is -certain to grow.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</span></p> - -<p>In regard to the immediate future of the country, <abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> A. Wyatt -Tilby has suggested recently in the <i>Nineteenth Century</i> that -the land required by the Union Government of South Africa for the -<i>bijwoners</i> or “poor whites” lies now at the very door of the -Union in Namaqualand and Damaraland. But as we have shown, this is -not the country for the small farmer. Very substantial help would -have to be forthcoming from the Government before the unenterprising -<i>bijwoners</i> could make a living out of the soil. Many parts of -South Africa are far more suitable for close settlement schemes than -Namaqualand and Damaraland. Germany made many efforts to get the right -kind of settler into the country. To the 22,000 soldiers who took part -in the native wars the Government made an offer of £300 to each man -who wished to establish<span class="pagenum" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</span> himself as a farmer in the colony. Only 5 per -cent. remained.</p> - -<p>Experience has shown that no scheme of colonisation has much chance -of success by which men are bribed to become settlers: it is only by -making it worth their while to settle, by affording encouragement -to energy, initiative and resource, that the right stamp of men are -attracted.</p> - -<p>To sum up the facts then and state our conclusions; South-West Africa -is a country rich in mineral wealth, that needs exploitation; it is a -fine grazing country that will carry hundreds of thousands of cattle; -it is a comparatively poor agricultural land, whose principal need is -irrigation; and it shows no sign of becoming a manufacturing country -even on a small scale. The white population will remain scanty in -proportion to the area of the country.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</span></p> - -<p>That in the course of the next twenty-five years it will become the -home of 25,000 white families is as much as a reasoned optimism can -expect. The intrusion of the unexpected in the shape of a discovery -of valuable minerals in payable quantities would, of course, upset -our calculations, but all that we can do is to point out the probable -result of present conditions.</p> - -<p>A word may be added about the disposal of the country. Sir Harry H. -Johnston has raised the question in a recent article contributed to the -<i>Edinburgh Review</i>. He expresses the opinion that “at the present -time it would not be advisable unduly to increase the area under the -Union Government of South Africa where it embraces a large native -population,” since “the British and Dutch colonists of temperate<span class="pagenum" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</span> -South Africa are unwilling to concede to their black and brown -fellow-countrymen that equality before the law which England with her -larger imperial experience regards as the necessary basis of peaceful -government”; so he suggests that the “more negro portions of which -are Ovamboland and northern Damaraland,” should, “at any rate for the -present, either be governed by the Administrator of Rhodesia or by some -other British official appointed from London.”</p> - -<p>Without going into the matter of the fitness of the people to govern -the natives, it can hardly be expected that South Africans would view -such a proposal with equanimity should it be made with any seriousness. -To South Africa was given the task of conquering the territory, and in -addition to the fact that the country will<span class="pagenum" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</span> appropriately “round off -the Union,” powerful sentimental considerations will have to be taken -into account. A country in which Afrikanders have fallen in war and -have been buried will have more than a material value in the eyes of -Africa’s sons. For the first time in history British and Dutch have -fought side by side on African soil to overthrow the common enemy, and -the land won amid such conditions will always have peculiar value to -those who have made sacrifices to secure it. No: South-West Africa must -drop into its natural place as an integral part of the Union of South -Africa.</p> - - -<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> - -<p class="footnote" id="fn19"><a href="#fna19">[19]</a> Bryce, “Impressions of South Africa,” <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 37.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</span></p> - -<p class="footnote" id="fn20"><a href="#fna20">[20]</a> <i>South African Journal of Science</i>, March, 1915.</p> - -</div> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="BIBLIOGRAPHY">BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2> -</div> - - -<p class="center p0"><span class="smcap">History and General Description</span></p> - -<table class="autotable"> -<tr> -<td> -</td> -<td class="tt">History of South Africa. -</td> -<td class="tt"><i>Theal, <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr></i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tt">1796. -</td> -<td class="tt">Second Voyage. -</td> -<td class="tt"><i>Le Vaillant, François.</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tt">1838. -</td> -<td class="tt">Expedition of Discovery. -</td> -<td class="tt"><i>Alexander, Sir James.</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tt">1840. -</td> -<td class="tt">Memorials of South Africa. -</td> -<td class="tt"><i>Shaw, Barnabas.</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td rowspan="2" class="tt">1849. -</td> -<td class="tt">The Modern Missionary. -</td> -<td class="tt"><i>Cook, Edward.</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tt">Missionary Labours and Scenes in South Africa. -</td> -<td class="tt"><i>Moffat, Robt.</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tt">1852. -</td> -<td class="tt">Interior of South Africa. -</td> -<td class="tt"><i>Galton, Francis.</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tt">1853. -</td> -<td class="tt">Tropical South Africa. -</td> -<td class="tt"><i>Galton, Francis.</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tt">1855. -</td> -<td class="tt">Explorations in South Africa. -</td> -<td class="tt"><i>Andersson, C. J.</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tt">1856. -</td> -<td class="tt">Great Namaqualand. -</td> -<td class="tt"><i>Tindall, Henry.</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tt">1858. -</td> -<td class="tt">Travel and Adventure in Ovampoland. -</td> -<td class="tt"><i>Andersson, C. J.</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tt">1860. -</td> -<td class="tt">Travels in the Interior of South Africa. -</td> -<td class="tt"><i>Chapman, James.</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tt">1860. -</td> -<td class="tt">Journey to Ovampoland. -</td> -<td class="tt"><i>Green, Fred. J.</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tt">1883. -</td> -<td class="tt">Great Namaqualand. -</td> -<td class="tt"><i>Ridsdale, Benj.</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tt">1891. -</td> -<td class="tt">Deutsch-Südwest Afrika. -</td> -<td class="tt"><i>Schinz, Hans.</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tt">1896. -</td> -<td class="tt">Nama and Damara. -</td> -<td class="tt"><i>François, Hugo von.</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tt">1903. -</td> -<td class="tt">Deutsch-Südwest Afrika. -</td> -<td class="tt"><i>Dove, Karl.</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tt">1905. -</td> -<td class="tt">Between Cape Town and Loanda. -</td> -<td class="tt"><i>Gibson, Alan.</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tt">1907. -</td> -<td class="tt">Südwestafrika. -</td> -<td class="tt"><i>Rohrbach, P.</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tt">1908. <span class="pagenum" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</span> -</td> -<td class="tt">Deutsch-Südwestafrika. -</td> -<td class="tt"><i>Leutwin, T.</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td rowspan="4" class="tt">1914. -</td> -<td class="tt">Süd-West Afrika. -</td> -<td class="tt"><i>Schultze, L.</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tt">British Foreign Office Yearly Consular Reports, and publications of the German Colonial Society. -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tt">Imperial Blue Books. -</td><td></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tt">Blue Books of the Cape of Good Hope.</td><td></td></tr> -</table> - - -<p class="center p0 p2"><span class="smcap">Philology</span></p> - -<table class="autotable"> -<tr><td class="tt">1854. -</td> -<td class="tt">Namaqua Sprache. -</td> -<td class="tt"><i>Wallman, J. C.</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tt">1856. -</td> -<td class="tt">Great Namaqualand. -</td> -<td class="tt"><i>Tindall, H.</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tt">1857. -</td> -<td class="tt">Grammatik des Herero. -</td> -<td class="tt"><i>Hahn, C. Hugo.</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tt">1857. -</td> -<td class="tt">Namaquasprache. -</td> -<td class="tt"><i>Wallman, J. C.</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tt">1870. -</td> -<td class="tt">Sprache des Nama. -</td> -<td class="tt"><i>Hahn, Theo.</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tt">1883. -</td> -<td class="tt">Herero and Bantu Dictionary. -</td> -<td class="tt"><i>Kolbe, F. W.</i> -</td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<p class="center p0 p2"><span class="smcap">Botany, &c.</span></p> - -<table class="autotable"> -<tr><td class="tt">1891. -</td> -<td class="tt">Geography of South-West Africa. -</td> -<td class="tt"><i>Schlichter, Henry.