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+<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of An Illustrated Dictionary of Words used in Art and Archaeology, by J. W. Mollett</p>
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
+most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
+of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
+at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you
+are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the
+country where you are located before using this eBook.
+</div>
+
+<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: An Illustrated Dictionary of Words used in Art and Archaeology</p>
+<p style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em;'>Explaining terms frequently used in works on architecture, arms, bronzes, Christian art, colour, costume, decoration, devices, emblems, heraldry, lace, personal ornaments, pottery, painting, sculpture, &amp;c., with their derivations.</p>
+<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: J. W. Mollett</p>
+<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: March 14, 2022 [eBook #67629]</p>
+<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p>
+  <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p>
+<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ILLUSTRATED DICTIONARY OF WORDS USED IN ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY ***</div>
+
+<div class='tnotes covernote'>
+
+<p class='c000'><strong>Transcriber’s Note:</strong></p>
+
+<p class='c000'>The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter ph1'>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c001'>
+    <div>AN ILLUSTRATED DICTIONARY</div>
+    <div>OF WORDS USED IN</div>
+    <div>ART AND ARCHÆOLOGY.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c001'>
+    <div><span class='small'>[<em>All rights reserved.</em>]</span></div>
+    <div class='c002'><span class='small'>PRINTED BY GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, LIMITED, ST. JOHN’S SQUARE, LONDON.</span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_frontis.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>APSE OF THE BASILICA OF ST. PAUL-WITHOUT-THE-WALLS, ROME.<br /><br /><span class='right'>[<em>See</em> <span class='sc'>Basilica</span>, <em>p. <a href='#fig_071'>37</a></em>.</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='titlepage'>
+
+<div>
+  <h1 class='c003'>AN ILLUSTRATED DICTIONARY<br /> <span class='xlarge'>OF WORDS USED IN</span><br /> ART AND ARCHÆOLOGY.<br /> <span class='large'><span class='sc'>Explaining Terms frequently used in Works on Architecture, Arms, Bronzes, Christian Art, Colour, Costume, Decoration, Devices, Emblems, Heraldry, Lace, Personal Ornaments, Pottery, Painting, Sculpture, &amp;c., with their Derivations.</span></span></h1>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><span class='xlarge'>By J. W. MOLLETT, B.A.</span></div>
+    <div class='c004'><span class='small'><i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Officier de l’Instruction Publique (France)</span></i>;</span></div>
+    <div><span class='small'>AUTHOR OF THE LIVES OF “REMBRANDT” AND “WILKIE” IN THE “GREAT ARTISTS” SERIES.</span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_title.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>London:</div>
+    <div>SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON, SEARLE, AND RIVINGTON,</div>
+    <div><span class='small'>CROWN BUILDINGS, 188, FLEET STREET.</span></div>
+    <div>1883.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_vii'>vii</span>
+<img src='images/i_vii.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+</div>
+
+<div>
+  <h2 class='c005'>PREFACE.</h2>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c006'>This Dictionary was commenced as an amended edition of that written
+by M. Ernest Bosc, architect of Paris, and contains the 450 engravings published
+in the French work, to which about 250 more have been added. Little
+or nothing, however, of the text of M. Bosc’s work has been left standing; his
+definitions having, in the process of revision under reference to original works,
+almost entirely disappeared. The whole work, as it now stands, has been
+drawn from, or carefully corrected by, the best authorities in each of its special
+branches. Considerable prominence has been given to <span class='sc'>Architecture</span>, from
+the French original corrected from English writers; to <span class='sc'>Christian Antiquities</span>
+from <cite>Martigny</cite>, and the Dictionary of <cite>Dr. Smith and Professor
+Cheetham</cite>, and other authorities; to <span class='sc'>Mediæval Armour</span>, and terms of
+<span class='sc'>Chivalry</span>, chiefly from <cite>Meyrick’s Ancient Armour</cite>; to <span class='sc'>Costume</span> from <cite>Planché</cite>
+and <cite>Fairholt</cite>; to <span class='sc'>Heraldry</span> from <cite>Boutell’s</cite> and <cite>Mrs. Bury Palliser’s</cite> works;
+to <span class='sc'>Pottery</span>, the substance of the articles on this subject being derived from
+<cite>M. Jacquemart’s</cite> work; to <span class='sc'>Needlework</span>, <span class='sc'>Ivories</span>, <span class='sc'>Musical Instruments</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Goldsmiths’ Work</span>, <span class='sc'>Painters’ Materials and Processes Ancient and
+Modern</span>, <span class='sc'>Colour</span>, &amp;c., with references to the several authorities referred to.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>The <span class='sc'>Greek and Roman Antiquities</span>, which are the principal part of M.
+Bosc’s work, have been in this volume reduced to the smallest possible compass:
+the Dictionaries of Dr. Smith and Rich must be referred to by those who
+require fuller definitions upon this subject, which would of itself fill ten such
+books as the present.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>A few <span class='sc'>Indian</span>, <span class='sc'>Chinese</span>, and <span class='sc'>Japanese Terms</span>, which have come into
+ordinary use in art, have been sought out and inserted: in the first-mentioned
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_viii'>viii</span><cite>Dr. Birdwood’s Handbooks</cite> have been a most useful guide. Finally, it is
+necessary to state, that many words essential to the completeness of the work
+would have been in danger of omission, if I had not had before me <cite>Mr.
+Fairholt’s</cite> admirable <cite>Dictionary of Art Terms</cite>, which, occupying a more restricted
+ground than this, is so thorough and accurate in dealing with all that it professes
+to include, that the only <em>raison d’être</em> of this work is the very much wider and
+different ground that it covers, and the greater condensation of its definitions.
+Obviously the substance of every statement in the work is borrowed from some
+previous writer on the subject, and it is evident that a Dictionary of Reference
+is not a convenient vehicle for theory or invention.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>The appended list of <span class='sc'>Classified Catalogues</span> which have been prepared
+by direction of the authorities of the South Kensington Museum, will have the
+additional use of referring the reader to the fountain-head at which he can
+verify and amplify the condensed information that this work supplies.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-r'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>J. W. MOLLETT.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='lg-container-l'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'><span class='small'><em>October, 1882.</em></span></div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter ph1'>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c001'>
+    <div>CLASSIFIED CATALOGUES OF BOOKS ON ART</div>
+    <div class='c004'><span class='small'>IN THE</span></div>
+    <div class='c004'>NATIONAL ART LIBRARY, SOUTH KENSINGTON MUSEUM.</div>
+    <div class='c004'><span class='small'><em>ISSUED BY AUTHORITY.</em></span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>List of Works on Costume</span>, 1<em>s.</em>; <span class='sc'>Furniture</span>, 1<em>d.</em>; <span class='sc'>Heraldry</span>, 3<em>d.</em>; <span class='sc'>Lace
+and Needlework</span>, 1<em>d.</em>; <span class='sc'>Ornament</span>, 6<em>d.</em>; <span class='sc'>Painting</span>, 4<em>d.</em>; <span class='sc'>Pottery and
+Porcelain</span>, 3<em>d.</em>; <span class='sc'>Sculpture</span>, 3<em>d.</em></p>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div><span class='small'><em>These Catalogues may be had on application to the Secretary of the Science and Art Department, South Kensington, S.W.</em></span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c005'>ILLUSTRATED DICTIONARY OF WORDS<br /> <span class='large'>USED IN</span><br /> ART AND ARCHÆOLOGY.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><span class='sc'>Abbreviations</span>—Arch. <em>Architectural</em>; Chr. <em>Christian</em>; Egyp. <em>Egyptian</em>; Fr. <em>French</em>; Gr. <em>Greek</em>; Her. <em>Heraldic</em>; It. <em>Italian</em>; Lat. <em>Latin</em>; Med. <em>Mediæval</em>; O. E. <em>Old English</em>; Orient. <em>Oriental</em>; R. <em>Roman</em>.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class='c009' />
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Aar</strong> or <strong>Aarou</strong>, Egyp. A plain in a supra-terrestrial
+region, which corresponded, with the
+Egyptians, to the Elysian Fields of the Greeks
+and the Asgard of Scandinavian mythology.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_001'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_001.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 1. Abaculi used as pavement.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Abaculus</span></strong>, Gr. and R. (a diminutive of <em>abacus</em>,
+q.v.). A small square or cube of glass, or some
+vitreous composition made to imitate stone or
+glass of various colours. <em>Abaculi</em> were employed
+for the inlaid-work of pavements, or the incrustations
+of mosaic.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Abacus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἄβαξ</span>, a slab or board).
+1. In general a rectangular slab of stone, marble,
+or terra-cotta. 2. A board or tray used in arithmetical
+calculations, and constructed for reckoning
+by tens. 3. A play-board divided into
+compartments, a kind of backgammon in use in
+antiquity. The same term was also applied to
+a board used for another game of skill, the <em>ludus
+latrunculorum</em>, which was more like our chess.
+4. A side-board on which were displayed, in the
+<em>triclinium</em>, or dining-room, silver plate and other
+table utensils. 5. A slab of marble, used for a
+coating in the decoration of a room or apartment
+of any kind. 6. A square slab of terra-cotta or
+wood, placed by the earliest builders at the top
+of wooden columns, in order to give them a
+broader head, and so afford a better support to
+the beams which rested on them. It was this
+motive that gave rise to the formation of the
+<em>abacus of the capital of a column</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Abaton</strong> or <strong>Abatos</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">α, βᾰτὸς</span>, inaccessible).
+A term used generally to denote any inaccessible
+place, such as the <em>cella</em> of a temple, an adytum
+from which the profane were excluded. The
+term <em>Abaton</em> denoted more particularly a building
+in the city of Rhodes, which contained,
+together with two statues in bronze, a trophy
+commemorating a victory gained over the
+Rhodians. This memorial had been placed in
+the building by queen Artemisia, who had consecrated
+it to a divinity. To destroy it would
+have been a sacrilege, and as no one could be
+allowed to penetrate into the interior of the
+<em>Abaton</em>, without the defeat of the Rhodians
+becoming known, all access to it was forbidden.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Abezzo, Olio di</strong></span>, It. Strasburg Turpentine
+(q.v.).</p>
+
+<div id='fig_002'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_002.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 2. Ewer for ablutions (Persian).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ablutions</strong>, Chr. There were various ablutions:
+that of the head (<em>capitilavium</em>), as a
+preparation for unction in baptism; that of the
+hands (<em>aquamanile</em>), during Mass, &amp;c.; that of
+the feet (<em>pedilavium</em>), including the ceremony
+of washing the feet of the poor, performed on
+Maundy Thursday, by the Pope. (Fig. <a href='#fig_002'>2</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Abococke</strong>, Med. Cap of estate, worn by kings
+on their helmets: “a huge cappe of estate, called
+Abococke, garnished with two rich crownes;”
+15th century.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_003'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_003.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 3. A Lictor with the fasces, wearing the <em>abolla</em>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Abolla</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀναβολὴ</span>, a throwing back
+and around). A cloak made of a piece of cloth
+folded double and fastened round the throat by a
+brooch. <em>Abolla major</em> was the name given to
+the ample blanket in which the Greek philosophers
+were accustomed to wrap themselves.
+This cloak was adopted by the philosophers as
+an instance of their humility, because it was
+mostly worn by the poorer classes at Rome. Fig. <a href='#fig_003'>3</a>
+is a representation of one of the lictors, with
+his fasces on his shoulder, and wearing the <em>abolla</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Abraxas</strong>, Gr. (a mystical or cabalistic word
+formed of the Greek letters <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">α, β, ρ, α, ξ, α, ς</span>).
+Cut stones or gems of very various shapes, upon
+which are engraved the words Abraxas, Abrasax.
+They are also known as <em>Basilidian</em> stones or
+gems, because they constituted the symbols of
+the gnostic sect of the Basilidians. Certain
+peoples looked upon them as magic amulets
+against particular maladies and demoniacal
+influences. The impressions on these stones are
+very varied; cabalistic figures, the signs <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Α</span> and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ω</span>,
+and the word <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ΙΑΩ</span>, which designates the Supreme
+Being. Numerous explanations have been
+sought for this term <em>abraxas</em>; some philologists
+assert that it comes from the Persian [or Pehlvi],
+and that it signifies <em>Mithra</em>; others derive it from
+the Hebrew, or the Coptic, while others again
+recognize in it only a numerical sign, the letters
+of which, added together, would give the number
+365, or the number of days that make up the
+year, and in this case <em>abraxas</em> would symbolize
+the annual revolution of the sun. A figure
+often found upon Abraxas stones is that of a
+serpent with a radiated lion’s head (Chnouphis),
+which rears itself amid seven stars. The reverse
+of these stones often bears the inscription <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ΤΩ
+ΧΝΟΥΦΙ</span>, “To Chnouphis.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Absidiole.</strong> Diminutive of <em>apse</em>, and thus used
+to denote a small apse terminating a lateral nave,
+while the apse closes the central or chief nave.
+(See <span class='sc'>Absis</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Absis</strong> or <strong>Apse</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἁψὶς</span>, a bow or vault). Any
+enclosure of semicircular form terminating a
+room, hall, &amp;c. There was an <em>absis</em> in the
+<em>Basilica</em> (q.v.), or court of justice, and it was in
+the semicircular recess thus formed that the
+judges’ seats were placed. Many temples also
+had an <em>absis</em> attached to them, and there is one
+in particular of this description well known to all
+archæologists. This is the <em>absis</em> of the temple
+of Venus at Rome, which was built by the
+emperor architect Hadrian. (See <span class='sc'>Apse</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Abutment</strong>, Arch. called also <strong>Impost</strong>. The
+solid part of a pier from which an arch immediately
+springs.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Abydos, Tablets of</strong>, Egyp. Under this term
+are designated two hieroglyphic inscriptions containing
+the names of Egyptian kings. These
+tablets were graven upon the walls of a <em>cella</em> in
+a small temple at Abydos, in Upper Egypt;
+hence their name. The first tablet, the beginning
+of which was destroyed at the time of its
+discovery, contains the names of the kings of the
+twelfth and eighteenth dynasties; this inscription
+was discovered in 1817 or 1818 by J. W. Bankes,
+and drawn by Caillund in 1832; it had been
+taken down from the wall of the temple by
+Mimaut, the French consul at Alexandria. It is
+now at the British Museum. The second tablet,
+which begins with Menes, who is generally supposed
+to have been one of the first kings of Egypt,
+contains a complete list of the two first dynasties,
+as well as a great number of names belonging to
+kings of the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, ninth,
+tenth, and eleventh dynasties. This tablet was
+discovered in 1864 by M. Mariette. It is reproduced
+in De Rougé’s treatise on the six first
+dynasties.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Abyssus</strong>, Egyp. A Coptic word, read by
+some archæologists as <span class='sc'>Noun</span> (q.v.), and which
+signifies the <em>abyss</em>, the immensity of the celestial
+waters upon which sails the solar bark.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Acacia</strong></span>, R. A term employed by some antiquaries
+to denote an object held in the hand of
+the statue of an emperor of the Lower Empire.
+It usually consists of a piece of cloth, which
+the emperor unfurled as a signal for the games to
+commence.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Academies of Italy.</strong> Literary societies established
+during the middle ages. The principal
+were the Accesi, Affidati, Amorevole of Verona,
+Animosi of Milan, Arcadi of Rome, Ardenti of Pisa,
+Ardenti of Naples, Ardenti of Viterbo, Catenati
+of Macerata, Chiave of Pavia, Crusca of Florence,
+Elevati of Ferrara, Eterea of Padua, Florimontana
+of Annecy, Granelleschi of Venice, Infiammati
+of Padua, Infocati, Insensati of Perugia,
+Intronati of Siena, Lincei of Rome, Occulti,
+Offuscati, Ostinati, Rinovati, Sonnachiosi of
+Bologna, Trasformati of Milan, Travagliati,
+Unanimi. Their devices are described under
+the respective headings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Acæna</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀκαίνη</span>), a measuring-rod; ten
+Greek feet in length.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_004'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_004.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 4. Architectural acanthus.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Acanthus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀκὴ</span> a point, and
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἄνθος</span>, a flower). A plant, the ornamental
+foliage of which has been largely employed as
+an architectural decoration by different peoples.
+The acanthus has been applied to the ornamentation
+of friezes, cornices, modillions, and
+various other members
+of architecture,
+but in especial to
+the decoration of modillions
+(projecting
+brackets) (Fig. <a href='#fig_004'>4</a>) and
+of Corinthian and
+composite capitals.
+There are several
+varieties of the acanthus;
+those most in
+use are the cultivated
+acanthus, or Brankursine
+(<em>Acanthus mollis</em>), and the spring acanthus
+(<em>Acanthus spinosa</em>), the foliage of which is
+much less beautiful, and furnished with small
+spikes which make the plant resemble a thistle.
+This last has also often been applied to decoration,
+in the Romano-Byzantine and lanceolated
+styles of architecture. An English name for
+this ornament is the “bear’s claw.”</p>
+
+<div id='fig_005'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_005.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 5. Bracket decorated with acanthus.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Acapna</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">α</span>, priv., and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καπνὸς</span>, i. e. without
+smoke). Wood for fuel, which had undergone
+several operations to hinder it from smoking
+when put on the fire. One of the methods
+employed consisted in stripping the bough of the
+bark, immersing it in water for some days, and
+then leaving it to dry. In a second method,
+the surface was rubbed with oil or oil-lees, or
+else the piece of wood was plunged into the oil
+for a few moments. A third method consisted
+in slightly charring the surface of the wood by
+passing it through the flame. The wood prepared
+by this last process was also called <em>cocta</em>
+and <em>coctilia</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Acatium</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀκάτιον</span>, dimin. of <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἄκατος</span>,
+a light boat). A description of vessel belonging
+to the class called <em>actuariæ</em>, i. e. were propelled
+either by sails or oars. The <em>acatium</em> was a fast-sailer
+much employed by the Greek pirates.
+The stern was of a rounded concave form (<em>inflexa</em>),
+and the prow was adorned with a beak
+(<em>rostrum</em>). (See also <span class='sc'>Actuariæ</span>.) The name
+<em>acatium</em> was also given to a drinking-vessel
+which was in the form of a boat. The Roman
+<em>scapha</em> was a similar vessel.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Acca.</strong> A word used in the 14th century for
+a cloth of gold shot with coloured silk, figured
+with animals: from Acre in Syria.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Accesi</strong></span>, It. (<em>inflamed</em>). One of the Italian
+Literary Academies. Their device was a fir-cone
+placed over a fire, with the motto “hinc odor et
+fructus.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Accetta</span></strong>, Med. Lat. A battle-axe, or hache-d’armes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Accidental</strong> or <strong>complementary colour</strong>, the
+prismatic complement of a ray of light: such are
+<em>orange</em> to <em>blue</em>, <em>green</em> to <em>red</em>, and <em>purple</em> to <em>yellow</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Accidental light.</strong> An effect of light in a
+picture independent of the principal light, such
+as that on the Holy Child in the <em>Notte</em> of Correggio,
+or that of a candle, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Acclamations</strong>, Chr. Formulas employed by
+the first Christians to express their grief on the
+occurrence of some misfortune, or on the other
+hand, to testify their joy at some piece of good
+fortune. These acclamations were imitated from
+the nations of antiquity [e. g. at <em>marriages</em>, “Io
+Hymen, Hymenæe, Talassio:” at <em>triumphs</em>,
+“Io, triumphe,” &amp;c.].</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Accollée</strong>, Her. (1) placed side by side: (2)
+entwined about the neck.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Accosted</strong>, Her. Side by side.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Accrued</strong>, Her. Grown to maturity.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Accubitum</strong></span>, R. (<em>ad</em> and <em>cubitum</em>, an elbow).
+A bed or rather couch of a peculiar kind, upon
+which the Romans reclined at meals, and which
+replaced the <em>lectus triclinarius</em>. It was a kind
+of sofa holding only a single person, while the
+<em>lectus triclinarius</em> held two or three. The act of
+reclining on this sofa was called <em>accubitio</em> or
+<em>accubitus</em>, a term derived from <em>accubo</em>, to recline
+at table.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Acerra</strong> or <strong>Acerna</strong></span>, R. (prob. from <em>acer</em>, maple).
+A small square box with a hinged lid; a coffer
+used to hold the incense for sacrifices; whence
+its Latin names <em>arca turalis</em>, <em>arcula turalis</em>, <em>acerra
+turis custos</em>. The <em>acerra</em> appears on certain bas-reliefs
+among the sacred utensils. It is to be
+seen represented on the altar of the small temple
+of Quirinus, at Pompeii, underneath a garland,
+and above an augur’s wand. It is generally met
+with, as being carried by the officiating priests,
+at religious ceremonies. The attendant carried
+the <em>acerra</em> in the left hand and employed the
+right hand to sprinkle the incense on the flame
+of the altar; whence the expression <em>libare acerra</em>.
+The term <em>acerra</em> was also used to denote a small
+portable altar placed before the dead, on
+which incense was burnt during the time the
+corpse was exposed to view (<em>collocatio</em>). The
+altar was also named, from this circumstance,
+<em>ara turicrema</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Acetabula</strong></span>, R. A kind of bronze cymbals,
+attached to the hands and feet, as also to the
+knees. The same name was also given to silver
+cymbals which were played by striking them
+with a stick of hard wood.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Acetabulum</strong></span>, R. (from <em>acetum</em>, vinegar). A
+cup for vinegar used by the Romans at meals.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>The <em>acetabulum</em> was also a goblet used by
+jugglers among the Greeks and Romans to make
+nutmegs disappear. By the latter these jugglers
+were called <em>præstigiatores</em>, by the former <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ψηφοκλέπται</span>
+or <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ψηφοπαίκται</span>. Lastly, we find in
+Pliny the Elder that <em>acetabulum</em> was the name
+given to a dry measure of capacity, equal to the
+quarter of a <em>hemina</em> or the half of the <em>quartarius</em>,
+and equivalent to .1238 of a pint. [The Greek
+<em>Oxybaphon</em>.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Acha</strong>, <strong>Achia</strong>, <strong>Hachia</strong></span>, Lat. A battle-axe.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Achelor</strong>, <strong>Achlere</strong> or <strong>Ashlar</strong>. (Arch.) Hewn
+stone.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Achromatic</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">α</span> priv. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χρομος</span>, colour).
+The effect of an arrangement of lenses by which
+a coloured ray of light is rendered colourless.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Acicula</strong>, Gr. (dimin. of <em>acus</em>, a needle or
+pin). In particular a bodkin used by the Roman
+ladies to keep the hair in its place when curled
+or plaited, and to keep on false hair. The words
+<em>acicula</em> and <em>acus</em> are however all but synonymous.
+The former does not denote a bodkin of smaller
+size than the <em>acus</em>, but an object made of an
+inferior material; the <em>acus</em> being of silver, ivory
+or gold, while the <em>acicula</em> was simply of bone or
+some hard wood such as box, myrtle, olive, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_006'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_006.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 6. Acinaces.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Acinaces</strong>, Orient. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀκινάκης</span>; orig. a Persian
+word). A straight poniard resembling a very
+short Roman sword, used by the Eastern
+nations of antiquity, especially, the Medes,
+Persians and Scythians. It was worn by
+soldiers suspended from a belt round the waist,
+but the weapon hung either at the right or the
+left side, according to the nationality and
+accoutrements of the soldier. When, however,
+he wore a sword, this was always placed at the
+left, and the <em>acinaces</em> at the right side of the
+body. The handles of these weapons are generally
+extremely rich.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Acisculus</strong></span>, R. (Diminutive of <em>ascia</em>, an adze
+= a small adze). A small pick employed by
+stone-cutters and masons in early times. Representations
+of it may be seen pretty frequently
+on medals, in especial those of the Valerian
+family. [See <span class='sc'>Ascia</span>.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Acketon</strong></span>, Fr. A quilted leathern jacket, worn
+under the armour, introduced from the East by
+the Crusaders.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Aclis</strong> or <strong>Aclyx</strong></span>, R. A sort of harpoon, consisting
+of a thick short stock set with spikes.
+This massive weapon was chiefly employed by
+foreign nations, but not by the Romans. It was
+launched against the enemy, and drawn back by
+means of a cord to which it was attached, to be
+launched a second time. This weapon bears
+some resemblance to a particular kind of <em>angon</em>
+(or trident). (See <span class='sc'>Angones</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Acoustic Vases</strong></span>, R. (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀκουστικὸς</span>, pertaining
+to the sense of hearing). Vases of earthenware
+or more often of bronze, which, in the theatres
+of antiquity, served the purpose of strengthening
+the voices of the actors. Vases of this kind
+would also seem to have been employed for the
+same purpose during the middle ages, for the
+architect Oberlin, when repairing the vault of
+the choir, in the ancient church of the Dominicans
+at Strasburg, discovered some acoustic vases
+there.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_007'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_007.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 7. Acratophorum, Roman.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Acratophorum</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀκρατο-φόρος</span>,
+holding unmixed wine). A table vessel for
+holding pure wine, while the crater (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κρατὴρ</span>), on
+the other hand, contained wine mixed with
+water. These vessels were often dedicated to
+Bacchus. They were made in earthenware and
+metal, but those that were dedicated to the gods
+were of gold and silver, and had their place
+among the treasures of the temples. Fig. <a href='#fig_007'>7</a> represents
+a silver acratophorum found at Hildesheim.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Acrolith</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἄκρον</span>, end, and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λίθος</span> stone).
+A statue covered with garments which in many
+cases were gilded. The extremities of these
+statues were of marble or stone—whence their
+name—more rarely of gold and ivory. The
+Minerva of Areia, at Platæa in Bœotia, described
+by Pausanius, was an <em>acrolith</em>. This
+was by Pheidias. The <em>acrolith</em> period is the
+infancy of the Greek plastic art.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Acropodium</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἄκρον</span>, end or point; and
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πόδιον</span>, a foot). A low square plinth serving for
+basement to a statue and often forming part of it.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Acropolis</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀκρό-πολις</span>, upper or higher
+city). From its primary meaning the term came
+to signify a fortified city. They were very
+numerous, in ancient times, in Italy, Greece
+and the colonies of Asia Minor. Most ancient
+Greek cities were built upon hills, and the citadel
+on the summit of the hill was called the <em>acropolis</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Acrostic</strong>, Chr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἄκρον</span>, end, and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">στίχος</span>, a row
+or line). A combination of letters formed out of
+some word, which is thus made to express a
+thought differing from its own meaning. For
+instance, the Greek word <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ΙΧΘΥΣ</span> (ICHTHUS,
+fish), symbolizes, in the primitive church, the
+name of Christ. The following is the acrostic
+of this word: <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ιησους, Χριστος, Θεου, Υἱος, Σωτηρ</span>
+I, CH, TH, U, S.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_008'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_008.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 8. Roman acrostolium.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Acrostolium</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀκροστόλιον</span>,
+extremity of beak of a ship). An ornament
+employed by the ancients to decorate the upper
+extremity of the prows of ships. This ornament
+often figured among trophies, since it was the
+custom for the victor in a naval combat to take
+the <em>acrostolia</em> from the captured ships. It is
+frequently to be met with on the bas-reliefs of
+triumphal monuments. Fig. <a href='#fig_008'>8</a> shows an <em>acrostolium</em>
+taken from a bas-relief in the Museum of
+the Capitol. The object seen projecting from
+the acrostolium is a sounding lead.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Acroterium</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀκρωτήριον</span>, the
+extremity of anything). In a signification more
+restricted than the primary one, yet generally admitted,
+the term <em>acroteria</em> is applied to the plain
+socles and pedestals placed at the summit of
+buildings to support statues, groups, or other
+crownings. <span class='sc'>Acroterium</span> was the common name
+for the <em>acrostolium</em>, and the taking of it away as
+a trophy was called <em>acroteriazein</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Actia</strong>, Gr., festivals held every fourth year,
+at Actium, in Epirus, in honour of Apollo.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Actinic</strong> (rays of light:) chemically active.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Actuariæ</strong></span>, R. (See <span class='sc'>Naves</span>). Open boats, built
+to attain a high degree of speed, propelled
+by sails and sweeps, and never fitted with less
+than eighteen oars. Pirates used this class of
+vessel exclusively.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Actuarii</strong></span>, R. The shorthand writers who took
+down speeches in the senate. Also certain officials
+who answered to our commissariat officers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Acuminated</strong>, Arch. Finishing in a point, like
+a lofty Gothic roof.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Acus</strong></span>, R. (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀκὴ</span>, a point). A bodkin,
+needle, or pin. The <em>acus</em> denoted both a needle
+for sewing and a pin for fastening anything.
+When used for the hair it was called <em>acus
+crinalis</em> or <em>comatoria</em>. In Christian archæology
+the word applies to the jewelled pins used as
+fastenings to papal or archiepiscopal vestments.
+The Roman <em>acus</em> is worn in the hair by the
+Italian peasant woman of the present day.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Addorsed</strong>, Her. (1) Back to back; (2) pointing
+backwards.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Adespotoi</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀ-δέσποτοι</span>, i. e. without
+masters). A name given to a certain class of
+freedmen at Sparta.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Adobare</strong>, Med. To entrust with arms (to
+“dub”  a knight). Meyrick.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Adobes.</strong> Bricks manufactured by the ancient
+Peruvians.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Adramire</strong>, Med. To challenge to a duel or
+tournament. (Meyrick.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_009'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_009.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 9. Plan of a Roman temple, showing the adytum.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Adytum</strong> or <strong>Adyton</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἄδυτον</span>,
+from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">α</span>, priv., and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δύω</span>, to enter). An obscure
+and secret sanctuary in certain temples from
+which the public was excluded, and into which
+the priests alone might enter. The little temple
+of Pompeii possessed an <em>adytum</em>, and it was here
+that was discovered the Portici Diana now in
+the Naples Museum. There was also an <em>adytum</em>
+in the temple of Delphi, which was burnt down
+in the first year of the 58th Olym., and rebuilt
+by the Corinthian Spintharus. The temple of
+Paphos contained in its <em>adytum</em> a representation
+of the goddess under the form of a column
+pointed at the top and surrounded by candelabra.
+The engraving shows the position of the adytum
+of a small Doric temple, now destroyed, which
+once stood near the theatre of Marcellus at
+Rome. The <em>adytum</em> was the name given to the
+<em>cella</em> of a temple, in which oracles were given,
+or the worship was connected with mysteries.
+See <span class='sc'>Abaton</span> and <span class='sc'>Cella</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ædicula</strong></span>, R. (dimin. of <em>Ædes</em>, q.v.). A small
+house, temple, chapel, tabernacle, or even shrine.
+Thus the name was given to a small wooden
+shrine, constructed to imitate the front of a
+temple, and in which were preserved the
+ancestors of the family (<em>imagines majorum</em>),
+together with the Lares and tutelar divinities.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ægicranes</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">αἴγειος</span>, of a goat; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κρανίον</span>,
+the skull). A goat’s [or ram’s] head employed
+as a decoration by ancient sculptors. It was
+used chiefly to adorn altars which were dedicated
+to rural divinities.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Æginetan marbles.</strong> Two remarkable groups
+of very early (archaic) Greek sculpture, in the
+Glyptothek at Munich—discovered in the temple
+of Pallas-Athene at Ægina, and arranged by
+Thorwaldsen. They illustrate “the infancy of
+art, which lingers round symbolic representation,
+and has not yet grasped the full meaning and
+truth of nature.” (<cite>Butler’s Imitative Art.</cite>) The
+anatomy of the bodies and limbs at this period
+is greatly superior to the expression of the heads.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ægis</strong>, Gr. In its primary meaning, a <em>goat-skin</em>.
+The primitive inhabitants of Greece used
+the skins of goats and other animals for clothing,
+and defence. At a later period the <em>Ægis</em> became
+a protective mantle; the shield of Minerva, beneath
+which the goddess sheltered those whom
+she wished to protect from the enemy’s missiles.
+Later still the <em>Ægis</em> denoted the breastplate of a
+divinity, in especial that of Jupiter or Minerva,
+as opposed to the <em>lorica</em>, which was the breastplate
+of a mere mortal. The ægis bore in its
+centre the Gorgon’s head, of which the serpents
+were arranged round the border. Minerva
+is generally represented wearing it, either as a
+cuirass or a scarf passed over the right shoulder.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Aëneator</strong> (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aëneus</span></i>, brazen). The name
+given to any musician who played on an instrument
+of brass (<em>aëneum</em>); such as the <em>buccinatores</em>,
+<em>cornicines</em>, <em>liticines</em>, <em>tubicines</em>, &amp;c. They
+formed a college.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_010'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_010.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 10 Eolipyle.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Æolipilæ</strong> or <strong>Æolipȳlæ</strong>,
+Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">αἴολος</span>, the
+wind; and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πύλη</span>, an
+orifice). A metal vase
+with a narrow orifice,
+which was filled with
+water and placed upon
+the fire, either to make
+the chimney draw
+better, or, according to
+Vitruvius, to show
+which way the wind
+blew.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Æolian Harp</strong>, Gr.
+A musical instrument
+that is played on by the
+wind passing over its
+strings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ærarium</strong></span>, R. (<em>æs</em>,
+money). The public
+treasury as distinguished
+ from the private
+treasury of the Emperors (<em>fiscus</em>). Under the Republic
+the temple of Saturn served as the public
+treasury, and here were preserved the produce
+of the revenue, the public accounts and other
+public records. The army had a separate
+treasury of its own called <em>ærarium militare</em>,
+entirely distinct from the <em>ærarium publicum</em>. It
+was established by Augustus to provide for the
+special expenditure of the army.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Aerial perspective.</strong> The realization of the
+effect of intervening atmosphere in the distances
+of a landscape.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Æro</strong></span>, R. A basket made of rushes or broom,
+but still more commonly of osier, and used for
+conveying sand. It was employed by the Roman
+soldiery when at work on intrenchments, excavations,
+or fortifications, as may be seen from
+bas-reliefs; more particularly some of those
+which adorn the column of Trajan.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Æruca</strong></span>, R. (<em>æs</em>, bronze). A very brilliant
+green colour artificially made to imitate <em>verdigris</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ærugo</strong></span>, R. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Verdigris</span></i>, the same colour as
+<em>æruca</em> (q.v.), but obtained from oxide of bronze.
+It is difficult to establish a real distinction between
+the two terms, as Pliny gives the name
+of <em>ærugo</em> (the rust of bronze) to what Vitruvius
+calls <em>æruca</em>. It is probable, however, that <em>æruca</em>
+was a kind of verdigris obtained by artificial
+means, while <em>ærugo</em> was the natural verdigris.
+This has given rise to the two terms, which by
+many archæologists are confused together.
+<em>Æruca</em>, the artificial copper rust, formed by
+the action of wine refuse upon copper, is an
+acetate of copper (verdigris): while the genuine
+copper rust, <em>Ærugo</em>, is a carbonate of copper.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ærumna</strong></span>, R. A kind of fork by which
+travellers carried their baggage over the shoulder.
+2. An instrument of punishment for slaves.
+(See <span class='sc'>Furca</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Æs.</strong> A term used in antiquity to denote
+brass, copper, bronze, or any alloy of these
+metals. It also serves, in various connexions, to
+denote a number of different objects. Such as
+<em>æs candidum</em>, a brass mixed with silver; <em>æs
+Corinthum</em>, a brass mixed with gold; <em>æs Cyprium</em>,
+the ancient name for copper. (See also
+<span class='sc'>Bronze</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Æs grave</strong></span>, R. A general term current in
+Rome to denote any bronze money at the period
+when the <em>as</em> was equal to about a pound in value.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Æs rude</strong></span>, R. The name given to the bronze
+ingots employed at Rome as ready money in
+exchanges and other commercial transactions.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Æs thermarum</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A bronze gong
+or metal bell hung up in the public baths, the
+sound of which, when struck, gave notice to the
+public that the baths were sufficiently warm to
+be ready for use.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Æs ustum.</strong> Peroxide of copper, or calcined
+copper.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Æsthetics</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">αἰσθάνομαι</span>, to comprehend).
+The science of the instinctive apprehension of
+the harmonies.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Aetos</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἀετός</span>). A Greek word signifying
+<em>eagle</em>, and by analogy, a gable, pediment, or
+higher part of a building generally, so called
+from the resemblance which these parts bear to
+an eagle with outstretched wings. In the same
+way the Greeks gave the name of <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πτερὰ</span> (wings),
+to the outer rows of columns flanking each side
+of a temple.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Affidati</strong></span>, It. One of the Italian literary academies.
+Their device was a nautilus, with the
+motto “tutus per suprema per ima.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Affrontée</strong>, Her. Showing the full front.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Agalma</strong>, <strong>Agalmata</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἄγαλμα</span>, from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀγάλλω</span>,
+to glorify). Any work of art dedicated to a god,
+whether it were placed in his temple or not;
+such as tripods; [braziers for incense], or other accessories
+of a temple. The low pillar placed over
+a tomb, or the statue of a god might be <em>agalmata</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Agate.</strong> A variety of quartz often employed
+by the engravers of antiquity. The term is a
+corruption of the word <em>Achates</em>, a river of Sicily,
+on the banks of which numerous varieties of the
+stone abound. Among these maybe mentioned
+the <em>cerachates</em>, or white wax-like agate; <em>dendrachates</em>,
+or arborescent agate; <em>hemachates</em>, or
+blood-agate, so called from its blood-like spots;
+and <em>leucachates</em>, or white agate. Agates were
+often carved into scarabæi by the Egyptians,
+and Babylonian cylinders have been found, made
+of the same material. The oriental agate is
+semi-transparent, the occidental is opaque, of
+various tints, often <em>veined</em> with quartz and
+jasper; hence its fitness for cutting cameos.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Agathodæmon, Cup of</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἀγαθο-δαίμων</span>).
+A name given by the Greeks to a cup consecrated
+to Bacchus, and meaning literally, the
+“Cup of the Good Genius.” It was sent round
+after a feast, in order that each guest might
+partake of the wine.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Agea</strong></span>, R. A narrow passage or gangway in
+a boat, by means of which the boatswain (<em>hortator</em>)
+communicated with the rowers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Agger</strong></span>, R. A general term to denote a
+mound of any materials, such as that formed
+by a dyke, quay, roadway, or earthwork;
+and particularly a rampart composed of trunks
+of trees and employed in offensive or defensive
+warfare. A celebrated <em>agger</em> was that of
+Servius Tullius at Rome. The art of constructing
+<em>aggeres</em> and other fortifications, had
+been learnt by the Romans from the Greeks,
+who in their turn had derived it from the East.
+It was after having penetrated into the heart of
+Asia under Alexander the Great, that the Greeks
+learned the use of siege works employed in
+the attack or defence of strong places, and
+became acquainted with various kinds of warlike
+engines such as the <span class='sc'>Acrobaticon</span>, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Agnus Bell</strong>, Chr. A sacring bell.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Agnus Dei</strong>, Chr. <span class='sc'>The Lamb of God</span>, or lamb
+bearing the banner of the cross. The term is also
+used to denote certain ornaments or medallions of
+wax impressed with a figure of the lamb. They
+represented the ancient custom of distributing to
+worshippers, on the first Sunday after Easter, particles
+of wax from the consecrated paschal taper.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Agolum, R.</strong> A long sharp-pointed shepherd’s
+stick used by the Roman herdsmen for driving
+their cattle. The <em>agolum</em> was made out of a
+straight shoot of the prickly pear; it is still in use
+among the herdsmen of the Roman campagna
+at the present day.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Agonalia</strong> or <strong>Agonia</strong></span>, R. A Roman festival,
+which derived its name from the word <em>agone</em>
+(shall I proceed?) the question asked of the
+<em>rex sacrificulus</em> by the attendant, before he
+sacrificed the victim. The Quirinal was called
+<em>Mons agonus</em>, from a festival being held there on
+the 17th or 18th of March, in honour of Mars.
+The day itself was called <em>Agonium martiale</em> or
+day of the Liberalia. Another explanation of
+the etymology of the name is that the sacrifice
+was offered on the Quirinal hill, which was originally
+called <em>Agonus</em>. (Consult Ovid. Fasti, i.
+319–332, he suggests several explanations.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Agonistic</strong>, (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀγωνιστικὴ</span>, from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀγὼν</span>, a contest).
+With the ancients, that part of gymnastics in
+which athletes contended with arms.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_011'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_011.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 11. Agora of Antiphellus.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Agora</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀγορὰ</span>, from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀγείρω</span>, to assemble).
+A place of assembly or public market. The
+<em>agora</em> was to the Greeks what the <em>forum</em> was
+to the Romans. There were numerous agoræ in
+Greece and Asia Minor. Fig. <a href='#fig_011'>11</a>, represents
+the plan of the <em>agora</em> of Antiphellus; in which
+<em>a</em> and <em>b</em> indicate the sites of the corn-pits; <em>c</em>, that
+of a basilica. <em>Agora</em> is also used to denote the
+general assembly of freemen in contradistinction
+to the <em>Boulè</em> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Agraulia.</strong> An Athenian festival.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Agrenon</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A net, or garment of
+netted wool, worn over their other dress by the
+priests of Bacchus and by soothsayers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Aguinia</strong>, Med. A corruption of <em>ingenia</em>,
+engines of war. (Meyrick.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Aguzo</strong></span>, It. A spear-head; a spear.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ahenum</strong> or <strong>Aenum</strong>. A bronze vessel furnished
+with a handle for suspending it over the
+fire, and so named from the material out of which
+it was made. (2) The coppers used in the public
+baths for heating the water in.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_012'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_012.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 12 Aiglets.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Aiglet</strong></span>, Fr. (<em>aiguillette</em>). A
+metal tag or point to a lace;
+sometimes used to signify the
+lace itself, as in the military
+costume of the present day.
+They were formerly used to
+fasten the slashed dresses of
+the middle ages; and sometimes
+to fasten armour, when
+they were made of leather
+with metal points. In civilian
+costume they were of silk.
+The term Aiguillette is also
+applied to the shoulder-knot
+worn by soldiers and livery
+servants.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ailettes</strong> (little wings). Armour
+worn on the shoulders
+to protect the back of the neck; found in monumental
+brasses of the 13th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Aisle</strong> (<em>ala</em>, a wing). The wing of a building;
+the side passages of a Roman house. In
+buildings of vast size, such as a basilica or temple,
+comprising a central and two lateral naves, the
+latter are called aisles.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Alabarda</strong>, Med. A halberd.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Alabaster</strong> or <strong>Alabastrum</strong>, (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀλάβαστρον</span>). A
+small vase for holding precious perfumes; so called
+from the alabaster of which it was generally
+made. It was of various shapes, but chiefly
+assumed an elongated form resembling a long
+pear, a pearl-drop, &amp;c. [Many of these perfume
+vessels are made of stalactite.] (2) A calcareous
+substance of white colour, translucent or semi-transparent,
+and presenting, according to the
+variety, undulating and continuous veins. The
+various kinds of ancient alabaster are very
+numerous; the following may be named;
+flowered alabaster (<em>alabastro fiorito</em>); golden
+(<em>dorato</em>); quince coloured (<em>cotognino</em>); eyed (<em>occini</em>);
+tortoise-shell (<em>tartaruga</em>); foam-white
+(<em>pecorella</em>); Busca de Palombara (<em>palombara</em>);
+onyx (<em>onice</em>), &amp;c. The Egyptians used alabaster
+for making statues, phials, panegyric vases,
+canopea, small figures, and even sarcophagi;
+of which last that of Seti I., now in the British
+Museum, is an example. Alabaster was at one
+time frequently used for tombs and carved figures,
+and is now used for pulpits and other ecclesiastical
+purposes. False alabaster is the name
+given to a gypseous variety of this substance,
+of which there are rich quarries at Volterra, in
+Tuscany. It is called “Gesso Volterrano,” and
+is much used in Italy for the <em>grounds</em> of pictures.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Alabastrotheca</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">θήκη</span>, a chest). A box
+or casket containing alabaster flasks or vases.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Aland</strong>, <strong>Alant</strong>, Her. A mastiff with short ears.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Alapa.</strong> The blow on the shoulder in dubbing
+a knight.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Alba creta.</strong> Latin for white chalk, a term
+used by writers on art for gypsum.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Albani stone.</strong>
+A pepper-coloured
+stone used
+in ancient buildings
+at Rome
+before the introduction
+of
+marble.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Albarium</strong>
+(opus), R. (<em>albus</em>,
+white). A
+white coating or
+kind of stucco
+with which brick
+walls were covered
+after a
+previous application
+of ordinary
+cement. This
+stucco, which
+was also called
+simply <em>albarium</em>,
+was made by a mixture of chalk, plaster, and
+white marble.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Albalista</strong>, <strong>Arbalest</strong>. A cross-bow.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_013'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_013.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 13. Albe.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Albe</strong>, (<em>albus</em>, white). An ancient ecclesiastical
+vestment, common in old brasses. It
+was a long white linen gown, reaching to the
+feet, and secured by a girdle. The surplice is an
+<em>albe</em> with wider sleeves. (Fig. <a href='#fig_013'>13</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Alberk</strong>, for <strong>Hauberk</strong>. A cuirass.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Album</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<em>albus</em>, white). A space
+on the surface of a wall covered with white
+plaster, upon which were written advertisements
+or public announcements. By analogy the term
+was used to denote any kind of white tablets
+bearing an inscription, such as edicts, decrees,
+&amp;c. These tablets were very numerous; there
+were the <em>album pontificis</em>, <em>prætoris</em>, <em>centuriæ</em>,
+<em>decurionum</em>, <em>judicum</em>, <em>senatorum</em>, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Alcato</strong>, Arab. In armour, a gorget.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Alcora pottery</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Denia</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Alcove.</strong> A niche or recess in a room.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Aldobrandini, Marriage</strong></span>, R. A celebrated
+fresco from the gardens of Mecænas, discovered
+at Rome near the church of Santa Maria Maggiore,
+whence it was conveyed to the villa
+Aldobrandini, and afterwards sold to the Borghese
+family. This painting which indisputably
+dates from the reign of Augustus, consists of a
+group of ten figures, representing, according to
+some, the marriage of Peleus and Thetis; and
+according to others, that of Manlius and Julia.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_014'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_014.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 14. Point d’Alençon.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Alençon, Point d’.</strong> Lace formerly known as
+Point de France. It is the only French lace not
+made on the pillow, but worked entirely by hand
+with a fine needle, on a parchment pattern; it is
+called “Vilain” in the French provinces, and in
+England is known as needle point. (Fig. <a href='#fig_014'>14</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Alerion</strong>, Her. An eagle, in early Her., represented
+without feet or beak. (See <span class='sc'>Eagle</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ale-stake.</strong> In the middle ages the roadside
+ale-house was distinguished by a stake projecting
+from the house, on which some object was hung
+for a sign.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Alexandrinum</strong> (opus), R. A kind of mosaic
+employed especially for the pavement of rooms.
+The distinctive feature of these mosaics is that
+the lines or figures composing the designs are in
+two colours only, the prevailing ones being red
+and black upon a white ground. A large
+number of mosaics of this description exist at
+Pompeii, which are also called <em>sectilia</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Alexikakos</strong> (Apollo). Another name of the
+celebrated statue generally called the Belvedere
+Apollo; from Nero’s villa at Antium.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Algaroth powder.</strong> An ingredient in the
+manufacture of an Antimony white pigment.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_015'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_015.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 15. Alhambraic ornament.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Alhambraic.</strong> Ornamentation in the Moorish
+style of the Alhambra, the characteristic of which
+is a faithful imitation of natural combinations of
+form and colour, with a rigid avoidance of the
+representation of natural objects. (Fig. <a href='#fig_015'>15</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Alicula</strong></span>, R. A kind of large mantle, furnished
+sometimes with a hood. The term is derived
+from the Greek <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἄλλιξ</span>, the name given to the
+Thessalian chlamys. (See <span class='sc'>Chlamys</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Alizarin</strong>, the colouring principle of the madder.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Allecret</strong> or <strong>Hallecret</strong>. A light armour for
+cavalry and infantry, consisting of a breastplate
+and tassets (or gussets), 16th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Allegory</strong> in art, is allegorically represented as
+a female figure veiled.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>All Halowes</strong> or <strong>All Hallowes</strong>. O. E. for All
+Saints.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Alloys</strong> of Gold. Gold is found alloyed with
+various metals, never without silver, often with
+copper, iron, or other substances in small
+quantities, and sometimes with mercury, when
+it is called an <em>amalgam</em>. Gold alloyed with
+silver is called <em>native gold</em>. See <span class='sc'>Electrum</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Allouyère</strong> Fr. (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alloverium</span></i>). A purse or
+pouch often carried at the girdle, for
+holding papers, jewels, and money.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Almayne Rivets</strong> (German Rivets).
+Rivets used in plates of armour made to
+slide and thus give play to the arms and
+legs, invented in the 17th century, in
+Germany; hence their name.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Almery</strong>, <strong>Aumery</strong>, or <strong>Ambry</strong>, Arch.
+Chr. A niche or cupboard by the side
+of an altar, to contain the utensils
+belonging thereto.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Almond</strong>, Chr. An aureole of elliptic
+form, which is frequently met with encircling
+representations of saints, or of
+God the Father, God the Son, or the
+Virgin. A more common name, however,
+for this aureole is <span class='fss'>VESICA PISCIS</span>
+(q.v.). The term of <em>mystical almond</em>
+was applied to the symbol expressive
+of the virginity of the Virgin Mary.
+The mystical meaning attached to this
+symbol is explained by reference to the
+rod of Aaron, which consisted of the
+bough of an almond-tree that had
+flowered in a single night and produced
+an almond on the morrow.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Almonry</strong>, <strong>Almonarium</strong>, Arch. Chr.
+A room where alms were distributed.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_016'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_016.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 16. Almuce.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Almuce</strong>, <strong>Aumuce</strong>, <strong>Amess</strong>, Chr.
+(<em>almutium</em>). A furred hood worn by
+the clergy for the sake of warmth, from
+the 13th to 16th centuries. Common
+in brasses of the 15th century. (Fig. <a href='#fig_016'>16</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Aloa</strong>, or <strong>Haloa</strong>. An Attic festival,
+in honour of Demeter and Dionysus.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Alostel</strong>, O. E. A cry of heralds at
+the close of a tournament, ordering the
+combatants to quit the lists and retire
+to their lodgings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Alpha</strong> and <strong>Omega</strong>, Chr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἄλφα</span> and
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὠμέγα</span>). These two letters, respectively
+the first and the last of the Greek
+alphabet, symbolize our earthly life,
+since this has a beginning and an end.
+They are also a symbol of God as being the beginning
+and end of everything.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Altar.</strong> A kind of platform or table upon which
+sacrifices were offered to the gods. Hence, in
+Christian art, the table upon which the Eucharistic
+sacrifice is offered. (See <span class='sc'>Antependium</span>, <span class='sc'>Ciborium</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Reredos</span>, &amp;c. See <span class='sc'>Altare</span> and <span class='sc'>Ara</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Altar cards</strong>, Chr. Portions of the service of the
+mass printed separately on cards, and placed
+against the reredos of an altar.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Altar cloth</strong>, Chr. The linen coverings, and
+embroidered hangings of an altar.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Altare</strong></span>, R. (<em>alta ara</em>, high altar). A raised
+altar as contradistinguished from the <em>ara</em> which
+was of no great height. (Fig. <a href='#fig_017'>17</a>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_017'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_017.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 17. Circular Roman altar.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Altar front</strong>, Chr. An antependium (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Altar screen</strong>, Chr. The partition behind the
+high altar, separating it from the Lady Chapel.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Alto-rilievo</strong> (Ital.) High Relief. See <span class='sc'>Rilievo</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Alum</strong> is used in many processes—in the
+preparation of paper for water-colour painting,
+and of <em>lakes</em>, and <em>carmine</em>, from cochineal. <em>Roche
+alum</em>, or roach alum, <em>Roman alum</em>, and <em>Turkey
+alum</em>, are varieties of the common alum, described
+by mediæval writers as <em>alumens</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alumen</span></strong> (Lat.), Greek, (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stypteria</span></i>). Mediæval
+writers confused this word with the alums.
+The name was applied by the classics to several
+salts of the nature of vitriols, and among them
+to the natural sulphate of iron (<em>copperas</em> or <em>green
+vitriol</em> of commerce).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Alur</strong>, <strong>Aloring</strong>, or <strong>Alurde</strong>, &amp;c., O.E. Parapet
+wall.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Alvéole</strong>; see <span class='sc'>Nimbus</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Alveus</strong></span>, R. (<em>alvus</em>, the belly). (1) A bath
+constructed in the floor of a room, the upper
+part of it projected above the floor, the lower
+part being sunk into the floor itself. (2) A
+playing-board, which was divided in the same
+manner as the <span class='fss'>ABACUS</span> (q.v.). (3) A canoe
+hollowed out of the trunk of a tree, the Greek
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μονόξυλον</span>. (4) The hull of a ship. (5) A
+wooden trough or tray.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ama</strong> or <strong>Amula</strong>, Chr. A long phial for
+holding the wine presented at the altar at the
+moment of offering.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Amassette</strong></span>, Fr. An instrument of horn used
+for spreading colours on the stone in the process
+of grinding.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Amatito</strong>, Ital. Lapis Amatita. Amatito is
+the <em>soft</em> red hæmatite, and is called also <em>matita
+rossa</em>. <em>Lapis amatita</em> is the <em>compact</em> red hæmatite,
+and is also called in Italy <em>mineral cinnabar</em>, and
+in Spain <em>albin</em>. When this word is used by early
+writers on art, it probably indicates <em>red ochre</em>,
+the red hæmatite of mineralogists. (Fairholt.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Amber.</strong> There are two varieties of this
+substance, viz., the grey and the yellow amber,
+of which the latter only need here be more
+particularly noticed. Its use may be traced
+back to a very early antiquity, the purposes to
+which it was applied being the setting of jewels
+and furniture. It was employed by the Jews
+for making amulets. Amber was also used by
+the Egyptians in the fabrication of necklaces
+composed of pearls or other delicate materials.
+By the Romans it was sculptured into vases or
+statuettes. The name of <em>vasa electrina</em> was
+given to amber vases set with silver, and that of
+<em>electrina patera</em> to pateræ made of amber alone.
+Amber was largely used by early painters as a
+<em>varnish</em>, and also as a <em>vehicle</em>. It is harder than
+copal, and is said to be the most durable of all
+varnishes. It requires a long time to fit it for
+<em>polishing</em>. Amber is supposed to be a vegetable
+fossil; it is washed up by the sea, especially on
+the shores of the Baltic.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Amber Yellow</strong>, is an <em>ochre</em> of a rich amber
+colour in its raw state; when burned it yields a
+fine <em>brown red</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ambitus</strong>, Gr. R. and Chr. (<em>ambio</em>, to go
+round about). A small niche in underground
+Greek or Roman tombs forming a receptacle for
+a cinerary urn. In the Middle Ages these
+niches were so far enlarged as to admit coffins;
+the name under which they then went being
+<span class='sc'>Enfeus</span> (q.v.). During the same period the
+term <em>ambitus</em> was also applied to the consecrated
+ground by which a church was surrounded. It
+served as a place of asylum as well as for burial.
+The term is also applied to the process of canvassing
+for votes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ambivium</strong></span>, R. (<em>ambi</em> and <em>via</em>, a way round).
+Any road or street leading <em>round</em> a place.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_018'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_018.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 18. The ambo of St. Lawrence at Rome.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ambo</strong>, Chr. (perhaps from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀναβαίνειν</span>, to
+ascend). A tribune of stone or marble in the
+ancient Latin basilicas, a pulpit. Fig. <a href='#fig_018'>18</a> gives
+a representation of the ambo in the church of
+St. Lawrence without the walls at Rome.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ambrices</strong></span>, R. The cross laths (<em>regulæ</em>) inserted
+between the rafters and the tiles of a roof.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ambry</strong>; see <span class='sc'>Almery</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ambulant</strong>, Her. In the act of walking.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ambulatory</strong>, Chr. (<em>ambulo</em>, to walk). Part of
+a cloister, forming a kind of gallery for taking
+exercise in.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Amenti</strong> or <strong>Amenthi</strong>, Egyp. One of the names
+given to the nether world of the Egyptians. It
+means the <em>unseen region</em>. We learn from
+Plutarch’s treatise on Osiris that, “the subterranean
+regions whither souls betake themselves
+after death is called <em>Amenthes</em>.” Osiris is the
+lord and god of Amenti, which was also called
+by the Egyptians the <em>country of truth</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Amentum</strong></span>, R. A thong attached to the shaft
+of a lance at the centre of gravity. The soldier
+placed the fingers of his right hand between the
+two ends of the thong, gave the weapon a rapid
+turn, and then hurled it. <em>Amentum</em> was also
+used to denote the leather strap by which certain
+kinds of boots, such as the <em>crepidæ</em>, <em>solæ</em>, &amp;c., were
+fastened above the instep.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Amess.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Almuce</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Amethyst</strong>, (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀμέθυστος</span>, without intoxication.)
+A precious stone of a more or less deep
+violet colour. The engravers of antiquity
+carved figures upon it, in especial those of
+Bacchus, since the stone was also used, in preference
+to any other, for making drinking-cups,
+from a belief that it possessed the virtue of dispelling
+intoxication. This was the origin of the
+Greek term. Among the ancient Jews the
+amethyst was one of the twelve stones composing
+the breastplate of the high priest; it occupied
+the eighth or ninth row. In Christian symbolism
+the amethyst (or the colour violet) signifies
+humility and modesty.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Amiantus</strong>, (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀμίαντος</span> [? undefiled]). A fibrous
+uninflammable mineral substance. It was used
+by the ancients for making fire-proof clothing.
+It was known by the name of <em>asbestus</em>
+(<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἄσβεστος</span>, uninflammable).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Amice.</strong> A piece of fine linen in the form of
+an oblong square, suspended over the shoulders
+of the clergy. <em>Pugin</em> says it is “a white linen
+napkin or veil worn by all the clergy above the
+four minor orders.” <em>Durand</em> says it is a proper
+covering for the head, typical of the helmet of
+salvation alluded to by the apostle; or of the
+cloth with which the Jews covered the Saviour’s
+face, when they asked him to prophecy who
+struck him. Milton, in <em>Paradise Regained</em>,
+alludes to it,—</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line in30'>“Morning fair</div>
+      <div class='line'>Came forth with pilgrim steps, in <em>amice</em> grey.”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Amma</strong>, Egyp. (1) A measure of length in use
+among the ancient Egyptians. It was about sixty
+feet. (2) A kind of line used in land surveying.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ammah</strong>, Egyp. The door which formed the
+exit from the abode of the dead. Chapters lxxiii.
+and cxv. of the <em>Book of the Dead</em> are entitled,—<em>On
+passing Ammah</em>; i. e. <em>directing one’s course to
+heaven by stepping over the Ammah</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Amorevole</strong> of Verona. One of the Italian
+literary academies. Their device was a hedgehog
+with its spines laden with grapes (for its
+young). Motto, “non solum nobis.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Amorini</strong>, Ital. Cupids.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ampelitis</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἄμπελος</span>, a vine). A black
+pigment prepared by the ancients from the burnt
+branches of the vine.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Amphibalus</strong>, Chr. A vestment, used on
+Sundays and high festivals; peculiar to the
+Gallican Church.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Amphidromia.</strong> Family festival held by the
+Athenians upon the occasion of the birth of a
+child. The carrying of the child round the
+hearth gave the name to the festival.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Amphimallum</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀμφί-μαλλον</span>,
+woolly on both sides). A description of woollen
+cloth more or less rough, and having a nap on
+both sides.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Amphiprostylos</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀμφι-πρόστυλος</span>).
+A temple or other building having two
+open porticoes (<em>porticum</em> and <em>posticum</em>), both in
+front and rear. They are so constructed as to
+project beyond the <em>cella</em>, or main body of the
+building.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Amphitapus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀμφί-ταπος</span>, hairy
+on both sides). A particular kind of cloth,
+made of some material resembling Vicuna wool,
+and having, like the <em>amphimallum</em>, a nap on both
+sides. It was probably of Eastern origin.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_019'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_019.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 19. Ground-plan of an amphitheatre.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Amphitheatre</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀμφι-θέατρον</span>). A building
+which was at first constructed for the
+purpose of exhibiting gladiatorial shows to the
+Roman populace; but later on any kind of
+spectacle, even to a <em>naumachia</em>, or sea-fight, was
+exhibited there. In the engraving, A shows the
+ground-plan of an amphitheatre, and B the plan
+of the seats.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_020'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_020.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 20. Greek Amphoræ.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Amphora</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀμφὶ-φορέω</span>). A large
+earthenware vessel, having a handle on each side
+of its neck (whence the name), and terminating in
+a point. Amphoræ were used for holding various
+kinds of produce, especially wine; they were
+placed side by side in an upright position in the
+cellar, the floor of which was covered with a deep
+bed of sand. The engravings represent amphoræ
+from Cnidus, Chio, and Samos. Amphoræ
+were also made of glass; and a specimen is
+mentioned by Nepos of one made of onyx.
+Homer mentions them of gold and stone; and
+the Egyptians had them of brass.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Amphotis</strong></span>, Gr. and R. 1. A brass cap lined
+with cloth inside. 2. A simple woollen cap worn
+by athletes to protect their temples and ears from
+the blows of the <em>cestus</em>, in a boxing match.
+3. A wooden vessel in use among the ancient
+Greek peasants, as a milking-pail. It derived its
+name from having two handles or ears.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ampulla</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A phial or flask with
+short and narrow neck and spherical body,
+which was used to hold the oil requisite for
+bathers (<em>ampulla oleria</em>); it could also be used
+to hold vinegar, wine, and other beverages, and
+was then called <em>ampulla potaria</em>. The ampulla
+generally took the form of a globe or bladder,
+but not invariably; a lentil-shaped variety with
+rounded sides was very common. <em>Ampulla
+rubida</em> was the name given to the leather-covered
+flasks which were made use of by travellers or
+sportsmen to carry wine, vinegar, or oil. The
+vessel or cruet used in Christian churches for the
+consecrated oil or wine was hence called the
+<span class='sc'>Ampul</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ampyx</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἄμπυξ</span>, from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀμπέχω</span>,
+to surround). Latin <em>frontale</em>. A general term
+to denote any net composed of strings, bands, or
+ribbons, which forms a head-band. It thus
+denotes at once a woman’s head-dress, or the
+ornamental strips of leather which serve as head-band
+for a horse. The <em>ampyx</em> worn by women
+was in some cases very costly, being made of
+gold or silver, and adorned with precious stones.
+The term was also applied, by analogy, to the
+cover of a vase. Another word for it is <em>ampicter</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Amulets.</strong> Objects of a very heterogeneous
+description, to which is superstitiously
+attributed the power of healing certain diseases,
+or averting them from men and animals. This
+is the meaning which attaches, in its widest sense,
+to the term amulet (<em>amuletum</em>). Amulets are
+unquestionably of Eastern origin; by the Egyptians
+they were looked upon as preservatives
+against dangers, unlucky days, enemies, &amp;c.
+The varieties of them were very numerous;
+among others, were scarabæi, small columns,
+cartouches, symbolic eyes, interlacing fingers,
+heads of uræus, &amp;c. A large number of stones
+were also employed as amulets; those of commonest
+occurrence are hematite, jasper, lapis
+lazuli, amethysts, diamonds, heliotropes, &amp;c.
+Each of these amulets had its special virtue;
+for instance, the clear crystal worn during prayer
+rendered the god propitious, and compelled him
+to give ear to the suppliant. Coral kept every
+evil influence away from a house; and in Italy
+it is looked upon, even at the present day, as a
+preservative against the evil eye. In Christian
+archæology, the name of amulets, or in some
+instances, <span class='sc'>Encolpia</span> (q.v.), was given to relics,
+or objects of devotion, such as crosses, medals,
+wood from the true cross, the bones of saints,
+&amp;c. Amulets were also called <em>periapta</em> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">περίαπτα</span>),
+i. e. suspended, because they were hung
+round the neck, and also <em>pyctacium</em>, because
+some amulets were folded in two. The Arabic
+word amulet means the same as <em>periapta</em>, that
+which is suspended.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Amussis</strong></span>, R. The exact sense of this term is
+not clearly defined by ancient authors, beyond
+the fact that it denotes generally any kind of
+instrument employed by builders—especially
+masons—for testing the accuracy, regularity, and
+evenness of their work. The term is used to
+denote sometimes the plumb-line, rule, or square;
+sometimes the level, measuring-line, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Anabathra</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀνά-βαθρα</span>, steps
+up). Steps or stairs; a raised step; a mounting
+block. These last were often placed along the
+high roads.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Anabologium</strong>, Chr. Another name for the
+Humerale or <span class='sc'>Amice</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Anaceia</strong> or <strong>Anakeia</strong>, Gr. (from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἄναξ</span>, a king).
+A festival held at Athens in honour of Castor
+and Pollux, who were also called <em>Anaktes</em> and
+<em>Anakestes</em>. (See <span class='sc'>Anaceium</span>). Similar festivals
+were held at Sparta, Argos, and other cities of
+Greece.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Anaceium</strong>, Gr. A temple of ancient Athens,
+dedicated to Castor and Pollux. Slaves used to
+be sold there.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Anaclinterium</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀνακλιντήριον</span>). The
+head-board of a sofa or bed, which served as a
+support for the bolster and the pillow on which
+the sleeper’s head rested.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Anadem</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀνάδημα</span>). In general a fillet
+or head-band; but in a more restricted acceptation,
+an ornamental band, such as was worn by
+women and youths among the Greeks. It was
+thus distinguished from the <em>diadema</em> and the
+<em>vitta</em>, which were also head-bands, but worn
+solely as the insignia of honorary, regal, or
+religious distinctions.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Anaglyph</strong>, (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀνὰ</span> and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γλύφειν</span>, to carve).
+A general term to denote any work of art that
+is sculptured, chased, carved, or embossed, such
+as cameos, bas-reliefs, or other raised work,
+whether in metal, marble, or ivory. When such
+sculptures or chasings are incised or sunk, they
+are called <span class='sc'>Intaglios</span> or <span class='sc'>Diaglyphs</span> (q.v.).
+According to St. Clement of Alexandria, anaglyphs
+were employed by the Egyptians when
+they wished to hand down a panegyric of any
+king under the form of a religious myth.
+Although the words of St. Clement are very
+obscure, and have furnished materials for countless
+discussions, it is now admitted that the
+anaglyphs in question belong to the group of
+hieroglyphics which may be deciphered on the
+cartouches of the Pharaohs, and in which we
+have, in fact, panegyrics of the Egyptian kings
+veiled in religious myths. The Egyptians also
+gave the name of anaglyphs to a kind of secret
+writing, understood only by the initiated; even
+at the present day it remains undecipherable,
+owing to our imperfect knowledge of Egyptian
+mythology. (See <span class='sc'>Cælatura</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Anagogia.</strong> A festival at Eryx, in Sicily, in
+honour of Aphrodite.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Analemma</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀνάλημμα</span>). Any
+raised construction which serves for a support
+or rest, and more particularly a pier, wall, or
+buttress. (2) The pedestal of a sun-dial, and
+so the sun-dial itself.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Anancœum</strong></span>, R. A drinking-cup of great
+capacity, the form of which is unknown. If we
+may credit Varro it was sometimes richly chased.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Anankaion</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀναγκαῖον</span>, from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀνάγκη</span>,
+restraint). A kind of prison the purpose of
+which is not exactly known. According to
+some archæologists it was a private prison for
+slaves, or for freedmen, who, from some fault,
+were reduced to servitude again; others assert
+that it was a public prison.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Anapiesma</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀνα-πίεσμα</span>, that
+which is pressed back). An appliance used in
+ancient theatres. It was a kind of trap-door by
+means of which deities were raised from beneath
+the stage so as to make them visible to the
+spectators. The <em>proscenium</em> contained a certain
+number of these trap-doors; one of them, leading
+from the orchestra to the front of the stage,
+enabled the Furies to appear; by another,
+marine deities made their appearance; while
+that through which passed the shades who ascended
+Charon’s staircase was called <em>Charon’s
+anapiesma</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Anastatic.</strong> An ingenious modern process of
+reproducing copies of printed matter, engravings,
+ink drawings, &amp;c., by transferring them to a
+sheet of polished zinc.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Anathēma</strong>, Chr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀνάθημα</span>, an offering).
+Anything offered up in churches by the faithful;
+as, for instance, vases and other utensils for
+sacrifice, altar ornaments, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Anathĕma</strong>, Chr. The greater excommunication,
+answering to the Hebrew <em>cherem</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Anchor.</strong> In Christian Art, the emblem of
+Hope. The attribute of S. Clement, the Pope,
+who was bound to an anchor, and thrown into
+the sea. (See <span class='sc'>Ancora</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ancile</strong></span>, R. A shield of the shape of a violin
+case. It was the sacred shield which, according
+to tradition, had fallen from heaven into the
+palace of Numa. It occurs frequently on medals,
+especially those of Augustus. The two incavations
+of the shield were more or less deep, and
+usually semicircular. But Ovid describes it as
+of an entirely different shape, being cut evenly
+all round; <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Idque ancile vocat, quod ab omni parte
+recisum est</span></i> (Ovid, Fast. iii. 377). The <span class='sc'>Salii</span>,
+or twelve priests of Mars Gradivus, had twelve
+such shields. The form was oval, with the two
+sides curving evenly inwards, so as to make it
+broader at the ends than in the middle. They
+used to beat their shields and dance.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Anclabris</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A small table used
+instead of an altar at sacrifices; it was slightly
+concave, so as to adapt it to hold the entrails
+of the victim for the inspection of the diviners.
+(See <span class='sc'>Altar</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ancon</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">αγκων</span>). A term admitting
+various meanings, (1) A small console on each
+side of a door supporting an ornamental cornice.
+(2) The arm of a chair or arm-chair.
+(3) A cramp of wood or metal serving to connect
+together courses of masonry or blocks of stone.
+(4) The prongs or forks at the end of the props
+employed by hunters to hang their nets upon.
+(5) An earthenware vessel used in Roman
+taverns for holding wine. According to the
+etymology of the word which in Greek signifies
+hollow or elbow, this bottle must have been
+shaped like a retort. (6) The arms or branches
+of the square used by carpenters and stone
+masons, which form an angle similar to that
+formed by the bent arm.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_021'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_021.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 21. Roman anchor, from a bas-relief.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ancora</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀγκύρα</span>, from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἄγκος</span>,
+a bend). An anchor or piece of iron used to
+stop a ship. Like those now in use, the ancient
+anchors were generally furnished with two
+flukes or arms, but sometimes they had only
+one. In the latter case they were called <em>terostomos</em>,
+a term corresponding
+to our
+modern blind
+anchor. A bas-relief
+on the
+column of Trajan
+represents an
+anchor placed at
+the bow of the
+vessel. In Christian
+archæology
+the anchor is a
+symbol of hope;
+an anchor is frequently
+met with,
+among Christian
+symbols, associated
+with a fish; the emblem of the Saviour
+(See <span class='sc'>Acrostic</span>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ancorale</strong></span>, Gr. and R. Literally the cable of
+an anchor, and then the buoy-rope, or even the
+buoy itself. The ancient anchors had a ring at
+the end of the shank to which the buoy-rope was
+attached. The latter served not only to indicate
+the place where the anchor lay, but also to drag
+the flukes out of the ground when the anchor was
+raised.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Andiron.</strong> Iron standards with bars for supporting
+logs of wood fires, frequently richly ornamented,
+and sometimes made partly of silver.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Andriantes</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀνδριάντες</span>, images of men).
+Statues set up by the Greeks in honour of the
+victors in the public games. This custom dated
+from 50 Olym., or 584 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span></p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Androgeonia.</strong> An Athenian annual festival,
+in honour of Androgeus, the son of Minos.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_022'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_022.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 22. Plan of a Greek house, showing the andron.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Andron</strong>, <strong>Andronitis</strong>, Gr. and Gr.-R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀνδρὼν</span>,
+from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀνὴρ</span>, a man). That part of the Greek or
+Græco-Roman house exclusively set apart for
+men. Fig. <a href='#fig_022'>22</a> represents the ground-plan of a
+Greek house; the <em>andron</em> occupies all that part
+of the building which surrounds the open court,
+and consists of the apartments numbered 1 to 9.
+The Romans applied
+the term simply to a
+passage separating a
+house or part of a
+house from another.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Anelace</strong></span>, O. E. A
+knife or dagger worn
+at the girdle; broad,
+two-edged and sharp.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“An <em>anelace</em> and a gipciere all of silk,</div>
+      <div class='line'>Hung at his girdle, white as morwe milk.”</div>
+      <div class='line in2'>(<span class='sc'>Chaucer</span>, <em>Canterbury Tales</em>.)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_023'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_023.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 23. Angel of the reign of Elizabeth.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Angel.</strong> A gold coin
+current in England
+and France in the
+15th and 16th centuries.
+It derived its
+name from the figure
+of an angel stamped
+upon it. A similar
+coin, either of gold
+or silver, was current
+in France at various
+periods. From the
+time of Louis IX. to
+that of Louis XI., the gold angel was equal in
+value to a crown of fine gold, or a little more than
+fourteen francs. It was stamped with a figure of
+St. Michael, holding in his right hand a sword,
+and in his left a shield with three fleur-de-lys.
+Henry VI., king of England, when he was in
+possession of Paris, had a gold angel struck
+which was not above seven francs in value. It
+was stamped with the figure of an angel holding
+in his hand the shields of France and England.
+The same king also had a silver angel struck
+which was only worth about five and a half francs.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_024'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_024.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 24. Arms of France with Angels as supporters. XIV. century.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Angels</strong>, (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἄγγελος</span>, a messenger) in Christian
+Art are represented in nine degrees, which
+are divided into three categories. The first consists
+of Seraphim, Cherubim, and Thrones; the
+second of Dominations, Virtues, Powers; and
+the third of Princedoms, Archangels, and Angels.
+They are represented as young, to show their
+continued strength; winged as messengers of
+speed; barefooted and girt to show their readiness;
+in robes of white indicative of purity, or
+in cloth of gold for their glory; the cloth of gold
+diapered with bands of precious stones; the
+emerald, emblem of <em>unfading youth</em>; the crystal,
+of <em>purity</em>; the sapphire, of <em>celestial contemplation</em>;
+and the ruby, of <em>divine love</em>. During the renaissance,
+Pugin complains, “the edifying and
+traditional representations of angelic spirits were
+abandoned, and, in lieu of the albe of purity and
+golden vests of glory, the artists indulged in
+pretty cupids sporting in clouds, &amp;c.” The
+proper attributes of the angels are trumpets, for
+the <em>voice of God</em>; flaming swords, for the <em>wrath
+of God</em>; sceptres, for the <em>power of God</em>; thuribles
+or censers for the <em>prayers of saints</em>, and musical
+instruments to emblem their <em>felicity</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Angiportus</strong> or <strong>Angiportum</strong></span>, R. A narrow
+road passing between two houses or rows of
+houses, or an alley leading to a single house.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_025'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_025.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 25. Point d’Angleterre.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Angleterre, Point d’.</strong> Lace made by Flemish
+makers who were invited to settle in England
+in the reign of Charles II., the English Parliament
+having passed an act prohibiting the importation
+of all foreign lace. England, however,
+could not produce the necessary flax, and
+the lace was of inferior quality. The merchants
+of the time remedied this by smuggling large
+quantities of lace from the Brussels market, selling
+it as English Point or Point d’Angleterre, by
+which latter name it is still known, effacing the
+old name “Point de Bruxelles.” (Fig. <a href='#fig_025'>25</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Anglicanum Opus.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Embroidery</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Angones.</strong> French weapons of the Middle Ages
+furnished with three blades, one of which was
+straight, broad and keen, the remaining two
+curving outwards. Some angons have a lozenge-shaped
+head-blade. They were used as a kind of
+pike, and sometimes hurled like javelins. The
+latter kind somewhat resembled the <em>aclis</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Anguilla</strong></span>, R. A whip made use of by Roman
+schoolmasters for punishing their scholars. It
+was so called because made from the skin of an
+eel (<em>anguis</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Anguis</strong></span>, R. A serpent which among the
+Romans symbolized the local spirit (<em>genius loci</em>).
+Serpents were painted upon a wall to deter the
+public from defiling the spot thus indicated. At
+Pompeii these representations of serpents are
+found in the bakehouses, kitchens, and similar
+places where cleanliness is peculiarly desirable.
+The same term was applied to a military ensign
+in the shape of a serpent.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Anime.</strong> Gum anime is a resin, which is mixed
+with copal in making varnish, causing it to dry
+quickly and firmly.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Animosi of Milan.</strong> One of the Italian literary
+academies. Their device was “stags passing a
+river, resting on the heads of each other.”
+Motto, “Dant animos vices.” (Mutual help
+gives strength.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Anklets</strong>, Gr. (See <span class='sc'>Periscelis</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Annealing.</strong> The process of tempering brittle
+glass and metals by heat.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Annulet</strong>, Her. A plain ring, or false roundle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Annulets</strong>, Arch. The rings or mouldings
+about the lower part of the echinos or ovolo of
+Doric capitals.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Annulus</strong> or <strong>Anulus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (dimin. of
+<em>anus</em>, a ring). A finger-ring. They were
+originally made of iron, and used as a signet for
+sealing. Later on they were made of gold.
+Among the Greeks and Romans they were worn
+on the fourth finger of the left hand, whence the
+expression <em>sedere ad anulos alicui</em>, to be seated at
+any one’s left hand. The <em>anulus bigemmis</em> was a
+ring set with two precious stones; <em>anulus velaris</em>
+was a curtain ring. A plait of hair arranged in
+circles round the back of the head was also called
+<em>anulus</em>. In architecture the term was formerly
+employed instead of <em>anulet</em>. The stone most
+frequently used for rings was the onyx, upon
+which devices were carved with wonderful skill.
+The <em>bezel</em>, or part of the ring which contained the
+gem, was called <span class='sc'>Pala</span>. (See <span class='sc'>Rings</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ansa</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A term signifying both
+haft and handle, and even eyelet or hole. Any
+vessel or vase which has large ears or circular
+handles on the neck or body, is said to be furnished
+with <em>ansæ</em>. <em>Ansa ostii</em> was the term
+applied to the handle by which a door is pulled
+or shut to. The bronze or iron eyelet on the top
+of a steelyard were also called <em>ansæ stateræ</em>.
+The holes or eyelets made in the side leathers of
+a Greek or Roman shoe were called <em>ansæ crepidæ</em>;
+the handle of the rudder, <em>ansa gubernaculi</em>; lastly
+an iron cramp was called <em>ansa ferrea</em>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_026'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_026.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 26. Templum in antis.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Antæ</strong></span>, R. Square or rectangular pilasters
+supporting the walls of a temple, which was
+thence called <em>templum in antis</em>. (Fig. <a href='#fig_026'>26</a>.) The
+<em>antæ</em> thus formed the end of the walls of the <em>cella</em>.
+The capitals of <em>antæ</em> and the friezes abutting on
+them were sometimes richly ornamented, as
+may be seen by referring to Fig. <a href='#fig_027'>27</a>, which represents,
+in their restored state, the frieze and one
+of the antæ in the temple of Augustus, at Ancyra,
+in Galatia.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_027'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_027.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 27. Capital and frieze of one of the Antæ in the temple of Augustus.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Antarius</strong>, <strong>Antarii funes</strong></span>, R. Ropes employed
+for raising into the proper position any object
+of considerable weight, such as a column, mast,
+&amp;c.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_029'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_029.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 29. Archaic Antefixa in terra-cotta.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Antefixa.</strong> Ornaments of terra-cotta which
+were placed above the cornice, at the end of each
+row of tiles on a roof (Fig. <a href='#fig_029'>29</a>). They were also
+used in ancient times for decorating the ridge
+of a roof. We possess specimens of antefixa
+remarkable for delicacy of design and execution;
+such were the antefixa of the temple of Diana
+Propylæa at Eleusis, and the various Etruscan
+specimens to be found in our museums. They
+were decorated with masks, leaves, and especially
+palms painted to imitate nature or in different
+colours. The Etruscans employed coloured antefixa
+only; many specimens of these last may be
+seen at the Louvre, and in the museums of
+Perugia, Florence, and Naples. The Antefixa
+of the Parthenon were of marble. (Fig. <a href='#fig_030'>30</a>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_030'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_030.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 30. Antefixa in marble from the Parthenon.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Antemural.</strong> A term referring either to the outworks
+protecting the approach to a castle, or to
+the wall surrounding the castle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Antenna</strong></span>, R. The yard-arm of a ship.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Antepagmentum</strong></span>, R. The jamb of a door.
+<em>Antepagmentum superius</em>, the lintel.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Antependium.</strong> Richly ornamented hangings
+of precious metal, wood, or textile fabrics, in
+front of a Christian altar.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Anteportico.</strong> A synonym of <span class='sc'>Porch</span> (q.v.);
+but little used.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_031'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_031.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 31. Anterides of the Cloaca Maxima at Rome.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Anterides</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (? <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀντερείδω</span>, to stand
+firm). A structure employed to strengthen a
+weaker one. It consisted of a kind of buttress
+placed against an outer wall, chiefly in subterranean
+constructions, such as a sewer or aqueduct.
+Fig. <a href='#fig_031'>31</a> represents the <em>anterides</em> of the
+Cloaca Maxima at Rome.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Anthony, Cross of St.</strong>, in the form of the
+letter T. It is the idealized representation of a
+crutch. (See <span class='sc'>Crosses</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Anthropomorphic.</strong> Man-shaped; said for
+example of the character of the Greek Religion,
+whose gods and demi-gods were only ideal men,
+from which circumstance the representation of
+the human form became the first object of their
+plastic art.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Antia.</strong> The iron handle of a shield.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Antiæ</strong></span>, R. The ringlets of hair worn by men
+and women which hung about the ears and
+the temples.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Antick.</strong> Strange, irregular, or fantastic in
+composition.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Antilena</strong></span>, R. An appliance attached to the
+pack-saddle of a beast of burden. It was a broad
+strap passing in front of the animal’s breast so
+as to prevent the saddle from slipping backwards.
+It was employed especially in mountainous
+districts.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Antimensium</strong>, Chr. A consecrated altar cloth.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Antimony.</strong> The oxide of this metal is
+employed in the preparation of yellow pigments
+for enamel or porcelain painting. Glass is
+coloured yellow by antimony. (See <span class='sc'>Naples,
+Guimet’s Yellows</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Antipendium</strong>, Chr. (See <span class='sc'>Antependium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Antiphoner</strong>, Chr. An antiphonarium; a
+book of responses set to music.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Antique.</strong> Pertaining to ancient Greek or
+Roman art: more freely used in recent times to
+describe the quality of ancient art in general, but
+properly applicable only to classical art.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_032'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_032.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 32. Opus Antiquum.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Antiquum Opus</strong>, Arch. An ancient kind of
+stone-work or masonry composed of irregular
+stones. Another name for it was <em>opus incertum</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Antiseptic varnish.</strong> A glazing composed to
+protect vegetable or animal pigments.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Antitype.</strong> The realization of the <em>type</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Antonine Column.</strong> One of the most valuable
+architectural monuments in Rome. It is a lofty
+pillar ornamented with a series of bas-reliefs
+extending spirally from the base to the summit,
+representing the victories of the Emperor Marcus
+Aurelius Antoninus.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Anulus.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Annulus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Anvil.</strong> In Christian art the attribute of
+St. Adrian, and of St. Eloy, the patron saint of
+the smiths.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Apalare</strong></span>, R. A kitchen utensil; a sort of large
+metal spoon or ladle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ape.</strong> In Christian art the emblem of malice
+and of lust. Common in illuminations of the
+penitential psalms, in allusion to David’s fall.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Apex</strong></span>, R. (<em>apex</em>, the top). A piece of olive
+wood pointed at the end, and set in a flock of
+wool. It formed the head-dress of the <em>Flamines</em>
+and <em>Salii</em>. By analogy, the term was further used
+to denote a cap, and also the ridge on the top of
+a helmet to which the horsehair crest was attached.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Aphractus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἄφρακτον</span>, lit. unguarded).
+A vessel without a deck, or only
+partly decked fore and aft.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Aphrodisia</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἀφροδίσια</span>). A general
+term under which were comprised all the festivals
+held in honour of Venus (<cite>Aphroditè</cite>).</p>
+
+<div id='fig_033'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_033.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 33. Aplustre and anchor of a Roman ship.—From bas-relief.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Aplustre</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἄφλαστον</span>). An ornament
+placed at a ship’s stern. It was constructed
+of flexible wooden planks, in imitation of the
+feather of a bird’s wing.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Apobates</strong>, Gr. (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Desultor</span></i>). One who
+dismounts. (1) Soldiers in chariots who leaped
+in and out in the fight. (2) The circus riders
+who leaped from one horse to another.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Apodyterium</strong></span>, R. and Gr.-R. (from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀπὸ δύω</span>,
+to put off). In a general sense, an undressing-room,
+and more particularly the apartment in
+the baths where the bathers undressed. As little
+light penetrated from without, there was generally
+a lamp burning in a niche. An <em>apodyterium</em> such
+as that just described may still be seen at Pompeii.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Apollino</strong></span>, It. The name usually given to the
+beautiful “Apollo of Florence,” attributed to
+Praxiteles.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Apophyge</strong> or <strong>Apophysis</strong>, Arch. The small
+fascia or band at the top and base of the shaft of
+columns.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_034'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_034.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 34. Apostle Mug.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Apostle Mug.</strong> The mug or tankard shown
+in the engraving is of Nanconian or Nuremberg
+stone-ware, with figures of the twelve
+apostles enamelled in colours upon it. (Fig. <a href='#fig_034'>34</a>.)
+<span class='sc'>Apostle Spoons</span> are well known to have received
+their names from the figures of the
+Apostles forming the handles.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Apostyls Coats</strong></span>, O. E. Probably garments
+used for mystery plays.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Apotheca</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀποθήκη</span>, a granary). A
+store-room or magazine for containing any kind
+of stock. The Romans also applied the term
+specially to a wine store-room situated in the
+upper part of the house; this was sometimes
+called the <em>fumarium</em>. Here the wine was placed
+in amphoræ to ripen it more quickly, whereas
+when stored in the <em>cella vinaria</em>, it was placed in
+<span class='sc'>Cupæ</span> and <span class='sc'>Dolia</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Apotheosis</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀπὸ, θεὸς</span> god, to deify). A
+deification; the ceremony by which a mortal was
+introduced among the number of the gods. The
+proper term in Latin is <em>consecratio</em> (q.v.). The
+funeral pile, in such cases, was built several stories
+in height, and an eagle was let loose from the top
+storey, to carry the soul of the emperor from earth to
+heaven. This is commemorated upon the medals
+struck on the occasion, which represent an altar
+with a fire on it, from which an eagle ascends.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Apparel</strong>, Chr. Embroidered additions to the
+vestments of the clergy.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Appaumée</strong>, Her. Said of a <em>hand</em>, open, erect,
+and showing the palm.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Appianum</span></strong>, Lat. Appian green, a pigment
+used by the ancients, prepared from green earth,
+now known as <em>Cyprus</em> or <em>Verona green</em>, because
+the best is found at those places.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Apple.</strong> The emblem in classical art of victory,
+and in Christian art of the fall of man.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Appliqué</strong></span>, Fr. Applied ornament, as of metal
+or porcelain upon wood. In embroidery, Appliqué
+work is used, when a pattern cut out of one
+colour or stuff is applied, or laid on, to another.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_035'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_035.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 35. Apse of St. William in the Desert, a monastery in the South of France.—Built about <span class='fss'>A. D.</span> 820.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Apse</strong>, <strong>Apsis</strong>, or <strong>Chevet</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἁψὶς</span>, bow or vault).
+The termination of a church. It is generally of
+semicircular form, and surmounted by a demicupola,
+but there are instances of rectangular
+apses. Fig. <a href='#fig_035'>35</a> represents the apse of St. William
+in the Desert. (See <span class='sc'>Absis</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Apsis gradata</strong>, Chr. The chair occupied by
+bishops in the early Christian basilicas.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Apteral</strong>, Arch. Without wings. A temple
+without columns on the sides.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Aqua fortis</strong> (nitric acid). Used by engravers
+and etchers for biting-in on copper and steel.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Aqua marina.</strong> A transparent green stone, frequently
+used by the gem engravers of antiquity.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Aquæmanalis.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Aquiminarium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Aquamanile</strong>, Chr. The basin used for washing
+the hands of the celebrant in the liturgy.
+A. of great splendour are frequently mentioned
+in the ancient records. The corresponding ewer
+was called <span class='sc'>Urceus</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Aqua-tint.</strong> A method of engraving with the
+help of mastic. (<em>Consult</em> Fielding’s “Art of
+Engraving.”)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_036'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_036.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 36. Pont-du-Gard, a Roman aqueduct near Nismes. (<em>Restored</em>)</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Aqueduct</strong>, Gen. (<em>aqua</em>, water, and <em>duco</em>, to
+lead). An artificial canal for conveying water
+from one point to another, and often to a considerable
+distance from the source. Many
+ancient nations have executed works of this
+description, but the Roman aqueducts are especially
+celebrated. The most perfect is that which
+still exists, in a ruined state, over the river Gard,
+near Nismes in the South of France, called <em>Pont-du-Gard</em>.
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_036'>36</a>.) Aqueducts were often discharged
+into reservoirs.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Aquilæ</strong></span>, R. The eagles, or ensigns, of the
+Roman legion under the Empire. They were of
+silver or bronze, and had the wings outstretched.
+As an architectural term <em>aquila</em> denotes the
+triangular face formed by the tympanum of a
+pediment, because the latter was often ornamented
+with an eagle. (See <span class='sc'>Ensign</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Aquiminarium</strong></span>, R. An ewer for pouring water
+over the hands of the guests after a banquet.
+Other terms for this ewer were <em>aquæmanalis</em> and
+<em>aquimanale</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ara</strong></span>, R. The Latin term for <span class='sc'>Altar</span>. (See
+this word and <span class='sc'>Altare</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Arab Pottery.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Gargoulette</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Arabesque</strong>, Gen. An ornament of a pattern
+more or less intricate, composed of stems, foliage,
+leaves, fruits, scrolls, or leafage, as well as of
+curious and fantastic animals. It is an error to
+suppose that arabesque, as its name might seem
+to indicate, was an Arab invention; it was known
+to the Greeks and Romans, and was largely employed
+in Græco-Roman architecture.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Aræostylé</strong>, Arch. An order of temples, in
+which the space between the columns is four
+diameters in width.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Arbalest.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Cross-bow</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Arca</strong></span>, R. (<em>arceo</em>, to enclose, preserve). (1) A
+kind of box or strong chest used by the ancients
+as a receptacle for money, clothes, or any valuable
+effects. (2) A strong box or money chest;
+(3) a rough chest used for a coffin; (4) a cage
+for criminals, made of oak; (5) a wooden caisson,
+answering the purpose of a modern coffer-dam.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Arcade.</strong> A series of arches.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Arcadi.</strong> A Literary Academy established at
+Rome in 1690. The members adopted pastoral
+names. Their device was a Pandæan pipe, surrounded
+by a wreath of olive and pine.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Arcatures</strong>, Arch. A series of blind arcades
+represented on a wall, in relief or painting.
+Carved arcatures are those forming a kind of
+screen; they are detached from the wall, and
+have an inner and outer face.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Arcera</strong></span>, R. A cart boarded all over so as to
+resemble a huge chest (<em>arca</em>). The inmate
+reclined on cushions and pillows covered with
+drapery; and the exterior was covered with
+hangings, the richness of which varied with the
+rank and fortune of the owner.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Arch</strong> (<em>arcus</em>, a bow). A structure the form of
+which is based on the segment of a circle. The
+kinds of arches are named according to the
+curve which they make. <em>Round-headed arches</em>;
+semicircular, segmental or stilted, introduced by
+the Romans. <em>Triangular arches</em>, of very early
+date. <em>Horse-shoe arches</em>; the Moorish, the
+common horse-shoe and the pointed (which is
+also a Moorish form). Then the <em>trefoil arch</em> of
+the Early English style: with its variations, including
+the square-headed trefoil of the 13th
+century. The <em>lancet</em> or acute-pointed; the <em>equilateral</em>;
+the <em>pointed trefoil</em>; the <em>ogee</em>, of the 14th
+and 15th century; the <em>Tudor</em> arch, of the reigns
+of Henry VII. and VIII.; and the decorative
+forms, not used in construction; the <em>flamboyant</em>,
+the <em>cinquefoil</em> and the <em>multifoil</em> are all described
+under the headings printed above in <em>Italics</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Archaic</strong> (art). The first period of Art is distinguished
+by stiffness and conventionality of
+treatment, directed much more to the symbolic representation
+of an idea than to beauty or true imitation.
+It is properly called also the <em>hieratic</em> type,
+from its intimate relation to religious symbolism.
+See <span class='sc'>Selinuntian</span>; <span class='sc'>Æginetan Marbles</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Archangels.</strong> The seven angels of the Christian
+hierarchy who stand in the presence of God.
+<em>St. Michael</em>, sometimes in complete armour,
+bears a sword and scales, as the Angel of Judgment,
+also a rod with a cross; <em>St. Raphael</em> bears
+a fish, and a pilgrim’s staff and gourd; <em>St. Gabriel</em>
+bears a lily; <em>Uriel</em> carries a parchment roll
+and a book, as the interpreter of prophecies;
+<em>Chamuel</em> bears a cup and a staff; <em>Zophiel</em> a
+flaming sword; and <em>Zadchiel</em> the sacrificial knife
+which he took from Abraham. The Archangels
+are generally represented with the nimbus, and
+clothed as princes and warriors; their ensign is
+a banner and cross, and they are armed with a
+sword and a dart in one hand.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Arched</strong> or <strong>Archy</strong>, Her. Bent or bowed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Arched-buttress</strong> or <strong>Flying Buttress</strong>, Arch.
+An incomplete arch supporting the spandrels of
+a roof. It springs from a <span class='sc'>Buttress</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Archeria</span></strong>, Med. Lat. A vertical loophole from
+which arrows could be discharged.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Archibault.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Archivolt</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Architrave</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀρχὸς</span>, chief; and
+Ital. <em>trave</em>, a beam). That part of a structure
+which rests immediately on the capital of a
+column or pilaster. Architraves are surmounted
+by a frieze and a cornice.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Archivium</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A building in which
+archives (charters and records) of a city or state
+were deposited. It was also called <span class='sc'>Archeion</span>
+or <span class='sc'>Tabularium</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Archivolt</strong> or <strong>Archibault</strong>, (<em>arcus</em>, and <em>volutus</em>,
+rolled round). The whole of the mouldings
+decorating an arch or arcade, and following the
+contour of the same.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Archlute</strong>, old Eng. A kind of <em>theorbo</em>, or
+double-necked lute. 16th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Archy.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Arched</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Arcosolium</strong>, Chr. (<em>arcus</em>, and <em>solium</em>, a coffin).
+An arched or vaulted sepulchral chamber in the
+catacombs, sanctified by the interment of martyrs
+and holy persons; and in later generations often
+richly decorated, as with marble incrustations,
+paintings, and mosaics. The <em>arcosolia</em> in which
+Christians of small means were buried are constructed
+in the walls of the passages in the catacombs.
+The wealthier Christians, however, had
+<em>arcosolia</em> specially excavated for their family and
+friends; the following inscription is frequently
+found on them: <em>Nobis et nostris et amicis</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Arcuatio</strong></span>, R. A structure formed by means of
+arches or arcades, and employed to support a
+construction of any kind, such as a bridge,
+aqueducts, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Arcubalista</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βάλλω</span>, to throw). A
+machine for hurling arrows, somewhat similar
+to a cross-bow.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Arcubus.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Arquebus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Arcula</strong></span>, R. Diminutive of <span class='sc'>Arca</span> (q.v.). (1) A
+small chest. (2) A colour-box used by encaustic
+painters. (3) A small sepulchre, or stone coffin.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Arculum</strong></span>, R. A garland which the <em>Dialis</em> (Priest
+of Jupiter) wore on his head while sacrificing; it
+consisted of one or two pomegranate boughs
+bent into a circle and fastened with fillets of
+white or red wool.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Arcuma</strong></span>, R. A small carriage constructed to
+hold only one person. (See <span class='sc'>Plaustrum</span>, <span class='sc'>Chiramaxium</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Vehiculum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Arcus</strong></span>, R. (1) A bow for discharging arrows.
+There were many kinds in use among the ancients.
+Those of the Greeks and Romans presented on
+the whole much analogy with each other, while
+the Scythian bow differed entirely from both.
+(2) An arch of masonry; the <em>arcus triumphalis</em>
+was a triumphal arch. The Romans never used
+any other form of arch than the semicircle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ardenti.</strong> Literary Academies of this name
+existed at Pisa, at Naples, and at Viterbo.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Area</strong></span>, R. (1) Any broad, open and level space,
+and so a square or parade. <em>Areæ</em> were adorned
+with fountains and statues set up in honour of
+some divinity, who frequently gave his name to
+the spot. Thus at Rome there were the <em>area
+Apollinis</em>, <em>area Mercurii</em>, &amp;c. (2) A threshing-floor
+in a field.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Arena</strong></span>, R. (1) Sand; a material employed in
+building. (2) The level space forming the area
+of an amphitheatre.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Arenaria</strong></span>, R. A Roman game of ball for two
+persons; it derived its name from the fact that the
+ball was made to rebound from the ground (<em>arena</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Areste.</strong> A cloth of gold, elaborately figured,
+used for vestments. 13th century. It is not to
+be confounded with <em>arras</em>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_037'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_037.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 37. Arezzo vase.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Arezzo Vase.</strong> Many fine examples of old
+Etruscan pottery have
+been found in or near
+the town of Arezzo in
+Tuscany. They are of
+red lustred ware ornamented
+in relief, and
+show evident traces of
+Greek origin. (Fig. <a href='#fig_037'>37</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Argei</strong></span>, R. (1) Certain
+sites at Rome, having
+a small temple attached
+to them. (2) Images
+or lay-figures made of
+bulrushes, which were
+cast into the Tiber, on
+the Ides of May, from
+the Sublician bridge. This custom is still kept
+up in the south of France, where, in certain
+towns, on Ash-Wednesday, they drown an image
+called <em>Caramentran</em> who represents the god of
+the carnival.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Argent</strong>, Her. The metal silver, represented
+in engravings by a plain white.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_038'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_038.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 38. Point d’Argentan.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Argentan, Point d’.</strong> Lace made much in the
+same way as Point d’Alençon, but having the
+flowers bolder and larger in pattern and in higher
+relief; the foundation, called the bride-ground,
+is also coarser. It takes its name from the little
+town of Argentan in Normandy, where it was
+made. (Fig. <a href='#fig_038'>38</a>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_039'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_039.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 39. Argentella lace.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Argentella.</strong> A name given to a lace made in
+Genoa, but worked much like Point d’Alençon.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Argive.</strong> A school of sculpture, contemporary
+with the <span class='sc'>Attic School</span> of Pheidias; of which
+Polycletus was the head. He was the author of
+the <em>Canon</em>, or law of proportion in sculpture,
+exemplified in his <em>Doryphorus</em> (spear-bearer);
+he worked principally in bronze, and was famous
+for his chryselephantine statues. A specimen
+of the Argive school of sculpture is the <em>Discobolus</em>
+of Myron (a contemporary of Polycletus) in the
+British Museum. It is an ancient copy in marble
+from the original bronze statue. Closeness to
+Nature is a distinguishing characteristic of the
+Argive School.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_040'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_040.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 40. Battering-ram.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Aries</strong> or <strong>Ram</strong>. A battering-ram. It consisted
+of a stout beam, furnished at one end
+with an iron head, shaped like that of a ram,
+and was used to batter the walls of a city till a
+breach was effected. The battering-ram was
+at first worked by men, who simply carried it in
+their arms, but in course of time it was suspended
+from a wooden tower (Fig. <a href='#fig_040'>40</a>), or a
+vertical beam, and worked with the aid of ropes.
+When the battering-ram was enclosed in a kind
+of wooden shed bearing some resemblance to the
+shell of a tortoise, it was called by the name of
+that animal (<em>testudo</em>) (Fig. <a href='#fig_041'>41</a>).</p>
+
+<div id='fig_041'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_041.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 41. Battering-ram in <em>testudo</em>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ark</strong>, Chr. A symbol of the church.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Armanahuasi</strong>, Peruv. The baths of the ancient
+Peruvians. They were remarkable for the
+elegance and luxury displayed in their ornamentation.
+They were furnished with magnificent fountains,
+some of which threw their jets upwards
+(<em>huraea</em>), others in a horizontal direction (<em>paccha</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Armarium</strong></span>, R. A cabinet, cupboard, or bookcase.
+Originally a place for keeping arms. Some
+were ornamented with plates of brass set in
+links of gold; others were made of gold inlaid
+with precious stones of various shapes. (See
+also <span class='sc'>Almery</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Armatura</strong></span>, R. (1) In a general sense, armour
+of every kind. Thus <em>armatura levis</em> denoted the
+light infantry; and soldiers armed only with a
+<em>hasta</em>, and the dart, <em>gæsa</em> (of Gallic invention)
+were called <em>leves milites</em>. (2) The art of fencing.
+(3) The pieces of iron or bronze which connect
+stones or the parts of a structure. (4) The iron
+framework in a window or casement.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Armed</strong>, Her. Having natural weapons of
+offence, &amp;c. A lion is <em>armed</em> of his claws and
+teeth, a bull of his horns, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Armenian Green.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Chrysocolla</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Armet</strong>, Old Eng. A kind of helmet of the
+16th century, worn with or without the <em>beaver</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Armilausa</span></strong>, Lat. A classical garment
+adopted in England and elsewhere, worn by
+knights over their armour. Strutt describes it
+as “a round curtal weed, which they called a
+cloak, and in Latin <em>armilausa</em>, as only covering
+the shoulders.”</p>
+
+<div id='fig_042'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_042.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 42. Armilla. Celtic Bracelet.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_043'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_043.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 43. Armilla. Gaulish Bracelet.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Armilla.</strong> In
+general, any circlet
+of gold or
+silver which
+forms a bracelet
+for men or women,
+whether
+worn on the
+wrist, arm, or
+ankle. Bracelets
+worn by men
+often consisted
+of three or four
+massive bands
+of bronze, silver,
+or gold, and thus
+covered a considerable
+portion
+of the arm.
+Bracelets were
+worn by the
+Assyrians, the Babylonians, the Medes, the
+Persians, the Celts (Fig. <a href='#fig_042'>42</a>), and the Gauls
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_043'>43</a>). The Egyptians in some instances employed
+ivory and porcelain in their manufacture.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Armillum</strong></span>, R. A kind of <em>urceolus</em>, or small
+pitcher for holding a particular kind of wine. It
+was among the number of the sacrificial vessels,
+and was well known from the Latin proverb:
+<em>Anus ad armillum</em> (an old woman returns to her
+bottle).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Armilustrium.</strong> A Roman festival for the
+purification of arms.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Arming Points.</strong> The “points” or ties of
+armour.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Armins.</strong> Cloth or velvet coverings for pikehandles.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Armory</strong>, Her. (1) Heraldry. (2) A list of
+names and titles with the arms belonging to them.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_044'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_044.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 44. Primitive Roman Armour.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Armour</strong>, <strong>Arms</strong>. In almost every deposit
+where <em>prehistoric</em> remains are buried, we find
+clubs, hatchets, arrows, hammers, or other
+arms, mostly, even in the <em>stone age</em>, carefully
+ornamented. The ancient <em>Egyptians</em> were armed
+with “the bow, spear, two species of javelin,
+sling, a short and straight sword, dagger, knife,
+falchion, axe or hatchet, battle-axe, pole-axe,
+mace or club, &amp;c. Their defensive arms consisted
+of a helmet of plate, or quilted head-piece,
+a cuirass, or coat of armour made of metal
+plates, or quilted with metal bands, and an
+ample shield” (<cite>Wilkinson</cite>). Among the Greeks,
+the heavy-armed warrior wore the greaves,
+cuirass, with the mitra underneath, and the zone
+or cingulum above; his sword, ensis or gladius,
+hung on his left side, and the large round shield,
+sacus, aspis, clipeus or scutum, hung from his
+shoulder; his helmet, corys, cunea, cassis or
+galea; his spear, enkus, doru or hasta, or two
+spears. The defensive armour, the shield and
+thorax, were called hopla, and the man hoplites.
+The light-armed, psiloi, anoploi, gymnai, gymnetai,
+had a slighter covering of skins, or cloth,
+and fought with darts, stones, bows and arrows
+or slings. There were also the peltastæ, so
+called from their small shield pelte. All the
+above-mentioned parts of classical armour, and
+their modifications in that of mediæval times are
+described under their respective headings; as
+well as much of mediæval armour.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Arnis</strong></span>, Gr. and R. An expiatory festival held
+in honour of Linus and his mother Psamathê,
+the daughter of Crotopus, king of Argos. Various
+legends are extant regarding the origin of this
+festival, which was called <em>Arnis</em>  from the sheep
+(<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀρνειὸς</span>) that were sacrificed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Arotoi-Hieroi</strong>, Gr. Literally: <em>sacred labours</em>,
+a term used to denote three agricultural festivals
+which took place in Attica; the first was held
+in commemoration of the first sowing; the
+second, on occasion of reaping the earliest crop
+of barley in a field near Eleusis; the third, by
+way of invoking the blessings of Ceres on the
+field of corn specially set apart for the worship
+of Athena.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Arquebus.</strong> A hand-gun, larger than a musket.
