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diff --git a/old/67634-0.txt b/old/67634-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index dc4dced..0000000 --- a/old/67634-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1536 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Report of the sanitary committee of -the commissioners of sewers of the city of London, together with a -report of the medical officer of health on the objections raised by the -Butchers' Trade Society to the bye-laws proposed for the regulation of -slaughter-houses, by Wm. Sedgwick Saunders - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Report of the sanitary committee of the commissioners of sewers - of the city of London, together with a report of the medical - officer of health on the objections raised by the Butchers' Trade - Society to the bye-laws proposed for the regulation of - slaughter-houses - -Author: Wm. Sedgwick Saunders - -Release Date: March 15, 2022 [eBook #67634] - -Language: English - -Produced by: deaurider and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at - https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REPORT OF THE SANITARY -COMMITTEE OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF SEWERS OF THE CITY OF LONDON, TOGETHER -WITH A REPORT OF THE MEDICAL OFFICER OF HEALTH ON THE OBJECTIONS RAISED -BY THE BUTCHERS' TRADE SOCIETY TO THE BYE-LAWS PROPOSED FOR THE -REGULATION OF SLAUGHTER-HOUSES *** - - - - - - REPORT - - OF THE - - SANITARY COMMITTEE - - OF THE - - COMMISSIONERS OF SEWERS OF THE CITY OF LONDON, - - TOGETHER WITH A - - REPORT - - OF THE - - MEDICAL OFFICER OF HEALTH - - ON - - THE OBJECTIONS RAISED BY THE BUTCHERS’ - TRADE SOCIETY TO THE BYE-LAWS PROPOSED FOR - THE REGULATION OF - - SLAUGHTER-HOUSES. - - LONDON: - CHARLES SKIPPER & EAST, PRINTERS, ST. DUNSTAN’S HILL, E.C. - - 1876. - - - - - _At a Meeting of the Commissioners of Sewers of the City of London, - held at the Guildhall, on Tuesday, the 4th day of July, 1876,_ - - FREDERICK COX, ESQ., IN THE CHAIR. - - -A Report from the Sanitary Committee (WILLIAM CAVE FOWLER, Esq., -Deputy, Deputy-Chairman), dated this day, was read-- - -On the Reference of the 23rd of May last, to consider the Letter -from the Local Government Board relative to the Slaughter-house -Bye-laws agreed to on the 14th of March last, and submitted to the -Local Government Board for confirmation, and on the objections of the -Butchers’ Trade Society to the said Bye-laws. - -Submitting a Report from the Medical Officer of Health in reply to -the said objections, and recommending the Commissioners’ concurrence -therein. - - -RESOLVED-- - -That this Court doth agree with the Committee in their said Report, and -doth confirm and adopt the same. - - -ORDERED-- - -That a Copy of the Medical Officer’s Report be sent to the Local -Government Board in reply to their Communications therein referred to. - - -ORDERED-- - -That the Report be printed, and circulated as usual. - - HENRY BLAKE, - _Principal Clerk_. - - - - - REPORT - OF THE - SANITARY COMMITTEE. - - -We have, in accordance with your Reference to us of the 23rd May -last, considered the letter from the Local Government Board, dated -the 13th of May, relative to the new Bye-laws for the management -of Slaughter-houses within the City of London, agreed to by your -Honourable Court on the 14th of March last, and submitted to the Local -Government Board for confirmation. Also we have carefully considered -the letter of Messrs. Crouch and Spencer, with objections on behalf of -the Butchers’ Trade Society, to the said Bye-laws, enclosed in the said -letter from the Local Government Board for your observations. - -We requested the Medical Officer of Health to give a detailed Report -in regard to the objections raised by the Butchers’ Trade Society to -the said Bye-laws, and we beg now to submit the same to your Honourable -Court. - -We have carefully considered the said Report, with the Bye-laws, and -the said communications from the Local Government Board. - -We have also received and considered a further communication from the -Local Government Board, with copy of a letter from Messrs. Crouch and -Spencer, enclosing further objections on behalf of the Butchers’ Trade -Society to the said Bye-laws, also a Report from a Dr. Whitmore, and -letters from certain residents of Aldgate in support of such objections. - -We beg to recommend that your Honourable Court concur in the Report of -the Medical Officer of Health, and that a copy thereof be forwarded to -the Local Government Board in reply to their communication of the 13th -ulto. - -The effect of this will be, to adhere to the several proposed Bye-laws, -except that as regards Bye-law No. 10, which is as follows:-- - - “That the internal surface of the roofs and upper portions of the - walls of the Slaughter-houses and Pounds, above the 7 ft. 6 in. of - impermeable surface, be washed with quicklime at least once every - month.” - -It is suggested that it may be so far relaxed, that the monthly -limewhiting be required in the summer only, say from May to October, -and that in the winter months, say from November to April, the -limewhiting be required to be done once in three months. - -And as regards Bye-law No. 18, which is as follows:-- - - “That in case of any diseased or unsound cattle being brought to a - Slaughter-house, Pound, or Lair, the occupier shall forthwith give - information thereof to the Medical Officer of Health of the City of - London.” - -It is proposed not to insist upon the retention of the word “unsound,” -provided that the animals be slaughtered within a specified time of the -occurrence of any accident that may disable them. - -All which we submit to the judgment of your Honourable Court. - -Dated this 4th day of July, 1876. - - (Signed) FREDᴷ. COX. - W. C. FOWLER. - H. H. HEATH. - W. I. LOWE. - - - - - REPORT - OF THE - MEDICAL OFFICER OF HEALTH. - - - _To the Sanitary Committee of the Honourable - the Commissioners of Sewers._ - - GENTLEMEN, - -In compliance with your request that I should “give a detailed Report -in regard to the objections raised by the ‘Butchers’ Trade Society’ -to the proposed ‘Bye-laws’” for the better conduct and regulation of -Slaughter-houses within the City of London, agreed to by the Honourable -the Court of Sewers, and submitted by them to the Local Government -Board for confirmation, and which “objections” were contained in a -letter forwarded to the said Board by the said Society, a copy of which -was sent to your Committee by the said Board for your consideration and -observations thereon, I beg to offer the following remarks: - -There are 27 Slaughter-houses in the City of London, viz.: 24 in -Aldgate,[1] 1 in Bishopsgate, 1 in Farringdon, and 1 in Cripplegate -Ward: of these the following observations apply exclusively to