</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tt">1896. -</td> -<td class="tt">Nama and Damara. -</td> -<td class="tt"><i>François, Hugo von.</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tt">1900. -</td> -<td class="tt">Pflanzenwelt. Deutsch-Südwest Afrika. -</td> -<td class="tt"><i>Schinz, Hans.</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tt">1910. -</td> -<td class="tt">Travels of a Botanist in South-West Africa. -</td> -<td class="tt"><i>Pearson, H. W.</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tt">1910. -</td> -<td class="tt">Vegetation of the Southern Namib. -</td> -<td class="tt"><i>Marloth, R.</i> -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tt">1914. -</td> -<td class="tt">The Flora of South Africa, <abbr title="volume">Vol.</abbr> I. -</td> -<td class="tt"><i>Marloth, R.</i> -</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</span></p> - - -<h2><span class="smcap">Annex D.—Exports during the Years 1911-13.</span></h2> - -<table class="autotable"> -<tr class="bt bb"><th class="tdc"> Item. -</th> -<th class="tdc bl" colspan="2"> Articles. </th> -<th class="tdc bl"> 1911. </th> -<th class="tdc bl"> 1912. </th> -<th class="tdc bl"> 1913. <span class="fnanchor" id="fna21"><a href="#fn21">[21]</a></span> -</th> -</tr> -<tr> -<td> -</td> -<td class="bl"> -</td> -<td> -</td> -<td class="tdc bl"> -Marks. -</td> -<td class="tdc bl"> -Marks. -</td> -<td class="tdc bl"> -Marks. -</td> -</tr> -<tr><td>I. -</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bl">Products of agriculture and forestry and articles pertaining to these -</td> -<td class="tdr bl"> -4,345 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl"> -28,368 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl"> -3,662 -</td> -</tr> -<tr class="bt"><td rowspan="4" class="tt">II. -</td> -<td class="bl" colspan="2">Animals and animal products: -</td> -<td class="bl"></td> -<td class="bl"></td> -<td class="bl"></td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="bl"></td> -<td> -<i>a</i>) Livestock -</td> -<td class="tdr bl"> -45,515 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl"> -53,414 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl"> -112,632</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="bl"></td><td> -(<i>b</i>) Animal products -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">525,795 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">739,515 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">419,288</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="bl"></td><td> -Total, Item II. -</td> -<td class="tdr bl bt">571,310 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl bt">792,929 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl bt">531,920</td> -</tr> -<tr class="bt"><td>III. -</td> -<td class="bl" colspan="2">Raw minerals and fossils -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">27,173,079 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">37,215,380 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">28,238,263</td> -</tr> -<tr class="bt"><td class="tt">IV. -</td> -<td class="bl" colspan="2">Manufactures, curios, etc. -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">824,510 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">998,663 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">394,462</td> -</tr> -<tr class="bb"><td></td><td class="bl"></td><td> -Total Exports -</td> -<td class="tdr bl bt">28,573,244 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl bt">39,035,340 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl bt">29,168,307</td></tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</span></p> - - -<p class="center p0 p2"><span class="smcap">Chief Articles of Export during the Years 1911-13.</span></p> - -<table class="autotable"> -<tr class="bt bb"><th class="tdc"> - Articles. -</th> -<th class="tdc"> - 1911. -</th> -<th class="tdc"> 1912. -</th> -<th class="tdc"> 1913. <span class="fnanchor" id="fna22"><a href="#fn22">[22]</a></span> -</th> -</tr> -<tr><td> -</td> -<td class="tdc bl"> -Marks. -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">Marks. -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">Marks.</td></tr> -<tr><td>Cattle -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">21,600 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">16,519 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">6,300</td></tr> -<tr><td>Small Stock -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1,890 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">18,345 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">28,882</td></tr> -<tr><td>Meat -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">14,544 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">28,974 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">73,850</td></tr> -<tr><td>Horns -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">24,536 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">24,003 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">20,695</td></tr> -<tr><td>Hides, goat and sheepskins -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">246,417 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">297,787 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">195,318</td></tr> -<tr><td>Skins of wild animals -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">34,051 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">29,575 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">12,550</td></tr> -<tr><td>Sealskins -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">43,543 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">41,569 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">3,330</td></tr> -<tr><td>Ostrich feathers -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">79,804 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">97,012 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">40,769</td></tr> -<tr><td>Wool -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">74,172 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">149,658 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">46,944</td></tr> -<tr><td>Marble -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1,232 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">19,968 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">10,214</td></tr> -<tr><td>Other earths and stones -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">9,184 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">5,485 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">5,821</td></tr> -<tr><td>Rough diamonds -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">23,034,146 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">30,414,078 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">24,620,968</td></tr> -<tr><td>Copper -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">325,000 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">229,850 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">200,040</td></tr> -<tr><td>Copper ores -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1,428,703 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">6,293,408 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">2,975,022</td></tr> -<tr><td>Other ores -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">28,946 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">15,064 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">33,545</td></tr> -<tr><td>Lead -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">345,868 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">228,127 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">—</td></tr> -<tr><td>Leather and leatherware -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">14,863 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">18,535 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">5,020</td></tr> -<tr><td>Photographs -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">27,158 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">8,671 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">3,913</td></tr> -<tr><td>Curios and miscellaneous articles -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">115,378 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">154,397 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">33,249</td></tr> -<tr><td>Packing cases and materials and such-like articles re-exported -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">667,111 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">807,060 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">352,280</td></tr> -<tr><td>Mohair -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">— -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">17,617 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">8,785</td></tr> -<tr><td>Wood and forestry products -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">779 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">14,154 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">330</td></tr> -<tr class="bb"><td>Tin ore -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">— -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">9,400 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">332,350 -</td></tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</span></p> - - -<h2><span class="smcap">Annex E.—Statement showing the Distribution of the Population of -German South-West Africa.</span></h2> - -<p class="center p0 p2"><span class="smcap">Result of Census taken January 1, 1913, as Compared with Census -taken January 1, 1912.