+The man using it was called an <em>arquebusier</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Arra</strong> or <strong>Arrha</strong></span>, R. A deposit, or earnest-money
+to a contract.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Arras.</strong> Tapestry. Textile hangings for walls;
+first made at Arras in the 14th century. It was
+originally called Opus Saracenicum.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Arrhæ Sponsalitiæ</strong>, called also <span class='sc'>Arrabo</span>, was
+the name of the betrothal money paid to the
+parents of a bride; a practice of the Hebrews,
+continued by Christians.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Arrhephoria</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἀρρηφόρια</span>). A festival
+held at Athens in the month of June or <em>Scirophorium</em>.
+The maidens who took part in it
+were called <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἑροηφόροι</span> or <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἑροηφόροι</span>. Four little
+girls and a priestess carried some sacred vessels
+to a grotto.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Arricciate</strong>, Ital. One of the coats of mortar
+laid on to a wall to receive fresco-painting.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Arrondie</strong>, Her. Curved, round.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Arrows</strong>, in Christian art, are the emblems of
+pestilence, death, and destruction.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Arsenicon</strong>, Greek for <em>orpiment</em> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Artemisia</strong>, Gr. A general term to denote all
+the festivals of <em>Diana Artemis</em>. The most celebrated
+were those held at Ephesus, Delphi, and
+Syracuse.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Articulation.</strong> The anatomical study of the
+juncture of the bones.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Artolaganus</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀρτο-λάγανον</span>, i. e. bread-cake).
+A kind of dough-cake made with wine,
+milk, oil, and pepper. Cicero, in one of his
+letters, asserts that it was delicious.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Artophorium</strong> (bread-bearer), Chr. Another
+name for the ciborium or costly box prepared to
+contain the consecrated Host.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Artopta</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀρτάω</span>, to bake).
+A mould in which bread and pastry were baked.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Artopticius</strong></span>, R. (sc. <em>parús</em>). A roll or loaf of
+bread baked in an <em>artopta</em>, many examples of
+which may be seen in the small museum at
+Pompeii; owing to their having become hardened,
+these loaves have retained their shape perfectly
+when taken from the oven after eighteen centuries.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_045'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_045.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 45. Arundel device.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Arundel Device.</strong>
+A chapeau <em>or</em>,
+and <em>gules</em>, surmounted
+by a fret
+<em>or</em>, and an acorn
+leaved <em>vert</em>. This
+is only one of the
+numerous badges
+of the house of
+Arundel, which is
+peculiarly rich in
+armorial bearings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Arundel Marbles.</strong> A collection of ancient
+sculptures found in Greece and Asia Minor in
+the early part of the 17th century and brought
+to England at the expense of Thomas Howard,
+Earl of Arundel. In 1667 his grandson presented
+them to the University of Oxford.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Arundo</strong></span>, R. A term with various significations.
+(1) A reed or cane. (2) An arrow or bow made
+of cane. (3) A fishing-rod. (4) A cane rod tipped
+with bird-lime for catching birds. (5) A reed
+pen for writing. (6) A Pan’s pipe in which the
+reeds were joined together by wax; whence its
+name <em>arundo cerata</em>. (See <span class='sc'>Calamus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Arx</strong></span>, R. (<em>arceo</em>, to enclose). A citadel or fortress.
+<em>Arx</em> is almost equivalent to <span class='sc'>Acropolis</span>
+(q.v.), since citadels were usually built on elevated
+sites, thus forming an upper city (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀκρόπολις</span>).</p>
+
+<div id='fig_046'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_046.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 46. Greek Aryballos.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Aryballos.</strong> A Greek flask or vase used for oil
+or wine. It was commonly of a bladder shape
+with a thin neck. The example engraved (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_046'>46</a>) is painted in the Asiatic style. On some
+of these vases the ornament is engraved.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Arystichos</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀρύω</span>, to draw
+water). A vessel for drawing water, especially
+from the <span class='sc'>Amphora</span> (q.v.). It was also called
+<em>ephebos</em> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἔφηβος</span>), because, at banquets, it was the
+duty of youths to mix the wine with water before
+handing it to the guests. This term has as
+synonyms <em>aruter</em>, <em>arusane</em>, <em>arustis</em> and <em>oinerusis</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Arzica.</strong> (1) An artificial pigment of a yellow
+colour, used for miniature painting. (2) A yellow
+lake made from the herb “reseda luteola.”
+(3) A yellow earth for painting, of which the
+moulds for casting brass are formed; it yields an
+ochreous pigment of a pale yellow colour, which,
+when burned, changes to an orange colour.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Arzicon.</strong> A contraction of <em>Arsenicon</em>, for <em>orpiment</em>
+(q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>As</strong></span>, R. The unit of value in the bronze currency
+of the Romans. Originally the <em>as</em> weighed one
+pound, whence its name <em>as liberalis</em>; and as it
+was composed of a mixture of copper and tin (<em>æs</em>),
+it was also called <em>æs grave</em>. At a later period the
+<em>as</em> had much declined in value; under Augustus
+it was only worth somewhat less than a penny.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Asaminthos</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀσάμινθος</span>). A large vase
+of the Homeric epoch, large enough to admit of
+a person bathing in it. It is supposed that this
+was the <em>tub</em> of Diogenes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Asbestus.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Amiantus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ascendant</strong>, Her. Issuing upwards, as a
+flower.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ascia</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A term applied to instruments
+of various shapes and employed for
+different purposes, but all bearing a general
+resemblance to a carpenter’s adze. The expression
+<em>sub ascia dedicavit</em>, which is frequently found
+engraved on tombs together with the representation
+of an <em>ascia</em>, has given rise to numerous interpretations.
+It is supposed that this expression
+signified: This tomb [never before used] has been
+dedicated to the memory of the person in whose
+honour it was erected; or possibly the formula
+implied that the plot upon which the memorial
+stood had been granted in perpetuity. After all
+the discussion to which the formula has given
+rise, these are the two hypotheses most generally
+accepted. (See <span class='sc'>Acisculus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ascopera</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀσκὸς</span>, leathern bag or
+wine-skin; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πήρα</span>, a pouch). A large bag made
+of undressed leather, carried as  knapsack by
+foot-travellers, and thus distinguished from the
+<span class='sc'>Hippopera</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ascolia</strong>, <strong>Ascolias</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀσκὸς</span>,
+a wine-skin). An Athenian game which consisted
+in leaping upon a wine-skin, filled with
+wine and greased over with oil, during the
+festivals in honour of Dionysus.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ashlar</strong>, <strong>Achelor</strong>, &amp;c.; also <span class='sc'>Astler</span> or <span class='sc'>Estlar</span>,
+O. E. Hewn stone for the facings of walls.
+“Clene hewen Ashler.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Asilla</strong></span>, R. A yoke, like a milkman’s, or the
+Malay <em>picol</em>, for carrying burdens; is a common
+object in Egyptian and all other ancient representations
+of domestic appliances.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Asinarii.</strong> A term of reproach inherited by
+the early Christians from the Jews, who were
+accused of worshipping an ass.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Askos</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀσκός</span>). A vessel,
+originally shaped like a leather bottle (<em>uter</em>) for
+holding water or wine. It was furnished with a
+handle at the top, and had sometimes two
+mouths, one of which served to fill, the other to
+empty it. Later on, the <em>askos</em> assumed the form
+of an earthenware pitcher.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Asor</strong>, Heb. A musical instrument of ten
+strings played with the plectrum.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Asp.</strong> In Egyptian art the emblem of royalty;
+in Christian art, under the feet of saints, of conquered
+malice.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Aspectant</strong>, Her. Looking at one another.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Asperges</strong>, <strong>Aspergillum</strong>, Chr. The rod for
+sprinkling holy water.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Aspersed</strong>, Her. Scattered over,—the same as
+Semée.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Aspersorium</strong>, Chr. The stoup, or holy water
+basin.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Asphaltum.</strong> A brown carbonaceous pigment
+used in painting. It is found in various parts of
+the world, more particularly in Egypt, China,
+Naples, and Trinidad. The best is the Egyptian.
+(See <span class='sc'>Bitumen</span>, <span class='sc'>Mummy</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Aspic.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Oil of Spike</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ass</strong>, Chr. An emblem of patience and
+sobriety; but also of idleness and obstinacy;
+sometimes of the Jewish nation.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ass, Festival of the.</strong> A grotesque Christian
+festival of the Middle Ages, connected with the
+prominence of the ass in religious history.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Asser</strong></span>, R. (1) A beam, pole, or joist. (2) The
+rafters of a wooden roof. (3) <em>Asser falcatus</em> was
+a kind of ram which was launched, with the aid
+of machinery, by the garrison of a fortified town,
+against the enemy’s siege works.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Assett</strong></span>, O. E. A salver.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Assommoir</strong></span>, Fr. A sort of gallery built over
+a door or passage of a fortified place, from which
+stones, lead, and other heavy objects could be
+hurled down to <em>overwhelm</em> (<em>assommer</em>) the
+besiegers. Hence the name.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Asterisk</strong>, Chr. Sometimes called <span class='sc'>Stellula</span>.
+A kind of crossed framework made of gold or
+silver, consisting of two arched bands which are
+sometimes surmounted, at the point of intersection,
+by a cross. The asterisk is placed upon the
+patera for the purpose of keeping up the cloth
+which covers the consecrated wafers of the host.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Astler.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Ashlar</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Astragal</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀστράγαλος</span>, knuckle-bone). A
+small semicircular moulding, so called from
+its resemblance to a row of knuckle-bones placed
+side by side. As it is decorated with beads, or
+berries of laurel or olive, separated by discs, it is
+now commonly known as a <em>chaplet</em>. Astragals
+are placed at the top of a column, beneath the
+capital, and divide the architrave into two or
+three parts. They are also used to decorate any
+kind of base. (See <span class='sc'>Torus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Astragalus</strong></span>, R. The ancient game of knuckle-bones;
+a common subject in classical sculpture,
+called also <span class='sc'>Tali</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Astreated</strong>, Arch. Star-shaped ornaments,
+used in Norman mouldings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Asylum</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἄ-συλον</span>, safe from
+violence). A place of refuge, to which was attached
+the privilege of inviolability called <em>asulia</em>.
+This privilege belonged to certain temples, woods,
+or other sacred enclosures. There were a considerable
+number of such retreats in Greece and
+the Greek colonies.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>At Gaze</strong>, Her. Said of animals of the chase
+“standing still and looking about them.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Atach-gah</strong>, Pers. The fire-altar of the ancient
+Persians; mentioned in the writings of Pausanias
+and Strabo.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Atellanæ</strong> (sc. <em>fabulæ</em>), R. A farce, so called
+from its having originated in <em>Atella</em>, a city of the
+Osci, in Campania. Hence the name of Oscan
+games (<em>ludi Osci</em>). <em>Atellanæ</em> were played by
+youths of good family, on the conclusion of a
+tragedy. They were introduced into Rome in
+the fourth century <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> These farces were
+distinguished by their refinement, and freedom
+from low buffoonery.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Athenæum.</strong> A university for literary and
+scientific studies at Rome, on the Capitoline
+Hill.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Athyr</strong>, Egyp. One of the months of the
+ancient Egyptians. It was the third of the four
+months called the months of inundation.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_047'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_047.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 47. One of the Atlantes of the Theatre of Bacchus at Athens.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Atlantes</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τλῆναι</span>). Human
+figures so called, in allusion to the story of the
+Titan Atlas, which were employed instead of
+columns to support entablatures (Fig. <a href='#fig_047'>47</a>). The
+Latin equivalent for the term is <span class='sc'>Telamones</span>.
+Similar <em>female</em> figures were <span class='sc'>Caryatides</span>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_048'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_048.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 48. Atlas, a device used by Philip II. of Spain.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Atlas.</strong> One of the several devices adopted
+by Philip II. of Spain was a figure of Hercules
+bearing on his shoulders and kneeling beneath,
+the weight of the world; a feat recorded to have
+been performed by him in order to give relief to
+Atlas from his customary burden. The motto
+“Ut quiescat Atlas,” is written on a ribbon.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Atramentale</strong>, <strong>Atramentarium</strong></span>, Gr. and R.
+(<em>atramentum</em>, q.v.). An inkstand, of any shape
+or material whatsoever. Inkstands were made
+of terra-cotta, bronze, and silver. There is a
+Pompeian painting in which a <em>double</em> inkstand is
+represented, one side of which contains black
+ink, the other an ink of some different colour.
+There were also portable inkstands called <em>theca</em>.
+(See <span class='sc'>Theca</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Atramentum</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<em>ater</em>, black). A
+general term to denote any kind of black liquid;
+such were <em>atramentum scriptorum</em>, <em>atramentum
+librarium</em>, or simply <em>atramentum</em>—all terms for
+writing ink; <em>atramentum sutorum</em>, the black
+used by shoemakers for dyeing their leather,
+another name for which was <em>chalcamentum</em>
+(q.v.); and <em>atramentum tectorium</em>, a kind of ink
+used for writing inscriptions with a brush. In
+ancient times, all descriptions of ink were made
+with soot and gum, forming a kind of Indian
+ink which was diluted with water. Vitruvius
+(Book VII.) thus describes the process by which
+<em>atramentum</em> was obtained: “Soot is first procured
+by burning rosin in a vaulted chamber, and
+the black (<em>atramentum</em>) thus obtained is then
+mixed with gum.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Atriolum</strong></span>, R. (dimin. of <em>Atrium</em>). (1) A small
+atrium. It might be either a smaller atrium
+adjoining the principal one in a house, or the
+atrium of a dwelling of inferior size. (2) A
+small antechamber forming the entrance of a
+tomb.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_049'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_049.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 49. Atrium, with Ionic columns.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Atrium</strong></span>, R. and Mod. A term perhaps
+derived from <em>Atria</em>, a city of Tuscany in which
+structures of this description were first built. It
+consisted of a kind of covered court (<em>cavædium</em>),
+round which were grouped the different apartments
+of the house. In the centre of the roof
+was an aperture with sloping sides called the
+<em>compluvium</em>, and in the court beneath, a basin
+which collected the rain-water from the roof.
+This was called the <em>impluvium</em>. There were
+besides, the <em>atrium displuviatum</em> and the <em>atrium
+testudinatum</em>. The atrium was unquestionably
+the most essential and the most interesting part
+of a Roman mansion; it was here that numbers
+assembled daily to pay their respects to their
+patron, to consult the legislator, to attract
+the notice of the statesman, or to derive importance
+in the eyes of the public from an
+apparent intimacy with a man in power.—<em>Moule.</em></p>
+
+<div id='fig_050'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_050.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 50. Atrium, with Doric columns.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'>During the Middle Ages the term <em>atrium</em> was
+used to denote the open plot of ground surrounding
+a church, which served for a cemetery, and
+the close or courtyard of certain churches.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Attegia</strong></span>, R. A hut or cabin made of reeds,
+and covered with thatch.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Attic-order</strong>, Arch. An arrangement of low
+pilasters, surmounting a building.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_051'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_051.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 51. Atticurge doorway at Agrigentum.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Atticurge</strong>, Arch. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἀττικουργὴς</span>, wrought in
+Attic fashion). A doorway, the uprights of
+which, instead of being perpendicular, inclined
+slightly inwards, so that the opening was wider
+at the threshold than immediately under the
+lintel. Fig. <a href='#fig_051'>51</a> represents the doorway of an
+ancient monument at Agrigentum, in Sicily.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Attires</strong>, <strong>Attired</strong>, Her. The antlers of a stag
+or “hart” having antlers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Attributes.</strong> Conventional symbols of the
+character, or the agency, or the history, of
+subjects of art representation.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Auditorium</strong></span>, R. (a place for hearing). A
+lecture-room, assembly-room, court of justice, or
+generally any place in which orators, poets. &amp;c.,
+were heard. The <span class='sc'>Basilicæ</span> contained halls so
+named, in which courts of justice were held.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Augmentation</strong>, Her. An honourable addition
+to a coat of arms.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Augurale</strong></span>, R.
+(<em>augur</em>, a soothsayer).
+In a Roman
+camp the
+<em>augurale</em> was a
+place situated to
+the right of the
+general’s tent or
+<span class='sc'>Prætorium</span>
+(q.v.). It was so
+called because the
+augurs there took
+their station to observe
+the flight of
+birds. In Greece,
+the <em>oracles</em> were
+consulted; but in
+Rome questions
+were addressed to
+Jupiter, who answered
+simply
+“<em>Do</em>” or “<em>Do
+not</em>,” by his messengers
+the birds.
+They gave no
+prophecies.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Augustine’s Oak</strong>, at Aust on the Severn; the
+scene of the conference between St. Augustine
+and the British bishops, <span class='fss'>A. D.</span> 602.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Aula</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">αὐλή</span>). (1) An open court
+attached to a house. It was usually in front,
+and on either side of it were the stables and
+offices. When it belonged to a farm it was
+round this courtyard that the stabling, sheepfolds,
+and other outhouses were arranged. (2) <em>Aula
+regia</em> was the central part of the scene in a Greek
+or Roman theatre.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Aulæa</strong> or <strong>Aulæum</strong></span>, R. (<em>aula</em>, a hall). (1) Hangings
+or tapestry used to decorate the dining-room
+or <em>triclinium</em>, or generally, any piece of tapestry
+used as a curtain, whether to cover a doorway,
+act as a screen, or hide the stage in a theatre.
+(2) The covering of a sofa or dining-couch, also
+called, from the way in which it hung all round
+it, <em>peristroma</em> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">περίστρωμα</span>). Aulæa is almost
+synonymous with <span class='sc'>Velum</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<div id='fig_052'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_052.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 52. Aulmonière.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Aulmonière.</strong> The Norman name for the pouch,
+bag, or purse appended to the girdle of noble
+persons, and derived from the same root as
+“alms” and “almoner.” It was more or less
+ornamented and hung from long laces of silk or
+gold; it was sometimes called Alner. (Fig. <a href='#fig_052'>52</a>.)
+(See <span class='sc'>Allouyère</span>.)</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>I will give thee an <em>alner</em></div>
+      <div class='line'>Made of silk and gold clear.</div>
+      <div class='line in10'>(<cite>Lay of Sir Launfal.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Aulos</strong>, Gr. The Greeks gave this name to all
+wind instruments of the <em>flute</em>, or <em>oboe</em>, kind; it
+was not blown at the side like a flute, but by a
+vibrating reed in the mouthpiece, like a clarionet.
+The single flute was called <em>monaulos</em>, and the
+double one <em>diaulos</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Aumbrie</strong>, <strong>Aumery</strong>,
+<strong>Almery</strong>,
+O. E. A cupboard
+or closet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Aumery of
+Here</strong>, O. E. A
+cupboard with
+hair-cloth sides
+for ventilation. A
+meat-safe.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Aureola</strong>, Chr.
+(<em>aurum</em>, gold).
+A quadrangular,
+circular, or elliptic
+halo surrounding
+the bodies of Christ, the Virgin, or certain saints.
+Another name for this ornament is the <em>mystical
+almond</em> or <span class='sc'>Vesica Piscis</span> (q.v.). When it envelopes
+the head only it is called the <span class='sc'>Nimbus</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Aureole.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Aureola</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Aureus</strong></span>, R. (sc. nummus, golden). The
+unit of value for gold currency under the Roman
+emperors, worth about a guinea.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Auripetrum.</strong> A cheap imitation of gold leaf;
+made of tinfoil coloured with saffron.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Auspicium</strong></span>, R. (<em>aves aspicio</em>). Divination
+from observation of the flight of birds. (<em>Auspicium
+ex avibus</em>, <em>signa ex avibus</em>.) There was
+also the <em>auspicium cœleste</em> or <em>signa ex cœlo</em>, of
+which the most important was a flash of lightning
+from a clear sky. Besides these there were the
+<em>auspicia pullaria</em>, or auspices taken from the
+sacred chickens; the <em>auspicia pedestria</em>, <em>caduca</em>,
+&amp;c. (See <span class='sc'>Augurale</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Authepsa</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">αὐθέψης</span>). Literally
+a <em>self-boiler</em>; it was a sort of kettle or cauldron,
+which was exposed to the rays of the sun, to
+heat the water within it; whether, however, the
+ancients had attained the art of raising water
+to boiling heat, in this manner, it is impossible
+to say. The apparatus is mentioned by Cicero
+and Lampridius, but neither of them gives any
+description of it.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Avellane.</strong> A variety of the heraldic cross.
+(See <span class='sc'>Crosses</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Avena</strong></span>, R. (oats). A Pandæan pipe, made of
+the stalk of the wild oat.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Aventail</strong></span>, Fr. (<em>avant taille</em>). The movable
+front of a helmet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Aventurine.</strong> A kind of brown glass, mixed
+with bright copper filings, formerly made at
+Venice.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Averta</strong></span>, R. A trunk, bag, or portmanteau,
+carried on the crupper by travellers who rode on
+horseback.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Aviarium</strong></span>, R. (<em>avis</em>, a bird). (1) A poultry-yard.
+(2) An aviary in which birds—and more
+particularly those of rare breeds—were kept.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Axis</strong></span>, R. (1) The axle-tree of a carriage.
+(2) <em>Axis versatilis</em> was a cylinder worked by a
+crank, and used for drawing water from a well
+by means of a cord which rolled round it as it
+revolved. (3) The upright pivot upon which a
+door turned. It worked in two sockets, placed
+respectively in the upper and lower lintels.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Azarcon.</strong> The Spanish name for red lead.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Azure.</strong> A blue colour known from the
+very earliest times. Azure stone was the name
+given to the lapis lazuli. The name is given also
+to <span class='sc'>Cobalt</span>. In heraldry it is the name for the
+blues in the arms of persons whose rank is below
+that of a baron; it is represented in heraldic
+engraving by regular horizontal lines.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Azyme</strong>, Chr. Unleavened bread.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c005'>B.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c006'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Baccalarii</span></strong>, Med. Lat. A contraction of
+bas-chevaliers: poor knights; distinct from
+knights bannerets, who were also termed rich
+knights.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Baccelleria</span></strong>, Med. Lat. The order of
+bachelors. Thus we read,</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">La flor de France et la bachelerie.</span>”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'>Bachelor or Bachelier has been derived from <em>bas
+échelle</em>, the lowest step of the ladder. (<cite>Meyrick.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Baccha</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A Bacchante; a woman
+who celebrates the mysteries of Bacchus, in the
+temples of the god, or in the Bacchic orgies.
+In the numerous representations of Bacchantes
+which occur on monuments of ancient art, they
+carry the <em>thyrsus</em> in their right hands, and wear
+a wreath of ivy or vine-leaves on their heads.
+They appear also in the disguise of Lenæ,
+Thyades, Naiads, Nymphs, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Bacchanalia</strong></span>, R. (Greek, <em>Dionysia</em>). Festivals
+held in honour of Dionysus or Bacchus.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Bacchos</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A short, richly ornamented
+<em>thyrsus</em>, carried by the Mystæ, at Eleusis,
+on occasion of their being initiated in the
+mysteries. There was a proverb in Greece
+which said: “Many carry the <em>Bacchos</em>, but few
+are inspired by the gods.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bacillum</strong> (dimin. of <span class='sc'>Baculum</span>, q.v.). A
+small wand, especially the lictor’s wand.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Backgammon</strong>, originally called <em>table board</em>, is
+mentioned in a MS. of the 13th century. The
+name of <em>bag-gamon</em> is first found in 1646.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Baculum</strong>, <strong>Baculus</strong></span>, R. A general term to
+denote any kind of staff, except such as form the
+insignia of any rank or office, or are employed
+in certain professions.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_054'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_054.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 54. Badge of King Henry V. in his chantry in Westminster Abbey.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_053'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_053.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 53. Planta genista, or broom.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Badges.</strong> Small heraldic
+shields, worn by servants
+and others, showing, in
+embroidered cloth or silver,
+a figure or device; common
+also “in the furniture of
+houses, on robes of state, on
+the caparisons of horses, on
+seals, and in the details of
+Gothic edifices.” (<em>Lower</em>,
+“<em>Curiosities of Heraldry</em>.”)
+Fig. <a href='#fig_054'>54</a> from the cornice of
+King Henry’s chantry in
+Westminster Abbey shows
+the adaptation of heraldic badges in architectural
+ornament. (The description is inserted under
+<span class='sc'>Blazon</span>, q.v.) The Badges worn by the military
+followers of the feudal leaders answered the
+purpose of our modern uniforms. Among remarkable
+badges are the “Bear and ragged
+staff” of the Earls of Warwick, the red and
+white roses of Lancaster and York, the sprig
+of broom (Fig. <a href='#fig_053'>53</a>) of the Plantagenets.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Badgers.</strong> Brushes of badger’s hair, for blending
+or softening. (See <span class='sc'>Blending</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bagordare</strong>, Med. It. A burlesque tournament
+in which the combatants were attended by
+fools instead of heralds and esquires.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bagpipe.</strong> This ancient and favourite instrument
+of the Celtic races is represented in an
+O. E. MS. of the 14th century. Several of the
+Hebrew instruments mentioned in the Bible and
+in the Talmud were kinds of bagpipes. So was
+a Greek instrument called “Magadis.” In
+Russia and Poland, and in the Ukraine, it used
+to be made of a whole goat’s skin, and was
+called “Kosa,” a goat. It is of high antiquity
+in Ireland, and a pig playing the bagpipe is
+represented in an illuminated Irish MS. of <span class='fss'>A. D.</span>
+1300.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Baijoire.</strong> (1) A medal or coin on the obverse
+or reverse of which were two faces in profile,
+placed one over the other. (2) An ancient
+silver coin of Genoa, and an ancient Dutch gold
+coin. The term is certainly derived from an old
+word Baisoire [<em>baiser</em>, to kiss].</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bai-Kriem</strong>, Hindoo. Literally, roasted rice;
+a stone employed in some of the monuments
+of the ancient Cambodia. (See <span class='sc'>Bien-Hoa</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bailey.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Ballium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bainbergs</strong> (Germ. <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Bein-bergen</span></i>). Shin-guards
+or modern greaves.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Baisoire.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Baijoire</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Balance</strong> or <strong>Scales</strong>. In Christian symbolism
+the balance symbolizes the Last Judgment. The
+Scales and Sword are also, generally, the attribute
+of personified Justice.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Balandrana.</strong> A large cloak, of the 12th and
+13th centuries.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Balayn</strong></span>, O. E. Whalebone for crests of
+helmets.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Baldachin</strong></span>, It. A canopy of wood, stone,
+or metal over seats and other places of honour,
+common also over fireplaces and beds, and
+carried in coronation and other processions over
+the most honoured persons.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Baldric</strong>, <strong>Baudrier</strong>, or <strong>Baudrick</strong></span>, O. E. A
+girdle or sash, usually a belt of leather, and worn
+over the shoulder. They were sometimes
+hung with bells. (See <span class='sc'>Balteus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Balea</strong>, <strong>Balia</strong></span>, Med. Lat. (from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βάλλω</span>, to
+throw). (1) A sling. (2) A <em>ballista</em>. From
+their skill in the use of slings, the inhabitants of
+Majorca, Minorca, and Ivica had the appellation
+Baleares.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Bales</strong></span>, O. E. (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">balascus</span></i>; Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">balais</span></i>). An
+inferior kind of ruby.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Baleyn.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Balayn</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Balista.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Ballista</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Balista a pectore</span></strong>, Med. Lat. A hand cross-bow.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Balistrariæ</span></strong>, Med. Lat., Arch. Cruciform
+openings in the wall of a fortress to shoot
+quarrels through from cross-bows.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Balletys</strong> or <strong>Tuptai</strong>, Gr. A ceremony consisting
+in a mock combat with stones, which
+took place at the Eleusinian festival.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_055'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_055.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 55. Ball-flower.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ball-flower.</strong> An ornament characteristic of
+the Decorated style
+of the 14th century.
+It represents the
+“knop” of a flower.
+<em>Ball-flowers</em> may be
+seen in the Cathedrals
+of Bristol, Gloucester,
+and Hereford.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ballista</strong> or <strong>Balista</strong>,
+Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βάλλω</span>,
+to throw). A military
+engine for hurling
+large missiles. It
+was constructed of wood, and consisted of two
+uprights connected horizontally by a double
+cross-beam. Strands of twisted fibre formed
+the motive power of the engine, which was
+fitted with an iron groove. The cord was
+drawn back by men, with the aid of a drum or
+pulleys. The ancient balista was used to shoot
+<em>stones</em>; the catapult to project <em>heavy darts</em>.
+Some balistæ threw stones weighing three
+cwt. The mediæval balistæ threw <em>quarrels</em> or
+stones.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ballistarium</strong> or <strong>Balistarium</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A
+shed or magazine in which <em>ballistæ</em> were kept.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ballium</span></strong>, Med. Lat. (1) (from Ital. <em>battaglia</em>).
+The <em>Bailey</em> or courtyard of a castle. (2) The
+bulwark which contained such a Bailey.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Balneæ</strong> or <strong>Balineæ</strong>. (See <span class='sc'>Balneum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Balnearia</strong></span>, R. A general term for all the
+utensils used in a bath, such as strigils, <em>unguentaria</em>,
+<em>guttæ</em>, oils, perfumes, essences, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_056'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_056.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 56. Balneæ. The Caldarium.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Balneum</strong>, <strong>Balneæ</strong>, <strong>Thermæ</strong></span>, Gr. and R.
+<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Balneum</span></i> meant originally a tub or other vessel
+to bathe in; next, the room in which it was
+placed; when there were many such rooms the
+plural <em>balnea</em> was used. <em>Balneæ</em> were the
+public baths, under the Republic, when they
+consisted of ordinary baths of hot and cold
+water. <em>Thermæ</em> were the magnificent and
+luxurious buildings adapted for the hot air
+system. They contained (1) the <em>Apodyterium</em>,
+or dressing-room; (2) the <em>Frigidarium</em>, where
+the cold bath was taken; (3) the <em>Tepidarium</em>,
+a bath of warm air; (4) the <em>Caldarium</em>, with a
+vapour bath at one end, a warm water bath at
+the other, and a <em>Sudatorium</em>, or sweating bath
+in the middle. The pavement, called <em>suspensura</em>,
+was over a furnace, <em>hypocaustum</em>. The bathers
+were currycombed with <em>strigils</em>, which the
+Greeks called <em>stlengis</em> or <em>xystra</em>; and they
+dropped oil over their bodies from narrow-necked
+vessels called <em>guttus</em> or <em>ampullæ</em>. The
+<em>Thermæ</em> contained <em>exedræ</em>, or open air chambers,
+where philosophers lectured, and libraries, and
+had gardens, and shady walks, and fountains,
+with statuary attached to them. The ruins of
+the <em>Thermæ</em> built by Titus, Caracalla, and
+Domitian remain visible (Fig. <a href='#fig_056'>56</a>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Balon</strong>, <strong>Balein</strong>, <strong>Balayn</strong></span>, O. E. Whalebone.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Balsam of Copaiba.</strong> An oleo-resin, used as
+a <em>varnish</em>, and as a vehicle, for oil painting.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Balteolus.</strong> Dimin. of <span class='sc'>Balteus</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Balteus</strong> or <strong>Balteum</strong> (a belt), R. (1) A baldric
+or wide belt which passed over one shoulder
+and beneath the other, for the purpose of suspending
+a sword, buckler, or any other arm.
+(2) The ornament on the baldric on which was
+marked the number of the legion to which a
+soldier belonged. (3) A richly ornamented
+band of leather placed round a horse’s breast,
+below the <span class='sc'>Monile</span>, or throat-band (q.v.). (4)
+The broad belt in the sphere, which contains
+the signs of the Zodiac. (5) The bands surrounding
+the volutes of an Ionic capital. (6)
+The <em>præcinctiones</em>, or small walls, or parapets,
+separating the different tiers in a theatre or
+amphitheatre. (Generally a <span class='fss'>BELT</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Baltheus</span></strong>, Med. Lat. for <span class='sc'>Balteus</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Baluster.</strong> A small pillar, swelling in the
+centre or towards the base.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_057'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_057.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 57. Balustrade.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Balustrade</strong>, Arch. An enclosure or parapet
+composed of ballisters (q.v.), and by analogy, an
+enclosure consisting of any other ornament, such
+as trefoils, carved work, &amp;c. Fig. <a href='#fig_057'>57</a> represents
+a balustrade of the pointed Gothic style.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Bambino</strong></span>, It. A babe. Image of the infant
+Christ.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Bambocciata</strong></span>, It. The style of genre painting
+of Teniers, Van Ostade, Wilkie, and others.
+It was introduced into Rome in 1626 by Peter
+Van Laar, who was called, from an unfortunate deformity
+that he had, Il Bamboccio, or the Cripple.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Banded</strong>, Her. Encircled with a band.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Banderolle.</strong> (1) A small flag, about a yard
+square, upon which arms were emblazoned,
+displayed at important funerals. (2) In architecture
+of the Renaissance, a flat scroll,
+inscribed.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_058'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_058.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 58. Falling-Band.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bands.</strong> Originally the name given to the
+collars which (in the 17th century) replaced the
+ruff of Elizabeth’s
+reign. At first
+they were made
+of stitched linen
+or cambric edged
+with lace, stiffened
+so as to stand
+up round the neck.
+Contemporary
+with these were the
+falling bands. The
+engraving (by Hollar,
+1640) shows a
+merchant’s wife
+with collar or falling
+band of cambric
+edged with lace.
+The term bandbox
+has descended
+to us from those
+days, when similar
+boxes were made
+expressly for keeping
+bands and ruffs
+in. (Fig. <a href='#fig_058'>58</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bands</strong>, Arch.,
+are either small
+strings round
+shafts, or a horizontal
+line of
+square, round, or
+other panels
+used to ornament towers, spires, and other
+works. (See <span class='sc'>Balteus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Bandum</strong>, <strong>Banderia</strong></span>, Med. Lat. A small
+banner. The French poets called it “<em>ban</em>,” a
+word probably of Celtic origin, signifying
+“exalted.” (<cite>Meyrick.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Bankard</strong></span>, O. E. (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">banquier</span></i>). A carpet
+or cloth covering for a table, form, or bench.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_059'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_059.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 59. The Royal Standard, or Banner.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Banner.</strong> In
+heraldry, a
+square, or narrow
+oblong
+flag, larger
+than the pennon
+(q.v.),
+charged with
+the coat of
+arms of the
+owner displayed
+over its entire
+surface,
+precisely as it
+is blazoned on
+a shield, as in
+the illustration
+of the Royal
+Standard,
+which should properly be styled the Royal <em>Banner</em>.
+(See <span class='sc'>Standard</span>.) The Union Jack is also
+a banner, in which the blazonry of the two
+nations of England and Scotland are combined,
+not by “quartering,” but by an earlier process
+of “blending” the cross and the saltire in a
+single composition. The profusion of banners
+at tournaments, in feudal times, when each
+noble planted his own in the lists, was an element
+of picturesque effect. The term applies
+to all kinds of flags, or colours, proper to
+individuals, or corporations, &amp;c., who display
+them. It does not appear that <em>military</em> banners
+were used by the ancients. The banners used
+in Roman Catholic countries bear the representation
+of patron saints, or symbols of religious
+mysteries.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Banner-cloth</strong>, Chr. A processional flag.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Banneret.</strong> A knight entitled to display a
+banner.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Baphium</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βάπτω</span>, to dye). A
+dyer’s workshop.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_060'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_060.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 60. Baptistery of St. Jean, Poitiers.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_061'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_061.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 61. Baptistery of St. Constance, Rome.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Baptisterium</strong></span>, R. (from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βάπτω</span>, to dip). A
+kind of cold plunging-bath, constructed in the
+<span class='sc'>Frigidarium</span> (q.v.), or the room itself. In
+Christian archæology, <em>baptistery</em> was the name
+given to a building adjoining a basilica, or
+situated near it, in which baptism was administered.
+Such is the baptistery of St. John
+Lateran at Rome. One of the most ancient
+baptisteries in France is that of St. Jean, at
+Poitiers, represented in Fig. <a href='#fig_060'>60</a>. It dates from
+the fourth century; that of St. Constance, at
+Rome (Figs. 61, 62), belongs to the same
+period.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_062'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_062.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 62. Interior of the Baptistery of St. Constance.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bar</strong>, Her. A horizontal line across a shield.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Barathron</strong> or <strong>Orugma</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βάραθρον</span>). A
+deep cleft behind the Acropolis at Athens, into
+which criminals were thrown, either under sentence
+of death by this means, or after they had
+been put to death by hemlock or other poisons.
+It was situated near the temple of Diana Aristobulê.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Barba</strong>, Gen. The beard, whence the attributive
+<em>barbatus</em>, frequently employed to denote one
+who wears a beard. Thus <em>bene barbatus</em>, a man
+with a well-trimmed beard; <em>barbatulus</em>, a young
+man whose youthful beard had never been
+touched with the razor. Among many nations
+of antiquity the custom prevailed of curling the
+beard artificially, so as to obtain long curls or
+ringlets, <em>cincinni</em>. (See <span class='sc'>Cincinnus</span>.) The Assyrians,
+Egyptians, Jews, Persians, Greeks, and
+Romans may be particularly enumerated. Shaving
+the beard was introduced into Rome about
+<span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 300, and became the regular practice. In
+the later times of the republic many persons
+began to wear it trimmed, and the terms <em>bene
+barbati</em> and <em>barbatuli</em> were applied to them.
+Under Hadrian the practice of wearing beards
+was revived, and the emperors until Constantine
+wore them. The Romans let the beard grow as
+a sign of mourning; the Greeks shaved. The
+beard is an attribute of the prophets, apostles,
+and evangelists (excepting St. John); and, in
+ancient art, of Jupiter, Serapis, Neptune, &amp;c.
+Neptune has a straight beard; Jupiter a curly
+silky one. The early Britons shaved generally,
+but always had long moustachios. The Anglo-Saxon
+beard was neatly trimmed or parted into
+double locks. The Normans originally shaved
+clean, but when settled in England let all their
+beard grow. Close shaving prevailed among
+the young men in England in the 14th century;
+older men wore a forked beard. After sundry
+changes, clean shaving obtained in the reign of
+Henry VI., and the beard was rarely cultivated
+from then until the middle of the 16th century.
+The most extravagant fashions arose in Elizabeth’s
+reign, and were succeeded by variations
+too numerous to detail.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Barbatina</strong></span>, It. A preparation of clay mixed
+with the shavings of woollen cloth, used in the
+manufacture of pottery to attach the handles and
+other moulded ornaments. (<cite>Fortnum.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Barbed</strong>, Her. Pointed, as an arrow.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_063'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_063.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 63. Barbican.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Barbican</strong>,
+Mod. (1) A
+long narrow
+opening made
+in a wall, especially
+in a
+foundation
+wall, to let the
+water flow
+away. (2) The
+term also denotes
+an outwork
+placed
+in front of a
+fortified castle
+or any other
+military post. In the latter acceptation the
+term <span class='sc'>Antemural</span> (q.v.) is also used. The
+illustration is taken from the arms of Antoine de
+Burgundy. In this instance the barbican is a
+small double tower, or out-post watch-house, and
+the shutter-like pent-house protection of the unglazed
+window openings bears a striking resemblance
+to a modern sun-blind.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Barbitos</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βάρβιτος</span>). A stringed
+instrument which dates from a very high antiquity;
+it was much larger than the <span class='sc'>Cithara</span>
+(q.v.). To strike the long thick strings of the
+<em>barbitos</em>, a <span class='sc'>Plectrum</span> (q.v.) was used instead
+of the fingers. The invention of this instrument
+is attributed to Terpander; Horace, on the contrary,
+says it was invented by Alcæus, and
+Athenæus by Anacreon. It was a kind of lyre
+with a large body.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Barbotine</strong></span>, Fr. A primitive method of decorating
+coarse pottery with clays laid on it in
+relief. (<cite>Jacquemart.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Barca.</strong> A boat for pleasure, or for transport.
+It was also a long-boat. (See <span class='sc'>Bari</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Barde</strong>, <strong>Barred</strong>, Her. In horizontal stripes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Barded</strong>, Her. Having horse-trappings, or—</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bardings</strong>, which were often enriched with armorial
+blazonry.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Bardocucullus</strong></span>, R. and Gaul. (<em>bardus</em> and <em>cucullus</em>,
+i. e. monk’s hood). A garment with
+sleeves and hood worn by the poorer classes
+among the Gauls. It bore some resemblance to
+the Roman <span class='sc'>Pænula</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Barge-board</strong>, or <strong>Verge board</strong>, is the external
+gable-board of a house; which is often elaborately
+ornamented with carvings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bari</strong> or <strong>Baris</strong>, Gr. and Egyp. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βᾶρις</span>). A
+shallow Egyptian boat, used on the Nile to
+transport merchandise, and in funeral processions.
+The Egyptian sacred barks, with which they
+formed processions on the Nile, were made of
+costly woods, and ornamented with plates of
+gold or silver, and carried a miniature temple
+(<em>naos</em>), which contained the image of a divinity.
+The prow and the poop were ornamented
+with religious symbols of the richest
+workmanship.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_064'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_064.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 64. Barnacles or Breys.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Barnacles</strong> or <strong>Breys</strong>. An
+instrument used in breaking
+horses.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Baron</strong>, in heraldic language,
+signifies a husband. The rank of
+Baron in the peerage corresponds
+with that of the Saxon Thane;
+it is the lowest.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Baronet</strong>. An hereditary rank instituted by
+James I. in 1612.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Baron’s Coronet</strong>, first granted by Charles II.,
+has, on a golden circlet, six large pearls; of
+which four are shown in representations.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Baroque.</strong> In bad taste, florid and incongruous
+ornamentation. The same as <em>rococo</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Barrulet</strong>, Her. The diminutive of a <span class='sc'>Bar</span>
+(q.v.).</p>
+
+<div id='fig_066'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_066.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 66. Barry of six.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Barry</strong>, Her. Divided into an even number
+of bars, which all lie in the
+same plane.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Barry-Bendy</strong>, Her. Having
+the field divided by lines drawn
+<em>bar-wise</em>, which are crossed by
+others drawn <em>bend-wise</em>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_067'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_067.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 67. Bartizan.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bartizan</strong>, <strong>Watch-turret</strong>,
+Arch. A small watch-tower
+made to project from the top
+of a tower or a curtain-wall,
+generally at the angles. City-gates were in
+some instances furnished with bartizans. Originally
+they were of wood, but from the 11th
+century they were made of masonry, and so
+formed part of the structure on which they
+rested; they were, in fact, turrets. (Fig. <a href='#fig_067'>67</a>.)
+(Compare <span class='sc'>Barbican</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_068'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_068.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 68. Bar-wise.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bar-wise</strong>, Her. Disposed after the manner
+of a <span class='sc'>Bar</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Barytes.</strong> A heavy spar, or sulphate, the <em>white</em>
+varieties of which are ground and made into
+paint (<em>constant</em> or <em>Hume’s white</em>). Mixed with
+an equal quantity of <em>white lead</em>, it produces
+<em>Venice white</em>, and with half as much “<em>Hamburg</em>,”
+or with one-third <em>“Dutch” white</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Basalt</strong> is a very hard stone, much like lava in
+appearance, and black or green in colour, used
+for statuary. The principal specimens are
+Egyptian and Grecian.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Basanos</strong>, Gr. (1) (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lapis Lydius</span></i>) The touchstone;
+a dark-coloured stone on which gold
+leaves a peculiar mark. Hence (2) trial by torture.
+(3) A military engine,
+the form of which is not
+exactly known.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Bascauda</strong></span>, R. A basket,
+introduced from Britain as a
+table utensil, considered as
+an object of luxury. It was
+the old Welsh “basgawd,”
+and served to hold bread or
+fruits.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bascinet.</strong> A light helmet, round or conical,
+with a pointed apex, and fitting close to the
+head, mentioned in the 13th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Bascule</strong></span>, O. E. (1) The counterpoise to a drawbridge.
+(2) A kind of trap-door. (A badge of
+the Herbert family.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_069'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_069.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 69. Ionic Base.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Base</strong>, Arch. The lower part of a pillar, wall,
+&amp;c.; the division of a column on which the
+shaft is placed. The Grecian Doric order has no
+base.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Base.</strong> Her. The lowest extremity.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Baselard</strong></span>, Fr. An ornamental short dagger,
+worn at the girdle; 15th century. With such a
+weapon the Lord Mayor of London “transfixit
+Jack Straw in gutture.” The weapon is preserved
+by the Fishmongers’ Company.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bases.</strong> A kind of embroidered mantle, which
+hung down from the middle to about the knees,
+or lower; worn by knights on horseback.
+(<cite>Narcs.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Basileia</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βασίλεια</span>). A festival instituted
+in honour of Jupiter <em>Basileus</em>. It was
+in commemoration of the victory which the
+Bœotians had won at Leuctra, and in which
+success had been promised them by the oracle of</p>
+
+<div id='fig_070'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_070.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 70. Basilica at Pompeii (restored).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_071'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_071.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 71. Ground-plan of a Basilica.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Basilica</strong> (sc. aula), Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βασιλικὴ</span>, sc.
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">στοὰ</span>, i. e. royal hall). This term owes its original
+meaning to the fact
+that in Macedonia the
+kings, and in Greece the
+archon Basileus dispensed
+justice in buildings of this
+description. The Romans,
+who adopted the
+basilica from the above-named
+countries, used it
+as a court of justice, but
+besides this it became a
+branch of the forum, and
+even when it did not form
+a part of the latter was
+constructed near it, as
+was the case at Pompeii.
+Fig. <a href='#fig_071'>71</a> represents the
+ground-plan of this basilica,
+and Fig. <a href='#fig_070'>70</a> a view
+of the same building
+restored. The ground-plan
+of the basilica is
+rectangular, the width
+not more than half nor
+less than a third of the
+length. It was divided
+by two single rows of
+columns into three naves, or aisles, and the
+tribunal of the judge was at one end of the
+centre aisle. In the centre of the tribunal
+was the <em>curule chair</em> of the prætor, and seats
+for the judices and advocates. Over each of
+the side aisles there was a gallery, from which
+shorter columns supported the roofs; these were
+connected by a parapet wall or balustrade. The
+central nave was open to the air. Under Constantine
+the basilicæ were adopted for Christian
+churches. The early Norman churches were built
+upon the same plan, and the circular apsis,
+where the judges originally sat, used for the
+central altar, was the origin of the apsidal termination
+of the Gothic cathedrals. The first basilica was built at Rome, <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 182. In the Middle
+Ages structures resembling small churches erected
+over tombs were called Basilica.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Basilidian Gems.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Abraxas</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Basilinda</strong></span>, Gr. and R.
+(<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βασιλίνδα</span>). Literally, the
+game of the king; it was
+often played by Greek and
+Roman children. The king
+was appointed by lot, the
+rest being his subjects, and
+bound to obey him, during
+the game.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_072'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_072.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 72. Basilisk.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Basilisk.</strong> A fabulous animal,
+having the body of a
+cock, beak and claws of
+brass, and a triple serpent
+tail. The emblem of the Spirit of Evil. In
+heraldry, a cockatrice having its tail ending in a
+dragon’s head.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Basilium</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βασίλειον</span>). A royal diadem,
+of a very tall form, of Egyptian origin. Isis-Fortuna
+is often represented wearing the <em>basilium</em>
+on her head.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Basinet.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Bascinet</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Basons</strong> for ecclesiastical ceremonies, for collecting
+alms or for holding the sacramental vessels,
+were a favourite subject for the goldsmith’s art.
+Some beautifully enamelled basons of the 13th
+century represent subjects of hawking and hunting,
+&amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bas-relief</strong>, <strong>Basso-relievo</strong>, sculptured figures
+projecting less than half of their true proportions;
+<strong>Mezzo-relievo</strong> projecting exactly half;
+<strong>Alto-relievo</strong> more than half, from the ground
+upon which they are carved.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bassara</strong> or <strong>Bassaris</strong>, Gr. (a fox, or fox-skin).
+A long tunic of Lydian origin worn by the
+Mænads of Lydia and Thrace, who were often
+called, from this circumstance, <em>Bassaræ</em> and
+<em>Bassarides</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Basterna</strong></span>, R. A closed litter appropriated
+especially to the use of ladies, as the <em>Anthologia
+Latina</em> says: “The gilded basterna conceals
+the chaste matrons.” It was carried by two
+mules harnessed in shafts, one in front and one
+behind; the <span class='sc'>Lectica</span> (q.v.), on the contrary, was
+carried by men. During the Middle Ages the
+same form of litter was a common means of
+conveyance in England.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_073'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_073.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 73. Ground-plan of the Bastile.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bastile</strong>, Arch. An
+outwork placed so as
+to defend the approach
+to a castle or fortified
+place. A famous Bastile
+which had been
+converted into a state
+prison was that of
+Paris, destroyed in
+1789. Fig. <a href='#fig_073'>73</a> shows the ground-plan of it.
+The diminutive of this term is Bastillon, which
+has been changed into <em>Bastion</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bastion</strong>, Mod. A projecting polygonal buttress
+on a fortification. The anterior portions
+of a bastion are the <em>faces</em>; the lateral portions,
+the <em>flanks</em>; the space comprised between the two
+flanks, the <em>gorge</em>; and the part of the fortification
+connecting two bastions together, the <em>curtain</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bastisonus</span></strong>, Med. Lat. A bastion or bulwark.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Batagion</strong> or <strong>Batagium</strong>. (See <span class='sc'>Patagium</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_074'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_074.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 74. Naval and Military Badge of the “Bath.”</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_075'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_075.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 75. Civil Badge of the “Bath.”</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bath, Order of the</strong>, numbers 985 members,
+including the Sovereign; viz. <em>First Class</em>:
+Knights Grand Cross—G.C.B.—50 Naval and
+Military and 25 Civil Knights. <em>Second Class</em>:
+Knights Commanders—K.C.B.—120 Naval
+and Military and 50 Civil. <em>Third Class</em>:
+Companions—C.B.—525 Naval and Military
+and 200 Civil.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Batiaca</strong> or <strong>Batioca</strong>, Gr.
+and R. A vase of a very
+costly description, used as a
+drinking-vessel.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Batière</strong></span>, Fr., Arch. (See
+<span class='sc'>Saddle-roof</span>.) A roof is
+said to be “<em>en batière</em>”
+when it is in the form of a
+pack-saddle; that is, when
+it has only two slopes or
+eaves, the two other sides
+being gables.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Batillum</strong> or <strong>Vatillum</strong></span>, R.
+(1) A hand-shovel used for
+burning scented herbs to
+fumigate. (2) Any kind of
+small shovel.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Baton.</strong> In heraldry, a
+diminutive of the <span class='fss'>BEND SINISTER</span> couped at its
+extremities.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Baton.</strong> The military baton, or staff, was of
+Greek origin. (See <span class='sc'>Scytale</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Batter</strong>, Arch. Said of walls that slope inwards
+from the base. Walls of wharfs and of
+fortifications generally <em>batter</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Battle-axe</strong> is one of the most ancient of
+weapons. The <em>pole-axe</em> is distinguished by a spike
+on the back of the axe. (See <span class='sc'>Bipennis</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_076'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_076.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 76. Embattled.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Battled</strong>, <strong>Embattled</strong>, Her. Having battlements.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_077'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_077.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 77. Battlement.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Battlement</strong>, <strong>Embattailment</strong>, <strong>Bateling</strong></span>, O. E.
+(Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Créneau, Merlet, Bretesse</span></i>). A parapet in
+fortifications, consisting of a series of rising
+parts, called <span class='sc'>Merlons</span> or <span class='sc'>Cops</span>, separated by
+spaces called <span class='sc'>Crenels</span>, <span class='sc'>Embrasures</span>, or
+<span class='sc'>Loops</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Batuz.</strong> Norman French for <em>battus</em>, beaten
+with hammered up gold; said of silken stuffs
+so adorned.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Baucalia</strong> or <strong>Baucalis</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βαυκάλιον,
+βαύκαλις</span>). A drinking-vessel, which varied in
+shape and material.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Baucens</strong>, <strong>Bauceant</strong>, Med. A black and white
+banner used in the 13th century. (<cite>Meyrick.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Baudekyn</strong></span>, O. E. A fabric of silk and gold
+thread.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Baudekyn</strong> (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Baldakinus</span></i>). Cloth of gold,
+brocade: “pannus omnium ditissimus.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Baudrick</strong> or <strong>Baldrock</strong></span>, O. E., of a church bell.
+The strap by which the clapper is hung in the
+crown of the bell.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Baukides</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βαυκίδες</span>). A kind of shoe
+worn by women; it was of a saffron colour.
+This elegantly-shaped shoe was highly esteemed
+by courtezans, who often placed cork soles
+inside their <em>baukides</em>, to make themselves appear
+taller.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Baxa</strong> or <strong>Baxea</strong>, Gr. Sandals made of textile
+plants, such as the palm, rush, willow, papyrus,
+and a kind of alfa. They were worn by comic
+actors on the stage.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bay</strong>, Arch. (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Travée</span></i>). A principal compartment
+or division in a structure, marked off
+by buttresses or pilasters on the walls, or by the
+disposition of the vaulting, the main arches, &amp;c.
+The French word <em>baie</em> means an opening made
+in a wall for a door or window.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bayeux Tapestry.</strong> A roll of unbleached
+linen worked in coloured worsted with illustrations
+of the Norman Conquest (about <span class='fss'>A. D.</span>
+1068); preserved in the public library at Bayeux.
+A full-sized copy may be seen in the South
+Kensington Museum.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bayle</strong>, Arch. The open space contained
+between the first and second walls of a fortified
+castle. These buildings often had two bayles;
+in this case, the second was contained between
+the inner wall and the donjon.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bayonet.</strong> A weapon, so called after the town
+of Bayonne in France, where it was invented
+about <span class='fss'>A. D.</span> 1650.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bay-stall</strong>, Arch. The stall or seat in the
+bay (of a window).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Beads</strong>, Arch. An architectural ornament of
+mouldings consisting of small round carved beads,
+called also Astragal. Another name for this
+ornament is Paternosters.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Beaker</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">cornet</span></i>). A trumpet-shaped vase,
+or drinking-cup.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_078'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_078.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 78. Moulding with Beak-heads and Tooth-ornament.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Beak-heads</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">becs d’oiseau</span></i>), Mod. An
+ornament peculiar to English architecture, representing
+heads and beaks of birds. The ancient
+Peruvians used the same ornament in their architecture,
+as shown in Fig. <a href='#fig_079'>79</a>, taken from the
+decoration of the monolithic door of Tianuaco.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_079'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_079.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 79. Peruvian ornament (Beak-heads).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bear.</strong> Dancing bears are represented in
+Anglo-Saxon MSS.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Beards.</strong> (See <em>barba</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Beaver.</strong> The movable face-guard of a helmet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Beds.</strong> Anglo-Saxon beds usually consisted
+merely of a sack (<em>sæccing</em>) filled with straw, and
+laid on a bench or board, which was ordinarily
+in a recess at the side of the room, as we still see
+in Scotland. The word <em>bedstead</em> means only “a
+place for a bed.” <em>Tester beds</em>, or beds with a
+roof, were introduced by the Normans. Early
+in the 13th century beds were covered much as
+now, with ‘quilte,’ counterpane, bolster,
+sheets, and coverlet; and stood behind curtains
+which hung from the ceiling. In the 15th century
+the beds became much more ornamental,
+having canopy and curtains, and these, as well as
+the <em>tester</em> or back, decorated with heraldic, religious,
+or other devices. At the sides were
+<em>costers</em>, or ornamental cloths. Between the
+curtains and the wall a space was left called the
+<em>ruelle</em>, or little street.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Beech Black.</strong> A blue-black vegetable pigment.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bees</strong>, in Christian art, are an attribute of St.
+Ambrose.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Belfry</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Beffroi</span></i>). The campanile or bell-tower
+of a church. Frequently detached from
+the church, as at Chichester Cathedral. (See
+<span class='sc'>Bell-gable</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bell.</strong> An attribute of St. Anthony, referring
+to his power of exorcising evil spirits. In
+heraldry, the bell is drawn and blazoned as a
+church bell.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bell-cot</strong>, Arch. A <span class='fss'>BELL-GABLE</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<div id='fig_080'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_080.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 80. Belled.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Belled</strong>, Her.
+Having bells
+attached, like
+the cows in the
+device of the
+city of Béarn.
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_080'>80</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bell-gable</strong>,
+Arch. A turret
+raised over
+the west end of small churches and chapels that
+have no towers to hang a bell in. This is distinct
+from the smaller turret at the east end of the nave
+for the <span class='sc'>Sanctus Bell</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bellicrepa</span></strong>, Med. Lat. A military dance, of
+Italian origin.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bellows</strong> were called in A.S. <em>bælg</em> or <em>blastbælg</em>.
+A MS. of the 14th century represents a
+man blowing at a three-legged caldron with a
+perfectly modern-looking pair of bellows. Bellows,
+in Christian art, are an attribute of Ste.
+Geneviève.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bell-ring</strong>, Mod. The ring in the <span class='sc'>Crown</span> of
+a bell from which the clapper hangs.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bells</strong> on the caparisons of horses were common
+in the Middle Ages. A passage in the
+romance of Richard Cœur de Lion describes a
+messenger “with five hundred belles rygande.”
+Chaucer’s monk has also bells on his horse’s
+“bridel” which “gyngle as lowde as doth the
+chapel belle.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Belt</strong>, Chr. A girdle used to confine the alb
+at the waist.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Belt of Beads</strong>, Chr. A rosary was sometimes
+so called.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Belvidere</strong></span>, It. A prospect tower over a
+building.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bema</strong>, Gr. (1) A stone platform or hustings,
+used as a pulpit in early Christian churches.
+(2) The term is synonymous with sanctuary.
+(3) It also serves to denote an ambo and a
+bishop’s chair. (See <span class='sc'>Ambo</span>.) The Athenian <em>bema</em>
+was a stone platform from which orators spoke
+at the assemblies (<em>ecclesiæ</em>) in the Pnyx.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Bembix</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turbo</span></i>). (1) A
+child’s whipping-top. (2) The whorl of a spindle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Benches</strong>, for seats, are represented in the 14th
+century formed by laying a plank upon two trestles.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_081'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_081.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 81. Bend. <em>Arms of Le Scrope.</em></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bend</strong>, Her. One of
+the Ordinaries. It crosses
+the field diagonally, from
+the dexter chief to the sinister
+base, as in Fig. <a href='#fig_081'>81</a>,
+the arms of Richard
+Le Scrope: <em>Azure, a bend
+or</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bendideia</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Βενδίδεια</span>).
+A festival held
+in the Piræeus in honour of the goddess <em>Bendis</em>
+(the Thracian name of Artemis or Diana).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bendlet</strong>, Her. The diminutive of Bend.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bend-wise</strong>, or <strong>In bend</strong>, Her. Arranged <em>in the
+direction of a</em> bend.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_082'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_082.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 82. Bendy.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bendy</strong>, Her. Parted
+bend-wise into an even
+number of divisions.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Benna</strong>, Gaul. and R.
+This term, borrowed
+either from the Welsh or
+the Gauls, denoted among
+the Romans a four-wheeled
+cart or carriage
+made of wicker-work.
+A <em>benna</em> may be seen on the bas-reliefs of the
+column of Marcus Aurelius.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bennoŭ</strong>, Egyp. A mythical bird resembling
+the phœnix, which sprang from its own ashes,
+and was made the emblem of the resurrection.
+It symbolized the return of Osiris to the light,
+and was therefore consecrated to that god.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Benzoin.</strong> A gum-resin used as an ingredient
+in <em>spirit varnishes</em>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_083'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_083.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 83. Berlin porcelain jug.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Berlin Porcelain.</strong> The manufactory was first
+founded in 1750, under Frederick the Great.
+Fig. <a href='#fig_083'>83</a> is a specimen of Berlin hard porcelain.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Beryl.</strong> A gem of an iridescent green colour.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Bes</strong></span>, R. (<em>bi</em>, twice, and <em>as</em>). A fraction of
+value equivalent to two-thirds of an <em>as</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Besa</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A drinking-vessel, also
+called <em>bessa</em> and <em>bession</em>. It was wider at the
+bottom than at the top, and in shape much resembled
+the <span class='sc'>Bombylos</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bessa</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">beysse ferrée</span></i>), Med. An instrument
+like a pickaxe or mattock used by the
+pioneers of an army; 15th century. (<cite>Meyrick.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bession.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Besa</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bestions</strong>, Arch. This term is applied by
+Philibert Delorme to the fantastic animals which
+occur in sculptures of the decorative or florid
+period of architecture.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Beten</strong></span>, O. E. Embroidered with fancy subjects.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“A coronall on her hedd sett,</div>
+      <div class='line'>Her clothes with beasts and birdes were <em>bete</em>.”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Beveled</strong>, Arch. Having a sloped surface. (See
+<span class='sc'>Splay</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bever.</strong> A Norman word for “taking a
+drink” between breakfast and dinner; elsewhere
+called “a myd-diner under-mete.”</p>
+
+<div id='fig_084'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_084.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 84. Bezant.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bezant</strong>, Her. A golden “roundle”
+or disk, flat like a coin.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Biacca</strong></span>, It. White carbonate of
+lead; a pigment.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Biblia</span></strong>, Med. Lat. A war engine
+for attack.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Bibliotheca</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βιβλίον</span>, book, and
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">θήκη</span>, case). Primarily the place where books
+were kept, and hence used for the collection of
+books or MSS. itself. The most celebrated
+library of antiquity was that founded by the
+Ptolemies at Alexandria, destroyed by the Arabs,
+<span class='fss'>A. D.</span> 640.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Bibliothecula</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (dimin. of <em>bibliotheca</em>).
+A small library.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bice.</strong> The name of certain very ancient blue
+and green pigments, known also as <em>Mountain</em>
+(or <em>Saunders’</em>) <em>blue</em>, and <em>Mountain green</em>, and by
+other names. (See <span class='sc'>Carbonates of Copper</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Biclinium</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A couch or sofa on
+which two persons could recline at table.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bicos</strong>, Gr. (See <span class='sc'>Bikos</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Bidens</strong></span>, R. (<em>dens</em>, a tooth). Literally, with
+two teeth, forks, or blades. The term was
+applied to a hoe, a pair of scissors, and an
+anchor (<em>ancora bidens</em>). A two-forked weapon
+of the same name occurs in some representations
+of Pluto.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Bidental</strong></span>, R. (<em>bidens</em>). A structure consecrated
+by the augurs or haruspices, through the
+sacrifice of an animal. This was generally a
+sheep of two years old, whence the name <em>bidens</em>
+applied to the victim. The <em>bidental</em> was often
+an altar surrounded with a peristyle, as may be
+seen from the remains of one of them at Pompeii.
+A <em>bidental</em> was set up in any place which had
+been struck by lightning. A cippus or <em>puteal</em>
+placed on the exact spot which had been struck
+bore the inscription: <em>Fulmen</em> or <em>fulgur conditum</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bien-hoa</strong> or <strong>Ben-hoa</strong>, Hind. A kind of stone
+employed by the Khmers or ancient inhabitants
+of Camboja for their sculpture; they also called
+it <em>baï-kriem</em> (roasted rice), which it exactly
+resembles. Its deep yellow colour recalls in a
+striking degree that of old white marbles which
+have been long exposed to the sun and air in
+warm countries.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_085'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_085.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 85. Bifrons.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Bifrons</strong></span>, R.
+(<em>frons</em>, a forehead).
+Having
+two fronts or
+faces. Libraries
+and picture
+galleries
+generally contained
+statuary
+of heads or
+busts coupled
+together back
+to back, but
+especially of
+Janus, emblematic
+of his
+knowledge
+both of the
+past and the
+future. The
+illustration represents
+a
+Greek vase, in
+imitation of
+the statuary described.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Biga</strong></span>, R. (<em>bi</em> and <em>juga</em>, double-yoked). A car
+drawn by two horses. <em>Bigæ</em> also denoted, like
+<em>bijugus</em> or <em>bijugis</em>, two horses harnessed together.
+[The Greeks called this method “Synoris.”]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Bigatus</strong></span>, R. (sc. <em>nummus</em>). A silver denarius
+(one of the earliest Roman coins) which had a
+<span class='fss'>BIGA</span> on the reverse. Other denarii were <em>quadrigati</em>,
+having a <em>four-horse chariot</em> on the reverse.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Biggon</strong></span>, O. E. “A kind of quoif formerly
+worn by men;” hence “Béguines,” the nuns at
+the Béguinage at Ghent, who still wear the <em>biggon</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Bikos</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A large earthenware vase
+adapted to hold dry provisions, such as figs,
+plums, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Bilanx</strong></span>, R. (double-dish). A balance with
+two scales. (See <span class='sc'>Libra</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bilbo.</strong> A light rapier invented at Bilboa.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Bilix</strong></span>, R. (double-thread). A texture like
+“twill,” or “dimity,” made by a double set of
+leashes (<em>licia</em>).</p>
+
+<div id='fig_086'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_086.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 86. Bill-head.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Bill</strong></span>, O. E. A
+weapon made of a
+long staff with a
+broad curved blade,
+a short pike at the
+back, and a pike at
+the top, used by
+infantry of the 14th
+and 15th centuries.
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_086'>86</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Billet</strong>, Her. A
+small oblong figure.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Billet</strong>, Arch. A
+moulding of the Roman
+epoch, consisting
+of short rods
+separated from each
+other by a space
+equal to their own
+length. Some billets
+are arranged in
+several rows.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bilychnis</strong>, Gr.
+and R. A double
+lamp with two beaks
+and two wicks, so
+as to give out two
+separate flames.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Binio</strong></span>, R. A gold
+coin current at
+Rome. It was worth
+two <em>aurei</em> or fifty
+silver <em>denarii</em>. (See
+<span class='sc'>Aureus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Bipalium</strong></span>, R. A
+spade, furnished
+with a cross-bar, by
+pressing the foot on
+which the instrument
+could be pushed into the ground. Representations
+of this tool occur pretty frequently on tombs.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_087'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_087.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 87. Bipennis.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bipennis</strong> or <strong>Bipenne</strong>,
+Gen. (<em>penna</em>, a wing). An
+axe with a double blade or
+edge, used as an agricultural
+implement, an adze, or a military
+weapon. The Greeks,
+who called it <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βουπλὴξ</span>, never
+made use of it. It was
+used especially by barbarous
+nations, such as the Amazons,
+Scythians, Gauls, &amp;c.
+Fig. <a href='#fig_087'>87</a> represents a Gaulish
+<em>bipennis</em> taken from one of
+the bas-reliefs on the triumphal
+arch at Orange.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bird</strong>, in Egyptian hieroglyphics, signified the
+soul of man, and in Christian art had <em>originally</em>
+a similar meaning afterwards forgotten.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bird-bolt.</strong> A short thick arrow, with a blunt
+head, about the breadth of a shilling.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Biremis</strong></span>, R. (<em>remus</em>, an oar). A pair-oared
+boat, or a vessel having two banks of oars.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_088'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_088.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 88. Biretta. (Portrait of a Rector of Padua.)</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Biretta</strong></span>, It. A cap. In its restricted
+meaning the term is applied to that worn by
+priests and academical persons. The illustration
+shows the state costume of the Rector of
+the University of Padua, who wears a sacerdotal
+biretta.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Birotus</strong> and <strong>Birota</strong></span>, R. (<em>rota</em>, a wheel). Anything
+having two wheels, and so a two-wheeled
+carriage, car, or chariot.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Birrus</strong> and <strong>Byrrus</strong></span>, R. A russet-coloured
+capote with a hood. It was made of a coarse
+cloth (<em>bure</em>) with a long nap. Such was, at
+first, the meaning of the term, but in course of
+time <em>birri</em> of a fine quality were made.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bisaccium</strong> (It. <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">bisacce</span></i>). Saddle-bags of
+coarse sacking.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Biscuit</strong></span>, Fr. A kind of porcelain, unglazed.
+The finest is the so called Parian porcelain.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Bisellium</strong></span>, R. (<em>sella</em>, a seat). A seat of
+honour or state chair, reserved for persons of
+note, or who had done service to the state. There
+was room on the seat for two persons.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bishop’s Length.</strong> Technical name for a
+portrait-canvas of 58 inches by 94 inches.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bismuth.</strong> The pigment, called pearl white,
+which is the sub-nitrate of this metal, is very
+susceptible to the action of sulphurous vapours,
+which turn it black.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bisomus</strong>, Chr. A sarcophagus with two
+compartments; that is, capable of holding two
+dead bodies. (See <span class='sc'>Sarcophagus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bistre.</strong> A warm brown water-colour-pigment,
+made of the soot of beech-wood, water,
+and gum. It is the mediæval fuligo and fuligine.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Biting-in.</strong> The action of aqua fortis upon
+copper or steel in engraving.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bitumen.</strong> This pigment <em>should</em> be genuine
+<em>Asphaltum</em>, diluted and ground up with drying oil
+or varnish. It dries quickly. There is a
+substance <em>sold as bitumen</em> which will not dry at
+all. (See <span class='sc'>Asphaltum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Bivium</strong></span>, R. (<em>via</em>, a way). A street or road
+branching out into two different directions; at
+the corner there was almost always a fountain.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Bizarre</strong></span>, Fr. Fantastic, capricious of kind.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Black</strong> is the resultant of the combination in
+unequal proportions of blue, red, and yellow.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Black</strong>, in Christian art, expressed the
+earth; darkness, mourning, wickedness, negation,
+death; and was appropriate to the Prince
+of Darkness. White and black together signify
+purity of life, and mourning or humiliation;
+hence adopted by the Dominicans and Carmelites.
+In blazonry, black, called sable, signifies
+prudence, wisdom, and constancy in adversity
+and love, and is represented by horizontal
+and perpendicular lines crossing each other.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Black Pigments</strong> are very numerous, of different
+degrees of transparency, and of various hues, in
+which either red or blue predominates, producing
+brown blacks or blue blacks. The most
+important are <em>beech black</em>, or <em>vegetable blue black</em>;
+<em>bone black</em>, or <em>Paris black</em>, called also <em>ivory black</em>;
+<em>Cassel</em> or <em>Cologne black</em>, <em>cork black</em>, <em>Frankfort
+black</em>, and <em>lamp-black</em>. (See <span class='sc'>Asphaltum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Blades</strong>, Arch. The principal rafters of a roof.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Blasted</strong>, Her. Leafless, withered.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Blautai</strong>, Gr. (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">soleæ</span></i>). A richly-made
+shoe; a kind of sandal worn by men.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Blazon</strong>, Her. Armorial compositions. To
+blazon is to describe or to represent them in
+an heraldic manner. The representation is
+called Blazonry. For example, the <em>blazoning</em> of
+the <span class='fss'>BADGES</span> on the cornice of King Henry’s chantry
+in Westminster Abbey is as follows:—On
+the dexter, a white antelope, ducally collared,
+chained, and armed <em>or</em>; and on the sinister a
+swan gorged with a crown and chain. The
+beacon or cresset <em>or</em>, inflamed proper. (See
+Fig. <a href='#fig_054'>54</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Blending.</strong> Passing over painting with a soft
+brush of badger’s hair made for the purpose, by
+which the pigments are fused together and the
+painting softened.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Blindman’s Buff.</strong> Called “hoodman-blind,”
+<em>temp.</em> Elizabeth.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Blind-story</strong>, Arch. The <span class='fss'>TRIFORIUM</span> in a
+church. Opposed to the <span class='fss'>CLEAR</span> or <span class='fss'>CLERESTORY</span>
+(q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Blocking-course</strong>, Arch. The last course in a
+wall, especially of a parapet. The surface is
+made slightly convex to allow of water flowing
+off more easily.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Blodbendes</strong> (O. E. for blood-bands). Narrow
+strips of linen to bind round the arm after
+bleeding.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Blodius</strong></span>, O. E. Sky-blue.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bloom.</strong> The clouded appearance which
+varnish sometimes takes upon the surface of a
+picture.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Blue.</strong> One of the three primary colours, the
+complementary to orange. Blue, in Christian
+art, or the sapphire, expressed heaven, the
+firmament, truth, constancy, fidelity. Its symbolism
+as the dress worn by the Virgin Mary is
+of <em>modesty</em>. In blazonry it signifies chastity,
+loyalty, fidelity, and good reputation. Engravers
+represent it by horizontal lines.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Blue Black</strong>, or <strong>Charcoal Black</strong>, is a pigment
+prepared by burning vine-twigs in close vessels.
+Mixed with <em>white lead</em> it yields very fine silvery
+<em>greys</em>. (See also <span class='sc'>Black Pigments</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Blue Pigments.</strong> Minerals:—see <span class='sc'>Ultramarine</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Cobalt</span>, <span class='sc'>Blue Verditer</span>. Vegetable:—<em>Indigo</em>.
+Animal:—<em>Prussian blue</em>. (See <span class='sc'>Carbonate of
+Copper</span>, <span class='sc'>Intense Blue</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Blue Verditer.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Verditer</span>.)</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_089-90.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Figs. 89, 90. Boars. Gallic ensigns.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Boar.</strong> In mediæval art, emblem of ferocity
+and sensuality. In heraldry the boar is called
+Sanglier. The military ensigns of the Gauls
+were surmounted by figures of the wild boar.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Boclerus</span></strong>, Med. Lat. A buckler; 14th
+century. The word is derived from the German
+Bock, a goat. Compare <span class='sc'>Ægis</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bodkin</strong>, Saxon. A dagger, a hair-pin, a
+blunt flat needle.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“With <em>bodkins</em> was Cæsar Julius</div>
+      <div class='line'>Murdred at Rome, of Brutus, Cassius.”</div>
+      <div class='line in12'>(<cite>The Serpent of Division</cite>, 1590.)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>“He pulls her bodkin that is tied in a piece of black
+ribbon.” (<cite>The Parson’s Wedding</cite>, 1663.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>The Latin name for this classical head-dress was
+<em>acus</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Body Colour.</strong> In speaking of oil colours the
+term applies to their solidity, or degree of
+opacity; water-colour painting is said to be in
+body colours when the pigments are laid on
+thickly, or mixed with white, as in oil painting.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Boedromia</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A festival instituted
+in honour of Apollo the Helper—<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βοηδρόμος</span>. It
+was held at Athens on the sixth day of September,
+a month thence called <em>Boedromion</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bohemian Glass.</strong> The manufacture of a pure
+crystal glass well adapted for engraving became
+an important industry in Germany about the
+year 1600, and the art of engraving was admirably
+developed during the century. Of Johann
+Schapper, especially, Jacquemart says that he
+produced “subjects and arabesques of such delicacy
+of execution that at first sight they seemed
+merely like a cloud on the glass.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bohordamentum</span></strong>, Med. Lat. A joust with
+mock lances called “bouhours.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Bojæ</strong></span>, R. (<em>bos</em>, an ox). (1) A heavy collar of
+wood or iron for dangerous dogs. (2) A similar
+collar placed round the necks of criminals or
+slaves.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Boletar</strong></span>, R. A dish on which mushrooms
+(<em>boleti</em>) were served, and thence transferred to
+dishes of various forms.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bolevardus</span></strong>, Med. Lat. A boulevard or rampart.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Bombard</strong></span>, O. E. A machine for projecting
+stones or iron balls; the precursor of the cannon.
+First used in the 14th century.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_091'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_091.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 91. Bombards worn by King James I. of England.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Bombards</strong></span>, O. E. Padded breeches. In
+Elizabeth’s reign the breeches, then called <span class='sc'>Bombards</span>,
+were stuffed so wide that a gallery or
+scaffold was erected to accommodate members
+of Parliament who wore them. The engraving
+shows James I. (painted 1614) attired for hawking.
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_091'>91</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Bombax</strong></span>, O. E. The stuff now called Bombasin.
+“A sort of fine silk or cotton cloth well
+known upon the continent during the 13th
+century.” (<cite>Strutt.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Bombé</strong></span>, Fr. Curved furniture, introduced
+in the 18th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Bombulom</strong> or <strong>Bunibulum</strong></span>, O. E. (from the
+Greek <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βόμβος</span>, a hollow deep sound). A musical
+instrument consisting of an angular frame
+with metal plates, which sounded when shaken
+like the <em>sistrum</em> of the Egyptians.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Bombylos</strong> and <strong>Bombylê</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A vase
+so called from the gurgling noise which the
+liquid makes in pouring out through its narrow
+neck.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bone Black.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Ivory Black</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Book.</strong> In mediæval art an attribute of the
+fathers of the Church; in the hands of evangelists
+and apostles it represents the Gospel. St.
+Boniface carries a book pierced with a sword.
+St. Stephen, St. Catherine, St. Bonaventura,
+and St. Thomas Aquinas also carry books.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bordure</strong>, Her. A border to a shield.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Boreasmos</strong>, Gr. A festival held at Athens
+in honour of Boreas, the god of the north
+wind.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Borto</strong> or <strong>Burdo</strong></span>, Med. Lat. A lance.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Boss.</strong> The centre of a shield; also an architectural
+ornament for ceilings, put where the
+ribs of a vault meet, or in other situations.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_092'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_092.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 92. Greek Bossage.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_093'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_093.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 93. Bossage.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bossage</strong>,
+Arch. An
+arrangement of
+plain or ornamental
+projections
+on the
+surface of a
+wall of dressed
+masonry. Figs.
+92 and 93
+represent two
+Greek walls
+finished in this manner.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Boston</strong></span>, O. E. A flower so called.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Botéga</strong></span>, It. A manufactory or artist’s workshop
+where pottery is made.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_094'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_094.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 94. Botonée Fitchée.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Botonée,
+Fitchée</strong>, Her.
+Varieties of
+the heraldic
+cross, called
+also treflée.
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_094'>94</a>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_095'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_095.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 95. Coffee-pot of Bottcher Ware.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bottcher
+Ware.</strong> Early
+Dresden pottery.
+(1) A very hard red stone-ware,
+made of a red clay of
+Okrilla, invented at Meissen by
+John Frederick Bottcher. (2)
+Porcelain. Bottcher, finding his
+wig very heavy one day, examined
+the powder upon it, and
+discovered it to be the fine kaolin
+of Aue, from which the Dresden
+(or Meissen) china is made.
+Bottcher’s first object was to obtain
+a paste as white and as perfect as that of
+the <span class='sc'>Corea</span>; he succeeded at his first trial, and
+produced pieces with archaic decoration so perfectly
+imitated, that one would hesitate to declare
+them European.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_096'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_096.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 96. Bottle-mouldings.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bottle</strong>, <strong>Boutell</strong>, <strong>Bowtell</strong>, or <strong>Boltell</strong>, Arch.
+An old English term for a bead moulding;
+also for small shafts of clustered columns resting
+against the pillars of a nave, in the Romano-Byzantine
+and Gothic periods. These shafts
+spring from the ground and rise to the height
+of the bend of the roof, the diagonal ribs of which
+they receive on coupled columns. Probably
+from <em>bolt</em>, an arrow.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_097'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_097.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 97. Water Bouget.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bougets</strong> or <strong>Water Bougets</strong>,
+Fr., were pouches of leather,
+which were used by the
+Crusaders for carrying water
+in the deserts. Fig. <a href='#fig_097'>97</a> is
+a heraldic representation of
+the coat of arms of De Ros.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Boulé</strong>, <strong>Bouleuterion</strong>, Gr.
+An assembly composed of
+the foremost men of the nation. It was a kind
+of senate or higher council which deliberated
+on the affairs of the republic. The popular
+assembly, on the other hand, composed of all
+the males of free birth, was called <em>agora</em>, and
+was held in a place called by the same name.
+(See <span class='sc'>Agora</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Boule.</strong> A peculiar kind of marquetry, composed
+of tortoise-shell and thin brass, to which
+are sometimes added ivory and enamelled metal.
+Named from its inventor, André Charles Boule,
+born 1642.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Boulting-mill.</strong> A mill for winnowing the
+flour from the bran (<em>crusca</em>); the device of the
+Academy of La Crusca. (See <span class='sc'>Crusca</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bourdon.</strong> A pilgrim’s staff. On the walls
+of Hôtel Cluny, at Paris, the pilgrim’s <em>bourdon</em>
+and cockle-shells are sculptured. Piers Plowman
+describes a pilgrim’s</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line in12'>“<em>burdoun</em> y-bounde</div>
+      <div class='line'>With a broad liste, in a withwynde wise</div>
+      <div class='line'>Y-wounden about.”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bourginot.</strong> A close helmet of the 15th century,
+first used in Burgundy.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_098'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_098.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 98. Bourgogne Point Lace.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bourgogne, Point de</strong>, is a beautifully fine and
+well-finished pillow lace resembling old Mechlin.
+No record remains of its manufacture. (Fig. <a href='#fig_098'>98</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bovile.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Bubile</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bow.</strong> Represented in the most ancient
+monuments. In classical art an attribute of
+Apollo, Cupid, Diana, Hercules, and the Centaurs.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bow</strong>, Arch., O. E. A flying buttress, or arch-buttress.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bowed</strong>, Her. Having a convex contour.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Bower</strong> or <strong>Bowre</strong></span>, O. E. The Anglo-Saxon
+name for a bed-chamber, “<em>bird in bure</em>” = a
+lady in her chamber. The bed-chambers were
+separate buildings grouped round or near the
+central hall.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“Up then rose fair Annet’s father,</div>
+      <div class='line in2'>Twa hours or it wer day,</div>
+      <div class='line'>And he is gane into the <em>bower</em></div>
+      <div class='line in2'>Wherein fair Annet lay.”</div>
+      <div class='line in20'>(<cite>Percy Ballads.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bowls of metal</strong>, generally bronze or copper,
+found in early Anglo-Saxon <i><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang">barrows</span></i> or graves,
+are probably of Roman workmanship. Some
+beautiful <em>buckets</em> (A.S. <em>bucas</em>) were made of
+wood, generally of ash, whence they had
+another name <em>æscen</em>. They are ornamented
+with designs, and figures of animals, and were
+probably used at festivities to contain ale or mead.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bowtell</strong> or <strong>Boutell</strong>, Arch. (See <span class='sc'>Bottle</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Brabeum</strong>, <strong>Brabium</strong>, or <strong>Bravium</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βραβεῖον</span>,
+from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βραβεὺς</span>, judge). Three terms denoting
+the prize assigned to the victor in the public games.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_099'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_099.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 99. Figures with Braccæ.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Braccæ</strong>, <strong>Bracæ</strong>, or <strong>Bragæ</strong> (Celtic <em>breac</em>).
+Trousers worn principally by barbarous nations,
+such as the Amazons, Gauls, Persians, and Scythians.
+<em>Anaxyrides</em> was the name given to close-fitting
+trousers, <em>braccæ laxæ</em> to wider pantaloons,
+such as those worn by the Gaul in the left-hand
+corner of Fig. <a href='#fig_099'>99</a>, from a bas-relief taken from
+the sarcophagus of the <em>vigna</em> Ammendola. The
+<em>braccæ virgatæ</em> were striped pantaloons worn
+especially by Asiatics; <em>braccæ picta</em>, variegated
+or embroidered trousers. (See <span class='sc'>Breeches</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_100'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_100.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 100. Three diamond rings interlaced.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Braced</strong> or <strong>Brazed</strong>,
+Her. Interlaced,
+as in the
+illustration of the
+arms of Cosmo,
+the founder of
+the Medici family.
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_100'>100</a>.) (See
+also the illustration
+to <span class='sc'>Fret</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bracelet.</strong> Bracelets
+were, among
+the ancients, a symbol
+of marriage.
+(See <span class='sc'>Armilla</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bracelets.</strong> (See
+<span class='sc'>Periscelis</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Brachiale</strong></span>, R. (<em>brachium</em>, the arm). An
+armlet, or piece of defensive armour covering
+the <em>brachium</em> or forearm. It was worn by gladiators
+in the circus. Some beautifully ornamented
+specimens were found among the excavations
+at Pompeii.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Brackets</strong>, Arch., in mediæval architecture, are
+usually called Corbels. (See Fig. <a href='#fig_005'>5</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Braconniere</strong></span>, O. E. A skirt of armour, worn
+hanging from the breast and back plates; 16th
+century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Bractea</strong> or <strong>Brattea</strong></span>, R. Leaves of metal,
+especially of gold, beaten out.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Braga</strong>, <strong>Bragæ</strong>. (See <span class='sc'>Braccæ</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Bragamas</strong></span>, O. E. (See <span class='sc'>Braquemard</span>.) “Un
+grant coustel, que l’en dit bragamas;” 14th cent.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Braggers</strong></span>, O. E. An obsolete term for timber
+<span class='sc'>Brackets</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Brake</strong></span>, O. E. A quern or hand-mill.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Brand</strong>, A.S. A torch; hence, from its shining
+appearance, a sword. (<cite>Meyrick.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Brandrate</strong></span>, O. E. An iron tripod fixed over
+the fire, on which to set a pot or kettle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Braquemard</strong>,
+O. E. A kind of
+sabre—“un grant
+coustel d’Alemaigne,
+nommé
+braquemart;” 14th
+century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Brass</strong>, Gen. An
+alloy made by
+mixing copper
+with tin, or else
+with zinc or silver.
+Another name for
+it is <span class='sc'>Bronze</span> (q.v.).
+Corinthian brass
+is very celebrated,
+but little is known
+of its composition
+even at the
+present day. Mosaic gold, pinchbeck, prince’s
+metal, &amp;c., are varieties of brass differing in
+the proportions of the ingredients. Brass beaten
+into very thin leaves is called Dutch Metal.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_101'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_101.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 101. Brassart.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Brassart.</strong> Plate armour for the arm. (Fig. <a href='#fig_101'>101</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Brasses.</strong> Engraved metal plates inlaid in the
+pavements or walls of churches as monuments.
+The material was called <em>cullen</em> (or Cologne) plate.
+The engravings were made black with mastic
+or bitumen, and the field or background was
+coarsely enamelled in various colours.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Brattach</strong>, Celtic. A standard; literally, a cloth.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Braunshid</strong></span>, O. E. Branched.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Breadth</strong> “in painting is a term which denotes
+largeness, space, vastness,” &amp;c. (Consult J. B.
+Pyne “<em>On the Nomenclature of Pictorial Art</em>,”
+Art Union, 1843.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Breccia</strong></span>, It. A conglomerate used by the
+ancients in architecture and sculpture.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Breeches</strong> (<i><span lang="ga" xml:lang="ga">breac</span></i> Celtic, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">braccæ</span></i> Lat.). The
+word breeches in its present acceptance was first
+used towards the end of the 16th century; previously,
+breeches were called hose, upper socks,
+and slop. (See <span class='sc'>Bombards</span> and <span class='sc'>Braccæ</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bremen Green.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Verditer</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Breys</strong>, Her. (See <span class='sc'>Barnacles</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Bridges</strong></span>, O. E. A kind of satin manufactured
+at Bruges.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_102'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_102.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 102. Bridle-device of the Arbusani.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bridle.</strong> A favourite Scriptural emblem of
+self-restraint and self-denial.
+The illustration is
+the device of Benedetto
+Arbusani of Padua; with
+the motto which, according
+to Epictetus, contains every
+essential to human happiness.
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_102'>102</a>.) (See
+“<em>Historic Devices</em>.”)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Broach</strong> or <strong>Broch</strong></span>, O. E.
+A church spire, or <em>any
+sharp-pointed object</em>, was
+frequently so called.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_103'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_103.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 103. Broad arrow.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Broad Arrow</strong>, now used as the Royal mark
+on all Government stores, &amp;c., was first employed
+as a regal badge by Richard I. (Fig. <a href='#fig_103'>103</a>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_104'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_104.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 104. Gold Brocade State or “Ducal” costume of the Dogeressa of Venice.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Brocade.</strong> A stout silken stuff of variegated
+pattern. Strutt says it was composed of silk
+interwoven with threads of gold and silver. The
+state or “ducal” costume of the Dogeressa of
+Venice, represented in the illustration, consisted
+principally of an ample robe of the finest
+gold brocade, lined with ermine. (Figs. 88, 104.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Broella.</strong> Coarse cloth worn by monks in the
+Middle Ages.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bromias</strong>, Gr. A drinking-vessel of wood, or
+silver, resembling a large <span class='sc'>Scyphus</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bronze.</strong> <em>Antique</em> bronze was composed of tin
+and copper; the <em>modern</em> bronze contains also
+zinc and lead, by which the fluidity is increased,
+and the brittleness diminished.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bronzes</strong> (ancient Chinese) are rarely seen out
+of the province of Fokien. The lines of metal
+are small and delicate, and are made to represent
+flowers, trees, animals of various kinds,
+and sometimes Chinese characters. Some fine
+bronzes, inlaid with gold, are met with in this
+province. As a general rule, Chinese bronzes
+are more remarkable for their peculiar and certainly
+not very handsome form than for anything
+else.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bronzing.</strong> The art of laying a coating of bronze
+powder on wood, gypsum, or other material.
+Another method is the electrotype process. (Consult
+Walker’s <em>Electrotype Manipulation</em>.)</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_105-112.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Figs. 105 to 112. Gallic and Merovingian brooches.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Brooch.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Fibula</span>.) Anglo-Saxon and Irish
+specimens of magnificent workmanship are described
+in the <em>Archæological Album</em>. In the
+Middle Ages brooches bore quaint inscriptions:
+Chaucer’s “prioress” wore</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line in12'>“<em>a broche</em> of gold ful shene,</div>
+      <div class='line'>On which was first y-wretten a crouned A,</div>
+      <div class='line'>And after, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Amor vincit omnia</span></i>.”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'>Leather brooches for hats are mentioned by
+Dekker in <em>Satiromastix</em>, 1602. Figs. <a href='#fig_105'>105</a>, <a href='#fig_106'>106</a>,
+<a href='#fig_107'>107</a> represent different brooches found in
+France of the Gallic and Merovingian periods.
+(Compare <span class='sc'>Fibula</span>, <span class='sc'>Phaleræ</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_113'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_113.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 113. Gallic brooch.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Brown</strong>, in Egyptian art, was the colour
+consecrated to Typhon; in ancient times it was
+the sign of mourning. Regarded as a compound
+of red and black, <span class='sc'>Bistre</span>, it is the symbol of all
+evil deeds and treason. In a monastic costume
+it signifies renunciation. With the Moors it was
+emblematic of all evil. Christian symbolism
+appropriates the colour of the dead leaf for the
+type of “spiritual death,” &amp;c. (Consult Portal,
+<em>Essai sur les Couleurs symboliques</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Brown Madder.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Madder</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Brown Ochre.</strong> A strong, dark, yellow, opaque
+pigment. (See <span class='sc'>Ochres</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Brown Pigments</strong> are <em>asphaltum</em>, <em>bistre</em>, <em>umber</em>,
+<em>sienna</em>, <em>Mars brown</em>, <em>Cassel earth</em>, <em>Cappagh
+brown</em>, <em>brown madder</em>, and burnt <em>terra verde</em>;—chiefly
+calcined earths. (See also <span class='sc'>Indigo</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Brown Pink</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">stil de grain</span></i>). A vegetable
+yellow pigment. (See <span class='sc'>Pinks</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Brown Red</strong> is generally made from burnt
+<em>yellow ochre</em>, or <em>Roman ochre</em>, or from calcined
+sulphate of iron. (See <span class='sc'>Mars</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Brunswick Green.</strong> A modification of <span class='sc'>Mountain
+Green</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bruny</strong>, <strong>Byrne</strong>, or <strong>Byrnan</strong>. Saxon for a
+breastplate or cuirass, called by the Normans
+“<em>broigne</em>.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Brushes.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Hair Pencils</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_114'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_114.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 114. Brussels Lace.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Brussels Point à l’Aiguille</strong> differs somewhat
+from the lace usually known as Brussels Lace
+or Point d’Angleterre, but resembles Point
+d’Alençon in the réseau ground. (Fig. <a href='#fig_114'>114</a>.)
+(See <span class='sc'>Point d’Angleterre</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Buccina</strong> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βυκάνη</span>). A kind of trumpet
+anciently made of a conch-shell, represented in
+the hands of Tritons.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Buccula</strong></span>, R. (<em>bucca</em>, a cheek). The chin-piece
+or cheek-piece of a helmet, which could be raised
+or lowered by the soldier at will.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bucentaur.</strong> A monster, half man and half ox.
+The name of the Venetian state galley.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Buckets</strong>, Anglo-Saxon. (See <span class='sc'>Bowls</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_115'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_115.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 115. Heraldic buckle.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Buckle</strong>, Her. The crest
+of the Pelham family, now
+represented by the Earls
+of Chichester. It is a
+common ornament of
+ecclesiastical buildings,
+houses, and other objects
+in Sussex. (Fig. <a href='#fig_115'>115</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Buckler.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Clipeus</span>
+and <span class='sc'>Scutum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Buckram.</strong> A cloth
+stiffened with gum, so
+called from Bokhara, where it was originally
+made.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_116'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_116.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 116. Bucranium.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Bucranium</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βουκράνιον</span>). An ox’s head
+from which the flesh has been stripped; an
+ox-skull employed in the decoration of friezes by
+Greek and Roman architects. Fig. <a href='#fig_116'>116</a> represents
+a <em>bucranium</em> in the temple of Vespasian at
+Rome.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Budge</strong></span>, O. E. Lambskin with the wool
+dressed outwards. Mentioned by Chaucer.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Buffett-stoole</strong></span>, O. E. A stool with three legs.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Buffin</strong></span>, O. E. Coarse cloth of Elizabeth’s
+time.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Bugles</strong></span>, O. E. Glass beads in the hair,
+<em>temp.</em> Elizabeth and James I.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Buldiellus</span></strong>, Med. Lat. A baudric.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Bulga</strong></span>, R. A purse or leathern bag for money
+which was carried on the arm. According to
+Festus the word is of Gallic origin.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_117'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_117.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 117. Bulla (on a door).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Bulla</strong></span>, R. (<em>bullo</em>, to bubble). A term denoting
+objects of various kinds, but all more or less
+approximating in shape to a water-bubble. The
+heads of certain nails were called <em>bullæ</em>; Fig. <a href='#fig_117'>117</a>
+shows one of the <em>bullæ</em> decorating an ancient
+bronze door in the Pantheon at Rome. The
+<em>bulla aurea</em> was an ornament of globular shape,
+worn round the neck by children of patrician
+family. The <em>bulla scortea</em> was an ornament
+made of leather, worn by freedmen or individuals
+of the lower orders.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Bulting-pipe</strong></span>, O. E. A bolting-cloth for sifting
+meal.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Bullula</strong></span>, R. (<em>bulla</em>). Diminutive of <span class='sc'>Bulla</span>
+(q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Bur.</strong> A term in etching for the rough edge
+of a line, commonly removed, but by Rembrandt
+and other great masters made effective.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Burdalisaunder</strong>, <strong>Bourde de Elisandre</strong>. Burda,
+a stuff for clothing (mentioned in the 4th century)
+from Alexandria. A silken web in different
+coloured stripes; 14th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Burgau.</strong> A univalve shell, <em>Turbo marmoratus</em>,
+producing a mother-of-pearl; and
+hence all works in mother-of-pearl, of whatever
+material, are called “burgau.” (<cite>Jacquemart.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Burin.</strong> An instrument for engraving on copper.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Burnisher.</strong> A steel instrument used by engravers
+to soften lines or efface them. An agate
+is used to burnish gold.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Burnt Sienna.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Sienna</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Burnt Terra Verde.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Green Earth</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Burnt Umber.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Umber</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Burr</strong></span>, O. E. (1) The broad iron ring on a tilting-lance,
+just below the gripe, to prevent the hand
+slipping back. (2) Projecting defences at the
+front of a saddle. (<cite>Meyrick.</cite>) (3) The rough
+edge produced on the metal by an incised or
+etched line in an engraving.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Buskin.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Cothurnus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Bustum</strong></span>, R. (<em>buro</em>, to burn). An open spot
+upon which a pyre was raised for burning the
+corpse of a person of distinction. When the
+area adjoined the burying-ground, it was called
+<em>bustum</em>; when it was separate from it, it was
+called <em>ustrina</em>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_118'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_118.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 118. Arch-buttress.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Buttress</strong>, Arch.
+An abutment employed
+to increase
+the solidity or stability
+of a wall;
+it may either immediately
+abut on
+the wall, or be
+connected with it
+by a flying or arch-buttress (Fig. <a href='#fig_118'>118</a>).
+In the Romano-Byzantine
+and lanceolated
+styles
+buttresses are
+largely employed
+to strengthen the
+walls of naves
+which have to support
+high vaulted
+roofs.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Buxum</strong></span>, R.
+(<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πύξος</span>). Box, an
+evergreen, the
+wood of which
+was used for
+various purposes, as with us. By analogy, the
+term <em>buxum</em> was applied to objects made of
+this wood, such as combs, flutes, children’s
+shoes, and waxed tablets for writing.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Buzo</strong></span>, O. E. The arrow for an arquebus, or
+cross-bow. French, <em>boujon</em>: “a boult, an arrow
+with a great or broad head.” (<cite>Cotgrave.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Byrrus.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Birrus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Byssus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βύσσος</span>). The precise
+meaning of this term is unknown; there is no
+doubt it was a texture made of some very costly
+material, since we learn from Pliny that the
+byssus cloth which he calls <em>linum byssinum</em> was
+exceedingly dear. Everything leads us to suppose
+that it was a linen material of the finest
+quality. This opinion would seem to be confirmed
+by Herodotus and Æschylus. The word
+comes from the Hebrew <em>butz</em>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_120'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_120.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 120. Byzantine ornament on an English font.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_119'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_119.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 119. Byzantine Font.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_121'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_121.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 121. Roman-Byzantine Cross at Carew.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Byzantine Period.</strong>
+Time, about
+6th to 12th century
+<span class='fss'>A. D.</span> (<em>Byzantium</em>,
+the Latin
+name of Constantinople.)
+Byzantine
+Architecture
+is noteworthy
+for a bold
+development of
+the plan of Christian
+places of worship.
+It introduced
+the cupola,
+or dome, which
+was often surrounded
+by semi-domes; an almost square ground-plan
+in place of the long aisles of the Roman
+church; and piers instead of columns. The
+apse always formed part of Byzantine buildings,
+which were richly decorated,
+and contained
+marble in great
+profusion. St. Sophia,
+Constantinople
+(<span class='fss'>A. D.</span> 532–537), is
+the finest example of
+Byzantine architecture.
+St. Mark’s,
+Venice (<span class='fss'>A. D.</span> 977), and
+the Cathedral of Aix-la-Chapelle
+(<span class='fss'>A. D.</span> 796–804),
+are also of
+pure Byzantine style.
+Byzantine Painting
+was that which succeeded
+the decline of
+the early Christian
+Art in the catacombs
+and basilicas of Rome,
+and which preceded
+and foreshadowed the
+Renaissance of Art in
+Italy. In style it was
+based on that of the
+catacombs, but with a
+reminiscence of the
+excellence of ancient
+Greece; it was, however,
+restrained and
+kept within narrow
+limits by the conventionalities
+which were
+imposed upon it by
+the Church, and which
+almost reduced it to a mechanical art. The
+mosaics of the 10th and 11th centuries in St.
+Mark’s, Venice, are perhaps the best existing
+examples of the Byzantine period. Specimens
+are also to be seen in St. Sophia, Constantinople;
+and at Ravenna.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c005'>C.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c006'><strong>Caaba</strong>, Arabic (lit. square house). The sacred
+mosque at Mecca. The temple is an almost
+cubical edifice, whence its name. It is a
+favourite subject of representation upon Mussulman
+works of art.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Caballaria</strong>, <strong>Cavalherium</strong>, <strong>hevallerie</strong> (Gr.
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κλῆρος ἱππικὸς</span>), Med. A meadow set apart for
+military exercises.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caballerius</span></strong>, Med. Lat. A cavalier, or
+knight.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cabeiri</strong> were the personification of the element
+of fire. The precise nature attributed to them is
+unknown. There were two principal branches
+of their worship, the Pelasgian and the Phœnician.
+It is probable that this religion originated
+in Asia Minor, and penetrated to the island of
+Samothrace, in remote antiquity; it was very
+popular throughout Greece in the Pelasgic period.
+The principal temples were at Samothrace, Lemnos,
+Imbros, Anthedon, and other places.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cabeiria</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καβείρια</span>). Annual festivals in
+honour of the Cabeiri. (See <span class='sc'>Thronismus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cabinet Pictures.</strong> Small, highly-finished
+pictures, suited for a small room.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_122'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_122.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 122. Cable and tooth-mouldings.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cabling</strong>, or <strong>Cable-moulding</strong>. A moulding in
+Roman architecture, made in imitation of a
+thick rope or cable.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_123'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_123.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 123. Lion’s head cabossed.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cabossed</strong>, Her. Said of the
+head of an animal represented
+full-face, so as to show the face
+only. (Fig. <a href='#fig_123'>123</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cabulus</strong>, Med. Latin (Old
+French, <em>chaable</em>). A machine for
+hurling stones; a large <span class='fss'>BALLISTA</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Caccabus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κάκκαβος</span>
+or <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κακκάβη</span>). A sort of pot or
+vessel for cooking any kind of
+food. It was made of bronze, silver,
+or earthenware, and assumed a variety of forms;
+but the one in ordinary use resembled an egg
+with an opening at the top which closed by a lid.
+The <em>caccabus</em> rested upon a trivet (<em>tripus</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cadafalsus</strong>, <strong>Cadafaudus</strong>. (See <span class='sc'>Cagasuptus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Cadas</strong></span>, O. E. An inferior silken stuff used
+for wadding; 13th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cadency</strong>, Her. Figures and devices, by which
+different members and branches of a family are
+distinguished.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cadet</strong>, Her. Junior.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cadlys-drain</strong>, Welsh. Chevaux-de-frise.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cadmium Yellow</strong> is the sulphide of cadmium,
+the finest and most permanent of all the yellow
+pigments in use.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cadpen</strong>, Welsh. A chief of battle; captain.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cadrelli</span></strong>, Med. Lat. Cross-bow quarrels. (See
+<span class='sc'>Carreaux</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cādūceus</strong> or <strong>Caduceum</strong>. A wand of laurel or
+olive, given by Apollo to Mercury in exchange
+for the lyre invented by the latter. Mercury, it
+is said, seeing two snakes struggling together,
+separated them with his wand, whereupon the
+snakes immediately twined themselves round it.
+This was the origin of the caduceus, as we
+know it; it was always an attribute of Mercury,
+who thence obtained his name of <em>Caducifer</em>, or
+caduceus-bearer. The caduceus was an emblem
+of peace.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cadurcum</strong></span>, R. This term is applied to two distinct
+things: (1) the fine linen coverlets, and (2) the
+earthenware vases, manufactured by the Cadurci,
+or Gauls inhabiting the district now called Cahors.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cadus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χανδάνω</span>, to contain),
+(1) A large earthenware jar, used for the same purposes
+as the amphora; especially to hold wine.
+An ordinary <em>cadus</em> was about three feet high, and
+broad enough in the mouth to allow of the contents
+being baled out. (2) The ballot-urn in
+which the Athenian juries recorded their votes
+with pebbles, at a trial.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cælatura</strong> (<em>cælum</em>, a chisel). A general term
+for working in metal by raised work or intaglio,
+such as engraving, carving, chasing, riveting,
+soldering, smelting, &amp;c. Greek, the <em>toreutic</em> art.
+Similar work on wood, ivory, marble, glass, or
+precious stones was called <span class='sc'>Sculptura</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cæmenticius</strong>, <strong>Cæmenticia</strong> (structura). A kind
+of masonry formed of rough stones. There were
+two methods of construction to which this name
+applied. The first, called <em>cæmenticia structura
+incerta</em>, consisted in embedding stones of more
+or less irregular shape in mortar, so as to give
+them any architectural form, and then covering
+the whole over with cement. The second,
+called <em>cæmenticia structura antiqua</em>, consisted
+in laying rough stones one on the top of
+the other, without mortar, the interstices being
+filled by drippings or smaller stones.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cæmentum.</strong> Unhewn stones employed in the
+erection of walls or buildings of any kind.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Caer</strong>, British (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">castrum</span></i>; Saxon, <i><span lang="nds" xml:lang="nds">chester</span></i>).
+A camp or fortress.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cæsaries</strong> (akin to Sanscrit <em>keça</em>, hair, or to
+<em>cæsius</em>, bluish-grey). This term is almost synonymous
+with <span class='sc'>Coma</span> (q.v.), but there is also
+implied in it an idea of beauty and profusion,
+not attaching to <em>coma</em>, which is the expression
+as well for an ordinary head of hair.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cæstus</strong>, <strong>Cestus</strong>. A boxing gauntlet. It consisted
+of a series of leather thongs, armed with
+lead or metal bosses, and was fitted to the hands
+and wrists.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cætra.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Cetra</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cagasuptus</span></strong>, Med. Lat. A <span class='fss'>CHAT-FAUX</span>, or
+wooden shed, under which the soldiers carried
+on the operations of attack. (<cite>Meyrick.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Cailloutage</strong></span>, Fr. Fine earthenware; pipe-clay;
+a kind of hard paste; opaque pottery.