Aldgate, -no “objections” to the Bye-laws having been expressed by the occupiers -of the remaining three. - -The Bye-laws referred to were framed with a full knowledge of -the intended, and indeed threatened, opposition on the part of -the slaughterers and butchers of Aldgate, and every “objection” -mentioned in their letter to the Local Government Board was fully -and dispassionately discussed by your Committee during many lengthy -sittings, at each of which they invited, and were favoured by, the -presence of the Deputy of the Ward in which the Slaughter-houses are -situated. - -This gentleman ably and forcibly supported the views propounded by the -butchers, and evinced the keenest anxiety to protect their interests. - -Subsequently your recommendations respecting these Bye-laws were -adopted with surprising unanimity by the Honourable the Court of Sewers -without amendment or alteration; a number of Commissioners then being -present who are immediately interested in the butchering business, and -practically acquainted with its wants, concurring in their acceptance. - -The initial difficulty in dealing with this question arises from the -anomalous conditions as to size, number, and areas, to be found in the -Slaughter-houses and adjoining premises at Aldgate. - -The twenty-four Slaughter-houses in Aldgate are, with one or two -exceptions, situated side by side; all have a direct communication with -a shop facing High Street, Whitechapel, and six of them have no other -means for the entrance of cattle than by their being driven across the -footways and through the shop; a practice which renders the pavement -at times impassable, and causes terror and annoyance to the public. -These shops are for the most part low in ceiling height, and very -narrow in frontage, =one being but 9 ft. wide,--two 10 ft.,--one 10 ft. -6 in.,--two 11 ft.=,--and so on. In some of them the Slaughter-house -widens in the back part of the premises, but in several, viz., at Nos. -55, 58, 59, 60, 68, and 73, the whole business of a retail butcher and -slaughterer is conducted in the narrow strips above quoted. - -Your Committee having viewed these places, will recollect that at No. -73, where the extreme width of the Shop and Slaughter-house was but 9 -ft., there was no room to pass up and down the Slaughter-house when the -carcasses of the slaughtered animals were hanging, excepting by moving -sideways, and that the atmosphere of the place was pervaded by a hot, -moist, sickening vapour, for want of thorough ventilation; you must -also have remarked upon the general state of disrepair of the whole -of these Slaughter-houses, the dilapidated roofs, the blood-stained -and filthy state of the side walls, the uneven and broken condition -of the flooring, the imperfect, totally inadequate, and badly placed -water supply, the large accumulations of dung, offal, and blood, and -the defective and sluggish drainage, down the gratings of which you -could not fail to have seen a plentiful flow of crude liquid manure, -which the man in charge was industriously sweeping into the sewers, -to their great pollution; all these indicate a state of neglect which -could only have arisen from a consciousness on the part of the owners -and occupiers that the Legislature intended to abolish such places as -private Slaughter-houses upon the expiration of the Act of 1844, 7th -and 8th Vict., c. 84. Unfortunately, however, the so-called vested -interests of the butchers proved too strong with the Government for the -protection of the public, and Parliament in 1874, by the 37th and 38th -Vict., c. 67, was induced to perpetuate these Slaughter-houses in the -City of London, under such regulations it is your province to make and -maintain. - -In order to be consistent, and to enable the Court of Sewers to -exercise a proper amount of control, each Slaughter-house must be -treated as a separate and independent building; and, in advising you as -to the best mode of securing such control, it has ever been a source -of deep anxiety and considerable embarrassment to me, how best to -reconcile the wants of modern sanitation, decency, and order, with the -inevitable sacrifices on the part of the occupiers of the smallest -of these places, which I foresee and confess to be demanded by the -institution of thorough disciplinary measures. - -The necessity for treating each Slaughter-house as a distinct -structure “_per se_,” and the apparent consciousness of the inability -of the holders of the smaller ones to adapt themselves to efficient -regulations, is, I believe, the main cause of the opposition now made -to the Bye-laws, for I have reason to know that the occupiers of the -larger Slaughter-houses are ready to conform to the spirit of the -Bye-laws, albeit they are not in accord with us as to some of the -provisions therein. - -Under the peculiar and exceptional circumstances of the case before -us, the question of dimensions so completely underlies the whole -contention, that I earnestly hope your Committee will call the -particular attention of the Local Government Board to the _size_ of -these small Slaughter-houses, as shown on the Plan made to scale by -your Engineer, and forwarded to the Board some time ago [a copy of -which, upon a reduced scale, is appended hereto]; for I can scarcely -imagine that the Board have the least idea of the diminutive space -in which slaughtering _on a large scale is going on night and day_ in -defiance of the principles of health or humanity. - -The Board should also be informed that the slaughtering effected in -these places extends far beyond the requirements of the neighbourhood, -and that the plea of the Butchers that they provide marketable -commodities suitable to the necessities of the poor of their locality -is essentially unsound, from an economical point of view, it having -been found in places where Abattoirs obtain, that the poor readily -follow any market which offers them pecuniary advantages. - -I now proceed to notice the various “objections” advanced in the letter -of the “Butchers’ Trade Society”:--They relate, for the most part, to -the _structural_ repairs rendered necessary by the present ruinous -condition of the Aldgate Slaughter-houses generally, which, in spite of -admitted neglect, due to their owners having expected their demolition -in 1874, when the Act of 1834 affecting Slaughter-houses expired, are -now resisted upon the score of expense. - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[1] These Slaughter-houses are really in Portsoken Ward, but they are -always quoted as of Aldgate Ward, and will be so described in this -Report to avoid confusion. - - - - -REPLY TO “OBJECTIONS” OF THE “BUTCHERS’ TRADE SOCIETY” TO THE BYE-LAWS. - - -BYE-LAW I. - -That each Slaughter-house be paved with asphalte, laid with proper -slopes and channels towards a trapped gully, and, where practicable, -such gully shall be outside the Slaughter-house and Pound. - - -OBJECTIONS.