</span></p> - -<table class="autotable"> -<tr><th class="bt"></th><th class="center bb bt bl" colspan="4"> 1912. -</th><th class="center bb bt bl" colspan="4"> 1913. </th></tr> -<tr><td></td><td class="bl"> White. -</td> -<td class="tdc bl"> Natives of Protectorate. <span class="fnanchor" id="fna23"><a href="#fn23">[23]</a></span> -</td> -<td class="tdc bl"> Natives and Coloured People from Abroad. -</td> -<td class="tdc bl"> Total. -</td> -<td class="tdc bl"> White. -</td> -<td class="tdc bl"> Natives of Protectorate. -</td> -<td class="tdc bl"> Natives and Coloured People from Abroad. -</td> -<td class="tdc bl"> Total. </td></tr> -<tr class="bt"><td>Grootfontein -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">811 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">14,996 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">70 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">15,877 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">988 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">11,409 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">57 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">12,454</td></tr> -<tr><td>Outjo -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">356 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">7,902 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">6 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">8,264 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">269 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">7,392 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">7,662</td></tr> -<tr><td>Omaruru -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">832 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">6,563 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">2 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">7,397 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">926 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">6,907 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">7 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">7,840</td></tr> -<tr><td>Karibib -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1,197 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">5,610 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">73 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">6,880 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1,170 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">5,628 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">23 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">6,821</td></tr> -<tr><td>Okahandja -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">573 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">3,723 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">187 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">4,483 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">648 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">3,933 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">47 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">4,628</td></tr> -<tr><td>Gobabis -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">342 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">5,840 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">21 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">6,203 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">409 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">3,645 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">7 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">4,061</td></tr> -<tr><td>Windhoek -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">2,895 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">8,784 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">192 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">11,871 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">2,871 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">11,098 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">140 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">14,109</td></tr> -<tr><td>Rehoboth -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">605 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">9,808 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">361 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">10,774 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">453 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">9,295 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">20 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">9,768</td></tr> -<tr><td>Gibeon -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">993 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">2,285 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1,116 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">4,394 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">922 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">2,680 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">33 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">3,635</td></tr> -<tr><td>Maltahœhe -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">337 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1,153 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">3 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1,493 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">304 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1,372 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">4 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1,680</td></tr> -<tr><td>Keetmanshoop -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1,559 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">6,467 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">360 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">8,386 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1,115 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">5,910 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">231 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">7,296</td></tr> -<tr><td>Hasuur -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">— -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">— -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">— -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">— -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">351 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">752 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">14 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1,117</td></tr> -<tr><td>Warmbad -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">851 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">2,024 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">118 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">2,993 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">912 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1,999 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">68 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">2,979</td></tr> -<tr><td>Bethanien -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">395 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1,417 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">91 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1,903 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">373 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1,446 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">71 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1,890</td></tr> -<tr><td>Luderitzbucht -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1,676 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">3,356 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1,326 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">6,358 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1,616 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">3,268 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1,706 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">6,590</td></tr> -<tr><td>Swakopmund -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1,394 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">2,021 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">247 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">3,662 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1,463 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">2,076 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">219 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">3,758</td></tr> -<tr class="bb bt"><td>Total -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">14,816 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">81,949 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">4,173 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">100,938 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">14,830 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">78,810 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">2,648 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">96,288</td></tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</span></p> - - -<p class="center p0 p2"><span class="smcap">Imports and Exports.</span></p> - -<table class="thin"> -<tr class="bb bt"><th class="tdc"> Year. </th> -<th class="tdc bl"> Imports. </th> -<th class="tdc bl"> Exports. </th></tr> -<tr><td> -</td> -<td class="tdc bl"> -£ -</td> -<td class="tdc bl">£</td></tr> -<tr><td>1908 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1,619,800 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">80,800</td></tr> -<tr><td>1909 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1,735,650 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1,103,550</td></tr> -<tr><td>1910 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">2,217,200 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1,734,550</td></tr> -<tr><td>1911 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">2,265,100 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1,428,650</td></tr> -<tr><td>1912 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1,624,900 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1,951,750</td></tr> -<tr class="bb"><td>1913 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">2,171,200 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">3,515,100</td></tr> -</table> - - -<p class="center p0 p2"><span class="smcap">Minerals Exported in 1913.