+“Fine earthenware is most frequently decorated
+by the ‘muffle;’ the oldest specimens, those
+made in France in the 16th century, are ornamented
+by incrustation.” (<cite>Jacquemart.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cairelli</span></strong>, Med. Lat. (See <span class='sc'>Cadrelli</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cairn.</strong> A heap of stones raised over a grave,
+to which friends as they pass add a stone.
+The custom still prevails in Scotland and Ireland.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Caisson</strong>, Arch. A sunken panel in a ceiling
+or soffit. (See <span class='sc'>Coffer</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Calamarius</strong> (<em>calamus</em>, q.v.). A case for
+carrying writing-reeds (<em>calami</em>). Another name
+for this case was <em>theca calamaria</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Calamister</strong> and <strong>Calamistrum</strong>. A curling-iron,
+so named because the interior was partly hollow
+like a reed (<em>calamus</em>), or perhaps because in very
+early times a reed heated in the ashes was employed
+for the purpose; hence, <span class='sc'>Calamistratus</span>,
+an effeminate man, or discourse. (Compare
+<span class='sc'>Ciniflo</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Calamus</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κάλαμος</span>, a reed or cane). A haulm,
+reed, or cane. The term was applied to a
+variety of objects made out of reeds, such as a
+Pan’s pipe, a shepherd’s flute (<em>tibia</em>), a fishing-rod
+(<em>piscatio</em>), a rod tipped with lime, for fowling,
+&amp;c. (See <span class='sc'>Arundo</span>.) It was specially used,
+however, to denote a reed cut into proper shape,
+and used as a pen for writing.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Calantica.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Calautica</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_124'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_124.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 124. Calash.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Calash</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">calèche</span></i>).
+A hood made like that
+of the carriage called in
+France <em>calèche</em>, whence
+its name. It is said to
+have been introduced
+into England in 1765 by
+the Duchess of Bedford,
+and was used by ladies
+to protect their heads
+when dressed for the
+opera or other entertainments.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Calathiscus</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καλαθίσκος</span>).
+A small wicker basket.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Calathus</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κάλαθος</span>, a basket; Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">qualus</span></i> or
+<em>quasillus</em>). A basket made of rushes or osiers
+plaited, employed for many purposes, but above
+all as a woman’s work basket. The <em>calathus</em>
+was the emblem of the <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γυναικεῖον</span> or women’s
+apartments, and of the housewife who devoted
+herself to domestic duties. The same term denoted
+earthenware or metal vases of various
+shapes; among others a drinking-cup.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Calautica</strong> or <strong>Calvatica</strong></span>, R. (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κρήδεμνον</span>, from
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κρὰς</span> and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δέω</span>; fastened to the head). A head-dress
+worn by women; the Greek <span class='fss'>MITRA</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Calcar</strong> (<em>calx</em>, the heel). A spur. It was also
+called <em>calcis aculeus</em> (lit. heel-goad), a term specially
+applied to the spur of a cock. The latter,
+however, was just as often called <em>calcar</em>. In
+mediæval Latin <em>calcaria aurea</em> are the golden, or
+gilt, spurs which were a distinctive mark of
+knighthood; <em>calcaria argentea</em>, the silver spurs
+worn only by esquires. <em>Calcaria amputari</em>, to
+hack off the spurs, when a knight was degraded:—</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Li esperons li soit copé parmi</span></div>
+      <div class='line in2'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Prés del talon au branc acier forbi.</span>”</div>
+      <div class='line in20'>(<cite>Roman de Garin MS.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Calcatorium</strong> (<em>calco</em>, to tread under foot). A
+raised platform of masonry, set up in the cellar
+where the wine was kept (<em>cella vinaria</em>), and
+raised above the level of the cellar-floor, to a
+height of three or four steps. On either side of
+this platform were ranged the casks (<em>dolia</em>) or
+large earthenware vessels in which the wine was
+made. The <em>calcatorium</em> served as a receptacle
+for the grapes when crushed (whence its name),
+and as a convenient place from whence to superintend
+the making of the wine.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Calceamen.</strong> Synonym of <span class='sc'>Calceus</span> (q.v.), a
+term far more frequently employed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Calceamentum.</strong> A general term denoting any
+description of boot and shoe. (Each will be
+found separately noticed in its place.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Calcedony</strong> or <strong>Chalcedony</strong> (from the town
+<em>Chalcedon</em>). A kind of agate, of a milky colour,
+diversified with yellow, bluish, or green tints.
+The Babylonians have left us a large number of
+chalcedony cylinders, covered with inscriptions.
+(See also <span class='sc'>Agate</span>, <span class='sc'>Cameos</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Calceolus</strong> (dimin. of <span class='sc'>Calceus</span>, q.v). A small
+shoe or ankle-boot worn by women. There
+were three kinds: the first had a slit over the
+instep, which was laced up when the boot was
+on. A second shape had a very wide opening,
+and could be fastened above the ankle by a
+string passed through a hem round the top. In
+the third description there was neither cord,
+lace, nor slit. The shoe was always low in the
+heel, and was worn like a slipper.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Calceus</strong> (<em>calx</em>, the heel). A shoe or boot
+made sufficiently high to completely cover the
+foot. The Romans put off their shoes at table;
+hence <em>calceos poscere</em> meant “to rise from table.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Calculus</strong> (dimin. of <em>calx</em>, a small stone or
+counter). A pebble, or small stone worn by
+friction to present the appearance of a pebble.
+<em>Calculi</em> were used in antiquity for recording
+votes (for which purpose they were thrown into
+the urn), for reckoning, and for mosaic paving
+(hence the English word “calculation”).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Caldarium</strong> (<em>calidus</em>, warm). The apartment
+in a set of Roman baths which was used as a
+kind of sweating-room. This chamber, which
+is constructed nearly always on the same plan
+in the different baths which have been discovered,
+included a <span class='sc'>Laconicum</span>, a <span class='sc'>Labrum</span>, a <span class='sc'>Sudatorium</span>,
+and an <span class='sc'>Alveus</span>. (See these words.)
+Fig. <a href='#fig_056'>56</a> (on p. <a href='#fig_056'>32</a>) represents a portion of the
+<em>caldarium</em> of Pompeii, restored.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Caldas Porcelain</strong> is from the Portuguese factory
+of that name, specialized for faiences in
+relief; the greater number are covered with a
+black coating; the others with the customary enamels
+of the country, violet, yellow, and green.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Caldron</strong>, for domestic use of the 14th century,
+is depicted as a tripod with a globular
+body, and broad mouth and two handles.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Calibre</strong> (or <strong>Caliper</strong>) <strong>Compasses</strong>. Compasses
+made with arched legs.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Caliga.</strong> A military boot worn by Roman
+soldiers and officers of inferior rank. The
+<em>caliga</em> consisted of a strong sole, studded with
+heavy pointed nails, and bound on by a network
+of leather thongs, which covered the heel
+and the foot as high as the ankle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Caliptra.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Calyptra</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Caliver.</strong> A harquebus of a standard “calibre,”
+introduced during the reign of Queen Elizabeth.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Calix.</strong> A cup-shaped vase, used as a drinking-goblet.
+It was of circular shape, had two
+handles, and was mounted on a tolerably high
+stand. The term also denotes a water-meter,
+or copper tube of a specified diameter, which
+was attached like a kind of branch-pipe to a
+main one.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Calliculæ.</strong> A kind of very thin metal disk,
+more or less ornamented, worn by rich Christians,
+and especially priests, as an ornament for
+the dress. <em>Calliculæ</em> were also made of purple-coloured
+cloth. Many of the pictures in the catacombs
+represent persons wearing <em>calliculæ</em> on their
+<em>colobia</em> and other garments. (See <span class='sc'>Colobium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Callisteia</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καλλιστεῖα</span>). A Lesbian festival
+of women, in which a prize was awarded to the
+most beautiful.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Callot.</strong> A plain coif or skull-cap (English).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Calones</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κᾶλα</span>, wood). (1) Roman slaves who
+carried wood for the soldiers. (2) Farm servants.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Calote</strong></span>, Fr. A species of sabre-proof skull-cap
+worn in the French cavalry.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Calotype.</strong> A process of printing by photography,
+called also <em>Talbotype</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Calpis</strong>, Gr. A water-jar with three handles,
+two at the shoulders and one at the neck.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Calthrops.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Caltraps</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_125'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_125.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 125. Caltrap.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Caltraps</strong> (for <em>cheval</em>-traps). Spikes
+of metal thrown on the ground to
+resist a charge of cavalry. In
+Christian art, attributes of St. Themistocles.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Calvary</strong>, Chr. An arrangement of
+small chapels or shrines in which the
+incidents of the progress to the
+scene of the crucifixion are represented. To
+each such “station” appropriate prayers and
+meditations are allotted.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Calvatica.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Calautica</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Calyptra</strong> (from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καλύπτω</span>, to hide). A veil
+worn by young Greek and Roman women over
+the face. It is also called <em>caliptra</em>, but this term
+is less used.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Camail</strong> (for cap-mail). A tippet of mail
+attached to the helmet. In mediæval Latin
+called <em>camale</em>, <em>camallus</em>, <em>camelaucum</em>, <em>calamaucus</em>,
+<em>calamaucum</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Camara.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Camera</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Camayeu.</strong> Monochrome painting, i. e. in
+shades of one colour, or in conventional colours
+not copied from nature.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Camber</strong>, Arch. A curve or arch.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Camboge</strong> or <strong>Gamboge</strong>. A gum-resin, forming
+a yellow water-colour. The best gamboge is
+from Siam, and the kingdom of Camboja
+(whence its name). It should be brittle,
+inodorous, of conchoidal fracture, orange-coloured
+or reddish yellow, smooth and somewhat
+glistening. Its powder is bright yellow.
+An artificial gamboge, of little value, is manufactured
+with turmeric and other materials.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cambresian Faience.</strong> The “poterie blance”
+of Cambrai is mentioned in a MS. of the 16th
+century. It was an enamelled faience.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Camella.</strong> An earthenware or wooden vessel
+employed in certain religious ceremonies. It
+probably served for making libations of milk.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cameo</strong> (Ital. <em>cammeo</em>). A precious stone
+engraved in relief; it is thus opposed to the
+<span class='sc'>Intaglio</span> (q.v.), which is cut into the stone.
+Cameos are generally carved from stones having
+several layers. They were employed in the
+decoration of furniture, vases, clasps, girdles,
+and to make bracelets, rings, &amp;c. Cameos were
+largely made by the Egyptians, Greeks, and
+Romans; by the two latter generally of sardonyx
+and onyx. (See <span class='sc'>Intaglio</span>, <span class='sc'>Shell
+Cameo</span>, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cameo-glass.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Glass</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Camera</strong>, more rarely <strong>Camara</strong>. The vault or
+vaulted ceiling of an apartment. <em>Camera vitrea</em>,
+a vaulted ceiling, the surface of which was lined
+with plates of glass. The term was also used to
+denote a chariot with an arched cover formed
+by hoops; an underground passage; a pirate-vessel
+with a decked cabin; and, in short, any
+chamber having an arched roof, as for instance
+the interior of a tomb.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Camera Lucida.</strong> An optical instrument for
+reflecting the outlines of objects from a prism,
+so that they can be traced upon paper by a person
+unacquainted with the art of drawing.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Camera Obscura.</strong> A darkened room in which
+the coloured reflections of surrounding objects
+are thrown upon a white ground.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Camfuri</strong>, <strong>Camphio</strong></span>, Med. Lat. A decreed
+duel: from the German “kampf,” battle; and
+the Danish “vug,” manslaughter. (<cite>Meyrick.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Camies</strong></span>, O. E. A light thin material, probably
+of silken texture.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_126'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_126.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 126. Caminus.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Caminus.</strong> Literally, a smelting furnace, and
+then an oven for baking bread; also, a hearth or
+fireplace. Fig. <a href='#fig_126'>126</a> represents a baker’s oven at
+Pompeii.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Camisado</strong></span>, O. E. A sudden attack on a small
+party; a Spanish term.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>“To give camisadoes on troupes that are lodged a farre
+off.” (<cite>Briefe Discourse of Warre.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Camisia</strong> (a Gallic word, whence prob. Ital.
+<em>camicia</em>). A light linen tunic worn next the skin
+(<em>tunica intima</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Camlet</strong> or <strong>Chamlet</strong>,
+O. E. Originally a tissue
+of goat’s and camel’s hair
+interwoven. In Elizabeth’s
+reign the name was
+given to a cloth of mixed
+wool and silk, first manufactured
+in Montgomeryshire,
+on the banks of
+the river Camlet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cammaka.</strong> A cloth of
+which church vestments
+were made, <em>temp.</em> Edward
+III.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Camoca</strong></span>, O. E., 14th
+century. A textile probably
+of fine camel’s hair
+and silk, and of Asiatic
+workmanship, much used for church vestments,
+dress, and hangings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Campagus</strong> or <strong>Compagus</strong>. A kind of sandal.
+It was worn especially by the Roman patricians.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Campana</strong></span>, It. A bell; hence, <span class='sc'>Campanology</span>,
+the science or study of bells.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Campanile.</strong> A belfry.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Camp-ceiling.</strong> Where all the sides are equally
+inclined to meet the horizontal part in the centre
+(as in an attic).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Campestre</strong></span>, R. (from <em>campester</em>, i. e. pertaining
+to the Field of Mars). A short kilt worn by gladiators
+and soldiers when going through violent
+exercises in public. The kilt fitted close to the
+body, and reached two-thirds down the thigh.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Campio Regis</strong>, Engl. The king’s champion,
+who on the day of the coronation challenges any
+one who disputes the title to the crown.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Campus Martius</strong> (i. e. Field of Mars). At
+Rome, as in the provinces, this term had the
+same meaning which it bears in some countries
+at the present day; i. e. a ground on which
+soldiers went through their exercises. In ancient
+times, however, the Field of Mars, or
+simply the Field, served also as a place of
+assembly for the
+<em>comitia</em>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_127'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_127.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 127. Canaba.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Canaba</strong>, Gr. and
+R. A Low Latin
+name for the slight
+structures common
+in country places,
+such as we should
+now call sheds or
+hovels. Those who
+lived in them were
+called <em>canabenses</em>.
+Fig. <a href='#fig_127'>127</a> is from a
+terra-cotta vase
+found near the lake
+Albano.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_128'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_128.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 128. Canaliculus.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Canaliculus</strong> (dimin. of <span class='sc'>Canalis</span>, q.v.). A small
+channel or groove; or a fluting carved on the
+face of a triglyph. (Fig. <a href='#fig_128'>128</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Canalis</strong> (akin to Sanscrit root <span class='fss'>KHAN</span>, to dig).
+An artificial channel or conduit for water. The
+term <em>canalis</em> is also given to the fillet or flat surface
+lying between the abacus and echinus of an
+Ionic capital. It terminates in the eye of the
+volute, which it follows in such a way as to give
+it the proper contour.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Canathron</strong> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κάναθρον</span>). A carriage, of
+which the upper part was made of basket-work.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Canberia</span></strong>, Med. Lat. (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">jambières</span></i>). Armour
+for the legs.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cancelli</strong> (from <em>cancer</em>, a lattice). A trellis,
+iron grating, or generally an ornamental barrier
+separating one place from another. In some
+amphitheatres the <span class='fss'>PODIUM</span> (q.v.) had <em>cancelli</em>
+at the top. In a court of law the judges and
+clerks were divided from the place set apart for
+the public by <em>cancelli</em> (hence “<em>chancel</em>”).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Candela.</strong> A
+torch, made of
+rope, coated with
+tallow, resin, or
+pitch. It was
+carried in funeral
+processions (hence
+“<em>candle</em>”).</p>
+
+<div id='fig_129'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_129.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 129. Candelabrum.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Candelabrum.</strong>
+A candlestick,
+candelabrum, or
+generally any kind
+of stand by which
+a light can be supported.
+There
+were many different
+kinds. The
+same term is also
+used to denote the
+tall pedestal of a
+portable lamp
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_129'>129</a>). (See
+<span class='sc'>Candlebeam</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Candellieri</strong></span>, It.
+A style of grotesque
+ornamentation,
+characteristic
+of the Urbino majolica ware.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Candlebeam</strong>,
+O. E. A chandelier of the Middle Ages with
+“<em>bellys of laton</em>” (or brass cups) slung by a
+pulley from the ceiling.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Candles.</strong> The A.S. poets called the sun “rodores
+candel,” the candle of the firmament,
+“woruld candel,” “heofon candel,” &amp;c. Originally,
+no doubt, the candle was a mere mass of fat
+plastered round a wick (candel-weoc) and stuck
+upon a  “candel-sticca,” or upright stick; when
+the candlestick had several branches, it was called
+a candle-<em>tree</em>. There were iron, bone, silver-gilt,
+and ornamented candlesticks. Through
+the Middle Ages candles were stuck on a spike,
+not in a socket, and a chandelier of the 16th
+century shows the same arrangement.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_130'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_130.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 130. Persian Candys.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Candys</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κάνδυς</span>). A Persian cloak of woollen
+cloth, generally purple in colour.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Canephoria.</strong> Greek festivals of Diana; <em>or</em>
+an incident of another feast, called <em>pratelia</em>, in
+which virgins about to marry presented baskets
+(<em>canea</em>) to Minerva. The name, <span class='sc'>Canephorus</span>, or
+“basket-bearer,” was common to the virgins
+who attended processions of Ceres, Minerva,
+and Bacchus, with the consecrated cakes, incense,
+and other sacrificial accessories, in the
+flat baskets called <em>canea</em>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_131'  class='figcenter id004'>
+<img src='images/fig_131.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 131. Canette of white stone-ware, 1574.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Canette.</strong> A conic-shaped German drinking-mug,
+resembling the modern “schoppen,” of
+which highly ornamented examples in white
+stone-ware have been produced by the potters
+of Cologne and other parts of Germany.
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_131'>131</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Caniple</strong></span>, O. E. A
+small knife or dagger.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Canis</strong> (akin to Sanscrit
+<span class='fss'>ÇVAN</span>, Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κύων</span>).
+A dog. This term
+has numerous diminutives:
+<em>catulus</em>, <em>catellus</em>,
+<em>canicula</em>. However
+ancient any civilization,
+the dog is
+always met with as
+the companion of
+man, and in each nation
+it follows a particular
+type. Thus a
+distinct difference is
+perceptible in the dogs
+of the Etruscans,
+Greeks, Romans,
+Egyptians, Indians,
+and Gauls. The
+Egyptians had terriers
+and greyhounds,
+wolf-dogs, and others
+for hunting or watchdogs.
+All these breeds
+are met with on the
+bas-reliefs of Egyptian
+monuments. The
+Egyptian name for a
+dog, <em>wou</em>, <em>wouwou</em>, is evidently onomatopoietic
+or imitative. (See also <span class='sc'>Dog</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Canistrum</strong>, <strong>Canister</strong>, or <strong>Caneum</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κάνιστρον</span>,
+from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κάνη</span>, a reed). A wide shallow basket for
+carrying the instruments of sacrifice and offerings
+for the gods. It was generally carried on
+the head by young girls, who were called <em>Canephoræ</em>
+(<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κανηφόραι</span>, i. e. basket-bearers), q.v.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Canon</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κανὼν</span>, from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κάνη</span>, i. e. anything
+straight like a reed). A fixed rule or standard
+which is supposed to have served, in antiquity,
+as a basis or model in forming statues, the
+various members of which bore a definite proportion
+one to the other. The Greeks had
+some such <em>canon</em>. The <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δορυφόρος</span> (spearman)
+of Polycletus was, it is said, looked upon as
+affording a standard for the proportions of the
+human body. The Egyptians are also supposed
+to have had a canon, in which the middle finger
+formed the unit of measurement.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Canopea</strong> or <strong>Canopic Vases</strong>. An Egyptian
+vase, made of clay, and so named from its being
+manufactured at Canopus, a town of Lower
+Egypt, the present Aboukir. The same name
+was given to funereal urns made in the shape of
+the god <em>Canopus</em>, who is described by Russin as
+<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pedibus exiguis, attracto collo, ventre tumido in
+modum hydriæ, cum dorso æqualiter tereti</span></i> (i. e.
+having small feet, a short neck, a belly as round
+and swelling as a water-jar, and a back to
+match). Canopean vases were made of earthenware,
+alabaster, and limestone. They were
+placed at the four corners of tombs or sarcophagi
+containing mummies. In them were deposited
+the viscera of the dead, which were
+placed under the protection of the four genii,
+symbolized each by the head of some animal
+which served at the same time for the lid of the
+canopea.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cant</strong>, Arch. (1) To truncate. (2) To turn
+anything over on its angle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cantabrarii</span></strong>, Med. Lat. Standard-bearers:
+from <span class='sc'>Cantabrum</span>, a kind of standard used by
+the Roman emperors. (Consult <em>Meyrick</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Canted Column</strong>, Arch. A column polygonal
+in section.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cantellus</span></strong>, Med. Lat. (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">chanteau</span></i> and <em>cantel</em>;
+Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">quantillus</span></i>). (1) A cut with a weapon, or
+the portion cut away. (2) Heraldic for the fourth
+part of a shield, since called a canton. (3) The
+hind part of a saddle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Canteriolus</strong> (dimin. of <em>canterius</em>, a prop).
+A painter’s easel. The term, which is of doubtful
+Latinity, corresponds to the Greek <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὀκρίβας</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Canterius</strong></span>, R. This term has numerous
+meanings; it serves to denote a gelding, a prop,
+the rafters forming part of the wood-work of a
+roof, and a surgical contrivance, of which the
+form is unknown, but which was used for suspending
+horses whose legs chanced to be broken,
+in such a way as to allow the bone to set.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_132'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_132.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 132. Cantharus (Greek).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cantharus</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κάνθαρος</span>, a kind of beetle). A
+two-handled vase or drinking-cup, of Greek invention.
+It was particularly consecrated to
+Bacchus, and accordingly, in representations of
+the festivals of that god, it figures constantly
+in the hands of satyrs and other personages.
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_132'>132</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cantherius.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Canterius</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Canthus</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κανθὸς</span>, the felloe of a wheel). A
+hoop of iron or bronze forming the <em>tire</em> of a
+wheel. The Greeks called this tire <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπίσωτρον</span>
+(i. e. that which is fastened to the felloe).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Canticum.</strong> An interlude of music in a Roman
+play.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cantilevers</strong> or <strong>Cantalivers</strong>, Arch. Blocks
+framed into a wall under the eaves, projecting so
+as to carry a moulding. (See <span class='sc'>Modillion</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cant-moulding</strong>, Arch. Any moulding with a
+bevelled face.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Canum.</strong> A Greek basket, more generally
+called <span class='sc'>Canistrum</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Canvas</strong> prepared for painting is kept stretched
+upon frames of various sizes: e. g. <em>kit-cat</em>, 28 or
+29 inches by 36; <em>three-quarters</em>, 25 by 30; <em>half-length</em>,
+40 by 50; <em>bishop’s half-length</em>, 44 or 45
+by 56; <em>bishop’s whole length</em>, 58 by 94.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cap-a-pie</strong> (Fr.). In full armour, from <em>head to
+foot</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Caparison</strong>. The complete trappings of a war-horse.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Capellina</span></strong>, Med. Lat. The chapeline or small
+<span class='sc'>Chapel de Fer</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Capellum</span></strong>, Med. Lat. A scabbard (<em>not</em> the
+hilt of a sword).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Capellus ferreus.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Chapel de Fer</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Capillamentum</strong></span>, R. A wig of false hair, in
+which the hair was long and abundant. (See
+<span class='sc'>Coma</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Capillus</strong> (from <em>caput</em>, the head). Hair; the
+hair of the head in general. (See <span class='sc'>Coma</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Capis</strong></span>, R. A kind of earthenware jug, with a
+handle. Vessels of this kind were used in
+sacrifices, and the <em>capis</em> is often found represented
+on medals. Other names for it were
+<em>capedo</em>, <em>capeduncula</em>, and <em>capula</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Capisterium</strong> (deriv. from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σκάφη</span> or <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σκάφος</span>,
+i. e. that which is scooped out). A vessel
+resembling the <em>alveus</em>, or wooden trough, and
+which was employed for cleansing the ears
+of corn after they had been threshed and
+winnowed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Capistrum</strong> (from <em>capio</em>, i. e. that which takes
+or holds). (1) A halter or head-stall. (2) A
+rope employed for suspending the end of the
+beam in a wine-press. (3) A muzzle made to
+prevent young animals from sucking after they
+have been weaned. (4) A broad leather band
+or cheek-piece worn by flute-players. It had an
+opening for the mouth to blow through.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Capita aut Navia</strong> (lit. <em>heads or ships</em>; of coins
+having the head of <em>Janus</em> on one side and a ship
+on the reverse). A game of “heads or tails”
+played by the Romans and Greeks.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Capital</strong> (<em>caput</em>, a head). A strip of cloth
+worn round the head, in primitive times, by
+Roman women, to keep in their hair. Later on
+it was worn only by women attached to the
+service of religion. (See <span class='sc'>Capitulum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Capitellum.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Capitulum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Capitium.</strong> An article of female dress; a
+kind of corset or bodice.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Capitolium</strong> (i. e. the place of the <em>caput</em>; because
+a human head was supposed to have been
+discovered in digging the foundations). The
+Capitol, or enclosure containing the temple
+raised in honour of Jupiter. The first Capitol
+of Rome was built on the <em>Mons Capitolinus</em> or
+<em>Capitolium</em>. The chief cities of Italy possessed
+each its <em>Capitolium</em>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_133'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_133.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 133.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_134'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_134.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 134.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Capital.</strong> A term
+which denotes the
+member of architecture
+crowning the
+top of a column,
+pillar, or pilaster.
+Figs. 133 and 134
+represent cushion capitals
+of the Romano-Byzantine
+epoch.
+Orders of Architecture
+are known by their
+Capitals. (See <span class='sc'>Composite</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Corinthian</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Doric</span>, <span class='sc'>Ionic</span>, and
+<span class='sc'>Tuscan</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Capo di Monte</strong>,
+Naples. A manufactory
+of faience, established
+by Charles III.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cappagh Browns,
+Light</strong> and <strong>Dark</strong>.
+Rich brown pigments,
+made of a bituminous
+earth from Ireland.
+Called also <em>Mineral</em> or <em>Manganese Brown</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Capreolus</strong></span>, R. (lit. a wild goat or roebuck).
+A fork for digging, with two prongs converging
+together like the horns of a roebuck. The term
+is also used for a strut or brace. The tie-beams
+and king-posts in the frame of a roof are often
+connected by <em>capreoli</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Capriccio</strong></span>, It. Caprice in art.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_135'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_135.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 135. Capricornus. The device of Cosmo de’ Medici.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Capricornus.</strong> The zodiacal sign of September
+employed by Augustus Cæsar in commemoration
+of his victory at Actium on the day when the
+sun enters that sign. The same device was used
+by Cosmo de’ Medici, and by the Emperor
+Rodolph II. of Germany, with the motto,
+“Fulget Cæsaris Astrum.” (Fig. <a href='#fig_135'>135</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus</span></strong>, Lat. A goat-milker, a common
+device on antique gems and bas-reliefs, representing
+a man or a faun milking a goat.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Capronæ</strong></span>, R. (from <em>caput</em> and <em>pronus</em>, i. e. that
+which hangs down the forehead). The forelock
+of a horse, and by analogy, a lock of curling
+hair falling down over the centre of the forehead,
+in a man or woman.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Capsa</strong> or <strong>Scrinium</strong></span>, R. A box or case of
+cylindrical form, used for several purposes, but
+more particularly for the transport of rolls or
+volumes (<em>volumina</em>). The <em>capsæ</em> were generally
+provided with straps and locks, the former serving
+as a handle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Capsella</strong> and <strong>Capsula</strong></span>, R. (dimin. of <span class='sc'>Capsa</span>,
+q.v.). A case or casket for jewels, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_136'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_136.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 136. Capuchon and mantle. <em>From an Italian painting of the 13th century.</em></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Capuchon.</strong> A hood with neck-piece and
+mantle. The engraving (Fig. <a href='#fig_136'>136</a>) is a portrait
+of Cimabue.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Capula.</strong> Dimin. of <span class='sc'>Capis</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Capularis</strong></span>, R. The straight handle or hilt
+of any kind of instrument or weapon, in contradistinction
+to <em>ansa</em>, which signifies a curved
+haft or handle. The term <em>capularis</em> was applied
+indifferently to the handle of a sword, a
+sceptre, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Car</strong>, <strong>Chariot</strong>, or <strong>Carriage</strong>. (See <span class='sc'>Carrus</span> and
+<span class='sc'>Currus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carabaga</span></strong>, Med. Lat. Also <span class='sc'>Calabra</span>. A
+kind of catapult or balista.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Carabine.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Carbine</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Carabus</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κάραβος</span>). A small boat made of
+wicker-work; a kind of shallop covered with
+raw hides. It was either propelled by itself or
+attached to the stern of a larger vessel. Similar
+to the coracle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Caracalla</strong> (a Celtic word). A military garment
+introduced from Gaul into Rome by the
+Emperor Antonine, who obtained thus his surname
+of <em>Caracalla</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Caracole</strong>, Arch. A spiral staircase.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Carbassus</strong> or <strong>Carbassum</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κάρπασος</span>, fine Spanish
+flax). This term was used indifferently
+to denote all textures made of the fine Spanish
+flax. Thus any kind of linen garment, the sails
+of a ship, the awning of a theatre or amphitheatre,
+all came under the term of <em>carbassus</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Carbatinæ</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καρβάτιναι</span>). A rough kind of
+boot in common use, made of a single piece of
+leather, and worn by peasants.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Carbine</strong>, or <strong>Carabine</strong>, or <strong>Caraben</strong>. A short
+gun with a wheel lock and a wide bore, introduced
+in the 16th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Carbonate of Lead</strong>, or <em>white lead</em>, is the principal
+white pigment. It is prepared by exposing
+sheets of lead to the action of acetic and carbonic
+acids. It is called also <em>Ceruse</em>, <em>Flake-white</em>,
+<em>Krems</em> (or <em>Vienna</em>) <em>white</em>, <em>Nottingham white</em>. It
+is also known, under different modifications of
+colour, as <em>Venice</em>, or as <em>Hamburg</em>, or as <em>Dutch
+white</em>. It is a pigment very liable to injury from
+exposure to certain gases. (See <span class='sc'>Oxide of
+Zinc</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Carbonates of Copper</strong> yield blue and green
+pigments, known from the earliest times, and
+under many names, as <em>Mountain</em> blue and green,
+blue and green <em>Ash</em>, or <em>Saunders’</em> (for <em>cendres’</em>)
+blue and green. These names are also applied
+to the manufactured imitations of the native carbonates
+of copper. Powdered <em>Malachite</em> is a
+form of the native green carbonate. The colours
+called <em>Emerald Green</em> and <em>Paul Veronese Green</em>
+are artificial.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Carbuncle</strong> (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carbunculus</span></i>). A gem of a
+deep red colour. A jewel shining in the dark.
+(<cite>Milton.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carcaissum</span></strong>, Med. Lat. (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">carquois</span></i>; It.
+<i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">carcasso</span></i>; Mod. Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γαρκάσιον</span>). A quiver.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Carcamousse</strong>, Med. A battering-ram. The
+name is onomatopoetic.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Carcanet</strong></span>, O. E. A necklace set with stones, or
+strung with pearls.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Carcass</strong>, Arch. The unfinished frame or
+skeleton of a building.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_137'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_137.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 137. Carceres. Roman prisons.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Carcer</strong> (akin to <em>arceo</em>, i. e. an enclosure (Gr.
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἕρκος</span>). (1) A prison. (2) The circus. At Rome
+the prisons were divided into three stages: the
+first, which formed a story above ground (<em>carcer
+superior</em>), was for prisoners who had only committed
+slight offences; the <em>carcer interior</em>, or
+stage on a level with the ground, served as a place
+of confinement in which criminals were placed to
+await the execution of their sentence; lastly
+there was the <em>carcer inferior</em>, or subterranean
+dungeon called <em>robur</em>, for criminals condemned
+to death. Fig. <a href='#fig_137'>137</a> represents the <em>carcer</em> built at
+Rome by Ancus Martius and Servius Tullius;
+Fig. <a href='#fig_138'>138</a> the <em>carceres</em> of the circus.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_138'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_138.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 138. Carceres. Stables in the circus at Rome.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Carchesium</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καρχήσιον</span>). (1) A drinking-cup
+of Greek invention, and having slender handles
+rising high over the edge, and reaching to the
+foot. It was an attribute of Bacchus, and was
+used in the religious ceremonies. (2) A scaffolding
+in the shape of the <em>carchesium</em> at the masthead
+of a ship. (Anglicè, “crow’s-nest.”)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cardinalis.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Scapus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cardo.</strong> A pivot and socket used for the hinge
+of a door. The term was also used in carpentry
+to denote a dove-tailed tenon; this was called
+<em>cardo securi-culatus</em>, i. e. a tenon in the shape of
+an axe, the dove-tail bearing some resemblance to
+the blade of that tool.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Care-cloth</strong></span>, O. E. A cloth held over the
+bride and bridegroom’s heads at a wedding.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Carellus</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">carreau</span></i>). A quarrel or arrow
+for cross-bows, the head of which was either
+four-sided or had four projections.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Carillon</strong></span>, Fr. A set of large bells, arranged to
+perform tunes by machinery, or by a set of keys
+touched by a musician. Antwerp, Bruges, and
+Ghent are celebrated for the carillons in their
+steeples.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Caristia</strong> (from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χάρις</span>, favour or gratitude). A
+Roman feast, at which the members of a family
+came together. It lasted three days: on the
+first, sacrifices were offered to the gods; the
+second was consecrated to the worship of deceased
+relations; and on the third the surviving members
+of the family met at a banquet. Strangers
+were not allowed in these gatherings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Carminated Lakes.</strong> Also called <em>Lake of
+Florence</em>, <em>Paris</em>, or <em>Vienna</em>. Pigments made from
+the liquor in which cochineal and the other ingredients
+have been boiled to make <em>carmine</em>.
+(See <span class='sc'>Madder</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Carmine.</strong> A beautiful pigment prepared from
+the insect, cochineal. Carmine is the richest
+and purest portion of the colouring matter of
+cochineal. The various kinds of carmine are
+distinguished by numbers, and possess a value
+corresponding thereto; the difference depending
+either on the proportion of the <em>alumina</em> added,
+or on the presence of <em>vermilion</em> added for the
+purpose of diluting and increasing the quantity
+of the colour: the alumina produces a paler tint,
+and the vermilion a tint different to that of
+genuine carmine. The amount of adulteration
+can always be detected by the use of liquor
+ammoniæ, which dissolves the whole of the carmine,
+but leaves the adulterating matter untouched.
+Carmine is chiefly used in miniature
+painting and in water-colours. It is made in
+large quantities in Paris.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Carmine-madder.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Madder</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Carnarium</strong></span>, R. (<em>caro</em>, flesh). (1) A larder for
+fresh or salted provisions. (2) The iron hooks on
+which they were hung.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Carnificia</strong> or <strong>Carnificina</strong></span>, R. (<em>carnifex</em>, executioner).
+Subterranean dungeons, in which
+criminals were put to the torture, and, in many
+cases, executed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Carnix</strong> or <strong>Carnyx</strong> (Celtic and Gaulish word).
+A trumpet in the form of a long horn, of which
+the mouth was curved so as to resemble the
+mouth of an animal. This instrument gave out
+a peculiarly loud strident sound, and was used
+more particularly by the Celtic nations, notably
+the Gauls. It is constantly found represented on
+the coins of these nations, and on bas-reliefs.
+Some archæologists have mistaken the <em>carnices</em>
+on medals for <em>cornucopiæ</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Carol</strong>, Chr. An enclosed place; a circular
+gallery. In old French, <em>carole</em> signified a round
+dance, or a circle of stone. In the last century
+the term was applied to the ambulatory, or circular
+gallery, behind the choir in churches.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Carpentum</strong></span>, R. A two-wheeled carriage of
+Gaulish invention; it was often covered with an
+awning, resembling in form that of the <span class='sc'>Camara</span>
+(q.v.). The <em>carpentum funebre</em> or <em>pompaticum</em>
+was a hearse. It was made to resemble a
+shrine or small temple. Lastly, the term <em>carpentum</em>
+was used to denote a cart, with two
+wheels, employed for agricultural purposes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Carrago</strong> (i. e. formed of <em>carri</em> or carts). A
+kind of intrenchment peculiar to certain barbarous
+nations. It was constructed by drawing
+up waggons and war-chariots in a curved line,
+approaching a circle as nearly as the nature of
+the ground permitted. It formed a first line of
+defence, behind which the combatants sheltered
+themselves in order to defend the camp proper,
+which lay in the centre of the <em>carrago</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Carreaux</strong>, Med. Fr. Quarrels for cross-bows,
+so called from their square form.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Carriolum.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Carrocium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Carroballista</strong> or <strong>Carrobalista</strong> (<em>carrus</em>, a car).
+A <em>ballista</em> mounted upon a carriage, to be transported
+from place to place. (See <span class='sc'>Ballista</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Carrocium</strong>, <strong>Carrocerum</strong></span>, Med. Lat. A standard
+fixed on a carriage.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Carrotus.</strong> A quarrel. (See <span class='sc'>Carellus</span>, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Carruca</strong>, <strong>Carrucha</strong>, or <strong>Carucha</strong>. A carriage
+of costly description, richly ornamented with
+bronze and ivory carvings and chased gold. It
+differed widely from the <span class='sc'>Essedo</span> and the <span class='sc'>Rheda</span>
+(q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Carrus</strong> or <strong>Carrum</strong> (Celtic root). A cart or
+chariot of Gaulish invention, on two wheels, used
+in the army as a commissariat waggon. A <em>carrus</em>
+occurs among the sculptures on the column of
+Trajan.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cartamera</strong> (Gaulish word). A Gaulish girdle
+made of metal, and used to support the <em>braccæ</em>,
+or trousers. It was made sometimes in the form
+of a serpent with its tail in its mouth, but more
+generally resembled a fringe of twisted hemp,
+like the <em>torques</em>, by which name accordingly it
+was known among the Romans. (See <span class='sc'>Torques</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cartibulum</strong></span>, R. (corrupted from <em>gertibulum</em>,
+i. e. that which bears or carries). A side-board,
+consisting of a square slab of stone or marble,
+supported in the middle by a pedestal or stem.
+The <em>cartibulum</em> always stood against a wall.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_139'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_139.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 139. Egyptian Cartouche.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_140'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_140.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 140. Egyptian Column with Cartouche.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cartouche</strong>, Egyp. An elliptical tablet of
+scroll-like form, containing the names of the
+Pharaohs. Fig. <a href='#fig_139'>139</a> represents
+the cartouche of
+King Artaxerxes. Cartouches
+were applied to
+decorate columns, an illustration
+of which may
+be seen on the abacus
+and capital of the column
+in Fig. <a href='#fig_140'>140</a>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Caryatides</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Καρυάτιδες</span>,
+i. e. women of Caryæ).
+Female figures, in an
+upright posture, which
+were employed in lieu
+of columns to support
+entablatures or any other
+members of architecture.
+One of the finest instances
+of the application
+of caryatides to this
+purpose is to be found in
+the portico of the temple
+of Pandrosos, at Athens.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Caryatis.</strong> A festival
+in honour of Artemis
+Caryatis, which was celebrated
+at Caryæ, in
+Laconia.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Case Bags</strong>, Arch. The
+joists framed between
+a pair of girders, in naked
+flooring.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cash.</strong> A Chinese coin.</p>
+
+<div class='section'>
+
+<div id='fig_141'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_141.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 141. Casque.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_142'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_142.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 142. Casque.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Casque</strong></span>, Fr. Helmets of every description,
+from those of classical times to the present, have
+been called casques by the poets; but the head-piece
+specially so designated is first seen in
+English armour of the reign of Henry VIII.
+The casque was generally without a visor, and
+worn more for parade than warfare. The engraving
+Fig. <a href='#fig_141'>141</a> represents a Gaulish and Fig.
+<a href='#fig_142'>142</a> an Oriental casque.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Casquetel.</strong> A small open helmet without
+beaver or visor, having a projecting umbril, and
+flexible plates to protect the neck behind.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cassel Black.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Black</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cassel Earth.</strong> A brown pigment.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cassel Yellow.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Turner’s Yellow</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cassida.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Cassis</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Cassilden</strong></span>, O. E. Chalcedony.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cassis</strong> or, rarely, <strong>Cassida</strong> (perhaps an Etruscan
+word). A casque or helmet made of metal,
+and so distinguished from <span class='sc'>Galea</span> (q.v.), a
+helmet made of leather. Figs. 141 and 142 represent
+respectively a Gaulish and an Eastern
+<em>cassis</em> (the latter, however, is considered by some
+antiquaries to be Gaulish). The war-casque of
+the Egyptian kings, although of metal, was
+covered with a panther’s skin; it was ornamented
+with the <span class='sc'>Uræus</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cassock</strong> signifies a horseman’s loose coat,
+and is used in that sense by the writers of the
+age of Shakspeare. It likewise appears to have
+been part of the dress of rustics. (<cite>Stevens.</cite>) It
+was called a “vest” in the time of Charles II.
+Later on it became the distinguishing dress of
+the clergy.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Cassolette</strong></span>, Fr. A perfume box with a perforated
+lid; the perforations in a censer.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cassone.</strong> An Italian chest, richly carved
+and gilt, and often decorated with paintings,
+which frequently held the <em>trousseau</em> of a bride.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Castanets.</strong> Various peoples have employed
+flat pieces of wood to produce a certain kind of
+noise during religious ceremonies. The Egyptians
+seem to have had for this purpose “hands” of
+wood or ivory, which were struck one against
+the other to form an accompaniment to chants or
+rhythmic dances. (See <span class='sc'>Crotala</span>, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_143'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_143.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 143. Cup of Castel Durante (1525), in the Museum of the Louvre.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Castel Durante.</strong> An ancient manufactory of
+Urbino ware, established in the 14th century.
+Fig. <a href='#fig_143'>143</a>, from a cup in the Louvre, is a fine
+specimen of Castel Durante majolica of the
+16th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Castellum</strong> (dimin. of <span class='sc'>Castrum</span>, q.v.; i. e.
+a small castle). A small fortified place or citadel;
+also a reservoir for water. The ruins of <em>castella</em>
+still existing are very few in number; one of the
+most perfect, as far as the basin is concerned, is
+that of the <em>castellum divisorium</em> or <em>deversorium</em>,
+at Nismes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Casteria.</strong> A storehouse in which the rudder,
+oars, and movable tackle of a vessel were kept.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Castor.</strong> The beaver; hence applied to beaver
+hats.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Castoreæ</strong></span>, R. Costly fabrics and dresses made
+of the fur of beavers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Castra</strong></span>, R. (plur. of <em>castrum</em>, which, like <em>casa</em>,
+= the covering thing). This term was applied
+solely to an encampment, a fortified or intrenched
+camp, while the singular <em>castrum</em>, an augmentative
+of <span class='sc'>Casa</span> (q.v.), denotes a hut, or strongly-constructed
+post, and consequently a fort, or
+fortress; but for this last the Romans preferred
+to use the diminutive <em>castellum</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Castula</strong> or <strong>Caltula</strong></span>, R. A short petticoat
+worn by Roman women, held up by braces.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Casula</strong></span>, R. (dimin. of <em>casa</em>). (1) A small hut
+or cabin. (2) A hooded cloak, or capote.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cat.</strong> The Egyptian name for the cat (<em>maaou</em>)
+is evidently onomatopoetic. As a symbol, this
+animal played a part which has hitherto not
+been clearly determined. Certain papyri show
+us the cat severing the serpent’s head from its
+body, a symbol which would seem to point out
+the cat as the destroyer of the enemies of the
+daylight and the sun. Again, the goddess <em>Bast</em>
+is represented with a cat’s head, the animal
+being sacred to her.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cat</strong> (Med. Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cattus</span></i> or <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gattus</span></i>). A covering
+under which soldiers lay for shelter, while sapping
+the walls of a fortress, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cataclista</strong></span>, R. A close-fitting garment worn
+by Roman ladies, bearing a great resemblance to
+those which are to be seen on Egyptian statues.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Catacombs</strong>, Chr. This term, the etymology
+of which is uncertain, serves to denote disused
+stone quarries, made use of by the early Christians
+for their meetings, and as subterranean
+cemeteries. We meet with catacombs in several
+cities, but the most celebrated are unquestionably
+those of Rome. Catacombs also exist at Syracuse,
+Catana, Palermo, Naples, and Paris.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Catadromus</strong></span>, R. (from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κατὰ</span> and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δρόμος</span>, i. e. a
+running down). A tight-rope for acrobats in a
+circus or amphitheatre. The <em>catadromus</em> was
+stretched in a slanting direction from a point in
+the arena to the top of the building.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Catafaltus</span></strong>, Med. Lat. (See <span class='sc'>Cagasuptus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Catagrapha</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κατα-γραφὴ</span>, i. e. a
+drawing or marking down). A painting in perspective
+(rarely met with in the works of the
+ancient painters).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cataphracta</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κατα-φράκτης</span>, i. e.
+that which covers up). A general term to
+denote any kind of breastplate worn by the
+Roman infantry. [Cataphracti were heavy-armed
+cavalry, with the horses in armour.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cataphracti.</strong> Decked vessels, in opposition
+to <em>aphracti</em>, open boats.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Catapirates</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κατα-πειρατὴς</span>, i. e.
+that which makes trial downwards). A sounding lead,
+of an ovoid form, with tallow or a kind
+of glue at the end, by means of which sailors
+were able to ascertain the nature of the bottom.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Catapulta</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κατα-πέλτης</span>, i. e. that
+which hurls). A military engine for discharging
+heavy missiles. The <em>ballista</em> projected stones;
+the <em>catapult</em>, darts; the <em>scorpio</em> (uncertain). They
+were all called <em>tormenta</em>, from the <em>twisting</em> of
+the ropes of hairs or fibres which supplied the
+propelling force.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Catascopium</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (dimin. of <span class='sc'>Catascopus</span>,
+q.v.). A post of observation or sentry
+tower.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Catascopus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κατάσκοπος</span>, i. e. that
+which explores or spies). (1) A post of observation.
+(2) A vessel employed as a spy-ship;
+and by analogy (3) a scout, i. e. a soldier
+whose duty is to act as a spy on the enemy.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Catasta</strong> (from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κατάστασις</span>, i. e. a place of presentation).
+A platform upon which slaves were
+placed to be publicly sold. Some scaffolds of
+this kind were made to revolve, so that the purchaser
+might thoroughly inspect every part of the
+slave at his leisure. <em>Catasta arcana</em> was the
+name given to a gridiron, or iron bed, upon
+which criminals were laid to undergo torture.
+(See <span class='sc'>Gridiron</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cateja</strong> (Celtic word). A missile made of
+wood hardened in the fire. It was employed by
+the Gauls, Germans, and other barbarians in the
+way of a harpoon, a rope being fastened to one
+end of the weapon, by means of which it could
+be recovered after it had been launched.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Catella</strong> (dimin. of <span class='sc'>Catena</span>, q.v.). A term
+specially used to denote the finer sorts of chains
+made of bronze, silver, and gold. Chains made
+of the precious metals were worn as trinkets.
+[The use of the diminutive indicates elegance
+and delicacy.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Catellus</strong></span>, R. (dimin. of <span class='sc'>Catena</span>, q.v.). A
+chain used to shackle slaves, or perhaps merely
+attached to them in the way of a clog.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Catena</strong></span>, R. (1) A chain, especially (2) a
+chain of gold or silver worn as an ornament
+round the body, like a <em>balteus</em> (shoulder-belt),
+by certain goddesses, dancing girls, bacchantes,
+or courtezans.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Catenarius.</strong> The chained dog kept at the
+entrance of their houses by the Romans.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Catharmata</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καθάρματα</span>, from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καθαίρω</span>, i. e. that
+which is thrown away in cleansing). Sacrifices
+in which human victims were offered up, in
+order to avert the plague or similar visitations.
+[They were thrown into the sea.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cathedra</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καθέδρα</span>, from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κατὰ</span> and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἕδρα</span>, i. e.
+a place for sitting down). A chair having a back,
+but without arms. There were various kinds of
+<em>cathedræ</em>: the <em>cathedra strata</em> was a chair furnished
+with cushions; <em>cathedra supina</em>, a chair
+with long sloping back; <em>cathedra longa</em>, a chair
+with long deep seat. The <em>cathedra philosophorum</em>
+was the equivalent of our modern term, a professor’s
+chair.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Catherine Wheel.</strong> In Gothic architecture, a
+large circular window, filled with radiating
+divisions; called also rose-window.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cathetus</strong>, Arch. (1) The axle of a cylinder.
+(2) The centre of the Ionic volute.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_144'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_144.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 144. Catillus for grinding corn.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Catillus</strong> and <strong>Catillum</strong> (dimin. of <span class='sc'>Catinus</span>,
+q.v.; i. e. a small bowl). (1) The upper part of a
+mill for grinding corn, which served both as
+grindstone and hopper or bowl. Fig. <a href='#fig_144'>144</a> represents
+an ancient mill, a fourth part of the
+<em>catillus</em> being suppressed in order to show the
+reader the mechanism. (2) A small dish having
+much resemblance to the <em>catinus</em>, and so by
+analogy (3) a flat circular ornament employed to
+decorate the scabbard of a sword.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Catinus</strong> and <strong>Catinum</strong></span>, R. (akin to Sicilian
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κάτινον</span>). Dishes used for cooking, and for the
+table. <em>Catina</em> might be of earthenware or
+metal, of glass or other precious material, and
+were employed as sacrificial vessels to hold
+incense, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Catty.</strong> A Chinese weight = 1⅓ lb.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Catulus</strong></span>, R. When a slave ran away from his
+master, and was retaken, he was led back in
+chains, the <em>catulus</em> being the chain which was
+attached to an iron collar passing round his neck.
+A slave was thus said to be led back <em>cum manicis,
+catulo, collarique</em>, i. e. with manacles, leading
+chain, and neck-collar.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Caudex.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Codex</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Caudicarius</strong>, <strong>Codicarius</strong></span>, R. (from <em>caudex</em>, a
+tree-trunk). A wide flat barge employed in river
+transport. It was of rough construction, and
+was broken up on arriving at its destination.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Caudicius</strong></span>, R. A vessel of the same kind as
+the <em>caudicarius</em>, employed on the Moselle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Caughley-ware</strong> (Shropshire). A soft porcelain;
+18th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Caul</strong></span>, O. E. A cap or network enclosing the
+hair.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cauliculi</strong> or <strong>Caulicoli</strong></span>, R. (dimin. of <em>caulis</em>, a
+stalk). Acanthus leaves springing from the
+capital of a Corinthian column.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Caupolus.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Caupulus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Caupona</strong></span>, R. (<em>caupo</em>, an innkeeper). An inn or
+hostel for the accommodation of travellers. The
+<em>cauponæ</em> bore a general resemblance to our roadside
+inns. [Also, a cooked-meat shop.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cauponula</strong></span>, R. (dimin. of <em>caupona</em>). A small
+tavern, or low wine-shop of mean appearance.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Caupulus</strong></span>, R. A kind of boat, classed by
+authors among the <em>lembi</em> and <em>cymbæ</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Caurus</strong></span>, R. An impersonation of the North-West
+wind; represented under the form of an
+old man with a beard, pouring down rain from
+an urn.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Causia</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καυσία</span>, from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καῦσις</span>, i. e.
+that which keeps off heat). A broad-brimmed
+felt hat, of Macedonian invention, and adopted
+by the Romans. It was especially worn by
+fishermen and sailors.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cauter</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καυτὴρ</span>, i. e. that which burns). A
+cautery or branding-iron. The <em>cauter</em> was (1) an
+instrument used by surgeons; it was also used
+for branding cattle and slaves. (2) An instrument
+employed to burn in the colours in an
+encaustic painting.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cauterium</strong> = <span class='sc'>Cauter</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cavædium</strong></span>, R. (from <em>cavum</em> and <em>ædes</em>, i. e. the
+hollow part of a house). An open courtyard.
+In early times the Romans had an external
+courtyard to their houses. In course of time,
+however, the increase of luxury and comfort
+brought about a change in the <em>cavædium</em>, which
+was partially covered in with a roof supported by
+columns, a partial opening being left in the
+centre, which was called the <em>compluvium</em>. When
+thus altered, the <em>cavædium</em> went under the name
+of <span class='sc'>Atrium</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cavalherium.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Caballaria</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cavallerius</strong> or <strong>Cavallero</strong></span>, Med. Lat. A
+knight or cavalier.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cavea</strong></span>, R. (from <em>cavus</em>, i. e. a hollow place or
+cavity), (1) A wooden cage with open bars, of
+wood or, more generally, of iron, used for the
+transport and exhibition of the wild beasts of a
+menagerie. (2) A bird-cage. (3) A frame of
+wicker-work employed by fullers and dyers.
+(4) A palisade to protect young trees when
+growing up, and (5) the vast reversed cone
+formed by the successive stages of a theatre or
+amphitheatre. This might be divided, according
+to the size of the building, into one, two, or
+three distinct tiers, called respectively upper,
+lower, and middle (<em>summa</em>, <em>ima</em>, <em>media cavea</em>).
+(6) A warlike machine used in attacking cities.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cavetto</strong>, Arch. (deriv. from Ital. <em>cavo</em>). A
+concave moulding formed of a segment of a circle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cavo-relievo.</strong> Intaglio-sculpture cut into the
+stone, as in Egyptian art.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ceadas</strong> or <strong>Cæadas</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κεάδας</span> or <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καιάδας</span>). A
+deep cave into which the Spartans thrust condemned
+prisoners.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ceinture</strong> or <strong>Ceint</strong>. A girdle. (See <span class='sc'>Cinctus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Celadon.</strong> A peculiar tinted porcelain, described
+by Jacquemart as the earliest tint of
+Chinese pottery.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Celebê</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Κελέβη</span>). A vase of ovoid form and
+with two handles. The lower part is shaped
+elegantly, like an amphora, but the upper part
+resembles a pitcher with a sort of projecting lip.
+Its peculiarity is in the <em>handles</em>, which are
+“pillared” and “reeded.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Celes</strong></span>, R. A racing or saddle horse, as opposed
+to a draught horse. The
+same term was also applied
+to a vessel or boat of a
+peculiar form, propelled by
+oars, in which each rower
+handled only a single oar.
+It was also called <em>celox</em>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_145'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_145.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 145. Plan of temple showing the Cella.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cella</strong></span>, R. (from <em>celo</em>, to
+hide). The interior of a temple,
+i. e. the part comprised
+within the four walls. In
+Fig. <a href='#fig_145'>145</a> <em>a</em> represents the
+portico, <em>b</em> the <em>cella</em>. The
+term is also used to denote
+a niche, store-room, or, in
+general, any kind of cellar;
+e. g. <em>cella vinaria</em>, <em>cella olearia</em>,
+and even a tavern situated in a cellar.
+The term was also applied to slaves’ dormitories,
+the parts of the public baths, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cellatio.</strong> A suite of apartments in a Roman
+house set apart for various purposes, but especially
+as quarters for slaves.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cellula</strong> (dimin. of <span class='sc'>Cella</span>, q.v.). A small
+sanctuary, i. e. the interior of a small temple, and
+by analogy any kind of small chamber.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Celox.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Celes</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Celt.</strong> A variety of chisels and adzes of the
+flint and bronze periods.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Celtic</strong> (Monuments) were usually constructed
+of huge stones, and are known, for that reason,
+as <em>megalithic monuments</em>. Such are <span class='sc'>Standing
+Stones</span>, <span class='sc'>Dolmens</span>, <span class='sc'>Menhirs</span> or <span class='sc'>Peulvans</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Cromlechs</span>, <span class='sc'>Covered Alleys</span>, <span class='sc'>Tumuli</span>, &amp;c.
+(See these words.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cembel.</strong> A kind of joust or <span class='fss'>HASTILUDE</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cendal</strong>, <strong>Sandal</strong>, &amp;c., O. E. The name,
+variously spelt, of a silken stuff used for vestments,
+and for banners, &amp;c.; 13th century. We
+now call this stuff <em>sarcenet</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cenotaph</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κενο-τάφιον</span>, i. e. an empty tomb).
+A monument raised to a Roman citizen who
+had been drowned at sea, or who, from any
+other cause, failed to receive burial.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Censer.</strong> A sacred vessel used for burning
+perfumes.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_146'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_146.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 146. Centaur.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Centaur</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κένταυρος</span>, according to some, from
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κεντέω</span> and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ταῦρος</span>, i. e. herdsman; but prob.
+simply from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κεντέω</span>, i. e. Piercer or Spearman).
+The Centaurs are represented with the body
+of a horse, and bust, head, and arms of a man.
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_146'>146</a>.) In Christian archæology, the Centaur
+is a symbol of the swift passage of life, the force
+of the instincts, and in a special sense, of adultery.
+The war of the Centaurs and the Lapithæ
+is the subject of the frieze at the British Museum,
+from a temple of Apollo in Arcadia. <em>Hippo-centaurs</em>
+were half horse; <em>Onocentaurs</em>, half ass;
+and <em>Bucentaurs</em> or <em>Tauro-centaurs</em>, half ox.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_147'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_147.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 147. Centaur and young.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cento</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κέντρων</span>, patchwork). A covering
+made of different scraps of cloth, and used as
+clothing for slaves. The same term denotes a
+coarse cloth which was placed beneath the saddle
+of a beast of burden, to keep the back of the
+animal from being galled by the saddle. In
+Christian archæology the term was used to
+denote a coarse patchwork garment, and, by
+analogy, a poem composed of verses taken from
+various authors, like the <em>Cento nuptialis</em> of
+Ausonius.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Centunculus</strong> (dimin. of <span class='sc'>Cento</span>, q.v.). A
+motley garment of various colours, like that of
+our harlequin. It was worn, according to
+Apuleius, by the actors who played in burlesques,
+and there are certain vases on which Bacchus is
+represented, arrayed in a similar costume.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cepotaphium</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κηπο-τάφιον</span>). A tomb situated
+in a garden.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cera</strong> (akin to <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κηρός</span>). Wax, and, by analogy,
+any objects made of wax, such as images of the
+family ancestors (<em>imagines majorum</em>); or the
+wax tablets for writing on with the <em>stylus</em>. These
+were called respectively <em>ceræ duplices</em>, <em>triplices</em>,
+<em>quintuplices</em>, according as they had two, three, or
+five leaves. The first, second, third, and last
+tablet were called respectively <em>prima</em>, <em>secunda</em>,
+<em>tertia</em>, <em>ultima</em> or <em>extrema cera</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ceramic.</strong> Appertaining to <span class='sc'>Pottery</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cerberus.</strong> The three-headed dog who guarded
+the gates of hell.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cercurus</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κέρκουρος</span>, perhaps from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Κέρκυρα</span>,
+the island Corcyra). A Cyprian vessel propelled
+by oars. Its form is unknown.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cerebrerium.</strong> An iron skull-cap, <em>temp.</em>
+Edward I.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cere-cloth</strong> (<em>cera</em>, wax). Cloth saturated with
+wax, used for enveloping a consecrated altarstone,
+or a dead body.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cereus</strong> (<em>cera</em>, wax). A wax candle, made
+either with the fibres of cyperus or papyrus
+twisted together and dipped in wax, or with the
+pith of elder, or rush, covered with the same
+material.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ceriolare</strong> (<em>cera</em>, wax). A stand, holder, or
+candelabrum for wax candles. There were a
+great variety of this kind of vessel. (See
+<span class='sc'>Candelabrum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cernuus</strong> (from <em>cer</em> = <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κάρα</span>, and <em>nuo</em>, i. e. with
+head inclined to the ground). A tumbler who
+walks upon his hands with his feet in the air.
+Women even used to turn series of summersaults,
+resting alternately on the feet and hands, among
+a number of swords or knives stuck in the ground.
+This exhibition was called by the Greeks <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">εἰς
+μαχαίρας κυβιστᾶν</span>, i. e. lit. to tumble head over
+heels between knives).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cerōma</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κήρωμα</span>, a wax-salve). A room
+in which wrestlers rubbed themselves over with
+oil and fine sand. The room was so named
+from the unguent employed, which consisted of
+wax mixed with oil [which was also called
+<em>cerōma</em>].</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cero—plastic.</strong> The art of modelling in
+wax.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cero-strotum</strong> or <strong>Cestrotum</strong></span>, Lat. A kind of
+encaustic painting upon ivory or horn, in which
+the lines were burnt in with the cestrum, and
+the furrows filled with wax.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Certosina Work.</strong> Florence, 15th century.
+Ivory inlaid into solid cypress-wood and walnut.
+The style is Indian in character, and consists in
+geometric arrangements of stars made of diamond-shaped
+pieces, varied with conventional flowers
+in pots, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Certyl.</strong> Old English for kirtle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ceruse.</strong> A name for white lead. (See <span class='sc'>Carbonate
+of Lead</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cervelliere.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Cerebrerium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cervi</strong> (lit. stags). Large branches of trees
+with the forks still left upon them, but cut down
+close to the stock, so that the whole presented
+the appearance of a stag’s antlers. <em>Cervi</em> were
+employed to strengthen a palisade, so as to
+impede the advance of infantry, or resist attacks
+of cavalry.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cervical</strong> (from <em>cervix</em>, a neck). A cushion or
+pillow for supporting the back of the head on a
+bed or dining-couch. (See <span class='sc'>Pulvinar</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cervus.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Stag</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ceryceum</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κηρύκειον</span>, a herald’s staff). It is
+a synonym of <span class='sc'>Caduceus</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cesticillus</strong> (dimin. of <span class='sc'>Cestus</span>, q.v.). A circular
+pad used as a rest by persons who had to
+carry burdens on their heads.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cestra.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Cestrosphendonè</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cestrosphendonè</strong>, Gr. (a dart-sling.) A dart
+fixed to a wooden stock with three short wooden
+wings, discharged from a sling.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cestrotum.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Cero-strotum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cestrum</strong> or <strong>Viriculum</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κέστρον</span>, i. e. that
+which pricks or pierces). A graver used in the
+process of encaustic painting on ivory. It was
+made of ivory, pointed at one end and flat at the
+other. (See <span class='sc'>Cero-strotum</span>, <span class='sc'>Rhabdion</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cestus</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κεστὸς</span>, embroidered), (1) In general
+any kind of band or tie; but specially the embroidered
+girdle of Venus. (2) A boxing gauntlet.
+(See <span class='sc'>Cæstus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cetra</strong> (prob. a Spanish word). A small
+round shield in use among several barbarous
+nations, but never by the Romans.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chaable</strong>, Old Fr. A large ballista. (See
+<span class='sc'>Cabulus</span>.) Trees blown down by the wind are
+still called “caables” in France. (<cite>Meyrick.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chabasite</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χαβὸς</span>, narrow, compressed). A
+crystal of a white colour.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Chaconne</strong></span>, Fr. (Sp. <i><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">chacona</span></i>; It. <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">ciacona</span></i>). A
+modification of the dance <em>chica</em> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Chadfarthing</strong></span>, O. E. A farthing formerly
+paid among the Easter dues, for the purpose of
+hallowing the font for christenings. (<cite>Halliwell.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Chafer</strong></span>, O. E. (1) A beetle or May-bug. (2)
+A saucepan.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Chafer-house</strong></span>, O. E. An ale-house.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Chafery</strong></span>, O. E. A furnace.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_148'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_148.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 148. Chaffagiolo ware. Sweetmeat plate, with arabesques, about 1509.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chaffagiolo</strong>, or <strong>Caffagiolo</strong>, is the place where
+Cosmo the Great established the first Tuscan
+manufactory of majolica, and where Luca della
+Robbia acquired his knowledge of the stanniferous
+enamel. Fig. <a href='#fig_148'>148</a> is a specimen of
+Chaffagiolo ware of the 15th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chain-moulding</strong>, Arch. An ornament of the
+Norman period, sculptured in imitation of a
+chain.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chain-timbers</strong>, Arch. Bond timbers, the
+thickness of a brick, introduced to tie and
+strengthen a wall.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chair.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Sella</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chair de Poule</strong> (chicken’s flesh). An ornamentation
+of the surface of pottery with little
+hemispheric points; a Chinese method.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chaisel</strong>, Old Fr. (1) An upper garment.
+(2) A kind of fine linen, of which smocks were
+often made.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Chalameau</strong></span>, Fr. Stem or straw-pipe. The
+lower notes of the clarionet are called the <em>chalameau</em>
+tone, from the ancient <em>shawm</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chalcanthum</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χάλκ-ανθον</span>, i. e. that which is
+thrown off by copper). Shoemaker’s black or
+copperas, used for imparting a dark colour to
+boot-leather. (See <span class='sc'>Atramentum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chalcedony.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Calcedony</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chalcidicum</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Χαλκιδικὸν</span>, i. e. pertaining to
+the city of Chalcis). The exact meaning of this
+term is unknown. According to some, it was a
+portico; according to others, a kind of long hall
+or transept.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chalciœcia</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χαλκι-οίκια</span>, brazen house). A
+Spartan festival in honour of Athena under
+that designation.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chalcography</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χαλκὸς</span>, copper). Engraving
+on copper. <em>Chalcography</em> was discovered in
+Florence, in the 15th century, and early introduced
+into England. Caxton’s “Golden
+Legend,” containing copper-plate prints, was
+published in 1483. The process is as follows:—A
+perfectly smooth plate of copper, having been
+highly polished, is heated in an oven, and then
+white wax rubbed over it until the whole surface
+is covered with a thin layer. A tracing is laid
+over the wax, with the black-lead lines downwards,
+which transfers the design to the wax.
+Then the tracing-paper is removed, and the
+engraver goes over the lines lightly with a fine
+steel point, so as just to penetrate the wax, and
+scratch a delicate outline upon the copper. The
+wax is then melted off, and the engraving finished
+with the <em>graver</em>, or <em>burin</em>, a steel instrument with
+a peculiar pyramidal point. Should the lines be
+cut too deeply, a smooth tool, about three inches
+long, called a <em>burnisher</em>, is used to soften them
+down, and to burnish out scratches in the copper.
+The <em>ridges</em> or <em>burrs</em> that rise on each side of the
+engraved lines are scraped off by a tool about six
+inches long, called a <em>scraper</em>, made of steel, with
+three sharp edges. This method has for printing
+purposes been generally superseded by other
+processes, principally <em>etching</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chalcus</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χαλκοῦς</span>). A Greek copper coin,
+somewhat less than a farthing.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_149'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_149.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 149. Chalice, silver-gilt—14th century.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chalice</strong>, Chr. (deriv. from <em>calix</em>, a cup). A
+sacred vessel used in the celebration of the mass.
+There were many different kinds, called <em>ministeriales</em>,
+<em>offertorii</em>, <em>majores</em>, and <em>minores</em>. The
+<em>ministeriales</em> served to distribute the wine; the
+<em>offertorii</em> were employed by the deacons to hold
+the wine offered by the faithful. Lastly, they
+were distinguished according to their size, as
+large or small (<em>majores</em> and <em>minores</em>). Vessels
+called <em>calices</em> were also frequently suspended
+from the arches of the ciborium, and other parts
+of the church, as ornaments. In Christian
+symbolism the chalice and serpent issuing from
+it are an attribute of St. John the Evangelist.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Chalon</strong></span>, O. E. A coverlet. (<cite>Chaucer.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Chamade</strong></span>, Fr. A beat of drum or trumpet
+inviting the enemy to a parley.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chamber Music</strong>, as opposed to concert music.
+Madrigals were probably the earliest specimens
+of chamber music.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Chambers</strong></span>, O. E. Small cannon for firing on
+festive occasions.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Chamberyngs</strong></span>, O. E. Bedroom furniture.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_150'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_150.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 150. Chameleon and Dolphin.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chameleon</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χαμαὶ</span>, on the ground, and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λέων</span>,
+a lion). In Christian symbolism, the emblem
+of inconstancy; in Chemistry, manganate of
+potass is called <em>chameleon</em> from the changes
+of colour which its solution undergoes. The
+chameleon with a dolphin on its back (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_150'>150</a>) was the device of Pope Paul III.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chamfer</strong>, Arch. (1) The angle of obliquity (of
+the sides of a steeple, &amp;c.). (2) A hollow
+channel or gutter, such as the fluting of a
+column.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_151'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_151.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 151. Chamfron.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Chamfron</strong></span>, O. E. (Med. Lat.
+<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chamfrenum</span></i>; Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">champ-frein</span></i>).
+A frontal of leather or steel
+to a horse’s bridle. (Fig. <a href='#fig_151'>151</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Chamlet</strong></span>, O. E. (See <span class='sc'>Camlet</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Chammer</strong></span>, O. E. (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">chamarre</span></i>).
+A gown worn by persons
+of rank, <em>temp.</em> Henry VIII.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Champ</strong>, Arch. A flat surface.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Champ-levé.</strong> A form of enamelling
+in which the pattern
+is cut out of the metal to be
+ornamented.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Chamulcus</strong></span>, R. and Gr. A
+heavy dray for the transport of
+building materials, such as
+blocks of marble, columns, obelisks, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Chance</strong></span>, O. E. The game of hazard.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chancel</strong>, Chr. (from <em>cancelli</em>, a lattice). A
+term anciently used to denote the <em>choir</em>. It
+derived its name from the <em>cancelli</em> or stone
+screen by which it was enclosed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chandaras</strong> (Sanscrit, <em>chanda-rasa</em>, lit. moonjuice).
+An ancient name for <em>copal</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Chandeleuse</strong></span>, Fr. Candlemas Day.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chandi</strong> (from <em>chand</em>, the moon). Indian
+name for silver.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chand-tara</strong> (lit. moon and stars) is the name
+of an Indian brocade, figured all over with representations
+of the heavenly bodies.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Changeable Silk</strong></span>, O. E., was woven of two
+colours, so that one of them showed itself unmixed
+and quite distinct on one side, and the
+second appeared equally clear on the other;
+mentioned <span class='fss'>A. D.</span> 1327, 1543, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Changes.</strong> The altered melodies produced by
+varying the sounds of a peal of bells.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_152'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_152.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 152. Chante-pleure.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Chante-pleure</strong></span>, Fr. A water pot, made of
+earthenware, about a foot high, the orifice at the
+top the size of a pea, and the bottom full of
+small holes. Immersed in water, it quickly fills.
+If the opening at the top be then closed with the
+thumb, the vessel may be carried, and the water
+distributed as required. The widow of Louis I.,
+Duke of Orleans, adopted this as her device,
+after the murder of her husband, in 1407.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chantlate</strong>, Arch. A piece of wood under the
+eaves of a roof, by which two or three rows of
+overhanging slates or tiles are supported.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chantry</strong>, Chr. (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">chanter</span></i>, to sing). A
+chapel to which is attached a revenue as provision
+for a priest, whose duty it is to sing
+masses for the repose of the founder’s soul.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Chape</strong></span>, O. E. (Spanish <em>chapa</em>, a thin plate
+of metal). (1) The transverse guard of a
+sword. (2) A metal plate at the end of a scabbard.
+(3) A catch by which a thing is held in its
+place.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_153'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_153.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 153. Chapeau.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chapeau</strong>, Her. Also called a <em>cap of dignity,
+of maintenance,
+or of estate</em>. An
+early symbol of
+high dignity.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chapeau Chinois</strong>,
+Fr. A set
+of small bells arranged
+in the form
+of a Chinese hat.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chapel</strong> or <strong>Chapelle de Fer</strong>. Iron helmet of
+knights of the 12th century. The diminutive is
+<em>chapeline</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Chaperon</strong></span>, Fr. A hood or small cap for the
+head.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chapiter</strong>, Arch. The upper part of a capital.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_154'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_154.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 154. Chaplet Moulding.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chaplet</strong>, Arch. (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">chapelet</span></i>). (1) A small cylindrical
+moulding, carved into beads and the like.
+(See Fig. <a href='#fig_154'>154</a>.) (2) <em>Chaplets of flowers</em>, which
+were worn in England, by both sexes, on festive
+occasions, during the Middle Ages, and chaplets
+of jewels in earlier times. (3) Chr. It was
+anciently the custom to crown the newly baptized
+with a chaplet or garland of flowers. (4)
+Chr. A succession of prayers recited in a certain
+order, regulated by beads, &amp;c. (5) In
+Heraldry. A garland or wreath. (See <span class='sc'>Crancelin</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chapter</strong>, Chr. (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">capitulum</span></i>). The body
+of the clergy of a cathedral, united under the
+bishop.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chapter-house</strong>, Chr. A place of assemblage
+for a <span class='sc'>Chapter</span> of the clergy. That of Westminster
+contains some fine wall paintings of the
+middle of the 14th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chaptrel</strong>, Arch. The capital of a column
+supporting an arch; an impost.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Character</strong></span>, Gr. and R. Generally, any sign
+or mark impressed, painted, or engraved on any
+object. In a more restricted sense, it denotes
+the instrument of iron or bronze with which such
+marks were made. In Art, the expression means
+a faithful adherence to the peculiarities of objects
+represented.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Charbokull</strong></span>, O. E. A carbuncle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Charcoal Blacks</strong> are made of ivory, bones,
+vine-twigs, smoke of resin, &amp;c., burned in a
+crucible excluded from the air. The best charcoal
+<em>crayons</em> are made of box and willow; the
+former produces a dense hard crayon, the latter
+a soft friable one. (<cite>Fairholt.</cite>) (See <span class='sc'>Blue
+Black</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Chare Thursday</strong></span>, O. E. Maundy Thursday.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Charge</strong>, Her. Any heraldic figure or device.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Charisia</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Χάριτες</span>, the Graces). Nocturnal
+festivals held in honour of the Graces, at
+which cakes and honey were distributed to those
+present.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Charisteria</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χάρις</span>, gratitude). Festivals
+celebrated yearly at Athens, in remembrance of
+the Athenian general Thrasybulus, the saviour
+of his country.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Charistia.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Caristia</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Charistion.</strong> An instrument of Archimedes for
+weighing. Whether it bore most resemblance to
+the balance (<em>libra</em>), or the steelyard (<em>statera</em>), is
+uncertain, as its form is entirely unknown.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Charles’s Wain</strong> (Anglo-Saxon, <em>carles-waen</em>,
+the churl’s waggon). The seven stars forming
+the constellation generally called the Great
+Bear.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Charnel</strong></span>, O. E. Apex of the basinet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Charnel-house.</strong> A small building attached to
+a cemetery, for a receptacle for the human bones
+disinterred when fresh graves were dug.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Charta</strong></span>, Gr. and R. Writing-paper in use
+among the ancients. There were eight different
+kinds, which were classed as follows in the order
+of their quality: (1) <em>Charta Augustana</em> or
+<em>Claudiana</em>; (2) <em>Liviana</em>; (3) <em>hieratica</em>; (4) <em>amphitheatrica</em>;
+(5) <em>Saitica</em>; (6) <em>leneotica</em>; (7) <em>fanniana</em>;
+(8) <em>dentata</em>. The last was so called
+from being polished by means of the tooth
+(<em>dens</em>) of some animal, or a piece of ivory.
+There was also a <em>charta emporetica</em> or packing-paper,
+and lastly a <em>charta bibula</em>. It is uncertain
+whether this last was blotting-paper, or a kind
+of transparent paper which had been steeped in
+oil or some other fatty substance.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Charter-room</strong> or <strong>Charter-house</strong>. A place in
+which the charters of a particular family or
+house were preserved.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chartophylax</strong>, Chr. A man who had charge
+of the charters of a
+church.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chasing</strong>. (See <span class='sc'>Cælatura</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chasse</strong>, Chr., Fr. A
+reliquary in the form of a
+box with a ridged top.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Chastelain</strong></span>, O. E. The
+lord of a castle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Chastons</strong></span>, O. E. Breeches
+of mail; 13th to 16th
+century.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_155'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_155.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 155. Chasuble.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chasuble</strong> (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">casula</span></i>,
+a cottage). Part of ancient
+ecclesiastical costume
+common to all the
+Roman Catholic clergy,
+from the priest to the
+Archbishop. It was originally
+made of wool, and
+in one piece throughout,
+without sleeves, and without
+slit or opening in
+front, and perfectly circular;
+but the shape
+varied with the material;
+and from the 6th century
+downwards we hear of chasubles of brilliant
+colour and costly materials, such as silk or
+thickly-embroidered cloth of gold, and oval in
+form, hanging no longer in graceful folds as in
+the 11th century. The engraving (Fig. <a href='#fig_155'>155</a>) shows
+a chasuble of the year 1387. (Compare <span class='sc'>Pænula</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Planeta</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chatai</strong>, Hindoo. Mats, a common manufacture
+all over India. Those of Midnapore, near
+Calcutta, are remarkable for their fineness and
+classical design of the mosaic, like patterns of
+stained glass.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chat-faux</strong>, Med. A wooden shed—modern
+scaffold. (See <span class='sc'>Cagasuptus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chatrang</strong> (Sanscrit <em>chatur-anga</em>, the four
+<em>angas</em> or soldiers; or <em>chaturaji</em>, the four kings).
+The Persian name for a very ancient game of
+the “Four Kings,” supposed to be the origin
+of the four suits of playing-cards. (<em>Rev. E. S.
+Taylor</em>, “<cite>History of Playing-cards</cite>.”)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chatzozerah</strong>, Heb. A Jewish trumpet mentioned
+by Moses, used chiefly for religious and
+warlike occasions.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chauffault</strong>, Old Fr. A tower of wood.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Chausses</strong></span>, O. E. (1) Pantaloons of mail used
+by the Danes. (2) Tight pantaloons worn by
+the Normans and mediæval English.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chaussetrap.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Caltraps</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Chaussons</strong></span>, O. E. Breeches of mail (or of
+cloth).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chavarina</span></strong>, Med. Lat. A carbine.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Checkere</strong></span>, O. E. A chess-board.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Checkstone</strong></span>, O. E. A game played by
+children with small round pebbles.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Checky</strong>, Her. (See <span class='sc'>Chequée</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cheese</strong>, Chr. St. Augustine says that a sect
+called the Artotyrites offered bread and <em>cheese</em>
+in the Eucharist, saying “that the first oblations
+which were offered by men, in the infancy
+of the world, were of the fruits of the earth and
+of sheep.” (<cite>Aug. de Hæres.</cite> c. xlviii.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Chef-d’œuvre</strong></span>, Fr. A work of the highest excellence.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chekelatoun.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Ciclatoun</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Chekere</strong></span>, O. E. Chess (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chele</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χηλὴ</span>, prob, from a root <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χα-</span> meaning
+cloven). This term is applied to a great variety
+of objects; it signifies a cloven foot, a hooked
+claw, or anything presenting a notched or
+serrated appearance. Thus a breakwater, the
+irregular projections of which bore some resemblance
+to the teeth of an immense saw, was
+also called <em>chêlê</em>. There were, besides, various
+engines and machines which went under this
+name.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chelidoniacus</strong>, sc. <em>gladius</em> (from the Greek
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χελιδὼν</span>, a swallow). A broad-bladed sword with
+a double point like a swallow’s tail.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chelidonize</strong>, Gr. (lit. to twitter like a swallow).
+Singing the “Swallow Song” (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χελιδόνισμα</span>),
+a popular song sung by the Rhodian boys
+in the month Boedromion, on the return of the
+swallows, and made into an opportunity for
+begging. A similar song is still popular in
+Greece. (<cite>Fauriel</cite>, “<em>Chants de la Grèce</em>.”) (See
+<span class='sc'>Coronize</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cheliform</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χηλὴ</span>, a claw). In the form of a
+claw.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chelonium</strong> (a tortoise-shell, from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χελώνη</span>, a
+tortoise), (1) A kind of cramp or collar placed
+at the extremities of the uprights of certain
+machines. (2) A part of a catapult, also called
+<em>pulvinus</em>. (See <span class='sc'>Catapulta</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chelys</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χέλυς</span>, a tortoise). (1) The lyre of
+Mercury, formed of strings stretched across a
+tortoise-shell. (2) In the 16th and 17th centuries,
+a bass-viol and division-viol were each called
+<em>chelys</em>. (See also <span class='sc'>Testudo</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Chemise de Chartres</strong></span>, Fr. A kind of armour
+mentioned among the habiliments proper for
+knights who should engage in single combat.
+(<cite>Meyrick.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chenbele.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Cembel</span> [hastilude].)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cheng</strong>, Chinese. A musical instrument, consisting
+of a box or bowl, into which a series of
+tubes of different length and pitch are inserted;
+the tubes have holes in them to be played upon
+with the fingers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chêniscus</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χὴν</span>, a goose). An ornament
+placed at the bow, and sometimes the stern
+of ships. In shape it resembled the neck of a
+swan or goose.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chequée</strong>, <strong>Checky</strong>, Her. Having the field
+divided into contiguous rows of small squares;
+alternately of a metal (or fur) and a colour.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Chequers</strong></span>, O. E. (See <span class='sc'>Checkstone</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cherub</strong>, pl. <strong>Cherubim</strong>, Heb. According to
+the classification of Dionysius, the first <em>hierarchy</em>
+of Angels consists of three <em>choirs</em> called <span class='sc'>Seraphim</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Cherubim</span>, and <span class='sc'>Thrones</span>, and, receiving
+their glory immediately from Deity, transmit
+it to the second hierarchy. The first hierarchy
+are as councillors; the second as governors;
+the third as ministers. The <span class='sc'>Seraphim</span> are
+absorbed in perpetual love and worship round
+the throne; the <span class='sc'>Cherubim</span> know and worship;
+the <span class='sc'>Thrones</span> sustain the throne. The
+<span class='sc'>Seraphim</span> and <span class='sc'>Cherubim</span> are in general
+represented as <em>heads</em> merely with two or four
+or six wings, and of a bright red or blue
+colour, &amp;c. (Cf. <em>Mrs. Jameson’s Legendary
+Art</em>.) (See <span class='sc'>Angels</span>, <span class='sc'>Seraphim</span>. <span class='sc'>Dominions</span>,
+&amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cherubic Hymn</strong>, Chr. A hymn sung in the
+Greek Church before the great entrance (see
+<span class='sc'>Entrance</span>); so called from its first words,
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">οἱ τὰ χερουβὶμ μυστικῶς εἰκονίζοντες, κ.τ.λ.</span></p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chesible</strong>, for <span class='sc'>Chasuble</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chesnut Brown.</strong> A brown lake pigment prepared
+from the horse chesnut; very durable for
+oils and water-colour painting.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chess.</strong> Writers immediately after the Conquest
+speak of the Saxons as playing at chess, which,
+they say, they learned from the Danes. The
+game of chess is very prominent in the romances
+of the Middle Ages. The Scandinavian navigators
+introduced some remarkable elaborately carved
+chessmen, of walrus ivory, from Iceland, in the
+12th century. The castles are replaced by
+warriors on foot, called <em>hrokr</em>, from the Saracen
+<em>roc</em>, Persian <em>rokh</em>, our <em>rook</em>. In the Saracen
+game the <em>vizier</em> represented our queen, and the
+<em>elephant</em> our bishop, the <em>roc</em>, or hero, as aforesaid,
+our rook. Beautifully carved chessmen in
+the costumes of the 13th and 14th century exist
+in England. They were all very large, a king
+being four inches in height and seven in circumference.
+The <em>chess-boards</em> were of corresponding
+size, and made of all materials, including the
+precious metals, crystal, sapphires, and topazes.
+The pieces varied in form: the mediæval rook
+had a head like a <em>fleur-de-lis</em>, the knight was
+represented by a small upright column with the
+upper part bent on one side. The <em>aufin</em> or
+bishop was of the same shape, but the bent end
+was cleft to indicate a mitre. The figures of the
+16th century much more nearly resemble those
+now in vogue.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Chesse</strong></span>, O. E. (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">chasse</span></i>). A border, a circlet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Chest of Viols</strong></span>, O. E. A set of instruments
+complete for a “consort” of viols, i. e. two
+trebles, two tenors, and two basses.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Chester</strong></span>, O. E. A person who places corpses
+in their coffins.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chests</strong> and <strong>Coffers</strong>, in Norman times, were
+adorned with elaborate carving and richly inlaid.
+They were still the general depositories for
+clothes and treasures. <em>Cupboards</em> (armoires)
+were introduced by the Normans, and filled with
+household utensils.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Chevalet</strong></span>, Fr. The <em>bridge</em> of a violin or
+other stringed instrument.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cheval-traps.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Caltraps</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chevaucheurs.</strong> Anglo-Norman horsemen, or
+running messengers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chevaux-de-frize.</strong> An arrangement of iron
+spikes for the defence of a battlement against
+assault.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Cheveril</strong></span>, O. E. Kid leather, proverbially
+<em>elastic</em>; hence, a <em>cheveril conscience</em> (that will
+stretch).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chevesaile</strong>, Old Fr. A necklace.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chevetaine</strong>, Old Fr. A captain; hence the
+mediæval <em>cheuptanus</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chevron.</strong> (1) Arch. One of the mouldings
+frequently used in Norman architecture, usually
+called <em>zigzag</em> (q.v.). (2) A badge on the coatsleeve
+of a non-commissioned officer. (3) Her.
+One of the ordinaries; the lower half of a
+<span class='sc'>Saltire</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chevronel</strong>, Her. A diminutive of the <span class='sc'>Chevron</span>,
+of half the size.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Chevroter</strong></span>, Fr. A musical term: “to skip,
+quiver, to sing with uncertain tone, after the
+manner of goats,” <em>alla vibrato</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Chiaroscuro</strong></span>, It. (<em>chiaro</em>, light, and <em>oscuro</em>,
+dark). Light and shade.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chiave</strong> of Pavia. One of the Italian literary
+academies, composed entirely of noble and illustrious
+persons, who wore a golden key suspended
+round the neck, and had for a motto,
+<em>Clauditur et aperitur liberis</em>, and the text from
+Rev. iii. 7.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chica.</strong> A dance popular in Spanish South
+America, of a <em>jig</em>-like character; the origin of
+the <em>Fandango</em>. (See <span class='sc'>Chaconne</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chief</strong>, Her. One of the ordinaries; the
+<em>chief</em> bounded by a horizontal line contains the
+uppermost third of the field of a shield. <em>In
+chief</em>, arranged horizontally across the upper
+part of the field.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Childermas</strong></span>, O. E. Innocents’ Day.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chilled</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">chancissure</span></i>). Said of a moisture
+on the varnish of a picture by which the defect
+of cloudiness called <em>Blooming</em> is caused.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chimæra</strong>, Gr. A monster described by Homer,
+with a lion’s head, a goat’s body, and a dragon’s
+tail. In Christian art it is a symbol of cunning.
+(See also <span class='sc'>Dog of Fo</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chime.</strong> (1) To play bells by swinging
+the <em>hammers</em>, opposed to <em>ringing</em> by swinging
+the <em>bells</em>. (2) A chime of bells is a <span class='sc'>Carillon</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chimere</strong>, Chr. The outer dress of a Protestant
+bishop. It is made of black satin, without
+sleeves.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chimneys</strong> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χιμήνη</span>, winter), carried up in
+the massive walls of the castles, were first introduced
+into England by the Normans. The fire
+was still piled up in the middle of the hall, but
+fireplaces were built against the side walls in
+the more private apartments—the original of the
+well-known mediæval fireplace and “chymené.”
+Leland, in his account of Bolton Castle, which
+was “finiched or Kynge Richard the 2 dyed,”
+notices the <em>chimneys</em>: “One thynge I muche
+notyd in the hawle of Bolton, how chimeneys
+were conveyed by tunnells made on the syds of
+the walls, betwyxt the lights in the hawle, and
+by this means, and by no covers, is the smoke
+of the harthe in the hawle wonder strangely
+conveyed.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chin-band</strong>, <strong>Chin-cloth</strong>. A muffler of lace worn
+by ladies, <em>temp.</em> Charles I.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>China.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Pottery</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>China</strong> (or <strong>Chinese</strong>) <strong>Ink</strong>. (See <span class='sc'>Indian
+Ink</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chinese Paper.</strong> A fine absorbent paper
+of a yellowish tint, used for proofs of engravings,
+&amp;c. Japanese paper is now frequently
+preferred.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chinese White.</strong> <span class='sc'>Oxide of Zinc</span> (q.v.). It
+is more <em>constant</em> than white lead.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chinny-mumps.</strong> A Yorkshire music made
+by rapping the chin with the knuckles.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chints</strong> or <strong>Chintz</strong> (Hindoo, <em>chhint</em>, spotted cotton
+cloth). Cotton cloth printed in more than
+two colours.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Chiramaxium</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χειρ-αμάξιον</span>, i. e.
+hand-cart). An invalid’s chair mounted upon
+two wheels, and drawn or pushed by slaves.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Chiridota</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (from adj. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χειριδωτὸς</span>,
+i. e. lit. having sleeves). Tunics with long
+sleeves, worn in especial by the Asiatic races
+and by the <span class='sc'>Celts</span>. The early Britons, before
+the Roman invasion, wore close coats checkered
+with various colours in divisions, open before
+and with <em>long close sleeves to the wrist</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><strong>Chirimia</strong></span>, Sp. (from <em>chirimoya</em>, a pear). An
+oboe.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chirography</strong>. The art of writing with
+hands.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chirology</strong>. The art of talking with the hands.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chiromancy</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μάντις</span>, a soothsayer). Divination
+from the lines of the palms of the hands.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Chironomia</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χειρο-νομία</span>, i. e.
+measured motion of the hands). The mimetic
+art. By this term is expressed not only the art
+of speaking with gestures and by means of the
+hands, but also the action of speaking combined
+with gesticulation. This art dates from a high
+antiquity. It was originally part of the art of
+dancing,—clapping the hands in rhythm; also
+a gymnastic exercise, for pugilists and others.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chiroplast.</strong> An instrument for teaching fingering
+of musical instruments, invented by
+Logier in 1810.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chirothecæ</strong> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χειροθήκη</span>; Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gantus</span></i>).
+Gloves were unknown to the early Greeks and
+Romans, but in use among the ancient Persians.
+In Christian archæology they are first
+met with in the 12th century. (See <span class='sc'>Gloves</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chisleu</strong>, Heb. The ninth month of the
+Jewish year. It begins with the new moon of
+our December.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_157'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_157.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 157. Diana wearing the Greek chiton.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chiton</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χιτών</span>). The Greek tunic. (Fig. <a href='#fig_157'>157</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Chitte</strong></span>, O. E. A sheet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chivachirs</strong> (Chevaucheurs). Old Fr. Running
+messengers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chlaina</strong> (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">læna</span></i>). A kind of cloak, of ample
+size, worn by the Greeks in campaigning. In time
+of peace it served as a bed coverlet. The diminutive
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χλανίδιον</span> appears to have been a woman’s
+mantle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chlamyda.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Chlamys</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_158'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_158.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 158. Apollo wearing the chlamys folded round his arm.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_159'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_159.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 159.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chlamys</strong>, Gr. A short light mantle, which
+was worn by Greek youths (not by Romans)
+until they arrived at manhood. It was the
+regular equestrian costume,
+and was of an oblong square
+shape. (Fig. <a href='#fig_159'>159</a>.) The
+chlamys is seen in representations
+of men hunting or
+fighting with beasts, as a
+shield wrapped round the
+left arm, the right poising the
+spear. (Fig. <a href='#fig_158'>158</a>.) In Botany,
+the floral envelope.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chœnix</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χοῖνιξ</span>). A Greek measure of capacity,
+variously valued from a pint and half to two
+quarts.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Choir</strong>, <strong>Quire</strong>, or <strong>Quere</strong>, Arch. The part of
+the church for the singers and <em>clerks</em>, i. e. the
+space between the <span class='fss'>NAVE</span> (for the people), and
+the <span class='fss'>BEMA</span>, or presbytery, for the celebrating
+clergy. But in mediæval writings the term includes
+the <span class='fss'>BEMA</span>. (See <span class='sc'>Chancel</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Choir Wall</strong> or <strong>Choir Screen</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">clôture</span></i>).
+The wall or screen between the side aisles and
+the choir.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Choosing-stick</strong> (a Somersetshire provincialism).
+A divining-rod.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Chopines</strong></span>, It. Clogs or high shoes, of Asiatic
+origin, introduced from Venice in the 16th
+century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Choragic Monuments.</strong> Small pedestals or
+shrines erected by the winner of a choral contest
+to display the <em>tripod</em> which was his prize.
+At Athens there was a street lined with such
+monuments, called the “Street of the Tripods.”
+The Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, still
+existing in Athens, is one of the most valuable
+remains of Greek architecture.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Choragium</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χορηγὸς</span>, or chorus-leader).
+A large space in a theatre, situated
+behind the stage. It was here that the “properties”
+were kept and the rehearsals of the
+chorus took place. The term is also used to
+denote the furniture, costumes, decorations, and,
+in a word, all the accessories required in the
+production of a piece.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chordaulodion.</strong> A self-acting musical instrument
+invented by Kauffmann of Dresden in
+1812.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Chorea</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χορὸς</span>, q.v.). A choral
+dance, in which the dancers took each other by
+the hand and danced to the sound of their own
+voices.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Chorus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χορὸς</span>, i. e. prop. a
+circle). (1) A choir of singers in a dramatic
+entertainment. (2) A band of dancers who went
+through their movements to the sound of their
+own singing. (3) A round choral dance; in this
+last signification <em>chorea</em> may equally well be
+used.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Chorus</strong> or <strong>Choron</strong></span>, O. E. An instrument
+somewhat resembling a bagpipe; the name was
+also applied to certain stringed instruments.
+The word <em>choron</em> originally designated a horn.
+(Hebrew, <em>Keren</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Chous</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χόος</span>, contr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χοῦς</span>, i. e.
+that from which one pours). An amphora, forming
+a measure of exact capacity. Another name
+for it was <span class='sc'>Congius</span> (q.v.). It held twelve
+<span class='sc'>Cotylæ</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Choutara</strong>, Hindoo. A kind of guitar with
+four wire strings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chrism</strong>, Chr. (from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χρίω</span>, to smear). A
+composition of balsam and oil of olives used
+by Christians of various denominations at the
+administration of the sacraments.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chrismal</strong>, <strong>Chrismatory</strong>, Chr. (1) The vessel
+made to contain the consecrated oil. (See
+<span class='sc'>Labarum</span>.) (2) A vessel for the reservation
+of the consecrated Host. (3) A cloth used to
+cover relics. (4) Old English <em>chrisom</em>, a white
+linen cloth put upon the child’s head in baptism.
+(See <span class='sc'>Font-cloth</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chrismarium</strong>, Chr. (See <span class='sc'>Chrismal</span>, 1.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chrisom.</strong> O. E. (1) See <span class='sc'>Chrismal</span>, 4. (2) A
+child that dies within a month after birth.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Christ-cross</strong></span>, O. E. (1) The Alphabet; so
+named from a school lesson beginning “Christe
+Crosse me spede in alle my worke.” (2) The
+mark made for his signature by a person who
+cannot write.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Christemporeia</strong>, Chr. Literally, the selling of
+Christ, simony.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Christian Horses</strong></span>, O. E. Bearers of sedan
+chairs.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Christmas-boxes.</strong> So called from the old
+practice of collecting them in boxes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chromatic Scale</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χρῶμα</span>, colour). In Music,
+the scale that proceeds by semi-tones; so
+called from the practice of printing the intermediate
+notes in various colours.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chromatics.</strong> The science of colours.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chromatrope.</strong> An optical instrument for assisting
+the invention of combinations of colours.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chrome, Chromium.</strong> An important mineral,
+the green oxide of which furnishes the <em>Chrome
+Green</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chrome Green.</strong> A dark green pigment prepared
+from oxide of chromium; mixed with
+Prussian blue and chrome yellow it is called
+<em>Green Cinnabar</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chrome Ochre.</strong> Oxide of chromium of a fine
+yellowish green.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chrome Red.</strong> A chromate of lead; a durable
+pigment used in oil painting. (See <span class='sc'>Red Lead</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chrome Yellow.</strong> A chromate of lead, which
+makes a bad pigment for oil painting. It is
+very poisonous and not durable; when mixed
+with white lead it turns to a dirty grey. As
+a water-colour pigment it is less objectionable.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chromite.</strong> Chromate of iron; a mineral
+consisting of protoxide of iron and oxide of
+chromium, used in the preparation of various
+pigments.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chronogram</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χρόνος</span>, time). An inscription
+which includes in it the date of an event.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chryselephantine Statues</strong> of ivory and gold.
+The most celebrated were that of <em>Minerva</em>,
+by Pheidias, which stood in the Acropolis at
+Athens, and was 40 English feet in height;
+and that of Zeus, 45 feet high, likewise by
+Pheidias, in the temple of Olympia. A reproduction
+of this statue was shown in the
+Paris Exhibition of 1855.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Chrysendeta</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χρυσένδετα</span>, i. e. set or
+inlaid with gold). A very costly description
+of  plate-service  employed by wealthy Romans.
+Of its precise character nothing unfortunately
+is known, but to judge from the epigrams of
+certain authors, it must have been chased and
+embossed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chrysoberyl</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βήρυλλος</span>, a beryl). A gem of
+a yellowish green colour; a species of <em>corundum</em>
+(q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chryso-clavus</span></strong> (Lat. <em>golden nail-head</em>). All
+rich purple silks, woven or embroidered with
+the <em>clavus</em> in gold, were so named. They were
+used for altar frontals, and the <em>clavi</em> were sometimes
+made so large that a subject was embroidered
+upon them; they were then called
+<em>sigillata</em> or <em>sealed</em>. (See <span class='sc'>Clavus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chrysocolla</strong> or <strong>Gold Green</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χρυσόκολλος</span>,
+inlaid or soldered with gold). (1) Native verdigris.
+Its principal use was for the preparation
+of a solder for gold. (See <span class='sc'>Santerna</span>.) (2) The
+Greek term for <em>Green Verditer</em> and <em>Armenian
+Green</em> (Latin, <em>Armenium</em>); a pigment obtained
+from <em>malachite</em> and green carbonate of copper.
+It was also called <em>pea green</em> or <em>grass-green</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Chthonia</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χθὼν</span>, the earth). Festivals
+held every spring at Argos in honour
+of Ceres, at which four aged women sacrificed
+heifers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Church</strong>, in Christian art, is the attribute of a
+founder thereof, who is frequently represented
+holding it in his hand. The most ancient symbol
+of the Church is the <em>ark of Noah</em>, subsequently
+a <em>ship</em>, often covered with the waves, &amp;c., very
+frequent in the catacombs. On tombs it is held
+to imply that the dead expired in full communion
+with the Church.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Churcheard</strong>, <strong>Church-haw</strong>, <strong>Church-litten</strong>.
+Old English provincialisms for a churchyard or
+burial-ground.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Church-stile</strong></span>, O. E. A pulpit.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Chymbe</strong></span>, O. E. A cymbal:—</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“As a <em>chymbe</em> or a brazen belle,</div>
+      <div class='line'>That nouther can undirstonde my telle.”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Chymol</strong>, <strong>Gemell</strong></span>, O. E. A hinge, still called
+ the eastern counties a “gimmer.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Chytra</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χέω</span>, to pour).
+A common kind of pot, of Greek origin, made
+with red clay. It was used for cooking.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chytria</strong>, Gr. An Athenian festival, which
+derived its name from the <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χύτρα</span>, or common pot
+in which were cooked the vegetables or other
+provisions offered to Bacchus and Mercury in
+memory of the dead.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Chytropus</strong>, <strong>Chytropous</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χυτρό-πους</span>, lit.
+a pot-foot). A <em>chytra</em> with three or four feet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cibilla</strong>. (See <span class='sc'>Cilliba</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ciborium</strong>, Gr., R., and Chr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κιβώριον</span>, the pod
+of the <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καλοκασία</span>, or Egyptian bean). (1) A
+drinking-vessel so called because it resembled
+the Egyptian bean in shape. (2) In Christian
+archæology a kind of baldachino or canopy,
+supported by a varying number of columns,
+which forms the covering of the high altar in a
+church. Called also the <em>Tabernacle</em>, <em>Sacrament
+house</em>, <em>God’s house</em>, or <em>holyroof</em>. (See <span class='sc'>Severey</span>.)
+(3) Ciborium also signifies a vessel in which the
+consecrated wafer is “reserved.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ciclatoun</strong> or <strong>Siklatoun</strong>. The Persian name,
+adopted in England, for a textile of real gold
+thread; 12th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ciconia</strong></span>, R. (lit. a stork). (1) A sign made in
+dumb show by bending the forefinger into the
+form of a stork’s neck. (2) An instrument, in
+shape like an inverted T, employed by farmers
+to make sure that trenches dug by the spade
+were of uniform depth. (3) <em>Ciconia composita</em>
+was the name given to a more elaborate instrument
+of the same kind invented by Columella.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cicuta</strong></span>, R. (i. e. lit. the hemlock). A term
+used by analogy to denote anything made out of
+the hemlock plant, especially the <em>Pan’s pipes</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cidaris</strong>, Gen. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κίδαρις</span> or <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κίταρις</span>, a Persian
+tiara). A sort of diadem or royal bonnet worn
+by Eastern princes. It was tall, straight and
+stiff in shape, and was ornamented with pearls
+or precious stones. The same name was also
+applied to the bonnet worn at ceremonies by the
+high priest of the Jews. (See <span class='sc'>Tiara</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cilery</strong>, Arch. Drapery or foliage carved on
+the heads of columns.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cilibantum</strong></span>, R. (See <span class='sc'>Cilliba</span>.) A stand or
+table with three legs.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cilicium</strong></span>, R. (1) A coarse cloth made of
+goat’s hair, and manufactured in Cilicia. It was
+much used in the army and navy: in the former
+for making the soldiers’ tents; in the latter for
+clothes for the sailors or for sails. (2) During
+the time of mourning, or when suffering under
+any calamity, the Jews put on a kind of <em>cilicium</em>
+made of coarse canvas. (3) A cloth mattress
+stuffed with sea-weed or cow-hair, which was
+placed outside the walls of besieged cities to
+deaden the blows of the battering-ram or of
+projectiles. (4) In Christian archæology the
+<em>cilicium</em> or hair-shirt is a sleeveless jacket made
+with a material of horsehair and coarse hemp.
+The Dominicans, Franciscans, and certain Carthusians
+wear the <em>cilicium</em> to mortify the flesh.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cilliba</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κίλλος</span>, an ass) A trestle,
+and by analogy a dining-table supported by
+trestles. This form of table, which was commonly
+used by the early Romans, was replaced
+later on by the circular table.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cimbal.</strong> An old name for the <span class='sc'>Dulcimer</span>
+(q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cimeter</strong>, <strong>Cymetar</strong>, <strong>Scimeter</strong>, &amp;c. A short
+curved sword used by the Persians or Turks,
+mentioned by Meyrick as adopted by the
+Hussars, <em>temp.</em> Elizabeth.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cincinnus</strong></span>, R. A long ringlet or corkscrew
+curl of hair produced with the curling-irons.
+(See <span class='sc'>Hair</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cincticulus</strong></span>, R. (dimin. of <span class='sc'>Cinctus</span>, q.v.).
+A kind of short petticoat worn by youths.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cinctorium</strong></span>, R. (from <em>cinctus</em>, a girdle). (1) A
+sword-belt worn round the waist, and thus
+distinguished from the <span class='sc'>Balteus</span> or baldric,
+which passed over the shoulder. The <em>balteus</em>
+was worn by private soldiers, while the <em>cinctorium</em>
+was the distinctive badge of an officer. (2) The
+dagger, so called because it was suspended from
+or put into the girdle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cincture</strong>, Arch. The fillet, at each end of
+the shaft of a classical column (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cinctus</strong></span>, R. (from <em>cingo</em>, i. e. a girding). A
+short petticoat (or kilt) worn by men; also in
+the same sense as <em>cingula</em> and cingulum, a <em>girdle</em>.
+<em>Cinctus gabinus</em> was a particular manner of
+arranging the toga, by throwing one end over the
+head, and fastening the other round the waist like
+a girdle. As an adjective, <em>cinctus</em> was applied
+to any individual of either sex who wore any
+kind of belt or girdle. (See <span class='sc'>Discinctus</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_160'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_160.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 160. Cineraria.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cinerarium</strong></span>, R. (i. e. a place of ashes). A
+niche in a tomb, sufficiently roomy to hold an
+urn of large size, or a sarcophagus. The following
+was the disposition of one, or in many cases,
+three sides in a Roman tomb: in the centre of
+the wall was a large niche (<em>cinerarium medianum</em>)
+for a sarcophagus, and on each side of this two
+small niches (<em>columbaria</em>), and above each of
+the latter was a much larger recess for large
+urns. (See also <span class='sc'>Columbarium</span>, <span class='sc'>Cubiculum</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Cupella</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cinerarius.</strong> A hair-dresser (who heated his
+tongs in the <em>cinders</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cingulum</strong></span>, R. A girdle or other fastening
+round the waist. In modern archæology, <em>cingulo
+militari decorare</em> signifies to create a knight, from
+the practice of investing him with the military
+girdle; and <em>cingulum militare auferre</em> is to
+degrade a knight. (See <span class='sc'>Discinctus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ciniflo</strong></span>, R. A synonym for <span class='sc'>Cinerarius</span>
+(q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cinnabar.</strong> Sulphide of mercury; an ancient
+red pigment used for sacred and imperial purposes.