[2] - -_The Butchers demur, firstly, to the use of asphalte, and, secondly, to -the gully being placed outside the Slaughter-house._ - - -REPLY. - -The reason for insisting upon _asphalte_ is to avoid _joints_, which -are inevitable in every other kind of pavement. - -The joints in stone pavements, however well laid, cannot be made -durable, owing to the frequent concussions produced by the animals -falling heavily and suddenly when pole-axed, and the joints being once -cracked or broken readily admit through their interstices every kind of -liquid filth, which accumulates in the subsoil and decomposes there. - -The flooring of the present Slaughter-houses in Aldgate is composed of -small, and badly laid, flag-stones, &c., which are loose, broken, and -uneven in many places, and which cannot be properly cleansed on account -of the inequalities of the surfaces. - -The retention of this Bye-law will, of course, prevent the replacement -of the old flag-stones upon the reconstruction of the Slaughter-houses, -and involve the owners in some expense. - -A smooth jointless pavement for Slaughter-houses was unanimously -considered the best at a meeting of the Royal Institute of British -Architects, in a discussion which followed the reading of a paper by -Mr. Darbyshire, on Public Abattoirs, 1st February, 1875. - -The Metropolitan Board of Works is quoted by the “Butchers’ Trade -Society” as sanctioning the use of flag-stones, but this is scarcely -ingenuous, the truth being that the Board recommend _asphalte_ in -the _first instance_, but allow flag-stones set in cement as an -_alternative_. - -The advantage of placing the gully _outside_ the Slaughter-houses, is -that it prevents the admission of solid matters into the drains, and -provided the floor be laid at a proper inclination towards the door, -all fluid materials can be readily conducted thence by gravitation into -the drain beyond, by means of sunken stone channels, or cast-iron boxes -having hinges, without the creation of unavoidable nuisance. These -channels should be provided at certain intervals with what are termed -“grids,” which prevent anything but liquids passing into the drain or -sewer. - -“The _grids_ are hinged to fall back against the walls, and, on being -opened, reveal a cast-iron box or chamber, with a flange all round the -top edge, which rests on a rebate cast on the outer shell; this box -is movable, and is perforated through the bottom and sides; under -the movable box is another chamber opening direct into the trap, -which is cast to the outer shell of the frame work.”--(Darbyshire on -Abattoirs.)--These grids are in daily use at Manchester and elsewhere, -and are made by Bunnett and Co. - -The scavengers should attend to the movable boxes at regular intervals, -and cart away all solid matter. - -In the Edinburgh Abattoirs there are “two distinct sets of drains, one -for the surface water, which is conveyed directly into Lochrin burn, -the other for the soil, which is conveyed into large tanks, prepared -for its reception, and sold for agricultural purposes.” (_Encyclopædia -Britannica._) - -It is impossible to over-estimate the importance of excluding blood, -offal or dung, &c., from the sewers at all times, but especially in -seasons of epidemic zymotic diseases, and it would be an inestimable -boon, and one by no means difficult of accomplishment, if the Scotch -system could be imitated at Aldgate. - - -BYE-LAW II. - -That each Slaughter-house be drained by a glazed pipe drain, not less -than six inches in diameter, set in concrete and jointed in cement, -or otherwise made impermeable, and communicating directly with the -public sewer. That the gully at the inlet to the drain be trapped -with a stoneware syphon-trap, or other trap of approved material and -construction, and be covered with a grating, the bars of which shall -not be more than three-eighths of an inch apart; the grating to be -fastened with a lock and key, and kept at all times locked, unless -opened for cleansing or repair. - - -OBJECTION. - -_That “it is very doubtful whether setting the drain pipes in -cement, whereby they cannot be got at, except by great breakage and -disturbance, is at all advantageous.”_ - - -REPLY. - -The advantages claimed for setting the drain pipes in, and upon cement, -are durability and strength; and if a pipe of six inches diameter be -used, there is but little liability of its becoming choked or requiring -repair for many years. Drain pipes laid on soft subsoil materials -frequently break asunder from the subsidence of such a matrix, or from -heavy weights falling suddenly upon them, from above, and our daily -sanitary work furnishes abundant evidence of the danger to health -arising from the fracture of drain pipes, where originally placed upon -improper ground, and especially when under such circumstances they are -subjected to violent blows. - -In Edinburgh the Slaughter-houses are “laid with a thick well-dressed -pavement, resting on a stratum of concrete twelve inches thick.” - - -BYE-LAW IV. - -That each Slaughter-house be provided with adequate cisternage and -water supply, or, where practicable, with a _constant_ supply of water, -and such arrangement of pipes as will enable the pavement and the walls -to the height of 7 feet 6 inches to be conveniently and quickly washed. - - -OBJECTION. - -_The Butchers urge that_ four _feet is sufficiently high for the -washing of the walls._ - - -REPLY. - -The necessity for this alteration will be dealt with under remarks upon -Bye-law No. 6. - - -BYE-LAW V. - -That each Slaughter-house be separated from any adjoining -Slaughter-house in a different occupation by a brick wall, of at least -nine inches in thickness, extending from the ground to the roof, so as -effectually to shut off all atmospheric communication between it and -the adjacent Slaughter-house. - - -OBJECTIONS. - -_The Butchers object to the brick side walls between adjoining -Slaughter-houses being more than six or seven feet high, above which -they would have placed “the largest possible openings, fitted with -louvre boards.” They are of opinion “that the best construction in the -case of a row of Slaughter-houses would be, that there should exist -means of thorough ventilation from end to end and side to side.”