</span></p> - -<table class="thin"> -<tr> -<th> -</th> -<th class="tdc"> £ </th></tr> -<tr><td>Diamonds</td> -<td class="tdr"> -2,945,975</td></tr> -<tr><td>Copper</td> -<td class="tdr">396,436</td></tr> -<tr><td>Tin</td> -<td class="tdr">31,568</td></tr> -<tr><td>Marble</td> -<td class="tdr">1,452</td></tr> -<tr><td>Other Ores</td> -<td class="tdr">2,956</td></tr> -<tr><td>Base Minerals</td> -<td class="tdr">360</td></tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td>Total</td> -<td class="tdr bt">3,378,747</td></tr> -</table> - - -<p class="center p0 p2"><span class="smcap">Cultivated Land in 1913.</span></p> - -<table class="thin"> -<tr> -<th> -</th> -<th class="tdr"> acres. </th></tr> -<tr><td>Windhoek District</td> -<td class="tdr">4,535</td></tr> -<tr><td>Grootfontein District</td> -<td class="tdr">3,702</td></tr> -<tr><td>Omaruru District</td> -<td class="tdr">1,567</td></tr> -<tr><td>Okahandja District</td> -<td class="tdr">1,267</td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="tdc">Small areas in other districts.</td></tr> -</table> - - -<p class="center p0 p2"><span class="smcap">The Water Supplies.</span></p> - -<table class="autotable"> -<tr class="bb bt"><th> - Districts. -</th> -<th class="bl"> - Land in acres. -</th> -<th class="bl"> Springs. -</th> -<th class="bl"> Wells. -</th> -<th class="bl"> Water Holes. -</th> -<th class="bl"> Dams. </th></tr> -<tr><td>Windhoek -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">11,445 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">12 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">231 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">20 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">35</td></tr> -<tr><td>Luderitzbucht -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">34,750 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">13 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">4 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">—</td></tr> -<tr><td>Swakopmund -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">25,000 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">— -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">2 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">—</td></tr> -<tr><td>Gibeon -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">16,945 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">19 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">128 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">— -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">17</td></tr> -<tr><td>Rehoboth -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">13,473 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">30 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">119 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">18</td></tr> -<tr><td>Maltahohe -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">12,832 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">13 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">139 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">8 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">6</td></tr> -<tr><td>Outjo -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">11,930 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">16 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">52 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">— -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1</td></tr> -<tr><td>Okahandja -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">11,855 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">2 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">125 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">4 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">8</td></tr> -<tr><td>Gobabis -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">11,445 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">155 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">— -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">3</td></tr> -<tr><td>Omaruru -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">6,757 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">6 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">216 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">9 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">13</td></tr> -<tr><td>Bethanien -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">28,035 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">— -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">31 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">— -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">5</td></tr> -<tr class="bb"><td>Warmbad -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">32,130 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">1 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">63 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">4 -</td> -<td class="tdr bl">4</td></tr> -</table> - - -<div class="footnotes p2"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> - -<p class="footnote" id="fn21"><a href="#fna21">[21]</a> January 1 to June 30.</p> - -<p class="footnote" id="fn22"><a href="#fna22">[22]</a> January 1 to June 30.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</span></p> - -<p class="footnote" id="fn23"><a href="#fna23">[23]</a> Estimated.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="INDEX">INDEX</h2> -</div> - - -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst" id="aard">Aard vark, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Aborigines Protection Society, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Acacia, forests of, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Adder, varieties of, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>-<a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Administrative divisions, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Agricultural Advisory Board, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst" id="agri">Agriculture, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>-<a href="#Page_192">192</a>; future of, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Ana tree (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Acacia albida</i>), <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">beans of, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Andersson, C. J., explorer and author, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Anglo-German Commission, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Angola, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Angra Pequena, correspondence concerning, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">secured by Luderitz, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">German Protectorate formally proclaimed, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">known as Luderitz Bay, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Ant-bear, <i>see</i> <a href="#aard">Aard vark</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Antelopes, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>-<a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Albrecht Bros., missionaries, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Alexander, Captain, takes formal possession of Angra Pequena in 1796, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Alexander, Sir James, explorer, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>-<a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Artesian wells, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li> -</ul> -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst">Bantu races, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Baobab trees, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Benguella current, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Berg Damaras, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>-<a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Bethanien, springs at, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>,</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Bibliography, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst"><i>Bijwoners</i>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst" id="bird">Birds, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>-<a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Bismarck, appeals to Great Britain to annex Hereroland, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">declares Luderitz under Imperial protection, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">his policy, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">is urged to swamp South Africa with German settlers, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Boer War, the, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Boer trek to Damaraland, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Boers as “Low Germans,” <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Bondelswaarts, cede territory to Sinclair, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">rise against the Germans, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Bonn, Professor, on Germany’s Colonial policy, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Brand, Peter, explorer, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Braragul, old name of Orange River, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Brewing, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">British