+(See <span class='sc'>Chrome Green</span>, <span class='sc'>Dragon’s
+Blood</span>, <span class='sc'>Vermilion</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cinnamon-stone.</strong> A variety of lime-garnet
+of a clear cinnamon-brown tint.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cinque-cento</strong> (literally, 500). The Italian
+art of the 16th century.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_161'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_161.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 161. Heraldic Cinque-foil.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cinque-foil</strong>, Arch.
+(Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">cinque</span></i> and <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">feuille</span></i>,
+a leaf). An ornamental
+foliation or
+feathering of the lanceolated
+style, consisting
+of five projecting
+points or
+cusps. (Fig. <a href='#fig_161'>161</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cinta</span></strong>, Med. Lat.
+(Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">enceinte</span></i>). The
+outside wall of a fortress.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cinyra.</strong> An old
+term for a harp.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_162'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_162.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 162. Cippus (Tomb-stone).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cippus</strong></span>, R. (1) A short stone pillar of
+cylindrical form, employed to mark the boundaries
+between adjoining estates or nations.
+(2) A pillar of cylindrical or rectangular form,
+and sometimes perfectly plain, sometimes richly
+ornamented, erected for a
+tomb-stone. (Fig. <a href='#fig_162'>162</a>.)
+In some instances the cippus
+enclosed a cavity in
+which the urn containing
+the ashes of the dead person
+might be placed. A
+<em>cippus</em> was placed at the
+corner of a cemetery, and
+the measurements of the
+burying-ground were recorded
+upon it. In Med.
+Lat. the word is used for
+the keep of the castle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Circenses Ludi</strong></span>, R. Games
+in the circus. (See <span class='sc'>Consualia</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Circinate.</strong> Curled in the manner of the Ionic
+volute, or like the fronds of young ferns rolled
+inwards from the summit to the base.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Circinus</strong></span>, R. A compass; an instrument
+employed, as now, by architects, sculptors,
+masons, and various other trades. The Romans
+were also acquainted with reduction compasses.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Circle.</strong> The emblem of Heaven and eternity.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Circumlitio.</strong> An ancient Greek varnish, with
+which the statues of the Greeks were tinted.
+(<cite>Eastlake.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Circumpotatio</strong></span>, R. (from <em>circum</em> and <em>poto</em>,
+i. e. a drinking-around). A funeral feast in
+which the guests passed round the wine from
+hand to hand. It took place at the tomb of
+the person in whose memory it was held, and
+on the anniversary of his death.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Circumvallation.</strong> A fortification made round
+a blockaded place by a besieging army.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_163'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_163.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 163. Model of a Roman Circus.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Circus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (i. e. a circle). A flat
+open space near a city, round which were raised
+scaffoldings for the accommodation of the
+spectators. This was the form of the earliest
+circuses; but as civilization advanced, they were
+regularly constructed of stone. The arena was
+in the form of a vast rectangle terminating at
+one extremity in a semicircle, and surrounded
+by tiers of seats for the spectators. At the end
+fronting the semicircular part was a rectangular
+pile of buildings, underneath which were the
+<em>carceres</em> or stalls for the horses, and down the
+centre of the circus ran a long low wall called
+the <em>spina</em>, adorned with statues, obelisks, &amp;c.
+This <em>spina</em> formed a barrier by which the circus
+was divided into two distinct parts, and at each
+end of it was a <em>meta</em> or goal, round which the
+chariots turned. (See <span class='sc'>Meta</span> and <span class='sc'>Ovum</span>.) The
+Romans constructed circuses in England, wherever
+they had a large encampment. The ruins
+exist at Dorchester, Silchester, Richborough,
+and other places.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cirrus</strong></span>, R. (1) A lock of hair; a ringlet
+curling naturally, and so distinguished from the
+<em>cincinnus</em>, a curl produced by means of the
+curling-iron. (2) A tuft; the forelock of a
+horse when tied up above its ears. (3) A tuft
+of flowers forming a bunch or head, such as
+<em>phlox</em>, <em>calceolaria</em>, &amp;c. (4) Light <em>curled</em> clouds in
+the sky, portending wind, are hence called <em>cirri</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Ciselure</strong></span>, Fr. Chasing. (See <span class='sc'>Cælatura</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cissibium</strong> or <strong>Cissybium</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κισσύβιον</span>,
+i. e. made or wreathed with ivy). A
+drinking-vessel, so called because the handle
+was made of ivy-wood, or more probably because
+it had an ivy-wreath carved upon it.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cissoid</strong> (lit. ivy-shaped). A celebrated curve,
+applied in the trisection of an angle, invented
+by Diocles the geometer.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cissotomiæ</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κισσο-τόμοι</span>, sc. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἡμέραι</span>,
+i. e. the days of ivy-cutting). A festival held in
+Greece, in honour of Hebe, goddess of youth,
+and a youth called Cissos, who, when dancing
+with Bacchus, had fallen down and been changed
+into ivy. Accordingly at this festival youths and
+girls danced with their heads wreathed with ivy.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cista</strong>, <strong>Cistella</strong>, <strong>Sitella</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κίστη</span>, a
+chest). (1) A large wicker-work basket in
+which the voters deposited their voting-tablets
+at the comitia. It was of a cylindrical shape, and
+about four or five feet high. (2) A smaller
+basket into which the judges cast the tablets
+recording their sentence. (3) A wicker-work
+basket in which children carried about their
+playthings. (4) The cist which was carried in
+procession at the Eleusinian festival, and which
+might be either a wicker basket or a box of
+metal. It was filled with corn, rice, sesame,
+salt, and pomegranates. Richly ornamented
+chests or boxes, with bronze mirrors in them,
+found among Etruscan ruins, are called <em>cistæ
+mysticæ</em>. The <em>sitella</em>, or <em>situla</em>, was a different
+vessel; viz. a <em>bucket</em> of water, into which the
+lots (<em>sortes</em>) were thrown. The situla had a
+narrow neck, so that only one lot could come
+to the surface when it was shaken. It was also
+called <em>Urna</em> or <em>Orca</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cistella</strong></span>, R. A dulcimer; <em>lit.</em> a little box.
+(See <span class='sc'>Cista</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cistellula</strong></span>, R. (dimin. of <span class='sc'>Cista</span>, q.v.). A very
+small <em>cista</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cistophorus</strong>, Egyp., Gr., and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κιστοφόρος</span>,
+i. e. bearing a <em>cista</em> or <em>cistus</em>). A silver coin,
+current in Asia, and worth about four drachmæ.
+It was so called from bearing the impression of
+a <em>cista</em> (chest), or, more probably, of the shrub
+<em>cistus</em>. [Value four francs of French money.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cistula</strong></span>, R. Dimin. of <span class='sc'>Cista</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Citadel</strong> (It. <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">cittadella</span></i>, a little town). A fortress
+within a city.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cithara</strong>, <strong>Cither</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κιθάρα</span>). A
+stringed instrument of great antiquity, resembling
+our modern guitar. It was played with a
+<em>plectrum</em>. The name was afterwards applied to
+many stringed instruments of varied form, power
+of sound, and compass. The mediæval <em>Rotta</em>
+was called <em>C. teutonica</em>; the harp was called
+<em>C. Anglica</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cithara Bijuga.</strong> A guitar with a double neck.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Citole</strong></span>, O. E. A kind of guitar.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“A <em>citole</em> in hir right hand had sche.” (<cite>Chaucer.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cittern.</strong> A stringed instrument, like a guitar,
+strung with wire instead of gut. The <em>cittern</em>
+was at one time a part of the furniture of every
+barber’s shop, and customers played on it while
+waiting for their turns. (Niche 1 of Exeter
+Gallery. See <span class='sc'>Clarion</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Civery</strong>, Arch. (See <span class='sc'>Severey</span>.) A bay or
+compartment of a vaulted ceiling.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Civic Crown</strong>, Her. A wreath of oak leaves
+and acorns. (See <span class='sc'>Corona</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ckuicui</strong>, Peruvian. One of the divisions of
+the temple of the Sun (<cite>Inti</cite>), so named as being
+dedicated to the rainbow (<cite>Ckuichi</cite>). (See <span class='sc'>Inti</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Clabulare.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Clavulare</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Clack</strong> or <strong>Clap-dish</strong></span>, O. E. A box with a
+movable lid used and rattled by beggars to
+attract attention:—</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“His tongue moves like a beggar’s <em>clapdish</em>.”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cladeuteria.</strong> A Greek festival held in honour
+of Bacchus, at the time when the pruning of the
+vines took place.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_164'  class='figcenter id004'>
+<img src='images/fig_164.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 164. Clerestory and Triforium in Worcester Cathedral.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Claire-voie</strong> (Anglicè, <strong>Clerestory</strong>), Arch. (i. e.
+clear-storey). A row of large windows, forming
+the upper storey of the nave of a church, rising
+clear above the adjoining parts of the building.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Clan</strong> (Gaelic, <em>klann</em>, children). A tribe of
+persons of one common family, united under a
+chieftain.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Clap-bene</strong></span>, O. E. <i><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang">Bene</span></i> signifies a prayer,
+and children were invited by this phrase to
+<em>clap</em> their hands together, as their only means
+of expressing their prayers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Clap-dish.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Clackdish</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Clappe</strong> or <strong>Clapper</strong></span>, O. E. A wooden rattle
+used to summon people to church on the last
+three days of Passion Week, when the bells were
+not rung.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Clarenceux</strong>, Her. The title of one of the
+three kings of arms at Heralds’ College. The
+others are called <span class='sc'>Garter</span> and <span class='sc'>Norroy</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Clarichord</strong></span>, O. E. A stringed instrument, in
+the form of a spinet, of mediæval times. At
+the marriage of James of Scotland with the
+Princess Margaret, <span class='fss'>A. D.</span> 1503, “the king began
+before hyr to play of the <em>clarychordes</em>, and after
+of the lute. And upon the said clarychorde
+Sir Edward Stanley played a ballad, and sange
+therewith.” (<cite>Wharton</cite>, “<em>History of English
+Poetry</em>.”) It is identical with the <em>clavichord</em>, the
+origin of the spinet, harpsichord, and pianoforte.</p>
+
+<div  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_165-166.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 165, 166. Clarions (heraldic).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Clarion</strong></span>, O. E.
+A small trumpet,
+with a shrill sound.
+(Represented in the
+third niche of the
+“Minstrels’ Gallery”
+of Exeter Cathedral,
+of which there is a
+cast in the South Kensington Museum.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Classic Orders of Architecture.</strong> The <em>Grecian</em>:
+Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian;—and the <em>Roman</em>:
+Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite
+orders (q.v.) are generally thus distinguished.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Clathrate.</strong> Latticed like a grating (<em>clathri</em>).</p>
+
+<div id='fig_167'  class='figcenter id005'>
+<img src='images/fig_167.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 167. Clathri over bronze doors.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Clathri</strong></span>, R. A grating or trellis formed of
+wooden or metal bars; <em>clathri</em> were employed
+to form the imposts over hypæthral doors, and
+to light the stables (<em>carceres</em>) under the circus,
+&amp;c. Fig. <a href='#fig_167'>167</a> represents one of the bronze doors
+of the Pantheon at Rome with the grating above.</p>
+
+<div class='section'>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Claude Glass.</strong> A dark convex glass for
+studying the effect of a landscape in reverse.
+Its name is supposed to be derived from the
+similarity of the effects it gives, to those of a
+picture by Claude Lorrain.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Clausula</strong></span>, R. The handle of any instrument
+whatsoever, when made in such a way that the
+hand can be inserted into it, as for instance with
+a ring or sword-hilt. The <span class='sc'>Strigilis</span> (q.v.) had a
+handle of this description. <em>Clausula</em> is thus to
+be distinguished from <em>capulus</em> (a straight handle),
+and <em>ansa</em> (a handle affixed to another object).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Clava</strong></span>, R. (1) A stout knotty stick, growing
+much thicker towards one end. (2) A very
+heavy club with which young recruits went
+through their exercises. (3) A club like that of
+Hercules, or a mace or war-club with an iron
+head, and studded with nails or (more commonly)
+sharp spikes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Clavate.</strong> Club-shaped; tapering down from
+the top.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Clavesignati</span></strong>, Med. Lat. The Papal troops
+were so called, who had the keys of St. Peter on
+their standards and uniforms.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Claviary.</strong> In Music, an index of keys.</p>
+
+<div class='section'>
+
+<div id='fig_168'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_168.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 168. Clavichord—18th century.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Clavichord.</strong> A stringed instrument in the
+form of a spinet. (Fig. <a href='#fig_168'>168</a>.) (See <span class='sc'>Clarichord</span>.)</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Clavicula.</strong> Dimin. of <span class='sc'>Clavis</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Clavier.</strong> Of a musical instrument, the key-board.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Clavis</strong></span>, R. A key. The <em>clavis clausa</em> was
+a small key without a neck or lever; <em>clavis
+laconica</em>, a key of Egyptian invention, having
+three teeth; <em>clavis adultera</em>, a false key; <em>clavis
+trochi</em>, a curved stick made of iron and having a
+hook at the end, which was used by Greek and
+Roman boys for trundling their hoops.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Clavius.</strong> A walled plain in the moon, more
+than a hundred miles in diameter.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Clavulare</strong> or <strong>Clabulare</strong></span>, R. A large open
+cart used for carrying provisions, especially <em>dolia</em>
+(casks) filled with wine. The body of the carriage
+was formed by a wooden trellis-work
+(<em>clavulæ</em>)—whence its name—and was of a semi-cylindrical
+shape, adapted to accommodate
+wine barrels.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Clavus</strong></span>, R. A nail. In Christian archæology,
+a purple hem or band applied as an ornament to
+a dress, which was then called <em>vestis clavata</em>.
+(See <span class='sc'>Chryso-clavus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Claymore</strong> (Gaelic, <em>claidheamb</em>, a sword, and
+<em>mor</em>, great). The highland broadsword.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Clechée</strong>, Her. (See <span class='sc'>Undée</span>.) A variety of
+the heraldic cross.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Clef</strong> or <strong>Cliff</strong>, Music. A figure indicating the
+pitch to be adopted for the key-note of a piece
+of music; an invention of the 13th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Clepsydra</strong>, Gen. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κλεψ-ύδρα</span>, i. e. a stealing-away
+of water). A water-clock, and by analogy
+an hour-glass or <em>sand</em>-clock. The <em>clepsydra</em> was
+used as an hour-glass in the courts of justice at
+Athens, to measure out the time allowed to each
+orator.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Clerestory.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Claire-voie</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Cleystaffe</strong></span>, O. E. A pastoral staff.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Clibanus</span></strong></span>, R. (1) A basket used for baking
+bread; the bread itself, when thus baked, being
+called <em>clibanicius</em>. (2) Med. Lat. A short
+hauberk, which the later Greeks called <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κλίβανον</span>,
+because it covered the breast. (<cite>Meyrick.</cite>) (3)
+Med. Lat. A tower.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Clicket</strong></span>, O. E. A key.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line in12'>“With his <em>clicket</em></div>
+      <div class='line'>Damian hath opened this wicket.” (<cite>Chaucer.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cliff.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Clef</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Clipeolum.</strong> Dimin. of <span class='sc'>Clipeus</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<div id='fig_169'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_169.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 169. Clipeus.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Clipeus</strong> and <strong>Clipeum</strong></span>, R. (akin to <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καλύπτω</span>,
+to cover or conceal). A large broad shield of
+circular shape and concave on the inside. It
+was of great weight, and formed part of the
+special equipment of the cavalry. The original
+<em>clipeus Argolicus</em> was circular, and often likened
+to the sun: in Roman sculpture it is often oval.
+The outer rim was termed <em>antyx</em>; the <em>boss</em>
+in the centre, <em>omphalos</em>, or <em>umbo</em>; a leather strap
+for the arm, <em>telamon</em>. It was replaced, subsequently,
+by the <span class='sc'>Scutum</span> (q.v.). Fig. <a href='#fig_169'>169</a> is an
+ornamented bronze <em>clipeus</em>, thought to be Gaulish.
+This term also serves to denote (1) a shield
+of metal or marble which was employed as
+an ornament (Fig. <a href='#fig_170'>170</a> represents an ornamental
+shield, such as was placed on the frieze of a
+building, and especially in the metopes of the
+Doric entablature); and (2) an apparatus employed
+in the <em>laconicum</em> (q.v.) to regulate the
+temperature. In the illustration to <em>Caldarium</em>
+a slave may be seen pulling the chains of
+the <em>clipeus</em>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_170'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_170.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 170. Ornamental Clipeus.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_171'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_171.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 171. Cloaca Maxima at Rome.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cloaca</strong></span>, R. (from <em>cluo</em>, i. e. the cleanser).
+A subterranean sewer or canal constructed of
+masonry. The <em>Cloaca Maxima</em>, or Main Sewer
+of Rome, was constructed by the elder Tarquin
+to drain a marsh lying at the foot of the Palatine
+and Capitoline Hills. Fig. <a href='#fig_171'>171</a> represents one
+of its mouths. It was formed of three tiers
+of arches, the innermost being fourteen feet
+in diameter.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Clocks</strong></span>, O. E., “are the gores of a ruff, the
+laying in of the cloth to make it round, the
+plaites;” also ornaments on stockings and on
+hoods.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Clog-almanacks.</strong> The Anglo-Saxons calculated
+by the phases of the moon, set down on
+square pieces of wood, a foot or two long. These
+<em>clogs</em> are still common in Staffordshire. (Cf. <em>Plott’s
+History of Staffordshire</em>; <em>Gough’s Camden’s
+Britannia</em>, ii. 379.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Cloish</strong>, or <strong>Closh</strong></span>, O. E. A kind of ninepins
+played with a ball. (<cite>Strutt</cite>, p. 202.) Cf. <span class='sc'>Club-kayles</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cloisonné.</strong> A form of enamelling by incrustation,
+in which the pattern is raised by strips of
+metal or wire welded on.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_173'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_173.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 173. Cloisters in the Church of Mont St. Michel.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cloister</strong>, Chr. (from Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">claustrum</span></i>, q.v.).
+A kind of court or quadrangle surrounded by a
+covered way, and having much analogy to the
+<em>atrium</em> of a Roman house. The cloister was an
+essential appendage to an abbey. One of its
+sides was usually bounded by the church, with
+which it easily communicated. The walls of the
+cloisters were often adorned with frescoes, and
+the court was occasionally planted with trees, the
+centre being occupied by a fountain. A monastery
+was often called a <em>cloister</em>. The sides of the
+cloister were anciently termed the <span class='sc'>Panes</span> of it,
+and the walks its alleys or deambulatories. (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_173'>173</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cloister Garth.</strong> The quadrangular space
+enclosed by the cloisters. The <em>cloister garth</em> at
+Chichester is still called the <em>Paradise</em>, and that
+at Chester the <em>Sprise</em> garden. (See <span class='sc'>Paradise</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Sprise</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Close</strong>, Her. With closed wings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Close-gauntlets.</strong> Gauntlets with immovable
+fingers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Closet</strong>, Her. A diminution of the <span class='fss'>BAR</span>, one half
+its width.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cloths of Estate.</strong> Costly embroidered hangings
+for the canopy of a throne.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Clouée</strong>, Her. Fastened with nails, and showing
+the nail-heads.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Clouts.</strong> Old name for kerchiefs.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Clown</strong>, in pantomime. <em>Harlequin</em> is Mercury,
+the <em>Clown</em> Momus, and the painted face and
+wide mouth taken from the ancient masks;
+<em>Pantaloon</em> is Charon, and <em>Columbine</em> Psyche.
+(<cite>Clarke’s Travels</cite>, viii. 104–7.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Club</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">φάλαγξ</span>). This weapon
+being used in close fight gave its name to the
+compact body of troops so called. The Scythians
+united it with the mace, both being
+spiked. <em>Ducange</em> mentions the <em>vulgastus</em>, a
+crooked club; the <em>plumbata</em>, loaded with lead,
+the <em>spontonus</em> with iron. In the army of
+Charles I. rustics untrained were called clubmen.
+(See <span class='sc'>Clava</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Club-kayles</strong></span>, O. E. Skittles played with a
+club, instead of a ball. (See <span class='sc'>Cloish</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Clubs</strong>, at cards, are the ancient <em>trèfles</em>, the
+trefoil or clover-plant. (See <span class='sc'>Trefle</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cluden</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A sword, the blade of
+which was contrived to recede into the handle.
+It was used for theatrical
+representations.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_174'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_174.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 174. Clunaculum.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Clunaculum</strong></span>, R.
+(1) A dagger so
+called because it was
+worn at the back;
+“<em>quia ad clunes
+pendet</em>,” as Festus
+says. (2) The sacrificial
+knife with
+which the victim was ripped up. The dagger
+represented in Fig. <a href='#fig_174'>174</a>, taken from the arch of
+Carpentras, was probably a Gaulish <em>clunaculum</em>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_172'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_172.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 172. Clustered column in Nave of Wells Cathedral.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Clustered Column</strong>, Arch. A pier formed of a
+congeries of columns or shafts clustered together,
+either attached or detached. It is also called a
+<span class='sc'>Compound Pier</span>. Fig. <a href='#fig_172'>172</a> is a specimen from
+Wells Cathedral.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Clypeate.</strong> Shaped like a shield.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cnopstara.</strong> A weapon used by the Caledonians;
+a ball filled with pieces of metal
+swung at the heads of their lances, to frighten
+cavalry.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coa Vestis</strong>, or simply <strong>Coa</strong> (i. e. the Coan robe).
+A very fine robe [made of silk, spun in <em>Cos</em>], of
+such light texture as to be almost transparent.
+It was worn by <em>hetairai</em> and singing and dancing
+girls, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coactilis</strong>, sc. <em>lana</em> (from <em>cogo</em>, i. e. that which
+is forced together). A kind of felted cloth
+made of wool closely pressed together. It
+formed a texture analogous to our felt. Another
+name for it was <em>coactus</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coal</strong> as an ancient pigment was used both in
+water-colours and in oil; it furnishes a brownish
+tint. “The shadows of flesh are well rendered
+by pit-coal, which should not be burnt.” (<cite>De
+Mayerne.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coassatio</strong> (from <em>coasso</em>, to join planks together).
+A general term for planks joined together, such
+as the flooring of a room, the top of a table, the
+deck of a ship, the roadway of a wooden bridge,
+&amp;c. (See <span class='sc'>Constratum</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_175'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_175.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 175. Coat Armour.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_176'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_176.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 176. Coat Armour. Devices on shield.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coat Armour</strong>,
+Med. Embroidery
+of heraldic devices
+upon costume;
+hence a term for
+heraldry in general.
+(Figs. 175 and
+176.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Coat Cards</strong></span>, O. E.
+Court cards and
+tens, so named from
+the <em>coat armour</em>
+worn by the figures.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cob.</strong> Irish name
+of a Spanish coin
+formerly current in
+Ireland; value
+about 4<em>s.</em> 8<em>d.</em></p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cobalt.</strong> A metal
+found in various
+combinations,
+from which various
+colouring matters
+are obtained
+of great use in the
+arts. <em>Cobalt blue</em>,
+a beautiful blue
+pigment, is obtained
+by mixing a salt of pure cobalt with a
+solution of pure alum, precipitating the liquid
+by an alkaline carbonate, washing the precipitate
+with care, drying and igniting it strongly.
+A fine green, known as <em>Rinmann’s green</em>, is
+similarly prepared. The chloride, the nitrate,
+and the sulphate of cobalt form <em>sympathetic inks</em>,
+which only become visible when the moisture is
+absorbed by the application of heat. From
+phosphate of cobalt a beautiful blue pigment
+is produced, called <em>Thenard’s blue</em>. It is said
+to have all the characters of ultramarine. Oxide
+of cobalt has the property of colouring glass
+blue; hence a glass formed of this oxide under
+the name of <em>smalt</em> is the blue colouring matter
+used for ornamenting porcelain and earthenware,
+for staining glass, for painting on enamel,
+&amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cobalt-bloom.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Erythrine</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Cobbards</strong></span>, O. E. The irons supporting a spit.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cob-wall</strong>, Arch. A wall formed of unburned
+clay mixed with straw.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cochineal.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Carmine</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cochineal Lakes.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Carminated
+Lakes</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cochlea</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κοχλίας</span>, i. e. a snail with spiral
+shell). Any object of spiral shape, like a
+screw; and so a worm and screw as a mechanical
+power in oil-, wine-, &amp;c. presses; the
+“Archimedean Screw,” or “water-snail” for
+raising water; the revolving door through
+which the wild beasts were let out into the
+amphitheatre; and other contrivances similar
+to the Italian <em>ruota</em>, by which persons can be
+introduced through a wall without opening a
+door; also a spiral staircase, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cochlear</strong>, <strong>Cochleare</strong> (from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κόχλος</span>, a shell-fish).
+(1) A spoon having at one extremity a
+sharp point, and at the other a sort of small bowl.
+(2) A measure of capacity of very small size.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cochlearium</strong></span>, R. A pond or nursery for
+fattening snails for the table. (English “cockles.”)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cochlis</strong>, sc. <em>columna</em> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κοχλὶς</span>, i. e. lit. a snail).
+A hollow monumental column, the interior of
+which was fitted with a cockle or spiral staircase,
+like the “Monument” of London.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cock.</strong> In Christian art, the emblem of St.
+Peter, and of watchfulness.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cockatrice.</strong> In Christian art, the emblem of
+sin; attribute of St. Vitus. (Her.: see the
+illustration to <span class='sc'>Basilisk</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cock-bead</strong>, Arch. A bead which projects
+from the surface of the timber on both sides.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Cockers</strong></span>, O. E. Ploughmen’s laced boots.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Cocket</strong></span>, O. E. A seal formerly attached to
+goods which had paid customs dues. Ancient
+<em>cockets</em> bear such inscriptions on them as “<em>God
+willing</em>,” “<em>If God please</em>,” &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Cockle-stairs</strong></span>, O. E. Winding stairs. (Cf.
+<span class='sc'>Cochlea</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Coctilis</strong>, <strong>Cocta</strong>, <strong>Coctus</strong></span>, R. (prepared by fire).
+<em>Later coctilis</em> was a brick hardened artificially by
+fire, in contradistinction to one dried in the sun;
+<em>murus coctilis</em>, a wall built of hardened bricks.
+(See <span class='sc'>Acapna</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cocurra</span></strong>, Med. Lat. A quiver.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cocytia</strong> (from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Κωκυτὸς</span>, the river of weeping).
+A festival held in honour of Proserpine,
+who had been carried off by Pluto. The latter,
+as king of the infernal regions, included in his
+sway the river Cocytus. The Cocytus and
+Acheron, two rivers of Epirus, remarkable for
+unwholesome and muddy water, and subterranean
+currents, were hence called the rivers of
+Hell. “Cocytia virgo” was Alecto, one of the
+Furies.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cod</strong>, Scotch. A pillow (also <em>pod</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Codex</strong> (<em>caudex</em>, the trunk of a tree). (1) A blank
+book for writing in, consisting of thin tablets of
+wood covered with wax; the term thus came to
+mean <em>code</em>, that is, a book containing laws, since
+these were inscribed in a book, the leaves of
+which were composed of thin leaves of wood.
+When parchment or paper was introduced, the
+term was still applied; and hence, later, became
+appropriate to any code of laws, e. g. the
+Gregorian, Theodosian, Justinian, &amp;c. (2) An
+early manuscript book, such as the Codex of
+the Greek New Testament and of “Virgil”
+in the Vatican. (3) The term was also applied
+to the heavy logs attached to the feet of slaves;
+these were of various shapes, sometimes even
+serving the purpose of a seat.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Codicillus</strong> (dimin. of <span class='sc'>Codex</span>, q.v.). A small
+book, or small leaves of wood covered with wax.
+The plural <em>codicilli</em> denoted a number of such
+sheets put together so as to form a sort of
+memorandum-book for taking rough notes.
+Any supplemental note made on the margin of
+the leaves composing a will, or added to them,
+was also called <em>codicillus</em> (codicil).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Codon</strong> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κώδων</span>). A bell; the bell of a
+trumpet; a trumpet with a bell-mouth.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cod-piece</strong> (from O. E. “cod,” a pillow or
+stuffed cushion; Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">braguette</span></i>); introduced <em>temp.</em>
+Henry VIII. An appendage to the taces over
+the os pubis, copied in the armour of the
+period. It continued in use to the end of
+Elizabeth’s reign.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cœlum.</strong> In Architecture, that part of a
+building which was placed over any other part,
+and so a ceiling, or soffit.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cœmeterium</strong>, <strong>Cemetery</strong>, Chr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κοιμητήριον</span>,
+from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κοιμάω</span>, i. e. a sleeping-place; Lat <em>dormitorium</em>).
+This term is an exclusively Christian
+one; it signifies a field of rest or refuge; the
+last resting-place of man. (See <span class='sc'>Hypogæum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cœna</strong> (from Sanscr. <em>khad-</em>, to eat). The
+principal meal among the Romans, consisting of
+several courses termed respectively <em>prima</em>, <em>altera</em>
+or <em>secunda</em>, <em>tertia</em>, <em>quarta cœna</em>. The hour at
+which the <em>cœna</em> took place varied with the habits
+of the master of the house, but it was usually
+about four or five o’clock. It was the third meal
+of the day, being preceded by the <em>jentaculum</em>
+(breakfast), and the <em>merenda</em> or <em>prandium</em>
+(luncheon or early dinner). The corresponding
+Greek meal was called <em>deipnon</em>, which closed
+with a libation to Zeus; after which the drinking
+party that remained was called <em>Symposium</em>.
+(See <span class='sc'>Last Supper</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cœnaculum.</strong> In early times this term was
+used for the <span class='sc'>Triclinium</span> (q.v.); later on it
+came to mean the upper stories of houses
+inhabited by the poor, our attic or garret. In
+the plural, <em>cœnacula</em> denotes the whole suite of
+rooms on the upper story of a house, and <em>cœnacula
+meritoria</em> such apartments let out on hire.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cœnatio</strong>, like <em>cœnaculum</em>, a dining-room
+situated upstairs. It thus differed from the
+<span class='sc'>Triclinium</span> (q.v.), which was a dining-room
+on the ground floor; the former was used in
+winter, the latter in summer. The <em>cœnatio</em>, or
+<em>diæta</em>, was a very magnificent apartment. Nero
+had one in his golden palace, constructed like a
+theatre, with a change of scenery for every course.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cœnatoria</strong>, <strong>Cœnatoriæ Vestes</strong>. The garments
+worn by the Romans at the dinner-table.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cœnobium</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κοινό-βιον</span>, i. e. a life in common).
+A monastery; a convent of monks who lived in
+common.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cœur</strong>, <strong>Carreau</strong>, <strong>Pique</strong>, and <strong>Trèfle</strong>. The
+four French suits of cards, corresponding with
+our Hearts, Diamonds, Spades, and Clubs, probably
+introduced in the reign of Charles VII. of
+France (15th century). (<cite>Taylor.</cite>) Cœur is sometimes
+derived from <em>Chœur</em>. (See <span class='sc'>Coppe</span> and
+<span class='sc'>Chatrang</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>“The hearts are the ecclesiastics, whose place is in the
+<em>choir</em>; the pike the military, &amp;c.” (<cite>Menestrier.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coffer.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Arca</span>.) (1) In Architecture, a
+sunken panel in a ceiling or soffit. (2) A chest.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cognizance</strong>, Her. Synonym for <em>Badge</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Cogware</strong></span>, O. E. A coarse narrow cloth like
+frieze; 16th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cohors</strong>, <strong>Cohort</strong></span>, R. A body of infantry forming
+the tenth part of a legion. The number of men
+composing a cohort varied at different periods
+between 300 and 600 men, according to the
+numerical strength of the legion. The first
+cohort of a legion was called a military cohort;
+the prætorian cohort formed the general’s body-guard,
+while to the city cohort was entrusted the
+protection of the city. The term was sometimes,
+though very rarely, applied to a squadron of cavalry.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coif</strong> or <strong>Quoif</strong>. A close hood.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coif de Fer</strong>, <strong>Coiffette</strong>. A skull-cap of iron of
+the 12th and 13th centuries.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coif de Mailles.</strong> A hood of mail worn by
+knights in the 12th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coiffe</strong>, Arch. A term employed during the
+16th and 17th centuries to denote the vaulted
+ceiling of an apse.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coillon.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Coin</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coin</strong> or <strong>Coigne</strong>, Arch.
+The corner of a building.
+(See <span class='sc'>Quoin</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coin-stones</strong>, Arch. Corner-stones.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_177'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_177.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 177. Helmet with Cointise behind.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cointise</strong> or <strong>Quintise</strong>. (1)
+A scarf wrapped round the
+body, and sometimes attached
+to the helmet. (2) Quaintly-cut
+coverings for the helmet.
+Fig. <a href='#fig_177'>177</a> represents a helmet
+decorated with <span class='fss'>PANACHE</span>,
+<span class='fss'>CORO. E.</span>, and <em>cointise</em>. This
+is the origin of <em>mantling</em> in
+heraldry. (3) A garment
+worn over armour, <em>temp.</em> Edward
+II., was so termed. (4) Horses’ caparisons.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Colatorium.</strong> A colander. (See <span class='sc'>Collum
+Vinarium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Colayn Riban</strong></span>, O. E. An ecclesiastical textile,
+or <em>orphrey web</em>, for the manufacture of which
+Cologne was famous in the 15th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Colcothar of Vitriol.</strong> A red pigment formerly
+called <em>caput mortuum</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cold-harbour.</strong> This common topical name is
+the Anglo-Saxon
+<i><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang">ceald-herberga</span></i>,
+cold
+“<em>herberge</em>” or
+shelter, and
+probably indicates
+a place
+where the
+ruins of a
+Roman villa
+or station
+were the only
+available shelter
+for travellers,
+in the
+ancient scarcity
+of inns.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Collar</strong> (of
+a shaft), Arch.
+The <span class='sc'>Annulet</span> (q.v.). (See also <span class='sc'>Collar-beam</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_178'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_178.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 178. Collar of Lancaster.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Collar</strong>, Med. (1) A defence of mail or plate
+for the neck. (2) Generally. An ornament for
+the neck. The Egyptians, Persians, Greeks,
+Romans, and Gauls wore collars, which were
+named variously <em>streptos</em> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">στρεπτὸς</span>), <em>torquis</em>,
+<em>torques</em>, &amp;c. Collars were ornamented with
+heraldic <em>badges</em> in the Middle Ages. (3)
+Heraldic. One of the insignia of the orders of
+knighthood. (See Fig. <a href='#fig_178'>178</a>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_179'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_179.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 179. Collar of S.S.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Collar of S.S.</strong> Originally
+adopted by Henry
+IV., on the canopy of
+whose tomb it is employed
+as decoration over
+the arms of himself and
+his queen. Its significance
+is doubtful. Camden
+says the letters are the initials of Sanctus
+Simo Simplicius, an eminent Roman lawyer,
+and that it was particularly worn by persons of
+the legal profession.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Collar-beam</strong>, Arch. A horizontal tie, connecting
+a pair of rafters together, across the
+vault of a roof.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Collare</strong></span>, R. (<em>collum</em>, neck). A collar made of
+iron or leather, and studded with spikes. It
+was used both to confine slaves, and as a dog-collar.
+When a slave ran away from his master,
+an iron collar, with a leading-chain attached to
+it, was put round his neck.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Collarium</strong>, Med. Armour for the neck.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Collegium</strong></span>, R. A religious or industrial corporation
+in ancient Rome. The corresponding
+Greek institutions were the <em>Hetairiai</em>. The
+<em>collegia</em> included trade companies or guilds.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Collet.</strong> The setting which surrounds the stone
+of a ring. (See <span class='sc'>Crampon</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Colliciæ</strong>, <strong>Colliquiæ</strong>. (1) Broad open drains
+through fields. (2) Gutters of hollow tiles
+(<em>umbrices</em>) placed beneath the roof of a house to
+receive the rain-water, and convey it into the
+<span class='sc'>Impluvium</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Colliciaris</strong> (sc. <em>tegula</em>). A hollow tile employed
+in the construction of <em>colliciæ</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Collodion.</strong> A solution of gun cotton in
+ether, used in photography.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Collum Vinarium</strong> (from <em>collum</em>, a neck). A
+colander or wine-strainer. The custom of
+straining wine dates back beyond our era, and
+Christ made an allusion to it when he told the
+Pharisees that their <em>colla</em> allowed a camel to
+pass, while they kept back a gnat. Snow was
+put into a strainer or a bag, called respectively
+<em>collum nivarium</em>, <em>saccus nivarius</em>, through which
+the wine was allowed to filter, not only to cool
+it, but because the intense cold cleared the wine,
+and rendered it sparkling and transparent; it
+was then called <em>vinum saccatum</em>. The Christian
+Church from the first adopted this instrument in
+its liturgy; another name for it was <em>colatorium</em>.
+(See <span class='sc'>Nassa</span>.) The colander for wine was made
+of silver, or bronze, or other metal. The linen
+cloth called <em>saccus</em> was not used for wine of any
+delicacy, as it spoiled its flavour.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Colluviarium</strong></span>, R. An opening made at regular
+intervals in the channel of an aqueduct, for
+ventilation. As this opening formed a kind of
+well, it was also called <span class='sc'>Puteus</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Collyra</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A kind of bread made
+in a special manner, which was eaten with soup
+or sauce; there was also a cake so called.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Collyris</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κολλυρὶς</span>, synonym of <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κολλύρα</span>, q.v.).
+A head-dress worn by Roman ladies, resembling
+in shape the bread called <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κολλύρα</span>; the latter was
+called <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κολλυρὶς</span> as well.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_180'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_180.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 180. Collyrium or unguent Vase; Egyptian. Museum of the Louvre.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Collyrium</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κολλύριον</span>, dimin. of <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κολλύρα</span>, q.v.).
+(1) A term denoting anything we should now call
+an unguent, but especially the salve <em>collyrium</em>,
+which was a liquid medicament. (2) <em>Collyria</em>
+was a term applied to Egyptian vases of terra-cotta,
+with or without enamel; to small quadrangular
+boxes of wood or pottery; and, lastly, to
+small cylindrical cases of wood or bronze divided
+into compartments. There were three prevailing
+forms of the vases. The Egyptians used
+antimony to make their eyes look larger, and
+had some medicament for the relief of toothache;
+and inscriptions indicating these uses
+may be read upon vessels of this kind. (Fig. <a href='#fig_180'>180</a>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Colne</strong></span>, O. E. A basket or coop.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_181'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_181.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 181. Roman Plebeian wearing the Colobium.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Colobium</strong> (from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κολοβὸς</span>, docked or curtailed).
+A tunic with short sleeves, which scarcely
+covered the upper part of the arm. At Rome
+it was worn by men of free birth. The <em>colobium</em>
+appears to have been the first dress adopted by
+Christian deacons, and in the liturgical writings
+it is often met with under the name of <em>levitonarium</em>;
+when it was of fine linen, it was also
+called <em>lebiton</em> and <em>lebitonarium</em>. (Fig. <a href='#fig_181'>181</a>.) Later
+on the sleeves were lengthened, and it became
+known as the <span class='sc'>Dalmatic</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cologne Black.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Black</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cologne Earth.</strong> A bituminous earth of a
+violet-brown hue, transparent and durable in
+water-colour painting.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Colonica.</strong> Synonym of <em>villa rustica</em>. A farmhouse.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Color</span></strong>, Lat. (1) The term is used in several
+senses in mediæval treatises upon music, with a
+general idea of a quality of tone obtained by
+striking variations. (2) The coloured lines used
+in transcribing music. (See <span class='sc'>Neumes</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Colores Austeri.</strong> Ancient pigments, not
+<em>floridi</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Colores Floridi.</strong> Ancient expensive and
+brilliant pigments. They were chrysocollum,
+indicum (or indigo), cæruleum (smalt), and
+cinnabar.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Colossus</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κολοσσός</span>). The word was used
+for all statues larger than life; that at Rhodes
+was ninety feet high. The Minerva and Jupiter
+Olympus of Pheidias, the Farnese Hercules,
+and the Flora of the Belvidere, were all colossal.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Colours</strong>, in Heraldry, are five: Blue or
+Azure, Red or Gules, Black or Sable, Green
+or Vert, Purple or Purpure. In French
+heraldry Green is Sinope. The uses and
+general symbolism of each colour are described
+under its own heading. The best work on <em>symbolic
+colours</em> is the “Essay” of M. Portal. One of
+the best on the <em>theory of colours</em> is that of Chevreuil.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colubrina</span></strong>, Med. Lat. (from <em>coluber</em>, a snake).
+A culverin.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Columbar</strong></span>, R. A kind of pillory used for punishing
+slaves. The instrument derived its name
+from the holes in it, which bore some resemblance
+to pigeon-holes.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_182'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_182.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 182. Columbarium.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Columbarium.</strong> A dove-cote or pigeon-house,
+often constructed to hold as many as 4000 or
+5000 birds. In the plural the term has many
+meanings. (1) It denotes the pigeon-holes or
+cells for the nests in a pigeon-house. (2) In a
+sepulchral chamber, the niches for holding the
+cinerary urns (<em>ollæ</em>). Fig. <a href='#fig_182'>182</a> represents the
+numerous <em>columbaria</em> in the tomb of the freedmen
+of Octavia. In the sepulchral architecture
+of the Jews, the rock-hewn walls forming the
+vestibules of certain tombs were honey-combed
+with minute <em>columbaria</em>, in which only lamps
+were placed. Fig. <a href='#fig_183'>183</a> represents cells of this
+character taken from the tomb of <em>Quoublet-el-Endeh</em>.
+(3) The openings in the side of a ship
+through which the oars passed. (4) The holes
+made in a wall to receive the head of a tie-beam.
+(5) The openings of the scoops in a particular
+kind of hydraulic wheel called <span class='sc'>Tympanum</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<div id='fig_183'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_183.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 183. Columbaria in rock-hewn walls.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Columella.</strong> Dimin.
+of <em>columna</em>.
+(See <span class='sc'>Column</span>, <span class='sc'>Cippus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Columen</strong>, Gr. and
+R. The highest
+timber in the framework
+of a roof,
+forming what is now
+called the ridgepiece.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_184'  class='figright id006'>
+<img src='images/fig_184.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 184. Ionic column.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Column</strong>, Arch. A
+column consists of
+three principal parts:
+the base (<em>a</em>), the
+shaft (<em>b</em>), and the
+capital (<em>c</em>). In the
+<em>Doric</em>, or most ancient
+style, the columns
+in a row rest
+upon a common
+base (<em>podium</em>). In
+the Ionic and Corinthian,
+each column
+has its own
+base (<em>spira</em>). The
+shaft of all columns
+<em>tapers</em> gradually from
+the base to the
+capital. Any swelling
+introduced to
+modify the straightness
+of the line was
+called <em>entasis</em>. On
+the summit of a
+row of columns rests
+the <em>architrave</em>, or
+chief beam (<em>d</em>);
+above this the
+<em>frieze</em> (<em>e</em>), and the
+<em>cornice</em> (<em>f</em>) projects
+above the frieze.
+These three together
+are called the <em>entablature</em>.
+The triangular
+gable-end of
+the roof, above the
+entablature, is called
+the <em>pediment</em>. A circuit
+of columns, enclosing
+an open
+space in the interior
+of a building, was
+called a <em>peristyle</em>.
+A temple of two
+stories, with one
+peristyle upon another
+(Ionic or Corinthian
+columns
+over the heavier
+Doric), was called
+<em>hypæthral</em>. In Christian archæology the column
+is a symbol of the Church, which was called, so
+early as St. Paul, <em>columna et firmitatum veritatis</em>
+(the column and support of truth).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Colures.</strong> In Astronomy, the two circles which
+pass through the four cardinal points of the
+ecliptic—the equinoctial and solstitial points.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coluria</strong>, Arch. Circular segments of stone,
+in the construction of a column, such as are
+now called tambours or disks.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Colus.</strong> A distaff. With the Romans it consisted
+of a thick cane (<em>arundo</em>, <em>donax</em>), split at
+the end in such a way that the opening formed a
+basket. <em>Compta</em>, <em>plena</em>, or <em>lana amicta</em> were the
+epithets applied to a <em>colus</em> when filled with wool.
+The thread obtained from it was called <em>stamen</em>.
+The ball of loose wool at one end, prepared for
+spinning, was called <em>glomus</em>. The lower end of
+the distaff rested under the left arm; the right
+hand spun and wound the thread on to the
+spindles (called <em>fusus</em>). (See <span class='sc'>Distaff</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Colymbion</strong>, Chr., Med. A vessel for holy
+water at the entrance of a church.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Colymbus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A basin or reservoir
+used either as a swimming-bath or for washing
+linen in.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coma</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κόμη</span>). (1) The hair; hair of the head.
+(2) The mane of animals. (See <span class='sc'>Cæsaries</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Cincinnus</span>, <span class='sc'>Hair</span>, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Comatorius</strong> or <strong>Comatoria</strong> (sc. <em>acus</em>). A long
+pin or bodkin of gold, silver, bronze, or ivory,
+used by the Roman ladies to keep up their
+hair when plaited. It was also called Acus
+<span class='sc'>Crinalis</span> (q.v.). (Compare <span class='sc'>Discerniculum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Combattant</strong>, Her. Said of lions, or other
+animals of prey, rampant and face to face.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_185'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_185.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 185. Ancient Carved Ivory Comb.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Combs</strong> (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pecten</span></i>, Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κτεὶς</span>), as used for
+combing the hair, but not for wearing upon
+the head, are found in Pompeian and Egyptian
+tombs, and in the early British, Roman, and
+Saxon barrows. In the Middle Ages ivory
+combs were richly carved, and the ceremonial
+combs for use in ecclesiastical ceremonies are
+especially splendid. Greek and Roman combs
+were of box-wood; Egyptian combs were of
+ivory. Uncombed hair was a general sign of
+mourning. (See <span class='sc'>Discerniculum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Commentaculum</strong> (from <em>commento</em>, to strike
+on the face). A staff or wand carried in
+sacred processions by the Roman priests to
+assist them in clearing a way and preventing the
+people from pressing in on them too closely.
+<em>Commotaculum</em> was also used.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Commissatio</strong> (from <em>commissor</em>, to revel). A
+revelling or feasting which began after the
+<span class='sc'>Cœna</span> (q.v.), and lasted far on into the night.
+(See <span class='sc'>Symposium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Commistio</strong> or <strong>Commixtio</strong>, Chr. The placing
+of a portion of the bread into the chalice of wine,
+during the ceremony of consecration.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Common-house.</strong> The part of a monastery in
+which a fire was kept for the monks during winter.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Communicales</strong>, Chr. Communion vessels,
+made especially to be carried in procession in
+Rome.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Compass.</strong> In Music, the whole range of
+sounds capable of being produced by a voice or
+instrument.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Compass-headed</strong>, Arch. A semicircular arch.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Compass Roof</strong>, Arch. An open timber roof.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Compass Window</strong>, Arch. A bay-window
+on a circular plan.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Compes.</strong> (1) A ring of gold or silver worn
+by the Romans round the leg, just above the
+ankle. (2) The chains or shackles worn round
+the ankle by slaves or prisoners.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Compitalia</strong>, <strong>Compitales</strong>. A festival held by
+the Romans in honour of the <em>Lares compitales</em>,
+celebrated in the cross-roads, <em>compitia</em>, where the
+images of those deities were often placed in niches.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Complement</strong>, Her. Applied to the moon,
+when full.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Complement.</strong> In Music, the interval to be
+added to another interval to make an octave;
+e.g. a third to a sixth; a fourth to a fifth, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Complementary Colours.</strong> If the whole of the
+light which is absorbed by a coloured body
+were reunited with the whole of the light which
+it reflects, white light would result; in this case
+the absorbed colours are complementary to those
+which are reflected. The colour given by a
+mixture of the colours of any portion of a spectrum
+is the <em>complement</em> of the remaining portion.
+<em>Red</em> is complementary to <em>Green</em>, <em>Orange</em> to
+<em>Blue</em>, <em>Greenish-Yellow</em> to <em>Violet</em>, <em>Indigo</em> to <em>Orange
+Yellow</em>, and, in each case, <em>vice versâ</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Completorium</strong>, Chr. The last of the <em>Hours
+of Prayer</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Compline</strong>, Chr. Short evening prayers completing
+the daily round of devotion prescribed by
+the <em>Hours of Prayer</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Compluvium</strong></span>, R. An opening in the roof of the
+<em>atrium</em>, furnished with gutters all round, which
+collected the rain-water from the roof, and conveyed
+it into the basin (<em>impluvium</em>) in the
+middle of the atrium.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Compon-covert</strong></span>, O. E. A kind of lace.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_186'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_186.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 186. Capital of the Composite Order.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Composite Order of Architecture.</strong> The last
+of the five Roman orders, composed of the
+Ionic grafted upon the Corinthian order. The
+examples at Rome are in the arch of Septimus
+Severus, the arch of the Goldsmiths, the arch
+of Titus, the temple of Bacchus, and the baths
+of Diocletian.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Compound Arch</strong>, Arch. A usual form of
+mediæval arch, which “may be resolved into a
+number of concentric archways, successively
+placed within and behind each other.” (<cite>Prof.
+Willis.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Compound Pier</strong>, Arch. A clustered <span class='sc'>Column</span>
+(q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Compounded Arms</strong>, Her. Bearings of two or
+more distinct coats combined, to produce a
+single compound coat.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Comus</strong> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κῶμος</span>). (1) A revel, or carousal
+which usually ended in the guests parading the
+streets crowned with garlands, &amp;c. (2) Festal
+processions instituted in honour of Bacchus and
+other gods, and of the victors at the games. (3)
+Odes written to be sung at such processions, e. g.
+those of Pindar.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Comus</strong> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κομμὸς</span>, from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κόπτω</span>, to strike).
+(1) A beating of the head and breast in lamentation;
+a dirge. (2) A mournful song sung in
+alternate verses by an actor and a chorus in the
+Attic drama.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Concædes.</strong> A barricade constructed of trees
+which have been cut down and placed across
+the road (to impede the enemy’s march).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Concamerate</strong>, Arch. To arch over; to
+vault.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Concave.</strong> Hollowed in; opposed to <em>convex</em>,
+bulging out.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Concha</strong> (lit. a muscle or cockle). (1) A
+shell or shell-fish. (2) A Triton’s conch. In
+works of art, the Triton, or sea-god, has for a
+trumpet the <em>buccina</em>, remarkable for a spiral
+twist, long and straight; or the <em>murex</em>, equally
+twisted, but short and wide-mouthed. (3)
+The term was applied, by analogy, to various
+objects having the shape of a shell, such as cups
+or vases used for holding perfumes or for other
+purposes. (4) In Architecture, an apse, or a
+plain concave of a dome, is so called.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Conchoid.</strong> A mathematical curve in the form
+of the outline of a shell.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Conclave</strong> (with a key), Chr. (1) A meeting of
+cardinals assembled to elect a pope; and (2) the
+hall or apartment in which such meeting is held.
+The institution of the conclave dates from
+Gregory X.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Concrete</strong>, Arch. A mixture of gravel, pebbles,
+or broken stone with cement.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Condalium</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κονδύλιον</span>, dimin. of <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κόνδυλος</span>,
+a knob or joint). A ring generally worn upon
+the first joint of the forefinger on the right hand.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Conditivium</strong>, <strong>Conditorium</strong>. (1) An underground
+vault in which were chests or coffins for
+holding bodies which had not been reduced to
+ashes. (2) A sarcophagus in which the body was
+placed. (3) A kind of arsenal or magazine in
+which military engines were kept.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Condrak</strong></span>, O. E. A kind of lace.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Condyle.</strong> A knuckle; the rounded end of a
+bone; hence—</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Condyloid.</strong> Shaped like a <em>condyle</em>; and</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Condylus.</strong> Synonym of <span class='sc'>Condalium</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cone.</strong> A figure broad and round at the base,
+tapering upwards regularly towards a point.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Coney</strong>, <strong>Cony</strong></span>, O. E. (1) A variety of the rabbit.
+(2) A beehive.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Confessio</strong>, Chr. Originally the place where a
+saint or martyr was buried; thence the altar
+raised over his grave; and subsequently the
+chapel or basilica built there.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Congé</strong>, Arch. The cavetto (hollow moulding)
+which unites the <em>base</em> and <em>capital</em> of a column
+to its shaft.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Congius</strong> (deriv. doubtful). A Roman measure
+containing six <em>sextarii</em> or twelve <em>heminæ</em>. It was
+used especially for measuring liquids. <em>Angl.</em> a
+pint and a half.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Conic Sections.</strong> Curves formed by the intersection
+of a <em>cone</em> and a <em>plane</em>; the circle, the
+ellipse, the hyperbola, and the parabola.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Conisterium</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A room in which
+wrestlers, after having had oil applied to their
+bodies, were rubbed over with fine sand (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κόνις</span>).
+The <em>conisterium</em> was an appendage to a palæstrum,
+gymnasium, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Conopeum</strong>, <strong>Canopium</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (from
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κώνωψ</span>, a gnat). A musquito-net, of very light
+material, introduced into Rome from Egypt.
+[This is the origin of the English word
+<em>canopy</em>.]</p>
+
+<div id='fig_187'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_187.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 187. Consecrated pyre on Roman medal.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Consecratio</strong></span>, R. A kind of apotheosis or
+deification by which a mortal was enrolled in the
+number of the gods. It was unknown under the
+republic, and was only instituted in the time and
+on behalf of the emperors. The ceremony was
+solemnized in the Field of Mars, and with
+the greatest splendour. A magnificent pyre was
+raised, from the top of which, when kindled, an
+eagle was let fly, which was supposed to carry
+up to the skies the soul of the deified emperor.
+Fig. <a href='#fig_187'>187</a>, taken from a medal, represents one
+of these pyres.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Consentiæ</strong></span>, Gr. and R. Festivals held in
+honour of the twelve principal divinities of Rome
+or Greece.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Consignatorium Ablutorum</strong>, Chr. In early
+times there were baptisteries near churches, with
+a place closely adjoining in which to administer
+the rite of confirmation; it was the place specially
+set apart for the administration of this rite that
+was called <em>consignatorium ablutorum</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Console.</strong> A projecting ornament, in wood or
+stone, used as a bracket.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Constant White.</strong> <span class='sc'>Sulphate of Barytes</span>
+(q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Constellations.</strong> Groups of stars, mostly
+with classical names. <em>Ancient C.</em>, forty-eight
+formed by Ptolemy in <span class='fss'>A. D.</span> 150, with two others
+added by Tycho Brahe; <em>Modern C.</em>, fifty-nine
+others since formed, many by Helvetius at the
+end of the 17th century. (<cite>Rossiter.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Constratum</strong></span>, R. A flooring constructed of
+planks. (See <span class='sc'>Coassatio</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Consualia</strong></span>, R. A festival of ancient Rome
+held in honour of the god <em>Consus</em>. It was from
+this festival that the games of the circus took
+their rise. Livy calls the god Neptunus Equestris.
+The feast was held with horse and chariot
+races. Horses and mules did no work, and
+were crowned with garlands during its celebration.
+The Rape of the Sabines took place at the
+first Consualia.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Contabulatio</strong></span>, R. The long parallel folds
+formed in any garment of ample size, such as the
+<em>toga</em>, <em>palla</em>, and <em>pallium</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Contignatio</strong></span>, R. (a joining together of beams).
+The wood-work of beams and joists supporting
+the flooring in a building of several stories. The
+term is also used to denote the flooring and
+sometimes the story itself.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Continuous Impost</strong>, Arch. In Gothic architecture,
+the mouldings of an arch, when carried
+down to the ground without interruption, or
+anything to mark the impost-joint. (<cite>Newlands.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Contoise</strong></span>, Fr. A flowing scarf worn attached
+to the helmet before 1350. (See <span class='sc'>Cointise</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Contomonobolum</strong></span>, R. A game which consisted
+in leaping over a wide space by aid of a
+pole (<em>contus</em>) which was used as a fulcrum.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Contorniate.</strong> A class of antique medals
+having the <em>contour</em>, or edge, marked with a deep
+cut. They generally have monograms on the
+obverse, and scenes of mythology on the reverse.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Contour</strong></span>, Fr. Outline.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Contournée</strong>, Her. Facing to the sinister.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Contra</strong>, in compound words in music, signifies
+<em>an octave below</em>: <em>contra-basso</em>, a double
+bass, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Contra Votum</strong>, Chr. (i. e. against one’s desires).
+A formula of grief, placed by the ancients
+on tombs, columns, and other sepulchral monuments,
+and adopted by Christians in the 5th
+century. (See <span class='sc'>Acclamations</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Contractura</strong></span>, R. The tapering of the column,
+which begins from the upper part of the shaft,
+and gradually widens as it reaches the base.
+(See <span class='sc'>Entasis</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Contralto</strong></span>, It. In Music, the voice of deepest
+tone in females, allied to the tenor in men.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Contrapuntal</strong>, Mus. Relating to <span class='sc'>Counterpoint</span>
+(q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Contre-imbrications.</strong> An ornament cut in
+the form of fishes’ scales overlapping one
+another, the scales being indented. In the <em>imbrications</em>
+they stand out.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Contrepoint</strong></span>, O. E. (See <span class='sc'>Pourpoint</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Contubernium</strong></span>, R. (1) A tent capable of
+accommodating ten soldiers and their corporal
+(<em>decanus</em>). (2) A dwelling-place, especially for
+slaves. Hence <em>contubernales</em> came to mean comrades,
+and generally persons living in intimacy
+under one roof together.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Contus</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κοντὸς</span>), Gr. and R. (1) A punting-pole,
+used also for taking soundings; each
+trireme was furnished with three poles of
+different lengths. (2) A cavalry pike or lance.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Conus</strong>, Gen. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κῶνος</span>, a cone). (1) In general,
+any object of a conical form. (2) A kind of
+sun-dial described upon a hollow cone. (3) The
+metal ridge at the top of a helmet, to which the
+plume was attached. (See Fig. <a href='#fig_252'>252</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Convivium</strong></span>, R. A banquet which generally
+took place at about the same hour as the <em>cœna</em>,
+but which was never followed by a <em>commissatio</em>.
+(See <span class='sc'>Cœna</span>, <span class='sc'>Commissatio</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Coopertorium</strong></span>, R. (that which covers). A rug
+of coarse cloth; a kind of blanket.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Cop</strong></span>, O. E. Generally the top of anything; a
+mound or heap. (See <span class='sc'>Battlement</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Copal.</strong> A hard resin, which, dissolved in
+boiling linseed oil, forms an excellent varnish
+for pictures. It is also used as a vehicle for
+painting. The South African copal is the finest
+in quality. (See <span class='sc'>Varnish</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Copatain</strong></span>, O. E. A sugar-loaf hat; “a copped-crown
+hat.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cope</strong>, Chr. A sacerdotal garment, also called
+a <em>pluvial</em>, because it was originally worn by
+priests in processions as a protection against the
+rain. It was open in the front, and fastened on
+the breast by a “morse” or clasp. In the
+primitive Church the cope was furnished with
+a hood, and hence mentioned as <span class='sc'>Cuculla</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cope</strong>, Arch. To top a wall with thin bricks
+or stone.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Coperone</strong></span>, O. E., Arch. A pinnacle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Cop-halfpenny</strong></span>, O. E. The game of “heads
+and tails.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Cop-head</strong></span>, O. E. A crest of feathers or hair
+on an animal’s head.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coping</strong>, Arch. The capping or covering
+of a wall, generally sloping to throw off
+rain. In Fig. <a href='#fig_077'>77</a> two of the merlons are
+coped.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cophinus.</strong> Gr. and R. A large
+shallow wicker basket used for agricultural
+purposes. <em>Cophinus et
+fænum</em>, “a basket of hay,” is
+Juvenal’s word for the poor
+man’s bed. Compare English
+<em>coffin</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Coppa Puerpera</strong></span>, It. Caudle-cup.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coppe</strong> (It.), <strong>Cups</strong> (Sp. <i><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">copa</span></i>). The
+early Italian suit of playing cards
+corresponding to hearts. The <em>Rev.
+E. S. Taylor</em> suggests, “The notion
+of hearts, as the seat of the affections,
+&amp;c., is in connexion with the
+office of the <em>clergy</em>;” hence the
+<em>chalices</em>. (See <span class='sc'>Cœur</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Copped</strong></span>, O. E. Crested. (For
+<span class='sc'>Cop-head</span>, q.v.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Copperas</strong> (white) is considered
+the safest metallic <em>drier</em> for pigments
+and varnish.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_188'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_188.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 188. Ewer and basin of enamelled copper (Turkish).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Copper-enamelling.</strong> (Fig. <a href='#fig_188'>188</a>.)
+(See <span class='sc'>Enamels</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Copper-plate Engraving.</strong> (See
+<span class='sc'>Chalcography</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Coppet</strong></span>, O. E. Saucy.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Coppid</strong></span>, O. E. Peaked; referring
+to the fashion of the long
+peaked toe.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Copple-crowned</strong></span>, O. E. With a
+head high and rising up, said of a
+boy “with his hair on end.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Coppull</strong></span>, O. E. A hen’s name
+(in the Turnament of Tottenham).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cops</strong> or <strong>Merlons</strong>, Arch. The raised
+parts of a battlement. (See Fig. <a href='#fig_077'>77</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Coracle</strong></span>, O. E. A boat of wicker-work
+covered with hides.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coracoid</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κόραξ</span>, a crow). In the form of a
+crow’s beak, e. g. a bone in the shoulder-blade.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coral</strong> (see <span class='sc'>Amulets</span>) is mentioned in the
+Lapidarium of Marbodus as a very favourite and
+potent amulet.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“Wondrous its power, so Zoroaster sings,</div>
+      <div class='line'>And to the wearer sure protection brings.</div>
+      <div class='line'>And, lest they harm ship, land, or house, it binds</div>
+      <div class='line'>The scorching lightning and the furious winds.</div>
+      <div class='line'>Sprinkled ‘mid climbing vines or olives’ rows,</div>
+      <div class='line'>Or with the seed the patient rustic sows,</div>
+      <div class='line'>’Twill from thy crops avert the arrowy hail,</div>
+      <div class='line'>And with abundance bless the smiling vale.”</div>
+      <div class='line in26'>(<span class='sc'>King</span>, <em>Antique Gems</em>.)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coranach</strong>, <strong>Coronach</strong>, Gaelic (<em>corah-rainach</em>,
+a crying together). A dirge.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Coranto</strong></span>, It. An Italian form of the country
+dance or jig.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Corazza</strong></span>, O. E. A cuirass.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Corbel</strong>, Arch. A projecting bracket supporting
+a pier, cornice, or column.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Corbel Steps</strong>, Arch. Steps into which the
+outlines of a gable are sometimes broken; also
+called <span class='sc'>Corbie Steps</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Corbel Table.</strong> A term in mediæval architecture,
+applied to a projecting course and the
+row of corbels which support it.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Corbie</strong>, Scotch. A raven; hence a “corbie
+messenger,” one that is long upon his errand,
+like the raven sent from the ark, who returned
+not again.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Corbie Steps.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Corbel Steps</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Corbis</strong></span>, R. A wicker basket of conical shape,
+used especially for agricultural purposes. A
+similar basket in every-day use in parts of Italy
+is still called “la corbella.” Cf. the German
+“Korb.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Corbita</strong></span>, R. A merchantman of the larger class,
+so called because it hung out a basket at the masthead.
+These vessels were also called <em>onerariæ</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Corbona Ecclesiæ</strong>, Chr. The treasure of a
+church, accumulated from the offerings of communicants
+at the Sacrament. The Greek synonym
+for this term is <em>gazophylacium</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Corbula.</strong> Dimin. of <span class='sc'>Corbis</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Corce</strong></span>, O. E. The body, stomach.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“He start to hym with gret force,</div>
+      <div class='line'>And hyt hym egurly on the <em>corce</em>!”</div>
+      <div class='line in30'>(<cite>Old MS.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cordate</strong>, <strong>Cordiform</strong>. Heart-shaped.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cordax</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A dance of the ancient
+Greek comedy of a ridiculous and indecent
+character. Fauns and satyrs are constantly represented
+dancing the <em>cordax</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Cordeliers</strong></span>, Fr. The Franciscan friars are so
+called from the <em>rope</em> girdles they wear.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Cordevan</strong></span>, O. E. A leather of goat-skin,
+originally from Cordova in Spain. Spelt also
+<em>Cordewayne</em>; hence <em>cordwainer</em> or <em>cordiner</em>, a
+shoemaker.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cordigard</strong>, Med. (from the French <em>corps
+de garde</em>). A detachment of troops appointed
+for a particular service.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_189'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_189.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 189. Corean tea-pot. (About <span class='fss'>A. D.</span> 1562.)</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Corean Porcelain</strong>, from a country intermediate
+between China and Japan, combines the qualities
+of the most ancient art of each. The tea-pot represented
+in Fig. <a href='#fig_189'>189</a> is covered with gravings in
+the paste imitating the waves of the ocean, and
+shows four times repeated an imperial Japanese
+device, by which it appears that the piece was
+destined for the Mikado.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_190'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_190.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 190. Capital of the Corinthian Order.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Corinthian Order of Architecture.</strong> This order
+originated in Greece, and the capital is said to
+have been suggested by observing a tile placed
+on a basket left in a garden, and an acanthus
+growing round it. The principal distinction of
+this order is its capital, richly ornamented with
+leaves and flowers. Among the principal Corinthian
+examples are the temple of Vesta, the
+basilica of Antoninus, and the temples of Jupiter
+Tonans and Jupiter Stator; all at Rome.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Corium</strong></span>, R. Leathern body-armour cut into
+scale form.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cork</strong> burned forms the pigment called <em>Spanish
+Black</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Corn.</strong> In pagan art, the attribute of Ceres and
+Justitia and Juno Martialis.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cornal.</strong> The head of a tilting-lance. (See
+<span class='sc'>Coronel</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cornelian</strong>, <strong>Carnelian</strong>, Gen. A variety of chalcedony
+of a horny transparency and a more or
+less deep red. Engraved cornelians have perpetuated
+much information about the manners
+and customs of the ancient Greeks and Romans.
+(See <span class='sc'>Sards</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cornemuse.</strong> A French form of the bagpipe.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cornet.</strong> (1) A kind of heraldic banner.
+(2) The bearer of the colours of a regiment.
+(3) Square caps worn in the Universities.
+(4) Any object having <em>corners</em>, or angular
+extremities. (5) An obsolete musical instrument,
+once in common use in Germany and in
+England, something like a <span class='sc'>Hautboy</span>, but larger
+and of a coarser tone. (See <span class='sc'>Waits</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cornice.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Coronis</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Cornichon</strong></span>, Fr. A kind of game at “quoits.”</p>
+
+<div id='fig_191'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_191.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 191. Coin showing the Corniculum.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Corniculum</strong>,
+R. (dimin. of
+<em>cornu</em>, and so a
+small horn). It
+was a mark of
+distinction conferred
+on a soldier
+who had
+distinguished
+himself by his
+conduct or courage, and was worn on his helmet.
+On Thracian and other coins we find representations
+of this horn as part of the royal head-dress.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Cornish</strong></span>, O. E. The ring placed at the mouth
+of a cannon.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Cornlaiters</strong></span>, O. E. Newly-married peasants
+begging corn to sow their first crop with.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cornu</strong>, <strong>Cornus</strong>, and <strong>Cornum</strong></span>, R. (1) The
+horn of an animal. (2) Any object made of
+horn or of a horn-like shape. The musical
+<em>cornu</em> was curved; the straight horn was called
+<em>tuba</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cornu Altaris</strong> (horn of the altar), in Christian
+archæology, means merely the <em>corner</em> or
+<em>angle</em> thereof. <em>Cornu Evangelii</em> is the angle to
+the left, <em>c. Epistolæ</em> that to the right, of the
+celebrating priest.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cornu-copiæ</strong></span>, R. Horn of abundance, a symbol
+of concord, prosperity, and good fortune. It
+was represented as a wreathed horn, filled to
+overflowing with corn and fruit.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Corolla</strong></span>, R. (dimin. of <span class='sc'>Corona</span>, q.v.). The
+<em>corolla</em> denoted in a general sense a small crown
+or even a garland; in a more restricted acceptation
+it was a garland of artificial flowers made
+of horn shavings and painted various colours.
+Women used to wear this kind of wreath during
+winter.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Corollarium</strong></span>, R. (dimin. of <span class='sc'>Corona</span>, q.v.).
+It denoted especially a wreath made out of thin
+metal leaves, which the audience in a theatre
+presented to their favourite actors.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_192'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_192.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 192. Mural crown.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_193'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_193.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 193. Naval crown.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_194'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_194.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 194. Celestial crown.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Corona</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κορώνη</span>), R. A crown or garland
+made with natural or artificial leaves and
+flowers (of horn, parchment, &amp;c., or metal).
+There were many different kinds of <em>coronæ</em>, of
+which the principal were the following: <em>corona
+civica</em>; <em>corona classica</em>, <em>navalis</em>, or <em>rostrata</em>;
+<em>corona castrensis</em> or <em>vallaris</em>; <em>corona longa</em>;
+<em>corona muralis</em>; <em>corona obsidionalis</em>; <em>corona
+natalitia</em>; <em>corona oleagina</em>; <em>corona ovalis</em>;
+<em>corona pactilis</em>, <em>plectilis</em>, or <em>plexilis</em>; <em>corona
+triumphalis</em>; <em>corona sutilis</em>, &amp;c. The most
+honourable was the <em>c. obsidionalis</em>, presented
+by a beleaguered army, after its liberation,
+to the general who raised the siege. It was
+made of grass, or wild flowers plucked on the
+site. The <em>c. civica</em> was presented to a Roman
+soldier who had saved the life of a citizen in
+battle. It was made of
+oak leaves. The <em>c. navalis</em>
+was made of gold.
+The <em>c. muralis</em>, presented
+to the first man
+over the wall of a besieged
+city, was also
+made of gold, and it
+was ornamented with
+turrets. The <em>c. castrensis</em>,
+presented to
+the first soldier who
+forced an entrance into
+an enemy’s camp, was
+of gold ornamented
+with palisades. Of the
+<em>c. triumphalis</em> there
+were three kinds: one
+of laurel or bay leaves,
+worn by the commanding
+officer during his
+triumph; one of massive
+gold held over his
+head; and a third of
+still greater value, also of gold. The <em>c. ovalis</em>,
+to commemorate an ovation to an officer, was
+made of myrtle leaves. The <em>c. oleagina</em>, of olive
+leaves, was given to common soldiers. Besides
+these, there were the various sacerdotal <em>coronæ</em>,
+emblematical of their functions: the funereal
+chaplets of leaves and flowers for the dead,
+called <em>c. funebres</em> or <em>sepulchrales</em>; the wreaths
+of roses, violets, myrtles, ivy, &amp;c., worn at
+convivial meetings, <em>c. convivialis</em>; and the
+bridal wreath, of Greek origin, made of flowers
+not bought, but plucked by the bride herself,
+the verbena being the chosen flower among the
+Romans, <em>c. nuptialis</em>; and finally the <em>c.
+natalitia</em> suspended over the door of a house
+where a child was born. At Athens this was
+of olive for a boy, and of wool for a girl. At
+Rome the wreath was made of laurel, ivy, or
+parsley. The various crowns used in heraldry
+are described under their respective headings.
+(See <span class='sc'>Crown</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Corona</strong> or <strong>Drip-stone</strong>, Gen. A moulding
+forming part of a cornice, the lower part or
+drip of which is grooved, so as to throw off the
+rain-water from the structure. Drip-stones are
+sometimes plain, sometimes decorated with rich
+sculptures.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Corona Lucis</strong>, Chr. A lamp or chandelier
+suspended above the altar of a church, from
+which usually depended a jewelled cross.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coronach</strong>, Scotch. A dirge.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coronarium</strong> (aureum), R. The gold for a
+triumphal crown (<em>corona triumphalis</em>): it was
+sent by the provinces to a victorious chief or
+general.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coronarium</strong> (opus), R. Stucco-work applied
+to the decoration of a cornice or projecting
+moulding.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coronel</strong>, Med. The head of a jousting-lance,
+so called from its resemblance to a little crown.
+Twelve were allowed to a tilter in the time of
+Henry VI. (<cite>Meyrick.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Coronell</strong></span>, O. E. A colonel.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_195'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_195.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 195. Prince of Wales’s coronet.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coronets.</strong> Ensigns
+of nobility worn upon
+the head, introduced
+into England about
+the middle of the
+14th century. (See
+<span class='sc'>Baron</span>, <span class='sc'>Duke</span>, <span class='sc'>Earl</span>,
+&amp;c.) Ladies also
+wore them surmounting
+the horned head-dress
+of the reign of
+Henry V. The engraving (Fig. <a href='#fig_196'>196</a>) represents
+Beatrice, Countess of Arundel, with coronet.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_196'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_196.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 196. Coronet of Countess of Arundel, <em>temp.</em> Henry V.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coronis</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κορωνίς</span>). Anything curved; the
+<em>cornice</em> of an entablature.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coronize</strong> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κορωνίζω</span>, from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κορώνη</span>, a crow).
+To beg for the crow; said of strollers who went
+about begging with a crow, singing begging
+songs. (See <span class='sc'>Chelidonize</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Corporal</strong></span>, O. E. The fine linen cloth or veil
+for the pyx, sometimes embroidered with golden
+thread and coloured silks. With such a “corporal”
+Mary, Queen of Scots, bandaged her
+eyes for her execution.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Corpse-candle</strong></span>, O. E. A thick candle used
+formerly at <em>lake-wakes</em>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_197'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_197.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 197. Corpse or Lich-gate.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Corpse-gate</strong>
+or <strong>Lich-gate</strong>.
+A shed over
+the gate of a
+churchyard to
+rest the corpse
+under. (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_197'>197</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Corrugis</strong>,
+R. (<em>corrugo</em>,
+to wrinkle).
+Literally,
+wrinkled; a
+loose garment
+which was
+wrapped round
+the body, and fell into numerous folds, so as to
+present the appearance of a wrinkled surface.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cors</strong>, Arch. The shaft of a pinnacle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Corsæ</strong></span>, R. The mouldings decorating the
+surface of a marble door-post.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Corse</strong></span>, O. E. (See <span class='sc'>Corce</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Corse of Silk</strong></span>, O. E. Probably a silk ribbon.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Corselet</strong></span>, Fr. A light breastplate; 16th and
+17th centuries.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Corspresant</strong>, Med. A mortuary.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_198'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_198.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 198. Cortina.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cortina</strong></span>, R. (1) A deep circular
+vessel in the shape of a
+saucepan, used for various purposes.
+(2) The snake’s skin
+spread over the tripod of the
+Pythoness at Delphi. (3) An
+altar of marble, bronze, or the
+precious metals, in the form of
+a tripod. (4) The vault over
+the stage in a theatre was called
+<em>cortina</em>, from its resemblance
+to the lid of a tripod. (5)
+Tables of marble or bronze,
+made to imitate the slab upon which the Delphic
+priestess sat, were also called <em>cortinæ</em> Delphicæ.
+(See Fig. <a href='#fig_199'>199</a>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_199'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_199.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 199. Cortina (Etruscan).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cortinale</strong></span>, R. A cellar in which wine was
+boiled in caldrons (<em>cortinæ</em>) to preserve it.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Corundum.</strong> The Indian name for a very hard
+mineral called adamantine spar. The ruby and
+sapphire are varieties of <em>corundum</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Corven.</strong> O. E. for carven, cut.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“<em>Corvene</em> wyndows of glase,</div>
+      <div class='line'>With joly bandis of brase.”</div>
+      <div class='line in26'>(<cite>Lincoln MS.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Corvus</strong></span>, R. (lit. crow). A crane or <em>grappling-iron</em>,
+used in naval warfare. It was a
+strong piece of iron with a spike at the end,
+which, being violently let down upon a ship
+from the yard-arm, or a special mast made for
+the purpose, went through the bottom and sank
+it, or at any rate grappled it fast. A variety of
+<em>corvus</em> was also made use of in the assault of
+fortified places.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Corybantica</strong></span>, Gr. and R. Festivals celebrated
+at Cnossus, in Crete, by the Corybantes, in
+honour of Atys and his mother Cybele. The
+priests ran through town and country carrying
+torches and uttering savage cries to the accompaniment
+of drums and cymbals. They performed
+frenzied dances known under the name
+of <em>Corybantic dances</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Corycæum</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A large apartment
+in a gymnasium or a large bathing establishment,
+for the <em>Corycobolia</em> or sack-throwing, a game
+which consisted in suspending from the ceiling
+of the <em>corycæum</em>, at the height of about a
+yard from the ground, a sack filled with sand,
+bran, or seeds, to be thrust away with blows of the
+fist, and when it was in full swing to be stopped
+with the hands, back, or breast. The exercise
+was also called <em>Corycomachia</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Corymbus</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κόρυμβος</span>, a cluster). (1) A
+bunch of any fruit that grows in clusters, such
+as ivy-berries. (2) A head-dress or wig arranged
+in the form of <em>corymbi</em>, in a knot at the
+top of the head, as that of Venus is represented
+in the Medici statue. (3) The term is
+also sometimes used as a synonym of <span class='sc'>Aplustre</span>
+(q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Corynalle</strong>, Arch. (See <span class='sc'>Cornal</span>.)</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“The schafte was strong over alle,</div>
+      <div class='line'>And a well-shaped <em>corynalle</em>.”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coryphæus</strong>, Gr. (lit. at the head). (1) Any
+leader. (2) Esp. the leader of the chorus of
+the Attic drama. (3) An epithet of Jupiter
+Capitolinus.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Corytus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A bow-case. The
+quiver for arrows was called <em>pharetra</em>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_200'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_200.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 200. Cos—a Roman Grindstone.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cos</strong></span>, R. A hone, whetstone, or grindstone.
+Fig. <a href='#fig_200'>200</a> is taken from an engraved gem.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cosmi</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κόσμοι</span>). The supreme magistrates in
+Crete.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Costanti</strong>. One of the Italian literary
+academies. They had for their device the sun
+shining on a column, with the motto <em>Tantum
+volvitur umbra</em> (the shadow only revolves).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Cote</strong></span>, O. E. A woman’s gown; 15th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cote Armour.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Coat Armour</span>, <span class='sc'>Tabard</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cote-hardie.</strong> A tight-fitting gown; 14th
+century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cothurnus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. The Buskin; a
+high boot of Greek invention, met with on
+representations of certain divinities and of some
+of the emperors covered with rich ornamentation.
+It is an attribute of the huntress Diana. The
+sole was thickened with cork for tragic actors,
+to make them taller. Horsemen wore it as
+high as the knee.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cotillion</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">cotte</span></i>, an under-petticoat). A
+dance introduced from France, where it usually
+terminated a ball.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cotise</strong>, Her. A diminutive of the Bend,
+being one-fourth of its width.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cotta.</strong> A short surplice.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cottabus</strong>, <strong>Cottabê</strong>, <strong>Cotabos</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A
+game of Greek origin, played in various manners,
+by throwing wine into empty cups swimming
+on a basin of water, or into scales suspended
+above a bronze ornament. The man who
+drowned most cups won a prize, or he who
+made the best sound had a good omen. There
+were other methods.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cotyla</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A measure of capacity
+equal to half a pint English.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cotyttia</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κοττύτια</span>). Nocturnal festivals celebrated
+by the Edonians of Thrace in honour of
+a goddess called Cotytto (Cybele).</p>
+
+<div id='fig_201'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_201.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 201. Hart <em>couchant</em>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Couchant</strong> or <strong>Dormant</strong>,
+Her. In repose.
+The illustration gives
+the device of King
+Richard II., a white
+hart <em>couchant</em> on a
+mount, &amp;c. (Fig. <a href='#fig_201'>201</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Coucher</strong></span>, O. E. A
+book kept <em>couched</em> or
+lying on a desk, e. g.
+books of the church
+services left in the
+places where they were used.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coudières</strong>. (See <span class='sc'>Coutere</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coufic</strong>. (See <span class='sc'>Cufic</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coulisse</strong>, Tech. A piece of timber with a
+channel or groove in it, such as that in which
+the side-scenes of a theatre move.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Counter</strong>, Her. Reversed or opposite.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Counterfort</strong>, Arch. A buttress.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Counterpoint</strong>, Music. The art of combining
+melodies, or rather of adding to a melody
+harmonious parts. <em>Double Counterpoint</em> is “a
+kind of artificial composition, where the parts
+are inverted in such a manner that the uppermost
+becomes the lowermost, and <em>vice versâ</em>.”
+(See <em>Stainer and Barrett</em>, <em>Dic. of Musical
+Terms</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Counter-proof.</strong> An impression of an engraving
+printed from a wet proof.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Counter-seal</strong> or <strong>Secretum</strong>. A seal on the
+reverse or back of another seal. Early seals
+were generally impressed on both sides.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Countess</strong>, Arch. A roofing slate, 20 inches
+by 10 inches.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Couped</strong>, Her. Cut off smoothly. The reverse
+of <em>erased</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coupled</strong> (columns), Gen. Two columns are
+said to be <em>coupled</em> when they are placed quite
+close to each other without touching. <em>Coupled
+heads</em> is the term applied to two heads placed
+back to back upon the same pedestal or the
+same trunk. Many pedestals ornamented with
+<span class='sc'>Hermæ</span> (q.v.) are surmounted by coupled
+heads.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Courant</strong>, Her. Running.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Course</strong>, Arch. One range, or stratum, of
+bricks, stones, or other material in the construction
+of a wall.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Court Cards.</strong> The king, queen, and knave of
+a suit. They were originally <em>named</em> in France;
+e. g. the four <em>kings</em> were Charlemagne, Cæsar,
+Alexander, and David; the four <em>queens</em>, Judith,
+Rachel, Argine, and Pallas; and the <em>valets</em>,
+Lahire, Hector, Lancelot, and Hogier. Of
+these the <em>kings</em> were said to represent the four
+ancient monarchies of the Jews, Greeks, Romans,
+and Franks; and the <em>queens</em>, wisdom, birth,
+beauty, and fortitude. (<cite>Taylor.</cite>) (See <span class='sc'>Chatrang</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Court Cupboards</strong></span>, O. E. Richly carved and
+large cupboards for plate and other valuables,
+<em>temp.</em> Charles I.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Court Dish</strong></span>, O. E. A kind of drinking-cup.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Courtepy</strong> (Teutonic). Short cloak or gown.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coussinet</strong>, Arch. The crowning stone of a
+pier, lying immediately under the arch.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Coutel</strong></span>, Fr. A short knife or dagger in use in
+the Middle Ages.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coutere</strong> or <strong>Coutes</strong>. The elbow-piece in armour.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_202'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_202.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 202. Couvre-feu (Curfew).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Couvre-feu</strong>, Angl. <strong>Curfew</strong>. A screen used, as
+its name implies, for covering the fire; introduced
+with the famous Curfew-bell, <em>temp.</em>
+William Rufus. (Fig. <a href='#fig_202'>202</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cove</strong>, Arch. A name for concave mouldings
+or other concavities.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coved Ceiling</strong>, Arch. A ceiling springing
+from the walls with a cove.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coventry Blue.</strong> A celebrated “blew threde”
+made at Coventry, <em>temp.</em> Elizabeth.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Covert</strong>, Her. Partly covered.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Covinus</strong></span>, R. (Celtic, <em>kowain</em>). A war-chariot.
+The spokes of its wheels were armed
+with scythes. [It was used by the ancient
+Britons. The Romans gave the name to a close
+travelling carriage covered in all round.] (Compare
+<span class='sc'>Currus</span>, <span class='sc'>Carpentum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Coward</strong> or <strong>Cowed</strong>, Her. An animal with its
+tail between its legs.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Cow-lady</strong></span>, O. E. The lady-bird.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“A paire of buskins they did bring</div>
+      <div class='line'>Of the <em>cow-ladye’s</em> corall wyng.”</div>
+      <div class='line in22'>(<cite>Musarum Deliciæ.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cowl</strong>, Mod. (from <em>cuculla</em>, <span class='sc'>Cucullus</span>, q.v.).
+A priest’s hood.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Cox</strong> or <strong>Cokes</strong></span>, O. E. A fool; hence <em>Coxcomb</em>,
+for the top of a fool’s cap.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crackle Porcelain</strong> or <strong>Cracklin</strong>. A kind of
+china, the glaze of which has been purposely
+cracked all over in the kiln. The Chinese have
+many kinds of this manufacture, some of which
+are extremely rare and valuable. White and
+grey are the common colours amongst modern
+crackle. The yellow and cream-coloured specimens
+are much prized: these are seldom seen in
+Europe. The greens, light and dark, turquoise,
+and reds are generally finely glazed, and have
+the crackle lines small and minute. In colouring,
+these examples are exquisite, and in this
+respect they throw our finest specimens of
+European porcelain quite into the shade. The
+green and turquoise crackle made in China at
+the present day are very inferior to the old
+kinds. Perhaps the rarest and most expensive
+of all ancient crackles is a yellowish stone-colour.
+(<cite>Fortune.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crackled Glass.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Glass</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cracowes.</strong> Long-toed boots and shoes, introduced
+in 1384.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cradle Vault</strong>, Arch. A cylindrical vault.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cradling.</strong> A builder’s term for a timber frame
+for a ceiling, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Craig</strong>, Scotch. (1) A rock. (2) The neck;
+throat.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crampet.</strong> The decorated end of a scabbard.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crampon.</strong> The border of gold which keeps a
+stone in a ring. (See <span class='sc'>Collet</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Cramp-ring</strong></span>, O. E. A ring consecrated on
+Good Friday, an amulet against cramp.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crancelin</strong>, Her. (from the German <em>Kranzlein</em>,
+a small wreath). The chaplet that crosses the
+shield of Saxony. It is said to be an augmentation
+conferred by the Emperor Barbarossa, who
+took from his head his own chaplet of rue, and
+threw it across the shield of the Duke of
+Saxony. (<cite>Boutell.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crane’s-bills.</strong> Geraniums, so called
+from the shape of their seed-vessels.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crannogs</strong>, Irish. Lake fortresses
+constructed on artificial islands.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crapaudine Doors.</strong> A technical name
+for doors that turn on pivots at top and
+bottom, or are hung with so called <em>centre-pin</em>
+hinges.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crash.</strong> The grey linen used for
+the kind of embroidery called <em>crewelwork</em>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_203'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_203.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 203. Silver Crater (Roman). Found at Hildesheim.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Crater</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κρατὴρ</span>, from
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κεράννυμι</span>, to mix). (1) A large and
+beautiful vase with a wide open mouth,
+in which the wine and water was mixed
+which was handed round at banquets
+and sacrifices. It was into vases of this
+description that slaves dipped a ladle
+(<em>cyathus</em>), with which they filled the
+cups. The beautiful silver <em>crater</em>
+shown in the illustration (Fig. <a href='#fig_203'>203</a>),
+of a date not later than the 1st century,
+was found with other treasures
+of a similar kind at Hildesheim,
+near Hanover, in 1869. It is now in
+the Berlin Museum. (2) The mouth
+of a volcano is named from its resemblance
+to the Greek crater. (3) A
+small constellation of the southern
+hemisphere called the Cup.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Crates</strong></span>, R. A frame or basket made
+of hurdles, and so a hurdle itself.
+(English, “<em>crate</em>.”)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Craticula</strong></span>, R. (dimin. of <em>crates</em>). A
+small hurdle, and by analogy, a gridiron, which
+looks like a small hurdle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Creag</strong></span>, O. E. The game of ninepins.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Creagra.</strong> Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κράγρα</span>, from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κρέας</span> and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀγρέω</span>,
+i. e. a flesh-hook). A synonym of the Latin
+term <span class='sc'>Harpago</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Creasing.</strong> A builder’s word for a row of
+tiles under the coping of a wall.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Credence Table.</strong> The small table beside
+an altar, on which the communion was placed
+before consecration.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Creme-box</strong></span>, O. E. A chrismatory (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Cremesyn</strong></span>, O. E. Crimson velvet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cremium</strong></span>, R. (<em>cremo</em>, to burn). Small wood,
+made up into bundles, used by bakers, and for
+lighting the hypocausts under the baths.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crenel.</strong> The peak at the top of a helmet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crenellated</strong>, Her. Embattled. (See <span class='sc'>Battlement</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_204'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_204.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 204 Crenellated walls at Pompeii.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Crenelle</strong></span>, Fr. A cutting or indentation of the
+walls of a fortress or tower, &amp;c. The spaces
+between the solid masonry are called <em>embrasures</em>,
+and the solid portions themselves <em>merlons</em>;
+usually the tops of the merlons are coped to
+throw off rain. (See <span class='sc'>Coping</span>.) Fig. <a href='#fig_204'>204</a> shows
+a portion of the crenellated walls of Pompeii
+restored. (See Fig. <a href='#fig_077'>77</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Crepida</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κρηπίς</span>). A slipper
+made of a strong leather sole, to the edges of
+which was fixed a piece of leather with eyelet-holes
+(<em>ansæ</em>) for the laces (<em>corrigiæ</em>) or a strap
+(<em>amentum</em>). This shoe was of Greek origin.
+<em>Crepida carbatina</em> was the name given to a shoe
+of the simplest and plainest description. (See
+<span class='sc'>Carbatina</span>.) [This shoe is only found represented
+on figures clothed with the <em>pallium</em>, not
+the <em>toga</em>.]</p>
+
+<div id='fig_205'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_205.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 205. Crepido in a street in Pompeii.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Crepido</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κρηπίς</span>). In a general
+sense, any kind of base or stand upon which
+another object rests, and by analogy the embankment
+of a quay, a dike, or jetty. The
+term is also applied to the raised causeway
+for foot passengers at the side of a road or street.
+Fig. <a href='#fig_204'>204</a> represents a <em>crepido</em> on a high road near
+Pompeii, and Fig. <a href='#fig_205'>205</a> a <em>crepido</em> in the streets of
+the same town.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Crepitaculum</strong></span>, R. (<em>crepo</em>, to creak). A child’s
+rattle, made in the form of a circle to which bells
+were attached. These rattles have been found
+in the excavations of Pompeii. Some authors
+apply the term to the <span class='sc'>Sistrum</span> of the Egyptians.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crepitus</strong> (sc. <em>digitorum</em>), R. A snapping of
+the fingers made by pressing the tip of the
+thumb firmly against the tip of the middle finger.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Crepundia</strong></span>, R. A general term for playthings
+for children, as well as for necklaces of various
+ornaments, or amulets. These were in some
+instances of great length, and were worn by the
+children like shoulder-belts.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Créquier</strong>, Her. The wild plum-tree: the
+device of the Créquy family.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_206'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_206.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 206. Crescent.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crescent</strong>, Her. The <em>difference</em> of
+the second son. The moon is a
+crescent when she appears as in
+Fig. <a href='#fig_206'>206</a>. (Compare <span class='sc'>Decrescent</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Increscent</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Cresolite</strong></span>, O. E. Crystal.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Crespine</strong></span>, Fr. A network to confine
+the hair of ladies; the <em>calantica</em>
+of the ancients. It is found in mediæval
+monuments in a variety of forms.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cressets.</strong> A small pan or portable fireplace,
+filled with combustibles, used for illuminating
+purposes; 16th century. Her., a beacon. (See
+Fig. <a href='#fig_054'>54</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crest</strong>, Arch, (<em>crista</em>). A running ornament,
+more or less incised and perforated, which is
+placed on the ridge of roofs. Many monuments
+of antiquity have been adorned with terra-cotta
+crests; in the Romano-Byzantine architecture
+examples occur which are made of stone, while
+in Pointed or Renaissance art they were made of
+lead.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_207'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_207.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 207. Royal crest of England.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crest</strong>, Her. (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crista</span></i>).
+This word, familiar
+to us as the name of an
+ornament surmounting
+the helmet and the insignia
+of a gentleman of
+coat armour, signified
+in classic times a comb
+terminating in a peak
+in front of the casque
+decorated with horsehair
+or plumes. (See
+<span class='sc'>Crista</span>, Fig. <a href='#fig_252'>252</a>.) The
+earliest appearance of
+a crest in England is
+on the second seal of
+Richard I. Fig. <a href='#fig_207'>207</a>
+illustrates the manner
+in which the crest is
+worn upon the royal
+crown of England.
+Crests are not worn by
+ladies, excepting by the
+Sovereign. (See
+<span class='sc'>Panache</span>.)</p>
+
+<div class='section'>
+
+<div id='fig_208'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_208.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 208. Crest-coronet.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_209'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_209.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 209. Crest-wreaths.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crest-coronet</strong>, <strong>Crest-wreath</strong>, or <strong>Orle</strong>, Her.
+A coronet or wreath to support a crest. (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_208'>208</a> and 209.)</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crest-tiles.</strong> Tiles
+used for covering the
+ridge of a roof.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Creta Lævis.</strong> A
+crayon of permanent
+colour for chalk
+drawing.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crewel-work.</strong>
+(See <span class='sc'>Crash</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crewels.</strong> A worsted
+of two plies
+adapted for embroidery.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crewetts.</strong> Small vessels used at the altar, to
+hold the wine and water for consecration.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crimson</strong> (Arab, <em>cremisi</em>, the cochineal insect).
+A deep tone of red, tinged with blue.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Crinale</strong></span>, R. (<em>crinis</em>, the hair). A large convex
+comb worn by women and children at the
+back of the head.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crined</strong>, Her. Having a mane or hair.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Crinetts</strong></span>, O. E. The long small black feathers
+on a hawk’s head. (<cite>H.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Crinze</strong></span>, O. E. A drinking-cup. (<cite>H.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Criobolè</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κριοβόλη</span>). A sacrifice to
+Cybele, so called because the victim was a
+ram (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κριός</span>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Crista</strong></span>, R. The crest of the helmet, which
+was attached to an elevated ridge (generally
+of horsehair). A fine example is given in the
+head of “Rome,” on the Tazza of Diruta.
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_252'>252</a>.) (See <span class='sc'>Crest</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cristatus</strong></span>, R. (<em>crista</em>). Having a ridge and a
+crest. (Fig. <a href='#fig_252'>252</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Cristendom</strong></span>, O. E. Baptism.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“And that bastard that to the ys dere,</div>
+      <div class='line'><em>Crystyndome</em> schalle he none have here.” (<cite>H.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cristygrey.</strong> A kind of fur much used in the
+15th century.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“Of no devyse embroudid hath hire wede,</div>
+      <div class='line'>Ne furrid with ermyn ne with <em>cristygrey</em>.”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crites</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κριτής</span>). A judge in <em>equity</em>, as opposed
+to <span class='sc'>Dikastes</span>, a judge in <em>law</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Croakumshire.</strong> An ancient name for the
+county of Northumberland. (<cite>H.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Crobbe</strong></span>, O. E. Knops of buds hung as ornaments
+from a roof.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Crobylus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κρωβύλος</span>). A method
+of arranging the hair peculiar to the inhabitants
+of Athens. The hair, rolled up in a knot on the
+top of the head, was fastened with golden clasps
+in the shape of grasshoppers. The name applies
+only to men’s hair; the same fashion for women
+was called <em>Corymbus</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Croc</strong> or <strong>Crook</strong>. A curved mace.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crocea.</strong> A cardinal’s cloak.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crochet.</strong> Knitting done with linen thread,
+and used under the name of <em>nun’s lace</em> from the
+16th century for bordering altar-cloths, albs,
+&amp;c.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_210'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_210.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 210. Crocket.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crocket.</strong> (1) An
+architectural enrichment,
+generally
+of leaves or
+flowers; an ornamentation
+peculiar
+to the pointed
+style of architecture.
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_210'>210</a>.)
+(2) A large roll of
+hair, much worn
+in the time of
+Edward I.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“His <em>crocket</em> kembt, and thereon set</div>
+      <div class='line'>A nouche with a chapelet.”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crocota</strong>, Gr. and
+R. (from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κρόκος</span>,
+crocus). A very
+rich robe of saffron colour, whence its name. It
+was worn by Greek and Roman women as a gala
+dress, especially at the Dionysia.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_211'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_211.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 211. Cromlech.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cromlec’h</strong>, Celtic (from <em>cromm</em>, curved,
+and <em>lec’h</em>, place). An enclosure formed by
+<em>menhirs</em>, or huge stones planted in the ground
+in a circle or semicircle. These enclosures (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_211'>211</a>) were consecrated places used as burying-grounds.
+(See <span class='sc'>Standing stones</span>, <span class='sc'>Dolmens</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Menhirs</span>, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_212'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_212.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 212. Cross <em>Recercelée</em>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_213'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_213.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 213. St. Andrew’s Cross (<cite>Saltire</cite>).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='section'>
+
+<div id='fig_214'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_214.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 214. St. George’s Cross <em>fimbriated</em>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_215'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_215.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 215. Victoria Cross.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cross</strong>, Chr. (<cite>Crux</cite>). The
+symbol of the Christian
+religion. The ordinary or
+primitive type of cross has no
+summit. It is called <em>commissa</em>
+or <em>patibulata</em>, and sometimes
+the <em>Tau</em> cross, from
+its resemblance to the Greek
+letter so named (T). Fig. <a href='#fig_121'>121</a>
+represents a stone cross
+of the Romano-Byzantine
+period, at Carew, in England.
+The St. Andrew’s
+cross has the form of an X.
+The Greek cross is of four
+equal parts. The Latin cross
+has the foot longer than the
+summit or arms. The Maltese
+cross and the cross of
+Jerusalem are varieties of
+the Greek cross. The Patriarchal
+cross (heraldic) has
+two cross pieces, the triple
+cross has three, &amp;c. <span class='sc'>Per
+Cross</span>, in heraldry, is the
+division of a shield <em>quarterly</em>
+(a combination of pale and
+fesse). (Figs. 212 to 215.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Cross and Pile</strong></span>, O. E. The
+game of “heads and tails.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cross-aisled</strong>, Arch. Having
+<span class='fss'>TRANSEPTS</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cross-bows</strong> were brought to England by the
+Crusaders. They were frequently richly carved
+and inlaid.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Cross-days</strong></span>, O. E. The three days before
+Ascension Day.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cross-gartered.</strong> Having the garters crossed
+on the leg. (<cite>H.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cross-hatching.</strong> A term in engraving applied
+to lines which intersect at regular angles, to increase
+depth of shadow.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crossos</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κρωσσός</span>). A wide-bodied vessel
+narrowing towards the mouth; it is furnished
+with a stand and two handles or ears (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δίωτοι</span>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Cross-row</strong></span>, O. E. The alphabet. (See
+<span class='sc'>Christ-cross</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cross-springer</strong>,
+Arch. In vaulting,
+the diagonal rib of a
+<span class='fss'>GROIN</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cross-vaulting</strong>,
+Arch. That which is
+formed by the intersection
+of two or more
+simple vaults. When
+the vaults spring at
+the same level, and
+rise to the same
+height, the cross vault
+is termed a <span class='fss'>GROIN</span>.
+The illustration (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_173'>173</a>), the cloisters of
+the church of Mont
+St. Michel in France,
+shows the cross-vaulting.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_216'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_216.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 216. Crotalia. Greek necklace.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crotalium</strong>,
+Gr. and R.
+(from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κροτέω</span>,
+to rattle). A
+small rattle.
+The Greek and
+Roman ladies
+gave this name
+to their pendants
+formed of
+two or four
+pear-shaped
+pearls (<em>elenchi</em>),
+which rattled
+softly as the
+wearer moved
+about. (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_216'>216</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crotalum</strong>
+Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κρόταλον</span>). Castanets made of
+slit cane, used by dancers in the worship
+of Cybele. The Middle Ages also had their
+<em>crotala</em>, which consisted of a metal rod, in which
+were inserted rings, which sounded when the
+instrument was
+shaken.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crow</strong> or <strong>Raven</strong>.
+The attribute of
+St. Vincent.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crowde</strong> or <strong>Croud</strong>,
+O. E. (1) The
+crypt of a church.
+(2) A fiddle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crown.</strong> (See
+<span class='sc'>Corona</span>. See also
+<span class='sc'>Mural Crown</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Naval Crown</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Crest</span>, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_217'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_217.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 217. Crown of Her Majesty the Queen.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crown</strong> (of a
+bell). The top
+of the inside of
+a bell, in which the ring is fixed from which the
+clapper is suspended. In architecture the spire
+of a steeple is said to <em>crown</em> the tower, or a
+fleuron to crown a gable, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_218'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_218.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 218. Crown of the Rose.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crown.</strong> An old English coin, the value of
+which has varied at different periods. The
+illustration represents the gold crown of Henry
+VIII., dated 1462, called a crown of the Rose,
+value 4<em>s.</em> 6<em>d.</em> Other crown pieces were called,
+from the mint-mark, crowns of the Sun.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Croyle</strong></span>, O. E. Crewel; tightly-twisted
+worsted.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crozier</strong>, Chr. The name is often <em>improperly</em>
+applied to the bishop’s crooked pastoral staff; it
+belongs to the staff surmounted by a cross which
+is borne before an archbishop. The Byzantine
+crozier was that of the T-shaped cross; it had
+sometimes curved serpents on both sides.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crucifix.</strong> The representation of the Saviour
+on the Cross was first introduced in the time of
+Constantine. It has undergone considerable
+variation at different periods.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_219'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_219.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 219. Porcelain Cruciform Box (Egyptian).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cruciform.</strong> Shaped to form a cross. The
+illustration represents a specimen of ancient
+Egyptian porcelain, of this shape, ornamented
+with the lotus. (See <span class='sc'>Egyptian Pottery</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crumata.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Crusmata</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Crumena</strong></span>, R. A leather pouch for carrying
+money. The <em>balantion</em> of the Greeks was worn
+suspended from the neck by a strap.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Crumenal</strong></span>, O. E. A purse.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crupezia</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κρούω</span>, to strike). A kind of
+sandal with a double sole, in the middle of which
+were castanets with springs. (See <span class='sc'>Crotalum</span>.)
+Greek flute-players used them in the theatre
+to beat time to the singing and declamation of
+the chorus.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_220'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_220.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 220. Device of the Della Cruscan Academy.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crusca, Accademia della.</strong> A literary academy
+established in Florence in the 15th century
+by Cosmo de’ Medici; their device, a bolting-mill,
+represented in Fig. <a href='#fig_220'>220</a>, was symbolical of
+their object to cultivate the Italian language by
+winnowing the flour from the bran; and in allusion
+to it, the members called themselves by
+appropriate names, as Infarinato, Rimenato,
+Gramolato, Insaccato, &amp;c. On the top of the
+shield is the Marzocco, or Lion of Florence, the
+emblem of the city.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crusilée</strong>, <strong>Crusily</strong>, Her. Having the field
+semée of small crosses.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Cruske</strong></span>, O. E. An earthen vessel; cf. the
+Irish <em>cruishkeen</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Crusmata</strong>, <strong>Crumata</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κρούω</span>, to
+strike). Castanets.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Crustæ</strong></span>, R. In the finest works of the chaser,
+the ornamental pattern was frequently distinct
+from the vessel, to which it was either fastened
+permanently, or so that it could be removed at
+pleasure, the vessel being of silver, and the ornaments
+of gold, which were called <em>crustæ</em> or <em>emblemata</em>
+(Dr. Smith). Of these the former were
+the figures embossed in low relief, and the <em>emblemata</em>
+were those in high relief. (See <span class='sc'>Damascening</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Emblemata</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Crustulum</strong></span>, R. (dimin. of <em>crustum</em>). Anything
+baked; plaster mouldings; a cheap kind
+of decoration in bas-relief.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crutch.</strong> An attribute of St. Anthony, to
+denote his age and feebleness.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crux.</strong> The Latin equivalent for <span class='sc'>Cross</span>
+(q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crwth</strong> (A.S. <em>crudh</em>, Eng. <em>crowd</em>). A Welsh
+instrument, a sort of violin, similar to the <em>rébek</em>
+of the Bretons.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_221'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_221.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 221. Crypt at Lanmeur (France).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crypta</strong>, <strong>Crypt</strong>, Chr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κρύπτω</span>, to bury). In
+ancient times the crypt was really a cloister; it
+formed, in fact, a long and narrow gallery surrounded
+by buildings, and itself surrounding a
+building, garden, or court. The courtyards of
+<em>villæ</em> were surrounded by crypts; the ruins of
+Diomed’s <em>villa</em>, at Pompeii, afford a curious
+instance of the kind. In modern archæology
+the term crypt is applied to a subterranean
+chapel underneath a church. (Figs. 221 and 222.)
+Among the Romans the word meant (1) a
+covered portico, or arcade, called <em>crypto-porticus</em>.
+(2) A grotto, or more accurately a tunnel. (3)
+A subterranean vault used for secret worship. (4)
+In the catacombs, a tomb in which a number of
+bodies were interred together.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_222'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_222.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 222. Crypt of St. Mary’s Church, Warwick.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crypteia</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κρυπτεία</span>). A systematic massacre
+of Helots at night, by young Spartans, who hid
+themselves during the day.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crystal.</strong> Rock crystals are frequently found
+large enough to make vessels of. The Romans
+had crystal drinking-cups of extraordinary size
+and beauty. Crystal ornaments were especially
+chosen for ecclesiastical purposes, and for
+mediæval bookbinding, &amp;c., and are frequently
+found in early British graves.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Crystalotype.</strong> A sun-picture taken and fixed
+on glass by the collodion process.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cubiculum</strong></span>, R. and Chr. (<em>cubo</em>, to recline). (1)
+A bedroom. (2) The emperor’s pavilion or tent
+at the amphitheatre or circus. (3) In Christian
+archæology, the sepulchral chambers of the catacombs.