_ - - -REPLY. - -This involves the most important change in the reconstruction of the -Slaughter-houses, and in order to explain my views fully upon the -matter, and avoid paraphrasing the same ideas, I must reiterate, -almost “_ipsissima verba_” the observations contained in my Report -upon the subject presented to you in June last, with such omissions or -alterations more recent information has enabled me to obtain. - -I may, however, premise by stating that the present divisional -walls between the several Slaughter-houses are composed of wet, -partially rotten, and rugged, brickwork below, and rough, imperfect, -and defective, wooden partitions above, the whole of which are -supersaturated with organic animal matters, grease, and dirt. - -The faulty construction of these Slaughter-houses was clearly brought -before the notice of the Select Committee of the House of Commons -in the evidence given by Sir J. Ogilvy and others, as recently as -1873, but the only action taken by Parliament to remedy the same in -the Slaughter-house Act of 1874 (which was based mainly upon the -recommendations of the said Committee) is comprised in Section 4, -which directs that “The Local Authority may from time to time _make_, -_alter_, and _repeal_ Bye-laws for regulating the conduct of any -business specified in this Act, which is for the time being lawfully -carried on within their jurisdiction, and the _structure of the -premises on which such business is being carried on_,” &c. And in order -to protect the trade from arbitrary action on the part of any local -authority, it is further enacted that “any Bye-law made in pursuance -of this section, and any alteration made therein, and any repeal of a -Bye-law, shall not be of any validity until it has been confirmed by -the Local Government Board.” - -It is quite clear, therefore, that you are acting strictly within your -legal rights in calling upon the Butchers to put their houses in order. - -Your visit to Aldgate must have convinced you that the premises of -these Slaughter-houses generally are too small for the enormous amount -of business done in them, and as, owing to the natural increment -of the population, this evil must ever be augmenting, it becomes a -serious question to determine whether a strong remonstrance should -not be addressed by the Commissioners of Sewers to Her Majesty’s -Government, or failing this to Parliament, against the continuance of -the smaller of these places, or by insisting that slaughtering should -only be carried on in houses of such dimensions as would ensure perfect -ventilation, and provide the means of carrying on the process with -efficiency. In order to perfect your powers, and establish a wholesome -check upon the slaughterers, a short Act might be obtained, giving the -Commissioners of Sewers authority to issue fresh licences, without -which no Slaughter-houses should be allowed to exist. The present -licences were issued in 1848, and have not been revised since that -time, whereas outside the City they are (as they ought to be) renewed -yearly. - -_In the exercise of this important jurisdiction, the Metropolitan -Board of Works have actually abolished 284 Slaughter-houses during -the year 1875, having licensed 1,068 Slaughter-houses during the same -period._ - -Respecting the technical means to be adopted to remedy the admitted -defects of these Slaughter-houses, your Engineer will advise you; but, -without trenching upon the ground of that officer, it must, I think, be -patent that nothing short of an entire reconstruction of the side walls -and roofs of all of them will satisfy the requirements of scientific -sanitation, or ensure that complete _isolation_ of each house, which -is _the one essential requisite for carrying on the business of -slaughtering with due regard to the public health_. It is therefore a -_sine qua non_ that there should be a solid brick partition or side -wall between each Slaughter-house, and that the only opening allowed -therein should be for a door (where required), on the ground level, -and that this wall should extend from the floor to the highest point -of the roof. An exception to this may be made in those places in which -an open air passage of 4 or 5 ft. wide exists between the side walls -of two Slaughter-houses, for here it might be admissible to supplement -other means of ventilation and light by glazed sashes, which, however, -must be so made as to be readily closed, should, by any accidental -circumstance or oversight, a beast affected with any contagious disease -be found in the adjoining house. - -Second only in importance to the closure of these side openings, -is the provision that the internal facing of all the walls in the -Slaughter-house should be of a non-absorbing nature, and I am still -of the opinion, which I ventured to urge unsuccessfully when the -Bye-laws were framed in November, 1874, viz., that the height mentioned -in Bye-law VI. is insufficient for the purpose, and that the _whole -wall-surface_ should be coated with a “hard, smooth, and impervious -material,” such as is now used in the wards of our best Metropolitan -hospitals. When this is done, the disgusting and blood-stained -appearance, seen on the walls of these Slaughter-houses on your recent -visit, will be impossible, and one fertile source of disease averted. - -I entertain a strong objection to the partitions in any part of the -Slaughter-house, Pound, or Lair, being constructed of wood, for the -reason that this material becomes rapidly sodden by the constant -presence of hot moist air, in which state it must inevitably absorb -noxious and other vapours, and soon become saturated with albuminoid -organic matter, and afford a ready nidus for the development and -propagation of any disease germs which may be floating in the air. - -The Butchers deny the existence of unpleasant odours in -Slaughter-houses; but whilst freely admitting this to be a matter in -which the senses of ordinary men may be differently affected to those -of persons constantly living in and enjoying an atmosphere, however -nauseous, I must insist that the air within a Slaughter-house can never -be wholesome so long as the disgusting practice of opening the paunches -of hot, reeking animals, directly after they are knocked down, is -allowed to continue. - -From the nature of the food eaten by ruminants, and during its -disintegration and assimilation, enormous quantities of stinking -volatile gases are formed, and the sudden disengaging of these when the -intestines are ripped up and emptied, before being handed over to the -tripe-dresser, must always fill the surrounding air with what common -mortals would consider vile and poisonous smells. - -You may remember I urged you to make a Bye-law prohibiting this custom, -and I regret the more it was overruled in Committee, since the only -excuse offered for its continuance was the very inadequate plea that -the guts of a large animal were too heavy and bulky to be removed -without being first deprived of their contents. - -Mr. Simon, C.B., F.R.S., &c., &c., my talented predecessor, insisted in -the Blue Book before referred to, that “an atmosphere which smells of -organic decomposition, is an unwholesome atmosphere; that it at least -favours the spread, perhaps also what may