South-West Africa, position of, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">boundaries, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">a “white man’s country,” <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">a “potential Canada,” <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">future of, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>-<a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">British Government, <i>see</i> <a href="#gb">Great Britain</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Budget for 1915, the, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Buffalo, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Bushman grass, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Bushmen, the, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>-<a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Bustard, great and lesser, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Bryce, Lord, his “Impressions,” <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li> -</ul> -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst">Camelthorn tree, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Candelabra flower, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Candle-bush, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Cape Government acquires Walvis Bay, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">negotiations with a view to further annexations, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>-<a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">in favour of annexation, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Capital required by settler, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Caprivizipfel, the, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">a great game reserve, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Cattle, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>-<a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Census of 1913, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Central Plateau, the, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>-<a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">vegetation of, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>-<a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Cheetahs, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Chest diseases, climate favourable to, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Christian feelings, to be energetically repudiated by German officials, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst" id="climate">Climate, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>-<a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">healthy nature of, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">seasonal, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">in the north, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">on the plateau, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</span></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Coal, improbability of finding, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Coast, the, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>-<a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">temperature of, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Cobras, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Coetsee, Jacobus, crosses the Orange River, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Colonial methods of England and of Germany, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>-<a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Colonial methods “peculiar to the German spirit,” <a href="#Page_134">134</a>-<a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Concessions system, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Cook, <abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> and Mrs., missionaries, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">Cook’s “Modern Missionary,” <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Copper mines, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Coppery snake, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Cormorants, protected, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst"><i>Cross Gazette</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Crosses erected by Diaz, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Cultivated land, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li> -</ul> -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst">Dam, at mouth of the Orange River, the, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Damara antelope, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Damara many-spotted snake, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Damaraland, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">ceded to Great Britain and refused, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">seized by Germany, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">Boers trek to, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Damaras, first seen, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Damrocquas, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">men, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Dams, use of, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Dassie, the (rock-rabbit), <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Dawson’s “Evolution of Modern Germany,” <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Death-rate, the, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Derby, Lord, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>-<a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Dernberg, Herr, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>-<a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Desert, the coastal, <i>see</i> <a href="#namib">Namib</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Deutsches Kolonial Gesellschaft, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Development of the country, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>-<a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Dew-ponds, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Diaz, lands and erects crosses, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Diamond fields, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>-<a href="#Page_221">221</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">great extent of, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">methods of working, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>-<a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">cost of working, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">life of, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">value of, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Diamonds, exports of, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">discovery by a native, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">character of, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">theories of origin, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">tax on, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">Government monopoly of sale, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">production of, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Diamant Regie, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Diseases, prevailing, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Dogs, wild, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Drinking water, condensed, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Droughts, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Dryness of climate, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Duiker, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Duminy, Chevalier, early explorer, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Dunes, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">formation of, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">vegetation, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> -</ul> -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst">Eagles, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Ebony trees, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Economic future of the country, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>-<a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Egg-eating snake, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Eland, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Electric power at Luderitz Bay, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Elephants, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Etosha, Lake, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euphorbiae</i> in desert, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Exports, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">tables of, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.