+(See <span class='sc'>Cinerarium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cubile</strong></span>, R. (<em>cubo</em>). A bed, or chamber containing
+a bed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cubit</strong> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πῆχυς</span>, Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cubitus</span></i>, an elbow).
+A measure of length among the Egyptians,
+Greeks, and Romans. In Egypt there were
+two cubits; the <em>natural cubit</em>, or small
+cubit, was equal to 18 inches (6 palms or
+24 fingers); the <em>royal cubit</em> to 21 inches (7 palms
+or 28 fingers). Each of the subdivisions of the
+cubit was consecrated to a divinity. The Greek
+cubit was equal to about 18¼ inches; the Roman
+cubit to very nearly 17½ inches.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cubital</strong></span>, R. A bolster or cushion used by
+the Romans to rest the elbow on when reclining.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cubit-arm</strong>, Her. A human arm couped at the
+elbow.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cubitoria</strong>, <strong>-æ</strong> (sc. <em>vestimenta</em>, <em>vestes</em>). (See
+<span class='sc'>Cœnatoria</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cucullus</strong></span>, R. Literally, a piece of paper
+rolled into the shape of a funnel, used at Rome
+by apothecaries and other tradespeople for
+wrapping up certain kinds of goods; and hence,
+by analogy, the hood affixed to certain garments,
+such as the <em>lacerna</em>, <em>pænula</em>, <em>sagum</em>, &amp;c. (See
+<span class='sc'>Cowl</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cucuma</strong></span>, R. A term applied to various
+earthenware or metal vessels, when they were
+used to heat water or any other liquid.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cucurbita</strong></span>, R. A pumpkin or gourd, and
+thence a cupping-glass.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cudo</strong>, <strong>Cudon</strong></span>, R. A skull-cap made of soft
+leather or furs.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cuerpo</strong> (Span.). Body clothing, i. e. a
+jacket.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cufic</strong> (characters), Arab. The Cufic is the
+most ancient form of Arabian writing, and bears
+a great resemblance to the Syriac writing called
+<em>estranghelo</em>; it appears to have originated in the
+city of Cufa or Coufa, whence the name.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cuirass.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Cingulum</span>, <span class='sc'>Lorica</span>, <span class='sc'>Pectorale</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Thorax</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Cuir-boulli</strong></span>, Fr. Boiled leather, frequently
+mentioned by mediæval writers. It has lately
+been revived under the name of <em>impressed leather</em>,
+and brought to a high state of perfection. (<cite>Fairholt.</cite>)
+Hence:—</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Cuirbouly</strong></span>, O. E. Tanned leather.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_223'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_223.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 223. Cuisse.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Cuisses</strong></span>, Fr.
+Armour for
+the thighs, introduced
+about the middle
+of the 14th
+century. In
+early examples
+they consisted
+of one, two,
+or three pieces
+of plate overlapping;
+later
+on they were
+formed of one
+piece only, and
+finally were
+finished with
+a back piece,
+enclosing the
+whole of the
+thigh in armour.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cuitikins</strong>, <strong>Cutikins</strong>, Scotch. Guêtres, gaiters.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Cuker</strong></span>, O. E. Part of a woman’s horned head-dress,
+“furred with a cat’s skin.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Culcita</strong></span>, R. A mattress of horsehair, wool,
+wadding, or feathers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Culettes</strong></span>, Fr. Plates of armour protecting the
+back, from the waist to the saddle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Culeus</strong> or <strong>Culleus</strong></span>, R. The largest liquid
+measure of capacity used by the Romans, containing
+20 amphoræ, or about 119 gallons. The
+same name was also applied to a very large sack,
+of skin or leather, used for oil or wine. It was
+in the <em>culei</em> that parricides were sewed up.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Culigna</strong></span>, R. A vessel for holding wine. It
+was a kind of amphora of a broader form, its
+width exceeding its height.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Culina</strong></span>, R. A kitchen.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cullis</strong>, Arch. Same as <span class='sc'>Coulisse</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Culme</strong></span>, O. E. The summit.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cultellus</strong></span>, R. (dimin. of <span class='sc'>Culter</span>, q.v.). A
+knife. <em>Cultellus ligneus</em>, a wedge of wood.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Culter</strong> or <strong>Culta</strong></span>, R. A knife. <em>Culter coquinaris</em>
+was a kitchen-knife; <em>culter venatorius</em>, a hunting-knife;
+<em>culter tonsorius</em>, a razor; <em>culter vinitorius</em>,
+or <em>falx vinitoria</em>, a vine-dresser’s pruning knife.
+The term denoted as well (1) the knife with
+which the officiating priest cut the victim’s
+throat; (2) a knife for carving, also called
+<em>cultellus</em>; (3) the <em>coulter</em> of a plough fixed in
+front of the plough-share.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Culullus</strong></span>, R. (<em>culeus</em>, q.v.). Generally,
+any drinking-vessel, and more particularly any
+earthenware vessel used by priests and vestals at
+sacrifices.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Culver</strong>, A.S. A dove.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Culver-house.</strong> A pigeon-house.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cumera</strong></span>, R. A kind of large box or basket
+employed by country people for keeping their
+seed-wheat in.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cumerum</strong></span>, R. A bridal basket containing the
+presents of the bride and bridegroom; it was
+carried by a <em>camillus</em> in the bridal procession.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cumpi-coptra</strong>, Peruv. One of the divisions
+in the royal arsenals of the ancient Peruvians.
+It contained llama-wool, and textures of alpaca,
+embroidered in the college of the Virgins of the
+Sun (<span class='sc'>Pasua-Huasi</span>), (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cunabula</strong></span>, R. Literally, a child’s cradle, and
+thence a bird’s nest, a beehive, a native city;
+any place, in short, in which a living thing is
+born. A synonym for this term is <span class='sc'>Cunæ</span>.
+Bibliologists call early specimens of printing by
+this name, or <span class='sc'>Incunabula</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<div id='fig_224'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_224.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 224. Cuneiform characters.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cuneiform</strong> (characters). Oriental characters
+formed by a single symbol, which is in the shape
+of a wedge (<em>cuneus</em>). This kind of writing has
+been in use among many nations; more particularly
+the ancient Persians, Persepolitans, Babylonians,
+and Ninevites. Fig. <a href='#fig_224'>224</a> represents the
+first cuneiform characters which found their way
+to Europe.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cuneus</strong></span>, R. (1) A wedge of wood, iron, or
+any other metal. (2) In a theatre or amphitheatre,
+a set of tiers comprised within two
+staircases (<em>scalæ</em>), so called from its wedge-like
+form. (3) A body of soldiers drawn up in the
+form of a wedge to break through the enemy’s
+line. The common soldiers called the formation
+<em>caput porcinum</em>, a pig’s head.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cuniculus</strong></span>, R. (<em>cuneus</em>). An underground
+passage to a fortified place.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cupa</strong></span>, R. A barrel or hogshead. <em>Vinum de
+cupâ</em> was wine which had not been drawn off
+in amphoræ; it was wine from the cask, new
+wine. The cupa was sometimes made of earthenware
+like the dolium. It was used for many
+purposes besides that of a wine-vat. (See
+<span class='sc'>Cupella</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cupel.</strong> A melting-pot for gold.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cupella</strong></span>, R. and Chr. (dimin. of <span class='sc'>Cupa</span>,
+q.v.). In Christian archæology, a tomb.
+The word occurs on a catacomb marble, inscribed
+with grotesque Latin:
+“I, Secunda, erected this
+<em>cupella</em> to my two children,”
+&amp;c. [The cupa was sometimes
+used by the Romans as
+a sarcophagus.] (See <span class='sc'>Cinerarium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Cupola</strong></span>, It. A concave
+roof, circular or polygonal.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cups.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Coppa</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Curb Roof</strong>, Arch. A Mansard
+roof; a roof with a
+double set of rafters on each
+side, of peculiar construction.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Curch</strong>, Gael. A kerchief.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Curfew.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Couvre-feu</span>,
+Fig. <a href='#fig_202'>202</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Curia</strong>, <strong>Curiæ</strong></span>, R. (1) A
+building in which the people
+met together to offer sacrifices
+and take part in the
+festivities on certain days of
+festival. (2) The <em>senatorial
+curiæ</em> were buildings in which
+the senate usually assembled.
+(3) The <em>Salian curia</em> was a place situated on
+the Palatine Hill, which formed the place of
+assembly for the <em>Salian</em> priests who guarded the
+<em>anciles</em> or sacred shields. (4) <em>Curia calabra</em> was
+a small temple founded, almost simultaneously
+with the building of Rome, on the Palatine; it
+formed the observatory for the petty pontiffs
+whose duty it was to watch the appearance of the
+new moon. In Christian archæology the <em>Roman
+curia</em> denotes the pontifical tribunals collectively.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Curliewurlies</strong>, Scotch. Fantastical circular
+ornaments.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Currach</strong>, Scotch. A coracle or small skiff;
+a boat of wicker-work covered with hides.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_225'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_225.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 225. Currus. The Chariot of the Sun. The device of Philip II. of Spain.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Currus</strong>, <strong>Chariot</strong> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἅρμα</span>). A two-wheeled
+car or carriage in use among nearly all the
+nations of antiquity. There were racing-chariots,
+riding-chariots, and triumphal chariots. Some of
+these were profusely decorated with ivory (<em>currus
+eburnei</em>). War-chariots armed with scythes or
+sharp blades were called <em>falcati</em>. (See <span class='sc'>Covinus</span>.)
+The illustration (Fig. <a href='#fig_225'>225</a>), a device of Philip II.
+of Spain, represents Apollo driving the chariot
+of the Sun.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cursores.</strong> “Runners” before their masters’
+carriages; messengers generally.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Curtail Dog</strong></span>, O. E. A dog belonging to a
+person not qualified to hunt game, which, by the
+forest laws, must have its tail cropped.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Curtail Step</strong>, Arch. The first step of a stair,
+when its outer end is finished in the form of a
+scroll; when it has a circular end, it is called
+a round-ended step.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cushat</strong>, Scotch. A wood-pigeon.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cushion-capital</strong>, Arch. (1) A capital resembling
+a cushion pressed by a weight. (2) A
+cube rounded off at its lower angles; the
+capital most prevalent in the Norman style.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cusp.</strong> In Astrology, the “entrance” of a
+“house.”</p>
+
+<div id='fig_226'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_226.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 226. Cuspis.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_227'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_227.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 227. Cuspis—Flint lance.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_228-230.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Figs. 228, 229, 230. Cuspides—Roman lances.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cuspis</strong></span>, R. A point, more particularly the
+point of a lance, or javelin, since these were not
+barbed. Fig. <a href='#fig_226'>226</a> represents a javelin-head which
+gives a complete idea of the character of the
+point called <em>cuspis</em>; Fig. <a href='#fig_227'>227</a> shows a flint lance;
+and Figs. 228 to 230 the lance-headed <em>cuspides</em>
+affixed to the top of the Roman ensigns. (See
+<span class='sc'>Spiculum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cusps.</strong> The foliations of architectural tracery,
+such as are formed by the points of a trefoil.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Custodia.</strong> The shrine or receptacle for the host
+in Spanish churches.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Cutlass</strong>, <strong>Coutel-hache</strong>, or <strong>Coutel-axe</strong></span>, O. E.
+This weapon was introduced at the end of the
+15th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cut-work.</strong> Also called “opus consutum;”
+<em>Ital.</em> “di commesso.” Open-work embroidery
+came into universal use in England in the 16th
+century. In the reign of Richard II., however,
+we are told,—</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“Cut werke was greate both in court and townes,</div>
+      <div class='line'>Bothe in mene’s hoddies, and also in their gownes.”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>(See <span class='sc'>Appliqué</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cyanogen.</strong> A gaseous compound of carbon and nitrogen,
+necessary to the formation of <em>Prussian blue</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cyathus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A vase or ladle
+with one handle, used for taking wine from
+the crater (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κρατὴρ</span>), in order to fill the cups
+(<em>pocula</em>, <em>calices</em>) of the guests, at feasts and
+banquets. The term was also used to denote
+a small measure containing the twelfth
+part of the <em>sextarius</em>, or ·0825 of a pint. The
+cyathus was used in medicine to measure drugs
+with accuracy. [It is often represented, on vases,
+in the hands of Bacchus, in place of his proper
+goblet the Cantharus.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cybistic</strong> (dance), R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κυβιστάω</span>, to tumble).
+A part of the military exercises in which the performer
+threw himself at intervals on his hands,
+so as to rebound on his feet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cyclas</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κυκλὰς</span>, circular). A long and
+loose piece of drapery, of a very fine texture; it
+was hemmed with purple or gold embroidery.
+The <em>cyclas</em> formed part of a woman’s costume,
+but it was also worn by men of an effeminate or
+dissolute character; hence—</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Cyclas</strong></span>, O. E. The name of a long sleeveless
+gown worn by knights over their armour (from
+<em>ciclatoun</em>, q.v., of which it was made).</p>
+
+<div id='fig_231'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_231.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 231. Cyclopean Masonry.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cyclopean</strong> (masonry, monuments), Gr. and R.
+(<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κυκλώπειον</span>). Ancient structures, also known
+as <em>Pelasgian</em>, as being the work of Pelasgians
+who had learned in the school of Phœnician
+workmen called Cyclopes. These ancient
+structures are formed of enormous irregularly-shaped
+stones (Fig. <a href='#fig_231'>231</a>), placed one above
+the other without cement or mortar. Remains
+of them are found in Asia Minor, Greece, and
+Italy; they consist chiefly of the walls of acropoles.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_232'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_232.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 232. Cylix. A Gallic drinking-cup.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cylix</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A vase also known as a
+<em>calix</em> or <em>cup</em>. It was a wide flat drinking-cup,
+very shallow, of a circular form, with two
+handles, and mounted on a tolerably tall foot.
+Fig. <a href='#fig_232'>232</a> shows a silver cylix or Gaulish cup,
+found in the ruins of Alisia.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_233'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_233.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 233. Decorated Cyma.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cyma</strong>, <strong>Cymatium</strong> (Eng. <strong>Ogee</strong>, Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κυμάτιον</span>).
+An architectural moulding, named from the
+Greek <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κῦμα</span> (wave or billow), the moulding
+consisting of an undulation. A cyma, the outline
+of which is convex at the top and concave
+below, is called <em>cyma reversa</em>; when it is hollow
+in the upper part, it is called a <em>cyma recta</em>. (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_233'>233</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cymatile</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κῦμα</span>). A Roman female dress,
+of a changing sea-green colour, like the waves.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cymba</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κύμβος</span>, a hollow). (1) A small
+boat. (2) A vase of metal or clay in the form
+of a small boat. (See <span class='sc'>Cymbium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Cymbals</strong></span>, O. E. A contrivance of a number
+of metal plates, or bells, suspended on cords.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cymbalum</strong></span>, R. (from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κύμβος</span>). The cymbals;
+a musical instrument made of two disks of bronze
+or brass. (See <span class='sc'>Crotalum</span>, <span class='sc'>Flagellum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cymbe</strong>, Gr. An ointment-pot, similar in
+shape to the <em>Ampulla</em> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Cymbium</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κυμβίον</span>). A boat-shaped
+drinking-cup with two handles. (See <span class='sc'>Cymba</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cynocephalus</strong>, Egyp. An ape with a dog’s
+head; a sacred animal, representing Anubis in
+the Egyptian mythology.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cynophontis</strong> (sc. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἑορτὴ</span>), Gr. (derived from
+the Greek <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κύων</span>, dog, and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">φόνος</span>, slaughter).
+Festivals held at Argos during the dog-days,
+when dogs found straying in the city were
+killed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cynopolites</strong>, Egyp. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κυνοπολίτης</span>). A nome
+of Upper Egypt.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_234'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_234.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 234. Branch of Cypress and of Myrtle. Device of M. A. Colonna.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cypress.</strong> In Persian art, this tree is the frequently-occurring
+emblem of the religion of
+Zoroaster, and of the soul aspiring to Heaven.
+In Christian and modern symbolism it is the
+emblem of mourning. The device of <em>cypress</em>
+and <em>myrtle</em> assumed by Marc Antonio Colonna
+on the occasion of the defence of Ravenna is emblematic
+of “<em>death</em> or <em>victory</em>.” The wood of the
+cypress-tree was much used for statuary by the
+ancients. Carved chests of cypress were especially
+used, in the Middle Ages, for keeping
+clothes and tapestry; its aromatic properties
+were considered a specific against moth. (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_234'>234</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cyprus.</strong> Thin stuff of which women’s veils
+were made.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cyprus</strong> or <strong>Verona Green</strong>. A pigment mentioned
+by Pliny as <em>Appian Green</em>: it is prepared
+from green earths found at Cyprus or Verona,
+which are coloured by oxide of copper. (See
+<span class='sc'>Appianum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cysts</strong> or <strong>Cists</strong>, Etrus. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κίστη</span>, a chest). Offerings
+dedicated by women in the temple of Venus,
+of cylindrical caskets of enchased bronze. The
+handles of these caskets represent small figures,
+and the feet the claws of animals. Those
+which have been found in Etruscan tombs,
+chiefly at Præneste, are in many cases decorated
+with <em>a graffito</em> designs.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Cyzicenæ</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κυζικηναί</span>). Large and richly-decorated
+apartments, built for the first time at
+Cyzicus, which had their principal fronts to the
+north, and were situated in a garden.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c005'>D.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c006'><strong>Dabber.</strong> A tool used in etching to distribute
+the etching-ground over a plate of metal in the
+first process of engraving, and, in printing from
+copper-plate engraving and woodcuts, to spread
+the ink.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dactyliography</strong> or <strong>Dactyliology</strong>, Gen. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δακτύλιος</span>,
+a ring). The study of rings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dactyliotheca</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δακτυλιο-θήκη</span>, a ringbox).
+(1) A glass case or casket containing
+rings. (2) A collection of rings, engraved stones,
+or precious stones. (See <span class='sc'>Glyptotheca</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dactylus</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δάκτυλος</span>, a finger). The Roman
+<em>digitus</em>; a finger-breadth, the 16th part of a foot.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dado</strong>, Arch. (1) The part of a pedestal
+between the base and the cornice. (2) In
+apartments, an arrangement of moulding, &amp;c.,
+round the lower part of the wall.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dædal.</strong> A fanciful word coined by the poet
+Spenser, for “variegated in design.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dædala</strong>, Gr. Ancient images preserved in
+sanctuaries in memory of Dædalus, to whom
+were attributed the greater number of those
+works of art the origin of which was unknown.
+Hence the name was especially attributed to
+certain wooden statues, ornamented with gilding,
+bright colours, and real drapery, which were the
+earliest known form of images of the gods.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dædala</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δαίδαλα</span>). Festivals in honour
+of Hera, celebrated in Bœotia.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dæmon</strong>, <strong>Daimon</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δαίμων</span>). The good
+genius who watched over an individual during his
+whole life, like the Latin <em>Lar</em> and <em>Genius</em>. It
+was the belief of Socrates that he was guided
+by his Daimon in every important act and
+thought of his life. The word has a general
+meaning of “Divinity.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dag</strong> or <strong>Dagge</strong>. Old English name of a
+pistol.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Dagges</strong></span>, O. E. Ornamental cutting of the
+edges of garments, introduced into England
+about 1346. (See the illustration to <span class='sc'>Cointise</span>,
+Fig. <a href='#fig_177'>177</a>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dagob</strong>, Hindoo. A conical tumulus or shrine
+in which relics and images of Buddha were
+worshipped.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Dag-swain</strong></span>, O. E. A sort of rough material
+of which coverlets for beds, tables, or floors were
+made.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Daguerreotype</strong>. A kind of photography on
+plates of silver, named after M. Daguerre, the
+inventor.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Daidies</strong>, Gr. (from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δαίω</span>, to kindle). A festival
+held at Athens, during which torches were lit;
+it lasted three days.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_235'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_235.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 235. Dais.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dais</strong>, Chr.
+An architectural
+structure,
+decorated with
+sculptures and
+ornaments,
+which serves
+as a canopy
+for an altar,
+throne, pulpit,
+chair (<em>cathedra</em>),
+statue,
+or group. Fig.
+<a href='#fig_235'>235</a> represents
+a stone dais of
+the St. Anne
+door in the
+cathedral of
+Paris.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dais.</strong> In Anglo-Saxon houses, and generally;
+a covered seat of honour, at the upper end of the
+hall, on a raised floor. (“In all the houses of
+the wealthy <em>in China</em> there are two raised seats
+at the end of the reception-room, with a table
+between them.” <em>Fortune</em>.) (See <span class='sc'>Deas</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Dalmahoy</strong></span>, O. E. A kind of bushy bob-wig,
+worn especially by chemists; 18th century.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_236'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_236.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 236. Ecclesiastical Dalmatic.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dalmatic.</strong> A long robe or upper tunic partly
+opening at the sides, so named from its being
+of Dalmatian origin; an ecclesiastical vestment;
+also a portion of the coronation robes of
+sovereign princes. It was usually made of
+white silk with purple stripes, occasionally of
+other colours, the left sleeve only being ornamented;
+the right was plain for convenience. As
+early as the reign of Richard I., the dalmatic is
+mentioned amongst the coronation robes. (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_236'>236</a>.) (See <span class='sc'>Colobium</span>, <span class='sc'>Deacon</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Damara</strong> or <strong>Dammar</strong>. A resin used for varnishes.
+It is a valuable substitute for mastic.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Damaretion.</strong> A Sicilian coin, supposed to
+have been of gold, equal in value to a half-<em>stater</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Damas</strong> (or <strong>Damascus</strong>) <strong>Pottery Ware</strong>. The
+commercial name in the 16th century for a large
+class of wares, now generally known as Persian.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_237'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_237.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 237. Specimen of Arabic Damascening (full size).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Damascening</strong>, or <strong>Damaskeening</strong>, is the art
+of incrusting one metal on another, not in <em>crusta</em>,
+but in the form of wire, which by undercutting
+and hammering is thoroughly incorporated with
+the metal it is intended to ornament. (See
+<span class='sc'>Damask</span>, <span class='sc'>Damascus Blades</span>.) The process
+of etching slight ornaments on polished steel
+wares is also called Damascening. (Fig. <a href='#fig_237'>237</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Damascus Blades</strong> are prepared of a cast steel
+highly charged with carbon, which, being tempered
+by a peculiar process, assumes the manycoloured
+<em>watered</em> appearance by which they are
+known. The process is called <span class='sc'>Damascening</span>
+(q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Damask.</strong> A rich fabric, woven with large
+patterns, in silk, linen, wool, or even cotton,
+originally made at Damascus. (See Fig. <a href='#fig_088'>88</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Dames</strong></span>, O. E. The old name for the game
+of draughts, represented early in the 14th
+century. The pieces were originally square.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Danace</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δανάκη</span>). The <em>obolus</em> which was placed
+in the mouth of the dead to pay the passage of
+the Styx.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dance of the Corybantes.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Corybantica</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dance of Death</strong>, <strong>Danse Macabre</strong>, Chr. Paintings,
+illuminations, or sculptures in bas-relief, representing
+men dancing under the eye of Death, who
+presides at this dance. In some instances the
+performers are skeletons and corpses. The
+most celebrated Dance of Death was that painted
+in fresco by Holbein in the cloister of the
+Dominicans at Basle. It has been destroyed
+by fire, but the etching-needle has preserved
+it for us. Other examples that may be named
+are, that in the new church at Strasburg, that
+of Lucerne, that in the palace at Dresden, and—most
+ancient of all—that at Minden, in Westphalia,
+which dates from 1380.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dancette</strong>, Arch. The chevron or zigzag
+moulding peculiar to Norman architecture.
+(See <span class='sc'>Chevron</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dangu Faience.</strong> Pottery from a manufactory
+near Gisors in France, established in 1753.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Daphnephoria</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δάφνη</span>, a laurel). A festival
+held in honour of Apollo every ninth year at
+Thebes, in which the assistants carried laurel
+branches.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dara</strong>, Ind. A kind of tambourine.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Darabukkeh.</strong> An Egyptian drum, unaltered
+from ancient times.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Daric Money.</strong> A Persian gold coin, stamped
+on one side with the figure of an archer kneeling,
+and on the other with a deep cleft, and to
+which the name of <em>Daric money</em> has been given
+by numismatists. Its proper name is the Stater
+of Dareius I., king of Persia. Its value is about
+1<em>l.</em> 1<em>s.</em> 10<em>d.</em></p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Darned Netting</strong> (needlework). (See <span class='sc'>Lacis</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Datatim ludere</strong></span>, R. To play with a ball
+(“<em>catch-ball</em>”).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Davenport Pottery</strong> is the produce of a manufactory
+of fine faience established at Longport in
+England by John Davenport in 1793.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Day</strong>, Arch. Part of a window: the same as
+<span class='sc'>Bay</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Deacon</strong>, Chr. A dalmatic, or an alb; i. e. a
+<em>deacon’s</em> vestment.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Dead-boot</strong></span>, O. E., Chr. Prayers for the
+dead.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Dealbatus</strong></span>, R. (<em>dealbo</em>, to whiten over).
+Covered with a coating of stucco (<em>albarium
+opus</em>). The builders of antiquity made great use
+of stucco, both in the interior and exterior of
+buildings. All the buildings of Pompeii are
+stuccoed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Deambulatory</strong>, Arch. (<em>deambulo</em>, to walk
+about). The lateral nave which surrounds the
+choir of a church; it is usually separated from
+the aisles by a grating (<em>cancelli</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Deas</strong>, <strong>Dais</strong>, <strong>Dees</strong>, Scotch, (1) A table, especially
+the great hall table. (2) A pew in a
+church. (3) A turf seat erected at the door of a
+cottage. (See <span class='sc'>Dais</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Death’s-man</strong></span>, O. E. The executioner.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Debased</strong>, Her. Reversed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Decadence.</strong> The term in ancient art is applied
+to the period after the fall of Rome, and
+before the <em>Renaissance</em> in the 14th century; in
+modern art to the period of the <em>rococo</em> style of
+Louis XV.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Decaduchi</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δεκα-δοῦχοι</span>), Gr. A council of
+ten, who ruled Athens from <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 403 until the
+restoration of democracy.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Decan</strong>, Egyp. A period of ten days, which
+was ruled by a star called its <em>Decan</em>. The month
+was divided into three decans, and the year into
+thirty-six, each being presided over by its own
+inferior divinity. On zodiacs they are arranged
+in groups of three above the twelve superior
+gods. The decans were the tutelary genii of the
+horoscope.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Decarchia</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δεκ-αρχία</span>). A council of the
+Lacedæmonians.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Decastellare</strong>, Med. Lat. To dismantle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Decastylos</strong>, Arch. A building of which
+the portico has ten columns; a decastylic
+pediment is a pediment supported by ten
+columns.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Decemjugus</strong> (sc. <em>currus</em>), R. A chariot
+drawn by ten horses abreast; represented on the
+medals of the later emperors.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Decempeda</strong></span>, R. A ten-foot measuring-rod
+used by architects and surveyors.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Decemremis</strong></span>, R. (<em>remus</em>, an oar). A vessel
+with ten banks of oars. It is certain that the
+different ranks of rowers, who had each his own
+seat, sat one above the other; the lowest row
+was called <em>thalamos</em>, the middle <em>zuga</em>, and the
+uppermost <em>thranos</em>; but it is very difficult to understand
+in what manner so many ranks could have
+been arranged, and the question has been the
+subject of infinite discussion.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Decennalia</strong> or <strong>Decennia</strong>. A festival at Rome
+in commemoration of the refusal of Augustus to
+become emperor for a longer period than ten
+years at a time.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Decollation</strong> (= beheading). An ecclesiastical
+expression applied to St. John the Baptist and
+other martyrs.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_238'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_238.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 238. Decorated window.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Decorated Style of Architecture.</strong> The second
+of the <span class='sc'>Pointed</span> or <span class='sc'>Gothic</span> styles of architecture
+used in England. It was developed from the
+<span class='sc'>Early English</span> at the end of the 13th century,
+and gradually merged into the <span class='sc'>Perpendicular</span>
+during the latter part of the 14th. Its most
+characteristic feature is the geometrical traceries
+of the windows.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_239'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_239.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 239. Decrescent.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Decrescent</strong>, <strong>In Detriment</strong>, Her.
+A half-moon having its horns to the
+sinister.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Decursio</strong></span>, R. (<em>decurro</em>, to run or
+march). Military manœuvres; a review,
+sham fight, or any exercise for
+training soldiers; the term <em>decursus</em>
+was also used.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Decussis</strong></span>, R. (<em>decem</em>, ten, and <em>as</em>). A piece of
+money marked with the numeral X (10), and
+which was worth ten asses (post-Augustan; see
+<span class='sc'>Denarius</span>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>De Fundato</strong> or <strong>Netted</strong>. A name given to
+certain silks, which were dyed of the richest
+purple, and figured with gold in the pattern of
+netting.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>De-gamboys</strong></span>, O. E. A musical instrument.
+(See <span class='sc'>Viol de Gambo</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Degradation</strong>, Gen. The diminishing of the
+tones of colour, light, and shade, according to
+the different degrees of distance. (A term used
+especially in reference to glass painting.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Degreed</strong>, <strong>Degraded</strong>, Her. Placed on steps.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Deice</strong>, <strong>Deas</strong>, or <strong>Deis</strong></span>, O. E. (See <span class='sc'>Dais</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Deinos</strong>, Gr. A vessel with a wide mouth
+and semi-spherical body, something like the
+<em>cacabus</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Delf.</strong> Common pottery from Delft in Holland.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_240'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_240.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 240. Oil cruet, Delft ware.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Delft Faiences</strong> are remarkable for the beauty
+of their paste and of their enamel, but spurious
+imitations are said to be abundant. Fig. <a href='#fig_240'>240</a> is
+a representative specimen of the real Delft ware.
+The date of the establishment of this manufacture
+is uncertain, but earlier than 1614; the
+ornamentation is inspired by Japanese art.
+(Consult <em>Jacquemart’s History of the Ceramic
+Art</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Delia</strong>, Gr. Festivals and games at Delos.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Delphica</strong> (sc. <em>cortina</em>), R. A table of a very
+costly description, made of white marble or
+bronze. It was used as a drinking-table, and
+had only three feet richly ornamented. [Explained
+under the heading <span class='sc'>Cortina</span>.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Delphinia.</strong> A Greek festival in honour of
+Apollo.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Delphinorum Columnæ</strong></span>, R. The two columns
+at one end of the <em>spina</em> of a circus, on which
+marble figures of dolphins were placed. The
+seven <em>ova</em> (eggs) on similar columns at the end
+of the <em>spina</em> opposite to these dolphins, served
+to indicate the number of turns made by the
+chariots round the goal. (See <span class='sc'>Ovum</span>.) [The
+figure of the dolphin was selected in honour of
+Neptune.] (Cf. <span class='sc'>Circus</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_241'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_241.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 241. Dolphin. Used as an ornament.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_242'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_242.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 242. Dolphin. Medal of Syracuse.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Delphinus</strong>, <strong>Dolphin</strong>, Gen. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δελφίν</span>). The
+dolphin was often used as an ornament, and
+especially as a hand-rest or banister to the
+<em>vomitoria</em> or entrances of the theatres and amphitheatres.
+Fig. <a href='#fig_241'>241</a> represents a dolphin utilized
+in this manner at the theatre of Puzzoli. Many
+medals, as for instance
+those of Syracuse (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_242'>242</a>), are stamped with
+a dolphin. (See also
+<span class='sc'>Dolphin</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Delphis</strong></span>, R. A heavy
+mass of iron or lead
+used in naval warfare,
+to drop on board of a
+hostile ship and sink
+it. (Compare <span class='sc'>Corvus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Delubrum</strong></span>, R. (<em>deluo</em>,
+to cleanse). A shrine;
+the part of a temple
+which contains the altar or statue of the deity,
+and thence a temple containing an altar.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Demembered</strong>, <strong>Dismembered</strong>, Her. Cut into
+pieces, but without any alteration in the form of
+the original figure.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_243'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_243.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 243. Demi-lion, <em>rampant</em>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Demi</strong>, Her. The half; the
+upper, front, or dexter half,
+unless the contrary is specified.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Demi-brassarts</strong>, <strong>Vambraces</strong>,
+or <strong>Avant-braces</strong>. Half-armour
+for the arm.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Demi-culverin.</strong> A cannon
+of four inches’ bore. (<cite>Meyrick.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Demi-hag.</strong> A smaller kind
+of hackbut (arquebus).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Demi-haque</strong></span>, O. E. A fire-arm, smaller than
+the arquebus; 16th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Demi-jambes.</strong> Armour for the shins.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Demi-placcate.</strong> The lower part of a breastplate.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Demi-relievo.</strong> Sculpture in relief, in which
+one half of the figure projects; generally called
+<em>Mezzo-relievo</em>. (See <span class='sc'>Basso-relievo</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Demiurgi</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δημι-ουργοί</span>). Popular magistrates.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Demosii.</strong> Slaves belonging to the state, at Athens.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Demotic</strong> (writing), Egyp. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δημοτικὰ</span>, sc.
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γράμματα</span>, i. e. popular writing). A mode of
+writing among the ancient Egyptians, differing
+from the <em>hieroglyphic</em> or sacred writing. This
+writing, which was employed for civil records,
+was introduced under the twenty-fifth dynasty,
+being derived from the <em>hieratic writing</em>, the first
+abbreviation of the hieroglyphics.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Demster</strong></span>, O. E. A judge.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Demyt</strong></span>, O. E. An old word for dimity; a
+kind of fustian. Perhaps so called because first
+manufactured at Damietta.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Denarius</strong></span>, R. (<em>deni</em>, by tens). The silver coin
+principally in use among the Romans. Until
+the reign of Augustus the denarius was worth
+ten asses, and afterwards sixteen. <em>Denarius
+aureus</em> was a gold denarius, equal in value to
+twenty-five silver denarii.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Denia.</strong> A city of Valencia in Spain, which
+disputes with Alcora the production of a remarkable
+kind of pottery, of which Jacquemart mentions
+a vase with two handles of Arab form, resembling
+the alcarazas, upon a smooth white
+enamel decorated with birds and flowers coarsely
+painted.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Dens</strong></span>, R. Literally, a <em>tooth</em>; hence the prongs
+of a fork, the flukes of an anchor, the barbs of a
+lance, the teeth of a saw or rake.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Dentale</strong></span>, R. (<em>dens</em>, a tooth). The piece of
+wood in a plough on which the plough-share
+(<em>vomer</em>) is fastened.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Dentatus</strong></span>, R. Armed with teeth.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dentelle Decoration.</strong> Of French pottery, a
+light lace pattern, more delicate than the “<em>lambrequin</em>.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Dentels</strong></span>, Fr. (See <span class='sc'>Dentile</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dentile</strong>, <strong>Dentils</strong> (Latin, <em>denticuli</em>), Arch.
+Ornaments in the form of small cubes or teeth,
+used in the moulding of cornices, in the <span class='sc'>Ionic</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Corinthian</span>, and <span class='sc'>Composite</span> orders. (See
+<span class='sc'>Tooth-ornament</span>, <span class='sc'>Dog’s-tooth</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Depas</strong></span>, R. A bowl with two handles, the
+foot of which is made of a low flat moulding
+like the Doric fillet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Depressed</strong>, Her. Surmounted, placed over
+another.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Derby Porcelain.</strong> Manufactory established in
+1750. Jacquemart says, “Derby has made fine
+porcelains and statuettes which have nothing
+to fear by comparison with the groups of
+Saxony or Sèvres.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Dere</strong></span>, O. E. Noble, honourable.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“Syr Cadore with his <em>dere</em> knyghttes.”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Derring do</strong></span>, O. E. Deeds of arms.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Deruncinatus</strong></span>, R. Smoothed and polished
+with the <em>runcina</em> or carpenter’s plane.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Desca</span></strong>, Lat. A stall or desk in a church.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Descobinatus</strong></span>, R. Rasped with the <span class='sc'>Scobina</span>
+or carpenter’s rasp.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Destrere</strong>, Anglo-Norman. A war-horse.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Desultorius</strong> (sc. <em>equus</em>), R. (<em>desilio</em>, to leap
+off). A horse trained for equestrian performances
+in a circus by the <em>desultor</em>. <em>Desultorius</em> is
+itself sometimes used as a synonym for <em>desultor</em>.
+The <em>desultor</em> rode two horses at once, and got
+his name from his <em>leaping</em> or vaulting from one to
+the other.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Desvres</strong>, Pas de Calais, France. An interesting
+manufactory of faience established in the 17th
+century, of a style originating in Flanders.
+(<cite>Jacquemart.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Detached.</strong> A term in painting applied to
+figures which stand out well.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Detriment</strong>, Her. (See <span class='sc'>Decrescent</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Deunx</strong></span>, R. (<em>de</em> and <em>uncia</em>, a twelfth part off). A
+nominal value not represented by any coin. The
+term means literally eleven <em>unciæ</em>, or eleven-twelfths
+of anything [i. e. ounces or twelfths of
+a pound].</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Developed</strong>, Her. Displayed, unfurled.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Devil</strong>, Chr. Mediæval representations of the
+devil (especially in painting) were taken from
+those of the satyrs of the ancients. They
+were, however, subject to no canon of symbolism
+at all, and varied from the likeness of a
+beautiful woman to every imaginable variety of
+the grotesque and repulsive.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_244'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_244.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 244. Old Devonshire Lace.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Devonshire Lace (Old).</strong> This lace is said to
+have been first introduced into England by the
+Flemings in 1567–73, and it long preserved
+its Flemish character. The engraving shows a
+specimen of old Devonshire lace, made at the
+beginning of the last century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Devs</strong>, Pers. Evil genii, servants of Ahriman,
+in the religion of Zoroaster; they were twenty-eight
+in number, and were opposed to the
+ministers of the amchaspands or <span class='sc'>Izeds</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Dextans</strong></span>, R. (<em>de</em> and <em>sextans</em>, i. e. a sixth part
+off). A nominal value not represented by any
+coin. The literal meaning of the term is ten
+<em>unciæ</em>, or ten-twelfths of anything [ounces].</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dexter</strong>, Her. The right side, i. e. to the
+spectator’s or reader’s left.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_245'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_245.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 245. Dextrochere or bracelet.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Dextrale</strong></span>, R. (<em>dexter</em>, right). A bracelet
+worn by Greek and Roman women on the right
+arm, and differing from the <em>dextrocherium</em> (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_245'>245</a>), which was worn on the wrist. The latter
+ornament was often of gold. (See <span class='sc'>Armilla</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dholkee</strong>, Hindoo. A kind of tom-tom, or
+small drum. (See <span class='sc'>Tom-tom</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Diabathrum</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βάθρον</span>, that on
+which one stands). A sandal or light shoe
+worn by women, especially such as were
+tall. The comic poet Alexis, talking of courtesans,
+says, “One is too short, and so she puts
+cork in her <em>baukides</em>; another is too tall, and she
+puts on a light <em>diabathrum</em>.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Diaconicum</strong>, <strong>Scevophylacium</strong>, and <strong>Bematis
+Diaconicon</strong>, Chr. A room in an ancient basilica near the altar, where the priests put on and took
+off their vestments, and the deacons (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">διάκονοι</span>)
+prepared the vessels and sacred ornaments to be
+used in the service. <em>Diaconicum majus</em> was the
+sacristy.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Diadema</strong></span>, R. (diadeô, to bind round). Originally
+the white fillet worn by Eastern monarchs
+round the head. It was made of silk, wool,
+or yarn, narrow, but wider in the centre of the
+forehead. The Greeks presented a diadem to
+every victor in the public games, and it was
+worn by priests and priestesses. As the emblem
+of sovereignty it is an attribute of Juno. Afterwards
+the term came to mean a diadem.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Diæta</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (i. e. a living-place).
+That part of a house in which a Roman received
+his guests. The same term was applied to a
+captain’s cabin in the after-part of a ship.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Diætæ</strong></span>, R. Summer-houses. (See <span class='sc'>Hortus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Diaglyph</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">διαγλύφω</span>, to carve
+through). An intaglio, or design cut into the
+material on which it is executed. (See
+<span class='sc'>Intaglio</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Diaglyphic.</strong> (Sculpture, engraving, &amp;c.) in
+which the objects are sunk below the general
+surface.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Diagonal Rib</strong>, Arch. A cross formed by the
+intersection of the ribs which cut one another
+according to the groins of a groined roof.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Dialia</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">διάλια</span>, from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Δὶς</span>, old
+form for <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ζεύς</span>). Festivals held in honour of
+Jupiter by the Flamen Dialis (the priest of
+Jupiter).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Diamastigosis</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">διαμαστίγωσις</span>, i. e. a
+severe scourging). A festival held at Sparta
+in honour of Artemis Orthia, during which boys
+were flogged at an altar in order to harden them
+to the endurance of pain.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_246'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_246.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 246. Diamicton.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Diamicton</strong></span>, Gr. and R.
+(<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">διαμίγνυμι</span>, to mix up). A
+wall, of which the outside
+surface was made of brickwork
+or regular layers of masonry,
+and the centre was
+filled up with rubble.
+Fig. <a href='#fig_246'>246</a>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Diamond</strong>, for glass-cutting,
+was not used till the 16th
+century, although suggested in a Bolognese
+MS. of a century earlier. Its discovery is attributed
+to Francis I., who, to let the Duchesse
+d’Estampes know of his jealousy, wrote on the
+palace windows with his ring,—</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Souvent femme varie;</span></div>
+      <div class='line'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Mal habil qui s’y fie.</span>”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'>The art of cutting and polishing diamonds with
+diamond powder was discovered by Louis de
+Berquem in 1476.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Diamond</strong>, in Christian art. (See <span class='sc'>White</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Diamond Fret</strong>, Arch. The descriptive name
+for a decorated moulding in Norman architecture.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_247'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_247.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 247. Di-amante, Punning device of Pietro de’ Medici.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Diamond Rings</strong> were used as seal and bearings
+on his escutcheon (represented in Fig.
+<a href='#fig_100'>100</a>) by Cosmo de’ Medici, the founder of the
+famous Florentine family. The device in various
+forms was invariably adopted by his descendants.
+Fig. <a href='#fig_247'>247</a> is the device of Pietro de’ Medici
+(† 1470), the son of Cosmo: a falcon with a ring,
+and the punning motto, “Semper,” forming
+with the device the words “<em>Semper fa-’l-con di</em>
+(Dio) <em>amante</em>.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Diapasma</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">διαπάσσω</span>, to sprinkle).
+A powder made of dried flowers and odoriferous
+herbs, which was put in a sachet for use as a
+perfume, or rubbed over the body.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Diaper</strong>, Arch. Ornament of sculpture in low
+relief, sunk below the general surface.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Diaper</strong></span>, O. E. A mode of decoration by a
+repeated pattern, carved or painted, generally
+in squares, representing flowers and arabesques.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_248'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_248.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 248. Diapered surcoat of a Herald, with the clarion.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Diaper</strong> or <strong>Damask</strong>, a name given to a fine
+linen cloth made at Ypres, is spoken of as early
+as the 13th century.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“Of cloth making she had such a haunt,</div>
+      <div class='line'>She passed hem of Ypres and of Gaunte.”</div>
+      <div class='line in12'>(<cite>Prologue of Canterbury Tales.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'>The peculiarity of this cloth, as of that of Damascus,
+was in the pattern. “<em>To diaper</em>” is, in
+heraldry, to cover the field of an escutcheon
+with devices independent of the armorial bearings.
+The engraving shows a surcoat diapered,
+on which are embroidered armorial
+bearings. (Fig. <a href='#fig_248'>248</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Diasia</strong>, Gr. Festivals in honour of Zeus, held
+at Athens, outside of the walls of the city, for the
+purpose of averting epidemics and other ills (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἄση</span>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Diastyle</strong>, Arch. An intercolumniation, in
+which the columns are separated from each
+other by a space of three diameters.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Diathyrum</strong>, Gr. A passage leading at one end
+to the street door of a house, and at the other
+to the door of the courtyard. The Romans
+called this space <span class='sc'>Prothyrum</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<div id='fig_249'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_249.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 249. Diatonoi.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Diatoni</strong>, <strong>Diatonoi</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">διατείνω</span>,
+to extend through). Long stones extending
+from one face of a wall to the other (to which
+modern architects give the name of <em>perpenders</em>
+or <em>perpend-stones</em>), and which were employed in
+the method of construction called <span class='sc'>Emplecton</span>
+(q.v.). In Fig. <a href='#fig_249'>249</a> one is represented by the
+stone placed between b and c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Diatreta</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">διάτρητα</span>, i. e. bored through).
+A drinking-cup made of glass, cut in such a
+way that the designs or ornaments upon it
+stand out completely from the body of the vase,
+and form a tracery, which is only united to the
+vase itself by small ties or pins left for the
+purpose.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Diatriba</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">διατρίβω</span>, to spend
+time). Places in which learned discussions
+were held, such as lecture or assembly rooms.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Diaulos</strong>, Gr. The double flute. (See <span class='sc'>Aulos</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Flute</span>.) One in the British Museum, found in
+a tomb at Athens, is of cedar-wood, with tubes
+fifteen inches in length.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Diazoma</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">διάζωμα</span>, that which girdles).
+A Greek synonym of the Latin term <span class='sc'>Præcinctio</span>
+(q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dicasterion</strong>, <strong>Dicastery</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δικαστήριον</span>;
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δίκη</span>, justice). A tribunal at Athens in which
+the people themselves administered justice without
+the intervention of the magistrates.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dicastes.</strong> A judge, or rather juryman, chosen
+annually from the citizens at Athens.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dicerion</strong>, Chr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δι-κέραιον</span>, with two horns).
+A candlestick with two branches, holding which
+in their hands the Greek priests bless the people.
+The <em>dicerion</em> is symbolical of the two-fold nature
+of Christ. (See <span class='sc'>Tricerion</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dichalcon</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δίχαλκος</span>, i. e. double-chalcos).
+A small Greek copper coin worth
+only one-fourth or one-fifth of an obolus.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dichoria</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δι-χορία</span>, i. e. division of
+chorus). When the ancient choruses divided
+into two, to recite in turn a part of the action
+of a play, or mutually to interchange sentiments,
+this action was called <em>dichoria</em>; each half of the
+chorus was called <em>hemichoria</em> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἡμιχορία</span>), and
+each stanza <em>antichoria</em> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀντιχορία</span>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Dicken</strong></span>, O. E. The devil. “Odds dickens!”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Dicker</strong></span>, O. E. Half a score.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dicomos</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κῶμος</span>, a feast). A banqueting-song,
+which was sung at the second course
+of the feast at the festivals of Bacchus.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dicrotos</strong>, <strong>Dicrotus</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δί-κροτος</span>, lit. double-beating).
+The Greek name for a vessel with two
+banks of oars, the Roman <em>biremis</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dictynnia</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δίκτυον</span>, a hunter’s net). A Cretan
+festival in honour of Artemis.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_250'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_250.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 250. Dictyotheton.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dictyotheton</strong>, Gr. (from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δίκτυον</span>, a net). A
+kind of masonry composed of regularly-cut
+square stones, forming, in a wall so constructed,
+a network or chess-board pattern. It answered
+to the <em>opus reticulatum</em> of the Romans.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Didrachma</strong>, <strong>Didrachmum</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δί-δραχμον</span>).
+A double silver drachma of the Greek coinage,
+which was worth about two shillings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Die.</strong> In Architecture, for <em>dado</em>, or the part of
+a pedestal that would correspond to the <em>dado</em>
+(q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Die-sinking.</strong> The art of engraving on steel
+moulds, medals, coins, and inscriptions.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Difference</strong>, <strong>Differencing</strong>, Her. An addition
+to, or some change in, a coat of arms, introduced
+for the purpose of distinguishing coats which in
+their primary qualities are the same. Differencing
+is sometimes used in the same sense as
+Cadency; but, strictly, it is distinct, having reference
+to alliance and dependency, without blood-relationship,
+or to the system adopted for distinguishing
+similar coats of arms. (<cite>Bouteil.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Digitale</strong></span>, R. (<em>digitus</em>, a finger). A kind of
+glove worn by the Sarmatians, an example of
+which may be seen on Trajan’s Column.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Diglyph</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δί-γλυφος</span>, doubly
+indented). An ornament consisting of two
+<em>glyphæ</em> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γλυφαὶ</span>) or grooves channelled out on
+consoles. (See <span class='sc'>Triglyph</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Diipoleia</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πολιεὺς</span>, of the city). A very ancient
+Athenian festival, celebrated annually on the
+Acropolis, in honour of Zeus Polieus.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_251'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_251.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 251. Rose dimidiated. Device of James I.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dimidiated</strong>, Her.
+Cut in half per pale,
+and one half removed.
+Fig. <a href='#fig_251'>251</a> is a device
+placed by James I. on
+some of his coins, in
+which the thistle and
+rose are respectively
+<em>dimidiated</em>. The legend
+was, “<em>Fecit eos in gentem
+unam</em>.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Diocleia.</strong> A festival
+of the Megarians,
+held about the grave
+of an ancient Athenian
+hero, Diocles. There
+was a prize for kissing.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dionysia.</strong> The celebrated
+orgies of Dionysus
+or Bacchus, suppressed
+<span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 186, and
+substituted by the
+Liberalia. (See <span class='sc'>Bacchanalia</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Dioptra</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δίοπτρα; διοράω</span>, to see
+through). An instrument used in surveying to
+measure distances and to take levels.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Dioscuria</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Διοσκούρια</span>). Games
+instituted at Rome in honour of the Dioscuri
+(Castor and Pollux), who, at the battle of Lake
+Regillus against the Latins (496 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>), were
+supposed to have fought on the side of the
+Romans.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Diospolites</strong>, Egyp. One of the nomes or
+divisions of Lower Egypt.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Diota</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δί-ωτα</span>, with two ears). A name
+applied indifferently to any kind of vase furnished
+with two handles, such as <em>lagenæ</em>, <em>amphoræ</em>, <em>canthari</em>,
+&amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Diplinthus</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πλίνθος</span>, a brick). Masonry
+two bricks thick.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Diploïs</strong></span>, Gr. and R. Folded in two; an upper
+garment which was doubled in the same manner
+as a woman’s shawl at the present day; it was
+much worn among the Greeks.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Diploma</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δίπλωμα</span>, i. e. double-folded).
+A passport consisting of two leaves
+(whence its name). The term is also used to
+denote a diploma by which any right or privilege
+is conferred.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dipteral</strong>, Arch. A building having double
+wings. The term is applied to any building
+having a double intercolumniation all round it.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Diptheræ</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">διφθέραι; δέφω</span>, to
+make supple). (1) Prepared skins for writing
+on. (2) A kind of garment; an overcoat of skin
+or leather which Greek slaves put on over their
+tunic.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Diptych</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δί-πτυχα</span>, i. e. double-folded).
+Double tablets united by means of strings
+or hinges. <em>Diptycha consularia</em>, <em>ædilitia</em>, <em>prætoria</em>
+had engraved on them portraits of consuls,
+ædiles, prætors, and other magistrates.
+These consular diptychs were a part of the
+presents sent by new consuls on their appointment
+to very eminent persons. The series of
+them is a very valuable record of the progress of
+the art of ivory carving. In Christian archæology
+diptychs were decorated with scenes from
+biblical history. There were also diptychs of
+the baptized; of the bishops and benefactors of
+a church, living or dead; of saints and martyrs;
+and, lastly, of deceased members of the congregation,
+whose souls were to be remembered at
+mass. (See <span class='sc'>Triptych</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Directors</strong>, or <strong>Triangular Compasses</strong>. A
+mathematical instrument adapted for taking three
+angular points at once.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Diribitorium</strong></span>, R. (<em>diribeo</em>, to sort or separate).
+A place or building in which a public officer
+inspected the troops, distributed the pay, and
+enrolled the conscripts in their respective regiments.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dirige</strong>, Chr. A psalm forming part of the
+burial service, “Dirige gressus meos,” &amp;c.;
+hence <strong>Dirge</strong>, for funereal music or hymns in
+general.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dirk.</strong> A Scotch dagger.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_252'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_252.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 252. Tazza of Diruta, with head of “Rome.”</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Diruta.</strong> An important porcelain manufactory
+in the Papal States, established by a pupil of
+Luca della Robbia in 1461.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Discerniculum</strong></span>, R. (<em>discerno</em>, to divide). A
+bodkin used by Roman women in the toilet to
+part their hair. (See <span class='sc'>Combs</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Discharging Arch.</strong> An arch built into the
+structure of a wall, to relieve the parts below it
+of the pressure of those above it; such arches
+are common over flat-headed doors or other
+openings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Discinctus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<em>discingo</em>, to ungird).
+A man who is <em>ungirt</em>, that is, who does not wear
+a girdle round the waist of his tunic; for a man,
+this was a mark of effeminate manners. <em>Discinctus
+miles</em> denoted a soldier who had been stripped
+by his commander of his sword-belt, as a mark of
+disgrace. (Compare <span class='sc'>Cingulum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Disclosed</strong>, Her. With expanded wings, in
+the case of birds that are not birds of prey. The
+contrary to <span class='sc'>Close</span>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_253'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_253.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 253. Discobolus of Myron copied on a gem.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Discobolus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δισκο-βόλος</span>, i. e.
+discus-throwing). A man throwing the <span class='sc'>Discus</span>
+(q.v.). [A celebrated statue of the sculptor
+Myron so called.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Discus</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δίσκος; δικεῖν</span>, to throw).
+This term denoted (1) the discus hurled by the
+<span class='sc'>Discobolus</span> (q.v.); that is, a circular plate of
+metal or stone, about ten or twelve inches in
+diameter. (2) A sun-dial. (3) A shallow circular
+vessel for holding eatables.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Disk.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Winged Disk</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Disomum</strong>, Chr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δί-σωμον</span>, double-bodied).
+An urn or tomb which held the ashes or
+bodies of two persons; <em>bisomum</em> was also
+used. Both terms are met with in Christian
+inscriptions.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_254'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_254.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 254. Falcon Displayed.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Displayed</strong>, Her.
+Birds of prey with
+expanded wings. Fig.
+<a href='#fig_254'>254</a> represents the
+crest of Edward IV.,
+the falcon and fetterlock.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Displuviatus</strong>, <strong>Displuviatum</strong>,
+R. An
+atrium, the roof of
+which was sloped
+outwards from the
+<span class='sc'>Compluvium</span> (q.v.),
+instead of being
+sloped towards it.
+(See <span class='sc'>Impluvium</span> and <span class='sc'>Atrium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Disposed</strong>, <strong>Disposition</strong>, Her. Arranged, arrangement.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Distaff.</strong> A common object in ancient art. It
+is an attribute of the Fates, and generally distaffs
+of gold were given to the goddesses. It was
+dedicated to Minerva. (See <span class='sc'>Colus</span>.) The name
+of St. Distaff’s Day was given to the day after
+Twelfth Day in England.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Distance.</strong> In a picture, <em>the point of distance</em> is
+that where the visual rays meet; <em>middle distance</em>
+is the central portion of a picture, between the
+<em>foreground</em> and the <em>extreme distance</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Distemper.</strong> A kind of painting in which the
+pigments are mixed with an aqueous vehicle, such
+as <em>size</em>. Distemper is painted on a dry surface.
+(See <span class='sc'>Fresco-painting</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ditriglyph</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δὶς</span>, twice, and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τρίγλυφος</span>).
+The space between two triglyphs in the Doric
+order. The term is therefore a synonym of
+<span class='sc'>Metope</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dividers.</strong> Ordinary compasses for taking off
+and transferring measurements.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Dividiculum</strong></span>, R. A reservoir in the form of
+a tower, in which the water of an aqueduct was
+collected, and whence it was afterwards distributed.
+(See <span class='sc'>Castellum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Docana</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δοκὸς</span>, a beam). An ancient Spartan
+symbol of Castor and Pollux. It consisted of
+two upright beams, with cross pieces.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Doccia.</strong> An important Italian manufactory of
+soft porcelain founded in 1735. Jacquemart
+says, “Doccia now inundates Europe with
+spurious majolica of the 16th century, and with
+false porcelain of Capo di Monte, of which she
+possesses the moulds.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dodecahedron</strong>, Gr. A solid figure of twelve
+equal sides.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Dodecastyle</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δώδεκα</span>, twelve, and
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">στῦλος</span>, pillar). A building, the arrangement of
+which admits of twelve columns in front. A
+dodecastyle pediment is a pediment supported by
+twelve columns.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Dodra</strong></span>, R. (<em>dodrans</em>, nine parts). A kind of
+beverage, or rather soup, composed of nine
+ingredients. We learn from Ausonius that it
+was made of bread, water, wine, oil, broth, salt,
+sweet herbs, honey, and pepper.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Dodrans</strong></span>, R. (i. e. three-fourths). Nine <em>unciæ</em>,
+or three-quarters of an <em>as</em>. There was no coin
+of this value. As a measure of <em>length</em>, nine
+inches. (See <span class='sc'>As</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Doff</strong> or <strong>Deff</strong>, Egyp. The square tambourine
+of the ancient Egyptians; the <em>toph</em> of the
+Hebrews, still in use among the Arabs, especially
+in the Barbary States.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dog.</strong> An emblem of fidelity and loyalty. In
+mediæval art, the attribute of St. Roch; also of
+St. Dominic, the founder of the Dominican order;
+of St. Bernard, St. Wendelin, and St. Benignus.
+As an emblem of fidelity, it is placed at the feet
+of the effigies of married women upon sepulchres.
+It was common to represent, in painting or
+mosaic, a chained watch-dog at the doors of
+Roman houses. The <span class='sc'>Dog of Fo</span> is a sacred
+emblem in China, sometimes called a <em>Chimera</em>;
+it is placed as the guardian of the thresholds of
+temples, and of the Buddhist altars. In the
+Chinese zodiacal system the dog is the sign for
+the month of September.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dog Latin.</strong> Barbarous Latin; e. g. “Verte
+canem ex” (turn the dog out).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Dog’s-nose</strong></span>, O. E. A cordial used in low life,
+composed of warm porter, moist sugar, gin, and
+nutmeg. (<cite>Halliwell.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dog’s-tooth Moulding</strong>, Arch. A characteristic
+ornament of Early English architecture,
+formed of four leaves with small spiral fillets,
+which bear some resemblance to teeth. (See
+<span class='sc'>Tooth-ornament</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_255'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_255.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 255. Bronze Dolabra or hatchet (Celtic).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_256'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_256.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 256. Hatchet, flint-stone.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='section'>
+
+<div id='fig_257'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_257.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 257. Gallic hatchet.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Dolabra</strong></span>, R. (<em>dolo</em>, to hew). An instrument like
+a pick or hatchet, which varied in form according
+to the different purposes
+for which it was employed.
+The <em>dolabra</em> was used
+for digging, cutting, breaking,
+and chopping, and
+was thus a pick, a hatchet,
+an adze or <em>ascia</em>, &amp;c. Dolabra
+of flint or other hard
+stone, called Celts, are of
+remote antiquity. (See
+<span class='sc'>Celt</span>.) (Figs. 255 to 257.)</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Doliolum.</strong> Dimin. of
+<span class='sc'>Dolium</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dolium</strong> or <strong>Culeus</strong>, Gr.
+and R. A large earthenware
+vessel with a wide
+mouth, and of rounded,
+spherical form. It was
+used to contain wine and
+oil when first made, before
+they were transferred into smaller vessels
+for keeping.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_258'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_258.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 258. Dolmen.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dolmen</strong>, Celt. A term which, in the Celtic
+language, means literally a stone table. It consists
+of a number of stones, of which some are
+fixed in the ground, and the others laid transversely
+over them. These structures were used
+as sepulchres. Figs. 258 and 259 represent two
+different types of dolmens. (See <span class='sc'>Cromlech</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_259'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_259.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 259. Dolmen, in the forest of Rennes.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Dolon</strong> or <strong>Dolo</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δόλων</span>). (1) A long
+stick armed with an iron point. (2) A cane, in
+the hollow of which a poniard was concealed.
+(3) The fore-topsail of a vessel.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_260'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_260.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 260. Heraldic Dolphin.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dolphin</strong>, Her. A favourite fish with heralds.
+It is best known as the armorial ensign of the
+Dauphin, the eldest son and heir apparent of the
+kings of France—<em>Or</em>, a Dolphin <em>az</em>. In Christian
+archæology the dolphin is the symbol of
+swiftness, diligence, and love; it is often met
+with entwined with an
+anchor. The first Christians
+often wore these
+two symbols united in a
+ring, which was known
+as a <em>nautical anchor</em>.
+(See also <span class='sc'>Delphin</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Dome</strong></span>, It. (1) Literally,
+the <em>house</em> of God.
+When a city possesses
+several churches, the
+name is applied to the
+cathedral only. (2) The interior of a <em>cupola</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dominions</strong>, in Christian art. (See <span class='sc'>Angels</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_261'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_261.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 261. Plan of a Greek house.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Domus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δόμος</span>, <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">οἶκος</span>). A
+house, in contradistinction to <em>insula</em>, a group of
+houses. The Greek house is divided into two
+parts by the central
+chambers. The external,
+the <span class='sc'>Andronitis</span>,
+contains the
+men’s, and the inner,
+or <span class='sc'>Gynæconitis</span>,
+the women’s apartments.
+The whole
+building was generally
+long and narrow,
+occupying a
+comparatively small
+frontage to the street,
+and the outside wall
+was plain without
+windows. Outside
+the door was often
+an altar of Apollo
+Agyieus, or an obelisk,
+or sometimes a
+laurel-tree, or a bust
+of the god Hermes.
+A few steps, called
+<span class='sc'>Anabathmoi</span>, led
+up to the house door
+(<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">αὐλεία θύρα</span>), over
+which there was
+generally a motto
+inscribed: the passage
+(<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">θυρωρεῖον</span>, <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πυλὼν</span>, <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">θυρὼν</span>) (<span class='fss'>A</span> <span class='fss'>B</span> in the plan)
+had the stables on one side, and the porter’s lodge
+opposite, and led to <span class='fss'>C</span>, the <span class='sc'>Peristyle</span> or <span class='sc'>Aula</span>
+of the men’s quarters, a <span class='sc'>Hypæthral</span>, or open air
+court, surrounded by porticoes called <span class='sc'>Stoai</span>,
+and by the men’s apartments, which were large
+banqueting-rooms (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">οἶκοι</span>, <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀνδρῶνες</span>), smaller sitting-rooms
+(<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐξέδραι</span>), and sleeping-chambers
+(<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δωμάτια, κοιτῶνες, οἰκήματα</span>). The door to the
+passage <span class='fss'>D</span> was called <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μέταυλος</span> or <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μέσαυλος</span> (i. e.
+the middle of the aulæ), and gave admission
+to <span class='fss'>E</span>, the peristyle or aula of the Gynæconitis.
+The rooms numbered 10 to 17 were the chambers
+of the women; <span class='fss'>P</span> <span class='fss'>P</span> were called the Thalamos and
+Amphithalamos; <span class='fss'>H</span> <span class='fss'>H</span> and <span class='fss'>G</span> were the <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἱστῶνες</span>,
+or rooms for working in wool; and at <span class='fss'>I</span> was
+the garden door (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κηπαία θύρα</span>). There was
+usually an upper story where guests and slaves
+were lodged (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὑπερῷον</span>, <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">διῆρες</span>), the stairs leading
+to which were outside the house. The roofs
+were flat, and it was
+customary to walk
+upon them. The
+floors were of stone,
+in later times ornamental
+or coloured.
+The construction and
+decoration varied
+with the ages;
+painted ceilings were
+a late introduction.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_262'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_262.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 262. Plan of a Roman house.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'>Of a Roman house,
+the principal parts
+were the <span class='sc'>Vestibulum</span>,
+or court before
+the door, open to the
+street; the <span class='sc'>Ostium</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Janua</span>, or <span class='sc'>Fores</span>,
+the entrance; the <span class='sc'>Atrium</span>, <span class='sc'>Cavum Ædium</span>, or
+<span class='sc'>Cavædium</span>, with the <span class='sc'>Compluvium</span> open over
+the central tank (termed the <span class='sc'>Impluvium</span>); the
+<span class='sc'>Alæ</span> (wings), <span class='sc'>Tablinum</span>, <span class='sc'>Fauces</span>, and <span class='sc'>Peristylium</span>:
+of each of which a notice will be found
+in its alphabetical place in this work. (See also
+<span class='sc'>Cubicula</span>, <span class='sc'>Triclinia</span>, <span class='sc'>Exedræ</span>, <span class='sc'>Pinacotheca</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Bibliotheca</span>, <span class='sc'>Balneum</span>, <span class='sc'>Culina</span>, <span class='sc'>Cœnacula</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Diæta</span>, <span class='sc'>Solaria</span>, &amp;c.) The floors of a Roman
+house were either of the composition called <span class='sc'>Ruderatio</span>,
+and, from the process of beating down
+<em>pavita</em>, were then called <span class='sc'>Pavimentum</span>, or
+of stone or marble or mosaics (<span class='sc'>Musivum opus</span>).
+The inner walls were usually covered with
+frescoes. The ceilings left the beams visible,
+which supported the roof, and the hollow or
+unplanked spaces (<span class='sc'>Lacunaria</span> or <span class='sc'>Laquearia</span>)
+were often covered with gold and ivory, or with
+paintings. (See <span class='sc'>Camara</span>.) The principal apartments
+had no windows, deriving their light from
+the roof; in the upper stories there were
+windows either open or latticed, or later filled
+with mica, and finally glass.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_263'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_263.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 263. Atrium with Doric columns. (<em>See also</em> Fig. <a href='#fig_049'>49</a>.)</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Don Pottery.</strong> A name given to the productions
+of a porcelain manufactory established in 1790
+at Swinton on the Don.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_264'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_264.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 264. Donjon.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Donjon</strong>, Mod. The principal tower of a
+Norman or mediæval
+castle. It was generally
+separate from
+the other parts of the
+building. The greater
+number of feudal
+fortresses originally
+consisted merely of a
+donjon erected on
+an artificial earthwork.
+This donjon
+was surrounded by
+an open space walled,
+called the Inner
+Bailey, and another
+beyond called the
+Outer Bailey. Beneath
+were the dungeons.
+Fig. <a href='#fig_264'>264</a> represents
+a donjon
+called the Tower of
+Loudun. The White
+tower is the donjon of
+the Tower of London.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Doom.</strong> In Christian art, the Last Judgment;
+a subject usually painted over the chancel arch
+in parochial churches.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dorelot.</strong> A network for the hair, worn by
+ladies in the 14th century. (See <span class='sc'>Calantica</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Crespine</span>, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_265'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_265.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 265. Column and Capital of the Doric Order.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Doric Order of Architecture.</strong> The earliest
+and simplest of the three Greek orders. “The
+Grecian Doric order, at its best period, is one
+of the most beautiful inventions of architecture—strong
+and yet elegant, graceful in outline and
+harmonious in all its forms, imposing when on
+a great scale, and pleasing equally when reduced
+in size, by the exquisite simplicity of its parts.”
+(<cite>Newlands.</cite>) The columns of this order had no
+pedestal, nor base;
+the capital, which
+was half a diameter
+in height,
+had no <em>astragal</em>,
+but a few plain
+fillets, with channels
+between
+them, under the
+<em>ovolo</em>, and a small
+channel below the
+fillets. The <em>ovolo</em>
+is generally flat,
+and of great projection,
+with a
+<em>quirk</em>, or return.
+On this was laid
+the <span class='sc'>Abacus</span>,
+which was only a
+plain tile, without
+fillet or ornament.
+A peculiarity of
+this order was the
+<em>flutings</em> of the column,
+twenty in
+number, shallow,
+and with sharp
+edges. The best
+examples of the
+Grecian Doric of
+which we have
+descriptions and
+figures are the
+temples of Minerva
+(called the Parthenon)
+and of
+Theseus at Athens,
+and that of Minerva
+at Sunium.
+The <span class='sc'>Roman Doric</span> differs in important particulars
+from the Grecian. (See <span class='sc'>Roman Doric</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dormant</strong> or <strong>Couchant</strong>, Her. Asleep. (See
+<span class='sc'>Couchant</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dormer</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">dormir</span></i>, to sleep). The top story
+in the roof of a house.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dormer Window.</strong> A gabled window in the
+sloping side of a roof, projecting <em>vertically</em>; when
+it lies in the slope of the roof, it is a <em>skylight</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Dorneck</strong>, <strong>Dornex</strong>, or <strong>Dornyks</strong></span>, O. E. An inferior
+damask, wrought of silk, wool, linen thread,
+and gold, at Tournay or <em>Dorneck</em>; 15th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dorsale</strong>, <strong>Dosser</strong>, <strong>Dossier</strong>, Chr. (<em>dorsum</em>, the
+back). Pieces of tapestry or hangings put up
+in the arches or bays surrounding the choir of a
+church in order to screen the clergy and choristers
+from draughts of air. Also pieces of tapestry hung
+upon parapets, the panels of pulpits and stalls, and
+sometimes the backs of side-boards. It was the
+custom to hang tapestry, cloth of Arras, or
+needlework round the lower half of all the
+ancient dining-halls to a height of about five
+feet above the basement.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Dorsualia</strong></span>, R. (<em>dorsum</em>). An embroidered
+saddle-cloth, which was laid across the back
+of a horse on the occasion of a triumphal
+entry, or on the backs of victims for sacrifice.
+Examples of <em>dorsualia</em> occur on several monuments,
+in especial on a bas-relief of the arch of
+Titus, at Rome.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Doryphorus</strong>, Gen. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δορυ-φόρος</span>). Literally,
+spear-bearer. Fig. <a href='#fig_130'>130</a> represents a Persian spearman.
+A celebrated statue of Polycletus (of the
+Argive school) is called the <em>Doryphorus</em>.
+“Polycletus advanced his art in several respects,
+chiefly by fixing a law of proportion, of which
+his Doryphorus, a youth bearing a spear, was
+called the <span class='sc'>Canon</span> (q.v.); and also by his making
+the weight of the body rest on one foot, in
+contradistinction to the ancient practice, thereby
+producing a contrast between the supporting,
+weight-bearing side of the body, and the supported,
+freely-resting side.” (<cite>Butler’s Imitative
+Art.</cite>) The statue by Polycletus is lost. The
+proportions handed down to us by Vitruvius
+are thus described by Bonomi:—</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>(1) The length of the horizontally extended arms equals
+the height of the figure.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>(2) The head is an <em>eighth</em>, the face a <em>tenth</em> of the whole
+height.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>(3) From the top of the scalp to the nipples is <em>one-fourth</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>(4) From the nipples to horizontal line across the
+centre of the square—the pubes—is <em>one-fourth</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>(5) From that line to one just below the knee-cap is
+<em>one-fourth</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>(6) From that line to the ground is <em>one-fourth</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>(7) The forearm (from the elbow) is a <em>fourth</em> of the
+height; the hand a <em>tenth</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Dose</strong> or <strong>Dosall</strong></span>, O. E. (Lat. <span class='sc'>Dorsale</span>, q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dossar.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Dorsale</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Douai.</strong> A manufactory of modern faience established
+in 1784, producing stone-wares and
+“cailloutages.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Doublé</strong></span>, Fr. (1) The term is applied to precious
+stones, when cemented upon glass. (2) The inside
+lining of a well-bound book.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_267'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_267.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 267. Doublet costume, <em>temp.</em> Elizabeth.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Doublet</strong>, although deriving its name from
+the French word <em>doublée</em> (lined), is in that language
+more generally known as “Pourpoint,”
+of which, in fact, it is merely a variety. It
+first appeared in England in the 14th century
+made without sleeves, which for convenience
+were afterwards added; and being universally
+adopted, it superseded the tunic. The engraving
+shows a doublet with stuffed sleeves of the
+time of Elizabeth. They were worn of varied
+forms till the reign of Charles II. (Fig. <a href='#fig_267'>267</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Doubling</strong>, Her. The lining of a mantle or
+mantling.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_268'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_268.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 268. Two Doves. Device of Giovanna de’ Medici.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dove.</strong> A Christian symbol of frequent occurrence;
+it expresses candour, gentleness, innocence,
+faith, and, in especial, the Holy Spirit.
+It is also a symbol of martyrdom and grief, and
+in this signification appears frequently represented
+on tombs and sarcophagi. With an
+olive-bough in its mouth it is a symbol of peace,
+and accordingly the inscription <span class='sc'>Pax</span> (Peace) is
+often found accompanying representations of the
+dove, more particularly in the catacombs.
+With the Assyrians and Babylonians the dove
+was the symbol of Semiramis, who, according
+to them, took this shape on leaving earth. The
+dove was the favourite bird of Venus. As a
+symbol of conjugal fidelity, the device of two
+turtle-doves was adopted by Giovanna of
+Austria on her marriage with Francesco de’
+Medici. (Fig. <a href='#fig_268'>268</a>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_269'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_269.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 269. Dove-tailed Masonry.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dove-tail</strong> or <strong>Swallow-tail</strong>, Gen. A method
+of joining employed for wood, stone, or iron,
+and so called because the tenon by which the
+joint is effected is cut in the shape of a dove-tail
+or swallow-tail. This tail fits into a notch
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_269'>269</a>). The ancients employed double dove-tails
+for joining stones together; this method of
+construction was called <em>Opus</em> <span class='sc'>Revinctum</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dove-tail Moulding</strong>, Arch. (Norman; called
+also <span class='sc'>Triangular Frette</span>). Decorated with
+running bands in the form of dove-tails.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Doves, the Eucharistic.</strong> Sacred vessels of
+gold, silver, gilded bronze, or ivory, in the
+form of a dove, a tower, &amp;c., which served as
+receptacles for the reserved Host; they were
+hung up in the middle of the <span class='sc'>Ciborium</span> (q.v.).
+At the Amiens Museum a dove of this kind is
+to be seen dating from the 12th century, and at
+the church of St. Nazaire at Milan there is
+one of silver, gilded within and enamelled without,
+which is also very ancient.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Dowlas</strong></span>, O. E. Coarse linen cloth made in
+Brittany; “<em>filthy dowlas!</em>”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Drachma</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δραχμή</span>; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δράσσομαι</span>, to hold
+in the hand). A drachm, the principal silver
+coin of the Greeks. There were two kinds of
+<em>drachmata</em>, which differed in value: the Attic
+drachm and the Æginetan. The Attic <em>drachma</em>
+was equal in value to a franc, equal to six <em>oboloi</em>.
+The piece of four drachmas was called a <em>stater</em>.
+As a weight the drachma was the eighth of an
+<em>uncia</em>; about = our modern <em>drachm</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Draco</strong>, Gen. (1) A dragon; the ensign of the
+Roman cohort in the time of Trajan, adopted from
+the Parthians. (2) A fantastic animal of Pagan
+mythology: the garden of the Hesperides, the
+Golden Fleece, and the fountain of Castalia were
+all guarded by dragons. (3) In Christian
+archæology the dragon symbolizes sin, especially
+idolatry. (4) The Chinese give to several immortals
+the figure of a dragon. They distinguish
+the long dragon of heaven, a being especially
+sacred; the Kau, dragon of the mountain;
+and the Li, dragon of the sea. The dragons
+are represented as “gigantic saurians, with
+powerful claws, and terminated by a frightful
+head, scaly and strongly toothed.” There are
+the scaly dragon, the winged dragon, the horned
+and the hornless dragons, and the dragon
+rolled within itself which has not yet taken
+flight to the upper regions. In their zodiacal
+system the dragon is the sign for the month of
+March. (See <span class='sc'>Tchy</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Draconarius</strong></span>, R. The standard-bearer who
+carried the <em>draco</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Dracontarium</strong></span>, R. A band for the head, so
+called because it was twisted in imitation of the
+<em>draco</em> which was used as an ensign.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_270'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_270.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 270. Heraldic Dragon.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dragon</strong>, Her. A
+winged monster having
+four legs. (See <span class='sc'>Draco</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dragon.</strong> A short carbine
+(hence “dragoons”).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dragon’s Blood.</strong> A
+resinous astringent extract
+of a deep red colour,
+used as a colouring ingredient
+for spirit and turpentine
+varnishes and paints,
+&amp;c. The Roman <em>cinnabar</em>
+was Dragon’s Blood.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Draught</strong> (or <strong>Drawte</strong>) <strong>Chamber</strong></span>, O. E. The
+with <em>drawing</em> room.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Draughts, Game of.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Dames</span>, <span class='sc'>Latrunculi</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dravid’ha</strong>, Hind. A Hindoo temple constructed
+on an octagonal plan. (See <span class='sc'>Nagaras</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Vimana</span>, <span class='sc'>Vesara</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_271'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_271.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 271. Dresden milk-jug.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dresden Porcelain</strong>, made at the Royal
+Manufactory established at Meissen in Saxony
+in 1709, is most excellent anterior to 1796,
+since when its ancient perfection has been lost.
+The mark of the best period is two crossed
+swords, with a sloped cross or a small circle
+beneath. The later mark has a star beneath
+the swords. On rejected pieces the swords
+were cut across with a line; but the manufactory
+at the present day counterfeits its old
+marks. Fig. <a href='#fig_271'>271</a> is a specimen of the best
+period, later than 1720 and before 1778.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_272'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_272.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 272. Pot-pourri vase, Dresden china.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dressoir</strong> or <strong>Dressouer</strong> (the <em>buffet</em> of the
+15th century, the <em>évidence</em> of the 16th) was the
+principal object of the dining-room, on which
+were displayed all the ornamental plate of the
+owner of the house, costly vases, &amp;c. Kings
+had often three dressers, one for silver, another
+for silver-gold, and the third for gold plate. In
+form they varied; but they were made of the
+most valuable woods, and enriched with the
+finest carving. They were sometimes covered
+over with cloth of gold: the city of Orleans
+offered one in gold to Charles IV., which was
+valued at 8000 livres Tournois.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Drilbu</strong>, Hind. A bell used in Buddhist worship.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Drinking-cups of Glass</strong> are frequently found
+in the Saxon barrows or graves in England.
+They are ornamented in various patterns, and
+rounded at the bottom. The Anglo-Saxons
+were also rich in cups of the precious metals.
+They used horn cups also, as did the Normans.
+In the 15th century flat-shaped cups or bowls
+were used.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Drip</strong>, Arch. The edge of a roof; the eaves;
+the corona of a cornice.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Drip-stone</strong>, Arch. The moulding in Gothic
+architecture which serves as a canopy for
+an opening and to throw off the rain. It is
+also called <em>weather-moulding</em> and <em>water-table</em>.
+(See also <span class='sc'>Corona</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Dromo</strong>, <strong>Dromon</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δρόμων</span>; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δραμεῖν</span>, to run).
+A vessel remarkable for its swift sailing; hence—</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Dromon</strong> or <strong>Dromound</strong></span>, O. E. A mediæval ship,
+propelled by oars and one sail, used for the transport
+of troops. The Crusaders called it a <em>dromedary</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dromos</strong>, Gr. and Egyp. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δρόμος</span>). (1) The
+Spartan race-course. (2) An avenue leading
+to the entrances of Egyptian temples; that leading
+to the great temple of Karnac contained 660
+colossal sphinxes, all of which were monoliths.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Drop Lake</strong> is a pigment obtained from Brazil
+wood, which affords a very fugitive colour.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Drops</strong>, Arch. (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttæ</span></i>). Ornaments resembling
+drops, used in the Doric entablature,
+immediately under the <span class='fss'>TRIGLYPH</span> and <span class='fss'>MUTULE</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Druidic</strong> (Monuments), Celt. Celtic monuments,
+also known by the name of <em>Megalithic</em>.
+(See <span class='sc'>Standing stones</span>, <span class='sc'>Dolmens</span>, <span class='sc'>Menhirs</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Cromlechs</span>, &amp;c.). The most ancient and probably
+the largest Celtic or Druidical temple
+was at Avebury in Wiltshire. <em>Dr. Stukeley</em>,
+who surveyed it in 1720, says that “this may
+be regarded as the grand national cathedral,
+while the smaller circles which are met with in
+other parts of the island may be compared to
+the parish or village churches.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Drum</strong>, Arch. (1) Of a dome or cupola, the
+<span class='sc'>Stylobate</span> (or vertical part on which the
+columns rest). (2) Of the Corinthian and
+Composite capitals, the solid part; called also
+<span class='sc'>Bell</span>, <span class='sc'>Vase</span>, <span class='sc'>Basket</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dry Point.</strong> Direct engraving upon copper
+with the sharp etching-needle itself, without the
+plate being covered with etching-ground, or the
+lines bit in by acid. This method produces very
+soft and delicate work, but it is not so durable
+in printing as the etched line.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dryers.</strong> In painting, substances imparted
+to oils to make them dry quickly. The most
+general in use is <span class='fss'>OXIDE</span> of <span class='fss'>LEAD</span>, but white
+copperas, oxide of manganese, ground glass,
+oxide of zinc, calcined bones, chloride of lime,
+and verdigris have all been used at various times.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Drying Oil.</strong> Boiled oil, used in painting
+as a vehicle and a varnish. It is linseed oil
+boiled with litharge (or oxide of lead).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dryness.</strong> A style of painting in which the
+outline is harsh and formal, and the colour deficient
+in mellowness and harmony.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Duck-bills</strong></span>, O. E. Broad-toed shoes of the
+15th century.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_273'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_273.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 273. Duke’s coronet.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Duke</strong>, Her. The highest rank and title
+in the British
+peerage; first
+introduced by
+Edward III.
+in the year
+1337, when
+he created the
+Black Prince
+the first English
+duke (in
+Latin “dux”). The coronet of a duke, arbitrary
+in its adornment until the 16th century was far
+advanced, is now a circlet, heightened with eight
+conventional strawberry-leaves, of which in representation
+three and two half-leaves are
+shown. (<cite>Boutell.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dulcimer.</strong> A musical instrument, the prototype
+of our pianoforte. It was very early
+known to the Arabs and Persians, who called it
+<em>santir</em>. One of its old European names is the
+<em>cimbal</em>. The Hebrew <em>nebel</em>, or perhaps the
+<em>psanterin</em> mentioned by Daniel, is supposed to
+have been a dulcimer; the <em>psalterion</em> of the
+Greeks also. A hand organ of the Middle Ages
+was called a dulcimer.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dunkirk.</strong> A manufactory of modern faience
+which only existed for a short time in the 18th
+century, and was closed within a year. The
+works are therefore very rare. Jacquemart
+mentions a clock bearing a close resemblance
+to certain Dutch products, inscribed <em>Dickhoof</em>
+and <em>A. Duisburg</em>, and by the latter name
+identified as Dunkirk work.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Duns</strong>, Celtic. Ancient hill forts of the simplest
+kind, consisting of a round or oval earthen
+wall and ditch on a rising ground, probably
+contemporary with the pit dwellings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Dunster</strong></span>, O. E. Broad cloth made in
+Somersetshire, <em>temp.</em> Edward III.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dutch Pink.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Pinks</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dutch White.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Carbonate of Lead</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Barytes</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Dwararab’ha</strong>, <strong>Dwaragopouras</strong>, <strong>Dwaraharmya</strong>,
+<strong>Dwaraprasada</strong>, <strong>Dwarasala</strong>, Ind. (See
+<span class='sc'>Gopouras</span>.)</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c005'>E.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_274'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_274.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 274. Eagle—Ensign of France.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c006'><strong>Eagle</strong>, Her. The eagle (called in heraldry
+<em>Alerion</em>) appears in
+the earliest English
+examples of arms,
+and his appearance
+often denotes an
+alliance with German
+princes. Both
+the German emperors
+and Russian
+czars adopted
+the eagle for their
+heraldic ensign in
+support of their
+claim to be considered
+the successors
+of the
+Roman Cæsars. The eagle borne as the ensign
+of Imperial France sits, grasping a thunderbolt,
+in an attitude of vigilance, having its
+wings elevated, but the tips of the feathers
+drooping, as they would be in a living bird. In
+remote antiquity the eagle was an emblem of
+the sun, and the double-headed eagle typifies the
+rising and the setting sun. The eagle was the
+attribute of Jove as his messenger. The eagle
+killing a serpent or a hare is an ancient symbol
+of victory. In Christian art the eagle is the attribute
+of St. John the Evangelist, the symbol of
+the highest inspiration. St. John is sometimes
+represented with human body and eagle head.
+The lectern in Christian churches is commonly
+in the form of an eagle. Elisha the prophet is
+represented with a two-headed eagle. (See
+<span class='sc'>Aquilæ</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_275'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_275.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 275. Earl’s coronet.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Earl</strong>, Her. (from the Gaelic <em>iarflath</em>, “a
+dependent chief” = <em>iar</em>, “after,” and <em>flath</em>,
+“lord”; pronounced <em>iarrl</em>). Before 1337 the highest,
+and now the
+third degree of rank
+and dignity in the
+British peerage. An
+earl’s coronet has
+eight lofty rays of
+gold rising from the
+circlet, each of
+which supports a
+large pearl, while between each pair of these
+rays there is a golden strawberry-leaf. In representation
+five of the rays and pearls are shown.
+Elevated clusters of pearls appear in an earl’s
+coronet as early as 1445; but the present form
+of the coronet may be assigned to the second
+half of the following century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Earl Marshal.</strong> In England, one of the great
+officers of state, who regulates ceremonies and
+takes cognizance of all matters relating to
+honour, arms, and pedigree.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Early English Architecture.</strong> The first of
+the pointed or Gothic styles of architecture used
+in England. It succeeded the <span class='sc'>Norman</span> towards
+the end of the 12th century, and gradually
+merged into the <span class='sc'>Decorated</span> at the end of the
+13th. Its leading peculiarity is the long narrow
+lancet window.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Earn</strong>, Scotch. An eagle.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_276'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_276.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 276. Greek or Etruscan ear-rings in gold.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ear-rings</strong> (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">inaures</span></i>, Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐνώτια</span>) were
+a common ornament for ladies in Greece and
+Rome, and among the early Saxons: they were
+worn by men during the reigns of Elizabeth and
+James I.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Earth Tables</strong>, Arch. The projecting course of
+stones in a wall, immediately above the surface
+of the ground, now called the plinth. (<cite>Parker.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Earthenware.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Pottery</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Easel</strong> (from the German <em>esel</em>, an ass). A
+frame with movable rest for resting pictures on.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Easel-picture.</strong> A small portable picture.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Easter</strong>, Chr. (A.S. <em>eastre</em>). From the goddess
+“Eostur,” whose festival fell in April. The
+Latin name “Paschal” refers to the Jewish
+feast of the Passover. The Paschal season
+originally extended over fifteen days, from Palm
+Sunday to Low Sunday. (See <em>Smith and
+Cheetham’s Dict. of Christian Ant.</em>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Eaves</strong> (A.S. <em>efese</em>, the edge). The overhanging
+“edge” of the roof of a house.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Ebénistes</strong></span>, Fr. Workers in fine cabinet-making.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ebony.</strong> A heavy, hard, black wood, obtained
+from the Diospyrus ebenus. Ebony and other
+exotic woods came into general use in Europe
+from the end of the 17th century—subsequently
+to 1695, when the Dutch settled in Ceylon. The
+black ebony is the most valuable, but there are
+green and yellow varieties. Old carved ebony
+furniture found in English houses dates generally
+from the early years of the Dutch occupation
+of Ceylon.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Eburnean.</strong> Made of ivory.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ecbasios</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐκβαίνω</span>, to disembark). A sacrifice
+offered to Apollo after a favourable voyage.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ecclesia</strong>, Gr. General assembly of the citizens
+of Athens. (See <em>Smith and Cheetham’s Dict.
+of Christian Ant.</em>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Echea</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἦχος</span>, sound or noise).
+Earthenware or bronze vessels used to strengthen
+the sound in theatres. (See <span class='sc'>Acoustic Vessels</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Echinate.</strong> Armed with spines or bristles
+like a hedgehog.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_277'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_277.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 277. Echinus or egg and tongue on the ovolo of a Greek cornice.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Echinus</strong>, Arch. (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐχῖνος</span>, a hedgehog).
+The <em>egg and dart</em> or <em>egg and tongue</em> ornament
+frequently carved on the round moulding, much
+used in classic architecture, called the <em>ovolo</em>.
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_277'>277</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Echometry</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μέτρον</span>, a measure). The art of
+measuring the duration of sounds.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Ecorchée</strong></span>, Fr. (lit. flayed). Said of an anatomical
+model specially prepared for the study
+of the muscular system.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ecphonesis</strong>, Chr. That part of a devotional
+office which is said <em>audibly</em>, in contrast with that
+said <em>secreté</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ectypus</strong></span>, R. A hollow mould which produces
+an impression in relief which is called
+<em>ectypum</em>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_278'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_278.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 278. Ecuelle, Venetian porcelain.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Ecuelle</strong></span>, Fr. A porringer. Fig. <a href='#fig_278'>278</a> is a
+specimen in the best style of Venetian porcelain.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Edward-Shovelboards</strong></span>, O. E. Broad shillings
+of Edward VI., formerly used in playing the
+game of shovelboard. (<cite>Halliwell.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Effeir of War</strong>, Scotch. Warlike guise.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Effigies</strong></span>, R. An image or effigy. The word is
+usually applied to the heads upon coins or medals.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Egg and Dart</strong>, or <strong>Egg and Tongue, Ornament</strong>,
+Arch. (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">aards et oves</span></i>). A carving
+commonly inserted on the ovolo moulding.
+(See <span class='sc'>Echinus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Egg-feast</strong> or <strong>Egg-Saturday</strong></span>, O. E. The
+Saturday before Shrove Tuesday.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Egg-shell Porcelain.</strong> A very thin white
+porcelain of the “Rose family,” to which the
+Chinese have given the name of “porcelain
+without embryo.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Eggs</strong>, as a Christian emblem, are supposed
+to represent “the immature hope of the resurrection.”
+(<cite>Martigny.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Egret</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">aigrette</span></i>). A small white heron,
+marked by a <em>crest</em> on his head.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Egyptian Architecture</strong> and <strong>Sculpture</strong> can be
+studied in the monuments remaining from remotest
+antiquity to about <span class='fss'>A. D.</span> 300. Great varieties
+of style occur, which can be easily attributed to
+their respective periods by the hieroglyphical
+inscriptions. The three primitive motives of
+all Egyptian buildings are the <em>pyramid</em>, <em>caves</em>,
+and <em>structures of timber</em>; all contemporary with
+the most ancient relics. In sculpture, the most
+ancient works of all are also those most remarkable
+for fidelity to nature. The conventionality introduced
+afterwards with the <em>canon of proportions</em> is
+still combined with a close imitation of Nature
+in the details. The Grecian or Ptolemaic period
+begins <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 322. [See <em>Wilkinson’s Ancient
+Egyptians</em>, <em>Canina’s Egyptian Architecture</em>; and
+the works of <em>Brugsch</em>, <em>Marriette</em>, <em>Soldi</em>, <em>Ebers</em>, &amp;c.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Egyptian Blue</strong>, the brilliant blue pigment
+found on the monuments,
+is found by
+analysis to consist of
+the hydrated protoxide
+of copper,
+mixed with a minute
+quantity of iron. The
+green colour was derived
+from another
+oxide of copper; violet
+from manganese
+or gold; yellow from
+silver, or perhaps
+iron; and red from
+the protoxide of copper.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_280'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_280.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 280. Lenticular Phials. Louvre Museum.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_279'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_279.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 279. Oviform bottle. Egyptian.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Egyptian Pottery</strong>
+of great beauty is
+found in great quantities
+along with the
+costly ornaments
+in the tombs. It is
+intermediary between
+porcelain and stone-ware,
+and its colouring
+demonstrates a
+high degree of skill,
+science, and precision of execution. Among
+the forms frequently found are the oviform,
+long-necked bottles (Fig. <a href='#fig_279'>279</a>), lenticular phials,
+with royal cartouches (Fig. <a href='#fig_280'>280</a>), lamps (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_281'>281</a>), &amp;c. (See also Fig. <a href='#fig_219'>219</a>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_281'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_281.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 281. Lamp in blue enamelled earthenware. Egyptian.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Eikon</strong>, Gr., or <strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icon</span></strong>, Lat. An image; hence
+iconoclasts or image-breakers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Eileton</strong>, Chr. (from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">εἴλω</span>, to wind or
+fold). The cloth on which the elements are
+consecrated in the Eucharist. “The <em>eileton</em>
+represents the linen cloth in which the body of
+Christ was wrapped when it was taken down
+from the cross and laid in the tomb.” (<cite>Germanus</cite>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Eisodos</strong>, Chr. A ceremony of the Greek
+Church, of two parts. (1) The bearing into
+the church in procession of the book of the
+Gospels is called the <em>Lesser Entrance</em>. (2) A
+similar bearing in of the elements of the Eucharist
+is called the <em>Greater Entrance</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Elæolite</strong> (lit. oil-stone). A mineral having
+a fatty resinous lustre.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Elæothesium</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A room in a
+suite of baths where oils, perfumes, and essences
+were kept, and the bathers were anointed and
+rubbed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Elaphebolia</strong>, Gr. Athenian festivals held in
+the month called <em>Elaphebolion</em>, or the ninth
+month of the year, when a stag (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἔλαφος</span>) was
+sacrificed to Diana.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Elbow-gauntlet.</strong> A long gauntlet of plate
+armour, adopted from the Asiatics in the 16th
+century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Elbow-pieces</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">coudières</span></i>). Plate armour
+to cover the joint at the elbow.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Elbows</strong>, Mod. (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">accoudoirs</span></i>). The divisions
+between the stalls in a church, also called by
+the French “museaux,” from the fact of their
+ends being ornamented with an animal’s head.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Electoral Bonnet</strong>, Her. A cap of crimson
+velvet guarded with ermine, borne over the
+inescutcheon of the arms of Hanover from 1801
+to 1816.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Electrotint.</strong> A method of preparing engraved
+copper plates for the printing-press by
+the electrotype process. (See <em>Art Journal</em>, 1850.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Electrotype.</strong> The process whereby works in
+relief are produced by the agency of electricity,
+through which certain metals, such as gold,
+silver, and copper, are precipitated from their
+solutions upon moulds in so fine a state of
+division as to form a coherent mass of pure
+metal, equal in toughness and flexibility to the
+hammered metals. (<cite>Fairholt.</cite>) At the present
+day electrotypes are generally taken from engravings
+on wood for printing from.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Electrum</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἤλεκτρον</span>). In Homer and Hesiod
+this word means <em>amber</em>. Pliny says that when
+gold contains a fifth part of silver, it is called
+electrum. Its colour was whiter and more
+luminous than that of gold, and the metal was
+supposed to betray the presence of poison.
+Specimens are rare. A beautiful vase of electrum
+is preserved in the St. Petersburg Museum.
+Some coins in electrum were struck by the
+kings of Bosporus, and by Syracuse and some
+Greek states.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Elements</strong>, Chr. The bread and the wine in
+the Lord’s Supper. In the Eastern liturgies
+the unconsecrated elements are called “the
+<span class='sc'>Mysteries</span>,” and the bread alone the <span class='sc'>Seal</span>
+(<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σφραγὶς</span>), from its being divided by lines in the
+form of a cross. The interesting subject of the
+composition and form of the elements in the
+early churches is fully discussed in the “Dictionary
+of Christian Antiquities” (Smith and
+Cheetham).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Elemine.</strong> A crystallized resin used to give
+consistency to the varnish which forms part of
+the composition of lacquer.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Elenchus</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἔλεγχος</span>). (1) A pear-shaped
+pearl highly esteemed by the Roman ladies, who
+wore such pearls mounted as drops or pendants
+to brooches and rings. (See the illustration to
+<span class='sc'>Crotalium</span>.) (2) An index to a book.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Elephant.</strong> In mediæval heraldry this animal
+is a symbol of piety, from an ancient legend,
+mentioned by Ælian, Pliny, and others, that it
+has in religious reverence, with a kind of devotion,
+not only the stars and planets, but also the
+sun and moon.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Elephant Paper.</strong> Drawing-paper manufactured
+in sheets, measuring 28 inches by 23.
+<em>Double Elephant Paper</em> measures 40 inches by 26¾.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Eleusinian Mysteries.</strong> The holiest and most
+venerated of the Greek festivals. The Lesser
+Eleusinia, held at Agræ in the month Anthesterion,
+were a preparation for the Greater,
+which were celebrated at Athens and Eleusis.
+The <em>Mystæ</em> were the initiated at the Lesser, of
+which the principal rite was the sacrifice of a
+sow, previously purified by washing in the Cantharus.
+The Greater were celebrated every year
+in the month Boedromion, and lasted nine days.
+On the first day the Mystæ assembled at Athens;
+on the second they went through a ceremony of
+purification at the sea-coast; the third was a
+day of fasting; on the fourth there was a procession
+of a waggon drawn by oxen, followed
+by women who had small mystic cases in their
+hands; on the fifth, or torch day, the Mystæ
+went in the evening with torches to the temple
+of Demeter, where they passed the night; on
+the sixth, which was the most solemn of all, a
+statue of Iacchos, the son of Demeter, was
+borne in procession to Eleusis, and the Mystæ
+were there initiated in the last mysteries
+during the following night. There was something
+in the secrets of this part of the ceremony
+which excited greatly the imagination of the
+ancient writers, especially Christians, who describe
+them “in an awful and horrible manner.”
+Each of the initiated was dismissed by the
+<em>mystagogus</em> with the words <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κόγξ, ὄμπαξ</span>. On
+the next day they returned to Athens, and
+resting on the bridge of Cephisus engaged in a
+contest of ridicule with the passers-by: the
+eighth and ninth days were unimportant.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Eleutheria.</strong> A Greek festival in honour of
+Zeus Eleutherios (the Deliverer).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Elevati</strong> of Ferrara. One of the Italian
+literary academies. Their device was from the
+fable of Hercules and Antæus, with the motto
+from Horace, “<em>Superat tellus, sidera donat</em>”
+(Earth conquers us, but gives us Heaven).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Elevation.</strong> (1) In Architecture, &amp;c., a perpendicular
+plan drawn to a scale. (2) In
+Christian archæology, the <em>lifting up</em> of the
+elements at certain points in the Eucharistic service,
+universally prescribed in the early Oriental
+liturgies, and introduced into the Western
+Church with the doctrine of transubstantiation.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_282'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_282.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 282. Bas-relief from the frieze of the Parthenon. One of the Elgin Marbles.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Elgin Marbles.</strong> Friezes and metopes from
+the Parthenon at Athens, brought to the
+British Museum by Lord Elgin. They are
+adorned with sculptures in relief; those on the
+frieze represent the Panathenaic procession in
+honour of Athena; those on the metopes, chiefly
+the contests of the Centaurs and Lapithæ. There
+are also statues and friezes, especially from the
+temple of the Wingless Victory and the <span class='sc'>Choragic
+Monument</span> of Lysicrates. They are
+admirably described by Mr. Newton in his
+“Guide” to these sculptures published by the
+authorities of the British Museum. (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_282'>282</a>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_283'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_283.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 283. Great Seal of Queen Elizabeth.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Elizabeth, Queen.</strong> The costume and the
+royal appurtenances of this monarch are well
+illustrated by the Royal Seal. In the Royal Arms
+we see the lions and the lilies (<cite>France modern
+and England quarterly</cite>). On the reverse (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_284'>284</a>) the Tudor Rose, fleur-de-lis, and harp
+appear separately crowned for England,
+France, and Ireland. Elizabeth was fond
+of allegory and devices. In her portrait
+by Zoffany “the lining of her robe is
+worked with eyes and ears, and on her
+left sleeve is embroidered a serpent—all
+to imply wisdom and vigilance.” In her
+other hand is a rainbow with the motto,
+“<em>Non sine sole iris</em>” (no rainbow without
+the sun).</p>
+
+<div id='fig_284'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_284.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 284. Great Seal of Queen Elizabeth.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Elizabethan.</strong> The style of architecture
+and decoration gradually developed during
+the reign of the Tudors in England. Its
+characteristics are a mixed revival of classical
+forms with quaint and grotesque relics
+of the Gothic. Typical examples are
+Crewe Hall, Speke, in Lancashire, Haddon
+Hall, Kenilworth Castle, Raglan Castle,
+&amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ellipsis</strong>, <strong>Ellipse</strong>. A figure formed by
+cutting a cone obliquely across its length;
+hence—</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ellipsograph.</strong> An instrument for describing
+a semi-ellipse.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ellotia</strong> or <strong>Hellotia</strong>. A Corinthian festival
+with a torch-race, in honour of Athena
+as a goddess of fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ellychnium</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λύχνος</span>, a light). The wick
+of an oil lamp; it was made of flax fibres or
+papyrus.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Emarginated.</strong> Having the <em>margin</em> broken
+by a notch or notches.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Embalming</strong> was frequently practised by the
+early Christians, especially with the bodies of
+martyrs. The practice was derived from the
+Jews. As a pagan ceremony embalming was
+intended to facilitate <em>cremation</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Embalon</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A beak, corresponding
+to the modern <em>ram</em>, under the bows of a war
+galley, for the purpose of sinking the enemy.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Embas</strong>, Gr. A shoe of white felt, used esp.
+by the Bœotians.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ember Days</strong>, Chr. (in Anglo-Saxon, <em>ymbren
+dagas</em>, “recurrent days;” in Latin, <em>jejunia
+quatuor temporum</em>; in French, <em>les quatre temps</em>,
+&amp;c.). Special fasts appointed to be observed at
+the commencement of each of the <em>four seasons</em> of
+the year. In the Eastern Church there is no
+trace of such an observance. (The word has no
+connexion with <em>embers</em> in the sense of ashes.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Emblazon</strong>, Her. (See <span class='sc'>Blazon</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_285'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_285.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 285. Emblemata.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Emblemata</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐμβάλλω</span>, to put in).
+<span class='sc'>Inlaid-work</span>, or (1) Mosaic made of
+coloured cubes of glass or vitreous enamel.
+(See <span class='sc'>Sectile</span>, <span class='sc'>Tessellatum</span>, <span class='sc'>Vermiculatum</span>.)
+Fig. <a href='#fig_285'>285</a> represents <em>emblemata</em>
+of different kinds of glass. (2) <em>Crusts</em>
+exquisitely wrought on the surface of vessels
+or other pieces of furniture; as, for
+instance, alabaster on marble, gold on
+silver, silver on bronze. The Romans
+generally used the term <em>crustæ</em> for this kind
+of work. From <span class='sc'>Emblemata</span> is derived
+our word <span class='sc'>Emblem</span>, the true meaning of
+which is “a symbolical figure or composition
+which conceals an allegory.” Thus
+an <em>ape</em> symbolized malice and lust; a <em>pelican</em>
+piety, and the Redeemer’s love for the world.
+&amp;c. The most important books of Emblems
+are by Alciati, Paradin, and Sambuco.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Embolismus</strong>, <strong>Embolis</strong>, or <strong>Embolum</strong>,
+Chr. (1) An inserted or intercalated prayer
+in a liturgy. (2) The number of days required
+to make up the lunar year to the
+solar. (See <span class='sc'>Epact</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Embolium</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (lit. something thrown
+in). An interlude or comic piece recited by an
+actress (<em>emboliaria</em>) between the acts of a drama.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Embolos</strong>, Arch., Chr. A covered portico or
+cloister surrounding the external walls of a church.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Embolum</strong>, Gr. The Greek term answering
+to the Latin <span class='sc'>Rostrum</span> (q.v.). (See also
+<span class='sc'>Embolismus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Embolus</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἔμβολος</span>). The piston in the
+chamber of a pump.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Embossing</strong>, <strong>Embossment</strong>. A prominence like
+a boss; raised ornamental work.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Embowed</strong>, Her. Bent. An arm embowed
+has the elbow to the dexter.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Embrasure</strong>, Arch. (1) The interval between
+the <span class='fss'>COPS</span> of a battlement. (2) An expansion of
+doorways, windows, &amp;c., given by slanting the
+sides. (See <span class='sc'>Splay</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_286'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_286.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 286. Indian Embroidery. In the Indian section of the South Kensington Museum.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Embroidery</strong> is one of the oldest of the ornamental
+arts. Some specimens of ancient <em>Egyptian</em>
+embroidery are exhibited in the Louvre, and
+Herodotus mentions the embroidered vestments
+of the gods in Egypt. The <em>Israelites</em> appointed
+Aholiab, “a cunning workman, and an embroiderer
+in blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine
+linen,” to be <em>chief embroiderer</em> to the sacred ark.
+The prophet Ezekiel mentions the embroidery
+of <em>Tyre</em>. It was the principal domestic occupation
+of ladies in <em>Greece</em>, from the days when
+Penelope embroidered a garment for Ulysses,
+representing a dog chasing a deer. The <em>Romans</em>
+called embroidery “Phrygium,” and imported
+it largely from the East. In later times <em>Byzantium</em>
+was celebrated for its embroidered ecclesiastical
+vestments. Pope Paschal, in the 9th
+century, was the greatest patron of the art.