virtually be considered the -production, of morbid infections.” - -It has been urged that the closure of the present louvres and other -apertures in the side walls will restrict the necessary ventilation; -I am, however, of a contrary opinion, believing that it can be -demonstrated by the employment of an anemometer; _that in proportion -to the exclusion of disturbing currents of air from lateral sources, -will be an increase in the velocity by which the fresh incoming supply -will travel through the narrow passage from front to back of the -premises, and that a readier displacement of vitiated air will result_. -If this should prove insufficient, a constant upward direction of -ventilation can be accomplished by well-known mechanical contrivances -in the roof of each house. - -Without reiterating the reasons which have led me to insist upon this -isolation of each Slaughter-house, I will only advert to the very -evident facility given for one Slaughter-house to infect its neighbour -should these side openings be allowed to continue, an objection which -would apply with fatal force should cattle suffering from contagious -disease be imported by carelessness or design into any one of them. - -It being a well-ascertained fact that myriads of germs or -disease-spreading organisms may be given off in the cutaneous -exhalations, the excreta, and, possibly, the very breath of infected -animals, it is no exaggeration to affirm that one such beast might -decimate its neighbourhood, affecting alike the living cattle in the -Pounds and Lairs waiting for slaughter, and the dead meat hanging up to -cool in the Slaughter-house before it was carried away by the retail -butchers. In the latter case, the well-known power of warm fat in -rapidly absorbing all kinds of odours, good and bad, would render every -precaution to prevent the contamination of the meat already killed -inoperative. - -It is no argument against these measures to urge that their necessity -has not yet been recognised by the unlearned, or to assert that no -practical difficulty has arisen in the direction just mentioned, -for it must be remembered that the great aim of all modern Sanitary -legislation is to discover disease in its germinal condition, and apply -such _preventive_ agents as will combat the extension of the mischief -when once discovered. - -Interested persons have asserted that no injury to health has been -proved to result from the existence of Slaughter-houses, even in -densely populated and confined situations, but my own experience, and -that of every practical physician, leads to an opposite opinion; in -support of which I may recall the circumstance of my having recently -reported to you an outbreak of scarlet fever in the vicinity of -the Slaughter-houses in Aldgate, and again as lately as 14th March -last a case of typhoid fever in Somerset Street, at the back of the -Slaughter-houses, in a house in immediate connexion with the drains of -the Slaughter-houses and the “blood house” adjoining. Moreover, it is -a truism, established by recent researches in vital statistics, that -slaughterers and butchers should be regarded as an unhealthy class -of men, since they present a much higher rate of mortality than is -observed in other trades. - -It is now established as an actuarial fact,[3] that this -unhealthfulness of calling applies to all trades in connection with -animal food, and this has been supposed to depend, in the case of -butchers and slaughterers,--_Firstly_, from their constantly inhaling -an atmosphere impregnated with animal matter;--_Secondly_, from their -exposure to sudden alternations of temperature and the vicissitudes of -weather; and,--_Thirdly_, from the large amount of animal food they are -known to eat. It has also been stated with much force that they are -necessarily exposed, more than other persons, to fevers and zymotic -diseases, from their constantly breathing an atmosphere charged with -decomposing, and often putrescent, animal matter. - -Respecting the separation of the Pounds from the Slaughter-houses, -I still retain a strong conviction that such is both necessary and -expedient, although I am not insensible of the difficulty of carrying -it out in some few of the Slaughter-houses, whose cramped dimensions -render this and other requisite accommodation well nigh impracticable. -In these cases the owners should be compensated, and the places closed. - -Before a clear idea can be entertained of the possible and impossible -improvements in these Slaughter-houses, I strongly recommend that a -ground plan[4] be prepared of the whole block in High Street, showing -to scale the exact size of each Shop, Lair, Slaughter-house, and -out-building, with so much of the surrounding property as will provide -a back way into the Slaughter-houses upon a give-and-take line as -between immediate neighbours; should the owners find it their interest -to combine for such purpose. - -By means of this plan it may be seen how far it may be practicable -to reconstruct the whole of these places upon one agreed basis, and -prevent, _inter alia_, the objectionable practice of driving the -cattle across the public footways into the Slaughter-houses, so much -complained of. - - -BYE-LAW VI. - -That the inner surface of the walls of every Slaughter-house be covered -with slate, stone, or other hard, smooth, impervious material, to the -height of 7 feet 6 inches, and that above this height to the roof the -walls be cemented. - - -OBJECTION. - -_The Butchers say, “It is a useless expense to extend the smooth, -impervious material beyond four feet,” and that “there is no practical -advantage in cementing the whole of the upper part of the walls of -the Slaughter-house; on the contrary, the hard bricks are superior to -cement, which will break off.”_ - - -REPLY. - -The height of the “dado” was increased from 4 feet 6 inches to 7 feet 6 -inches, in consequence of my having inspected a Slaughter-house outside -the City, and finding 4 feet 6 inches insufficient to protect the walls -above from the splashing of blood and filth, the “dado” itself being -clean. - -In Edinburgh the walls are formed of solid ashler stone to a height of -_seven feet_. - -The advantage of covering the inner surfaces of the Slaughter-house -walls with an impervious cement are twofold: _Firstly_, the walls can -be much more easily washed and kept clean. _Secondly_, it obviates the -liability of the walls becoming saturated with decaying nitrogenous -matter by the constant absorption of moist animal vapours by porous -bricks. [This precaution was suggested by a perusal of an account of -the practical experiments of Professor Pettenkofer, of Munich, who has -clearly demonstrated in various ways the extreme porosity of ordinary -brick walls.] _Lastly_, a hard, smooth wall prevents the ingress and -lodgment of vermin. The