</li> - -</ul> -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst">Farming, <i>see</i> <a href="#agri">Agriculture</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Farms, size of, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Fauna, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>-<a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Female population, white, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Figs, wild, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Finances, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Fish River, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Flamingos, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Flora, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>-<a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">of the coast, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>-<a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">of the plateau, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>-<a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Fogs, on coast, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst"><i>Fonteins</i> or springs, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Force as a civilising method, results of, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Forced labour, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Foreign Office, <i>see</i> <a href="#gb">Great Britain</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">François, K. von, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Frederick Joseph, chief, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Frere, Sir Bartle, favours annexation, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">warns Boers against Germany, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Frosts, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Fruit, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> -</ul> -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst">Galena, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Galton, Francis, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>-<a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Game, early abundance of, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba"><i>see</i> <a href="#mamm">Mammals</a>, <a href="#bird">Birds</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Gannet, protected, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Gemsbok, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst"><i lang="de" xml:lang="de">Geographische Nachrichten</i>, proposes German annexation, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">German South-West Africa, position of, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">Government of, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">German occupation, the, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>-<a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">native risings under and their suppression, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">atrocities committed during, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">cost of, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">effort to attract settlers during, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</span></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Germans, first missionary efforts, of, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Germany begs Great Britain to annex the country, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">further negotiations, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">takes formal possession, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">casts eyes on Damaraland, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Giraffe, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Gnu, the, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Goats, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Gobabis, springs at, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Goering, <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Gold, early search for, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">scanty, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Goose, Egyptian, the, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Gordon, Colonel, early explorer, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Gravel plains, vegetation of, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst" id="gb">Great Britain, refuses to annex the country, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>-<a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">but objects to the German annexation, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">refuses Damaraland, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst"><i lang="de" xml:lang="de">Grenzboten, Die</i>, advises German penetration of all South Africa, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>-<a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Grootfontein, farming in, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Grotefeld, Herr, on mineral wealth, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Grouse, sand, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Guano, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Guano Islands, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li> -</ul> -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst">Hailstones, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Halifax Island, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Harbours, natural, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Hares, various species, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Hawks, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Hereros, their wars against the Hottentots, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">revolt against Germany, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">destruction of, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>-<a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">their land taken, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">exploited by traders, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">Schlettwein’s policy, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">exodus into British territory, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">origin of the name, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Hermann, Herr, on stock-raising, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Herons, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Hills, vegetation of the, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>-<a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Hippopotamus, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">History, early, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>-<a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">later, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>-<a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">of the German occupation, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>-<a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Honey-guide, the, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Hoopoe, the, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Hop, Hendrik, early explorer, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Hornbill, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Horses, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Hottentots, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">rebel against German rule, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>-<a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>-<a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">House-snakes, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Hyena, the, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Hyrax, the (rock-rabbit), <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li> -</ul> -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst">Ibis, the, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Imports, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Insect pests, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Intrigue, German, in South Africa, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>-<a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Iron, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Irrigation, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Ivory, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> -</ul> -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst">Jackals, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Johnston, Sir Harry, opposed to annexation by the Union, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Jordan, W. W., attempts to found a Republic, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li> -</ul> -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst">Kaiser’s Telegram to Kruger, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Kalahari Desert, the, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">marshes of the, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">lions in, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">artesian wells, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Kalkfontein, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Kamaherero, cedes Damaraland to <abbr title="mister">Mr.