+When the Caliph Omar pillaged the <em>Persian</em>
+palace of Khosroes, he found there a carpet of
+silk and cloth of gold, sixty cubits square, having
+a garden depicted upon it, and rubies,
+emeralds, sapphires, beryls, topazes, and pearls
+arranged with consummate skill to represent
+trees, fruit and flowers, rivulets, fountains, roses
+and shrubs. Our English word “embroidery”
+is derived from the Celtic “brouda,” to prick.
+Anglo-Saxon embroidery was celebrated throughout
+Europe as <em>Opus Anglicanum</em>. The celebrated
+Bayeux tapestry is attributed to the 12th century.
+A copy of it may be seen in the South Kensington
+Museum. The art decayed in England
+during the Civil War of the 17th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Embrued</strong>, Her. Stained with blood.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Embu.</strong> A French term for the <em>loss of tone</em> in an oil
+sketch, caused by the absorption of the oil whilst
+it is drying. It is easily corrected by a glaze.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Emerald.</strong> A precious stone of various shades
+of green, much used by the ancients for gem-engraving.
+The less brilliant varieties are known
+as beryls. For its significance in Christian art,
+see <span class='sc'>Green</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Emerald Green.</strong> A vivid bright green pigment,
+prepared from the arseniate of copper, and
+used both in oil and water-colours; called also
+<em>Paul Veronese Green</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Emissarium</strong></span>, R. (<em>emitto</em>, to send forth). A
+channel, natural or artificial, for letting off
+stagnant water. Some of these channels are the
+most wonderful monuments of Roman ingenuity.
+The lakes of Trasimene, Albano, Nemi, and
+Fucino were all drained by <span class='fss'>EMISSARIA</span>. The
+last is open to inspection, and is described as “a
+stupendous work of engineering, planned by Julius
+Cæsar, and completed by the Emperor Claudius.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Empaistic</strong>, Gr. <em>Damascening</em> (q.v.) or <em>in
+crusta</em> work practised by the ancients, as opposed
+to <span class='sc'>Toreutic Art</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Emperor Paper.</strong> The largest kind of drawing-paper
+manufactured in sheets measuring
+66 inches by 47.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Emphotion</strong>, Chr. (from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐμφωτίζω</span>, to enlighten).
+A name given in the early Church to
+the white robe with which persons were invested
+in baptism; as it were, “a robe of light.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Emplecton</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (lit. inwoven). A
+method of building, originating in Greece and
+adopted by the Romans, in which a space
+left in the interior of the wall was filled in
+with rubble, the whole block of masonry being
+bound together at intervals by ties (<em>diatonoi</em>).
+In the engraving, <em>c</em> and <em>b</em> are the <em>square stones</em>,
+the parts between them being the ties or diatonoi,
+and <em>o</em> the rubble. (See Fig. <a href='#fig_249'>249</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Emporium</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἔμπορος</span>, a passenger
+in a ship). A place at a sea-port where imported
+merchandise was warehoused and exposed for
+sale. The remains of the ancient <em>emporium</em> of
+Rome have been discovered on the banks of the
+Tiber. The name is sometimes applied to a town,
+but applies properly only to a certain place in a
+town.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Enafota</strong> or <strong>Enafodia</strong>, Chr. (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐννεάφωτα</span>).
+A corona or chandelier of “nine lights.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Enaluron</strong>, Her. (See <span class='sc'>Entoire</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_287'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_287.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 287. Pendant of gold, enamelled and enriched with jewels.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Enamel</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">esmail</span></i>; Ital. <em>smalto</em>). A
+glassy substance of many brilliant colours,
+melted and united to gold, silver, copper,
+bronze, and other metals in the furnace.
+Enamel is coloured <em>white</em> by oxide of tin, <em>blue</em> by
+oxide of cobalt, <em>red</em> by gold, and <em>green</em> by copper.
+Different kinds of enamel are (1) inlaid or incrusted.
+(2) Transparent, showing designs on
+the metal under it. (3) Painted as a complete
+picture. “Many fine specimens of ancient
+Chinese enamel were seen in the Exhibition of
+1851. They have the enamel on copper, beautifully
+coloured and enlivened with figures of
+flowers, birds, and other animals. The
+colouring is most chaste and effective.
+The Chinese say that no good specimens of
+this manufacture have been made for the
+last six or eight hundred years.” (<cite>Fortune.</cite>)
+Beautiful transparent enamels are
+made in India.
+They look like
+slices of emerald
+or sapphire laid
+in beds of gold,
+having tiny figures
+of beaten gold let
+into their surfaces.
+(See also <span class='sc'>Cloisonné</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Champ-levé</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Basse-taille</span>,
+&amp;c.) The beautiful
+example of enamel-work,
+Fig. <a href='#fig_287'>287</a>,
+is attributed to
+Benvenuto Cellini.
+(See Fig. <a href='#fig_188'>188</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Enamel.</strong> Painting
+in enamel is
+done by means of
+colours that are
+vitrifiable, a quality
+that is communicated
+to them
+by combining them with a vitreous base,
+which is called their flux. These are
+fused and fixed on the enamel by the
+action of fire, which produces in the colours
+applied such changes as the artist has previously
+learned to calculate. (<cite>Bouvier.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Enamelled Glass.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Glass</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Enamelled Wares.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Glazed Ware</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Encænia</strong>, Chr. A dedication festival.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_288'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_288.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 288. Encarpa (Festoons) on the Temple of Vesta at Tivoli.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Encarpa</strong>, Gr. An architectural
+decoration formed of festoons
+or garlands of flowers and fruits
+(<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καρποὶ</span>), whence its name. Fig.
+<a href='#fig_288'>288</a> shows an example from the temple of Vesta
+at Tivoli.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Encaustic</strong></span>, R. (lit. burning in). The art of
+painting in encaustic. Pliny says, “The colours
+were applied with wax on marble, and transparent
+gum on ivory. Coloured wax was applied
+to the wall in the form of a paste, and in
+the manner of mosaic or enamels. This was
+then melted or fused with hot irons (<em>cauteria</em>),
+a small fillet of a different tint being inserted
+between each flat tint.” Fairholt says,
+“There is no antique painting extant which
+is properly called <span class='fss'>ENCAUSTIC</span>; all those supposed
+to be so have, on closer examination, proved to be in <span class='sc'>Fresco</span> or in <span class='sc'>Tempera</span>.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Encaustic Tiles.</strong> Ornamental tiles for floorings,
+extensively used in the Middle Ages.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Encheirion</strong>, Chr. The napkin with
+which the priest wipes his hands; worn
+at the girdle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Encoignure</strong></span>, Fr. A table made with
+an angle to fit into a corner.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Encolpia</strong>, Chr. (lit. worn on the
+breast, or from
+the Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐγκολπίζω</span>,
+to contain in the
+womb). (1) Small
+caskets containing
+relics or a
+copy of the Gospels,
+worn by the
+early Christians
+suspended from
+the neck. (See
+<span class='sc'>Epomadion</span>.)
+Their use is of
+the highest antiquity,
+and specimens
+have been
+found in the
+tombs of the ancient
+cemetery of
+the Vatican, belonging
+to the
+4th century.
+These were square
+in form, having
+on one side the sacred monogram <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ΙΧΡ</span> for
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ</span> between the letters
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Α</span> and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ω</span>. (2) The pectoral crosses worn
+by bishops are also called <em>encolpia</em>.
+Reliquaries in the form of a cross are
+first mentioned by Gregory the Great.
+He sent one of them to Queen Theodelinda.
+(<cite>Martigny.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Encomboma</strong>, Gr. (i. e. girt on). A
+Greek apron, tied round the
+waist, worn chiefly by young
+maidens and by slaves to keep
+the tunic clean.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Encyclical Letters.</strong> (1) Chr. Letters “sent
+round” to all who should read them, and not
+addressed to any particular person (from the
+members of a council, &amp;c.). (2) Gen. The same
+words, <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γράμματα ἐγκύκλια</span>, apply to the subjects
+which the Greeks included in the “circle of the
+sciences,” or encyclopædia.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Encysted.</strong> Enclosed in a cyst.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Endecagon</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἕνδεκα</span>, eleven; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γωνία</span>, an angle).
+A plane figure having eleven sides and eleven
+angles.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Endorse</strong>, Her. A diminutive of the <span class='sc'>Pale</span>
+(q.v.), one-fourth of its width.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Endothys.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Endytis</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Endromis</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δρόμος</span>, a course or
+running). In Greek this name is given to hunting
+boots of Cretan origin, such as Diana is represented
+wearing by the Greek sculptors.
+Among the Romans the <em>endromis</em> was an ample
+blanket of coarse wool, introduced from Gaul,
+in which athletes wrapped themselves when they
+were heated with the exercises. <em>Endromis Tyria</em>
+was the name given to a large woollen wrap
+much finer than the ordinary <em>endromis</em>, and
+which was worn by the Roman ladies after their
+gymnastic exercises.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Endytis</strong>, Chr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐνδύω</span>, to put on). This term,
+in the Middle Ages, denoted an altar-covering;
+other terms for it were <em>endothis</em> and <em>endothys</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Energumens</strong>, Chr. Men possessed with
+devils.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Enfeu</strong></span>, Fr. A sepulchral vault usually placed
+under the choir of a church; it assumed the
+form of a large niche. Originally bishops were
+interred by “droit d’enfeu” in tombs of this
+kind. The term is derived from the Latin <em>infodere</em>
+(to dig).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Enfiled</strong>, Her. Pierced with the sword.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Engageants</strong></span>, Fr. “Double ruffles that fall
+over the wrists.” (<cite>Ladies’ Dictionary</cite>, 1694.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Engineer’s Cartridge.</strong> Drawing-paper manufactured
+in sheets measuring 30 by 22 inches.
+<em>Double Engineer’s Cartridge</em> measures 46 inches
+by 30.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Engobe</strong></span>, Fr. A “slip” or thin coating of
+white clay used to coat pottery before the invention
+of the tin glaze.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Engrailed</strong>, Her. A border line indented in
+semicircles.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Engraving.</strong> Copper-plate engraving is called
+<span class='sc'>Chalcography</span> (q.v.) (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χαλκὸς</span>, copper);
+wood-engraving, <span class='sc'>Xylography</span> (q.v.) (Gr.
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ξύλον</span>, wood); and engraving on stone, <span class='sc'>Lithography</span>
+(q.v.) (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λίθος</span>, a stone). [Each
+process is described under its own heading.
+See also <span class='sc'>Etching</span>.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Enhanced</strong>, Her. Raised towards the <span class='fss'>CHIEF</span>,
+or upper part of the shield.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Enneapylæ</strong>, Pel. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐννέα</span> and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πύλαι</span>). Literally,
+nine gates; a fortified enclosure constructed by
+the Bœotian Pelasgians round the Acropolis of
+Athens, some years after the Trojan war.
+Xerxes destroyed the <em>enneapylæ</em> after the capture
+of Athens. A few fragments of it remain
+to this day, not far from the temple of the
+Wingless Victory.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Enotia</strong>, Gr. (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">inaures</span></i>). <span class='sc'>Ear-rings</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Enseniator</strong>, Med. Lat. (from the Italian <em>insegna</em>,
+an ensign). A mounted ensign-bearer.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ensiculus</strong></span>, R. A small sword, or child’s
+sword, used as a plaything. It is the diminutive
+of <span class='sc'>Ensis</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ensigned</strong>, Her. Adorned; having some ensign
+of honour placed above, as a coronet above
+a shield.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_289-290.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Figs. 289, 290. Gallic Ensigns.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ensigns</strong>, Gen. (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">signa militaria</span></i>; Gr.
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σημεῖα</span>). Military symbols beneath which soldiers
+are ranged according to the different
+regiments to which they belong. The most
+ancient Roman ensign was a bundle of straw,
+hay, or fern. Then came the eagle, the
+wolf, the minotaur, the horse, and the boar.
+Afterwards the eagle alone was displayed
+(<span class='fss'>B. C.</span> 104); it was made of silver or bronze,
+with expanded wings. The serpent or dragon
+was used as a particular ensign by the
+several <em>cohorts</em>, and the
+centuries had also each
+its ensign; but these were
+cloth flags. Under Constantine
+the LABARUM
+(q.v.) was introduced.
+(See <span class='sc'>Cuspis</span>, Figs. 228 to
+230.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_291'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_291.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 291. Gallic Ensign.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ensiludium</strong>, Med. Lat.
+A contest in sport with
+swords. (See <span class='sc'>Cembel</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Hastiludium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ensis, Sword.</strong> A synonym
+of <span class='sc'>Gladius</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ensis a Estoc</strong>, Med.
+A stabbing-sword, usually
+carried at the saddle-bow.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_292'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_292.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 292. Entablature with leaf ornament.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Entablature.</strong> A member
+of architecture placed
+as a crown to another.
+The entablature is composed
+of <em>architrave</em>, the
+part immediately above
+the column; <em>frieze</em>, the
+central space; and <em>cornice</em>,
+the upper projecting
+mouldings. (See Fig. <a href='#fig_184'>184</a>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_293'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_293.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 293. Entablature with honeysuckle ornament.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Entalma</strong>, Chr. The
+document by which a
+bishop confers the right
+of hearing confessions.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_294'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_294.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 294. Egyptian Column, showing entasis.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Entasis</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἔντασις</span>, a stretching
+tight). The <em>swelling</em> of a balustre or of the shaft
+of a column. The narrowing of the shaft is
+called <span class='sc'>Contractura</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Enterclose</strong>, Arch. A passage between two
+rooms in a house.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Enthronisation</strong>, Chr. (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">incathedrare</span></i>). (1)
+The ceremony of placing a newly-ordained
+bishop upon his throne. (2) That of placing the
+relics in the altar of a church on consecration.
+(3) The installation of a presbyter in his
+church is sometimes called <em>enthronisation</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Entire</strong>, Her. Said of a charge when it extends
+to the border lines of a shield, coat, or
+banner; also of a shield, coat, or banner of
+arms, when borne without any difference or
+mark of cadency.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Entoire</strong>, <strong>Entoyre</strong>, Her. A bordure charged
+with a series of inanimate figures or devices, as
+crosslets, roundles, &amp;c. To a similar bordure
+of living figures the term <span class='sc'>Enaluron</span> is applied.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Entrance</strong>, Chr. (See <span class='sc'>Eisodos</span> and <span class='sc'>Introit</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Entrecoupe</strong></span>, Fr. When two vaults are superimposed,
+and both spring from the same walls,
+“entrecoupe” is the term applied to the arched
+interval—if any—between them.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Enveloped</strong>, <strong>Environed</strong>, Her. Surrounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Eolian (Æolian) Harp.</strong> A musical stringed
+instrument arranged to be played upon by the
+wind (from Eolus [or properly Æolus], the ruler
+of the winds).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Eolodicon.</strong> A musical instrument similar to
+a harmonium, invented in the last century by
+Eschenbach.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Eolophone.</strong> A musical instrument similar to
+a harmonium.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Eōra</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐώρα</span>). A festival held at Athens
+in honour of Icarius and his daughter Erigonê.
+It was known also by the names of <em>Æora</em>
+(<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">αἰώρα</span>) and <em>Aletis</em> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἀλῆτις</span>). The last appellation
+originated in a hymn which was sung at the
+festival, and which had been composed by Theodorus
+of Colophon. It was sometimes called
+“Eudeipnos,” from the rich banquets usually
+given during its celebration.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Epact</strong> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπακταὶ</span>, sc. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἡμέραι</span>; in Med. Lat.
+<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">adjectiones Lunæ</span></i>). The number of days required
+at the end of a lunar year to complete
+the solar year. (See <span class='sc'>Embolismus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Epagomenæ</strong> (sc. days), Gen. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπαγόμεναι
+ἡμέραι</span>, i. e. intercalated days). The name given
+to the five supplementary days of the year
+among those nations who divided the year into
+twelve months of thirty days each.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Epaullière</strong> or <strong>Epaullets</strong>, Er. Shoulder-plates;
+also the shoulder-knots formerly worn by gentlemen,
+but now restricted to domestic servants.
+(See <span class='sc'>Aiglet</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ependytes</strong>, Chr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπενδύτης</span>, i. e. worn
+above). The “fisher’s coat” of St. Peter. A
+coarse cloak worn by the monks of the Middle
+Ages over another garment; it is also called,
+in the ancient MSS., <em>superaria</em>, <em>superindum</em>, and
+<em>sagus rusticus</em>. It is frequently described, especially
+in the East, as made of skins (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μηλωτὴς</span>,
+pelliceus).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Epergne</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">épargne</span></i>, economy). An ornamental
+stand, with dish and branches, for the
+centre of a table.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Epernay Ware.</strong> At Epernay were specially
+made glazed wares in relief for the service of the
+table, in shapes such as a hare, a fowl, &amp;c., in
+half relief; also surprise or puzzle jugs.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Epha</strong> or <strong>Ephah</strong>, Heb. A measure of capacity,
+about 3 pecks and 3 pints.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ephebeum</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐφηβεῖον</span>). The large hall
+of a gymnasium, situated in the centre of the
+building, in which the youths (<em>ephebi</em>) practised
+gymnastic exercises.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ephippium</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐφίππιον</span>, i. e. for putting on
+a horse). A saddle. Among the Greeks and
+Romans it was a kind of pad, square or round
+in shape, and regularly stuffed. Saddle-cloths hung
+from it, but it had no stirrups. The word <em>sella</em>, or
+<em>sella equestris</em>, became common in later times.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ephod</strong>, Hebrew. A short upper garment worn
+by the Jewish priests. The ephod, which was also
+worn by the Jewish judges and kings, was made
+of fine linen; that of the high priest consisted of
+a sleeved tunic, woven with gold thread, purple,
+hyacinth, and twisted flax. Two sardonyx
+stones set in gold adorned the clasps by which
+this tunic was fastened round the shoulders.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Epi</strong> or <strong>Girouette</strong></span>, Fr. The complicated iron
+ornament with which steeples and pointed roofs
+were surmounted in the architecture of the Renaissance
+period, replaced in modern times by
+the weathercock. A similar spiked ornament,
+of pottery or metal, is still common on the gables
+of houses in Normandy.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Epic.</strong> In Art, the graphic representation of
+an “epos,” or event, cardinal in history.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Epichysis</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπίχυσις</span>, i. e. that
+which pours in). A Greek pitcher with a
+long neck and a handle; it was used for pouring
+wine into cups.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Epicopus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπίκωπος</span>, i. e. furnished
+with oars). A vessel with oars. (See <span class='sc'>Navis</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Epicrocum</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A woman’s garment,
+of a saffron yellow (crocus), whence its name.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Epicycloid.</strong> “A curve described by the
+movement of the circumference of one circle on
+the convex or concave part of the circumference
+of another.” (<cite>Stormonth.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Epideipnis</strong>, Gr. (i. e. following the dinner). The
+last course of a dinner or any kind of banquet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Epidemia</strong>, Gr. (lit. among the people). Festivals
+held at Argos in honour of Juno, and at
+Delos and Miletus in honour of Apollo. They
+received their name from the fact that these
+deities were supposed to be present at them,
+and to mingle with the people (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπὶ</span>, among;
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δῆμος</span>, people).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Epidote.</strong> A mineral of a green or greyish
+colour: of the garnet family.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Epidromos</strong>, Gr. (1) The mizen, or sail on the
+mast nearest to the stern, in vessels with several
+masts. (2) A part of the oil-press. (3) A
+running rope passing through the rings of a
+large net for catching birds, by means of which
+the huntsman, who was on the watch, closed the
+net when the game had found their way into it.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Epigonation</strong>, Gr., Chr. An ornament peculiar
+to the Eastern Church; a lozenge-shaped
+piece of some stiff material, hanging from the
+girdle on the right side as low as the <em>knee</em>
+(whence its name).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Epigrus.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Epiurus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Epiphany</strong>, Chr. This festival is known by
+various names in the different European languages;
+and the names are either (1) mere reproductions
+of the Latin name, or renderings of
+it; or (2) refer to the manifestation to the Magi
+as the three Kings, as the Dutch Drie-Koningendag,
+&amp;c.; or (3) indicate it as the final day of
+the Christmas festivity, <em>Twelfth Day</em>, &amp;c. (See
+<em>Smith and Cheetham’s Dictionary of Christian
+Antiquities</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Epiphi</strong>, Egyp. The third month of summer,
+called the season of harvests.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Epirhedium</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπὶ</span> Gr., and <em>rheda</em> Gallic).
+A kind of chariot. The word was formed by
+the Romans as above, and is explained as <em>Ornamentum
+rhedarum, aut plaustrum</em>. (See <span class='sc'>Rheda</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Plaustrum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Episcenium</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπι-σκήνιον</span>, i. e.
+above the stage). A room situated above the
+stage, in ancient theatres, for the machinery.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Episcopalia</strong>, Chr. The ring and the pastoral
+staff, the distinctive marks of the authority of a
+bishop.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Episotron</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπί-σωτρον</span>). (See <span class='sc'>Canthus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Epistle Side</strong> (of a church). The south side.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Epistomium</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">στόμα</span>, a mouth). The
+cock of a vessel or water-pipe, which let out only
+a little water at a time.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Epistylium</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπι-στύλιον</span>). An
+epistyle; literally, on the column (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπὶ</span>, on, and
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">στῦλος</span>, a column); that is, the architrave or
+lower beam of an entablature laid horizontally
+upon columns. By analogy the term is used to
+denote the entire <span class='sc'>Entablature</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Epitaph</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπιτάφιος</span>). (1) A eulogy pronounced
+at a funeral. (2) Memorials of art in churches,
+in remembrance of the dead. (3) Inscriptions
+on tombs.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Epithalamium</strong>, Gr. A nuptial song. A
+fragment of verses from one of these songs,
+written by Hesiod, has come down to us.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Epithedes</strong> or <strong>Sima</strong>, Arch. The upper member
+of the cornice of an entablature.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Epitoga</strong></span>, R. A cloak worn over the toga.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Epitoxis</strong></span>, Gr. and R. That part of the catapult
+in which the missile was laid.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Epitrachelion</strong>, Chr. (i. e. on the neck). The
+Greek name for the stole. (See <span class='sc'>Stole</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Epiurus</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπίουρος</span>). A wooden peg used
+as a nail.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Epoch.</strong> A fixed and important period of
+novelty or change, which gave a new and
+distinctive character to Art. (<cite>Fairholt.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Epomadion</strong>, Gr., Chr. The cord or ribbon by
+which relics, or crosses (<span class='fss'>ENCOLPIA</span>), were suspended
+from the neck.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Eques</strong></span>, R. Generally, any one on horseback,
+a rider, and by analogy a knight, that is, a
+patrician or man of distinguished family. <em>Eques
+alarius</em> was the name given to the cavalry of the
+allies; <em>eques cataphractus</em> was a knight whose
+horse, as well as himself, was clad in complete
+armour; <em>eques extraordinarius</em> were the picked
+cavalry in the service of the consuls; <em>eques legionarius</em>,
+<em>eques prætorianus</em>, the prætorian cavalry;
+<em>eques sagittarius</em>, the mounted archers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Equipped</strong>, Her. Fully armed, caparisoned, or
+provided.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Equiria</strong></span>, R. (<em>equus</em>). Games instituted by
+Romulus, and celebrated at Rome in the Field of
+Mars on the third of the calends of March (27th
+February). These games, held in honour of
+Mars, consisted of chariot races. There were two
+festivals of this name; the second was on the eve
+of the ides of March (14th March).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Equuleus</strong> or <strong>Eculeus</strong></span>, R. (lit. a colt, a
+young horse). This was an instrument of torture
+on which slaves were placed astride. The law
+prescribed that all slaves called as witnesses
+should be examined under torture.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Equus</strong></span>, R. A horse; properly a stallion, as opposed
+to <em>cauterius</em>, a gelding, and <em>equa</em>, a mare.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Eradicated</strong>, Her. Torn up by the roots.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Erased</strong>, Her. Torn off with a ragged edge.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Eremites</strong>, Gr., Chr. Hermits.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ergastulum</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐργάζομαι</span>, to work). A
+private prison attached to a farm or <em>villa rustica</em>,
+in which insubordinate and ill-conducted slaves
+were kept in chains; they were under the superintendence
+of a gaoler, who was himself a slave,
+and who was called <span class='sc'>Ergastularius</span>. <em>Ergastula</em>
+were built underground, and thus formed
+subterranean dungeons.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ergata</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐργάτης</span>, i. e. worker).
+A strong capstan used for moving heavy weights;
+among other things, for hauling vessels on shore.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ericius</strong></span>, R. (lit. hedgehog). A military engine,
+a cheval-de-frise or long beam studded
+with iron spikes, whence its name. It was
+placed across a door or other opening to which it
+was desired to bar ingress.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_295'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_295.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 295. The Ermine. Arms of Anne of Brittany.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ermine</strong>, <strong>Ermines</strong>, <strong>Erminois</strong>, Her. The animal,
+the ermine, sometimes appears in blazon,
+and an ermine spot is borne as a charge. Generally
+the ermine is an emblem of royalty, purity,
+and honour. The illustration (Fig. <a href='#fig_295'>295</a>) is of
+the arms of Anne of Bretagne, the Queen of
+Charles VIII.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Erotidia</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐρωτίδια</span>). Festivals held every
+fifth year at Thespiæ in Bœotia, in honour of
+Eros, the principal divinity of the Thespians.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Erpa</strong>, Egyp. A title in use among the Egyptians
+implying authority generally; the crown
+prince was so designated, and the high priest was,
+in the same manner, called <em>erpa</em> of the priests.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_296'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_296.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 296. Escallop.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Escallop</strong> or <strong>Scallop Shells</strong>
+were emblems worn by pilgrims,
+and of St. James the
+Great, from the 13th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Escape</strong>, Arch, (or Apopyge).
+The small curvature
+given to the top and bottom
+of the shaft of a column
+where it expands to meet the
+edge of the fillet above the
+torus of the base, and beneath the astragal under
+the capital.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_297'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_297.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 297. Escaufaille, or portable brazier.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Escaufaille</strong></span>, Fr. A small portable brazier on
+wheels, which was taken from room to room as
+required.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Eschelles</strong></span>, Fr. “A stomacher laced or ribboned
+in the form of a ladder.” (<cite>Ladies’ Dict.</cite>,
+1694.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Escoinson</strong>, Med. Fr. The interior edge of
+the window-side or jamb. This was often decorated
+with a pilaster called the “pilastre des
+écoinsons.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Escroll</strong>, Her. A ribbon charged with a motto;
+also a ribbon, coiled at its extremities, borne
+as a charge.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_298'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_298.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 298. Escutcheon of the Sforzas.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Escutcheon.</strong> (1) The heraldic shield. (2)
+Metal plates on doors. Escutcheons are abundantly
+used in Gothic architecture, and are
+frequently carved on the bosses of ceilings and
+at the ends of weather mouldings, &amp;c. Sometimes.
+instead of armorial bearings, escutcheons
+have the instruments of the Crucifixion or other
+devices carved on them.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Escutcheon of Pretence</strong>, Her. A shield
+charged upon the field of another shield of
+larger size, and bearing a distinct coat of arms.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Espadon.</strong> A long Spanish sword. It was the
+weapon used for decapitation of criminals.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Espietus</strong>, <strong>Expiotus</strong>, Med. Lat. A dart
+(1361).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Espringale</strong>, <strong>Springale</strong>, <strong>Espringold</strong>. A
+machine for throwing darts.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Esquire</strong>, Her. A rank next below that of
+knight.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Esseda</strong>, <strong>Essedum</strong></span>, R. (from the Celtic <em>ess</em>, a
+carriage). A chariot of Gaulish origin, drawn
+by two horses, which was used by the Britons
+and the Germans in war. It was mounted
+on two wheels, and was open in front, but
+closed behind. The pole was broad, and the
+rider used to run to and fro upon it in the
+battle. The Romans constructed carriages of
+a similar kind. A similar chariot drawn by one
+horse was called the <em>cisium</em>. (See <span class='sc'>Currus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Essonite.</strong> The cinnamon-stone, a variety of
+the garnet. It is of a reddish yellow tint,
+resembling the colour of cinnamon. These
+stones come principally from Ceylon, and are
+frequently sold for hyacinths or jacinths, from
+which, however, they differ in many important
+peculiarities. (<cite>H. Emanuel.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Este.</strong> A manufactory in Italy of soft porcelain;
+also of fine faience and pipe-clay.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Estivation</strong>, Bot. The arrangement of the unexpanded
+leaves of the flower-bud which burst
+in Summer; as opposed to <span class='sc'>Vernation</span>, the arrangement
+of the leaves of the bud which burst
+in Spring.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Estoc</strong></span>, Fr. (Med. Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">estoquum</span></i>). A short
+sword worn at the girdle; also called a “tuck”
+(<em>temp.</em> Elizabeth).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Estoile</strong>, Her. A star with wavy rays or
+points, which are six, eight, or sometimes
+more in number.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Estrade</strong></span>, Fr., Arch. A platform raised three or
+four inches above the rest of the floor of a chamber,
+upon which to place a bed or a throne, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Estrif</strong> or <strong>Estref</strong>, Med. A kind of arrow for
+the balista.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Etching.</strong> In this process the copper plate
+is covered with an <em>etching-ground</em>, which is
+a preparation of bees’-wax, Burgundy pitch,
+black pitch, and asphaltum (or other ingredients);
+and the lines of the design are traced
+out with <em>etching-needles</em>, which remove the
+etching-ground from the copper wherever they
+pass, and slightly scratch the surface of the
+plate. Next, a border of <em>banking-wax</em> is put
+round the sides of the plate, making a trough of
+it. The <em>banking-wax</em> is made of bees’-wax,
+common pitch, Burgundy pitch, and sweet oil
+melted in a crucible and poured into cold
+water. The next operation is to pour in nitrous
+acid reduced with water to a proper strength
+(about one part acid to four parts water).
+When the acid has been on a sufficient time to
+corrode the fainter parts of the subject, it is to
+be poured off, the plate washed with water, and
+left to dry. These fainter parts are then to be
+varnished with a mixture called <em>stopping-ground</em>,
+made of lamp-black and Venice turpentine,
+applied with a camel’s-hair pencil. This stops
+the further action of the acid on these parts.
+When the surface is dry, fresh acid is poured on
+to <em>bite in</em> the bolder parts, and the processes of
+<em>stopping</em> and <em>biting-in</em> are alternated for every
+gradation of tint. The wax is removed from
+the plate by heat, and cleaned away with a rag
+moistened with olive oil; and the work is then
+complete, or it may be finished off with the
+<em>graver</em>. <em>Etching-points</em> or <em>needles</em> resemble
+common needles, fixed in handles four or five
+inches long; some are made oval to produce
+broader lines. The <em>dry point</em> is only a very
+fine-pointed needle for the delicate lines. Imitations
+of chalk and pencil drawings are sometimes
+produced by <em>etching on soft ground</em>.
+<em>Etching on steel</em> is done in the same way as on
+copper. For <em>etching on glass</em>, a ground of
+bees’-wax is laid on, and the design traced as
+above. Sulphuric acid is then poured on, and
+fluor-spar sprinkled on it, or fluoric acid may be
+at once used; this is allowed to remain four or
+five hours, and is then removed with oil of
+turpentine. (See also <span class='sc'>Stipple</span>, <span class='sc'>Mezzotinto</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Aquatinta</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Eterea</strong> of Padua. One of the Italian literary
+academies. Their device, a charioteer in his car
+in the air, drawn by a white and black horse, the
+one endeavouring to touch the earth, the other
+to ascend. Motto, “<em>Victor se tollit ad auras</em>.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Etiolation.</strong> The process of blanching to
+which plants are subject in dark places.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ettwee.</strong> O. E. for <span class='sc'>Etui</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<div id='fig_299'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_299.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 299. Etui.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Etui</strong></span>, Fr. (by contraction
+<em>Twee</em>, Boyer).
+A case formerly worn
+at the girdle by ladies.
+They were made of
+gold or silver, or ornamented
+with paintings
+in enamel. The richly-decorated
+example represented
+in Fig. <a href='#fig_299'>299</a>
+was the property of a
+granddaughter of Oliver
+Cromwell.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Euripus</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">εὔριπος</span>).
+An artificial
+canal or watercourse
+in the gardens of a
+Roman villa, generally
+stocked with fish and
+aquatic or amphibious
+animals. The same
+term was applied to a
+moat dug at the foot
+of the <em>podium</em> in an
+amphitheatre or circus,
+which was intended, in
+conjunction with the metal railings or trellis-work
+placed at the top of the <em>podium</em>, as a protection
+to the spectators, when wild beasts were
+exhibited in the arena. <em>Euripus</em> is also applied
+by Tertullian and other authors to the <em>spina</em> of
+a circus.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Eustyle</strong>, Arch. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">εὔ-στυλος</span>). An intercolumniation
+in which the columns are separated by
+a width of two diameters and a quarter,
+measured at the lower part of the column, excepting
+the central intercolumn, which is of three
+diameters. It is the form of columniation which,
+according to Vitruvius, satisfied the demands at
+once of solidity of structure, beauty of appearance,
+and general harmony of effect.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Euterpean.</strong> Pertaining to music: from the
+Muse Euterpe.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Everriculum</strong></span>, R. (<em>everro</em>, to sweep out). A
+fishing-net.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ewery</strong>, Med. An office of household service,
+where the ewers, &amp;c., were kept: our modern
+<em>scullery</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Exacisculatus</strong></span>, R. Destroyed by means of a
+pick (<em>acisculus</em>). The term is of frequent
+occurrence in sepulchral inscriptions, its purpose
+being to serve as a notice to the thieves who
+broke into tombs.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Examen</strong></span>, R. (<em>exigo</em>, to examine). The
+tongue or index on the beam of a balance.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Exasciatus</strong></span>, R. Hewn or fashioned with the
+adze (ascia); whence the expression <em>opus exasciatum</em>
+for work which only required to be
+finished or polished.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Excalceatus</strong></span>, R. (lit. without shoes or
+boots). A comic actor or comedian who wore
+sandals. The tragic actor, on the other hand,
+who wore on the stage the laced boot or <em>cothurnus</em>,
+was called <em>cothurnatus</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Excubitorium</strong></span>, R. The post or guard of the
+<em>excubitores</em>; of these there was one in each
+quarter of the city, or fourteen in all.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_300'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_300.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 300. Exedra.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Exedra</strong></span>, Gr. and R. An assembly-room or
+hall for discussion or conversation, forming part
+of a gymnasium, palæstra, or private house. In
+many cases <em>exedræ</em> were in the open air, consisting
+merely of circular marble benches. (Fig. <a href='#fig_300'>300</a>.)
+When an exedra was covered in, one of the sides
+often terminated in a circular apse (<em>absis</em>).
+[Larger rooms were called “<em>Leschai</em>.”]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Exedrium</strong></span>, R. Diminutive of <span class='sc'>Exedra</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Exequiæ.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Exsequiæ</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Exergue.</strong> The bottom space on a coin,
+where the date is engraved.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Exiteria</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐξιτήρια</span>, concerning
+departure or result). Sacrifices offered to propitiate
+the gods on the eve of an important
+enterprise, or in gratitude for success.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Exomis</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐξ-ωμὶς</span>, i. e. off the
+shoulders). A short tunic, of Greek origin,
+adopted by the Romans. It left the right
+shoulder and arm exposed, and had only a short
+sleeve for the left arm. The term was also
+applied to the <em>pallium</em>, when so arranged upon
+the person as to resemble the tunic just described.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Exonarthex.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Narthex</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Exostra</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐξώστρα</span>). (1) A flying
+bridge thrown from a movable tower (<em>acrobaticon</em>)
+on to the walls of a besieged town, by
+means of which the assailants made their way
+into the place. (2) A theatrical machine which
+was pushed to the front of the stage from behind
+a curtain which concealed it until it was wanted.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Expeditus</strong> (opposed to <em>impeditus</em>), R. Free,
+unencumbered; light-armed troops (<em>velites</em>) were
+thus called (<em>expediti</em>), [or any other troops, when
+they left their <em>impedimenta</em> behind for a forced
+march, &amp;c.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Expositories.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Monstrances</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Exsequiæ</strong></span>, R. (<em>exsequor</em>, to follow after). A
+funeral conducted with great pomp. (See
+<strong>Funus</strong>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Extispicium</strong></span>, R. (<em>exta</em> and <em>inspicio</em>, to inspect).
+Divination by inspection of the entrails of victims
+sacrificed on the altar; called also <em>haruspicina</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Extra-dos</strong>, Arch. The exterior curve of an
+arch; opposed to the <span class='fss'>SOFFIT</span> or <span class='fss'>INTRA-DOS</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Extremities.</strong> In Art, the head, feet, and
+hands: compare <em>acrolithes</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ex-voto</strong>, Gen. Offerings of any kind in
+fulfilment of a vow (<em>ex voto</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Eye.</strong> In Christian art, the emblem of Providence.
+Attribute of St. Lucia, as a symbol, <em>not</em>
+of her martyrdom, but of the meaning of her
+<em>name</em> (“light”). (See <span class='sc'>Oudja</span>, <span class='sc'>Oculus</span>.)</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c005'>F.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c006'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Fabaria</strong></span>, R. Offerings of bean-flour (<em>faba</em>)
+made by the Romans on the 1st of June to the
+goddess Carna; from these offerings the calends
+of June took the name of <em>fabariæ</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Fabatarium</strong></span>, R. A large earthenware vessel
+in which bean-flour (<em>puls fabacia</em>) was served,
+boiled up with water or broth. It formed a
+kind of <em>polenta</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Fabrica</strong></span>, R. (<em>faber</em>, an artisan). The shop in
+which an artisan works, chiefly a joiner’s or
+carpenter’s shop.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Fabrilia</strong></span>, R. A general term, including all the
+different kinds of tools used by an artisan.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Façade</strong>, Arch. The <em>face</em> or front of a building.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Face-guard.</strong> On a helmet, a bar or bars of
+iron protecting the face.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Face-painting</strong></span>, O. E. Portrait painting.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Facets</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">facette</span></i>, a little face). The flat
+surfaces cut upon precious stones.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Facial Angle.</strong> The angle formed by two
+lines, one horizontal from the nostrils to the ear,
+the other perpendicular from the nostrils to the
+forehead.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fac-simile</strong> (from Latin <em>factum</em>, made, and
+<em>simile</em>, like). A perfectly exact copy.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Factorium</strong> (sc. <em>vas</em>), R. A vessel containing
+exactly a <em>factum</em>, or quantity of grapes or olives
+proper to be placed under the press (<em>torcular</em>)
+at one <em>factum</em> or making.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Faculæ</strong></span>, R. Little torches.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_301'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_301.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 301. Faenza sweetmeat-dish.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Faenza.</strong> A manufacture of pottery considered
+by some writers to be the most ancient in Italy.
+<em>Garzoni</em>, writing in 1485, says, “The majolicas
+of F. are white and polished, and one can no
+more confound them with those of Treviso, than
+one would take puff-balls for truffles.” <em>Vincenzo
+Lazari</em> says they are distinguished by the softness
+of the tints, the correctness of the drawing, and
+the whiteness of the enamel at the back. For a
+long and interesting account of this most important
+botega, see <em>Jacquemart</em>, <em>Hist. of the
+Ceramic Art</em>. The name of <em>Fayence</em> is derived
+from Faenza, and <em>not</em> from the little town of
+Fayence in France. (Fig. <a href='#fig_301'>301</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Faience.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Fayence</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Fairy Butter</strong></span>, O. E. (1) A fungous excrescence
+about the roots of trees, and (2) a species of
+<em>tremella</em> found on furze and broom are so called.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fairy Circles.</strong> Circles of coarse green grass
+common in meadows, and attributed to the
+dancing of the fairies.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fairy Dances</strong> = <span class='sc'>Fairy Circles</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fairy Darts.</strong> Small flints in the form of
+arrow-heads, possibly of the stone age.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fairy Faces.</strong> Fossil <em>echini</em> or sea-urchins.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fairy Groats.</strong> A country name for certain
+old coins. (See <em>Harrison’s England</em>, p. 218.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fairy Loaves.</strong> Fossils found in the chalk,
+called also <em>fairy faces</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fairy Money.</strong> Treasure trove was so called.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fairy Pipes.</strong> Small old tobacco-pipes, frequently
+found in the north of England.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fairy Rings.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Fairy Circles</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fairy Sparks.</strong> Phosphoric light seen on
+various substances in the night time. (<cite>Halliwell.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fairy Stones.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Fairy Loaves</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Faith</strong>, in Christian art, is represented by a
+female figure holding the Eucharistic cup.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Fala</strong></span>, R. A wooden tower used in the siege
+of a fortified place, but the exact form of which
+is unknown; it differed from the <span class='sc'>Acrobaticon</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Falarica</strong> or <strong>Phalarica</strong></span>, R. A heavy spear,
+used by the Saguntines, which was generally
+discharged from a <em>balista</em>. Its shaft was sometimes
+enveloped with sulphur and resin, and
+with tow steeped in oil; and it was launched
+blazing against wooden towers for the purpose
+of setting them on fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Falbala.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Furbelow</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Falcastrum</strong></span>, R. (<em>falx</em>, a sickle). An agricultural
+tool with a curved blade for tearing up
+weeds.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Falcatus</strong></span>, R. Furnished with scythes (<em>falces</em>).
+(See <span class='sc'>Currus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Falchion.</strong> A broadsword, spelt “fawchon;”
+14th century. (See <span class='sc'>Falx</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Falcicula.</strong> Dimin. of <em>falx</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Falcon</strong>, in mediæval art, is the attribute of
+a gentleman, in allusion to the restrictions of
+the sumptuary laws.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Falcula.</strong> Dimin. of <em>falx</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Faldestol</strong></span>, O. E. An elbow-chair of state;
+modern “<em>fauteuil</em>.” (See <span class='sc'>Faldstool</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Falding</strong> (A.S. <em>feald</em>). A kind of coarse cloth,
+like frieze.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Faldstool</strong>, <strong>Faldistory</strong></span>, O. E. A folding-stool,
+like a modern camp-stool, used in cathedral
+church services in Saxon times.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fall</strong> or <strong>Falling-band</strong>. A large collar falling
+on to the shoulders; 16th and 17th centuries.
+(See <span class='sc'>Bands</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Fallals</strong></span>, O. E. The falling ruffs of a woman’s
+dress.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>False</strong>, Her. Said of any charge when its
+central area is removed; thus an annulet is a
+“false roundle.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>False Roof</strong>, Arch. The space between the
+ceiling of the garret and the roof.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Falx</strong></span>, R. A scythe, sickle, bill-hook, &amp;c.;
+any instrument with a curved edge used for
+cutting grass, wood, or other objects. There
+were many different kinds, which were called
+respectively <em>arboraria</em> and <em>sylvatica</em>, <em>denticulata</em>,
+<em>fænaria</em> or <em>veruculata</em>, <em>vinitoria</em>, <em>vineatica</em>, and
+<em>putatoria</em>. The term <em>falx</em> was also applied to a
+falchion strongly curved at the end. <em>Falx
+supina</em> was a dagger with a keen and curved
+blade; <em>falx muralis</em> was an instrument employed
+in warfare, both by sea and land, either to
+cut the masts and rigging of a vessel, or to sweep
+the ramparts clear of defenders. [<em>Culter</em> is a
+knife with one straight edge; <em>falx</em>, one with the
+edge curved. Hence our <em>falchion</em>, &amp;c.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Familia</strong>, Med. Lat. An old term for a set of
+chessmen. Among the jewels in the wardrobe-book
+of Edward I. occur “una <em>familia</em> de ebore,
+pro ludendo ad scaccarium,” and “una familia
+pro scaccario de jaspide et crystallo.”</p>
+
+<div id='fig_302'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_302.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 302. Feather Fan—Italian.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fan</strong>, Egyp. With the <em>Egyptians</em>, the fan of
+ostrich feathers for brushing away flies was
+looked upon as the insignia of princes and chieftains;
+the <em>flabellum</em> or <em>umbellum</em> (parasol) was
+carried by inferior officers. Both kinds of fan
+are frequently represented on the sacred barges.
+The use of the fan was first introduced into
+England in the 16th century; they were first
+made of feathers with long handles of gold,
+silver, or ivory of elaborate workmanship, and
+sometimes inlaid with precious stones. The
+engraving shows one from a portrait of Queen
+Elizabeth. The <em>Greeks</em> and <em>Romans</em> had fans
+of various elegant materials, often of peacock’s
+feathers; sometimes of wings of birds, or of
+linen stretched on a frame. <em>Italian</em> fans,
+mediæval, were square flags, as in Fig. <a href='#fig_303'>303</a>.
+Folding fans were first introduced in the 17th
+century. Inventories of churches and monasteries
+of the 14th century include ecclesiastical
+fans or <em>flabella</em>. These are still used in the
+Catholic Church in the East. An illumination
+at Rouen represents the deacon raising the
+flabellum, a circular fan with a long handle,
+over the head of the priest at the altar. In the
+accounts of the churchwardens of Walberswick,
+Suffolk, of 1493, is the entry “for a bessume of
+pekok’s fethers, IVd.” (Figs. 302, 303.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_303'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_303.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 303. Venetian lady, with a square fan of the 16th century.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fan-crest</strong>, Her. An early form of decoration
+for the knightly helm.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fandango.</strong> A Spanish dance.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fane.</strong> (1) A vane or weathercock; “a
+fayne of a schipe,” i. e. a vane on the top of a
+mast. “Of sylver his maste, of golde his <em>fane</em>.”
+(2) <em>Anglo-Saxon.</em> A banner. (3) The white
+flower-de-luce. (<cite>Gerard.</cite>) (4) Enemies.
+(<cite>Halliwell.</cite>) (See also <span class='sc'>Fanum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Fanfare</strong></span>, Fr. A flourish of trumpets.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Fannel</strong> or <strong>Phannel</strong></span>, O. E. The <span class='sc'>Fanon</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fanon</strong>, Chr. The maniple or napkin worn
+by the priest at mass. It was originally
+nothing but a plain strip of linen worn on the
+left wrist. In later times it was highly decorated,
+and often made of the richest materials.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fan-tao</strong>, Chinese. A fabulous peach-tree,
+which blossoms every 3000 years; represented
+on pottery as an attribute of Cheou-Lao, the
+god of longevity, who holds in his hand a fruit
+of it.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fan-tracery.</strong> In Gothic architecture, elaborate
+carved work spread over an arched surface,
+like a fan with the handle resting on a corbel
+or stone bracket below.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Fanum</strong></span>, R. (<em>fari</em>, to speak); Eng. <strong>Fane</strong>. A
+term synonymous with <span class='sc'>Templum</span> (q.v.), but
+implying also the idea of a place which had
+been consecrated by the solemn formula of the
+augurs. The <em>fanum</em> thus comprised not only the
+building itself, the temple, but also all the consecrated
+ground surrounding it [“<em>locus liberatus
+et effatus</em>.”]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Farrago</strong></span>, R. (i. e. made of <em>far</em>, spelt).
+Fodder for horses and cattle, consisting of the
+green ears of different kinds of grain.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_304'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_304.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 304. Farthingale of the time of Elizabeth.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Farthingale</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">vertugale</span></i>) is first spoken of
+in 1547. It was a sort of cage made of whalebone
+worn under the petticoat, increasing the
+size of the hips. In Elizabeth’s reign it reached
+to a preposterous size, giving the wearer the
+appearance of “standing in a drum,” according
+to “Sir Roger de Coverley.” There were <em>wheel-farthingales</em>
+and <em>tub-farthingales</em>. Farthingales
+were worn during the reign of Charles I., but of
+more moderate dimensions; and in Charles II.’s
+reign the fashion vanished to reappear in the
+hoop of the 18th century. The engraving gives
+an example of a moderate farthingale. (Fig. <a href='#fig_304'>304</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Fartura</strong></span>, R. (<em>farcio</em>, to stuff). The act of
+fattening poultry; and thence applied to a kind
+of structure, the centre of which was filled with
+rubble.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fasces.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Fascis</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_305'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_305.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 305. Roman lictor carrying the fasces.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Fascia</strong></span>, R. Any strip of cloth used for a
+bandage; such as (1) the swathes (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σπάργανον</span>)
+in which newly-born children were
+wrapped; (2) a white band, or for women, a
+purple, worn as a diadem (<span class='fss'>DIADEMA</span>); (3)
+(<em>f. pectoralis</em>) a bandage worn by young
+Roman girls to prevent excessive development
+of the breast; (4) (<em>f. cruralis</em>) a bandage
+wound closely round the leg from the ankle to
+the knee, &amp;c.; these were adopted in Europe in
+the Middle Ages; (5) (<em>f. pedulis</em>, Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ποδεῖον</span>)
+a sock; (6) see <span class='sc'>Zona</span>. (7) In <em>architecture</em>
+the term <em>fascia</em> or <em>facia</em> is applied to three flat
+parallel <em>bands</em> of stone, introduced to break the
+monotony of architraves, more especially of the
+Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite Orders.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Fasciculus</strong></span>, R. (dimin. of <em>fascis</em>). A small
+bundle, or number of objects tied up into small
+bundles.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fascina</strong> (<em>fascinum</em> = fascination). Amulets
+worn to avert the “evil eye.” “Nescio quis
+teneros oculus mihi fascinat agnos.” (<cite>Virgil.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fasciola</strong> (dimin. of <em>fascia</em>). A small bandage.
+(See <span class='sc'>Fascia</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Fascis</strong></span>, R. A bundle; a small packet; a
+small faggot of wood, or fascine. In the plural
+<em>fasces</em> denoted the bundle of rods, with an axe
+in the middle, carried by the lictors before certain
+of the Roman magistrates. (See Fig. <a href='#fig_305'>305</a>.)
+<em>Fasces laureati</em> were the fasces crowned with
+laurel leaves, which were carried before a victorious
+general; <em>fasces versi</em>, the reversed fasces,
+which were carried axe downwards, in token of
+mourning, at funerals. The fasces were carried
+by the lictors on their shoulders, as shown
+in Fig. <a href='#fig_305'>305</a>; and when an inferior magistrate
+met a superior one, the lictors of the former
+lowered their fasces to him; hence the expression
+<em>submittere fasces</em>, to yield or confess inferiority.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Faselus.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Phaselus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Fasti</strong></span>, R. (<em>fas</em>, divine law). Archives or
+calendars engraved on stone or marble; they were
+of two kinds. (1) The <em>fasti sacri</em> or <em>kalendares</em>,
+a kind of almanack or calendar, setting out the
+<em>dies fasti</em>, or lawful days on which certain kinds
+of business might be transacted without impiety;
+also the religious festivals, &amp;c. The calendars
+were entirely in the keeping of the priests. (2)
+The <em>fasti annales</em> or <em>historici</em>, which contained
+the names of the consuls and magistrates, and a
+short account of the most remarkable events.
+Some important lists of this kind of the time of
+Tiberius are preserved in the capitol at Rome, and
+called the Fasti Capitolini.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Fastigium</strong></span>, R. (<em>fastigo</em>, to raise to a point).
+The top of a pediment, and thence the entire
+pediment itself. In a building this term also
+signifies the <em>ridge</em>, or top of a roof whose two
+sides rise up to a point.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Faun</strong> (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Faunus</span></i>). A woodland god, frequently
+represented with sharp ears and with the
+feet of a goat.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Fauteau</strong></span>, Fr. A military engine used in
+the Middle Ages; it was a kind of battering-ram
+suspended in a tower. (See <span class='sc'>Aries</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Faux</strong></span>, R. Any narrow passage, lobby, corridor,
+or entrance to a house, in especial the
+passage which formed the communication
+between two blocks of a house. In the plural,
+<em>fauces</em>, like <em>carceres</em>, denoted stalls or stables for
+horses. (See <span class='sc'>Carcer</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Favissæ</strong></span>, R. Pits or cellars under a temple,
+in which all the furniture and sacred implements
+which had become unfit for use were kept.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Favour</strong></span>, O. E. A love-gift; a ribbon or
+glove, &amp;c., worn on the crest of the favoured
+knight at a tournament, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Favourite</strong></span>, O. E. A lock of hair: “a sort
+of modish lock, dangling on the temples.”
+(<cite>Ladies’ Dictionary</cite>, 1694.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Favus</strong></span>, R. A flagstone or tablet of marble
+cut into a hexagon, like the cell of a honeycomb
+(<em>favus</em>), whence its name. [Pavements
+of this pattern were called Sectilia.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Fax</strong></span>, R. A torch. This consisted either of
+pieces of wood joined together and steeped in
+resin, or a metal tube filled with inflammable
+materials, such as resin, pitch, tallow, tow impregnated
+with wax, &amp;c. [The early evening
+was hence called <em>prima fax</em>, and as marriages
+were celebrated at that time of day, the <em>torch</em>
+was made an attribute of Hymen, and a symbol
+of marriage. The torch was also carried at
+funerals to fire the pile with.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fayence.</strong> Pottery.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Feather.</strong> In Christian art (German) an attribute
+of St. Barbara; it is generally a peacock’s
+feather. This refers to an old German version
+of her legend, which relates that when St. Barbara
+was scourged by her father, angels
+changed the rods into feathers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Featherings</strong>, in Architecture, are lacelike
+ornaments along the edges of arcs in windows,
+canopies, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_306'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_306.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 306. Ostrich feathers. (An escroll for a coronet.)</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Feathers</strong>, Her. The feathers borne as crests
+and badges are generally those of the ostrich,
+sometimes of the swan,
+the turkey, and a few
+other birds. Fig. <a href='#fig_306'>306</a>
+is a representation of
+an early plume of
+ostrich feathers, as
+they are carved, with
+an escroll in place of a
+coronet, in the Abbey
+Church of St. Albans.
+From the time of the
+accession of the House
+of Stuart to the crown
+of the United Kingdom,
+the coroneted
+plume of three ostrich feathers appears to have
+been regarded, as it is at this present day, as
+the special badge of the Princes of Wales.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Februa</strong>, <strong>Februales</strong></span>, R. A festival in honour
+of the dead instituted by Numa; it was celebrated
+every year on the ides of February.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Feet.</strong> In Christian art the feet of Our Lord,
+also of angels and of the Apostles, should always
+be represented naked, without shoes or sandals.
+(<cite>Fairholt.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Felt</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">feutre</span></i>). A sort of coarse wool, or
+wool and hair. Felt hats were first made in
+England by Spaniards and Dutchmen, in the
+beginning of the reign of Henry VIII. Felt
+was also used for the stuffing of garments.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Feminalia</strong> or <strong>Femoralia</strong></span>, R. (<em>femur</em>, the
+thigh). Short breeches or a kind of drawers
+which reached from the waist to about the knee.
+[Worn by Augustus Cæsar, who was very
+susceptible to cold.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fendace</strong> (armour). The old name for the
+gorget.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fenestella</strong>, Chr. (lit. a small window). A
+niche made in the wall of a church, near the
+altar, and containing the stone basin in which
+the priest poured away the water in which he
+had washed the chalice.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fenestra, Window.</strong> <em>Fenestra biforis</em> is a <em>Gemel-window</em>,
+formed by a double bay. <em>Fenestra</em>
+was the name given to the hole pierced in the
+ears to receive the ear-rings, as also to the
+loop-holes made in the walls of a fortress.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fenestration</strong>, Arch. A term which expresses
+the disposition and arrangement of all the
+windows in a house.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fengite.</strong> Transparent alabaster used for glass
+in windows.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ferculum</strong></span>, R. (<em>fero</em>, to carry). Contracted
+form of <em>fericulum</em>, a tray, and thence the
+dishes carried upon a tray; a <em>course</em> or <em>remove</em>.
+In a triumphal procession the term was applied
+to a platform for displaying an enemy’s spoils,
+a rich booty, images of the gods, &amp;c.; or the
+ashes of the dead in a funeral.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_307'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_307.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 307. Silver Feretory or Reliquary, of good English work, for the most part in repoussé.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Feretory</strong>, Chr. (1) A richly ornamented
+shrine, often of solid gold and set with jewels,
+in which the relics of saints are carried in
+Roman Catholic processions. (2) The enclosure
+or chapel in which the shrine was
+kept.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Feretrum</strong> or <strong>Pheretrum</strong>, Gr, R., and Chr.
+(Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">capulus</span></i>). A bier; sometimes a shrine.
+The term was used at a period when coffins were
+uncommon; more properly the <span class='sc'>Feretory</span>, 1
+(q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Feriæ</strong></span>, R. Days of festival among
+the Romans; they were classed as follows:
+(1) <em>Feriæ statæ</em> or <em>stativæ</em>,
+which were held regularly on the
+days indicated in the calendar; these
+were the <em>immovable festivals</em>, such as
+the Agonalia, Carmentalia, Lupercalia,
+&amp;c. (2) <em>Feriæ conceptæ</em> or <em>conceptivæ</em>,
+which were held every year,
+but at uncertain intervals; these were
+the <em>movable festivals</em>, such as the
+Latinæ, Sementivæ, Paganalia, and
+Compitalia. (3) Lastly, there were
+the <em>feriæ imperativæ</em> or <em>official festivals</em>,
+which were held by order of the
+dictators, consuls, or prætors. All
+<em>feriæ</em> were <em>dies nefasti</em>, on which
+lawsuits, political transactions, &amp;c.
+were impious, and slaves were relieved
+of their labour. The <em>feriæ
+Latinæ</em> were the most important of
+all Roman festivals.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fermail</strong>, Her. A buckle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ferr</strong>, Her. A horse-shoe.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ferrara.</strong> A manufactory of majolica in
+North Italy, described by Jacquemart as “one
+of the most brilliant in Italy;” established
+by Alfonso I. with artists imported from Faenza,
+circa 1495. (<cite>Jacquemart.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ferrea Solea.</strong> A horse-shoe.
+(See <span class='sc'>Solea</span> and
+<span class='sc'>Hipposandalium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ferriterium.</strong> A prison
+for slaves. Synonym of
+<span class='sc'>Ergastulum</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ferula</strong></span>, R. The fennel;
+a plant with which
+children were beaten for
+slight faults, and thence a
+cane or stick with which
+slaves were chastised.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_308'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_308.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 308. Fesse.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fesse</strong>, Her. One of the ordinaries. A broad
+band of metal or colour crossing the shield
+horizontally.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fesse-point</strong>, Her. The central point of an
+escutcheon.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fesse-wise</strong>, <strong>In Fesse</strong>, Her. Disposed in a
+horizontal line, side by side, across the centre
+of a field, and over the fesse-point of a shield.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_309'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_309.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 309. Festoon of foliage.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Festoon</strong>, Arch. Garland of flowers. (Fig.,
+309.) (See <span class='sc'>Encarpa</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Festra</strong></span>, R. An abbreviation anciently employed
+for <span class='sc'>Fenestra</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Festuca</strong> or <strong>Vindicta</strong></span>, R. The rod which the
+lictor held over the head of a slave during
+the ceremony of <em>manumissio</em>, by which he was
+given his freedom. (See <span class='sc'>Manumissio</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fetter-lock</strong>, Her. A shackle, padlock; a Yorkshire
+badge.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fibrinæ</strong> (vestes), <strong>Fibrinæ</strong> (lanæ). (See <span class='sc'>Castoreæ</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_310'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_310.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 310. Fibula. Gallic.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_311'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_311.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 311. Fibula. Gallic.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fibula</strong>, Gen. (<em>figo</em>, to fix). (1) A clasp, buckle,
+or brooch; any contrivance
+made of gold,
+silver, bronze, ivory,
+&amp;c., used for fastening
+male or female attire.
+(2) The buckle
+of a head-band (<em>tænia</em>,
+<em>vitta</em>). Figs. 310 and
+311 represent buttons
+and clasps belonging
+to the Gaulish and
+Merovingian periods.
+[The girdles of the
+<em>Franks</em> and <em>Saxons</em>,
+found in English tombs,
+were usually ornamented
+most profusely. Not
+only were the buckles
+(<em>fibulæ</em>) of the richest
+workmanship, and conspicuous
+for size and
+decoration, but they are sometimes supplemented
+by enchased plates, or plates set
+with precious stones. (<cite>Roach Smith.</cite>)]
+(See Figs. <a href='#fig_105'>105</a> to <a href='#fig_113'>113</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Fictile Ware</strong>, <strong>Keremania</strong></span>, R. (<em>fingo</em>,
+to mould). Any object made of terra-cotta
+or pottery, such as tiles, bricks,
+vases, &amp;c. (See <span class='sc'>Pottery</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fiddle</strong> (A.S. <em>fithele</em>), or <strong>Viol</strong>, is represented
+in an Anglo-Saxon MS. of the 11th century,
+of a pear-shape, with four strings. The fiddle-bow
+probably originated in Hindustan, where
+the <em>Hindus</em> claim that the ravanastron was invented
+about 5000 years ago by Ravanon, a
+king of Ceylon. Almost identical with this is
+the <em>Chinese</em> fiddle called <em>urheen</em>, which has only
+two strings, and its body consists of a small
+block of wood, hollowed out and covered with
+a snake-skin. A German fiddle of the 9th century,
+called <em>lyra</em>, has only one string. In the Nibelungen
+Lied Volker is described as dexterous
+in playing the fiddle. Interesting representations
+of performers on the fiddle are painted on
+the roof of Peterborough Cathedral. They are
+attributed to the 12th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Fidelia</strong></span>, R. An earthenware vessel or jar
+used as a receptacle for cement.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Fides</strong> or <strong>Fidis</strong></span>, R. A general term comprising
+all stringed or gut instruments (from <em>sphidé</em>,
+catgut).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Fidicula</strong></span>, R. (dimin. of <em>fides</em>). A very
+fine catgut string, a <em>treble-string</em>. The plural
+<em>fidiculæ</em> denotes an instrument of torture for
+slaves, the form of which is unknown.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Field.</strong> In Numismatics, the surface of a coin
+on which objects were engraved; in Heraldry,
+the entire surface of a shield or banner.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Figure-paintings.</strong> Paintings of the human
+figure.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_312'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_312.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 312. Silver Filigree. Reliquary, belonging to Lord Hastings, said to have been dug up in the foundations of St. Paul’s, London.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Filagree</strong>, <strong>Filigree</strong>, or <strong>Filigraine</strong> (It. <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">filigrana</span></i>
+= <em>filum</em> and <em>granum</em>, or granular network;
+so called because the Italians, who first introduced
+this style of work, placed beads upon it. [<em>Ure.</em>]).
+This work is of gold or silver wire plaited and
+soldered into delicate arabesques and flower patterns.
+In the 15th century the Spanish Moors
+“made admirable chiselled, enamelled, and
+gilt work, and applied filigree work on the surface,
+a system kept up at Salamanca and Cordova
+to the present day.” The Eastern nations
+have always been famous for filigree work.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>File</strong>, Her. A label (from the Latin <em>filum</em>,
+a narrow ribbon).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Filfot</strong>, called also the <strong>Gammadion</strong>. (See
+<span class='sc'>Fylfot</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Filigree Glass.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Glass</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fillet</strong>, Her. A diminutive of a chief.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fillets</strong>, Gen. Strips of linen employed for
+various purposes. The victims which were conducted
+by priests to sacrifice were adorned with
+sacred fillets. Among the Egyptians fillets were
+employed to swathe mummies, the strips being
+repeatedly wound by the embalmers round the
+corpse, till it reassumed the appearance it had
+presented before being dried. (See <span class='sc'>Diadem</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Fascia</span>.) In Architecture, a small round or
+rectangular moulding which separates two others
+which are larger and more prominent; the
+fillet also separates the flutings of columns.
+(See <span class='sc'>Tænia</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Fimbria</strong></span>, R. The border
+or fringe of a cloth or garment.
+[These were more
+common among the Egyptians
+and Assyrians than
+the Greeks and Romans, and
+are mentioned in the
+Bible.]</p>
+
+<div id='fig_313'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_313.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 313. Cross fimbriated.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fimbriated</strong>, Her. Bordered;
+the border (which
+is narrow) lying in the same
+plane with the object bordered. (Fig. <a href='#fig_313'>313</a>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_314'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_314.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 314. Finial.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Finial.</strong> In Gothic architecture, an ornament
+of carved work representing
+foliage, on the apex
+of a spire or pinnacle.
+(See <span class='sc'>Crocket</span>.) (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_314'>314</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fir-cone</strong> upon a stem
+was the form of vases special
+to the majolica manufactory
+of Deruba; “a
+form,” says Jacquemart,
+“quite special to that
+manufactory, and directly
+imitated from the extreme
+East and from Asia Minor.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fire.</strong> Flames of fire
+placed near St. Anthony
+signify his spiritual aid as
+patron saint against fire
+in all shapes, in the next
+world and in this. <em>Tongues
+of fire</em> are, of course, depicted
+on the heads of the Apostles, in representations
+of the Day of Pentecost.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fire-dog.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Andiron</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fire-lock.</strong> The musket fired by flint and
+steel, invented in France about the year 1630.
+(See <span class='sc'>Match-lock</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Fire-stommer</strong></span>, O. E. A poker.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Fiscus</strong></span>, R. A wicker-work basket used for
+gardening purposes, especially for gathering in
+the olive and grape crops. The Romans also
+made use of this basket for transporting sums of
+money; hence <em>fiscus</em> came to mean a moneychest,
+and was the name given to that part of
+the revenue which was applied to the civil list
+of the emperors [opposed to <em>ærarium</em>, the property
+of the senate]; but at last the word was
+used to signify generally the property of the state.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fish.</strong> In Christian art, the symbol of water
+and the rite of baptism. (See <span class='sc'>Acrostic</span> and
+<span class='sc'>Vesica Piscis</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Fistuca</strong></span>, R. A pavior’s ram or beetle; a
+wooden bar or pile used to consolidate floorings,
+masonry, and pavements.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Fistula</strong></span>, R. (1) A water-pipe of lead or
+earthenware. (2) A writing-pen made of reed,
+and thence a Pan’s pipe. (3) A rolling-pin for
+making pastry. (4) A probe. (5) A machine
+for bruising corn, which was called <em>fistula
+farraria</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fitch.</strong> The best of paint-brushes are made
+of the hair of the <em>fitch</em> or polecat. They are
+black, elastic, and firm though soft. They are
+made flat or round, and are used also for varnishing.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fitchée</strong>, Her. Pointed at the base.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Flabelliform</strong>, Arch. (<em>flabellum</em>). Fan-shaped.
+The term is usually applied to an ornament
+composed of leaves and palms, which is of frequent
+occurrence on Romano-Byzantine monuments.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Flabellum</strong>, Gen. (<em>flo</em>, to blow). A fan.
+(See <span class='sc'>Fan</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Flagellum</strong>, Gen. (<em>flagrum</em>). A whip or
+scourge made with thongs of leather, especially
+thongs of the ox’s hide, or twisted or knotted
+cords, &amp;c., used in antiquity for punishing slaves
+or culprits. It was a terrible weapon, and the
+lash was often knotted with bones, or heavy
+metal <em>hooks</em> to tear the flesh (<em>scorpio</em>). Gladiators
+used to fight in the arena with <em>flagella</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Flagon</strong>. A vessel with a long neck covered
+at top, and a spout. The flagons of the 15th
+and 16th centuries are the best in design and
+ornamentation.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Flail.</strong> A weapon like a flail, of wood and
+iron armed with spikes, <em>temp.</em> Henry VIII.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Flake-white.</strong> So called from its form, in
+commerce, of <em>flakes</em> or scales. As a pigment it
+possesses great body, and enters largely into
+numerous compound tints. (<cite>Fairholt.</cite>) (See
+<span class='sc'>Carbonate of Lead</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Flamboyant</strong> (style), Mod. The style of
+French architecture peculiar to the 15th century,
+so called because the mullions and tracery
+of the windows in the monuments belonging to
+that period are curved and twisted like the
+waving of flames. This style was contemporary
+with that called “the perpendicular” in
+England.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Flamen</strong></span>, R. A priest devoted to the service
+of any one god; e. g. <em>Flamen Martialis</em>, the
+priest of Mars. Their characteristic dress was
+the <span class='sc'>Apex</span>, the <span class='sc'>Læna</span>, and a laurel wreath.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Flaming Heart</strong>, in Christian symbolism,
+expresses fervent piety and love.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Flammeolum</strong> (dimin. of <em>flammeum</em>). A term
+denoting a texture much finer than that of the
+<em>flammeum</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Flammeum</strong></span>, R. A bridal veil worn by the
+bride on the day of her marriage; it was of
+light gauze, and in colour of a vivid and brilliant
+yellow, like a flame; whence its name.
+It covered the lady from head to foot, and was
+removed by the bridegroom on their arrival
+home after the ceremony.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Flammula</strong></span>, R. A small flame; a small
+banner borne by light cavalry regiments; it
+was of a vivid and brilliant yellow colour, like
+the bridal <em>flammeum</em>; whence its name. (Modern
+<span class='sc'>Oriflamme</span>, q.v.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Flanches</strong>, <strong>Flasques</strong>, Her. Subordinaries.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_315'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_315.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 315. Flat-heads.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Flat-heads</strong>, <strong>Projecting-heads</strong>, Mod. An ornament
+peculiar to the Romano-Byzantine period,
+which decorates archivolts. Fig. <a href='#fig_315'>315</a> gives an example
+of flat-heads; Fig. <a href='#fig_316'>316</a> of projecting-heads.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_316'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_316.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 316. Projecting-heads.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Flaying-knife.</strong> An attribute of St. Bartholomew,
+signifying the manner of his martyrdom.
+In Croyland Abbey it was anciently the custom
+to present all members of the community with
+small flaying-knives on St. Bartholomew’s Day
+(Aug. 24).</p>
+
+<div id='fig_317'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_317.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 317. Old Flemish Lace.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Flemish Lace.</strong> Flanders and Italy dispute
+the invention of pillow lace. It is certain, however,
+that lace of home manufacture was worn
+in the 15th century in the Low Countries, and
+from that time to the present lace-making has
+formed a source of national wealth to Belgium.
+The engraving shows a fine specimen of
+old Flemish lace composed of six different
+designs joined together, commonly known as
+“Trolle Kant.” A similar lace is made in
+some of our own counties, and called “Trolly.”
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_317'>317</a>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_318'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_318.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 318. “Cosse de Genest,” showing a Cross fleurettée.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fleur-de-lis</strong> (Fr.), the royal insignia of
+France, was first adopted by Louis VII. (about
+<span class='fss'>A. D.</span> 1137) <em>semée</em>, or scattered over the field.
+This shield is blazoned as “France Ancient.”
+On the occasion of his marriage, in 1234,
+St. Louis instituted the order of the “Cosse de
+Genest” (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_318'>318</a>), and, as an
+emblem of his
+humility, took for
+his badge the
+broom-flower with
+the motto <em>Exaltat
+humiles</em>. The collar
+of the order
+was composed of
+broom-flowers
+enamelled, intermixed
+with fleurs-de-lis.
+In the
+reign of Charles
+VI. four collars
+of the order of the
+Cosse de Genest
+were sent as
+presents to King
+Richard II. and
+his uncles the Dukes of Lancaster, Gloucester,
+and York. The fleur-de-lis entered the English
+insignia in 1275 with the marriage of Edmund
+with Blanche of Artois, and was erased on
+January 1, 1801.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fleurettée</strong>, Her. Terminating in, or bordered
+with fleurs-de-lis, like the cross in Fig. <a href='#fig_318'>318</a>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fleuron.</strong> A small full-blown rose placed in
+the centre of the abacus of the capital in certain
+orders of architecture.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Flexed</strong>, Her. Bowed, bent.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Flighted</strong>, Her. Feathered, as arrows are.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Flo</strong></span>, O. E. An arrow.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“Robin bent his joly bowe,</div>
+      <div class='line'>Therein he set a <em>flo</em>.”</div>
+      <div class='line in4'>(<cite>Wright’s Songs and Carols.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Floralia</strong>, or <strong>Florales Ludi</strong>. A Roman festival
+in honour of Flora, said to have been
+instituted <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 238, to invoke the protection of
+the goddess upon the spring blossoms.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Florentine Fresco.</strong> A peculiar method of
+fresco-painting, by which the lime is kept
+moistened during the process.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Florentine Lake.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Carminated Lakes</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Florentine Mosaic.</strong> Inlaid-work in coloured
+stones, and precious stones combined into beautiful
+patterns.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Florid</strong> (style), Arch. This term, now disused,
+has been replaced by that of <span class='sc'>Flamboyant</span>
+style (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Florimontana.</strong> A literary society established
+at Annecy in 1606. They took for their device
+an orange tree, with the motto, “<em>Flores, fructusque
+perennes</em>.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fluor-spar</strong> or <strong>Derbyshire-spar</strong>. A mineral
+rock very common in Derbyshire, where it is
+made into ornaments, &amp;c., with the lathe.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Flute</strong>, Gen. Said to have been invented by
+Apollo or Mercury. The simplest form of flute
+was made with an oat-stalk (<em>avena</em>) or a hollow
+reed (<em>calamus</em>); in the course of time it was
+made of ivory, bone, or the shin-bones of
+animals; whence its
+Latin name of <span class='sc'>Tibia</span>
+(q.v.). The Greek
+flute (<em>aulos</em>) was held
+like a flageolet, and a
+vibrating reed was inserted
+into the mouthpiece.
+The single flute
+was called <em>monaulos</em>;
+the double one <em>diaulos</em>.
+A specimen of the
+last in the British
+Museum was found in
+a tomb at Athens.
+It is made of cedar,
+and the tubes, which
+are fifteen inches in
+length, have each a
+separate mouthpiece and six finger-holes, five of
+which are at the upper side, and one underneath.
+The flutes of the <em>Etruscans</em> were often
+of ivory; those used in religious ceremonies
+were of box-wood,
+ass’s bone, bronze,
+and silver. The <em>Persian</em>
+flute called
+“<em>nay</em>,” and the
+“<em>surnay</em>” a kind
+of oboe, are still
+popular in the East.
+In <em>Mexico</em>, the young
+man sacrificed to the
+god was taught to
+play the flute, and
+as he went to his
+death he broke a
+flute on each of
+the steps of the
+temple. The practice
+of making flutes
+of the bones of their enemies was common with
+many Indian tribes in America.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_319'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_319.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 319. Flutings.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Flutings</strong> or <strong>Flutes</strong>, Arch. Small semicircular
+indents or grooves cut perpendicularly, by way
+of ornament, in the shafts of columns and
+pilasters. Flutings may be either decorated or
+plain. When filled with a bead moulding, they
+are said to be <em>cabled</em>. Fig. <a href='#fig_319'>319</a> represents flutings
+decorated with leaves twined round a reed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fly</strong>, Her. The length and also the side of a
+flag furthest from the mast.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fo</strong>, Chinese. (See <span class='sc'>Dog of Fo</span>.) The “Hand
+of Fo” is a fragrant fruit, a kind of <em>cédrat</em>,
+generally styled the Chinese hand-plant, used to
+perfume apartments.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Focale</strong></span>, R. (<em>fauces</em>, the throat). A square
+piece of cloth which was wrapped round the
+neck, and covered the ears.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_320'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_320.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 320. Foculus.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Foculus</strong></span>, R. (dimin. of <em>focus</em>). A portable
+fireplace; a brazier or chafing-dish. (Fig. <a href='#fig_320'>320</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Focus</strong></span>, R. The hearth or fireplace of a
+house, consecrated to the Lares or household
+gods.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Foil</strong>, in Architecture. (See <span class='sc'>Trefoil</span>, <span class='sc'>Quatrefoil</span>,
+&amp;c.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_321'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_321.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 321. Foliage of the Acanthus.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Foliage</strong>, Gen.
+Nearly every style
+of architecture has
+made use of foliage
+for purposes of ornamentation.
+In antiquity,
+the leaves
+of the acanthus,
+palm, laurel, olive,
+ivy, &amp;c., were thus
+employed; the Romano-Byzantine,
+Byzantine,
+and Pointed
+styles utilized for
+the same purpose the vine, oak, cinquefoil,
+parsley, mahonia, mullein, thistle, &amp;c. Foliage
+has been applied to the decoration of capitals,
+archivolts, bands, cornices, and friezes; and
+it has also been used to form <span class='sc'>Crockets</span> (q.v.),
+crownings, pinnacles, &amp;c. Architectural work
+thus enriched is said to be <span class='fss'>FOLIATED</span>, and the
+ornament itself is called <span class='fss'>FOLIATION</span>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_322'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_322.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 322. Foliage on moulding.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Folliculus</strong></span>, R. A leather cap encircling the
+hole by which an oar protruded from a ship.
+The term is a diminutive of <span class='sc'>Follis</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Follis</strong></span>, R. A small ball of leather inflated
+with air, which also went by the name of <em>folliculus</em>;
+used for a plaything.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fong-hoang</strong>, Chinese. A fabulous bird
+which is immortal, lives in the highest regions
+of the air, and only approaches men to announce
+to them happy events and prosperous reigns.
+It is easily recognized (on pottery, &amp;c.) by its
+carunculated head, its neck surrounded by silky
+feathers, and its tail partaking of the Argus
+pheasant and the peacock. (<cite>Jacquemart.</cite>)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_323'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_323.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 323. Pompeian fountain.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fons</strong>, <strong>Fountain</strong>, Gen. In antiquity, natural
+springs and fountains were objects of religious
+worship. Fig. <a href='#fig_323'>323</a> represents a Pompeian
+fountain known as the Fountain of Abundance.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_324'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_324.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 324. Baptismal font (Romano-Byzantine).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Font</strong>, Chr. The vessel which contains the
+consecrated water used in the administration of
+baptism, by sprinkling or aspersion (Fig. <a href='#fig_324'>324</a>),
+introduced in lieu of the original mode of
+immersion (Fig. <a href='#fig_325'>325</a>). (Compare <span class='sc'>Piscina</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_325'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_325.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 325. Early English Font.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_326'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_326.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 326. The Fontange Head-dress.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Fontange</strong></span>, Fr. “A modish head-dress,”
+deriving its name from Mademoiselle de Fontange,
+a lady of the court of Louis XIV.,
+who invented it. (Fig. <a href='#fig_326'>326</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Font-cloth</strong>,
+O. E. (1) The
+hanging with
+which the font
+was ornamented.
+(2) The <span class='sc'>Chrismale</span>
+(q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fools.</strong> In
+Church architecture
+and decoration,
+grotesque
+figures of men
+with fool’s cap
+and bells are
+frequently seen
+under the seats
+of choir-stalls
+and <em>miserere</em>
+seats. (See the article <span class='sc'>Obscœna</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Foolscap.</strong> A fool’s cap was the device of the
+Italian society called the Granelleschi, formed
+at Venice in 1740 to oppose the corruption of
+the Italian language. A sheet of foolscap paper
+is 17 in. by 13½ in.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Forceps.</strong> Tongs or pincers, the attributes of
+some of the martyrs. (See <span class='sc'>Forfex</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Foreshortening.</strong> The art of representing
+objects on a plane surface as they appear to the
+eye in perspective.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_327'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_327.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 327. Roman Forfex.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_328'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_328.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 328. Forfex.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Forfex</strong></span>, R. (1) Large scissors or shears used to
+cut hair or shear animals. (2) A clip, in the
+form of shears, for raising weights. (Fig. <a href='#fig_327'>327</a>.)
+Fig. <a href='#fig_328'>328</a> represents a shears described by Vitruvius,
+which was used to raise stones.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Fori</strong></span>, R. This term, which is the plural of
+<em>forus</em>, denotes (1)
+the flooring of a
+ship; (2) the flooring
+of a bridge; (3)
+the standing-places
+on a temporary platform;
+(4) the shelves
+forming the divisions
+or different stories of
+a beehive; (5) the
+narrow parallel furrows
+drawn in a
+garden by means of
+the hoe.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Foricula.</strong> A little
+door. Dimin.
+of <span class='sc'>Foris</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Foris</strong></span>, R. The
+door as distinguished
+from the
+frame in which it
+hung. In the plural,
+<em>fores</em> denotes a folding-door with
+two leaves, as, for instance, <em>fores
+carceris</em>, the door of the stalls in a
+circus.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Forks</strong> were not in general use
+earlier than the 14th century. One of
+the earliest occasions on which a fork
+is mentioned informs us that John,
+Duke of Brittany in 1306, had one
+“to pick up soppys.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Forlon.</strong> A Spanish carriage with
+four seats.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Forma</strong></span>, R. (<em>fero</em>, to produce). A
+mould, form, or model; a mould for
+making bricks or other objects in
+clay, such as (1) antefixa, masks, &amp;c.;
+(2) a shoemaker’s last; (3) the waterway
+of a subterranean aqueduct.
+<em>Diminutive</em>, <strong>Formella</strong>, R. A small
+shape or mould used especially by the
+Romans to give an artificial form to
+the fish which was served as one of
+the courses at dinner.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Fornacalia</strong></span>, R. A festival of
+bakers in honour
+of the goddess
+<em>Fornax</em>
+(oven-goddess).
+It took place in
+February, the
+day being given
+out by the <em>curio
+maximus</em>, who
+announced, in
+tablets which
+were placed in
+the forum, the
+part which each
+<em>curia</em> had to take in the
+festival. Those persons who did not know to
+which curia they belonged, performed the rites on
+the last day, called <em>Stultorum feriæ</em> (the feasts of
+fools).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fornacula</strong> (dimin. of <span class='sc'>Fornax</span>, q.v.). (1)
+A small furnace for smelting metals. (2) A
+small furnace for a bath-room.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Fornax</strong></span>, R. A furnace; an oven; a kiln
+for baking pottery: <em>fornax calcaria</em>, a lime-kiln;
+<em>fornax æraria</em>, a blast-furnace for smelting
+metals; <em>fornax balnei</em>, a hypocaust or bathfurnace;
+this was also called <span class='sc'>Fornacula</span>
+(q.v.). <span class='sc'>Fornax</span> is also the name of the goddess
+of <em>ovens</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Fornix</strong></span>, R. A term having the same meaning
+as <span class='sc'>Arcus</span> (q.v.). It also denotes (1) a
+triumphal arch (<em>arcus triumphalis</em>); (2) a vault
+or vaulted room; (3) a vaulted gate.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Forril.</strong> A kind of parchment, specially prepared
+for bookbinding.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Forulus</strong></span>, R. (dimin. of <em>forus</em>, a shelf). A
+cupboard, cabinet, or dwarf bookcase.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_329'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_329.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 329. Ground-plan of the Forum at Pompeii.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Forum</strong></span>, R. A large open space used by
+the Romans as a market; it answered to the
+Greek <span class='sc'>Agora</span> (q.v.). Fig. <a href='#fig_329'>329</a> represents the
+<em>forum civile</em> of Pompeii, unquestionably one
+of the most complete examples bequeathed to
+us by antiquity. <em>A</em> is the principal entrance;
+<em>B</em>, a Corinthian temple; <em>C</em>, the public prison
+(<em>carcer publicus</em>); <em>D</em> is supposed to have been a
+horreum, or public granary; <em>E</em>, the temple of
+Venus, the guardian goddess of the city; <em>F</em>, the
+basilica; <em>G</em>, <em>H</em>, <em>I</em>, the curiæ, which were a
+kind of civil and commercial tribunals; <em>K</em> is a
+rectangular building which probably served the
+purpose of a shop for money-changers; <em>L</em>, a
+portico terminating in an absis; <em>M</em>, the temple
+of Mercury or Quirinus; <em>N</em>, a building with a
+large semicircular tribune, which probably
+formed the residence of the <span class='sc'>Augustales</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Forus.</strong> A synonym of <span class='sc'>Forum</span> (q.v.). <em>Forus
+aleatorius</em> was the term applied to a dice-table.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fossil Ivory.</strong> The tusks of the mammoth—the
+extinct <em>elephas primigenius</em>—found in great
+quantity in Siberia, are the material of which
+nearly all the ivory-turner’s work in Russia is
+made. The ivory has not undergone any petrifying
+change like other fossils, and is as well
+adapted for use as that procured from living
+species.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fote</strong> (or <strong>Foot</strong>) <strong>Mantel</strong>. An outer garment
+of the petticoat kind, bound round the hips (of
+a woman on horseback) “to keep her gown or
+surcoat clean.” (<cite>Strutt.</cite>)</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“A <em>fote-mantel</em> about hir hips large.” (<cite>Chaucer.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fountain</strong>, Her. A circular figure or <span class='fss'>ROUNDLE</span>
+that is <em>barry wavy</em> arg. is so blazoned.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fourchée</strong>, Her. Divided into two parts;
+said of a lion with a double tail.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Fraces</strong></span>, R. A kind of fuel made of the tan
+obtained from the residuum of oil-presses; it
+was thus the pulp of olives.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Frænum</strong>, <strong>Frenum</strong></span>, R. A horse’s bridle,
+including the bit and the reins. [The bit was
+called <em>orea</em> or Greek <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">στόμιον</span>.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Framea</strong></span>, R. (1) A German spear, the iron
+head of which was short but very sharp; it was
+employed by them as a pike. (2) A weapon
+used by the Franks.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Francisca.</strong> A kind of battle-axe used by the
+Franks.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Frankfort Black.</strong> A German pigment prepared
+like <em>blue black</em> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>French Ultramarine.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Guimet’s Ultramarine</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fresco-Painting</strong> (i. e. <em>al fresco</em>, upon fresh or
+wet ground), generally employed for large pictures
+on walls and ceilings, is executed with
+mineral and earthy pigments upon a freshly-laid
+ground of stucco. It was known to the ancients,
+and must be distinguished from <span class='fss'>DISTEMPER
+PAINTING</span> (q.v.) on plaster, which is a different
+process. “<em>Buon</em> (or genuine) <em>fresco</em>,” painted
+on the fresh surface of plaster, is distinguished
+from “<em>fresco secco</em>,” or a process of painting on
+dry plaster commonly practised in Italy and
+Munich. It is argued that the latter was the
+process used at Pompeii, and generally by the
+ancients, because (1) lime is found in nearly all the
+colours, and (2) the nature of the joinings in
+the work indicates that each compartment does
+not contain only one day’s work, as it must
+in <em>buon fresco</em>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_330'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_330.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 330. Greek Fret.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_331'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_331.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 331. Greek Fret.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_332'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_332.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 332. Greek Fret.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fret</strong>, Arch. An angular, interlaced architectural
+ornament of the Greek and Romano-Byzantine
+period, also known as <em>broken batoon</em>
+and <em>Vitruvian scroll</em>, and presenting some
+analogy with <em>chevron</em> or zigzag. There are
+<em>crenelated</em> or <em>rectangular frets</em>, <em>triangular</em>, <em>nebulated</em>,
+<em>undulated frets</em>, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_333'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_333.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 333. Undulated Fret.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_334'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_334.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 334. Scroll Fret.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Fret</strong></span>, O. E. A <em>caul</em> of gold or silver wire.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“A <em>fret</em> of golde she had next her hair.” (<cite>Chaucer.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_335'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_335.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 335. Badge of the Arundel family, with fret.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fret</strong> or <strong>Frette</strong>, Her. One of the subordinaries.
+The
+illustration is one
+of the badges of
+the Arundel family:
+a chapeau or
+and gules, surmounted
+by a <em>fret</em>
+or, and an acorn
+leaved vert.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Frieze</strong>, Arch.
+That part of the
+entablature which
+is included between
+the architrave and the cornice. (See
+Fig. <a href='#fig_184'>184</a>.) Another name for it is <span class='sc'>Zoophorus</span>
+(q.v.). It was generally richly sculptured.
+The finest frieze ever found is that of the Parthenon,
+the ornamentation of which may be
+studied in the Elgin-marble room at the British
+Museum. (See Fig. <a href='#fig_282'>282</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Frieze</strong>, <strong>Frize</strong>. A coarse woollen cloth, first
+mentioned 1399.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“Cloth of gold, do not despize</div>
+      <div class='line'>To match thyself with cloth of frize.</div>
+      <div class='line'>Cloth of frize, be not too bold,</div>
+      <div class='line'>Though thou be matched with cloth of gold.”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Frigidarium</strong></span>, R. (<em>frigidus</em>, cold). (1) A cool
+apartment in a bathing establishment. (2) A
+cool place used as a larder.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Frisquet.</strong> In wood-engraving, a piece of
+paper laid over the proof-paper in the act of
+printing, to keep clean the parts not intended
+to be exposed to the ink.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Fritillus</strong></span>, R. A dice-box of a cylindrical
+form, called also <em>turricula</em> or <em>pyrgus</em> (Greek
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">φιμός</span>).</p>
+
+<div id='fig_336'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_336.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 336. Frog. The device of Mæcenas.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Frog.</strong> An ancient emblem of silence and
+secrecy, from a legend quoted by Ælian that
+the frogs of Syriapha never croak in their own
+marshes. Hence it was adopted by Mæcenas,
+the friend of Augustus, for his device. (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_336'>336</a>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_337'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_337.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 337. Frontale of a bridle.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Frontale</strong>, Gen. (<em>frons</em>, the
+forehead). (1) A frontlet or
+head-band worn by Greek
+women, and to be seen principally
+on the statues of goddesses.
+(2) A plate or band
+of metal placed across the
+forehead of horses (Fig. <a href='#fig_337'>337</a>)
+as a protection for the frontal
+bone. The Medes, Persians,
+Greeks, and Romans made use
+of the <em>frontale</em> for their cavalry
+horses. For the ecclesiastical
+<strong>Frontal</strong>, Mediæval, see <span class='sc'>Antependium</span>.
+Henry III. gave
+a <span class='fss'>FRONTAL</span> to the high altar
+at Westminster Abbey, upon which, besides
+carbuncles in golden settings, and several large
+pieces of enamel, were as many as 866 smaller
+pieces of enamel.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Frontispiece.</strong> In Architecture, the façade or
+face of a building. The engraved title-page of
+a book was originally called the frontispiece.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Frote</strong></span>, O. E. To rub; to stir.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Frountere</strong></span>, O. E. <span class='sc'>Frontal</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fucus</strong>, Gr. Cosmetic paint, much used by
+the Greek and Roman ladies. They stained
+their eyebrows black with a preparation of
+sulphuret of antimony called <em>stimmi</em>, or of soot,
+<em>asbolos</em>. The Roman ladies, in addition to rouge
+and white for the complexion, used to trace out
+the veins on their temples with a blue paint,
+and they wore the patches of Queen Anne’s
+time (<em>splenia</em>). “From beef without mustard,
+a servant which overvalues himself, <em>and a woman
+which painteth</em>,—good Lord deliver us!”
+(<cite>Stubbes.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fuller’s Bat</strong> or <strong>Club</strong>. Attribute of St. James
+the Less, who was killed with such an implement.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Fullonica</strong>, <strong>Fullonum</strong></span>, R. (<em>fullo</em>, a fuller). A
+fuller’s establishment. An example of one, in
+perfect preservation, is preserved at Pompeii.
+The <em>fullones</em> acted as laundrymen to Greek and
+Roman families, washing linen as well as
+woollen clothes by treading in tubs (using urine
+for soap, which was unknown to them); hence
+<em>saltus fullonicus</em>, a fuller’s dance.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fulmen.</strong> The thunderbolt of Jove. (See
+also <span class='sc'>Illapa</span>.) It is generally represented as a
+double cone of flame, with lightnings on each
+side, or frequently with wings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Fumarium</strong></span>, R. (<em>fumus</em>, smoke). A chamber
+in the upper part of a Roman house, into which
+the smoke from the fires was conducted. The
+smoke-room was used for drying wood and
+ripening wine. The “Rauchkammer” or smoke
+attic is still a common institution in good houses
+in Germany.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Funale</strong></span>, R. (<em>funis</em>, a rope). A link or torch
+made of various materials.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Funalis</strong> or <strong>Funarius</strong> (sc. <em>equus</em>). The tracehorse,
+so called because its traces, instead of
+being of leather, were of rope (<em>funis</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Funarius.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Funalis</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Funda, Sling</strong>, Gen. The sling has been employed
+by most of the peoples of antiquity as
+a weapon of warfare for hurling stones, chiefly
+flints or leaden bullets (<em>glandes</em>). The slings of
+the Egyptians were made of leather thongs or
+plaited cord. The <em>funaitores</em>, or slingers, of the
+Greek and Roman armies carried each a provision
+of stones in the folds (<em>sinus</em>) of his pallium,
+a shield on his left arm, and brandished
+his sling in the right hand. The most celebrated
+slingers were the inhabitants of the Balearic
+Islands, which took their ancient name from
+this circumstance.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_338'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_338.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 338. Fundibalus—Onager.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Fundibalus</strong>, <strong>Fundibalum</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βάλλω</span>, to
+throw). A machine for hurling stones; a kind
+of <em>balista</em> (q.v.). (Fig. <a href='#fig_338'>338</a>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_339'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_339.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 339. Street at Pompeii.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Fundula</strong></span>, R. A blind alley or <em>cul-de-sac</em>.
+Fig. <a href='#fig_339'>339</a> represents one of the kind at Pompeii.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Fundulus</strong></span>, R. The piston of a hydraulic
+machine.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Funeral Ceremonies.</strong> 1. Greek. The expressions
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τὰ δίκαια</span>, <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">νομιζόμενα</span>, or <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">προσήκοντα</span>, the
+just and lawful rites, are expressive of the Greek
+idea that the proper burial of the dead was a
+most sacred duty to them. The first act was
+to place in the mouth of the corpse an <em>obolus</em>,
+with which the spirit would pay the ferryman
+in Hades. This coin was then called <em>danaké</em>.
+The body was then washed and anointed,
+the head crowned with flowers, and the handsomest
+robes put on. All this was done by the
+women of the family. By the side of the bed
+upon which the corpse was then laid (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πρόθεσις</span>)
+were placed painted earthen vessels (<em>lecuthoi</em>;
+see <span class='sc'>Lecythus</span>), which were afterwards buried
+with the corpse. (These vases are frequently
+disinterred in modern excavations.) A honeycake
+(<em>melittouta</em>) to throw to the dog Cerberus
+was laid on the bed. Before the door a vessel
+of water (<em>ostracon</em> or <em>ardalion</em>) was set, to be
+used, like the holy water of Catholic times, by
+persons <em>leaving</em> the house, for purification. On
+the third day after death, the <em>ecphora</em>, or carrying
+out for burial, took place in the morning
+before sunrise. The men walked before the
+corpse, and the women behind. Hired mourners
+(<em>threnodoi</em>) accompanied the procession, playing
+mournful tunes on the flute. The bodies were
+either buried or burned, until cremation gave
+way to a Christian prejudice. The body was
+placed for burning on the top of a <em>pyre</em> (Gr.
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πῦρ</span>, fire); and, in remote ages, animals,
+prisoners, or slaves were burned with it. Oils
+and perfumes were thrown into the flames.
+Finally, the smouldering ashes were quenched
+with wine, and relatives and friends collected
+what remained of the bones. The bones were
+then washed with wine and oil, and placed in
+urns, often golden.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>2. Roman. <em>Funera justa</em> conveys the same
+idea as the Greek <em>dicaia</em> of the right and title
+of the dead to a proper observance. With the
+Romans, the washing, anointing, &amp;c. of the
+body was done by slaves (<em>pollinctores</em>) of the
+undertakers, who were called <em>libitinarii</em>, because
+they dwelt near the temple of Venus
+Libitina, in which all things requisite for funerals
+were sold and a mortuary register was kept.
+The coin having been duly placed in the mouth,
+the body was laid out in the vestibule dressed,
+of ordinary citizens in a white toga, and of
+magistrates in their official robes, and the couch
+was strewn with flowers, and a branch of <em>cypress</em>
+was placed at the door of the house. All funerals
+were, in ancient times, performed at night,
+but afterwards only those of the poor. At a
+great funeral the corpse was carried out on
+the eighth day, preceded by musicians (<em>cornicines</em>,
+&amp;c.) and mourning women (<em>præficæ</em>), who
+chanted a funeral hymn (<em>nænia</em>); players and
+buffoons (<em>histriones</em>, <em>scurræ</em>) followed, and a
+procession of the freed slaves wearing the cap
+of liberty (<em>pileati</em>). Images of the deceased and
+of his ancestors were borne before the corpse,
+which was carried on a litter (<em>feretrum</em>). The
+common bier of the poor was called <em>sandapila</em>,
+and its bearers <em>vespillones</em>, because they bore it
+forth in the evening (<em>vespere</em>). The couches of
+the rich were of ivory, richly ornamented with
+gold and purple. The relations walked behind
+in mourning, sons with the head veiled, and
+daughters with dishevelled hair. At the forum
+a funeral oration (<em>laudatio</em>) was delivered, and
+thence the procession went to the place of
+burial or cremation. Those who were buried
+(as all were subsequently to the 4th century
+<span class='fss'>A. D.</span>) were placed in a coffin (<em>arca</em> or <em>loculus</em>),
+often of stone. The Assian stone, from Assos
+in Troas, was said to consume all the body,
+with the exception of the teeth, in forty days,
+whence it was called sarcophagus (q.v.). For
+cremation the pyre, or <em>rogus</em>, was built like an
+altar, and the corpse in its splendid couch being
+placed on the top, the nearest relation, with
+averted face, fired a corner of the pile. Perfumes
+were forbidden by the Twelve Tables.
+Sometimes animals were slaughtered, and in
+ancient times, captives and slaves, but afterwards
+gladiators were hired to fight round the blazing
+pile. (Compare <span class='sc'>Bustum</span>.) When the pyre
+was burnt down, the embers were soaked with
+wine, and the bones and ashes collected into
+urns. (See <span class='sc'>Urna</span>.) The solemnities continued
+for nine days after the funeral, at the end of
+which time a sacrifice was performed called the
+<em>novemdiale</em>. Men wore <em>black</em> for mourning, and
+women white; but at all banquets given in honour
+of the dead the guests were clothed in white.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_340'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_340.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 340. Covered urn of red pottery. Ohojepore.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Funeral Urns</strong>
+of Indian pottery
+are found
+of extremely
+ancient date.
+That represented
+in Fig.
+<a href='#fig_340'>340</a> is a covered
+jar, of primitive
+make, with
+an inscription
+in ancient characters;
+its
+date is probably
+from 260 to
+240 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> (<cite>Jacquemart.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fur.</strong> <em>Strutt</em> says that “the furs of sables,
+beavers, foxes, cats, and lambs were used in
+England before the Conquest; to which were
+afterwards added those of ermines, squirrels,
+martens, rabbits, goats, and many other animals.”
+In the Middle Ages the more precious furs, as
+ermine and sable, were reserved for kings,
+knights, and the principal nobility of both sexes.
+Inferior ranks used “vair” and “gris,” or
+gray; while citizens, burgesses, and priests wore
+the common squirrel and lamb-skins. The
+peasants wore cat-skins, badger-skins, &amp;c. In
+after times were added the skins of badgers,
+bears, beavers, deer, fitches, foxes, foynes (or
+martens), grays, hares, otters, sables, squirrels,
+weasels, wolves, &amp;c. The mantles of our kings
+and peers, and the furred robes of municipal
+officers are the remains of this fashion, which in
+the 13th century was almost universal.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_341'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_341.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 341. Shield with Ermine.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fur</strong>, Her. The <em>furs</em>
+are of comparatively rare
+appearance in heraldry,
+and do not appear in the
+best ages. <em>Vair</em> and
+<em>ermine</em> are common. In
+Fig. <a href='#fig_341'>341</a> is an example
+of the treatment of ermine
+from the monument of
+Edward III.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Furbelow</strong></span>, O. E. An
+ornament on the petticoat
+of a woman’s dress, described as a “puckered
+flounce,” to display which it became the
+fashion to roll back the skirts of the gown.
+“The Old Mode and the New, or the Country
+Miss with her Furbelow,” is the title of an old
+play, <em>temp.</em> William and Mary.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Furca</strong></span>, R. A fork with two teeth (<em>bidens</em>), or
+two prongs; a hay-fork: <em>furca carnarii</em>, a fork
+used for taking down the meat hung up in the
+<em>carnarium</em>. The term <em>furca</em> was further applied
+to a kind of fork by aid of which a foot-traveller
+carried his baggage, but the more usual name
+for this kind of fork was <em>ærumna</em> (q.v.). Also,
+a wooden fork placed for punishment across
+the shoulders of slaves and criminals, to the
+prongs of which the hands were tied. Reversed
+it formed a cross upon which criminals were
+executed, either by scourging or by crucifixion
+with nailing. The patibulum was a similar instrument
+of punishment formed like the letter H.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Furgon</strong></span>, O. E. (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">fourgon</span></i>). A fork for
+putting faggots and sticks on to the fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Furnus</strong></span>, R. (1) A baker’s oven. (2) A
+baker’s shop. (See <span class='sc'>Fornax</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Fuschan in Appules</strong></span>, O. E. Fustian of
+Naples. (See <span class='sc'>Fustian</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Fuscina</strong></span>, R. (1) A fork with three prongs used
+for spearing fish. (2) The trident of the <em>retiarius</em>.
+Originally it was called <em>tridens</em>, and used
+as a goad to drive horses. Neptune always
+carries one.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fuscinula</strong> (dimin. of <em>Fuscina</em>, q.v.). A
+carving-fork.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Fusée</strong></span>, Fr. A gun with a wide bore, like
+a blunderbuss.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fusiform</strong> (<em>fusus</em>, a spindle). In the form of
+a spindle.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_342'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_342.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 342. Fusil. Device of Philip of Burgundy (D. 1467).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Fusil</strong></span>, Fr. The steel for striking fire from a
+flint; an ancient device of the Dukes of Burgundy,
+the motto inculcating the worthlessness
+of latent virtues never brought into action.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fusi-yama.</strong> The sacred mountain of the
+Japanese, often depicted on their porcelain.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fustian.</strong> “A species of cotton cloth much
+used by the Normans, particularly by the clergy,
+and appropriated to their chasubles.” (<cite>Strutt.</cite>)
+It was originally woven at Fustat, on the Nile,
+with a warp of linen thread, and a woof of
+thick cotton, so twilled and cut that it showed
+on one side a thick but low pile. In the 14th
+century Chaucer says of his knight,—</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“Of fustian he wered a gepon.”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'>In the 15th century Naples was celebrated for
+fustian. An old English account of this date
+has “Fuschan in Appules” (for Fustian from
+Naples).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Fustibalum</strong></span>, R. A pole about four feet
+long, furnished with a sling (<em>funda</em>) in the
+middle. It was wielded by both hands, and
+was used to hurl huge stones to a distance.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fusus</strong> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἄτρακτος</span>). A spindle. It was
+generally made of wood; but some nations, as
+for instance the Egyptians, had spindles of
+pottery.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Fygury</strong></span>, O. E. An old name for silks <em>diapered</em>
+with <em>figures</em> of flowers and fruit. A cope
+in the York fabric rolls is described “una capa
+de sateyn fygury.”</p>
+
+<div id='fig_343'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_343.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 343. Fylfot.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Fylfot</strong> or <em>Filfot</em>. This mysterious ornament
+exactly resembles the Hindu <em>arani</em> of remote antiquity,
+i. e. the instrument of wood by which fire
+was obtained by friction;
+which is the
+symbol of <em>Agni</em>. This
+symbol has never been
+lost, and occurs sixty
+times on an ancient
+Celtic funereal urn;
+also on monumental
+brasses and church
+embroidery of the Middle Ages. It is generally
+called the <span class='sc'>Gammadion</span>.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c005'>G.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c006'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Gabardine</strong> or <strong>Gallebardine</strong></span>, It. “A rough
+Irish mantle, or horseman’s coat; a long cassock.”
+It was, and is, a favourite outer garment
+of the Jews.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gabion</strong>, Fortification. A basket filled with
+earth, used in the construction of earthworks
+for defensive purposes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gable</strong>, Arch. (German <em>Giebel</em>, point). The
+triangular end of a house from the eaves to the
+top.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gablet.</strong> Diminutive of gable—applied to furniture
+and niches.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Gadlyngs</strong></span>, O. E. Spikes on the knuckles of
+gauntlets, like the modern “knuckle-dusters.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Gæsum</strong></span>, R. A weapon of Celtic origin. It
+was a strong, heavy javelin with a very long
+barbed iron head, used rather as a missile than
+a spear.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gage</strong>, Med. A glove or cap thrown to the
+ground as a challenge to combat.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Galages</strong></span>, O. E. (modern, <em>goloshes</em>). Clogs
+fastened with <em>latchets</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Galaxia</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Γαλάξια</span>). Festivals in honour
+of Apollo, who was surnamed <em>Galaxios</em>; they
+were so called because the principal offering consisted
+of a barley cake cooked with milk (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γάλα</span>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Galaxy</strong> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γάλα</span>, milk). In Astronomy,
+the Milky Way. It passes between Sagittarius
+and Gemini, dividing the sphere into two parts.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Galbanum</strong></span>, R. (<em>galbus</em>, yellow). A yellow
+garment worn by women; men who adopted
+this kind of dress were looked upon as foppish
+and effeminate.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Galbe</strong></span>, Fr. The general contour or outline of
+any member of architecture; in especial, the
+shaft of a column. (See <span class='sc'>Contractura</span>.) It
+also denotes the lines of a vessel, console,
+baluster, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Galea</strong></span>, R. A helmet; especially one of skin or
+leather, in contradistinction to <span class='sc'>Cassis</span>, which
+denoted a metal helmet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Galeated.</strong> In Heraldry, wearing a helmet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Galeola</strong></span>, R. A very deep vessel in the shape
+of a helmet. It was used for holding pure wine,
+and was a kind of <span class='sc'>Acratophorum</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Galerus</strong>, <strong>Galerum</strong></span>, R. A peasant’s cap made
+of fur, and thence a wig. It was a round leather
+cap, ending in a point, originally peculiar to the
+priesthood.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Galgal</strong>, Celt. A Celtic or megalithic monument,
+more commonly called <span class='sc'>Tumulus</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Galiot</strong>, <strong>Galliot</strong> (dimin. of <em>galère</em>). A ship
+moved by both sails and oars.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gall</strong> (A.S. <em>gealla</em>). In an animal, a bitter
+yellowish green fluid secreted by the gall-bladder.