question of expense raised by the Butchers is -hardly worthy of prosperous and wealthy tradesmen, and the objection -that the cement would “break off” is too frivolous to answer. - - -BYE-LAW VII. - -That each Slaughter-house be provided with adequate lairage or -poundage, separated from the slaughtering space by a closed partition, -extending from the floor to the roof, formed of brick, stone, slate, -or other similar material, having a smooth impervious surface, to a -height of at least 7 feet 6 inches from the floor. That in all cases -where from the present plan of the premises a door is needed between -the Lair or Pound and the slaughtering space, such door be provided -with spring hinges, and be kept closed when not open for the passage -of cattle, but that where other means exist of taking cattle from the -Lair or Pound into the Slaughter-house, without passing through shops, -or over important public ways, no door shall exist between the Lair or -Pound and the Slaughter-house. - - -OBJECTIONS. - -_The contention here is that the separation of the Slaughter-houses -from the Pound will impede ventilation, and that a partition six feet -high is sufficient for the purpose, the Butchers denying that any -“offensive effluvia arise from a live animal.” It is assumed that the -reason for this Bye-law is based primarily upon the idea that the -animals are distressed by seeing the process of slaughtering whilst -waiting their turn for the pole-axe. It is further objected that the -spring hinges are likely to lead to accidents to men and beasts._ - - -REPLY. - -The chief considerations in support of this Bye-law are given in the -extract of my Report on 1st June, 1875, above quoted. I may, however, -say, in addition, that the possibility of the animals waiting for -slaughter seeing the process of killing other animals, formed no part -of the argument. - -Again, the Butchers’ objection on the score of ventilation is based -upon the supposition that the Pound must necessarily be of the -same height as the Slaughter-house, which does not follow, as the -accompanying Diagram will show:-- - -[Illustration] - -The spring hinges ordered in this Bye-law will ensure the door between -the Slaughter-house and Pound being kept closed, but the Butchers may, -if they prefer it, hang the doors by balance weights, so as to slide -up and down like an ordinary sash window, by which means the direful -consequences predicted as likely to result from the use of spring -hinges may be avoided. - - -BYE-LAW VIII. - -That where any Slaughter-house or Pound cannot be sufficiently -ventilated by openings on to the public ways, or on to other open -places, it shall be ventilated from the roof, which shall be so -constructed as to admit freely of the escape of air, and that rings for -burning gas be fixed in the roof so as to increase the upward current -when a-light, and that both Slaughter-house and Pound be properly -lighted either from the public ways or other open spaces, and where -that be not practicable, then from the roof. - - -OBJECTIONS. - -_The chief arguments relate to matters quite irrelevant, and are very -confused and unintelligible. The only part of the “objection” belonging -to this Bye-law is that which refers to the proposal for increasing -the efficiency of the ventilation by rings of gas, which the Butchers -characterise as “absurd.”_ - - -REPLY. - -The question raised here is as to the proper mode of ventilation and -lighting, and seeing that it would be worse than folly to perpetuate -the evil of allowing an intercommunication between the side walls of -some of the present ill-devised, and worse-kept, Slaughter-houses in -Aldgate High Street, your Committee were driven to the alternative of -requiring both light and ventilation to be sought for in the roof. - -The ring of gas spoken of so contemptuously by the Butchers will have -the effect of rarefying the vitiated air in the Slaughter-houses during -the process of slaughtering, and by producing an up-current, quicken -the ventilation. - -Upon this point Mr. Darbyshire, before quoted, says, speaking of -his work at Manchester, “the Slaughter-houses are well lighted from -the roofs, top lights being superior to side lights for purposes of -slaughtering.” All the Markets recently constructed by the Corporation -of London are similarly lighted and ventilated, and at the Abattoir -in Edinburgh the whole of the ventilation is carried on by large -ventilators, and other contrivances, in the roof. - - -BYE-LAW IX. - -That each Slaughter-house and Pound be thoroughly washed over the -entire surface of the walls to the height of 7 feet 6 inches, and -over the whole surface of the floor directly after slaughtering is -completed, or at least once in every twenty-four hours. - - -OBJECTIONS. - -_The substance of the objections raised is that the requirements -for washing are too stringent, with a reiteration of the grievance -of a dado 7 feet 6 inches; also the Butchers find it “difficult to -imagine why the walls and floor of the Pound, as well as those of the -Slaughter-houses, are to be washed after slaughtering,” and seem to -imagine that the washing is required every twenty-four hours, including -Sundays, whether slaughtering is going on or not._ - - -REPLY. - -The provision for thoroughly cleansing, once in each twenty-four -hours, Slaughter-houses and Pounds that are in constant use, is too -obviously necessary to require any defence, and the quibble raised by -the Butchers about Sunday cleaning is, I presume, intended as a joke. - - -BYE-LAW X. - -That the internal surface of the roofs and upper portions of the -wall of the Slaughter-houses and Pounds above the 7 feet 6 inches of -impermeable surface be washed with quicklime at least once every month. - - -OBJECTIONS. - -_That the requirements for the limewhiting are excessive, and that, if -insisted upon, would be “oppressive and useless.”