</abbr> Palgrave, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Kaokoland, iron in, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Kaokoveld, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Karibib, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Karakul fur industry, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Karas Mountains, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">possibly gold in, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Keetmanshoop, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Khan copper mine, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Kimberley, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Klipspringer, the, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Kokerboom tree (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aloe dichotoma</i>), <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Koodoo, the, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst"><i lang="de" xml:lang="de">Koloniale Bergbaugesellschaft</i>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Kruger, President, telegram to, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Kuisip River, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">flora of, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">silts of, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Kuisip Valley, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Kunene River, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> -</ul> -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst">Labour, shortage of, due to massacres of natives, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Land Bank, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>-<a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Lattman, Herr, on strategic value of railway, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Le Vaillant, explorer, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Lead, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Leopards, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Lewis, A. D., on the Orange River, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Lindequist, von, Governor, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</span></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Lions, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Live stock, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>-<a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Locusts, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Locust-birds, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">London Missionary Society, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Lucerne, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Luderitz, Herr, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Luderitz Bay, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Luderitzbucht, temperature of, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">description of, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">railway from, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">wireless station at, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">diamonds discovered near, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Lynx, the red, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> -</ul> -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst">Malaria, rarity of, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst" id="mamm">Mammals, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>-<a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Manufactures, no future for, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Marble, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Marloth, <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr>, on the “Flora of South Africa,” <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Martin, E. A., on “Dewponds,” <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Mauch, Karl, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Mealies, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Meercats, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Melons, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Minerals, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>-<a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">exports of <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Mining royalties, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Mist-ponds, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Missionaries, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Moffat, <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">converts Titus, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Mountains, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Musgrave, Major, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> -</ul> -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst" id="namib">Namib, the, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>-<a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">rainfall, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">flora, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>-<a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Namaqua pheasant, the, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Namaquas, the, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Namaqualand, Great, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>-<a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">climate of, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">rainfall, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">vegetation, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Naras, the (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Acanthosicyos horrida</i>), <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">fruit and seeds of, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst" id="native">Native races, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>-<a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">“New Accounts of the Cape of Good Hope,” <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> - -</ul> -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst">Officialism, rampant, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Okahandja, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Omataho, Mount, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Omaruru, springs at, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">temperature of, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Orange River, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>-<a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">basin of, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>-<a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">course of, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">fauna, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">bar at mouth, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">no economic value, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">temperature of valley, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">hippo in, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">first crossed, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">irrigation possibilities of, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Oryx, the, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Ostrich, the, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Otavi, copper mines, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Otavi Hills, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Otavi Railway, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Otjimbingue, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Ottweiler, <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Ovambos, the, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>-<a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Ovamboland, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">never conquered, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Owls, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> -</ul> -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst">Palgrave, W. C., <a href="#Page_114">114</a>-<a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Palms, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Partridges, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Paterson, William, explorer, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Pedestal Point, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Penguins, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">“Peter Moor,” <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Peters, <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr> Karl, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Pettman’s “South African Place Names,” <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Physical features, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>-<a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Pienaar, early explorer, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Plateau, the, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>-<a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">formation of, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">climate, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Pomona, diamonds in, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">Diamond <abbr title="company">Co.</abbr>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Population, <i>see</i> <a href="#native">Native Races</a>, <a href="#white">White People</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">possible European, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">distribution of, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Porcupines, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Possession Island, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Post Offices, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Potatoes, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Pratincoles, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Prussian civilising methods, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Puff-adder, the, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Pump-line on coast, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Pythons, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li> -</ul> -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst">Quagga, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Quail, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">Railways, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>-<a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Rainfall, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>-<a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">table of, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Red-lipped snake, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Reenen, Jacobus van, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Reenen, William van, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Rehoboth, temperature of, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Religious