+Ox-gall, clarified by boiling with animal
+charcoal and filtering, is used in water-colour
+and in ivory painting to make the colours
+spread more evenly upon the paper, ivory, &amp;c.:
+mixed with gum-arabic it thickens, and fixes the
+colours. A coating of it <em>sets</em> black-lead or
+crayon drawings. This word is also applied to
+anything exceedingly bitter, especially to the bitter
+potion which it was customary among the Jews to
+give to persons suffering death under sentence of
+the law, for the purpose of rendering them less
+sensible to pain. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὄξος μετὰ χολῆς</span>, “vinegar
+to drink mingled with gall.” (Matt. xxvii. 34.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Galle</strong> (Tours de), Celt. A name applied to
+certain ancient monuments in France, built by
+the Gauls.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Galleon</strong> (Sp. <i><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">galeon</span></i>). A large Spanish ship,
+formerly used in trading to America as a war
+vessel.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gallery</strong>, Gen. A covered place much longer
+than it is wide. In Christian archæology it is a
+kind of tribune situated above the side aisles,
+and having bays over
+the nave; it is also
+called <span class='sc'>Triforium</span>
+(q.v.).</p>
+
+<div id='fig_344'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_344.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 344. Device of Cardinal Richelieu, from the Galerie d’Orléans, Palais Royal.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Galley</strong> (Icelandic
+<em>galleyda</em>). A one-decked
+vessel, navigated
+with sails and oars,
+in Heraldry called a
+<span class='sc'>Lymphad</span> (q.v.). The
+prow of a galley (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_344'>344</a>), one of the devices
+adopted by Cardinal
+Richelieu, may still be
+seen among the architectural
+decorations of
+his palace.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Galloon</strong> (Sp. <i><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">galon</span></i>).
+A narrow kind of lace
+made of silk woven
+with cotton, gold, or
+silver; or of silk only.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Gallow-balk</strong></span>, O. E.
+(See <span class='sc'>Galows</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gally-gascoynes</strong>,
+O. E. Broad loose
+breeches; 16th century.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“His galligaskins were of corduroy,</div>
+      <div class='line'>And garters he had none.”</div>
+      <div class='line in12'>(<cite>The Weary Knife-grinder.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Galows</strong></span>, O. E. An iron bar fastened inside
+an open chimney, from which the <em>reeking-hook</em>
+was hung, for suspending pots and vessels over
+the fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Galvanography.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Electrography</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Electrotype</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gamashes.</strong> “High boots, buskins, or startups.”
+(<cite>Holme</cite>, 1688.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gambeson</strong> (Saxon <i><span lang="nds" xml:lang="nds">wambe</span></i>, the belly). A
+quilted tunic, stuffed with wool. It answered
+the purpose of defensive armour, and was subsequently
+called a <em>pourpoint</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gamboge.</strong> A gum-resin of a forest tree called
+Garcinia Cambogia, generally imported in
+cylindrical rolls. It forms a beautiful yellow pigment,
+used for water-colour; it is used to stain
+wood in imitation of box, and the tincture
+enters into the composition of the gold-coloured
+varnish for lacquering brass; it also gives a
+beautiful and durable stain to marble. (<cite>E. B.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gamelion.</strong> The seventh month of the ancient
+Athenian year, corresponding to our January.
+It was so called because it was a favourite
+season for marriages (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γάμη</span>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gammut.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Gamut</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gamut.</strong> The musical scale; so called from
+the first tone, <span class='fss'>UT</span> (our <span class='fss'>DO</span>), of the model scale of
+Guido, which was represented by the Greek
+<em>gamma</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ganoid</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γάνος</span>, brightness). A name applied
+to an order of fishes, having angular scales,
+composed of bony plates, covered with a strong
+shining enamel.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gantlet.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Gauntlet</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Garb</strong>, Her. A sheaf of wheat, or of any
+other grain to be specified.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_345'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_345.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 345. Garde de Bras.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Garde de Bras.</strong> An additional protection for
+the left arm, to the elbow-piece of which it was
+fastened by straps and a screw. It was used
+only for jousting, and first appears at the end of
+the 15th cent. The example shown is of the 16th
+cent., from the Meyrick collection. (Fig. <a href='#fig_345'>345</a>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_346'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_346.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 346 Gargoulette. Arab.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gargoulette.</strong> An Arab vase, or water-cooler,
+with one handle, furnished with a spout
+adapted for drinking through. The piece in the
+illustration is from the Arabian potteries of
+Maghreb in Africa. This pottery is described
+by M. Jacquemart as “covered with a pinkish
+grey enamel of rose colour, and heightened by a
+polychrome decoration in zones, generally consisting
+of bands of scrolls, flowers, denticulations,
+rosettes, &amp;c.; where citron, yellow, manganese brown,
+green, and blue form the most charming
+harmony.”</p>
+
+<div id='fig_347'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_347.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 347. Gargoyle, Antique.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_348'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_348.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 348. Gargoyle, Gothic.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gargoyle</strong>, Mod. The projecting extremity of
+a gutter. In antiquity terra-cotta masks were
+used for the purpose. (Fig. <a href='#fig_347'>347</a>.) During
+the Gothic period any kind of representation
+was employed. Fig. <a href='#fig_348'>348</a> shows an upright
+gargoyle from the church of St. Remy at
+Dieppe.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Garland</strong>, Arch. A term employed by some
+authors as synonymous with foliage; but it
+denotes rather heavy festoons tied with fillets,
+and consisting of leaves, fruits, and flowers, as
+shown in Figs. 287 and 309, taken from the temple
+of Vesta at Tivoli. (See <span class='sc'>Encarpa</span>, <span class='sc'>Festoons</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Garnet.</strong> This gem, on account of its brilliant
+colour and hardness, is much used in jewellery,
+and although an abundant supply renders it of
+little value, the gem nevertheless possesses every
+quality necessary for ornamental purposes. It
+occurs in many colours—red, brown, yellow,
+white, green, black; the streak is white; the
+diaphaneity varies from transparent to sub-translucent,
+or nearly opaque, and it has a subconchoidal
+or uneven fracture. The varieties
+used in jewellery are called <em>carbuncle</em>, <em>cinnamon-stone</em>
+(or <em>essonite</em>), <em>almandine</em>, and <em>pyrope</em>
+or Bohemian garnet. <em>Garnets</em> are not much
+used for engraving, being of splintery, bad grain
+under the tool. (<em>A. Billing</em>, <cite>Science of Gems</cite>,
+&amp;c.; <em>H. Emanuel</em>, <cite>Diamonds and Precious
+Stones</cite>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Garnished</strong>, Her. Adorned in a becoming
+manner.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_349'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_349.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 349. Order of the Garter. Lesser George.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Garter, Order of the</strong>, instituted by Edward
+III. in 1350, consists of the Sovereign and
+twenty-five knights companions, of whom the
+Prince of Wales always is one. Knights of
+the Garter place K.G.
+after their names; and
+these letters take precedence
+of all other
+titles, those of royalty
+alone excepted. The
+stalls of the knights
+are in the choir of
+St. George’s Chapel,
+Windsor Castle, where
+their garter-plates are
+fixed and their banners
+are displayed. The insignia
+are the garter
+itself, the badge of the
+order; the collar, and
+the Lesser George or
+jewel. (Fig. <a href='#fig_349'>349</a>.) It
+was this jewel that
+Charles I., immediately
+before he suffered, delivered
+to Archbishop
+Juxon, with the word
+“Remember!” The ribbon of the order is
+dark blue; it passes over the left shoulder, and
+the Lesser George hangs from it under the right
+arm.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Garter King of Arms</strong>, Her. The chief of the
+official heralds of England, and officer of arms
+of the Order of the Garter.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Gastrum</strong></span>, R. An earthenware vessel with a
+round <em>belly</em>; whence its name.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Gaulus</strong></span>, R. A vessel used for drinking and
+other purposes. The same term was also applied
+to a broad-built ship employed by the Phœnicians
+and by pirates.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_350'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_350.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 350. Gauntlet.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gauntlet.</strong> The knight’s gauntlet was made of
+leather covered with plates of steel. It was
+not originally divided into fingers. (Fig. <a href='#fig_350'>350</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Gausapa</strong>, <strong>Gausape</strong>, <strong>Gausapum</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γαυσάπης</span>).
+(1) A garment introduced from Egypt into
+Rome, in the time of Augustus; it was made
+of a woollen cloth with a long nap on
+one side, and was worn on leaving the bath;
+it was white or dyed purple. Gausapa was
+used not only for articles of dress, but for
+table linen, napkins, dusters, and mattings.
+(2) A wig made of human hair, worn at Rome
+during the Empire.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gauze.</strong> A light, transparent silk texture,
+supposed to have been invented at Gaza in
+Palestine; whence the name.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gavotte</strong> (It. <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">gavotta</span></i>). A lively dance-tune
+in two-fourth time, consisting of two sections,
+each containing eight measures.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gehenna</strong> (Heb. <em>Ge-hin-nom</em>, i. e. the valley
+of Hinnom). In this place, on the north of
+Jerusalem below Mount Zion, is a place called
+Tophet, where children were sacrificed to
+Moloch. King Josiah made it the common
+receptacle for rubbish and carcases, and a fire
+was kept constantly burning there; hence the
+Jews used this term to signify “hell.” (Compare
+<span class='sc'>Hades</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Gemellar</strong></span>, R. (<em>gemellus</em>, twin). A case for
+holding oil; it was called <em>gemellar</em> from the fact
+of its being divided into two compartments.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gemelled</strong>, Arch. Double; thus a <em>gemelled
+bay</em> is one divided into two parts; <em>gemelled arches</em>,
+those which are joined two and two.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gemelles</strong>, Her. In pairs. (See <span class='sc'>Bars-gemelles</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gemmæ</span></strong>, Lat. (1) Precious stones, esp. cut
+or engraved. (2) Drinking-vessels or objects
+made of precious stones. (3) Pearls. (4) The
+eyes of a peacock’s tail. The original meaning
+of the word is a <em>bud</em>, <em>eye</em>, or <em>gem</em> on a plant;
+anything <em>swelling</em> and bright.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Gemoniæ</strong>, or <strong>Gemoniæ Scales</strong></span>, R. (i. e. steps of
+sighs). Steps leading to the prison in the forum,
+on the stairs of which the corpses of criminals
+were exposed for several days.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gems.</strong> Precious stones, especially when
+carved. (See <span class='sc'>Cameos</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Genet</strong>, Her. A spotted animal, something
+like a marten.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Genethliaci</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γενέθλη</span>, birth).
+Astrologers who cast “<em>nativities</em>.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Genius</strong></span>, R. (<em>geno</em>, to beget). The Romans
+believed the existence of a good genius, or guardian
+angel, born with every mortal, and which
+died at the same time with him. <em>Genius loci</em>
+was the name given to the guardian spirit of a
+place. [See <span class='sc'>Junones</span>, <span class='sc'>Lares</span>, <span class='sc'>Penates</span>, &amp;c.
+The superstition has many forms in Christian
+as well as in pagan art.]</p>
+
+<div id='fig_351'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_351.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 351. Genoa Point Lace—Pillow-made.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Genoa Lace.</strong> Mention is made of Genoa
+Lace as early as the 15th century. Genoa was
+as celebrated for its pillow lace as Venice for its
+needle-made. The characteristic of this lace
+was its design, a kind of barleycorn-shaped
+pattern, radiating into rosettes from a centre.
+It was particularly adapted for the large turnover
+collar of Louis XIII., and was produced
+by plaiting, and made entirely on the pillow.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Genouillières</strong></span>, Fr. (1) Steel coverings for the
+knees. From the 13th century. They were
+often richly ornamented. (2) In <em>Fortification</em>,
+the sill of the embrasure.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Genre Pictures.</strong> Those representing scenes
+of every-day life and manners.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Geodes.</strong> In Mineralogy, hollow lumps of
+chalcedony found deposited in the cavities of
+flints, formed by the chemical action of water.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_352'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_352.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 352. “George” Gold Noble, Henry VIII.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>George.</strong> A gold noble of the time of Henry
+VIII. (Fig. <a href='#fig_352'>352</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>George, Saint</strong>, Her. The patron saint of
+England. His red cross on a silver field first
+appears in English heraldry in the 14th century.
+(See Fig. <a href='#fig_349'>349</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>George, The</strong>, Her. A figure of St. George on
+horseback, worn as a pendant to the collar
+of the Order of the Garter. (See <span class='sc'>Garter</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Georgic</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γεωργικὸς</span>, rustic; from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γῆ</span>, earth,
+and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἔργον</span>, work). Poems on the subject of
+husbandry.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>German Silver.</strong> An alloy of nickel, zinc,
+and copper. The proportions recommended
+are nickel 25, zinc 25, copper 50.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gerrhæ.</strong> Persian shields made of wicker-work.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ghebres</strong>, Pers. Fire-worshippers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ghibellines.</strong> An Italian faction, 13th century,
+who supported the German Emperors
+against the <em>Guelphs</em>, who stood by the Pope.
+The war-cry of the Guelphs was taken from the
+name of Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, of the
+house of <em>Wolf</em>; that of the Ghibellines from <em>Weiblingen</em>,
+a town of Würtemberg, the seat of the
+Hohenstauffen family, to which Conrad, Duke
+of Franconia, belonged. These two dukes were
+rivals for the
+imperial throne
+of Germany.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ghoul</strong>, <strong>Ghole</strong>,
+Pers. A demon
+who fed on dead
+bodies of men.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Giallo</strong>, <strong>Giallolino</strong>,
+<strong>Gialdolino</strong>,
+It. Pale yellow.
+(See <span class='sc'>Massicot</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Giaour</strong>, Turkish.
+An unbeliever
+in Mohammed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gigantomachia</strong>,
+Gr. A favourite
+subject of
+Greek art, representing the War of the Giants,
+sons of Cœlus and Terra, against Jupiter. They
+“heaped Ossa on Pelion” to scale heaven, and
+were defeated by Hercules. They are represented
+as of vast stature and strength, having
+their feet covered with scales. A beautiful
+cameo in the Naples Museum represents Jove
+in his chariot subduing the giants. In 1875 the
+German expedition found among the ruins of a
+temple at Pergamus a series of sculptures of
+almost colossal proportions, representing, as
+Pliny describes them, the Wars of the Giants.
+These sculptures are now in the Berlin Museum.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Gillo</strong></span>, R. A wine-cooler, of earthenware.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_353'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_353.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 353. Gimmel Rings. The device of Cosmo de’ Medici.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gimmel Ring</strong>, Her. Two, sometimes three
+annulets interlaced. (Fig. <a href='#fig_353'>353</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gingham</strong> (Javanese <em>ginggan</em>). Cotton cloth,
+woven from dyed yarns; distinguished from
+cloth printed or dyed <em>after</em> weaving.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ginglymus</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γίγγλυμος</span>). A hinge moving
+in a socket.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Gingrinus</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γίγγρας</span>). A flute used at
+funerals.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_354'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_354.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 354. Gipcière.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gipcières.</strong> Richly ornamented
+leather
+purses of the 14th
+and 15th centuries.
+They were often engraved
+with religious
+mottoes. (Fig. <a href='#fig_354'>354</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gipon.</strong> Probably
+the same as <em>gambeson</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Girandole.</strong> A
+large kind of
+branched candlestick.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Girdled</strong>, <strong>Girt</strong>,
+Her. Encircled or
+bound round.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_355'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_355.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 355. Girdle of a Flemish lady of the 15th century.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Girdles.</strong> These were the most beautiful and
+costly articles of dress during the Middle Ages.
+They were frequently made entirely of gold or
+silver, decorated with cameos, precious stones,
+&amp;c. Besides the knightly sword; the purse,
+dagger, rosary, or penner and ink-horn and other
+objects were suspended from the girdle. From
+this word the waist was called the <em>girdlestead</em>, or
+place (<em>sted</em>) of the girdle. The girdles of ladies
+were equally splendid, and frequently depended
+nearly to the ground, as in Fig. <a href='#fig_355'>355</a>. The
+girdle is an attribute of St. Thomas, from a
+legend that the Virgin, pitying his weakness
+of faith, threw down to him her girdle, after
+her assumption into heaven.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Girgillus</strong></span>, R. A roller turned by a windlass,
+for drawing up the bucket of a well. (See <span class='sc'>Jack</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Girouette.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Epi</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Girt</strong>, Her. (See <span class='sc'>Girdled</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gisarme.</strong> A scythe-shaped weapon with a
+pike, fixed on a long staff.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Gittern</strong></span>, O. E. A small guitar, strung with
+catgut.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Givre.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Wyvern</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Glabrous</strong> (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">glaber</span></i>). Smooth, bald.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Glade</strong> (Norman <em>glette</em>, a clear spot among
+clouds). An opening or passage in a wood
+through which the light may shine.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gladiators</strong> were first exhibited at Rome, <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>
+264, at a funeral. The practice had its origin
+in that very ancient one of slaughtering slaves
+and captives on such occasions. Subsequently
+it became more general. The different classes
+of gladiators, distinguished by their arms and
+other circumstances, were: <em>Andabatæ</em>, who wore
+helmets without any opening for the eyes, and
+therefore fought blindfold; <em>Essedarii</em>, who
+fought from chariots (<span class='sc'>Essedæ</span>); <em>Hoplomachai</em>,
+who wore heavy defensive armour; <em>Laqueatores</em>,
+who carried a sort of lasso or noose; <em>Meridiani</em>,
+who fought in the middle of the day, and were
+very slightly armed; <em>Mirmillones</em>, so called
+from their having the image of a fish (mormyr)
+on their helmets; <em>Retiarii</em>, armed with a trident
+and a net. Others, as <em>Samnites</em>, <em>Thraces</em>, &amp;c.,
+were named from the nation whose fashion of
+armour they adopted. The fights of gladiators
+were favourite subjects of Roman art, and it is
+assumed that in cases where no actual combats
+took place at a funeral, they were represented
+on the walls of tombs in sculpture or paint.
+The most celebrated statues of the kind are the
+so called “Dying Gladiator” in the museum
+of the capitol at Rome, and the Gladiator of
+the Borghese collection.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gladiolus.</strong> Diminutive of <span class='sc'>Gladius</span>, and
+synonym of <span class='sc'>Ligula</span>. (See both words.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_356'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_356.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 356. Roman sword.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_357'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_357.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 357. Gallic swords.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Gladius</strong></span>, R. A general term,
+including all the different kinds
+of swords or glaives, but denoting
+more particularly the
+two-edged swords used by the
+Greeks, Romans, and Gauls.
+Fig. <a href='#fig_357'>357</a> represents two Gaulish
+swords, the form of which
+may easily be guessed, even
+though they are in the scabbard;
+Fig. <a href='#fig_356'>356</a> is a Roman
+<em>gladius</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Glaive.</strong> A blade on a pole
+having its edge on the outside
+curve, used by foot-soldiers in
+the 15th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Glans</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (lit. an
+acorn). A large leaden slug,
+of long oval form, which was
+hurled by a sling in place of
+stones.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_358'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_358.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 358. Venetian Glass Vase, 16th century.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Glass.</strong> The discovery is lost
+in remote antiquity. Pliny
+gives a legend which ascribes
+it to chance. Glass bottles
+in Egypt are represented upon monuments
+of the 4th dynasty (at least 2000 years <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>).
+A vase of greenish glass found at Nineveh
+dates from <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 700. Glass is found in the
+windows at Pompeii; and the Romans stained
+it, blew it, worked it on lathes, and engraved
+it. Pliny mentions, as made by the
+Romans in his time, glass coloured opaque,
+red, white, black (like <em>obsidian</em>), or imitating
+jacinths, sapphires, and other gems; also
+<em>murrhine glass</em>. This last was either an imitation
+of fluor-spar, or a kind of agate, or fluor
+spar. The Romans also made <em>mosaic</em> or <em>millefiori</em>,
+in which the threads of colour are melted
+into a rod, so that at every section the whole
+pattern appears; and <em>cameo glasses</em>, in which a
+paste of one colour is laid over another, and the
+whole then carved into the required design;
+<em>gold leaf</em> was also worked into the substance or
+fixed on the surface. A gate at Constantinople
+took its name from the glass works near it, but
+little is known of the Byzantine art, nor of
+earlier European art than the 13th century. In
+mediæval times stained glass windows, in leaden
+frames, were constructed with great success in
+England, France, and Flanders. In the 13th
+century they appear in Italy. The Venetian
+art took its impulse from the capture of Constantinople
+in 1204. Its peculiar beauty is derived
+from the curved forms and tenuity of substance
+obtained in blowing. (Fig. <a href='#fig_358'>358</a>.) There are
+six kinds of Venetian glass. (1) Vessels of colourless
+or <em>transparent glass</em>, or of single colours, generally
+blue or purple. (2) <em>Gilt</em> or <em>enamelled glass</em>.
+(3) <em>Crackled glass</em>, having a surface rough and
+divided irregularly into ridges. (4) Variegated
+or <em>marbled opaque glass</em>, called <em>schmeltz</em>; the
+most common variety is a mixture of green and
+purple, sometimes resembling jasper, sometimes
+chalcedony; other varieties are imitations
+of lapis lazuli and tortoise-shell;
+and <em>avanturine</em>, which is
+obtained by mingling metallic filings
+or fragments of gold leaf with
+melted glass. (5) <em>Millefiori</em>, or
+<em>mosaic glass</em>, in imitation of the
+old Roman process. (6) <em>Reticulated</em>,
+<em>filigree</em>, or <em>lace glass</em>. The varieties
+contain fine threads of glass, generally
+coloured, but sometimes milk-white,
+included in their substance.
+The lightness and strength of the
+Venetian glass are due to its not
+containing lead like our modern
+flint glass. Venetian <em>mirrors</em> were
+for a long period widely celebrated.
+The oldest example of the German
+<em>drinking-cups</em>, ornamented with
+paintings in enamel, is of the date
+of 1553. The designs are commonly
+armorial bearings. From
+the beginning of the 17th century
+the Bohemian manufactories supplied
+<em>vases</em> enriched with ornamental
+subjects, particularly with
+portraits engraved upon the glass.
+The art of <em>wheel engraving upon
+glass</em> flourished in France under
+Louis XVI. In modern times this
+kind of ornamentation is produced
+by the agency of hydrofluoric acid.
+“Coarse glass-making in England
+was, in Sussex, of great antiquity.”
+(<cite>Fuller.</cite>) “The first making of
+Venice glasses in England began in
+London, about the beginning of
+the reign of Queen Elizabeth, by one
+Jacob Vessaline, an Italian.” (<cite>Stow.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Glass-glazed Wares.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Glazed
+Wares</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Glaucous</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γλαυκός</span>). Of a sea-green
+colour, or a greyish blue.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_359'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_359.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 359. Flemish stone-ware Cruche, 17th century.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Glazed Wares.</strong> Almost immediately after the
+invention of Ceramic manufacture, the application
+of <em>glaze</em> or <em>coloured enamel</em> must have improved
+it. What we term <em>glaçure</em> is a light varnish
+which enlivens and harmonizes the porous
+surface of terra-cotta. In its simple state it is
+a mixture of silex and lead, and in this state it
+is transparent, as we find it on <em>antique vases</em>;
+when vitrifiable, and mixed with tin, as in the
+case of <em>majolicas</em>, it is called enamel; and when
+of vitrifiable and earthen substance, such as can
+only be melted at the temperature required for
+the baking of the paste itself, it is known as
+<span class='sc'>Glaze</span>, or <em>couverte</em>, and can be identified in the
+Persian faiences and Flemish stone-ware. (Figs.
+359, 360.) (See <em>Burty</em>, <em>Chefs-d’œuvre of the
+Industrial Arts</em>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_360'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_360.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 360. German enamelled stone-ware Cruche, date first half of the 16th century.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Glazing.</strong> In oil painting, the application of
+thin layer of colour to finally modify the tone.
+In pottery, a vitreous covering over the surface.
+(See <span class='sc'>Glazed Wares</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Globe</strong>, held in the hand, is the emblem of
+power.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Globus</strong></span>, R. A military manœuvre employed
+by a body of Roman soldiers when surrounded
+by superior forces; it consisted in forming a
+circle facing in every direction.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_361'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_361.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 361. Glory. Vesica Piscis in Ely Cathedral.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Glory</strong>, <strong>Nimbus</strong> or <strong>Aureole</strong>, the Christian
+attribute of sanctity, is of pagan origin, common
+to images of the gods, and Roman, even
+Christian, emperors. Satan in miniatures of
+the 9th to 13th century wears a glory. The
+earliest known Christian example is a gem of
+St. Martin of the early part of the 6th century.
+The glory round the head is properly the nimbus
+or aureole. The oblong glory surrounding the
+whole person, called in Latin “vesica piscis” (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_361'>361</a>), and in Italian the “mandorla” (almond) from
+its form, is confined to figures of Christ and the
+Virgin, or saints who are in the act of ascending
+into heaven. When used to distinguish one of the
+three divine Persons of the Trinity, the glory
+is often cruciform or triangular: the square
+nimbus designates a person living at the time
+the work was executed. In other instances it is
+circular. Coloured glories are variously symbolical.
+(<em>Mrs. Jameson</em>, “<cite>The Poetry of Sacred
+and Legendary Art</cite>.”)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gloves.</strong> In the 14th century already <em>gloves</em>
+were worn, jewelled on the back, as a badge of
+rank. “They were worn in the hat,” says
+Steevens, “as the favour of a mistress, or the
+memorial of a friend, and as a mark to be challenged
+by an enemy.” A glove of the 17th century
+is described “of a light buff leather,
+beautifully ornamented with spangles and
+needlework in gold and silver threads, with a
+gold lace border, and silk opening at the
+wrist.” Gloves were called “cheirothecæ,”
+hand-coverers, by the Greeks and Romans;
+they were made without separate fingers, the
+thumb only being free. A legend current at
+Grenoble affirms that St. Anne, the mother
+of the Virgin Mary, was a knitter of gloves.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gluten.</strong> In wax painting, the compound
+with which the pigments are mixed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Glyphs</strong>, Arch. The flutings of an ornament
+or grooving forming
+the segment
+of a circle. (See
+<span class='sc'>Diglyph</span>, <span class='sc'>Triglyph</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Glyptics.</strong> The
+art of engraving
+on precious
+stones.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Glyptotheca</strong>,
+Gr. and R. (1)
+A gallery for
+sculpture. (2) A
+collection of engraved
+stones.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gnomon</strong>, Gr.
+and R. The iron
+pin or index,
+which, by the
+projection of its
+shadow, marks
+the hour upon a
+sun-dial.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Goal.</strong> (See
+<span class='sc'>Meta</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Goat.</strong> The
+emblem of lasciviousness.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gobelins.</strong> Celebrated Royal French manufactory
+of tapestry, named from the successors
+of Jean Gobelin, who brought the art to Paris
+in the 15th century from Rheims. [See <em>Burty</em>,
+<em>Chefs-d’œuvre of Industrial Art</em>.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Godenda</strong></span>, O. E. A pole-axe, having a spike
+at its end; 13th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Goderonné</strong>, <strong>Gouderonné</strong> (Needlework). A
+fluted pattern of embroidery in vogue in the
+16th century.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_362'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_362.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 362. Egyptian Diadem of gold and lapis lazuli of the ancient Empire, found in the tomb of Queen Aah-Hotep.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gold.</strong> It is probable that the earliest recorded
+mark upon units of value was the image of a
+sheep or an ox; hence money in Latin is called
+<em>pecunia</em>, from <em>pecus</em>, cattle, the original form of
+barbaric wealth, for which gold was the substitute.
+The wealth of Abraham in silver and
+gold, as well as in cattle, is mentioned in
+Genesis. No coins of gold or silver have been
+found in <span class='sc'>Egypt</span> or <span class='sc'>Nineveh</span>, although beautiful
+specimens of the goldsmith’s art have been
+recovered from the tombs of both countries.
+The <span class='sc'>Hebrews</span>, taught by the Egyptians, made
+their ark, mercy-seat, altar of incense, seven-branched
+candlestick, and other golden ornaments,
+even in the desert of Sinai. The seven-branched
+candlestick is represented in sculpture on the
+arch of Titus at Rome. At <span class='sc'>Babylon</span> and
+<span class='sc'>Nineveh</span> gold is said to have been lavishly
+applied in gilding sculpture, and even walls;
+but it is suggested that an alloy of copper, the
+<em>aurichalcum</em> of the Greeks, was the metal in
+reality used for this purpose. The heroes of
+the Greek epic had golden shields and
+helmets; breastplates and other large
+pieces of golden armour are among the
+recent discoveries at Mycenæ; at Kourioum
+in the island of Cyprus also great stores of
+golden ornaments of a very early age have
+been discovered. In <span class='sc'>Scythian</span> tombs in
+Russia also, about Kertch, beautiful relics
+of Grecian work in gold have been found,
+showing that in the very earliest ages the
+skill and taste applied to this art were not
+less than those of later times. The gold
+jewellery of ancient India also excelled that
+of modern date, but none, before or since,
+ever equalled the great age of <span class='sc'>Greek</span> art.
+Pausanias describes a statue of Athene,
+made by Pheidias, and kept in the Parthenon
+at Athens, of ivory and gold—<em>chryselephantine</em>—delicately
+worked all over; and
+a still larger statue of Jupiter, of the
+same materials. Native gold alloyed with one-fifth
+silver was greatly prized by the Greek artists,
+who gave it the name of <em>electrum</em>. Examples of
+this electrum are rare; there is a vase at St. Petersburg.
+The <span class='sc'>Romans</span> used to pay enormous
+prices for their household plate; for an example,
+the bowl of Pytheas, on which were
+represented Ulysses and Diomed with the palladium,
+fetched 10,000 denarii, or about 330<em>l.</em>
+<em>per ounce</em>. Few specimens of Roman art have
+escaped destruction. (Fig. <a href='#fig_007'>7</a>.) Of the age of
+<span class='sc'>Byzantine</span> splendour we are told that the
+Emperor Acadius, early in the 5th century, sat
+on a throne of massive gold, his chariot being
+also of gold, &amp;c. In the 9th century the
+throne of Theophilus was overshadowed by a
+tree of gold, with birds in the branches, and at
+the foot two lions all gold. The lions roared
+and the birds piped in the branches. A remarkable
+wealth of ancient goldsmith’s work has been
+found in <span class='sc'>Ireland</span>, consisting principally of
+personal ornaments. In the 9th and 10th centuries
+the Irish workmanship was unsurpassed in
+Europe. It consisted principally of objects for
+religious use, and is characterized by a filagree
+of extraordinary richness, akin to the intricate
+traceries of the Irish illuminated work on MS. of
+the same date and derivation. In the 10th and
+11th centuries there was a great revival of art
+throughout Europe. In <span class='sc'>Germany</span>, the abbey of
+Hildesheim, under Bishop Bernward, became
+the centre of a school of goldsmiths, and some
+beautiful specimens of hammered gold, by the
+bishop’s hand, are preserved.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_363'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_363.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 363. Greek Ear-ring of gold, and part of a necklace. (<cite>See also Fig. <a href='#fig_276'>276</a>.</cite>)</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gold</strong>, in Christian art. (See <span class='sc'>Yellow</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gold, Cloth of</strong>, is mentioned in the Pentateuch,
+and was common throughout the East in
+all ages. It was originally wrought, not in
+rounded wire but flat, as the Chinese, the
+Indians, and the Italians (their <em>lama d’oro</em>)
+weave it now. The early Roman kings wore
+tunics of gold, and the Romans used it as a
+shroud for burial. King Childeric, <span class='fss'>A. D.</span> 482,
+was buried at Tournai in a mantle of golden
+stuff. It was much favoured in England for
+church vestments, and by royalty, especially by
+Edward IV. and Henry VIII. and the nobility
+of their time. (The different varieties are
+described in their order. See <span class='sc'>Acca</span>, <span class='sc'>Areste</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Batuz</span>, <span class='sc'>Chryso-clavus</span>, <span class='sc'>Ciclatoun</span>, <span class='sc'>Dorneck</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Samit</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Goldbeater’s Skin</strong>, prepared from a membrane
+found in the stomach of the ox, is used to
+separate leaf-gold in the process of gold-beating.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Golden Fleece.</strong> An Order of Knighthood instituted
+on the 10th of January, 1429, by Philip,
+Duke of Burgundy. The <span class='sc'>Collar</span> is composed
+of double steels, interwoven with flint-stones,
+emitting sparks of fire, at the end whereof
+hangs on the breast a Golden Fleece. The fusils
+are joined two and two together, as if they were
+double BB’s (the cyphers of Burgundy). The
+<em>flint-stones</em> are the ancient arms of the Sovereigns
+of Burgundy, with the motto “<em>Ante ferit
+quam flamma micet</em>.” (See Fig. <a href='#fig_342'>342</a>.) The
+motto of the Order is “<em>Pretium non vile laborum</em>.”
+There are four great officers, viz. the Chancellor,
+Treasurer, Register, and a King of Arms, called
+<em>Toison d’Or</em>. The <span class='sc'>Badge</span> consists of a Golden
+Fleece, suspended from a flint-stone, which is
+surrounded with flames of gold.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Golden Spur.</strong> An Order of Knighthood
+said to have been instituted by Pius IV., at
+Rome, in 1559. They are sometimes spoken of
+as the <span class='sc'>Chevaliers Pies</span> or <span class='sc'>Piorum</span>, and must
+be distinguished from those who are created
+knights on the coronation or marriage days of
+Emperors and Kings, and who receive at the
+same time the <em>Spurs of Honour</em>. These alone
+are entitled to the appellation of <span class='sc'>Equites
+Aurati</span>. [Cf. <em>Peter de Bellet</em>, <em>Favin</em>, &amp;c.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Golden Stole</strong> of Venice. (See <span class='sc'>Stola d’Oro</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Golione</strong></span>, O. E. A kind of gown.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Gondola</strong></span>, It. A Venetian pleasure-boat or
+barge.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Gonfalon</strong> or <strong>Gonfanon</strong></span>, Fr. (1) A richly-worked
+pointed banner carried upon a lance;
+13th century. (2) An ecclesiastical banner.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gonfalonier</strong>. The bearer of a gonfalon.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Goniometer</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γωνία</span>, an angle, &amp;c.). An instrument
+for measuring the angles of crystals.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Gonjo</strong></span>, O. E. (14th century). Said to be the
+<em>gorget</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gopouras</strong>, Hind. The pyramid-shaped door
+of the Hindoo temples. <em>Dwararab’ha</em>, or door
+of splendour, was the name given to a door with
+one or two tiers; <em>dwarasala</em>, or door of the
+dwelling, a door with two or four tiers; <em>dwaraprasada</em>,
+or propitious door, a door with three
+to five tiers; <em>dwaraharmya</em>, or door of the
+palace, a door with five to seven tiers; lastly,
+<em>dwaragopouras</em>, or door-tower with seven to
+sixteen tiers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gorged</strong>, Her. Wearing a collar.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Gorget</strong></span>, Fr. A defence or covering for the neck.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_364'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_364.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 364. Gorgoneia.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gorgoneia.</strong> Masks of
+the Gorgon’s head, which
+were fixed as bosses
+upon walls or shields.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Gossamer</strong></span>, O. E. (properly
+<em>God’s summer</em>). The
+name is attributed to an
+old legend that the fine
+filaments so called are
+the fragments of the
+winding-sheet of the Virgin
+Mary, which fell
+away from her as she
+was taken up to heaven.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Gothamites</strong></span>, O. E. The inhabitants of
+the village of Gotham in Northumberland, renowned
+for their stupidity. A reprint of the
+tale called “The Wise Men of Gotham”
+appeared in 1840.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Gouache</strong></span>, Fr. This term is applied to the
+use in water-colour painting of opaque colours
+more or less mixed and modified with white.
+The process is extremely ancient, known to the
+Chinese and Indians of the earliest times, and
+to the Greeks and Romans. It was the method
+used by mediæval illuminators. Its result is a
+velvety reflection of the light.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_365'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_365.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 365. Gourd-shaped bottle. Anatolian.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gourd of Noah.</strong>
+A piece of ancient
+blue faience from
+Asia Minor. According
+to the tradition
+current in
+the country, these
+vessels, which are
+in great veneration,
+would go back
+to such remote antiquity
+that it was
+by one of them
+that Noah was betrayed
+into the first
+act of inebriety recorded
+in history.
+(<cite>Jacquemart.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gouttée</strong>, <strong>Guttée</strong>, Her. Sprinkled over with
+drops of gold, silver, blue (tears), red (blood),
+or black (<em>poix</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gown</strong> (British <em>gwn</em>, Norman <em>gunna</em>). The
+men wore gowns in the Middle Ages, the
+women at all times.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Grabatus</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κράβατος</span>). A sort of low
+framework, consisting of a network of cords,
+used to support a mattress; it was the least
+comfortable kind of bed; whence the French
+word <em>grabat</em> to denote a sorry kind of bed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gradient</strong>, Her. Walking.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Gradus</strong></span>, R. A flight of steps leading to a
+temple; the tiers of seats in a theatre or amphitheatre,
+&amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Græcostasis.</strong> A part of the Roman forum,
+where the Greek ambassadors stood to hear the
+debates.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Graffiti</strong></span>, It. Lines drawn with a graver upon
+clay or plaster. (See <span class='sc'>Sgraffiti</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Grafted</strong>, Her. Inserted and fixed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Grand-garde</strong>, Plate armour to cover the
+breast and left shoulder, worn outside the usual
+armour in jousting at tournaments.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Grand Quarters</strong>, Her. The four primary
+divisions of a shield when it is divided per cross
+or quarterly.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Graphite.</strong> Plumbago.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Graphometer.</strong> A mathematical instrument,
+called also a semicircle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Graphotype.</strong> A method of producing book
+illustrations for printing along with type, without
+the art of an engraver.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Grass-green.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Chrysocolla</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Graver</strong> or <strong>Burin</strong>. An engraving-tool. (See
+<span class='sc'>Chalcography</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Grazioso</strong></span>, It. In Music, an intimation to perform
+the music smoothly and gracefully.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Greaves.</strong> Plate armour for the legs.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Grece</strong></span>, O. E. A step, or flight of stairs.
+(See <span class='sc'>Gryse</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Greeces</strong>, Her. Steps.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Greek Lace.</strong> A kind of cutwork, described
+under <span class='sc'>Lace</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Green</strong>, in Christian art, or the emerald, is the
+colour of spring; emblem of hope, particularly
+hope in immortality; and of victory, as the colour
+of the palm and the laurel.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Green.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Carbonates of Copper</span>, <span class='sc'>Oxides
+of Copper</span>, <span class='sc'>Scheele’s Green</span>, <span class='sc'>Sap
+Green</span>, <span class='sc'>Chrome Green</span>, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Green Bice.</strong> Green cinnabar. (See <span class='sc'>Chrome
+Green</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Green Earth</strong> (burnt terra verde) is a brown
+pigment, very useful for landscape painting in
+oil colours; it is not affected by exposure to
+strong light or impure air.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Green Lakes.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Purple Lakes</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Green Verditer.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Verditer</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gregorian Calendar.</strong> The calendar as reformed
+by Pope Gregory XIII. in 1582.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gregorian Music.</strong> A collection of chants,
+originally compiled by Gregory I. (the Great),
+<span class='fss'>A. D.</span> 600. “It was observed by St. Gregory,
+a great musician of his time, that the <em>Ambrosian
+Chants</em>, handed down traditionally to a great
+extent, had become corrupted; he therefore
+subjected them to revision, and added other
+modes and scales to those four which Ambrose
+had retained. This was done by taking away
+the upper tetrachord from the Ambrosian scales,
+and placing it below the lower tetrachord.”
+(See <em>Music</em>, by the Rev. J. R. Lunn, B.D., in
+<em>Dictionary of Christian Antiquities</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Grey</strong>, in Christian art, the colour of ashes,
+signified mourning, humility, and innocence
+accused.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Greybeards</strong></span>, O. E. Stone-ware drinking-jugs,
+with a bearded face on the spout.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gridiron</strong> (It. <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">la graticola</span></i>). The attribute of
+St. Lawrence.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Griffin.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Gryphus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Grinding.</strong> Pigments are generally ground
+in poppy or nut oil, which dry best and do not
+deaden the colours. It is essential that these
+oils be in the purest state, bright and clear. A
+good oil ought to be so dry in five or six days
+that the picture can be repainted.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Griphus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γρῖφος</span>). Literally, a
+fishing-net, and thence a riddle propounded by
+guests at a banquet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Grisaille</strong></span>, Fr. A style of painting <em>in grey</em>, by
+which solid bodies are represented as if in relief;
+adapted for architectural subjects.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_366'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_366.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 366. Groat of Edward III.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Groat.</strong> An old English silver coin, equal to 4<em>d.</em>
+In England, in the Saxon times, no silver coin
+larger in value than a penny was struck, nor after
+the Conquest till the reign of Edward III., who
+about 1351 coined <em>grosses</em> or great pieces,
+which went for 4<em>d.</em> each; and so the matter
+stood till the reign of Henry VII., who in
+1504 first coined shillings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Grogram</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">gros-grains</span></i>). A coarse woollen
+cloth with large woof and a rough pile.
+Grogram gowns were worn by countrywomen,
+15th to 17th centuries. <em>Fairholt</em> says that the
+mixed liquor called <em>grog</em> obtained its name from
+the admiral who ordered it to be given to the
+sailors; who from wearing a grogram coat was
+called “Old Grog.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Groin</strong>, Arch. The angular curve formed at
+the intersection of a vaulted roof; the line
+made by the intersection of arched vaults
+crossing each other at any angle. (See Fig.
+<a href='#fig_173'>173</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Grolier Scroll.</strong> A beautiful and elaborate
+style of decoration for bookbinding, introduced
+by <em>Grolier</em>, a celebrated patron of bookbinding,
+in the 15th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Groma</strong> and <strong>Gruma</strong></span>, R. A quadrant; an instrument
+used by land-surveyors. In the
+plural, <em>grumæ</em> denotes the intersection of two
+roads cutting each other at right angles.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_367'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_367.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 367. Grotesque from a stall in Rouen Cathedral.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Grotesques</strong>, Arch. (It. <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">grottesco</span></i>, the style in
+which grottoes were ornamented). Figures of a
+monstrous, comic, or obscene character, which
+were spread in profusion over the façades of
+churches by mediæval artists (<em>ymaigiers</em>); in
+stone and in wood; on choir-stalls and the
+wood-work and wainscoting of interiors. Figs.
+367, 368 represent figures upon the stalls and
+columns in Rouen Cathedral.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_368'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_368.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 368. Grotesque decoration from the Cathedral at Rouen.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Grounds</strong> or <strong>Priming</strong>. In painting, the first
+coat of colour laid all over the canvas, upon
+which the picture is to be painted.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Grus</span></strong>, Lat. (<em>a crane</em>). A constellation of the
+southern hemisphere.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gry.</strong> A measure containing ⅒ of a <em>line</em>. A
+<em>line</em> is ⅒ of a <em>digit</em>, a <em>digit</em> is ⅒ of a foot, and a
+(philosophical) foot is ⅓ of a pendulum whose
+vibrations, in the latitude of 45°, are each equal
+to one second of time, or ¹⁄₆₀ of a minute.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_369'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_369.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 369. Heraldic Griffin.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gryphus</strong>, <strong>Griffin</strong>,
+Gen. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γρύψ</span>). A
+fabulous animal,
+represented with
+the body of a lion,
+and the head and
+wings of an eagle.
+In ancient art it
+was applied in
+the decoration of
+friezes, one of the
+finest specimens being that at the temple of
+Antoninus and Faustina at Rome. It was a
+heraldic symbol among the Scythians, and is
+the ancient crest of the city of London. As an
+emblem this monster symbolizes the destroying
+power of the gods.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Gryse</strong>, <strong>Grece</strong>, <strong>Tredyl</strong>, or <strong>Steyre</strong></span>, O. E. A
+step, a flight of stairs.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Guacos</strong> or <strong>Huacos</strong>, Peruv.
+The consecrated burial-places
+of the ancient Peruvians.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_370'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_370.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 370. Passant guardant.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Guardant</strong>, Her. Looking
+out from the field, as
+the lions in Fig. <a href='#fig_370'>370</a>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Guazzo</strong></span>, It. A hard and
+durable kind of distemper
+painting, used by the ancients,
+calculated to resist
+damp and to preserve the
+colours.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_371'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_371.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 371. Gubbio Cup, 1519. Louvre Museum.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gubbio</strong>. A celebrated Italian botega of
+ceramic art, founded in 1498 by Giorgio Andreoli,
+the reputed inventor of the secret of metallic
+lustres. Fig. <a href='#fig_371'>371</a> is a cup bearing upon
+a fillet the inscription “<em>Ex o Giorg.</em>,” “of the
+fabric of Giorgio.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Gubernaculum</strong></span>, R. (<em>guberno</em>, to direct). A
+rudder; originally an oar with a broad blade,
+which was fixed, not at the extremity, but at
+each side of the stern. A ship had commonly
+two rudders joined together by a pole.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Guelfs</strong> or <strong>Guelphs</strong>. (See <span class='sc'>Ghibellines</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_372'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_372.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 372. Badge of the Gueux.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gueux, Badge of the.</strong> The celebrated
+Netherlandish confraternity of the Gueux (or
+Beggars), which had its origin in a jest spoken
+at a banquet, assumed not only the dress, but the
+staff, wooden bowl, and wallet of the professional
+beggar, and even went so far as to clothe their
+retainers and servants in mendicant garb. The
+badge represents two hands clasped across and
+through a double wallet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Guidon</strong></span>, Fr. (1) The silk standard of a
+regiment; (2) its bearer.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Guige</strong>, Her. A shield-belt worn over the
+right shoulder.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Guild</strong></span>, O. E. (Saxon <i><span lang="nds" xml:lang="nds">guildan</span></i>, to pay). A
+fraternity or company, every member of which
+was <em>gildare</em>, i. e. had to pay something towards
+the charges. Merchant guilds first became
+general in Europe in the 11th century. (See
+<em>Anderson’s History of Commerce</em>, vol. i. p. 70.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_373'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_373.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 373. Base ornamented with guilloche.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Guilloche.</strong> A series of interlaced ornaments
+on stone, resembling network.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_374'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_374.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 374. Band with the guilloche ornament.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Guilloched.</strong> Waved or engine-turned.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Guimet’s Ultramarine.</strong> A valuable substitute
+for the more costly preparation. It is transparent
+and durable.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Guimet’s Yellow</strong> is the deutoxide of lead and
+antimony, useful in enamel or porcelain painting.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Guinea.</strong> An English coin first struck <em>temp.</em>
+Car. II., and so called because the gold was
+brought from the coast of <em>Guinea</em> (the Portuguese
+<em>Genahoa</em>). It originally bore the impress
+of an elephant. The sovereign superseded it in
+1817.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Guisarme.</strong> An ancient weapon of the nature
+of a pike or bill. (See <em>Meyrick</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Guitar</strong> (Spanish <em>guitarra</em>). A stringed
+musical instrument, played as a harp with the
+fingers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gules</strong>, Her. (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">gueules</span></i>). Red, represented
+in engraving by perpendicular lines.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gum-arabic</strong> dissolved in water constitutes
+the well-known vehicle for water-colour painting—<em>gum-water</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gunter’s Line.</strong> A line of logarithms
+graduated on a ruler, for practical use in the
+application of logarithms to the ordinary calculations
+of an architect, builder, &amp;c. Other
+similar instruments invented by the great mathematician
+(+ 1626) are <em>Gunter’s Quadrant</em> and
+<em>Gunter’s Scale</em>, used by seamen and for astronomical
+calculations.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Gurgustium</strong></span>, R. A cave, hovel, or any dark
+and wretched abode.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gussets</strong> were small pieces of chain mail at
+the openings of the joints beneath the arms.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Guttæ</strong>, Arch. (drops). Small conical-shaped
+ornaments, used in the Doric entablature immediately
+under the mutule beneath the triglyph.
+(See Fig. <a href='#fig_265'>265</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Guttée</strong>, Her. (See <span class='sc'>Gouttée</span>.) Sprinkled
+over.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Gutturnium</strong></span>, R. (<em>guttur</em>, the throat). A
+water-jug or ewer; it was a vessel of very
+elegant form, and was used chiefly by slaves for
+pouring water over the hands of the guests before
+and after a meal. (See <span class='sc'>Ablutions</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Guttus</strong></span>, R. (<em>gutta</em>, a drop). A vessel with a
+very narrow neck and mouth, by means of
+which liquids could be poured out drop by
+drop; whence its name. It was especially used
+in sacrifices, and is a common object upon coins
+of a religious character.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gutty</strong>, Her. Charged or sprinkled with
+<em>drops</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Gwerre</strong></span>, O. E. The choir of a church.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Gymmers</strong></span>, O. E. Hinges. (The word is
+still used.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gymnasium</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γυμνάσιον</span>; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γυμνὸς</span>, stripped).
+A large building used by the Greeks,
+answering to the Roman <em>palæstra</em>, in which
+gymnastics were taught and practised. There
+were also attached to it assembly rooms for
+rhetoricians and philosophers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gynæceum</strong>, Gr. (from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γυνὴ</span>, a woman). That
+part of the Greek house which was set apart for
+the women. (See <span class='sc'>Domus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gypsum</strong> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γύψος</span>). The property of rapid
+consolidation renders gypsum very available
+for taking casts of works of art, &amp;c. It is
+much employed in architectural ornaments.
+The gypsum of Paris is called <em>Montmartrite</em>,
+and forms the best
+<em>Plaster of Paris</em>, as it resists
+the weather better
+than purer sorts. It contains
+17 per cent. of carbonate
+of lime. (See also
+<span class='sc'>Alabaster</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gyron</strong>, Her. A triangular
+figure, one of the
+subordinaries.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_375'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_375.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 375. Gyronny.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Gyronny</strong>, Her. A field
+divided into gyrons.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c005'>H.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c006'><strong>H</strong>, as an old Latin numeral, denotes 200,
+and with a dash above it (H̅) 200,000.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Habena</strong></span>, R. (<em>habeo</em>, to hold). A term with
+numerous meanings, all of which were connected
+more or less with the idea of a thong or
+strap. In the singular, it signifies a halter; in
+the plural, <em>habenæ</em>, reins.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Habergeon</strong>. A coat of mail, or breastplate.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Habited</strong>, Her. Clothed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hackbut</strong> or <strong>Hagbut</strong>. Arquebus with a hooked
+stock.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hackney Coach</strong> (from the French <em>coche-à-haguenée</em>).
+The <em>haguenée</em> was a strong kind
+of horse formerly let out on hire for short
+journeys.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Hadrianea</strong></span>, R. Small buildings in which
+Christians were allowed to meet, in virtue of an
+edict granted in their favour by the Emperor
+Hadrian.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Hæmatinon</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">αἱμάτινον</span>, of blood). A
+kind of glassy substance of a beautiful red, and
+susceptible of taking a fine polish. It was used
+to make small cubes for mosaic or small works
+of art.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hagiographa</strong> (<em>sacred writings</em>). A name
+applied to those books of Scripture which,
+according to the Jewish classification, held the
+lowest rank in regard to inspiration. These are
+the books of Ruth, Psalms, Job, Proverbs,
+Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, Lamentations,
+Daniel, Esther, Ezra, and Chronicles.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hair.</strong> The <em>Assyrian</em> monarchs are represented
+with beard elaborately plaited, and hair
+falling in ringlets on the shoulder, which may
+have been partly artificial, like that of the
+Persian monarchs, who, according to Xenophon,
+wore a wig. Both the hair and beard were
+dyed, and the eyes blackened with kohl, &amp;c.
+(<cite>Layard.</cite>) The <em>Egyptians</em> kept the head shaved,
+and wore wigs and beard-boxes. The <em>Hebrews</em>
+generally wore the hair short, but the horse-guards
+of King Solomon “daily strewed their
+heads with gold dust, which glittered in the
+sun.” (<cite>Josephus.</cite>) The ancient <em>Greeks</em> wore
+their hair long. The <em>Athenians</em> wore it long
+in childhood, had it cut short at a solemn
+ceremony when they became eighteen years of
+age, and afterwards allowed it to grow, and
+wore it rolled up in a knot on the crown of the
+head, fastened with golden clasps (<em>crobylus</em>,
+<em>corymbus</em>). Women wore bands or coifs (<em>sphendone</em>,
+<em>kekryphalus</em>, <em>saccus</em>, <em>mitra</em>). Youths and
+athletes are represented with short hair. The
+favourite colour was blonde (<em>xanthus</em>); black
+was the most common. The ancient <em>Romans</em>
+also wore long hair; about 300 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> the practice
+of wearing it short came in (<em>cincinnus</em>,
+<em>cirrus</em>). The Roman women anciently dressed
+their hair very plainly, but in the Augustan
+period adopted some extravagant fashions.
+Each of the gods is distinguished by his peculiar
+form of hair: that of Jupiter is long and flowing;
+Mercury has close curling hair, &amp;c. The <em>Danes</em>,
+<em>Gauls</em>, and <em>Anglo-Saxons</em> wore long flowing
+hair, and the shearing of it was a punishment:
+when Julius Cæsar conquered the Gauls, he cut
+off their long hair. Among the early <em>Frankish</em>
+kings long hair was the privilege of the blood
+royal. From the time of <em>Clovis</em> the French
+nobility wore short hair, but as they grew less
+martial the hair became longer. François I.
+introduced short hair, which prevailed until the
+reign of Louis XIII., which was followed by the
+period of periwigs and perukes of Louis XIV.
+The variations from the Conquest to the last
+generation in <em>England</em> are so striking and frequent
+that each reign may be distinguished by
+its appropriate head-dress. (Consult <em>Fairholt’s
+Costume in England</em>, <em>Planché’s Cyclopædia of
+Costume</em>, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hair-cloth.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Cilicium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hair Pencils</strong> or <strong>Brushes</strong> are made of the finer
+hairs of the marten, badger, polecat, camel, &amp;c.,
+mounted in quills or white iron tubes. The
+round brushes should swell all round from the
+base, and diminish upwards to a fine point, terminating
+with the uncut ends of the hair. (See
+<span class='sc'>Fitch</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Halbert.</strong> A footman’s weapon in the form of
+a battle-axe and pike at the end of a long staff.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Halcyon.</strong> The ancient name of the <em>Alcedo</em>
+or king-fisher; hence—</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Halcyon Days</strong>, i. e. the calm and peaceful
+season when the king-fisher lays its eggs in nests
+close by the brink of the sea; i. e. seven days
+before and as many after the winter solstice.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“Seven winter dayes with peacefull calme possest</div>
+      <div class='line'><em>Alcyon</em> sits upon her floating nest.”</div>
+      <div class='line in28'>(<em>Sandy’s Ovid, Met.</em> b. xi.)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hall-marks.</strong> The Goldsmiths of London
+formed their company in 1327, and were incorporated
+by charter in 1392. The hall-marks,
+in the order of their introduction, are as follows:—1.
+The leopard’s head, called the king’s
+mark. 2. The maker’s mark, originally a
+rose, crown, or other emblem with or without
+initials. 3. The annual letter, in the order of
+the alphabet from A to V, omitting J and U.
+This mark is changed every twenty years. 4.
+The lion <em>passant</em>, added in 1597. 5. Instead of
+the leopard’s head (1) for the king’s mark, the
+lion’s head <em>erased</em>, introduced in 1697 when the
+standard was changed, and, 6, a figure of
+Britannia substituted for the lion <em>passant</em> (4) at
+the same time. Plate with this mark is called
+<em>Britannia</em> plate. The old standard (of 11 oz.
+2 dwt. pure gold in the lb.) was restored in 1719.
+7. The head of the reigning sovereign in profile,
+ordered in 1784, when a fresh duty was laid
+upon plate.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Halling</strong></span>, O. E. Tapestry.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hallowmas</strong>, Chr. The feast of All Souls,
+or the time about All Souls’ and All Saints’
+Days, viz. the 1st and 2nd of November; and
+thence to <span class='sc'>Candlemas</span>, or the 2nd of February.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Halmos</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A vessel of round form,
+supported on a raised stand entirely distinct from
+the vessel itself; it was used as a drinking-cup.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Halmote</strong> or <strong>Halimote</strong>. The Saxon name for
+a meeting of tenants, now called a <em>court baron</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Halteres</strong> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἁλτῆρες</span>), in the gymnastic exercises
+of the Greeks and Romans, were masses
+of lead, iron, or stone held in the hands to give
+impetus in leaping, or used as dumb-bells.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ham</strong> (Scotch <em>hame</em>). A Saxon word for a
+place of dwelling, <em>a home</em>; hence “<span class='fss'>HAMLET</span>.”
+“This word,” says Stow, “originally meant the
+seat of a freeholder, comprehending the mansion-house
+and adjacent buildings.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Hama</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἄμη</span> or <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἅμη</span>). A bucket
+used for various purposes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hamburg White.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Carbonate of Lead</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Barytes</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hames</strong> or <strong>Heames</strong>, Her. Parts of horses’ harness.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hammer</strong> or <strong>Martel</strong>, Her. Represented much
+like an ordinary hammer.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hamus</strong> or <strong>Hamulus</strong>. A fish-hook.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_376'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_376.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 376. Hanaper.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Hanaper</strong></span>, O. E. (Mod. <em>hamper</em>). A wicker
+basket. (Fig. <a href='#fig_376'>376</a>.) Writs in the Court of Chancery
+were thrown into such a basket (<em>in hanaperio</em>),
+and the office was called from that circumstance
+the Haniper Office. It was abolished in 1842.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Handkerchiefs</strong> embroidered in gold were
+presented and worn as favours in the reign of
+Elizabeth. Paisley handkerchiefs were introduced
+in 1743.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_377'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_377.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 377. Bronze door-handle. Roman.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Handle</strong>, Gen. In antiquity the leaves of a
+door were fitted with handles like those of our
+own day. Fig. <a href='#fig_377'>377</a> represents a bronze handle
+consisting of a double ring. Of these, the inner
+one could be raised so as to allow a person’s
+hand to take hold of it, and draw the door his
+own way. This work of art is at the present
+time in the Museum of Perugia.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Handruffs</strong></span>, O. E. Ruffles.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Handseax</strong>. The Anglo-Saxon dagger.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Hanger</strong></span>, O. E. A small sword worn by gentlemen
+with morning dress in the 17th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Hangers</strong> or <strong>Carriages</strong></span>, O. E. Appendages to
+the sword-belt from which the sword hung, often
+richly embroidered or jewelled.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hanselines</strong> (15th century). Loose breeches.
+(See <span class='sc'>Slop</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Haphe</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἁφὴ</span> i.e. a grip). The
+yellow sand with which wrestlers sprinkled themselves
+over after having been rubbed with oil. The
+object of this sprinkling was to enable the
+wrestlers to take a firmer grasp one of the
+other.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Hara</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A pig-sty, especially for a
+breeding sow. The term also denoted a pen for
+geese.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hare</strong>, Chr. In Christian iconography the hare
+symbolizes the rapid course of life. Representations
+of this animal are met with on lamps, engraved
+stones, sepulchral stones, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Harlequin</strong> (It. <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">Harlequino</span></i>, or little Harlay).
+The name is derived from that of a famous
+Italian comedian, who appeared in Paris in the
+time of Henri III., and from frequenting the
+house of M. de Harlay was so called by his
+companions. (<em>Ménage</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Harmamaxa</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἁρμ-άμαξα</span>). A
+four-wheeled carriage or litter covered overhead,
+and enclosed with curtains. It was generally large,
+and drawn by four horses, and richly ornamented.
+It was principally used for women and children.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Harmonica.</strong> A musical instrument consisting
+of a number of glass cups fixed upon a revolving
+spindle, and made to vibrate by friction applied
+to their edges. These “musical glasses” are
+described in a work published in 1677. A
+<em>harpsichord-harmonica</em> is a similar instrument,
+in which finger-keys like those of a pianoforte
+are used. (See the article in <em>Encyl. Brit.</em>,
+8th edition.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Harmonium.</strong> A musical instrument having
+a key-board like a pianoforte, and the sounds
+(which resemble those of organ pipes) produced
+by the vibration of thin tongues of metal.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Harp.</strong> The <span class='sc'>Egyptians</span> had various kinds of
+harps, some of which were elegantly shaped and
+tastefully ornamented. The name of the harp
+was <em>buni</em>. Its frame had no front pillar. The
+harps represented on the monuments varied in
+size from 6½ feet high downwards, and had from
+4 to 28 strings. A beautiful Egyptian harp, in
+the Louvre collection, is of triangular shape with
+21 strings, but, like all the harps represented on
+the monuments, it has no fore-pillar. The
+strings were of catgut. <span class='sc'>Assyrian</span> sculptures also
+represent harps. These also had no front pillar,
+and were about 4 feet high, with ornamental
+appendages on the lower frame. The upper
+frame contained the sound-holes and the tuning-pegs
+in regular order. The strings are
+supposed to have been of silk. The <span class='sc'>Greek</span>
+harp, called <em>kinyra</em>, resembled the Assyrian, and
+is represented with 13 strings: it is an attribute
+of Polyhymnia. The <span class='sc'>Anglo-Saxons</span> called
+the harp the <em>gleo-beam</em>, or “glee-wood;” and it
+was their most popular instrument. King David
+playing a harp is represented on an A.S. monument
+of the 11th century. It was the favourite
+instrument of the <span class='sc'>German</span> and <span class='sc'>Celtic</span> bards,
+and of the <span class='sc'>Scandinavian</span> skalds. It is represented
+with 12 strings and 2 sound-holes, and
+having a fore-pillar. A curious <span class='sc'>Irish</span> harp of the
+8th century, or earlier, is represented in Bunting’s
+“Ancient Music of Ireland,” having no
+fore-pillar. The <span class='sc'>Finns</span> had a harp (<em>harpu</em>,
+<em>kantele</em>) with a similar frame, devoid of a front
+pillar. In <span class='sc'>Christian art</span> a harp is the attribute
+of King David and of St. Cecilia. St.
+Dunstan is also occasionally represented with it.
+In Heraldry the harp is the device and badge of
+Ireland. The Irish harp of gold with silver
+strings on a blue field forms the third quarter
+of the royal arms.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Harpaga</strong>, <strong>Harpago</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A general
+term, including any kind of hook for grappling;
+more particularly a military engine invented by
+Pericles, and introduced into the Roman navy by
+Duillius. It consisted of a joist about two yards
+and a half long, each face of which was coated
+with iron, and having at one end a harpoon of
+iron or bronze; the other end was fitted with an
+iron ring, to which a rope was attached, so as to
+enable it to be drawn back when it had once
+grappled a ship or its rigging. <em>Harpago</em> or <em>wolf</em>
+was the term applied to a beam armed with a
+harpoon, which was employed to break down
+the tops of walls, or widen a breach already
+made. [A flesh-hook used in cookery to take
+boiled meat out of the caldron.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Harpastum</strong></span>, R. A small ball employed for a
+game in which the players formed two sides.
+They stationed themselves at some distance from
+a line traced on the ground or sand where the
+<em>harpastum</em> was placed. At a given signal each
+player threw himself upon the ball, in order to
+try and send it beyond the bounds of the opposite
+party.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Harpies</strong>, Gen. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἅρπυιαι</span>, i. e. the Snatchers).
+Winged monsters, daughters of Neptune and
+Terra, three in number, viz. <em>Aëllo</em> (the tempest),
+<em>Ocypetê</em> (swift-flying), and <em>Cêlêno</em>; representing
+the storm-winds. They had the faces of old
+women, a vulture’s body, and huge claws; they
+were the representatives of the Evil Fates, and
+the rulers of storms and tempests. In Christian
+iconography the Harpies symbolize the devil
+and repentance. [In the so called “Harpy tomb”
+in the British Museum they are represented
+carrying off Camiro and Clytia, the daughters of
+Pandarus of Crete, as a punishment for his
+complicity with Tantalus in stealing ambrosia
+and nectar from the table of the gods.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Harpsichord.</strong> A musical instrument intermediate
+between the <em>spinet</em>, <em>virginals</em>, &amp;c., and
+the <em>pianoforte</em>, which supplanted it in the 18th
+century. It may be described as a horizontal
+harp enclosed in a sonorous case, the wires
+being struck with jacks armed with crow-quills,
+and moved with finger-keys.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Harquebus.</strong> An improvement of the hand-gun
+introduced in the 15th century, applying
+the invention of the <em>trigger</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hart.</strong> A stag in its <em>sixth</em> year.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hart</strong> or <strong>Hind</strong>, in Christian art, originally
+typified solitude and purity of life. It was
+the attribute of St.
+Hubert, St. Julian,
+and St. Eustace.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_378'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_378.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 378. Heraldic Hart.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hart</strong>, Her. A stag
+with attires; the female
+is a hind.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_379'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_379.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 379. Hasta—Roman ceremonial spear.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hasta</strong> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἔγχος</span>).
+A spear used as a pike
+for thrusting, or as a
+missile for hurling from
+the hand, or as a bolt
+from an engine. Homer
+defines the spear as “a pole heavy with
+bronze.” The <em>hasta amentata</em>, for hurling,
+had a leathern thong for a handle (<em>amentum</em>) in
+the middle; <em>hasta pura</em> was a spear without a
+head, and was a much-valued decoration given
+to a Roman soldier who had saved a citizen’s
+life; <em>hasta celibarium</em> was a spear which, having
+been thrust into the body of a gladiator as he lay
+dead in the arena, was afterwards used at marriages
+to part the hair of the bride. A spear
+was set up before a place where sales by auction
+were going on, and an auction-room was hence
+called <span class='sc'>Hastarium</span>. Different
+kinds of spear were the <em>lancea</em>
+of the Greeks; the <em>pilum</em>,
+peculiar to the Romans; the
+<em>veru</em>, <em>verutum</em>, or “spit,” of
+the Roman light infantry;
+the <em>gæsum</em>, a Celtic weapon
+adopted by the Romans; the
+<em>sparrus</em>, our English spar or
+<em>spear</em>, the rudest missile of
+the whole class; and many
+others mentioned under their
+respective headings in this
+work.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hasta Pura.</strong> In Numismatics,
+a headless spear or
+long sceptre, an attribute of all
+the heathen deities; a symbol
+of the goodness of the gods
+and the conduct of providence,
+equally mild and forcible.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Hastarium</strong></span>, R. A room in
+which sales were made <em>sub
+hasta publica</em>, that is, by public auction, under
+the public authority indicated by the spear. The
+term also denoted a list or catalogue of sale.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Hastile</strong></span>, R. (<em>hasta</em>). The shaft of a spear, and
+thence the spear itself, a goad, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_380'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_380.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 380. Costume of a nobleman in Venice (16th century), showing the Hat of the period.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hat</strong> (A.S. <em>haet</em>, a covering for the head).
+Froissart describes hats and plumes worn at
+Edward’s court in 1340, when the Garter order
+was instituted. Hats were originally of a scarlet-red
+colour, and made of “a fine kinde of haire
+matted thegither.” A remarkable series of
+changes in the fashion of hats is given in
+<em>Planché’s Encyclopædia of Costume</em>. Our illustration
+represents a young Venetian noble of the
+Middle Ages. (See also the illustrations to
+<span class='sc'>Pourpoint</span>, <span class='sc'>Biretta</span>, <span class='sc'>Bombards</span>, <span class='sc'>Calash</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Capuchon</span>, <span class='sc'>Chapeau</span>, <span class='sc'>Coronets</span>, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hatchment</strong>, Her. (for <em>atchievement</em>). An
+achievement of arms in a lozenge-shaped frame,
+placed upon the front of the residence of a
+person lately deceased, made to distinguish his
+rank and position in life.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hauberk</strong> (Germ. <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Hals-berg</span></i>, a throat-guard).
+A military tunic of ringed mail, of German
+origin, introduced in the 12th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Haumudeys</strong></span>, O. E. A purse.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_381'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_381.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 381. Hauriant.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hauriant</strong>, Her.
+Said of fishes upright,
+“sucking the
+air.” (Fig. <a href='#fig_381'>381</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hautboy.</strong> A
+wind instrument of
+the reed kind.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Haversack</strong> (Fr.
+<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">havre-sac</span></i>). A
+soldier’s knapsack.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hawk</strong>, Egyp.
+This bird symbolizes
+the successive
+new births of the
+rising sun. The
+hawk is the bird of
+Horus. It stood,
+at certain periods, for the word <em>God</em>, and, with
+a human head, for the word <em>soul</em>. The sun
+(<cite>Ra</cite>) is likewise represented with a hawk’s head,
+ornamented with the disk.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Head-piece.</strong> An ornamental engraving at the
+commencement of a new chapter in a book.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Head-rail.</strong> The head-dress worn by Saxon
+and Norman ladies.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Healfang</strong>, A.S. The pillory, or a fine in
+commutation. “<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Qui falsum testimonium dedit,
+reddat regi vel terræ domino</span></i> <span class='fss'>HEALFANG</span>.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Heang-loo</strong>, Chinese. An incense-burner.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_382'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_382.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 382. Inscription, with hearts, found at Alise.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Heart.</strong> On numerous Christian tombs hearts
+maybe seen sculptured. Many archæologists have
+attempted to explain their meaning as symbols,
+but without entering on an unprofitable discussion
+of that question, it may be noticed that,
+in many cases, what archæologists have supposed
+to be hearts were nothing but ivy-leaves,
+which served as marks of separation between
+different words or sentences. Fig. <a href='#fig_382'>382</a> represents
+an inscription at Alise in which ivy-leaves
+figure, together with an ornament which
+some would insist were flames, if they were to
+take the leaves for hearts. When inscriptions,
+however, are defaced, the shape of the leaves
+is not nearly so distinguishable as in the figure.
+[One of the most frequent methods in which
+this emblem is introduced in Christian art
+is that the Saviour, or the Virgin Mary, is represented
+opening the breast to display the
+living heart—the natural symbol of Love, Devotion,
+or Sorrow. The Heart is an attribute
+of St. Theresa, St. Augustine, and other saints.
+The flaming heart is the emblem of charity.
+The heart pierced by seven daggers symbolizes
+the “seven sorrows” of Mary.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hecatesia</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἑκατήσια</span>). Festivals held
+at Athens in honour of Hecatê.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Hecatomb</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἑκατόμβη</span>). A sacrifice
+offered in Greece and Rome under special
+circumstances, and at which a hundred head of
+cattle (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἑκατὸν</span>) were slain; whence the name of
+the festival. [The term was generally applied
+to <em>all</em> great sacrifices, of much less extent than
+that implied by its etymological meaning.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hecatompylæ</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἑκατόμ-πυλαι</span>). The city
+with a hundred gates; a name given to the
+Egyptian Thebes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Hecatonstylon</strong>, <strong>Hecatonstyle</strong></span>, Gr. and R.
+(<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἑκατὸν</span> and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">στῦλος</span>). A portico or colonnade
+with a hundred columns.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hecte</strong> or <strong>Hectæus</strong>, Gr. = a sixth (R. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">modius</span></i>).
+In dry measure, the sixth part of the medimnus,
+or nearly two gallons English. Coins of uncertain
+value bore the same name; they were sixths
+of other units of value.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hegira</strong> (Arabic <em>hajara</em>, to desert). The
+flight from Mecca, 16th July, <span class='fss'>A. D.</span> 622, from
+which Mohammedan chronology is calculated.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Helciarius</strong></span>, R. One who tows a boat. He
+was so called because he passed a rope round
+his body in the way of a belt, the rope thus
+forming a noose (<em>helcium</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Helepolis</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἑλέ-πολις</span>, the taker
+of cities). A lofty square tower, on wheels,
+used in besieging fortified places. It was ninety
+cubits high and forty wide; inside were nine
+stories, the lower containing machines for throwing
+great stones; the middle, large catapults for
+throwing spears; and the highest other machines.
+It was manned with 200 soldiers. The name
+was afterwards applied to other siege engines of
+similar construction.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Helical</strong>, Arch. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἕλιξ</span>, a wreath). A spiral line
+distinguished from <em>spiral</em>. A staircase is <em>helical</em>
+when the steps wind round a cylindrical newel;
+whereas the <em>spiral</em> winds round a cone, and is
+constantly narrowing its axis. The term is
+applied to the volutes of a Corinthian capital.
+(See <span class='sc'>Helix</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Heliochromy</strong> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἥλιος</span>, the sun, and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χρῶμα</span>,
+colour). Process of taking coloured photographs.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Heliopolites</strong>, Egyp. One of the nomes or
+divisions of Lower Egypt, capital An, the sacred
+name for Heliopolis near Cairo.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Heliotrope.</strong> The <em>Hæmatite</em> or <em>blood-stone</em>; a
+siliceous mineral of a dark green colour, commonly
+variegated with bright red spots.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Heliotropion</strong>, Gr. A kind of sun-dial. (See
+<span class='sc'>Horologium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Helix</strong>, Arch. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἕλιξ</span>, anything spiral). A small
+volute like the tendril of a vine placed under
+the Corinthian abacus. They are arranged in
+couples springing from one base, and unite at
+the summit.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hellebore.</strong> A famous purgative medicine
+among the ancient Greeks and Romans.
+Philosophers prepared for work by drinking an
+infusion of the black hellebore, like tea. The
+best grew in the island of Anticyra in the
+Ægean Sea, and the gathering of it was accompanied
+by superstitious rites.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_383'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_383.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 383. Helm of a Gentleman or Esquire.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Helm</strong>, <strong>Helmet</strong>, Her.
+Now placed as an accessory
+above a shield of
+arms. Modern usage distinguishes
+helms according
+to the rank of the wearer.
+The term <em>helm</em> was applied
+by both Saxons and Normans,
+in the 11th century,
+to the conical steel cap
+with a nose-guard, which
+was the common head-piece
+of the day, and is
+depicted in contemporary
+illuminations, sculptures, and tapestries. Afterwards
+it was restricted to the <em>casque</em>, which
+covered the whole head, and had an aventaile or
+vizor for the face. The use of the <em>helm</em> finally
+ceased in the reign of Henry VIII.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_384'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_384.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 384. Helmet or Burgonet of the 16th century.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Helmet.</strong> The
+diminutive of
+<span class='sc'>Helm</span>, first applied
+to the smaller
+head-piece which
+superseded it in
+the 15th century.
+(See <span class='sc'>Galea</span>, <span class='sc'>Armet</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Bascinet</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Burgonet</span>, <span class='sc'>Casque</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Chapelle
+le Fer</span>, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hemi-</strong> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἡμι-</span>).
+Half; used in composition
+of words
+like the Latin <em>semi</em>
+or <em>demi</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hemichorion</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἡμιχόριον</span>). (See <span class='sc'>Dichorea</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Hemicyclium</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἡμι-κύκλιον</span>). A
+semicircular alcove, to which persons resorted
+for mutual conversation. The term was also
+used to denote a sun-dial.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Hemina</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἡμίνα</span>, i. e. half). A
+measure of capacity containing half a sextarius
+(equal to the Greek <em>cotyle</em> = half a pint English).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Hemiolia</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἡμι-ολία</span>, i. e. one and a
+half). A vessel of peculiar construction employed
+especially by Greek pirates.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_385'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_385.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 385. Sun-dial (Hemisphærium).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Hemisphærium</strong></span>, R.
+A sun-dial in the form
+of a hemisphere;
+whence its name.
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_385'>385</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hemlock</strong>, the <em>Conium
+maculatum</em> of
+botanists, was the poison
+used by the ancient
+Greeks for the
+despatch of state prisoners.
+Its effects
+are accurately described
+in Plato’s description
+of the death
+of Socrates.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Heptagon</strong> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἑπτὰ</span>,
+seven, and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γώνη</span>, an
+angle). A seven-sided
+figure.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hepteris</strong>, Gr. and
+R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἑπτ-ήρης</span>). A
+ship of war with
+seven ranks of oars.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Heræa.</strong> Important Greek festivals, celebrated
+in honour of Hera in all the towns of
+Greece. At Argos, every fifth year, an immense
+body of young men in armour formed a procession,
+preceded by a <span class='sc'>Hecatomb</span> of oxen, to
+the great temple of Hera, between Argos and
+Mycenæ, where the oxen were slaughtered, and
+their flesh distributed to the citizens.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Herald</strong> (Germ. <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Herold</span></i>). An officer of arms.
+The heralds of England were incorporated
+by Richard III. The college now consists
+of three kings of arms, six heralds, and four
+pursuivants. The office of Earl Marshal, the
+supreme head of the English heralds, is hereditary
+in the family of the Duke of Norfolk.
+There is another herald king styled “Bath,”
+who is specially attached to that order; he is
+not a member of the college. The chief herald
+of Scotland is styled Lord Lyon King of Arms;
+that of Ireland, Ulster King of Arms. <em>Chester
+herald</em> is mentioned in the reign of Richard II.,
+<em>Lancaster king of arms</em> under Henry IV. (See
+<span class='sc'>Marshal</span>, <span class='sc'>Kings of Arms</span>, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Heralds’ College.</strong> A college of heralds was
+instituted in Rome by Numa Pompilius, and
+the office was held sacred among the most
+ancient Oriental nations. The institution was
+imported into England in the Middle Ages
+from Germany, a corporation of heralds, similar
+to the <em>collegium fetialium</em> of Rome, having
+been established in England in 1483 by Richard
+III. (See <em>Pitiscus</em>, tom. i., and <em>Hofmann</em>,
+tom. ii.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Hermæ</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἑρμαῖ</span>). Hermæ, a
+kind of pedestals surmounted only by the head,
+or, in some cases, the bust of Hermes. Great
+reverence was felt for these statues. Houses at
+Athens had one before the doors; they were also
+placed in front of temples, near tombs, at
+street corners, or as mile-stones on the high roads.
+<em>Hermuli</em>, or small <em>Hermæ</em>, were a common ornament
+of furniture, as pilasters and supports.
+The same name is applied to similar statues
+having a man’s head. This statue was probably
+one of the first attempts of art at plastic representation.
+The <em>phallus</em> and a pointed beard
+originally were essential parts of the symbol.
+In place of arms there were projections to hang
+garlands on. Then a mantle was introduced
+from the shoulders. Afterwards the whole torso
+was placed above the pillar; and finally the
+pillar itself was shaped into a perfect statue.
+All these gradations of the sculptor’s art are
+traceable in existing monuments.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hermæa.</strong> Festivals of Hermes, celebrated
+by the boys in the gymnasia, of which Hermes
+was the tutelary deity.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hermeneutæ</strong>, Chr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἑρμηνευταί</span>). Literally,
+interpreters. In the earliest ages of the Church,
+these were officials whose duty it was to translate
+sacred discourses or portions of Holy Scripture.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Herne-pan</strong></span>, O. E. (for <em>iron-pan</em>). Skull-cap
+worn under the helmet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Heroum</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἡρῷον</span>, i. e. place of a hero). A
+kind of <span class='sc'>Ædicula</span> (q.v.), or small temple, which
+served as a funeral monument. Several representations
+of Roman <span class='sc'>Heroa</span> may be seen in
+the British Museum, representing funeral feasts
+in a temple, carved on the face of a sarcophagus
+(in the Towneley collection).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Herring-bone Masonry.</strong> Common in late
+Roman or early Saxon walls, where the ornamental
+lines take a sloping, parallel, zigzag
+direction.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Herygoud</strong></span>, O. E. A cloak with hanging
+sleeves.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Heuk</strong> or <strong>Huque</strong></span>, O. E. (1) Originally a cloak
+or mantle worn in the Middle Ages; then (2) a
+tight-fitting dress worn by both sexes. (<em>Fairholt</em>;
+see also <em>Planché</em>, <em>Encyclopædia</em>.) There appears
+to be great uncertainty as to the character of
+this garment.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Hexaclinon</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἑξά-κλινος</span>). A
+dining or banqueting couch capable of holding
+six persons.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Hexaphoron</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἑξά-φορον</span>). A litter
+carried by six porters.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hexapterygon</strong>, Chr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἑξα-πτέρυγον</span>). A fan
+used by Greek Catholics, and so named because
+it has on it figures of seraphim with six wings.
+(See <span class='sc'>Fan</span> and <span class='sc'>Flabellum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hexastyle</strong>, Arch. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἑξά-στυλος</span>). A façade of
+which the roof is supported by six columns.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hexeris</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἑξ-ήρης</span>). A vessel with six
+ranks of oars.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Hiberna</strong> or <strong>Hyberna</strong></span>, R. A winter apartment.
+The halls in a Roman country house
+were built to face different ways according to
+the seasons; <em>verna</em> and <em>autumnalis</em> looked to
+the east; <em>hyberna</em>, to the west; <em>æstiva</em>, to the
+north.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hidage</strong>, <strong>Hidegild</strong>, A.S. A tax payable to
+the Saxon kings of England for every <em>hide</em> of
+land. The word is indifferently used to signify
+exemption from such a tax.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hidalgo</strong> (Span. <em>hijo d’algo</em>, son of somebody).
+An obsolete title of nobility in Spain.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hieroglyphics</strong>, Egyp. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἱερὸς</span>, sacred, and
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γλύφω</span>, to carve). Characters of Egyptian
+writing, the letters of which are figurative or
+symbolic. There are three kinds of Egyptian
+writing, the <em>hieroglyphic</em>, the <em>hieratic</em>, and the
+<em>demotic</em>. Clement of Alexandria says that in
+the education of the Egyptians three styles of
+writing are taught: the first is called the
+epistolary (<em>enchorial</em> or <em>demotic</em>); the second
+the <em>sacerdotal</em> (<em>hieratic</em>), which the sacred Scribes
+employ; and the third the <em>hieroglyphic</em>. Other
+nations, as for instance the ancient Mexicans,
+have likewise employed hieroglyphics.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Hieromancy</strong></span>, Gr. and R. Divination from
+sacrifices.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hieron</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἱερὸν</span>, i. e. holy place). The
+whole of the sacred enclosure of a temple, which
+enclosed the woods, the building, and the priests’
+dwelling-place.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>High-warp Tapestry.</strong> Made on a loom, in
+which the warp is arranged on a vertical plane,,
+as the Gobelins. <em>Low-warp tapestry</em> is made
+on a flat loom, as at Aubusson, Beauvais, and
+other places. It is made more rapidly, and is
+inferior in beauty to the former.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hilaria.</strong> A great Roman festival in honour
+of Cybele, celebrated at the vernal equinox. It
+consisted chiefly of extravagant merry-making
+to celebrate the advent of spring.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Hippocampus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A fabulous animal,
+which had the fore-quarters of a horse ending in
+the tail of a dolphin. [It is imitated from the
+little “sea-horse” of the Mediterranean, now
+common in aquariums; and in mural paintings
+of Pompeii is represented attached to the chariot
+of Neptune.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hippocentaur.</strong> A fabulous animal, composed
+of a human body and head attached to the
+shoulders of a horse. (See also <span class='sc'>Centaur.</span>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hippocervus</strong>, Chr. A fantastic animal, half
+horse and half stag; it personifies the pusillanimous
+man who throws himself without reflection
+into uncertain paths, and soon falls into despair
+at having lost himself in them.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hippocratia</strong>, Gr. Festivals held in Arcadia
+in honour of Neptune, who, by striking the
+earth with his trident, had given birth to the
+horse.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_386'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_386.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 386. Ground-plan of a Hippodrome.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Hippodromus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. The Greek name
+for an arena for horse and chariot races, in contradistinction
+to the stadium, which served for
+foot-racing. Fig. <a href='#fig_386'>386</a> represents the hippodrome
+at Olympia, taken from Gell’s <em>Itinerary of the
+Morea</em>. The following is the key to the plan:—1,
+2, and 3 are <em>carceres</em>; <span class='fss'>A</span>, the space included
+between the stalls or <em>carceres</em>; <span class='fss'>B</span>, starting-place
+for the chariots; <span class='fss'>C</span>, the colonnade; <span class='fss'>D</span>, the
+arena; <span class='fss'>E</span>, the barrier; <span class='fss'>F</span>, the goal; <span class='fss'>G</span>, the
+space occupied by the spectators. [The word
+was also applied to the races themselves.] (See
+also <span class='sc'>Circus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hippogryph.</strong> A mythical animal represented
+as a winged horse with the head of a <em>gryphon</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Hippopera</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἱππο-πήρα</span>). A
+saddle-bag for travellers on horseback. (See
+<span class='sc'>Ascopera</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hippotoxotes</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἱππο-τοξότης</span>). A mounted
+archer. The Syrians, Persians, Medes, Greeks,
+and Romans had mounted archers among their
+light cavalry.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Histrio.</strong> An actor. The <span class='sc'>Greek</span> dramas
+were originally represented on the stage by
+one performer, who represented in succession
+the different characters. Æschylus introduced
+a second and a third actor. The actors
+were all amateurs, and it was not until a
+later period that the histrionic profession became
+a speciality. Sophocles and Æschylus
+both probably acted their own plays. The
+<span class='sc'>Roman</span> name for an actor, <em>histrio</em>, was formed
+from the Etruscan <em>hister</em>, a dancer. The earliest
+<em>histriones</em> were dancers, and performed to the
+music of a flute; then Roman youths imitating
+them introduced jocular dialogue, and this was
+the origin of the drama. After the organization
+of the theatres, the <em>histriones</em> were subjected to
+certain disabilities; they were a despised class,
+and excluded from the rights of citizenship.
+The greatest of <em>histriones</em> in Rome were Roscius
+and Æsopus, who realized great fortunes by
+their acting.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hobelarii</strong>, Med. Lat. (See <span class='sc'>Hoblers</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hoblers</strong>, A.S. Feudal tenants bound to
+serve as light horsemen in times of invasion.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Hob-nob</strong></span>, O. E. (Saxon <i><span lang="nds" xml:lang="nds">habban</span></i>, to have;
+<em>næbban</em>, not to have). “Hit or miss;” hence
+a common invitation to reciprocal drinking.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hock-day</strong>, <strong>Hoke-day</strong>, or <strong>Hock Tuesday.</strong> A
+holiday kept to commemorate the expulsion of
+the Danes. It was held on the second Tuesday
+after Easter. <em>Hocking</em> consisted in stopping
+the highway with ropes, and taking toll of
+passers-by.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hocus-pocus.</strong> Probably a profane corruption
+of the words <em>hoc est corpus</em> used in the
+Latin mass.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Holocaust.</strong> A sacrifice entirely consumed
+by fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Holosericum</strong> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὅλον</span>, all; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σηρικόν</span>, silk). A
+textile <em>all silk</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Holy Bread</strong>, <strong>Holy Loaf</strong>, or <strong>Eulogia</strong> (Lat.
+<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">panis benedictus</span></i>). This was not the eucharistic
+bread (which was used in the wafer form for the
+Communion), but ordinary leavened bread,
+blessed by the priest after mass, cut up into
+small pieces and given to the people.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Holy-bread-skep</strong></span>, O. E. A vessel for containing
+the holy bread.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Holy Water Pot</strong>, Chr. A metal vessel frequently
+found at the doors
+of Roman Catholic churches,
+to contain the consecrated
+water, which was dispensed
+with the <em>aspergillum</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Holy Water Sprinkler</strong> or
+<span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Morning Star</strong></span>, O. E. A
+military club or flail set with
+spikes, which <em>sprinkled</em> the
+blood about as the <em>aspergillum</em>
+sprinkles the holy
+water.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_387'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_387.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 387. Holy Water Stone (Renaissance).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Holy Water Stone</strong> or
+<strong>Stoup</strong>, Chr. A stone receptacle
+placed at the entrance
+of a church for holding
+the holy water.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Honeysuckle Pattern.</strong> A common Greek
+ornament, fully described by its name. (See
+<span class='sc'>Fleuron</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_388'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_388.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 388. Honiton Guipure.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Honiton Guipure.</strong> Lace was made in Devonshire,
+as well as in other parts of England, of
+silk and coarse thread until 1567, when the
+fine thread now used was introduced, it is said,
+by Flemings, who had escaped from the persecutions
+of the Duke of Alva. (See <span class='sc'>Old Devonshire</span>.)
+Honiton lace owes its great reputation
+to the sprigs made separately on a pillow,
+and afterwards either worked in with the
+beautiful pillow net or sewn on it. This net
+was made of the finest thread from Antwerp,
+the price of which in 1790 was 70<em>l.</em> per pound.
+(See <span class='sc'>Mechlin Lace</span>, 18th century.) Heathcoat’s
+invention, however, dealt a fatal blow to
+the trade of the net-makers, and since then
+Honiton lace is usually made by uniting the
+sprigs on a pillow, or joining them with a needle
+by various stitches, as shown in the engraving.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Honour</strong>, Legion of. Instituted 3rd June,
+1802, by Napoleon I. as first consul.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hoodman-blind.</strong> Old English for <span class='sc'>Blindman’s
+Buff</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hoods</strong> (A.S. <em>Hod</em>) were probably introduced
+by the Normans. They are constantly represented,
+with great variation of fashion, in illustrations
+of the 11th to 18th century, as a part of
+the costume of both sexes. They were finally
+displaced by caps and bonnets in the reign of
+George II. (See <span class='sc'>Chaperon</span>, <span class='sc'>Cowl</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hoops</strong>, in ladies’ dress, were introduced in
+the reign of Queen Elizabeth, displacing the
+<span class='fss'>FARTHINGALE</span>; and were finally abandoned in
+that of George III.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Hop-harlot</strong></span>, O. E. A very coarse coverlet
+for beds.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Horatia Pila</strong></span>, R. A pillar erected at the
+west extremity of the Roman forum to receive
+the trophy of the spoils of the three Curiatii
+brought back by Horatius.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Horns.</strong> A portion of a lady’s head-dress,
+mentioned in the 13th century. They appear to
+have been formed by the foldings of the <em>gorget</em> or
+<em>wimple</em>, and a disposition of the hair on each side
+of the head into the form of rams’ horns. For
+the horned head-dress of the 15th century, see
+the illustration to <span class='sc'>Coronet</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Horologium.</strong> (1) <em>Sundials</em> preceded all
+other instruments for the measurement of time.
+The <em>gnomon</em> or <em>stocheion</em> of the <span class='sc'>Greeks</span> was a
+perpendicular staff or pillar, the shadow of
+which fell upon a properly marked ground; the
+<em>polos</em> or <em>heliotropion</em> consisted of a perpendicular
+staff, in a basin in which the twelve parts of the
+day were marked by lines. (2) The <em>clepsydra</em>
+was a hollow globe, with a short neck, and holes
+in the bottom; it measured time by the escape
+of water, and was at first used like an hour-glass
+to regulate the length of speeches in the
+Athenian courts. The escape of water was
+stopped by inserting a stopper in the mouth,
+when the speaker was interrupted. Smaller
+<em>clepsydrata</em> made of glass and marked with the
+hours were used in families. A precisely similar
+history applies to the <em>horologia</em> of <span class='sc'>Rome</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Horreum</strong> (dimin. <em>horreolum</em>), R. (1) Literally,
+a place in which ripe fruits were kept; a
+granary, or storehouse for grain; <em>horreum publicum</em>
+was the public granary. (2) Any storehouse
+or depôt; <em>horrea subterranea</em>, cellars. (3)
+It was applied to places in which <em>works of art</em>
+were kept, and Seneca calls his library a <em>horreum</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Horse.</strong> In Christian art, the emblem of
+courage and generosity; attribute of St. Martin,
+St. Maurice, St. George, and others. The
+Chinese have a <em>sacred horse</em>, which is affirmed to
+have appeared from a river to the philosopher
+Fou-hi, bearing instruction in eight diagrams
+of the characters proper to express certain abstract
+ideas.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Horse-shoe</strong>, Arch. A form of the stilted
+arch elevated beyond half the diameter of the
+curve on which it is described. (See <span class='sc'>Arch</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hortus</strong> (dimin. <em>hortulus</em>), R. A pleasure-garden,
+park, and thence a kitchen garden;
+<em>horti pensiles</em> were hanging gardens. The most
+striking features of a Roman garden were lines
+of large trees planted in regular order; alleys or
+walks (<em>ambulationes</em>) formed by closely clipped
+hedges of box, yew, cypress, and other ever
+greens; beds of acanthus, rows of fruit-trees
+especially of vines, with statues, pyramids,
+fountains, and summer-houses (<em>diætæ</em>). The
+Romans were fond of the art of cutting and
+twisting trees, especially box, into figures of
+animals, ships, &amp;c. (<em>ars topiaria</em>). The principal
+garden-flowers seem to have been violets
+and roses, and they had also the crocus, narcissus,
+lily, gladiolus, iris, poppy, amaranth, and
+others. Conservatories and hot-houses are
+frequently mentioned by Martial. An ornamental
+garden was also called <em>viridarium</em>, and
+the gardener <em>topiarius</em> or <em>viridarius</em>. The common
+name for a gardener is <em>villicus</em> or <em>cultor
+hortorum</em>. (Consult <em>Smith’s Dict. of Ant.</em>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Hospitium</strong></span>, R. (<em>hospes</em>, a guest). A general
+term to denote any place in which a traveller
+finds shelter, board, and lodging. [The word
+had a very wide meaning of <em>hospitality</em>, regulated
+in all its details by the religious and social and
+politic sentiments of the nations.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Hostia</strong></span>, R. (<em>hostio</em>, to strike). A victim offered
+in sacrifice.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Hot Cockles</strong></span>, O. E. A game common in the
+Middle Ages.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Hot-houses</strong></span>, O. E. The name for Turkish
+baths; 16th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Houppeland</strong></span>, O. E. A very full loose upper
+garment with large hanging sleeves; 14th century.
+It was probably introduced from Spain, and
+was something like a cassock.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>House.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Domus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Houseling Bread</strong></span>, O. E., Chr. (See <span class='sc'>Singing-Bread</span>, <span class='sc'>Howsling Bell</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Housia</strong> or <strong>Housse</strong></span>, O. E. An outer garment,
+combining cloak and tunic; a tabard.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Howsling Bell</strong></span>, O. E. The bell which was
+rung before the Holy Eucharist, when taken to
+the sick.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Howve</strong> (Saxon, from the old German <em>hoojd</em>).
+A hood. A common phrase quoted by Chaucer,
+“to set a man’s <em>howve</em>,” is the same as to “set
+his cap,” <em>cap</em> him or cheat him.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Huacos.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Guacas</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Huircas</strong> or <strong>Pinchas</strong>, Peruv. Subterranean
+aqueducts of the ancient Peruvians, distinct
+from the <em>barecac</em> or open conduits.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hullings</strong> or <strong>Hullyng</strong>. Old English name
+for hangings for a hall, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Humatio</strong></span>, R. (<em>humo</em>, to bury). The act of
+burying, and thence any mode of interment
+whatever.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hume’s Permanent White.</strong> <span class='sc'>Sulphate of
+Barytes</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Humerale.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Anabologium</span>, <span class='sc'>Amice</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Humettée</strong>, Her. Cut short at the extremities.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_389'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_389.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 389. Hunting Flask of Jaspered Ware, 1554–1556. Louvre Museum.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hunting Flask.</strong> M. Jacquemart thinks that
+that represented in Fig. <a href='#fig_389'>389</a> may be reasonably
+attributed to Palissy. It is glazed in green,
+and diapered with little flames of a deeper
+shade. Upon the body, in relief, is the escutcheon
+of the celebrated Anne de Montmorency,
+round it the collar of St. Michael,
+and on each side the Constable’s sword supported
+by a mailed arm and the motto of his
+house, “A Planos” (unwavering). A mask
+of Italian style and rayonnated suns complete
+the decoration of this curious sealed earthenware.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hurst</strong>, Her. A clump of trees.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hurte</strong>, Her. A blue roundle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Hutch</strong></span>, O. E. (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">huche</span></i>). A locker, which
+generally stood at the foot of the bed, to contain
+clothes and objects of value. It was commonly
+used for a seat.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Huvette</strong></span>, Fr. A close steel skull-cap.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hyacinth.</strong> (1) A precious stone of a violet
+colour. (2) The colour formed of red with
+blue, blue predominating. (3) The flower
+hyacinth among the ancient Greeks was the
+emblem of death.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hyacinthia</strong>, Gr. A national festival, celebrated
+annually at Amyclæ by the Amyclæans
+and Spartans, in honour of the hero Hyacinthus,
+who was accidentally killed by Apollo with a
+quoit.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hyalotype</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὕαλος</span>, glass, and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τυπεῖν</span>, to print).
+An invention for printing photographs from the
+negative on to glass, instead of paper.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hycsos</strong>, Egyp. (lit. impure). A people
+of unknown origin, nomad tribes, but not
+savages, as has hitherto been believed, who
+came from Sinai, Arabia, and Syria. They are
+known as <em>Poimenes</em> (the Shepherds), <em>Mentiou
+Sati</em>, <em>Asian Shepherds</em>, and even <em>Scourges</em>, from
+their invasion of some part of Eastern Egypt.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_390'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_390.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 390. Hydra with seven heads.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hydra</strong>, Gr. (a water-serpent). A hundred-headed
+monster of Greek mythology, sprung,
+like the Chimæra, from Typhon and Echidna;
+he was killed by Hercules. In Heraldry the
+hydra is represented with only nine heads. The
+illustration (Fig. <a href='#fig_390'>390</a>) is of the device adopted
+by Curtio Gonzaga, an Italian poet, to symbolize
+the constancy of his love, with the motto, “If I
+kill it, more strong it revives.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hydraletês</strong>, Gr. (1) A mill for grinding
+corn, driven by water. (2) A waterfall or current
+of water.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hydraulis</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὕδρ-αυλις</span>). A water-organ.
+The hydraulic organ, invented about <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 200, was
+really a pneumatic organ; the water was only
+used to force the air through the pipes. It is
+represented on a coin of Nero in the British
+Museum. Only ten pipes are given to it, and
+there is no indication of any key-board. It had
+eight stops, and consequently eight rows of
+pipes; these were partly of bronze, and partly
+of reed. It continued in use so late as the 9th
+century of our era.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_391'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_391.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 391. Hydria, or Water-jug, in black glaze.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hydria</strong>, Gr. A large, heavy vessel, used
+principally for holding a store of water. It is
+represented urn-shaped, with a broad base and
+a narrow mouth, sometimes with one and sometimes
+with two handles at the top, and smaller
+ones on the belly. The name is applied to other
+pails of bronze or silver, &amp;c. (Fig. <a href='#fig_391'>391</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hydriaphoria</strong>, Gr. (water-bearing). (1) Funereal
+ceremonies performed at Athens in memory
+of those who had perished in the deluges of
+Ogyges, Deucalion, &amp;c. (2) A service exacted
+from married alien women in Athens by the
+female citizens, when they walked in the great
+procession at the Panathenaic feasts, and the
+former carried vessels of water for them.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hydroceramic</strong> (vessels), Gr. Vessels made
+of a porous clay, in which liquids were put for
+the purpose of cooling them; they were a kind
+of <em>alcarazas</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hydroscope.</strong> Another name for the clepsydra.
+(See <span class='sc'>Horologium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Hypæthral</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (lit. under the sky,
+or in the open air). The term was applied to
+any building, especially a temple, the <em>cella</em> of
+which had no roof. On the roofs of Egyptian
+temples, hypæthral temples are arranged with
+regard to astronomical observations, by which
+the calendar was regulated.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_392'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_392.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 392. Hypæthrum.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Hypæthrum</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A grating or
+<em>claustra</em> placed over the principal door of a
+temple for the purpose of admitting light into a
+part of the <em>cella</em>. Fig. <a href='#fig_392'>392</a> shows one of the
+bronze doors of the Pantheon at Rome, with
+its <em>hypæthrum</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Hyperthyrum</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (over the door).
+A frieze and cornice arranged and decorated in
+various ways for the decoration of the lintel of a
+door.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hypocastanum.</strong> Greek for <span class='sc'>Chesnut Brown</span>
+(q.v.).</p>
+
+<div id='fig_393'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_393.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 393. Hypocausis of a Roman villa at Tusculum.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Hypocaust</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὑπό-καυσις</span> and
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὑπό-καυστον</span>). A furnace with flues running
+underneath the floor of an apartment or bath,
+for heating the air. Fig. <a href='#fig_393'>393</a> represents the
+sectional elevation of a bath-room discovered
+in a Roman villa at Tusculum. Fig. <a href='#fig_394'>394</a> represents
+a <em>hypocausis</em> discovered at Paris in the old
+Rue de Constantine, near Notre Dame.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_394'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_394.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 394. Hypocausis discovered at Paris.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hypogeum</strong>, Arch. A building underground;
+a sepulchral vault. They form a principal part
+of Egyptian architecture of every period. The
+Greek term is a synonym of the Latin <span class='sc'>Conditorium</span>
+(q.v.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hyporchema</strong>, Gr. A lively dance, accompanied
+by a mimic performance, at the festivals
+of Apollo among the Dorians. A chorus of
+singers danced round the altars, and others acted
+comic or playful scenes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hypotrachelium</strong> or <strong>Cincture</strong>, Arch. The
+part of the Doric capital included between the
+astragal and the lower annulets or fillets.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Hysteria</strong>, Gr. (from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὗς</span>, a pig). Greek festivals,
+in which swine were sacrificed in honour
+of Venus.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c005'>I.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c006'><strong>Ich Dien.</strong> I serve. The popular belief that
+Edward the Black Prince adopted this motto
+and the “Prince of Wales’s feathers,” at the
+battle of Cressy, from the blind King of Bohemia,
+is not sustained by investigation. It was
+at the battle of Poitiers that he first adopted
+this crest, joining to the family badge the old
+English word <em>Ic den</em> (Theyn), “I serve,” in
+accordance with the words of the Apostle,
+“The heir, while he is a child, differeth nothing
+from a servant.” (<em>Mrs. Palliser</em>; <em>Historic Devices</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ichnography.</strong> The art of making maps or
+plans.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Iconic</strong> (sc. <em>statues</em>), Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">εἰκονικὰ</span>, i. e.)
+Portrait-statues; especially statues raised in
+honour of athletes who had been victorious in
+the contests.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Iconoclasts</strong>, Chr. Image-breakers. The
+name originated in the 8th or 9th century in
+the Eastern Empire, from which finally Theophilus
+banished all the painters and statuaries
+in 832. It has been since generally applied to
+those who, at various outbreaks of fanaticism,
+have destroyed ecclesiastical objects of art, and
+is especially applicable to the disciples of Savonarola
+in 1497, and to the Puritans of Scotland
+and England during the civil wars.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Iconography</strong> (i. e. image-description). The
+science that deals with statues and images,
+bas-reliefs, busts, medals, &amp;c. Thus we have
+an Egyptian, Greek, Roman, mediæval iconography,
+&amp;c. The best work on this science is
+“Christian Iconography; or the History of
+Christian Art in the Middle Ages,” by M. Didron.
+The second volume contains a manual on
+the subject by a painter of the 12th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Iconostasis</strong>, Chr. The screen of the chancel
+in ancient churches, so called because it was
+there that images (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">εἰκόνες</span>) were displayed for
+the adoration of the faithful.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ideal</strong> and <strong>Real.</strong> “Any work of art which
+represents, not a material object, but the mental
+conception of a material object, is in the primary
+sense of the word <em>ideal</em>; that is to say, it
+represents an <em>idea</em>, not a <em>thing</em>. Any work of
+art which represents or realizes a material object
+is, in the primary sense of the term, <em>un-ideal</em>.”
+(<em>Modern Painters</em>, vol. ii. chap. 13.) In a
+practical sense an <em>ideal</em> picture or statue (e. g.
+the Medici Venus) is not the portrait of an
+individual model, but the putting together of
+selected parts from several models. Raphael
+said, “To paint a beautiful woman I must see
+several, and I have also recourse to a certain
+<em>ideal</em> in my mind;” and Guido said, “The
+beautiful and pure <em>idea</em> must be in the mind, and
+then it is no matter what the model is.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ides</strong>, <strong>Idus</strong></span>, R. One of the monthly divisions
+in the Roman year; it fell on the 15th in
+months of thirty-one days, excepting January,
+August, and December; in months with only
+twenty-nine or thirty days, the <em>ides</em> fell on
+the 13th. The <em>kalends</em> are the first of every
+month; the <em>nones</em> are the 7th of March, May,
+July, and October, and the 5th of all the other
+months; and the ides always fall eight days
+later than the nones; and the days are reckoned
+backwards: thus the 13th of January is the ides
+of January, and the 14th of January the 19th day
+<em>ante diem</em> (or before) the February kalends.