_ - - -REPLY. - -I am of opinion that this Bye-law may be relaxed, and that it will -suffice if the _monthly_ limewhiting be required in the _summer_ only, -say from May to October; and once in _three_ months in the colder -seasons, say November to April. The necessity for this periodical -cleansing with lime would be made abundantly clear if the Local -Government Board would send one of their own Medical Inspectors to -see the places as now existing; who would be astonished, as your -Committee were, to observe the foul, black, sooty, and greasy state of -all that is left of the ruins of the timbers originally forming the -roofs of some of the Slaughter-houses in Aldgate, and perhaps concur -in remarks freely expressed by outsiders, that no regulations can be -too stringent for the management of a business, which under the most -careful supervision and with every intelligent precaution, is repulsive -and offensive to the senses. - -Assuming that the observance of the proposed Bye-laws will unavoidably -compel a partial reconstruction of the Slaughter-houses in Aldgate, -and substantial repairs in the adjacent structures, the washing -with quicklime was ordered with a view of providing a suitable and -inexpensive coating for the new wood-work of the roofs, &c., for, owing -to the constant presence of Sulphuretted Hydrogen in Slaughter-houses, -paint is inadmissible from the circumstance that it would speedily -be turned black by the action of such gas upon any mineral pigment -employed. The limewhiting if used _hot_ would act as a powerful -disinfectant and deodoriser, as well as having the effect of greatly -reflecting the light in the Slaughter-house, and giving the place a -cool and clean appearance. - -The Metropolitan Board of Works in their 6th Bye-law require that “the -occupier shall keep the inner walls of every Slaughter-house always -_thoroughly clean_ and in _good order and repair_, and shall cause the -internal surface of the _roof_ and _upper portions of the walls_ to -be thoroughly washed with quicklime _at least_ once in _every three -months_.” - -The Butchers have probably overlooked this Bye-law in quoting the -action of the Metropolitan Board of Works. - - -BYE-LAW XV. - -That no Slaughter-house or Pound be used for any purpose other than -that for which it is licensed, and that no slaughtering be conducted -within public view. - - -OBJECTION. - -_The Butchers maintain that the Pound is not included in the Licence -for the Slaughter-house._ - - -REPLY. - -It is quite true that the word _Pound_ is not used in the Licence for a -Slaughter-house, but the Act of Parliament, 1874, distinctly provides -that the Bye-laws shall extend to the “_premises_” generally. - - -BYE-LAW XVIII. - -That in case of any diseased or unsound cattle being brought to a -Slaughter-house, Pound, or Lair, the occupier shall forthwith give -information thereof to the Medical Officer of Health of the City of -London. - - -OBJECTION. - -_That the retention of the word unsound might involve the Butchers in a -charge of Slaughtering Diseased Meat._ - - -REPLY. - -I should not insist upon the retention of the word “_unsound_” if some -guarantee could be exacted that the animal would be slaughtered within -a specified time of the occurrence of any accident which might disable -it; although it must be remembered that the flesh of a beast suffering -pain, or deprived of the full use of all its functions, rapidly -deteriorates in quality and nutrient properties. - - -BYE-LAW XXI. - -That every person occupying a Slaughter-house shall cause the works -needful for complying with these Bye-laws to be forthwith executed, -and when completed shall not permit any alteration to be made in them -without the sanction of the Commissioners of Sewers of the City of -London, and that the whole of the works and regulations be carried out -to the approval of the Medical Officer of Health. - - -OBJECTION. - -_That the Medical Officer of Health should not be the judge of the mode -in which the works ordered by the Bye-laws are executed._ - - -REPLY. - -This Bye-law provides a salutary check upon the active resistance the -Butchers seem ever ready to offer to rules intended for their own -benefit, no less than the protection of the public health, and the -general arrangements and discipline of a Slaughter-house belonging -exclusively to the Sanitary Department, your Committee thought it would -save circumlocution if the Medical Officer of Health was made amenable -to the Court of Sewers for the due maintenance of the Bye-laws in their -integrity. - -So far, however, as I am concerned I shall be very thankful to be -relieved from the odious duty of enforcing regulations which are so -ungraciously acquiesced in by the persons on whose behoof they are -made, at the same time I shall never shrink from accepting whatever -responsibility may be connected with my office. - -It is quite untrue, as stated by the Butchers’ Trade Society, “that -the Bye-laws in question have been framed by persons totally without -practical acquaintance with the trade,” the fact being, that they were -prepared with the active assistance of several Members of the Committee -of great experience as providitors, two of whom are large carcass -butchers, and two others are extensively connected, commercially and -officially, with the butchering interests, and well informed upon the -economy of Markets and Slaughter-houses. Again, the Committee was -attended at each of its sittings by the Deputy of the Ward in which -the Slaughter-houses are situated, who was specially invited to attend -upon each occasion, and who generously and frankly avowed himself the -advocate of the slaughterers. This gentleman took part in all the -discussions, and argued forcibly and fully every point in connexion -with the subject; but beyond this, your Committee’s Report was further -analysed and criticised by the General Court of Sewers, amongst whom -were many Commissioners practically and intimately acquainted with -the whole bearings and requirement of the question. As you are aware, -the Court adopted your Report, without amendment or alteration, being -satisfied of the wisdom and expediency of the Bye-laws compiled by you. - -The remarks of the “Butchers’ Trade Society” relative to the Report -being passed by the Court of Sewers with “closed doors” require one -word of explanation: The exclusion of strangers at the time the Report -was presented was not dictated by any desire to conceal the purport of -its contents, and indeed had nothing to do with the main question of -its adoption, but was resolved simply in order that the Solicitor might -read a confidential communication having reference only to a technical -legal proposition as to the mode of enforcing the said Bye-laws should -they be sanctioned by the Local Government Board. - -In conclusion, I will only add that, having given my best attention to -the whole subject, and carefully considered the not very formidable -“objections” raised by the butchers, I have arrived at the honest -conviction that no substantial grounds are therein advanced which -would justify you, as the Sanitary Authority in the City of London, in -varying the requirements of the Bye-laws submitted for approval to the -Local Government Board, beyond the concessions herein described. - -Adverting to my individual action in the matter, I may here repeat that -I am quite unconscious of the smallest desire to limit the usefulness -or cripple the operations of an important and valuable trade, and that -I have endeavoured to reconcile the desires of the occupiers of the -Slaughter-houses with the imperative requirements of the public health; -nevertheless, I cannot help sharing the conviction of all competent -Sanitarians, that the perpetuation