creeds, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Revenue, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Rhenish Missionary Society, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Rhinoceros, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Rinderpest, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Rivers, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>-<a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Roan antelope, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</span></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Robinson, Sir Hercules, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Rock-rabbit (<i>dassie</i>), the, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Rohrbach, <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">on stock-raising prospects, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</li> -</ul> -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst">Sable Antelope, the, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Salt, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Sand-snakes, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Sandstorms, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Scenery, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>-<a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Schaapsteker, the, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Schlettwein, on civilising natives, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Schmelen, missionary, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>,</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Schools, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Scientific research, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Scorpions, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Sealing, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Seals, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Seashore, vegetation of, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Secretary birds, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Sheep, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Sinclair, Captain, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Snakes, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>-<a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Snipe, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Snow, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">South African Territories <abbr title="company">Co.</abbr>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">South-West African <abbr title="company">Co.</abbr>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Somerset, Lord Charles, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Spoonbill, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Springbuck, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Stapff, <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Starling, wattled, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Stauch, Herr, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Steenbuck, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Stel, Van der, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Storks, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Sun, not dangerous, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Swakop Boy, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Swakop River, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Swakopmund, temperature of, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">population, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">description, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">railways from, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>-<a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">wireless station at, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Swifts, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> -</ul> -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst">Telegraph service, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Telegraph, wireless, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Telephone service, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Temperature, <i>see</i> <a href="#climate">Climate</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Theal’s “History,” <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Threlfall, murdered, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Thunderstorms, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Ticks, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Tilby, A. Wyatt, in the <i>Nineteenth Century</i>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Tin, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Titus Africaner, conversion of, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Tobacco, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Tortoises, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Towns, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Traders, German, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Treitschke, prophesies a German South Africa, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Trotha, von, General, issues infamous proclamation, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>-<a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Tsama melon, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Tsumeb, copper at, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Tulbagh, Governor, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li> -</ul> -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst">Union of South Africa, rebellion in, work of Germany, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Upingtonia, rise and fall of, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Uyntjes, edible root, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> -</ul> -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst">Valleys, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Vermin, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Versfeld, <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Vleís, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Vogelsang, procures treaties, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Vultures, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> -</ul> -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst">Wagner, <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr>, on diamond-fields, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Walvis Bay, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">temperature of, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">rainfall, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Warmbad, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Warm springs, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Water, where found, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Waterberg, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Waterbuck, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Weaver-birds, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">nest of social weaver, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Weber, Ernst von, suggests annexation, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Welwitsch, <abbr title="doctor">Dr.</abbr>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst"><i lang="de" xml:lang="de">Welwitschia Bainesii</i>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>-<a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Wesleyans, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Whales, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Whaling-trade, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Whip-snake, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Whirlwinds, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst" id="white">White inhabitants, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>-<a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Wild dogs, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Wildebeest, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Windhoek, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">temperature, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">rainfall, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">health of, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">first settlers at, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">population, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">description, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;</li> -<li class="isuba">wireless station at, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Witbooi, Hottentot leader, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Wolfram, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Woodpeckers, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> -</ul> -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst">Zebras, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> -</ul> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="p0 center"><i>Printed in Great Britain by Wyman & Sons Ltd., London and -Reading.</i></p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter transnote"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Transcribers_Notes">Transcriber’s Notes</h2> - -<p>A few minor errors in punctuation and accentuation have been fixed.</p> - -<p><a href="#Page_78">Page 78</a>: “Chenalopex agyptiacus” changed to “Chenalopex aegyptiacus”</p> - -<p><a href="#Page_79">Page 79</a>: “honey-guide (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Indicatoridoe</i>)” changed to “honey-guide -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Indicatoridæ</i>)”</p> - -<p><a href="#Page_145">Page 145</a>: “the <i lang="de" xml:lang="de">Luderítzbuchter Zeitung</i>” changed to “the -<i lang="de" xml:lang="de">Lüderitzbuchter Zeitung</i>”</p> - 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