of densely packed Slaughter-houses -in the midst of a close population, where the introduction of a -sufficient supply of light, air, and ventilation, is physically -impossible, was a lamentable error of legislation, which every -unprejudiced observer admits will, and _must_, be remedied, whenever -the exigencies of public health are allowed to outweigh the antagonism -of interested and uncompromising opposition. - -I feel it necessary to say as much as this, since I have been credited -with more than my share in the preparation of the materials upon -which you have deemed it wise and expedient to frame these Bye-laws, -an impression which has involved me in no small amount of abuse and -obloquy. - - I have the honour to be, - GENTLEMEN, - Your obedient Servant, - - WM. SEDGWICK SAUNDERS, M.D., - _Medical Officer of Health_. - - GUILDHALL, - _27th June, 1876_. - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[2] The “objections” are quoted in abstract only, in order to save -space, but the sense of the same has been scrupulously observed. - -[3] In a paper on the “Influence of Occupation upon Health,” read by -Mr. F. G. P. Neilson, F.S.S., before the Institute of Actuaries, and -published in their Journal, July, 1872, it is shewn that in the forty -years of age, 25 to 65, the mortality of butchers is 17·9 per thousand -living, and that of poulterers 21·0, as against 10·6 of gardeners, -12·4 carpenters, 13·4 shoemakers, 16·8 stonemasons, &c. The results -were obtained by a comparison of the whole of the mortality of England -and Wales, 1860-1, with 1,147,243 years of life of members of Friendly -Societies. - -[4] This has since been done, and a copy sent to the Local Government -Board. - - - - -POSTSCRIPT. - - -Since the foregoing was written I have received copies of additional -documents forwarded by the “Butchers’ Trade Society” to the Local -Government Board, and, in accordance with your request, have perused -and considered the same. - -These communications begin with a long letter from the above named -Society, consisting of extracts from my Report on Slaughter-houses, -dated 1st June, 1875, with observations upon the same, given point by -point in parallel columns. - -These remarks are really little more than a “_réchauffé_” of those -already set forth in the voluminous epistle of the Society, dated 10th -April, 1876, addressed to the Local Government Board, and I fail to -recognise any more important differences than the following, viz., some -very ungracious and totally irrelevant reflections upon the conduct -of the District Sanitary Inspectors, for the forbearance shown by -those officers in allowing the greatest latitude as to the defects and -nuisances observed in the butchers’ premises to continue with as little -interference as possible until the new _régime_ could be established; -also a statement that your Engineer is at variance with myself in the -recommendations given to your Committee, the truth being that they were -prepared by that officer in conjunction with your Solicitor and myself. -Further, the Society inform the Local Government Board, that disease -germs have never been known to rise to a height of six feet, and that -therefore the side walls separating adjoining Slaughter-houses need not -be built as high as the Bye-laws require! This is a fair sample of the -recklessness with which the “Butchers’ Trade Society’s” last production -has been framed, and pays a poor compliment to the discrimination -of the Local Government Board, who may, if they think fit, educate -the Society to the fact that disease germs have been known to travel -many thousands of miles, carrying with them cholera and kindred -diseases from the far East to the distant West;--a corresponding -degree of ignorance characterises the dicta of the butchers upon -the physical laws which govern the movements of currents of air, -and which for convenience is called ventilation. Again, the Society -claim an exceptional state of salubrity and freedom from disease for -butchers as a class--a proposition which I have already shown you is -untenable. Further information may be obtained upon this subject from -a Report written by Dr. Buchanan, one of the Medical Inspectors of -the Local Government Board, upon the connection between scarlet fever -and cow sheds, in a district under his charge. Lastly, the Society -ask, whether in my judgment the butchers would be less unhealthy in -the Slaughter-houses as arranged according to my plan, and I answer -broadly and unhesitatingly, Yes. - -The remaining letters comprise one from the Reverend the Vicar of -St. Botolph, whose testimony as to the general condition of the -Slaughter-houses is opposed to the evidence of your own senses when -visiting the places, and is otherwise grossly inaccurate; also -letters from two resident medical practitioners certifying as to -the healthiness of the neighbourhood of Aldgate in general, and -the Slaughter-houses in particular--also a detailed Report from a -Metropolitan Medical Officer of Health, who has so implicitly adopted -every “objection” made by the butchers to your Bye-laws, that I am -irresistibly forced to the conclusion that he is either the author of -such “objections,” or has lent a too credent ear to the gentleman he -mentions as having accompanied him in his survey, and “who gave him -much valuable information, statistical and otherwise.” Upon fairly -balancing the whole matter, I cannot see any reason to modify the -opinions expressed in my Report of 27th June last, and in apportioning -the value to be awarded to the conflicting testimony offered to you, -I must ask you to remember that the strenuous efforts in the way of -resistance made by the butchers, and my own justification of the -principles of right and propriety, which have alone dictated my advice, -rest upon totally distinct bases. - - W. S. S. - - GUILDHALL, - _14th July, 1876_. - - -CHARLES SKIPPER AND EAST, PRINTERS, ST. DUNSTAN’S HILL, E.C. - - -PLAN OF SLAUGHTER-HOUSES IN THE CITY OF LONDON. - - -NOTE - - _The_ Light Red Tint, _shews buildings principally constructed of - Brick_. - - _The_ Red Tint, _shews Buildings constructed of Brick, and Inhabited_. - - _The_ Yellow Tint, _shews buildings principally constructed of Wood_. - - _William Haywood_ - _July 1876_ - - - - -Transcriber’s Notes - -In a few cases, minor errors in punctuation have been fixed. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REPORT OF THE SANITARY -COMMITTEE OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF SEWERS OF THE CITY OF LONDON, TOGETHER -WITH A REPORT OF THE MEDICAL OFFICER OF HEALTH ON THE OBJECTIONS RAISED -BY THE BUTCHERS' TRADE SOCIETY TO THE BYE-LAWS PROPOSED FOR THE -REGULATION OF SLAUGHTER-HOUSES *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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