+The morrow of the ides was looked upon as an
+unlucky day (<em>nefas</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Illapa</strong>, Peruv. One of the divisions of the
+temple of the Sun (<cite>Inti</cite>) among the ancient
+Peruvians, so called because it was dedicated to
+the thunder (<cite>Illapa</cite>). (See <span class='sc'>Inti</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Illumination.</strong> This art originated simply in
+the application of <em>minium</em> (or red lead) as a
+colour or ink, to decorate a portion of a piece of
+writing, the general text of which was in black
+ink. The term was retained long after the
+original red lead was superseded by the more
+brilliant <em>cinnabar</em>, or vermilion. Ornaments of
+all kinds were gradually added, and the term includes
+the practice of every kind of ornamental
+or ornamented writing. From the 3rd century
+Greek and Roman specimens exist of golden
+lettering upon purple or rose-coloured vellum,
+and the art prevailed wherever monasteries were
+founded. Anglo-Saxon and Irish MSS. of the
+6th and 7th centuries exhibit a marvellous perfection,
+characterized by wonderfully minute interlacements
+of the patterns. Nearly all the best
+specimens of illumination were destroyed on the
+dissolution of monasteries. (Consult “<em>The
+Art of Illuminating</em>,” <em>by W. R. Timms</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Imagines a vestir</strong></span>, It. Wooden images set
+up in Italian churches, with the heads and extremities
+finished, and the bodies covered with
+real drapery.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Imagines Majorum</strong></span>, R. Portraits of ancestors,
+or family portraits; they usually consisted of
+waxen masks, which were kept in the cases of an
+<em>armarium</em> or in an <em>ædicula</em>; or small statues
+which were carried before the corpse in a
+funeral procession.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Imbrex</strong></span>, R. A ridge-tile of semi-cylindrical
+form, and thus distinct from the <em>tegula</em>, which
+was a flat tile. It was called <em>imbrex</em> from its
+collecting the rain (<em>imber</em>). <em>Imbrex supinus</em> was
+the name given to a channel or gutter formed of
+ridge-tiles laid on their backs.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Imbrications.</strong> Architectural ornaments which
+take the form of fishes’ scales, or of segmental
+ridge-tiles (<em>imbrices</em>) which overlap;
+whence the name given to them.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Imbricatus</strong></span>, R. Covered with flat and ridge-tiles
+(<em>tegulæ</em> and <em>imbrices</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Imbrothered</strong></span>, O. E. Embroidered.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Imbrued</strong>, Her. Stained with blood.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Immissarium</strong></span>, R. (<em>immitto</em>, to send into). A
+stone basin or trough; any receptacle built upon
+the ground for the purpose of containing water
+supplied from the <em>castellum</em>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_395'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_395.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 395. Device of Philip and Mary. Arms of Tudor and Aragon Impaled (<cite>Rayonnant</cite>).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Impale</strong>, Her. To conjoin two separate coats
+of arms on one shield (as a husband’s and
+wife’s, &amp;c.). The device of Queen Mary (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_395'>395</a>) is the <em>impalement</em> of the double Tudor
+rose with the arms of Catherine of Aragon.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Impannata</strong></span>, It. Oiled paper.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Impasto</strong></span>, It. The thickness of the body of
+pigment laid on to a painting. Rembrandt,
+Salvator Rosa, and others used a thick <em>impasto</em>;
+Raphael, Guido, and others, one extremely thin.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Imperial.</strong> Anything adapted by its excellence
+for royal uses, or distinguished in size, is
+generally so called. (1) O. E. A sort of precious
+silk, wrought partly with gold, used by
+royalty and for ecclesiastical purposes, brought
+to England from Greece in the 12th century.
+(2) The largest kind of slate for roofing. (3)
+Paper 27 inches by 23. (4) Sp. The roof of a
+coach; hence, in English, a trunk made to fit the
+top of a carriage. (5) Russian. A gold coin of
+10 silver roubles.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Impluviata</strong></span>, R. A cloak of square shape
+and brown in colour, worn as a protection against
+rain.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Impluvium</strong></span>, R. (1) A cistern on the floor of
+the atrium in a Roman house, into which the
+rain was conducted. (2) The aperture in the
+roof of the atrium. (See <span class='sc'>Domus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Impost</strong>, Arch. The horizontal mouldings on
+a pillar, from which an arch is projected.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>In antis</strong>, Arch. A name given to those
+temples, the pronaos or entrance porch of
+which was formed by two antæ or pilasters,
+and two columns. (See <span class='sc'>Antæ</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Inauguratio</strong></span>, R. Generally the term applies
+to the ceremony by which the sanction
+of the gods was invoked upon any decree of
+man, such as the admission of a new member
+into a corporation or college, or the choice of
+the site of a theatre, city, or temple, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Inaures</strong></span>, R. (<em>auris</em>, the ear; Gr. <em>enotion</em>).
+Ear-rings. Among the Greeks and Romans
+they were worn only by women. (See <span class='sc'>Ear-rings</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Incensed</strong>, <strong>Inflamed</strong>, Her. On fire. (See
+<span class='sc'>Foculus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Incisura</strong></span>, R. (<em>incido</em>, to cut). Hatchings
+made by means of a brush.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Incitega</strong></span>, R. A kind of tripod or stand for
+vessels rounded or pointed at the bottom.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Incle</strong>, <strong>Inkle</strong>. A sort of tape used as a
+trimming to a dress.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Incrustation.</strong> The word has a general signification,
+“a coat of one material applied to
+another.” Technically it should be applied to
+marble alone; thus a thin slab of marble is
+<em>incrusted</em> upon a body of slate or stone, metals
+are <span class='fss'>DAMASCENED</span>, fused pigments are <span class='fss'>ENAMEL</span>,
+and woods are <span class='fss'>VENEERED</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Incubones</strong></span>, R. Genii who were supposed to
+guard treasure hidden under the earth.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Incunabula.</strong> (1) Swaddling clothes for infants.
+(2) Ancient specimens of printing are
+so called.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Incus</strong></span>, R. (<em>incudo</em>, to beat on). An anvil.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_396'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_396.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 396. Indented.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Indented</strong>, Her. One of the dividing and
+border lines. It resembles the teeth of a saw.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_397'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_397.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 397. Printed Calico (Indian) illustrating the treatment of flowers.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Indian Art.</strong> The study of the forms and
+principles of Indian Art is indispensable to an
+appreciation of the true principles of ornamental
+design in general. The excellence of Indian
+manufactures is due to the system of Guilds
+rigidly adhered to for ages, which has resulted
+in the production of a race of hereditary craftsmen
+unequalled for their skill and taste in
+execution and design. Their pottery is distinguished
+above all others for purity and
+simplicity of form, obvious fitness to purpose,
+and individual freedom of design. Its origin
+antedates the Institutes of Manu, and is lost in
+antiquity. Indian gold and metal work is supposed
+by Dr. Birdwood to owe its origin to Greek
+influence, but has acquired in its development a
+purely Oriental character. The Hindoos exhibit
+the greatest skill in the Oriental arts of damascening
+and enamelling, as well as in lacquer work
+and wood and ivory carving. All their designs are
+deeply symbolical, and closely interwoven with
+the primitive religious impulses of humanity.
+India was probably the first country in which
+the art of weaving was brought to perfection,
+and the fame of its cloudy gauzes and its gold
+and silver brocades is more ancient than the
+Code of Manu. The art is repeatedly mentioned
+in the Vedas. The purity of Indian Art is
+endangered in modern days by the introduction
+of machine-made goods and European design.
+(Consult <em>Dr. Birdwood’s Handbook of Indian
+Art</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Indian Ink</strong> or <strong>Chinese Ink</strong>. A black pigment
+for water-colour painting, made from oil
+and lamp-black, thickened with some vegetable
+gum, and scented with musk or camphor.
+Many cheap and poor imitations of it are made.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Indian Ochre.</strong> A red pigment. (See <span class='sc'>Red
+Ochres</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Indian Paper.</strong> A delicate yellowish paper
+used for proof impressions in engraving. A
+Japanese paper of a similar quality is now frequently
+used.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Indian Red</strong> or <strong>Persian Red</strong>. A purple earth
+commonly sold under this name is the peroxide
+of iron. It is of a deep hue, opaque and
+permanent, and useful both in oil and water-colour
+painting; mixed with white it forms
+valuable flesh-tints. (<cite>Fairholt.</cite>) (See <span class='sc'>Ochre</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Amatita</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Indian Rubber</strong>, <strong>Caoutchouc</strong>. An elastic
+gum; the sap of the <em>Siphonia elastica</em>, and
+several of the fig tribe in India and South
+America. It was brought into use early in the
+18th century. In its natural state it is of a pale
+yellow brown.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Indian Yellow.</strong> A golden yellow pigment
+and dye, said to be procured from the urine of
+the cow, or else from camel’s dung. It is used
+in water-colour painting, but is not usually
+permanent. In some parts of the East it is
+called <span class='sc'>Purree</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Indigetes</strong> (sc. <em>Di</em>), R. Indigenous gods.
+Heroes who were deified and worshipped as
+protectors of a place. The term is derived
+from <em>inde</em> and <em>genitus</em>, meaning born in that
+place. Æneas, Faunus, Romulus, &amp;c., were indigenous
+gods.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Indigo.</strong> A deep blue pigment prepared from
+the leaves and branches of a small shrub; it is
+transparent, tolerably permanent, and mixes well
+with other pigments, forming excellent greens and
+purples. A deep brown, known as <em>indigo brown</em>
+and a deep red resin, known as <em>indigo red</em>, may
+be extracted by purifying the blue colour obtained
+from this dye. The old blue dye of the aboriginal
+Britons was produced from <em>woad</em> (isatis
+tinctoria). (<cite>Fairholt.</cite>) (See <span class='sc'>Intense Blue</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Inescutcheon</strong>, Her. An heraldic shield
+borne as a charge.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Inferiæ</strong></span>, R. Sacrifices or offerings made at
+the tombs of the dead.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Infiammati.</strong> A literary society of Padua in
+Italy. Device: Hercules upon the funeral pile
+on Mount Œta. Motto: “<i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">Arso il mortal al ciel
+n’ andrà l’ eterno</span></i>.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Infocati.</strong> One of the Italian literary societies.
+Device: a bar of hot iron on an anvil, beaten by
+two hammers. Motto: “<em>In quascunque formas</em>.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>In Foliage</strong>, Her. Bearing leaves.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Infrenatus</strong> (sc. <em>eques</em>), R. A horseman who
+rides without a bridle (<em>frenum</em>), controlling his
+horse solely by the voice or the pressure of the
+knees upon its side. (Fig. <a href='#fig_282'>282</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Infula</strong></span>, R. A flock of red and white wool
+worn by priestesses and vestals and other Romans
+on festive or solemn occasions. In sacrificing
+also an infula was tied with a white band
+(<em>vitta</em>) upon the victim. Hence—</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Infulæ</strong>, Chr. Ribands hanging from a
+bishop’s mitre.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>In Glory</strong>, <strong>In Splendour</strong>, Her. The sun
+irradiated.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Inlaying.</strong> Inserting ornaments in wood-work
+for decorative furniture. (See <span class='sc'>Boule</span>, <span class='sc'>Marquetry</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>In Lure</strong>, Her. Wings conjoined, with their
+tips drooping.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Inoa.</strong> Greek festivals in honour of Ino, esp.
+on the Corinthian Isthmus; they consisted of
+contests and sacrifices. (See <span class='sc'>Matralia</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>In Pretence</strong>, Her. Placed upon, and in
+front of.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_398'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_398.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 398. Peacock in pride.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>In Pride</strong>, Her. Having the tail displayed, as
+a peacock’s. The illustration is the device of
+Joan of Castile: “A peacock, in his pride, upon
+the terrestrial globe.” (Fig. <a href='#fig_398'>398</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Insensati of Perugia.</strong> One of the Italian
+literary academies. Their device was a flock of
+cranes, arranged in order, flying across the sea,
+each with a stone in its foot and sand in its
+mouth. Mottoes, “<em>Vel cum pondere</em>” (even
+with this weight), or “<em>Iter tutissimum</em>,” in
+allusion to Pliny’s statement that the cranes
+used stones and sand for <em>ballast</em>, “wherewith
+they fly more steadily and endure the wind.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Insignia</strong></span>, R. (<em>in</em>, and <em>signum</em>, a mark).
+Generally, any object which serves as a mark
+or ornament for distinguished persons; a ceremonial
+badge, a badge of office, &amp;c. (See
+<span class='sc'>Ensigns</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Insubulum</strong></span>, R. A weaver’s beam or roller,
+round which he rolled the cloth as it was made.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Insula</strong></span>, R. A house, or block of houses,
+having a free space all round them. [Under
+the emperors the word <em>domus</em> meant any house,
+detached or otherwise, where a family lived;
+and <em>insula</em> meant a hired lodging.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Intaglio</strong></span>, It. A stone in which the engraved
+subject is sunk beneath the surface, and
+thus distinguished from a cameo, which is
+engraved in relief.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Intaglio-relievato</strong> (It.), or <em>cavo-relievo</em>. Sunk-relief,
+in which the work is recessed within an
+outline, but still raised in flat relief, not projecting
+above the surface of the slab; as seen
+in the ancient Egyptian carvings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Intense Blue.</strong> A preparation of indigo, very
+durable and transparent.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Intense Madder Purple.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Madder</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Intercolumniation</strong>, Arch. The space between
+two columns. This space varies according
+to the orders of architecture and the taste
+of the architect. According as the space is
+greater or less between the columns of a temple,
+the latter is called <em>aerostyle</em>, <em>eustyle</em>, <em>systyle</em>, and
+<em>pycnostyle</em>. Generally speaking, in the monuments
+of antiquity, whatever be the intercolumniation
+adopted, the space comprised between
+the two columns which face the door of the
+building is wider than the intercolumniation at
+the sides.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Intermetium</strong></span>, R. The long barrier running
+down the arena of a circus between the two
+goals (<em>metæ</em>). (See <span class='sc'>Meta</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Intermodillions</strong>, Arch. The space included
+between two modillions (projecting brackets in
+the Corinthian order). This space is regular,
+and often decorated with various ornaments. In
+the Romano-Byzantine and Renaissance styles,
+modillions are often united by arcades.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Intertignium</strong></span>, R. The space between the
+tie-beams (<em>tigna</em>) in the wood-work of a roof.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Interula</strong></span>, R. (<em>interior</em>, inner). An undertunic;
+a kind of flannel chemise worn by both
+men and women.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Intestinum</strong> (opus), R. (<em>intus</em>, within). The
+inner fittings or work of any kind in the inside
+of a house, and thence wood-work, <span class='sc'>Joinery</span>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_399'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_399.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 399. Part of the Façade of the Peruvian temple Inti-huasi.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Inti</strong> or <strong>Punchau</strong>, Peruv. The Sun or supreme
+god, inferior deities being called <em>conopa</em> and
+<em>canopa</em>. The temple of the Sun was called
+<em>Inti-huasi</em> (house of the Sun); it comprised
+seven principal divisions; the <em>inti</em> or sanctuary,
+situated in the centre of the temple; the second
+division was called <em>mama-quilla</em>, from the fact
+of its being dedicated to the moon, which was
+thus named; the third was dedicated to the
+stars, called <em>cayllur</em>; the fourth to the thunder,
+and called <em>illapa</em>; the fifth to the rainbow, and
+called <em>ckuichi</em>; the sixth division was occupied
+by the chief priest (<em>huilacuma</em>); the seventh and
+last division formed the dwelling of the priests.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Intronati of Siena.</strong> One of the Italian literary
+academies. Their device was a gourd for
+containing salt, with the motto, “<em>Meliora
+latent</em>” (the better part is hidden).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Iodine Scarlet</strong> (<em>pure scarlet</em>). A pigment
+more brilliant than vermilion, very susceptible
+to metallic agency.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Iodine Yellow.</strong> A very bright yellow pigment,
+very liable to change.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_400'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_400.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 400. Ionic capital. From the Erechtheium, Athens.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ionic</strong>, Arch. One of the orders of Grecian
+architecture, distinguished principally by the
+ornaments of its <span class='sc'>Capital</span>, which are spiral and
+are called <span class='sc'>Volutes</span>, four in number. The Ionic
+<span class='sc'>Shaft</span> is about nine diameters high, including
+the <span class='sc'>Base</span> (which is half a diameter) and the
+<span class='sc'>Capital</span>, to the bottom of the volute. The
+<span class='sc'>Pedestal</span> is a little taller and more ornamented
+than the Doric. The <span class='sc'>Bases</span> used are very
+various. The Attic base is very often used,
+and, with an <em>astragal</em> added above the upper
+<em>torus</em>, makes a beautiful and appropriate base
+for the Ionic. The <span class='sc'>Cornices</span> are (1) plain
+Grecian, or (2) the <em>dentil</em> cornice, or (3) the
+<em>modillon</em> cornice. The Ionic shaft may be
+fluted in twenty-four semicircular flutes with
+fillets between them. The best Ionic example
+was the temple on the Ilissus at Athens. The
+temple of Fortuna Virilis at Rome is an inferior
+specimen. (See also Figs. 69, 184.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Irish Cloth</strong>, white and red, in the reign of
+King John was much used in England.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Iron.</strong> <em>Indian red</em>, <em>Venetian red</em>, <em>Mars red</em>,
+<em>Mars orange</em>, <em>Mars yellow</em> are all coloured by
+iron (see <span class='sc'>Mars</span>), and are valuable for their
+great durability. (See <span class='sc'>Metallurgy</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Irradiated</strong>, Her. Surrounded by rays of
+light.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Iseia</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἴσεια</span>). Festivals in
+honour of Isis. Among the Romans they degenerated
+into mere licentiousness, and were
+abolished by the senate.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Iselastici Ludi</strong></span>, Gr. and R. Athletic contests
+which gave the victor the right of returning
+to his native city in a chariot (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">εἰσελαύνειν</span>);
+whence the name <em>iselastici</em>. These contests
+formed part of the four great games of Greece,
+viz. the Olympic, Pythian, Isthmian, and Nemean
+games.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_400a.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 400 a. Isodomum opus.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Isodomos</strong> or <strong>Isodomum</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἰσόδομος</span>,
+i. e. equal course). A structure built in equal
+courses, that is, in such a way that the surface
+of each stone is of one uniform size, and that the
+joints of one layer are adjusted with those of
+another so as to correspond symmetrically.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Isokephaleia</strong> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἴσος</span>, equal; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κεφαλὴ</span>, head).
+A rule in Greek sculpture by which the heads of
+all the figures on a bas-relief were of the same
+height from the ground.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Isometrical Perspective</strong>, used for representing
+a bird’s-eye view of a place, combines the
+advantages of a ground-plan and elevation;
+only the lines of the base are made to converge,
+leaving the whole figure cubical, and without
+the expression of <em>distance</em> from the point of sight.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ispahan Tiles</strong>, of the period of Shah-Abbas—16th
+century—are remarkable for
+exquisite design.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Italian Earth.</strong> Burnt <em>Roman ochre</em>;
+resembles Venetian red in colour; and,
+mixed with white, yields valuable flesh-tints.
+(<cite>Fairholt.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Italian Pink</strong>, or <em>yellow lake</em>. A transparent
+bright-coloured pigment, liable to
+change. (See <span class='sc'>Yellow Lake</span>, <span class='sc'>Pinks</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Italian Varnish.</strong> A mixture of white
+wax and linseed oil, used as a vehicle in
+painting. It has good consistency, flows
+freely from the pencil, and is useful for
+glazing.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ivory Black.</strong> A pigment prepared by
+heating ivory shavings in an iron cylinder;
+when from bone, it is called <em>bone black</em>
+(q.v.). The real ivory black is a fine,
+transparent, deep-toned pigment, extremely
+valuable in oil and water-colour painting.
+The <em>bone black</em> (commonly sold as <em>ivory
+black</em>) is much browner.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_401'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_401.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 401. Ivory carving. Sword-hilt of the 16th century.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_402'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_402.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 402. Ivory carving. Spoon of the 16th century.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ivory Carving.</strong> This art, in considerable
+perfection, was known to prehistoric
+man at the period of the so called stone
+age. Egyptian and Assyrian specimens of
+the art are of a
+date at least as
+early as that of
+Moses. From the
+year 1000 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>
+down to the Christian
+era, there
+was a constant
+succession of
+artists in ivory in
+the western
+Asiatic countries,
+in Egypt, in
+Greece, and in
+Italy. From the time
+of Augustus, ivory
+carving shared in
+the general decline
+of art. Increasing in
+number as they come
+nearer to the Middle
+Ages, we can refer to
+carved ivories of every
+century, preserved in
+museums in England
+and abroad. The most
+important ivories up to
+the 7th century are the
+consular <em>diptychs</em>, originally
+a favourite form
+of presents from newly-appointed
+consuls to
+eminent persons; subsequently
+adapted to
+Christian uses, or as wedding presents, &amp;c. In
+the Middle Ages, from the 8th to the 16th century,
+the use of ivory was adopted for general
+purposes. The favourite subjects of the carvings
+are those drawn from the romances of the
+Middle Ages—especially the romance of the
+Rose—and in the 15th century, scenes of
+domestic life, illustrating the dress, armour,
+and manners and customs of the day. Combs
+of every date, from the Roman and Anglo-Saxon
+period, and earlier, are found in British
+graves. In short, from the time when the first
+prehistoric carvings of antediluvian animals
+were made to the present, every age of human
+civilization appears to be more or less fully
+illustrated in carvings upon ivory and bone.
+(See also <span class='sc'>Chessmen</span>.) The earliest material
+was found in the tusks of the mammoth: from
+Iceland we have beautiful carvings of the 7th
+century in the teeth of the walrus. Fossil tusks
+of the mammoth are found in great quantities
+in Siberia, and are almost the only material of
+the ivory-turner’s work in Russia. African and
+Asiatic elephant ivory are the best, and differ,
+the former, when newly cut, being of a mellow,
+warm, transparent tint. Asiatic ivory tends to
+become yellow by exposure. A fine specimen
+of carving in ivory is given in Fig. <a href='#fig_403'>403</a> from
+a <span class='sc'>Mirror-case</span> of the 15th century. (See
+also Fig. <a href='#fig_185'>185</a>, and illustrations to <span class='sc'>Pyx</span>, <span class='sc'>Triptych</span>,
+&amp;c.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_403'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_403.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 403. Ivory carving, 15th century.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ivy</strong>, Chr. The symbol of eternal life.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Iwbwb</strong>, Celt. The ancient military cry,
+which has given name to many places; as Cwm
+Iwbwb, in Wales, the Jujupania of Ptolemy.
+(<cite>Meyrick.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Izeds</strong>, Persian. Beneficent genii of the
+mythology of Zoroaster. Ormuzd, the supreme
+god, created twenty-eight of them to be the
+attendants of the <em>amchaspands</em>.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c005'>J.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c006'><strong>Jacinth.</strong> A precious stone. (See <span class='sc'>Hyacinth</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Jack-boots</strong> (O. E.) were introduced in the
+17th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Jackes</strong></span>, O. E. (1) Towels. (2) The roller
+for a well-rope.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Jacket</strong> or <strong>Jack</strong>, <strong>Jerkin</strong>, &amp;c., O. E.; worn
+over the doublet; but the names are applied
+indiscriminately to a great variety of such garments.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Jacob’s Staff</strong></span>, O. E. A pilgrim’s staff.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Jacobus.</strong> An English coin of James I., value
+25<em>s.</em>, weighing 6 dwt. 10 grains. The <em>Carolus</em>,
+a similar coin, value 23<em>s.</em>, weighed 5 dwt.
+20 grains.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Jaculatores</strong></span>, R. Soldiers armed with a javelin
+(<em>jaculum</em>), who formed part of the light troops
+of the Roman army.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Jade.</strong> Spanish <em>piedra de la yjada</em>. A green
+stone, closely resembling jasper, much used by
+prehistoric man, and to which supernatural
+virtues have in all ages been attributed, especially
+by the ancient Mexicans. Fine specimens
+of jades are carved in China, where they are of
+a whitish colour, and are called <em>Yu</em>. The clear
+white and green specimens are the most prized
+by collectors. (See <span class='sc'>Nephrite</span>, <span class='sc'>Saussurite</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Jagerant.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Jazerine</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Jamb</strong>, Arch. The side of any opening in a
+wall.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Jambe</strong>, <strong>Gambe</strong>, Her. The leg of a lion or
+other beast of prey.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Jambes.</strong> Armour for the legs; 14th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Janua</strong></span>, R. (<cite>Janus</cite>). The front door of a
+house opening on the street. The inner doors
+were called <em>ostia</em>, in the singular <em>ostium</em>, while
+the city gates were called <em>portæ</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Januales</strong>, <strong>Janualia</strong></span>, R. Festivals held at
+Rome, in honour of Janus, on the first or
+kalends of January in each year; the offerings
+consisted of incense, fruits, and a cake called
+<em>janual</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Japanese Paper</strong> of a creamy tint is frequently
+used for proof impressions of etchings, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Japanning.</strong> A species of lac-varnishing, in
+imitation of the lacquered ware of Japan. (See
+<span class='sc'>Lac</span>, <span class='sc'>Lacquer</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Jasper.</strong> A kind of agate, the best known
+description of which is of a green colour. Many
+colours and varieties are used for gem-engraving,
+such as agate-jasper, striped jasper, Egyptian
+red and brown, and porcelain jasper. In the
+Christian religion the jasper symbolizes faith;
+its hardness expresses the firmness of faith; its
+opaqueness the impenetrability of the mysterious.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Jasponyx.</strong> An onyx mixed with jasper.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Javelin.</strong> A light hand-spear. (See <span class='sc'>Hasta</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Jayada.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Vimana</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Jazel.</strong> A precious stone of an azure blue
+colour.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Jazerine</strong> (It. <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">ghiazerino</span></i>). A jacket strengthened
+with overlapping plates of steel, covered
+with velvet or cloth, and sometimes ornamented
+with brass; 13th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Jennet.</strong> A Spanish or Barbary horse.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Jerkin</strong></span>, O. E. The jerkin was generally worn
+over the doublet; but occasionally the doublet
+was worn alone, and in many instances is confounded
+with the jerkin. Either had sleeves or
+not, as the wearer pleased.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“My jerkin is a doublet.” (<cite>Shakspeare.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Jessant</strong>, Her. Shooting forth, as plants
+growing out of the earth.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_404'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_404.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 404. Jessant-de-lys.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Jessant-de-lys</strong>, Her. A combination
+of a lion’s face and a fleur-de-lys.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Jesse</strong></span>, O. E. A large branched
+chandelier.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Jesse, Tree of</strong>, Chr. An ornamental
+design common in early
+Christian art, representing the
+genealogy of our Lord in the persons
+of his ancestors in the flesh.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Jesseraunt.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Jazerine</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_405'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_405.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 405. Hawk’s bells and Jesses.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Jesses.</strong> Straps for hawk’s bells. (See Fig. <a href='#fig_405'>405</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Jet.</strong> A variety of soft
+bituminous coal, admitting
+of a fine polish, which
+is used for ornaments. It
+is, in its natural state, soft
+and brittle, of a velvet-black
+colour, and lustrous.
+Ornaments of jet are found
+in ancient <em>tumuli</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Jet d’Eau</strong></span>, Fr. A fountain. That at Chatsworth
+springs 267 feet in the air, and is the
+highest in existence.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Jew’s Harp</strong> or <strong>Jew’s Trump</strong> (from the French
+<em>jeu</em> and <em>trompe</em>). A small musical instrument,
+known for centuries all over Europe, consisting
+of a metal frame with two branches, and a
+vibrating tongue of steel in the middle. It has
+suggested a number of modern instruments,
+including the <span class='sc'>Harmonium</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Jew’s Pitch.</strong> A kind of <em>asphaltum</em> used as a
+brown pigment. It attracts dust, and never
+dries perfectly.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Jewes Light</strong></span>, O. E. (See <em>Judas Light</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Jogues</strong> or <strong>Yugs</strong>. In Hindoo chronology, eras
+or periods of years. (1) The <em>Suttee Yug</em>, or age
+of purity, lasted 3,200,000 years; the life of man
+being then 100,000 years, and his stature 21 cubits.
+(2) The <em>Tirtar Yug</em>, in which one-third of man
+was corrupted, lasted 2,400,000 years; the life
+of man being then 10,000 years. (3) The <em>Dwapaar
+Yug</em>, in which half the human race became
+depraved, lasted 1,600,000 years; the life of
+man being 1000 years. (4) The <em>Collee Yug</em>, in
+which all mankind are corrupt, is the present
+era, ordained to subsist 400,000 years (of which
+about 5000 have elapsed); the life of man being
+limited to 100 years. There are, however, conflicting
+accounts of the duration of the different
+<em>Jogues</em>. (See <em>Halhed’s Preface to the Gentoo Laws</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Joinery</strong> (in Latin, <em>intestinum opus</em>) has to deal
+with the addition in a building of all the fixed
+wood-work necessary for convenience or ornament.
+The most celebrated work on the
+subject is <em>Nicholson’s Carpenter’s Guide, and
+Carpenters and Joiner’s Assistant</em>, published in
+1792. The <em>modern art</em> of joinery properly dates
+from the introduction of the geometrical staircase,
+or stair supported by the wall only, the first
+English example of which is said to have been
+erected by Sir Christopher Wren in St. Paul’s.
+[See <span class='sc'>Joinery</span> in <em>Ency. Brit.</em> 8th ed.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Joseph</strong></span>, O. E. A lady’s riding-habit, buttoned
+down the front.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Jousting-helmets</strong> were made wide and large,
+resting on the shoulders, and decorated with a
+crest. It was common to make them of comical,
+fantastic designs; such as weathercocks with the
+points of the compass, immense figures of birds
+and beasts, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Jousts</strong> or <strong>Justs</strong>. Duels in the tilting-ground;
+generally with blunted spears, for a friendly
+trial of skill.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Jousts à Outrance.</strong> Jousts in which the combatants
+fought till death ensued.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Jousts of Peace</strong> (<em>hastiludia pacifica</em>; Fr.
+<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">joutes à plaisance</span></i>). These differed from real
+jousts or tournaments in the strength of the
+armour worn, and the weapons used. The lance
+was topped with a <em>coronel</em> instead of a steel
+point; the sword was pointless and blunted,
+being often of whalebone covered with leather
+silvered over.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_406'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_406.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 406. Chinese vase decorated with signs of longevity.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Jouy</strong> (wishes of good fortune). Chinese
+porcelain vases so called, used for birthday and
+other presents. In the vase represented on Fig.
+<a href='#fig_406'>406</a>, the handles form the word expressive of
+the greeting above mentioned.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Jowlopped</strong>, Her. Having wattles and a comb,
+as a cock.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Joys of the Virgin</strong>, Chr. The seven joys
+and seven sorrows are frequently painted together
+in churches. The joys are, (1) The
+Annunciation. (2) The Visitation. (3) The
+Nativity. (4) The Adoration of the Three
+Kings. (5) The Presentation in the Temple.
+(6) The finding of Christ, by his mother, in the
+Temple. (7) The Assumption and Coronation
+of the Virgin. The seven sorrows are, (1) The
+prophecy of Simeon. (2) The Flight into
+Egypt. (3) The loss of the child in the Temple.
+(4) The Betrayal. (5) The Crucifixion. (6) The
+Deposition from the Cross. (7) The Ascension.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Jubé</strong> (Arch. Mod.). A structure of carved
+stone-work, separating the chancel from the choir
+in a church. From this position the daily
+lessons were chanted, preceded by the words
+“<em>Jube</em>, Domine, benedicere;” hence its name.
+In English it is called indifferently, the rood-loft,
+holy-loft, rood-screen, or jubé.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Jubilee.</strong> (1) Heb. (from <em>jobel</em>, a ram’s horn
+(trumpet); or from <em>jabal</em>, to recall). A Jewish
+festival celebrated every fifty years, when slaves
+were restored to liberty, and exiles recalled. (2)
+Chr. A commemoration ceremony at Rome,
+during which the Pope grants plenary indulgences;
+held at irregular intervals.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Judas Light</strong>, <strong>Judas Candlestick</strong>, <strong>Jewes
+Light</strong>, O. E. The wooden imitation of a candlestick
+which held the Paschal candle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Jugalis</strong> (sc. <em>equus</em>). A horse harnessed to a
+yoke (<em>jugum</em>), instead of traces (<em>funalis</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Jugerum.</strong> A Roman superficial measure,
+240 feet by 120 feet. In the original assignment
+of landed property, two <em>jugera</em> were allotted to
+each citizen, as heritable property.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Jugum</strong> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ζυγόν</span>). (1) A yoke for
+draught cattle. (2) Metaphorically, subjugation—“<em>sub
+jugum mittere</em>” = to pass under the
+yoke, as nations conquered by the Romans
+were made to. This ceremonial yoke was constructed
+of a horizontal supported by two upright
+spears, at such a height that those passing
+under it had to stoop the head and shoulders.
+(3) In a general sense the word signifies that
+which joins two things together, a cross-beam,
+&amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Jugumentum.</strong> Door-head, transverse beam
+on the uprights (<em>limen superius</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Jumps</strong></span>, O. E. (1) A loose bodice for ladies.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“Now a shape in neat stays, now a slattern in jumps:</div>
+      <div class='line'>Now high on French heels, now low in your pumps;</div>
+      <div class='line'>Like the cock on the tower that shews you the weather,</div>
+      <div class='line'>You are hardly the same for two days together.”</div>
+      <div class='line in22'>(<em>Universal Magazine</em>, 1780.)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>(2) A jacket or loose coat reaching to the thighs,
+buttoned down before, with sleeves to the
+wrist. A precisely similar lounging-coat, still in
+vogue at Cape Colony, is called a <em>jumper</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Junones.</strong> Tutelary genii of women, as the
+<em>genii</em> were of men. They are represented as
+females, clothed in drapery, having bats’ wings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Jupon</strong></span>, Fr. Another name for a <em>pourpoint</em>, or
+close tunic, worn over the armour by knights
+in the Middle Ages. (See Fig. <a href='#fig_463'>463</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Juruparis</strong> (Amer. Indian). A mysterious
+trumpet of the Indians, an object of great veneration.
+Women are never permitted to see it;
+if any does so, she is put to death by poison.
+No youths are allowed to see it until they have
+passed through an ordeal of initiatory fastings
+and scourgings. It is usually kept hidden in
+the bed of a stream, deep in the forest; and no
+one dares to drink of the water of that stream.
+It is brought out and blown at feasts. The
+inside of the instrument is a tube made of slips
+of the Paxiaba palm, wrapped round with long
+strips of bark. A specimen is preserved in the
+museum at Kew Gardens.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Juvenalia</strong></span>, R. Scenic games instituted by
+Nero in commemoration of his shaving his beard
+for the first time. They consisted of theatrical
+performances in a private theatre erected in a
+pleasure-ground (<em>nemus</em>). The name was afterwards
+given to the <span class='sc'>Janualia</span>.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c005'>K.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c006'><em>For Greek words not found under this initial, see C.</em></p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Kalathos</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κάλαθος</span>). Literally, made
+of wicker-work. A drinking-cup, so called because
+it resembled the wicker-work basket of
+the Greek women. It was usually furnished
+with a ring, through which a finger might be
+put in order to lift it. The word is also written
+<em>calathos</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Kaleidoscope</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καλὸς</span>, beautiful; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">εἶδος</span>, a form;
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σκοπέω</span>, to see). An optical instrument invented
+in 1814 by Sir David Brewster, which by means
+of mirrors inserted in it exhibits repetitions of
+objects placed within it, in certain symmetrical
+combinations. There are several different kinds,
+called <em>polycentral</em>, <em>tetrascopes</em>, <em>hexascopes</em>, <em>polyangular</em>,
+&amp;c., according to their construction.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Kang</strong>, Hind. A bracelet or ring; <em>kang-doy</em>,
+a bracelet for the wrist or arm; <em>kang-cheung</em>,
+a bracelet or ring worn by the Khmers above
+the ankle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Kaolin.</strong> The name first applied by the
+Chinese to the fine white porcelain earth derived
+from the decomposition of the feldspathic
+granites; used for fine pottery.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Kayles</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">quilles</span></i>). Modern ninepins,
+represented in MSS. of the 14th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Keep</strong> of a castle. The <span class='sc'>Donjon</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Keeping</strong> in a picture. Harmony and the
+proper subordination of parts.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Kendal.</strong> A kind of green woollen cloth or
+baize, first made at the town of Kendal, in
+Westmoreland; 16th century.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“Misbegotten knaves in <em>Kendal green</em>.”</div>
+      <div class='line in28'>(<cite>Shakspeare.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Kerchief of Pleasaunce.</strong> An embroidered
+cloth worn by a knight for the sake of a lady,
+in his helmet, or, in later times, round his arm;
+which is the origin of crape being so worn for
+mourning.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>“Moreore there is ykome into Enlond a knyght out of
+Spayne wyth a kercheff of plesunse i-wrapped about hys
+arme, the gwych knyght wyl renne a course wyth a sharpe
+spere for his sov’eyn lady sake.” (<em>Paston Letters</em>, vol.
+p. 6.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Kerchiefs</strong> or <strong>Coverchiefs</strong> (<em>chief</em> = the head),
+O. E. Head-cloths of fine linen worn by ladies.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Kermes</strong> (Arabic = little worm). An insect
+produced on the <em>Quercus coccifera</em>. The dead
+bodies of the female insect produce a fine scarlet
+dye stuff.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Kern.</strong> The Irish infantry were formerly so
+called.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Kersey.</strong> A coarse narrow woollen cloth;
+hence “Kersey-mere,” so called from the <em>mere</em>
+(or miry brook) which runs through the village
+of Kersey in Suffolk, where this cloth was first
+made.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Kettle-drum.</strong> A drum with a body of brass.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_407'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_407.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 407. Kettle-hat.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Kettle-hat</strong>,
+O. E. The
+iron hat of a
+knight of the
+Middle Ages;
+also the leather
+<em>burgonet</em>
+of the 15th
+century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Kettle-pins</strong>,
+O. E. (See
+<span class='sc'>Kayles</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Key-note.</strong>
+In Music, the
+foundation or lowest note of the scale. Whatever
+note this is, the <em>intervals</em> between the third
+and fourth notes, and between the <em>seventh</em> and
+<em>eighth</em> above it, must be <em>semi-tones</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Key-stone</strong>, Arch. The central stone of an
+arch.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Keys.</strong> In Christian art, the attribute of St.
+Peter, signifying his control over the entrances
+of Heaven and Hell; hence the insignia of the
+Papacy. They also denote, <em>in heraldry</em>, office
+in the State, such as that of chamberlain of
+the court.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Khan</strong>, Orient. The name used by Eastern
+nations to denote a caravanserai.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Kher</strong>, Egyp. The quarter of tombs; the
+whole number of burial-places or <em>hypogæa</em> collected
+together at one spot.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_408'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_408.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 408. Khmer Architecture. Base of a pillar in a Temple of Cambodia, showing the god Brahma with four faces.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Khmers</strong>, Hind. The ancient inhabitants of
+Cambodia, a territory in South-East Asia, who
+had attained a high stage of civilization, to
+judge by the artistic remains of the Khmer
+nation which survive.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Khopesh</strong>, Egyp. The dagger of the Egyptian
+kings; its curved blade bore some resemblance
+to the thigh of an ox, which was called
+in Egyptian <em>khopesh</em> or <em>khopesk</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Kin-chung</strong>, Chinese. A golden bell.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>King-fisher.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Halcyon</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>King-post.</strong> The central upright post supporting
+the gable of a roof.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>King’s Yellow.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Orpiment</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Kings of Arms.</strong> Officers of Heralds’ College.
+There are three—<em>Garter</em>, <em>Clarenceux</em>, and
+<em>Norroy</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Kinnor</strong>, Heb. A stringed instrument of the
+Hebrews; it had eight, ten, or twenty-four
+strings, which were played either with the fingers
+or a plectrum.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Kinschall.</strong> A small curved Turkish dagger.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Kiosk</strong>, <strong>Kiosque</strong>. A Turkish pleasure-house.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Kircher</strong>, <strong>Kirchowe</strong></span>, O. E. A kerchief.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Kirtel</strong></span>, O. E. A loose gown, a tunic or
+waistcoat; also a monk’s gown.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Kiste</strong></span>, O. E. A chest.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Kistvaen</strong>, Celt. A Celtic monument more
+commonly known as a <span class='sc'>Dolmen</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Kit-cat.</strong> Canvas for portraits—28 or 29 inches
+by 36—of the size adopted by Sir Godfrey
+Kneller, in painting the portraits of the Kit-cat
+Club. The club had taken its name from
+Christopher Cat, a pastrycook, who supplied
+them at their meetings with mutton-pies. Addison,
+Steele, Walpole, Marlborough, and other
+staunch Whigs were the principal members.
+It dissolved about 1720.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Klaft</strong>, Egyp. A royal head-dress of striped
+cloth forming a kind of hood, and terminating
+in two flaps which fall over the breast. A great
+many Egyptian statues are represented with the
+<em>klaft</em>. It is suggested by M. Soldi that the
+invention of this ornament was for the purpose of
+strengthening the figure, by avoiding the thinness
+of the shape of the neck.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Knapsack.</strong> A case for a foot-soldier’s stores,
+carried at the back. <em>Knap</em> means a protuberance.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Knife</strong>, Chr. (See <span class='sc'>Flaying-knife</span>.) This
+is also the attribute of Sts. Agatha, Albert, and
+Christina; and a sacrificing-knife of St. Zadkiel
+the Angel.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Knighthood.</strong> The principal English orders
+are of the <span class='sc'>Garter</span>, established 1343, and the
+<em>Bath</em> shortly afterwards; of <span class='sc'>St. Patrick</span> for
+Ireland, established in 1783; and the <em>Order of
+the Thistle</em>, at least as ancient as Robert II. of
+Scotland. There is a French order of the
+<em>Thistle</em>, founded in 1463; but the most ancient
+French order is the <em>Gennet</em>, in 706. In France
+are also the orders of <em>St. Michel</em> and of <em>St.
+Louis</em>; but these French orders are now all
+superseded by the Legion of Honour. [See
+<em>An Accurate Historical Account of all the
+Orders of Knighthood</em>.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Knight-service</strong></span>, O. E. A tenure of lands
+formerly held by knights, on condition of performing
+military service</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Knol</strong>, Hind. A
+road or high road
+which frequently
+passes over very
+low bridges.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Knop</strong></span>, O. E.
+A button.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Knop</strong>, <strong>Knob</strong>,
+Arch. A boss.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_409'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_409.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 409. Architectural <em>Knop</em> or <em>Boss</em>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Knop and Flower
+Pattern.</strong> An
+ornament of remote
+antiquity,
+original basis of a
+great branch of
+decorative art in all nations, common on early
+Indian monuments, and with different variations
+in the art of Assyria, Egypt, Greece, and Rome.
+The variations are regulated according to the
+flora of the various countries, the <em>knop</em> (or bud)
+and <em>flower</em> being always the radical idea.</p>
+
+<div class='section'>
+
+<div id='fig_410'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_410.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 410. Bourchier Knot.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_410a'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_410a.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 410 a. Dacre Knot and Badge.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Knot</strong>, Her. An intertwined
+cord, borne as a
+badge. Cords intertwined
+about other figures and
+devices form so called
+compound badges, which
+significantly declared the
+union of two houses; thus
+the Dacre knot is entwined
+about the Dacre escallop
+and the famous “ragged
+staff” of Beauchamp and
+Neville. An <span class='sc'>Order of
+the Knot</span> was established
+at Naples in 1252.
+The badge of silk, gold,
+and pearls was tied in a
+knot upon the arm, and those who were invested
+with it made a vow to untie it at Jerusalem.
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_410'>410</a> and 410 a.)</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Knuckle-bones.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Talus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Koope</strong></span>, O. E. A cope.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Koukim</strong>, Heb. Kilns for the cremation of
+the dead, such as are occasionally found in
+the ancient tombs of the
+Valley of Hinnom (Gehenna).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Kourganes</strong>, Or. Grassy
+mounds, such as are
+frequently met with in
+Russia in Europe, and
+which bear a strong resemblance
+to <em>tumuli</em> and
+<em>barrows</em>. (See <span class='sc'>Tumulus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Krems White</strong> or <strong>Vienna
+White</strong>. A pigment manufactured
+at Krems in
+Austria. It is the finest white lead used in oils.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Krouts</strong>, Hind. An ornament resembling
+embroidery. The monuments of Khmer art
+are adorned with krouts of a rich ornamentation,
+somewhat similar to certain ornaments of the
+French Renaissance. (See Fig. <a href='#fig_408'>408</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Krumhorn.</strong> An old musical instrument of the
+cornet kind.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Kufic.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Cufic</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Kussier.</strong> A Turkish musical instrument,
+consisting of five strings, stretched over a skin
+that covers a kind of basin.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Kymbium.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Cymbium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Kyphi</strong>, Egyp. A perfume which was burnt
+before the statues of the gods; it was composed
+of sixteen different ingredients.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c005'>L.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c006'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Labarum</strong>, <strong>Chrism</strong></span>, R. The standard of the
+Roman emperors from the time of Constantine;
+in form it resembled the <em>vexillum</em> of the cavalry.
+The Labarum is the banner of the Chrism, or
+sign that appeared to Constantine, viz. the
+Greek letters XP in a monogram (the two first
+letters of the Name <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ</span>); sometimes
+followed by the Roman letters IHSV, or the
+motto in full, “<em>in hoc signo vinces</em>.” It is,
+under several variations, a common ecclesiastical
+emblem.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Labellum.</strong> Dimin. of <span class='sc'>Labrum</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<div id='fig_411'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_411.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Heraldic Labels.<br /> Fig. 411. Labels of 3 points. &#8196; &#8196; &#8196; Label of 5 points.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Labels</strong>, in heraldry, are marks of <em>cadency</em>. (1)
+A band crossing the shield, with three points depending,
+marks the coat of an eldest son. (2)
+Broad ribands hanging from a knight’s helmet.
+(3) In mediæval architecture and church decoration,
+images of saints and angels bear <em>labels</em>
+inscribed with texts and mottoes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Labis.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Spoon</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Labrum</strong></span>, R. (lit. a lip). A general term to
+denote any kind of vessel the brim of which
+turned over on the outside like the lip of
+the human mouth;
+a wide flat basin
+which stood in the
+thermal chamber or
+<span class='sc'>Caldarium</span> (q.v.)
+of the Roman baths.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_412'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_412.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 412. Labyrinth.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Labyrinth</strong>, Gen.
+(<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λαβύρινθος</span>). A
+building of considerable
+size, usually
+underground, containing
+streets and
+cross-roads, like the
+catacombs, &amp;c. The term is also applied to
+intricate designs executed on the grass-plots of
+gardens, and on the mosaic or glazed tiles in
+pavements. (Fig. <a href='#fig_412'>412</a>.) (See <span class='sc'>Minotaur</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lac</strong> or <strong>Gum Lac</strong> (Arabic, <em>lakah</em>). A resin
+produced on an East Indian tree by the punctures
+of the <em>Coccus lacca</em> insect. It forms a
+brittle substance of a dark red colour, and when
+in grains is called <em>seed lac</em>, and in thin flat plates
+<em>shell-lac</em>. (See <span class='sc'>Lacquer</span>.) The chief use of
+<em>lac</em> in Europe is for making sealing-wax, and
+as a basis for <em>spirit varnishes</em> and <em>French
+polish</em>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_413'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_413.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 413. Point de France (pillow-made), 17th century.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lace</strong> was originally of a heavy texture, more
+like embroidery. It was of two kinds, <em>lacis</em>, or
+“darned netting,” and “<em>cutwork</em>.” <em>Lacis</em>,
+often worked in coloured silks and gold thread,
+was also called “opus araneum” or “spider-work.”
+In “<em>cutwork</em>,” a net of threads was
+laid on to cloth, and the cloth sewn to it in
+parts, and the other parts cut away; or, by
+another method, the threads were arranged on
+a frame, all radiating from a common centre,
+and then worked into patterns. This was the
+old convent lace of Italy, called “<em>Greek lace</em>.”
+<em>Point laces</em> are lace made with a needle on a
+parchment pattern. The principal are the
+ancient laces of Italy, Spain, and Portugal; and
+the modern <em>point d’Alençon</em> of France. <em>Pillow
+laces</em> are made by the weaving, twisting, and
+plaiting of the threads with bobbins on a
+<em>cushion</em>; such are Mechlin, Lille, Valenciennes,
+Honiton, Buckingham, and many manufactories
+in France. <em>Brussels lace</em> is both <em>point</em> and
+<em>pillow</em>. The thread is scarcely visible for fineness,
+and costs 240<em>l.</em> per pound. This lace is
+called in France <em>point d’Angleterre</em>, or <em>English
+point</em>. (Fig. <a href='#fig_414'>414</a>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_414'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_414.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 414. Old Brussels or Point d’Angleterre.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lace Glass.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Glass</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lacerna</strong></span>, R. An open cloak worn by the
+Romans over the <em>toga</em>, and fastened on the right
+shoulder with a brooch or fibula. It frequently
+had a cowl attached. (See <span class='sc'>Abolla</span>, <span class='sc'>Pænula</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Pallium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lachrymatory.</strong> A tear-bottle; so called from
+the use attributed to it of holding tears consecrated
+to the dead. These phials are made
+of glass or earthenware, with a long neck, and the
+mouth formed to receive the eye-ball. The figure
+of one or two eyes has sometimes been found
+impressed upon them.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lacinia</strong></span>, R. The two excrescences, like a
+divided dewlap on the throat of a goat, which
+were represented on the necks of fauns and
+satyrs.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Laciniæ</strong></span>, Gr. and R. The hanging corners
+of the <em>toga</em> and <em>chlamys</em>, and the metal knobs
+attached to make them hang straight.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lacis.</strong> A kind of embroidery, of subjects in
+squares, with counted stitches (called also “point
+conté,” darned netting, &amp;c.). (See <span class='sc'>Lace</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Laconicum</strong></span>, R. A semicircular termination
+to a room in a set of baths (<em>caldarium</em>), so called
+because of Spartan origin. Under the word
+<span class='sc'>Balneæ</span> will be found the <em>laconicum</em> of Pompeii,
+restored. (Fig. <a href='#fig_056'>56</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lacquer</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">laque</span></i>) is made of a solution
+of shell-lac and alcohol, coloured with saffron or
+other colouring matters. Specimens of ancient
+Chinese red lacquer deeply carved with figures
+of birds, flowers, &amp;c., and generally made in
+the form of trays, boxes, and sometimes vases,
+are met with in the more northern Chinese
+towns, and are much prized. What is called
+the <em>old gold Japan lacquer</em> is also esteemed by
+Chinese connoisseurs, and the specimens of this
+are comparatively rare at the present day.
+(<cite>Fortune.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Lacs d’amour</strong></span>, Fr. True lovers’ knots.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lacuna</strong></span>, R. (<em>lacus</em>, a hollow). An ash-pit
+placed beneath a lime-kiln to receive the ashes
+from the kiln.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lacunar</strong>, Arch. A flat roof or ceiling, in
+contradistinction to a <em>camera</em>, vaulted roof.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lacunaria</strong>, Arch. Panels in a flat ceiling
+(<em>lacunar</em>), formed by the rafters crossing one
+another at right angles. The edges of these
+panels are often decorated with carved and gilt
+ornaments, and the centres filled in with paintings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lacus</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λάκκος</span>). A lake, and thence a
+large, shallow, open basin, or artificial reservoir;
+also, a pit made below the level of a
+wine-cellar (<em>cella vinaria</em>), or of an oil-cellar
+(<em>cella olearis</em>), to receive the wine or oil as it
+comes from the presses.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lady.</strong> A word of Saxon origin, generally
+supposed to signify “loaf-giver,” from <em>klaf</em>, a
+loaf. As a title it belongs to the daughters of
+all peers above the rank of a viscount, but is
+extended by courtesy to the wives of knights.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lady Day</strong>, Chr. The 25th of March. Festival
+of the Annunciation.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Læna</strong></span>, R. (1) A cloth with a long nap.
+(2) A thick woollen cloak worn over the toga
+for the sake of warmth. In later times the læna
+was often worn as a substitute for the toga.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lagena</strong></span>, Gr. and R. An earthenware vessel
+with a swelling body, used for holding wine
+or vegetables and dried fruits.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Laid Papers.</strong> Papers with a ribbed surface;
+as cream-laid, blue-laid, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Lake, Cloth of</strong></span>, O. E. Linen for under-garments.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lakes.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Carmine</span>.) Pigments of a fine
+crimson red colour, of which there are several
+kinds; they are prepared from cochineal,
+kermes, lac, and the best from madder-root.
+Common lake is obtained from Brazil wood,
+which affords a very fugitive colour. (See
+<span class='sc'>Yellow Lake</span>, <span class='sc'>Purple Lakes</span>, <span class='sc'>Green Lakes</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Carminated Lakes</span>, <span class='sc'>Drop Lake</span>, <span class='sc'>Red Lake</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Mineral Lake</span>, <span class='sc'>Madder</span>, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lakes</strong> of <em>Florence</em>, <em>Paris</em>, <em>Vienna</em>, &amp;c. (See
+<span class='sc'>Carminated Lakes</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lamb.</strong> The peculiar symbol of the Redeemer,
+generally the emblem of innocence,
+meekness, modesty. It is properly called the
+Paschal Lamb, and with a flag, or between two
+stars and a crescent, was the badge of the
+Knights Templars. (See <span class='sc'>Agnus Dei</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lamboys</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">lambeau</span></i>). A kind of skirt
+over the thighs, worn over the armour. (See
+Fig. <a href='#fig_463'>463</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lambrequin.</strong> A covering for the helmet.
+(See <span class='sc'>Mantling</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Lamb’s-wool</strong></span>, O. E. A drink of ale with the
+pulp of roasted apples in it.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Lames</strong></span>, Fr. Flexible plates or <em>blades</em> of
+steel, worn over the hips.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lametta.</strong> Brass, silver, or gold foil or
+wire.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lamiæ</strong></span>, Gr. and R. Vampires who fed at
+night on the flesh of human beings. The Lamiæ
+of Pliny are animals with the face and head of
+a woman, and the tail of a serpent, inhabiting
+the deserts of Africa.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Laminated.</strong> Disposed in layers or plates.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Lammas</strong></span>, O. E. The 1st of August.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_415'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_415.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 415. Roman Lamp.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lamp</strong>, <strong>Lantern</strong>,
+or <strong>Taper</strong>, in Christian
+art, was an
+emblem of piety;
+an attribute of St.
+Lucia. (See <span class='sc'>Lucerna</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Lychnus</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Lantern</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lampadephoria</strong>,
+Gr. (torch-bearing).
+A game
+common throughout
+Greece, in
+which the competitors
+raced,
+either on foot or
+horseback, six
+stadia (about
+three-quarters of
+a mile), carrying
+lamps prepared
+for the purpose.
+(See <span class='sc'>Lampas</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lampas</strong>, Gr.
+and R. A general
+term denoting
+anything which
+shines or affords
+light; a torch, a
+lamp, and especially
+a link. The
+word was frequently used for <em>lampadephoria</em>, the
+<em>torch-race</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lamp-black.</strong> A soot used as a pigment.
+It is very opaque, and dries slowly in oil. It is
+also the basis of all printing and lithographic
+inks.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_416'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_416.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 416. Device of Catherine de’ Medicis.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lance.</strong> In Christian art, the attribute of St.
+Matthias, in allusion to the method of his
+martyrdom. (See <span class='sc'>Amentum</span>, <span class='sc'>Lancea</span>, <span class='sc'>Hasta</span>.)
+A shivered lance with the motto “Lacrymæ hinc,
+hinc dolor,” was a device adopted by Catherine
+de’ Medicis after the fatal accident to her husband,
+Henry II., in a tournament. (Fig. <a href='#fig_416'>416</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lance-rest.</strong> A projecting iron fixed to a
+breastplate to support the end of the lance in a
+joust or tournament.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lancea</strong></span>, R. A long, light spear, serving
+both as a pike and a missile.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lanceola.</strong> Dimin. of <span class='sc'>Lancea</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lanceolated</strong>, Arch. Having the form of a
+spear-head. The term is applied to lancet
+windows, arches, and members of architecture
+forming a rose.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_417'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_417.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 417. Lancet Arch. 13th century.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lancet Arch.</strong>
+A pointed arch,
+obtuse at the
+point, resembling
+a surgeon’s lancet,
+from which a style
+of architecture,
+common in England
+in the 13th
+century, is named.
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_417'>417</a>.) (See
+<span class='sc'>Early English
+Architecture</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_418'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_418.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 418. Lancula.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lancula</strong></span>, R.
+(dimin. of <span class='sc'>Lanx</span>).
+The scale which
+was placed, when
+necessary, at one
+of the ends
+of a Roman steelyard
+(<em>statera</em>). (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_418'>418</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Landgrave</strong> (Germ. <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Land, Graf</span></i>). A title
+given to those Counts of Germany who take
+their rank from a large tract of land. The first
+<em>Landgraves</em> were those of Thuringia, Hesse,
+Alsace, and Leuchtenberg.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Langue-de-bœuf</strong></span>, Fr. A blade fixed to a pikestaff;
+named after its shape.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Langued</strong>, Her. To denote the tincture of an
+animal’s tongue.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Laniarium</strong>, <strong>Laniena</strong></span>, R. (<em>lanius</em>, a butcher).
+A slaughter-house or butcher’s shop.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Laniers</strong></span>, O. E.
+Leather straps for
+various uses; as
+armlets to a shield,
+or as garters or
+bands, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lanipendia</strong></span>, R.
+(<em>lana</em>, wool, and
+<em>pendere</em>, to weigh).
+A woman whose
+duty it was to
+weigh the wool for
+spinning, and distribute
+it among
+the slaves for their
+daily tasks.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lanista</strong></span>, R. A
+man who trained
+gladiators for the
+Roman circus.
+They were frequently
+his own
+property, and he
+let them out for hire; or he received them from
+their owners into his <em>school</em> (ludus) for training.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Lansquenet</strong></span>, Fr. A game at cards.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_419'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_419.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 419. Old English Horn Lantern.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lantern.</strong> In Christian art, the attribute of
+St. Gudula, in allusion to the legend of her
+miraculous lantern, which her prayers rekindled
+as often as Satan extinguished it. In Architecture,
+a small turret above the roof of a building,
+having windows all round it.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_420'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_420.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 420. Lanterne des Morts.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lanterne des Morts</strong> or
+<strong>Churchyard Beacon</strong>, Arch.
+A small tower raised upon
+a base, and generally round,
+but sometimes square or
+polygonal; with windows
+at the top to emit the
+shining rays from the lamp
+inside. Fig. <a href='#fig_420'>420</a> represents
+a “lanterne des morts” at
+Ciron, France.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lanx</strong></span>, R. This term
+denotes (1) a circular dish
+of silver or other metal,
+often embossed, used especially
+at banquets. (2) The
+scale of a balance (<em>libra</em>).
+(3) A salver for handing
+fruits or other dainties at
+dessert.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Laocoon.</strong> A magnificent
+sculpture, found in 1506
+among the ruins of the
+palace of Titus, now in
+the Vatican. It represents
+Laocoon and his two
+sons struggling in the
+folds of two monster serpents.
+According to Pliny
+it is the work of three
+Rhodian sculptors, Agesander,
+Polydorus, and Athenodorus,
+and stood in the
+palace of Titus. He said
+that it was made of one stone, but the joining
+of five pieces has been detected. [See <em>Lessing’s</em>
+“<em>Laokoon</em>.”]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Laphria</strong>, Gr. An annual festival, celebrated
+at Patræ in Achaia, in honour of Artemis, surnamed
+Laphria.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lapidary.</strong> An artist who cuts, grinds, and
+polishes gems and stones. In the lapidary’s
+<em>scale of hardness</em> of minerals there are 10 standard
+degrees, represented as follows:—No. 1, <em>talc</em>,
+which is very easily cut; No. 2, <em>compact
+gypsum</em>; No. 3, <em>calc-spar</em>; No. 4, <em>fluor-spar</em>;
+No. 5, <em>apatite</em>; No. 6, <em>felspar</em>; No. 7, <em>quartz</em>;
+No. 8, <em>topaz</em>; No. 9, <em>sapphire</em>; No. 10, <em>diamond</em>.
+Diamonds are for the most part cut at Amsterdam.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lapis Lazuli.</strong> A beautiful blue mineral stone
+of various shades of colour. (See <span class='sc'>Ultramarine</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Laquear</strong>, <strong>Laqueare</strong>. Synonym of <span class='sc'>Lacunar</span>
+(q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Laqueatores</strong></span>, R. An order of gladiators who
+used a noose to catch their adversaries.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Laqueatus</strong></span>, R. A ceiling decorated with
+panels (<em>lacunar</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lararium</strong></span>, R. A small shrine consecrated
+to the gods called Lares; a room in which the
+images of the Lares or tutelary genii of the
+house were placed. It is said to have been
+customary for religious Romans, immediately
+after they rose in the morning, to pray in the
+Lararium.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Larentalia</strong>, <strong>Larentinalia</strong>, or <strong>Laurentalia</strong>,
+R. A Roman festival in honour of Acca Larentia, the nurse of Romulus and Remus; or,
+according to another tradition, a festival instituted
+by Ancus in honour of a wealthy
+courtezan named Larentia, who had bequeathed
+all her property to the Roman people. It was
+celebrated on the 10th of December.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lares</strong></span>, R. The Lares Privati, Domestici,
+or Familiares, were the guardian deities of
+the house. The spot peculiarly sacred to
+them was the <em>focus</em>, or hearth, in the Atrium,
+where the altar for domestic sacrifice stood,
+and near it was a niche, containing little
+images of these gods, to whom offerings of
+flowers, frankincense, and wine were made
+from time to time, and regularly on the kalends
+of each month. There were many classes of
+Lares Publici: (1) The Lares rurales, who presided
+over the flocks, herds, &amp;c. (2) The Lares
+compitales, worshipped where two cross-roads
+met, &amp;c. [Cf. Ovid, Fasti, v. 129.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Larghetto</strong></span>, It. In Music, less slow than <em>largo</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Largo</strong></span>, It. In Music, a slow movement, one
+degree quicker than <em>adagio</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Latch</strong></span>, O. E. A cross-bow.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lateen Sail.</strong> A triangular mainsail on a tall
+sloping yard, which reaches down to the deck.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Later</strong></span>, R. A brick; the <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πλίνθος</span> of the Greeks.
+Among the Romans bricks were of various
+forms; the largest was called <em>pentadorum</em>; the
+next size, <em>tetradorum</em>. <em>Later coctus</em>, <em>coctilis</em> was
+the term applied to a baked brick; <em>later crudus</em>
+was an unbaked brick, i. e. one dried in the
+sun. Pliny calls the brick-field <span class='sc'>Lateraria</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Latericium</strong> (opus), R. A structure built of
+bricks.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Laterna</strong>, <strong>Lanterna</strong>. A <span class='sc'>Lantern</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Laton</strong> or <strong>Latten</strong></span>, O. E. An alloy of brass, of
+which candlesticks, sepulchral monuments,
+crosses, &amp;c., were made in the Middle Ages.
+White Laton was a mixture of brass and tin.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Latrunculi</strong></span>, R. (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πεσσοί</span>). The ancient
+game of draughts. It is mentioned by Homer.
+The Romans often had twelve lines of squares
+(<em>mandræ</em>) on the draught-board. The number
+of pieces varied from five to twelve, and in later
+times the game was played with the <em>tesseræ</em> or dice.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lattice</strong>, Arch. A trellis or cross-barred work;
+a network window.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Laura</strong>, Chr. The origin of the name is
+obscure. It signifies a collection of separate
+cells in a wilderness, where a community of
+monks lived each in his own cell, meeting
+together only during two days of the week. The
+most celebrated <em>lauras</em> were in Palestine.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Laurel</strong>, Gen. The emblem of glory and
+victory. Sacred also to Apollo. In modern
+times an emblem of peace.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lautumiæ</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λα-τομία</span>). A stone-quarry,
+and thence a prison hewn out of a quarry,
+more particularly the public prison of Syracuse,
+hewn into the solid cliff, but roofless. The
+Tullianum at Rome was called Lautumiæ
+also.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lava.</strong> The scoria from an active volcano,
+which is well adapted to ornamental carving.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lavabo.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Lavatorium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lavacrum</strong></span>, R. (<em>lavo</em>, to wash). A bath of
+hot or cold water, in contradistinction to a
+vapour bath (<em>caldarium</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lavatorium</strong></span>, R. (<em>lavo</em>, to wash). A small
+building in a monastery, in which the monks
+washed their hands before and after a repast. The
+<em>lavatorium</em> was usually placed near the refectory.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lawn.</strong> This fine linen fabric was introduced
+in the reign of Queen Elizabeth.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lay Figure.</strong> A large wooden jointed doll,
+used by artists to display drapery.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lead-glazed Wares.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Pottery</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_421'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_421.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 421. Stamped gilt and painted leather hangings illustrating a pictorial arrangement of pattern.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Leather</strong> was used instead of tapestry for the
+hangings of rooms in the 16th century, and was
+beautifully gilded and chased. (Consult “L’Art
+de travailler les Cuirs dorés ou argentés,” by M.
+Fougeroux de Bondary, in “Description des
+Arts et Metiers,” 1762.) (Fig. <a href='#fig_421'>421</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Leaves</strong>, Her. Their peculiarities are blazoned
+as laurel leaf, oak leaf, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Leaves</strong>, <strong>Leafage</strong>. (See <span class='sc'>Foliage</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lebes</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λέβης</span>; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λείβη</span>, to pour out). A
+brass saucepan or caldron (<em>pelvis</em>, <em>ahenum</em>); it
+was a deep vessel with swelling sides. It was
+sometimes made with a pointed bottom to fit
+into a stand, which was called <span class='sc'>Incitega</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lebiton</strong>, <strong>Lebitonarium</strong>. (See <span class='sc'>Colobium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lecanê</strong>, Gr. A drinking-bowl used by the
+Etrurians (basin-shaped, with a lid).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lectern.</strong> A reading-desk in a Christian
+church; most frequently of brass in the form
+of an eagle, but often decorated with more
+elaborate emblems.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lectica</strong></span>, R. (<em>lectus</em>, a couch). A couch or
+litter carried by bearers, used both by men and
+women; it was introduced from the East, and
+was quickly adopted in Greece and Rome.
+The Greek litter had a roof made of the skin
+of an ox, and the sides covered with curtains.
+Among the Romans it was seldom used excepting
+for travelling, until the luxurious days of
+the empire, when the lectica became a very
+splendid affair. It was sometimes constructed
+with gold and ivory, and instead of curtains it
+was closed at the sides, with windows of transparent
+stone (<em>lapis specularis</em>). When standing,
+it rested on four feet. It was borne upon poles
+(<em>asseres</em>) by two or more slaves, and was called
+hexophron, octophron, &amp;c., according to the
+number of <em>lecticarii</em> employed to carry it.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lecticula.</strong> Dimin. of <em>lectica</em>; it denoted a
+litter for the conveyance of the sick, or a bier
+on which a dead body was carried out.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lectisternium</strong></span>, R. (<em>lectus</em>, and <em>sterno</em>, to spread
+out). A religious ceremony consisting of a
+banquet offered to the gods, at which the statues
+of the latter were present stretched out on
+couches, with tables and viands before them as
+if they were partaking of the feast.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lectorium</strong>, Chr. (<em>lector</em>, a reader). An old
+term afterwards replaced by that of <span class='sc'>Ambo</span>
+(q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lectrin</strong>, Chr. An old term now replaced by
+<em>jubé</em> or rood-loft and desk.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lectrum</strong>, Chr. An old term denoting a
+praying-desk.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lectus</strong></span>, R. (<em>lego</em>, to put together). A bed or
+couch complete; <em>lectus cubicularis</em>, a sleeping-couch;
+<em>lectus genialis</em>, a nuptial bed; <em>lectus
+adversus</em>, a symbolical marriage-bed; <em>lectus
+triclinaris</em>, a dining-couch, a couch for three
+persons, placed in the <em>triclinium</em> or dining-room;
+<em>lectus funebris</em>, a funeral bier. The diminutive
+of this term is <em>lectulus</em>. The <em>lectus cubicularis</em>
+resembled an old-fashioned sofa with a high
+back; being of considerable height, it was
+reached by means of a footstool (<em>scamnum</em>), or a
+set of steps (<em>gradus</em>). The <em>lectus genialis</em> (Gr.
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">εὐνὴ</span>) or marriage-bed was still higher, larger,
+and handsomely decorated; it is represented
+with a flight of steps at the foot. The <em>lectus
+adversus</em> was a symbolical marriage-bed, and
+stood in the atrium, opposite to the entrance
+of the house, and was, as it were, the throne
+or seat of office, from which the housewife
+superintended the spinning, weaving, and similar
+duties of the servants. The <em>lectus triclinaris</em>
+used at meals is described under the article.
+<em>Lectus funebris</em> is the name of the bier upon
+which the dead were borne to burial or the pyre.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_422'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_422.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 422. Lecythus.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lecythus</strong>, Gr.
+A cylindrical vase
+made to contain oil
+or perfumes. It
+often figures in the
+hands of goddesses,
+or of females at the
+toilet; and is mostly
+ornamented with
+delicate paintings
+and choice subjects.
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_422'>422</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ledger</strong>, Arch.
+A stone slab.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ledger Lines.</strong>
+In Music, extra
+lines above or below
+the five ruled
+lines.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ledgment</strong>, Arch.
+A horizontal course
+of stone or mouldings,
+particularly
+the base moulding.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Leet</strong></span>, O. E. An
+ancient Anglo-Saxon
+court of justice;
+a manor court.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Legato</strong></span>, It. Literally,
+“bound;”
+in Music signifies “in a smooth and gliding
+manner.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Legend.</strong> In Numismatics, the words round
+the <em>edge</em> of a medal or coin.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Leghorn.</strong> A kind of straw plait, first invented
+at Leghorn.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Legio</strong></span>, R. (<em>lego</em>, to collect). A Roman legion;
+a division of the army consisting of from three
+to six thousand heavy-armed soldiers, who were
+called <em>legionarii</em>. Twelve thousand legionaries
+were required to make up a consular army.
+The legion contained troops of all arms;
+infantry, cavalry, and the ancient substitutes
+for artillery; and was an army complete in itself.
+The numbers varied, as well as the organization,
+at different periods. Livy speaks of legions of
+5000 infantry and 300 horse. The subject is one
+demanding voluminous description. The legion
+was subdivided into Cohortes, Manipuli, Centuriæ,
+Signa, Ordines, Contubernia.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Leice</strong>, Celt. Also called <em>meanal leice</em>. The
+stone of destiny; a large crystal kept by the
+Druids for soothsaying.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Leister</strong> or <strong>Lister</strong>, Scotch. A trident or many-pronged
+spear for striking fish.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Leming Star</strong></span>, O. E. (from A.S. <em>leme</em>, brightness).
+A comet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lemman</strong> (A.S. <em>leof</em>=loved, and <em>man</em>). A
+sweetheart, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lemnian Reddle.</strong> An <em>ochre</em> of a deep red
+colour and firm consistence, used as a pigment.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lemniscus</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λημνίσκος</span>; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λῆνος</span>, wool). A
+fillet or ribbon awarded, as a mark of honour, to
+a person who had distinguished himself in any
+way. The person who wore it was called <em>lemniscatus</em>.
+It hung down from crowns or diadems
+at the back of the head. <em>Lemnisci</em> were also
+worn, without <em>coronæ</em>, by ladies for ornament.
+Hence, in Geometry, a curve of the form of the
+figure 8 is called <em>lemniscata</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lemon Yellow.</strong> A bright pigment, brighter
+and clearer than Naples yellow or masticot,
+and not liable to change.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lemures</strong> or <strong>Manes</strong></span>, R. The souls of the
+dead, who, according to the religious belief of
+the Romans, were transformed into beneficent
+or evil genii, according as the individual had
+been during his life good or bad, virtuous or
+worthless. “<em>Lares</em> si meriti boni sint; <em>Lemures</em>
+sive <em>Larvas</em> si mali; <em>Manes</em> autem cum
+incertum est,” says St. Augustine.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lemuria.</strong> Festivals in honour of the Lemures
+celebrated at Rome, at night and in silence, on
+the 9th, 11th, and 13th of May. During them
+the temples of the gods were closed, and marriage
+was considered unlucky; hence the proverb,
+<em>Mense Maio male nubent</em>. Those who
+celebrated the Lemuria walked barefooted,
+washed their hands three times, and threw black
+beans nine times behind their backs. On the
+second of the three days there were games in the
+circus in honour of Mars, and on the third day
+the images of the thirty Argei, made of rushes,
+were thrown from the Pons Sublicius into the
+Tiber by the Vestal virgins. On the same day
+there was a festival of merchants.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lenn</strong> or <strong>Linn</strong>, Celt. A woollen wrap with a
+long nap, or simply the skin of some animal,
+worn in severe weather as a kind of upper garment
+by the poorer class of Gauls.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lens</strong> (lit. a lentil). A convex or concave
+glass, which, by changing the direction of
+rays of light, magnifies or diminishes objects.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lent</strong> (A.S. <em>lencten</em>, Spring), Chr. The
+forty days’ fast preparatory to Easter. Pope
+Gregory the Great speaks of this fast as of
+thirty-six days’ duration; i. e. six weeks, not
+counting the Sundays, which, it is suggested,
+amounts to one-tenth, or a <em>tithe</em> of the year.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Lent Rose</strong> or <strong>Lent Lily</strong></span>, O. E. The daffodil.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lentiform.</strong> Shaped like a double convex
+lens.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Lentiner</strong></span>, O. E. A hawk taken in Lent.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>L’Envoy.</strong> “The conclusion of a ballet, or
+sonnet, in a short stanzo by itselfe, and serving
+oftentimes as a dedication of the whole.”
+(<cite>Cotgrave.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Leonine Verses.</strong> Rhyming Latin compositions,
+very popular in the Middle Ages. In the
+3rd century a piece of 1200 such verses was
+written by Commodianus. St. Augustine and
+the venerable Bede also wrote some. The
+proper <em>leonine</em> consists of a couplet rhyming at
+the end; but the rhymes may be otherwise distributed:
+e. g.—</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">O miseratrix! O dominatrix! præcipe dictu;</span></div>
+      <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ne devastemur, ne lapidemur, grandinis ictu.</span>”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Leontarium</strong>, Chr. A fountain of lions spouting
+water; frequently placed in the courtyard
+or atrium of basilican churches.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Leopard</strong>, Her. A lion in any other attitude
+than “rampant” was blazoned by the early
+heralds as a “leopard.” Till the 14th century
+the lions of the Royal Shield of England were
+designated leopards.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Leou</strong>, Chinese. (1) A building of many
+stories, like a pagoda. (2) An upper floor in a
+Chinese house.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lepastê</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λεπὰς</span>, a limpet; Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">patella</span></i>).
+A large vessel, in form like the <em>cylix</em>, but resting
+on a broad stand; employed from the
+earliest times for holding pure wine.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Leporarium</strong></span>, R. (<em>lepus</em>, a hare). A hare
+warren; a walled paddock in which four-footed
+game were preserved.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_423'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_423.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 423. The Leschê at Delphi.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Leschê</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λέσχη</span>, i. e. a place for talking).
+A public place of assembly and conversation, or
+a small exchange for transacting business, &amp;c.
+The leschê of Delphi (Fig. <a href='#fig_423'>423</a>) was celebrated
+for the painting which it contained by
+Polygnotus (470 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>). At Athens there were
+360 leschai, small buildings or porticoes furnished
+with seats and exposed to the sun,
+where the poor could rest in warmth and shelter.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Lesina</strong></span>, It. An awl. The device of the
+Lesina Academy, with the motto, “<i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">L’assotigliar
+la più, meglio anche fora</span></i>.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lettern</strong>, Arch. The <em>Lectern</em> of a church is
+often so called, when made of <em>Latten</em> or brass.
+The word is used instead of <em>Latten</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Letters of the Alphabet</strong> are sometimes used
+as charges in heraldry. The practice of weaving
+letters into the ornamentation of textile
+fabrics is very ancient in the East. Pliny says,
+“Parthi <em>literas</em> vestibus intexunt.” Fanciful
+designs imitating or copying oriental letters
+without meaning were worked in church textiles
+in early Christian times; and the artists of Italy
+up to the middle of the 16th century represented
+such devices on the hems of the garments
+of great personages in their paintings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Leucite</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λευκὸς</span>, white). <em>White spar</em>, or
+<em>white garnet</em>; a white stony substance found
+among volcanic productions.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Leucomb</strong></span>, O. E. A dormer window.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Leucopyrite.</strong> A mineral used in the production
+of artificial <em>orpiment</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Levacion</strong></span>, O. E. The elevation of the host
+in the mass.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Levant.</strong> The Eastern shores of the Mediterranean.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Levecel</strong></span>, O. E. A pent-house or projecting
+roof over a door or an open shed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Levesele</strong></span>, O. E. A lattice. The original of
+the <em>chequers</em> on the door-posts of inns.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Levitonarium.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Colobium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Lew</strong></span>, O. E. (modern <em>lea</em>). Sheltered from the
+wind; hence <strong>Lewe Water</strong> (modern <em>luke</em>-warm
+water).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Lewins</strong></span>, O. E. A kind of bands put about a
+hawk.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Libbard</strong></span>, O. E. A leopard.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Libella</strong></span>, R. (<em>libra</em>, a level or balance). (1) A
+level, or instrument employed by masons, joiners,
+and carpenters, in the same way as with us, for
+testing the evenness of the surface of their work.
+(2) A small Roman silver coin, afterwards substituted
+by the <em>As</em>, which it equalled in value.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Libellus</strong> or <strong>Libellulus</strong></span>, R. A small book,
+pamphlet, letter, or notice.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Liber</strong> (literally, the <em>rind</em> of the papyrus; Gr.
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βιβλίον</span>, from the Egyptian word <em>byblos</em>, the
+papyrus plant). A book.—Parchment (<em>membrana</em>)
+was invented by Eumenes, king of Pergamos;
+hence its name of <em>pergamentum</em>. The paper
+(<em>charta</em>) or parchment was only written upon on one
+side; the other side was stained yellow. Writings
+were frequently washed off, and the parchment
+used again was called <em>palimpsestus</em>. The
+sheets forming a book were joined together and
+rolled round a staff, and then called a <em>volume</em>
+(<em>volumen</em>). The stick was usually ornamented
+with balls or bosses, ornamented or painted,
+called <em>umbilici</em>. The ends of the roll, carefully
+cut, polished with pumice-stone, and coloured
+black, were called <em>geminæ frontes</em>. The reader
+held the staff in his left hand to unroll the sheet
+(<em>evolvere librum</em>), as he proceeded, with his right.
+The roll, if valuable, was kept in a parchment
+case, which was stained with a purple colour, or
+yellow. The title of the book (<em>titulus</em> or <em>index</em>)
+was written on a small strip of papyrus or parchment
+with a light red colour (coccum or minium);
+and this practice was the origin of the art of
+illumination.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Liber Pontificalis</strong>, <em>seu de gestis Romanorum
+pontificum</em>. A work of the 15th century, of
+great value to the student of early Christian art
+work, and in particular of textiles and embroidery.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Libra</strong></span>, R. (1) A balance with two scales
+(<em>lanx</em>), depending by chains from the ends of
+the beam (<em>jugum</em>); in the centre of the latter
+was a handle (<em>ansa</em>). (2) The As or pound;
+the unit of weight. (See <span class='sc'>As</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Libretto</strong></span>, It. The words of an opera, oratorio,
+&amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Librile</strong></span>, R. (<em>libra</em>). A term denoting the
+ends of the beam (<em>jugum</em>) in a balance, and
+thence the balance itself; it is thus synonymous
+with <span class='sc'>Libra</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Liburna</strong>, <strong>Liburnica</strong></span>, R. A vessel of war so
+called from the fact that it was built on a model
+invented by the Illyrian pirates, or Liburni.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lichanos</strong>, Gr. (<em>forefinger string</em>). The note
+below the <span class='sc'>Mese</span> of the seven-stringed lyre. (See
+<span class='sc'>Mese</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lich-gate.</strong> A shed over the gate of a churchyard
+to rest the corpse under. (See <span class='sc'>Corpse-gate</span>.)
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_197'>197</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lich-stone</strong>—near a churchyard gate, for resting
+coffins on—is generally raised about three
+feet from the ground, shaped like a coffin, and
+has stone benches round it for the bearers to
+rest upon.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Liciæ</strong>, Med. Lat. (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">lices</span></i>), from the Italian
+<em>lizza</em>, palings. The lists; an enclosed space
+surrounding a camp or castle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Licium</strong></span>, R. A leash, or thick thread, employed
+to divide in two a set of threads in a
+warp, in order to allow the shuttle to pass
+through them. By analogy, any kind of thread
+or cord used for fastening.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lictor</strong></span>, R. (See <span class='sc'>Fasces</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lieberkuhn.</strong> A reflecting mirror on a microscope,
+named after the inventor.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lierne Rib</strong> (in a vault), Arch. (From <em>lier</em>, to
+bind.) “Any rib that does not arise from the
+impost, and is not a ridge rib, but crosses from
+one boss or intersection of the principal ribs to
+another. Vaults in which such <em>liernes</em> are employed
+are termed <span class='fss'>LIERNE VAULTS</span>.” (<cite>Parker’s
+Glossary.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Light Red.</strong> A pigment of a russet orange
+tint, produced from burnt ochre.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lights.</strong> The openings between the mullions
+of a window. (See <span class='sc'>Days</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_424'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_424.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 424. Ligula.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ligula</strong></span>, R. (1) A small tongue-shaped sword.
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_424'>424</a>.) The
+term is derived
+from <em>lingua</em>, a
+tongue. (2) A
+liquid measure, a
+<em>large</em> spoonful,
+distinguished from <em>cochlear</em>, which is a <em>small</em>
+spoonful. (3) The leather tongue of a shoe.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lilies</strong>, in Christian art, are the symbols of
+purity; the special attribute of the Virgin
+Mary. They are frequent in the catacombs on
+the tombs of Christian virgins.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lily</strong> or <strong>Iris Green</strong> (It. <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">verde giglio</span></i>). A pigment
+anciently used in Italy. It was prepared
+by dipping linen rags into the juice of plants,
+and then preserving them dry.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lima</strong></span>, R. (1) A file or rasp, applied to the same
+purposes as at the present day. (See <span class='sc'>Scobina</span>.)
+(2) In Med. Lat., a tool or weapon worn by archers
+in the French service, either as a kind of sword
+or for sharpening arrows with. (<cite>Meyrick.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Limbeck</strong>, O. F. An alembeck.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Limbo</strong></span>, O. E. Hell.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>“Beholde now what owre Lord Jhesu dide one the
+Saturday, as sune as he was dede. He went downe to
+helle to owre holy fadyrs that ware in <em>lymbo</em> to tyme of
+his Resureccione.” (<em>MS. Lincoln.</em> A. i. 17, f. 186.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Limbus</strong></span>, R. An ornamental band or border
+resembling scroll-work or architectural foliage,
+employed as an ornament on dress, vases
+(especially on Etruscan vases), &amp;c.; and thence
+(1) a ribbon worn as an ornament in the
+hair; (2) the zodiacal circle described on a
+globe (see Fig. <a href='#fig_048'>48</a>); (3) a stout cord forming
+the main rope in a fishing-net; (4) in Med.
+Latin, a military tunic—the German <em>Wapenrock</em>;
+or a wrapper worn by soldiers round the head,
+<em>temp.</em> John, usually termed <em>cargan</em>. (<cite>Meyrick.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lime.</strong> Slaked lime, alone or mixed with
+pulverized white marble, was a white pigment
+used in fresco-painting.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Lime-hound</strong></span>, O. E. A sporting-dog in a <em>lime</em>
+or leash.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Limen</strong></span>, R. The threshold or step laid down
+before the entrance of a door; the same term
+is also applied to the lintel. <em>Limen superius</em> is
+the lintel, and <em>limen inferius</em> the threshold
+properly so called.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Limen superum inferumque, salve!</span>” (<cite>Plautus.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Limer</strong></span>, O. E. A bloodhound. “A dogge
+engendred betweene an hounde and a mastyve,
+called a <em>lymmer</em>, or a mungrell.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Limitour</strong></span>, O. E. A begging friar.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Limning</strong></span>, O. E. Painting, especially portrait
+painting.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Limoges Enamel.</strong> A kind of incrusted
+enamel on the system called <em>champlevé</em>; perfected
+at Limoges, in France, in the 15th century,
+and hence called <em>Opus de Limogia</em>. (See
+<span class='sc'>Enamel</span>.) The enamels and <span class='fss'>METAL WORK</span> of
+<span class='sc'>Limoges</span>, in furniture, decoration of armour,
+and church utensils, are very important. The
+monument of Aylmer de Valence in Westminster
+Abbey is Limoges workmanship.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Limus</strong></span>, R. A kind of apron bordered with
+a purple hem, worn by the <em>popa</em> or attendant
+who killed the animal offered at a sacrifice.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lincei.</strong> An academy for natural history,
+founded in Rome in 1603. They adopted the
+lynx for their device “because the academicians
+should have the eyes of a lynx to penetrate the
+secrets of nature.” (<cite>Mrs. Bury Palliser.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Line of Beauty.</strong> A curve like an elongated
+S. (See <em>Hogarth’s Analysis of Beauty</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Line of Life.</strong> One of the lines in the hand;
+a term in palmistry.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Linea</strong></span>, R. (<em>linum</em>, a flax-thread). A line or
+any kind of string; <em>linea alba</em>, a rope whitened
+with chalk and stretched across the arena in a
+circus for the purpose of giving a fair start to
+runners, chariots, or riders.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lined</strong>, Her. (1) Having a cord attached.
+(2) Having a lining.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lineleon.</strong> Linseed oil. “<em>Lineleon ex semine
+lini fiet.</em>”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Linen.</strong> Painting on linen was largely practised
+in England during the 14th century; and
+a drawing sent by Albert Durer to Raphael is
+described by Vasari as having been painted “in
+water-colours on a fine linen cloth, which
+showed the transparent lights on both sides,
+without white; water-colours only being added,
+while the cloth was left for the lights; which
+thing appeared wonderful to Raphael.” (<em>Vasari</em>,
+<em>Vita di Raffaello</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Linen-scroll.</strong> A decorative ornament, common
+in German wood-carving of the 15th and 16th
+centuries. It resembles a napkin stood on end,
+and partly opened into scroll-shaped cylinders.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Linset</strong></span>, O. E. The stool on which women
+sat while spinning.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Linsey-woolsey</strong> (O. E. Lylse-wulse). Coarse
+woollen stuff first made at Linsey in Suffolk.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Linstock</strong></span>, O. E. (15th century). A pike, with
+branches on each side to hold a lighted match
+for firing artillery.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lintel.</strong> The stone or beam placed across a
+door or window overhead (<em>limen superius</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Linteolum</strong></span>, R. and Chr. (<em>linteum</em>). Any small
+piece of linen, such as a napkin or handkerchief.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Linter</strong></span>, R. A flat boat, frequently formed of
+the trunk of a tree, used in shallow waters for
+the transport of produce; it was also used in
+the construction of bridges of boats.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Linum</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λίνον</span>). Flax, and thence anything
+made of that fibre.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Lion</strong></span>, O. E. (from <em>lie on</em>). The main beam
+of a ceiling.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_425'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_425.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 425. Heraldic Lions.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lion.</strong> In Heraldry, the lion <em>couchant</em> represents
+sovereignty; <em>rampant</em>, magnanimity;
+<em>passant</em>, resolution; <em>guardant</em>, prudence; <em>saliant</em>,
+valour; <em>seiant</em>, counsel; and <em>regardant</em>,
+circumspection. (See <span class='sc'>Leopard</span>, <span class='sc'>Marzocco</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lioncel</strong>, Her. A lion drawn to a small
+scale, generally rampant.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lions</strong>, in Christian art, typify the resurrection
+of the Redeemer; because, according to an
+oriental fable, the lion’s cub was born dead, and
+in three days its sire licked it into life. The lion
+also typifies solitude, and is therefore the attribute
+of hermits; and as the type of fortitude and
+resolution it was placed at the feet of martyrs.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lip Moulding</strong>, Arch. So called from its resemblance
+to an overhanging lip. It is common
+in the Perpendicular period.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Liquid Madder Lake</strong> or <strong>Rubiate</strong>. A brilliant
+rose-coloured pigment, used in oil or water-colour
+painting.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_426'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_426.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 426. Liripipes. Italian, 16th century.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Liripipes</strong></span>, O. E. The long tails of hoods,
+which hung down the back. Worn also by the
+Italians. (Fig. <a href='#fig_426'>426</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>List</strong>, Arch. A straight upright ring encircling
+the lower part of a column, just above
+the torus, and next to the shaft.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_427'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_427.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 427. Listels.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>List</strong>, <strong>Listel</strong>, Arch. A small square moulding,
+also called a <em>fillet</em>. Fig. <a href='#fig_427'>427</a> represents a base,
+the ornamentation of which is made up of
+numerous <em>listels</em> or fillets.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Litany Stool.</strong> In a church, a small low desk
+at which the Litany was sung.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>“The priest goeth from out of his seat into the body
+of the church, and (at a low desk before the chancel door,
+called the <em>faldstool</em>) kneels and says or sings the Litany.”
+(<em>Eliz.</em> xviii. 1559.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Literatus</strong> or <strong>Litteratus</strong></span>, R. (<em>litera</em>, a letter).
+In general, anything that is marked with letters;
+and thence (1) a slave who has been branded
+on the forehead with a hot iron, also called
+<em>inscriptus</em>, <em>notatus</em>, <em>stigmatus</em>. (2) A grammarian,
+learned man, or commentator.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Litharge.</strong> An ingredient of <em>drying oil</em> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lithochrome.</strong> Another name for <span class='sc'>Chromolithography</span>,
+or colour-printing.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lithography</strong>, or drawing on stone, was
+invented by Aloys Senefelder of Munich
+in 1796. Drawings are made on a polished
+surface of calcareous stone, with ink and
+chalk of a soapy nature. The <em>lithographic
+ink</em> is made of tallow-soap, pure white wax,
+lamp-black, and a small quantity of tallow, all
+boiled together, and, when cool, dissolved in
+distilled water; the ingredients for the <em>lithographic
+chalk</em> are the same, with a small quantity
+of potash added during the boiling. After the
+drawing on the stone is perfectly dry, a very
+weak solution of sulphuric acid is poured over
+it, which takes up the alkali from the ink or
+chalk, and leaves an insoluble substance behind
+it, while it lowers in a slight degree the surface
+of the stone not drawn upon, and prepares it for
+the free absorption of water. Weak gum-water
+is next applied to close the pores of the stone,
+and to keep it moist. The stone is then washed
+with water, and the printing-ink applied in the
+ordinary way. It then passes through the press,
+the washing with water and daubing with ink
+being repeated after every impression. As many
+as 70,000 copies have in this way been taken
+from one stone, the last being nearly as good as
+the first. Copper-plate and steel engravings can
+be transferred to stone. (See the article “Lithography”
+in the <em>Encyclopædia Britannica</em>,
+8th ed.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lithostrotum</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λιθό-στρωτον</span>). The pavement
+of a Roman road, and thence any ornamental
+pavement, mosaic, incrusted marble,
+coloured inlaid-work, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Litmus</strong> or <strong>Lacmus</strong>. The red, violet, and blue
+colours known as <em>archil</em>, <em>cudbear</em>, and <em>litmus</em>,
+are derived from certain lichens; <em>litmus</em> from
+the <em>roccella tinctoria</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Liturgy</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λειτουργός</span>). The printed formulary
+according to which the public services in a
+church are performed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lituus</strong></span>, R. (an Etruscan word, signifying
+<em>crooked</em>). (1) A brass trumpet formed of a long,
+straight tube, but curved and opening out wide
+at the end like a tobacco-pipe. The <em>tuba</em> was
+straight, the <em>cornu</em> spiral. (2) An augur’s staff
+curved into the form of a crook, with which they
+divided the expanse of the sky into regions in
+their divinations.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Livery</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">livrée</span></i>). Literally, the <em>distribution</em>;
+that is to say, of clothes to be worn by
+the servants of palaces, &amp;c. (See <span class='sc'>Badges</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Livery Colours.</strong> In the Middle Ages all great
+houses had their own livery colours. Thus those
+of the House of York were blue and crimson,
+those of the House of Lancaster white and blue,
+of the House of Tudor white and green, of the
+House of Stuart scarlet and gold.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Loaves</strong>, in Christian art, are the emblems
+of charity to the poor; the attribute of St.
+Philip the Apostle and other saints.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lobe</strong> (of an arch), Fr.; Anglicé <em>foil</em>; e. g. a
+trefoil arch is <em>arc trilobé</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Local Colour</strong> is the real fundamental colour of
+an object, considered apart from all accidental
+variations of light and reflexion.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Locellus</strong></span>, R. A box or casket; this term is
+a diminutive of <span class='sc'>Loculus</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lochaber Axe.</strong> A short pole with a sharp
+axe at one end, an ancient weapon of the
+Highlanders of Scotland.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Locker</strong>, Chr. Arch. A cupboard for sacred
+vessels generally left in the thickness of the wall
+on the north side of the altar of a church. (See
+<span class='sc'>Secretarium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Locking up.</strong> Any process by which a colour,
+liable to be affected by damp, can be rendered
+durable.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Loculamentum</strong></span>, R. (<em>loculus</em>, a little place).
+Any box, chest, or case, the interior of which is
+divided into compartments.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Loculus</strong></span>, R. (dimin. of <em>locus</em>, a place). (1) A
+coffin, generally of stone. (See <span class='sc'>Sarcophagus</span>.)
+(2) A compartment in the manger of a stable.
+(3) A small chest fitted with compartments.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Locutorium</strong>, Chr. Of a convent, &amp;c., the
+<em>parlour</em>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_428'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_428-429.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Figs. 428, 429. Badge of Richard II. in Westminster Hall.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lodged</strong>, Her. Said of animals of the chase
+<em>in repose</em>. The illustration shows the favourite
+badge of Richard II.: a white hart chained, and
+in an attitude of rest. “This device is repeated
+in <em>Westminster Hall</em> 83 times; and all are
+equally consistent with heraldic truth and accuracy,
+without any of them being an exact
+counterpart of any other.” (<em>Boutell</em>, <em>English
+Heraldry</em>.) (Fig. <a href='#fig_428'>428</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Loegria</strong></span>, O. E. England. (<cite>Geoffry of Monmouth.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Logan Stones</strong> (properly <em>logging stones</em>, from
+O. E. <i><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang">log</span></i>, to oscillate). <span class='sc'>Rocking stones</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Logeum</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λογεῖον</span>). A Greek term
+synonymous with <span class='sc'>Pulpitum</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Loggia</strong></span>, It. The gallery, or corridor, of a
+palace.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lombard Architecture.</strong> “A style invented
+by the Lombards (Longobardi) in the 7th century
+in imitation of the Roman. It continued
+in use till the 10th century, and gave place to
+the Norman style. It is rude, heavy, and massive,
+with small narrow windows.” (<cite>Parker.</cite>)
+The above is only one application of the term,
+which is applied by different writers to a great
+number of different styles. The <em>Lombardesque</em>
+style (It. <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">lo stile Lombardesco</span></i>) applies to the
+architectural works of the family of Pietro <em>Lombardo</em>
+(15th century). The <em>Lombard Gothic</em> is
+still another style (of the 12th century).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Loops</strong>, <strong>Loups</strong>, Arch. Another name for
+<span class='sc'>Crenels</span> (q.v.), or embrasures.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lord.</strong> The word is Saxon; from <em>hlaf</em> or
+<em>klaf</em>, a loaf of bread; and <em>ford</em>, to give; hence
+it means originally <em>bread-giver</em>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_430'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_430.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 430. Gallic cuirass in the Louvre.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_431'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_431.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 431. Fragment of a Gallic cuirass.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lorica</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<em>lorum</em>, a thong). A cuirass;
+it was made either for
+officers, of two
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γύαλα</span>, the breast
+and back-pieces; or,
+for the soldiers, of
+a number of small
+metal scales or
+bands, fastened together
+with rivets
+or rings, and flexible.
+Among the
+Asiatics the cuirass
+was frequently
+made of cotton; and among the Sarmatians,
+and other nations, of horn.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Lorimers</strong></span>, O. E. Bit-makers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lorraine Cross.</strong> A cross with two projecting
+arms on each side.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lorraine Glass</strong> for painted windows; obtained
+from the Vosges as early as the 13th
+century, and then called Burgundy glass. “When
+any one means to paint, let him choose the Lorraine
+glass, which inclines to the white yellow
+because that bears the fire best, and receives the
+colour better than any other.” (<em>Félibien</em>, 1619.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lota.</strong> A sacred utensil in India, used in
+ceremonial and other ablutions. It is a globular
+bowl with a low narrow neck, sometimes chased
+or engraved and incrusted.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_432'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_432.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 432. Lotus-flowers.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lotus</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λωτός</span>). The lotus is a frequently
+recurring <em>cyma</em> in Hindoo architecture. In
+Egyptian archæology, the lotus, of which two
+partially opened buds may be seen in Fig. <a href='#fig_432'>432</a>,
+was the symbol of the
+rising of the sun, of
+fertilization, life, and
+resurrection. The lotus
+appears in the ornamentation
+of the largest as
+well as of the smallest
+monuments of Egyptian
+art; and is the motive
+of many of the columns
+and capitals of the temples
+and palaces of a
+certain period, as well as
+of the decoration of vases
+and other small objects.
+Three lotus-stems issuing
+from a basin symbolized
+Upper Egypt.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Louis d’Or</strong></span>, Fr. A
+gold coin, value about
+20<em>s.</em>, first struck in 1640.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Louis Treize Style</strong>
+(Arch.), a French version
+of Italian art, prevailed
+from 1625 to 1650,
+and produced <em>Jean le Pautre</em>,
+the ornamentist, and
+the following styles:—</p>
+
+<div id='fig_433'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_433.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 433. Heraldic Decoration at Versailles—Louis Quatorze.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Louis Quatorze</strong>, Arch. A style of ornament
+developed towards the close of the 17th century
+(1643–1715). It is described as “essentially
+an <em>ornamental</em> style, its chief aim being effect by
+a brilliant play of light and shade; colour, or
+mere beauty of form in detail, having no part in
+it. This style arose in Italy, and the Chiesa
+del Gesù at Rome is mentioned as its type or
+model. The great medium of the Louis
+Quatorze was gilt stucco-work, which, for a
+while, seems to have almost wholly superseded
+decorative painting; and this absence of colour
+in the principal decorations of the period seems
+to have led to its more striking characteristic,—infinite
+play of light and shade.” (<em>Wornum</em>,
+<em>Analysis of Ornament</em>.) In this style symmetry
+was first systematically avoided. In the <em>Furniture</em>
+of the period the characteristic details are
+the scroll and shell. The classical ornaments
+and all the elements of the <em>Cinque-cento</em>, from
+which the Louis Quatorze proceeded, are
+admitted under peculiar treatment, as accessories;
+the panels are formed by chains of
+scrolls, or a combination of the scroll and shell.
+Versailles is the great repertory of the Louis
+Quatorze (Fig. <a href='#fig_433'>433</a>), and the designs of Watteau
+its finest exemplification.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Louis Quinze</strong>, Arch. This style (1715–74)
+is the exaggeration of the Louis Quatorze, rejecting
+all symmetry, and introducing the
+elongation of the foliations of the scroll, mixed
+up with a species of crimped conventional
+<em>coquillage</em> or shell-work. The style found its
+culmination in the bizarre absurdities of the
+Rococo.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Louvre</strong>, Arch. The open turret in the roofs
+of ancient halls, through which the smoke
+escaped before the introduction of modern
+chimneys.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Louvre-boarding</strong> or <strong>Luffer-boarding</strong>, Arch.
+A series of overlapping boards sloping from
+the top downwards, and from within outwards,
+and fixed in a framework of timber. They
+are placed in the apertures of towers and
+belfries for the sake of ventilating the timbers,
+and are sloped to prevent rain and snow from
+penetrating within, and to direct the sound of
+the bells downwards. Sometimes the wooden
+boardings are covered with lead, slate, or
+zinc, in order to preserve them.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Louvre-window</strong>, <strong>Belfry-arch</strong>, Arch. The
+large lights fitted with louvre-boarding in
+belfries.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Love-apple.</strong> The tomato is so called.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Love-feast.</strong> An annual feast celebrated in
+some parishes in England on the Thursday
+before Easter. (See <em>Edwards’s Old English
+Customs</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Love-in-Idleness</strong></span>, O. E. The heart’s-ease.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Love-knot.</strong> A complicated figure by which
+an interchange of affection is supposed to be
+figured.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Love-lies-bleeding</strong></span>, O. E. A flower; a kind
+of amaranth.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Love-lock.</strong> A long ringlet of hair worn on
+the left side of the head, and allowed to stream
+down the shoulder sometimes as far as the
+elbow. The love-lock is mentioned in Queen
+Elizabeth’s reign. “Will you be Frenchified,
+with a love-lock down to your shoulders, wherein
+you may weave your mistress’s favour?” (<cite>Quip
+for an Upstart Courtier.</cite>)</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“Why should thy sweete love-locke hang dangling downe,</div>
+      <div class='line'>Kissing thy girdle-stud with falling pride?</div>
+      <div class='line'>Although thy skin be white, thy haire is browne;</div>
+      <div class='line'>Oh, let not then thy haire thy beautie hide.”</div>
+      <div class='line in22'>(<cite>The Affectionate Shepheard.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Lovel</strong></span>, O. E. A dog.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“The Ratte, the Catte, and Lovell our dogge.</div>
+      <div class='line'>Rule all England under the hogge.” (1484.)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Low Side-window</strong>, Arch. A peculiar small
+window found in many churches near the west
+end of the chancel, and very near the ground.
+It was never glazed, but closed with wooden or
+iron gratings. Its object has never been ascertained.
+Most of the examples are of the 13th
+or 14th century. (See <em>Archæological Journal</em>,
+vol. iv. p. 314.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Low Sunday</strong>, Chr. The Sunday next after
+Easter.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lozenge.</strong> In Heraldry, the diamond-shaped
+figure used for a shield to display the arms of
+spinsters and widows. The <em>lozenge</em> is always
+placed upright on the shield, and its true proportions
+are as 5 to 4. (See <span class='sc'>Mascle</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lozenge Moulding</strong> or <strong>Lozenge Fret</strong>. An
+ornament used in Norman architecture, presenting
+the appearance of diagonal ribs, enclosing
+diamond-shaped panels.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lozenges.</strong> A term in
+wood-engraving for a
+class of fine gravers
+used for outlines and
+very fine shading.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_434'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_434.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 434. Shield of Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lozengy</strong>, Her. A
+field divided lozenge-wise.
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_434'>434</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lucariæ</strong></span>, R. Festivals
+instituted at
+Rome to commemorate
+the refuge which the
+Roman army had once
+found in a wood (<em>lucus</em>) between the Via
+Salaria and the left bank of the Tiber. At
+the time of the invasion of the Gauls in the
+year 365 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, the Roman army would have
+been entirely cut to pieces but for this refuge.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Lucarne</strong></span>, Fr. Arch. A dormer or garret window.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Luce</strong>, Her. The fish now called a pike.
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_380'>380</a>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_435'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_435.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 435. Bronze Lucerna. Roman.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lucerna</strong></span>, R. (<em>luceo</em>, to
+shine). An oil lamp of
+terra-cotta or bronze. (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_435'>435</a>.) On one side they had
+a handle, and on the other
+one or more places for
+wicks (<em>myxæ</em>). The oil was
+poured in through an opening
+in the centre. <em>Lucerna
+bilychnis</em>, <em>trilychnis</em>, <em>polylychnis</em>,
+and <em>lucerna bimyxos</em>,
+<em>trimyxos</em>, or <em>polymyxos</em>, were
+respectively lamps with two,
+three, or several nozzles,
+or with two, three, or
+several wicks; <em>lucerna pensilis</em>
+was a hanging lamp.
+(See Fig. <a href='#fig_435'>435</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lucidæ</strong>, Med. Lat. Lustrous
+varnishes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lucifer</strong> (<em>lux</em>, light; <em>fero</em>,
+to bring). The morning or
+evening star.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lucta</strong>, <strong>Luctamen</strong>, <strong>Luctatio</strong>
+(Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πάλη</span>, <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πάλαισμα</span>, <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">παλαισμοσύνη</span>,
+or <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καταβλητική</span>).
+Wrestling. In the Homeric
+age the wrestlers contended
+naked, excepting the <em>perizoma</em>
+round the loins; about
+<span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 720 (the 15th Olympiad)
+this was discarded. The
+Cretans and Lacedæmonians,
+and afterwards the Greeks,
+anointed the body with oil, and then strewed it
+over with sand or dust. The Lucta or Palé
+differed from the <em>Pancratium</em>. In the latter,
+boxing and wrestling were combined, and the
+contest continued until one party was killed, or
+unable to continue. In wrestling, on the other
+hand, the victory was awarded to the man who
+first threw the other three times. The most
+famous wrestler of antiquity was Milo of Crotona,
+who flourished <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 509, and was seven times
+crowned at the Pythian games, and six times at
+Olympia.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lucullite.</strong> A variety of black marble, first
+brought to Rome from an island at Assouan on
+the Nile by Lucullus.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ludi.</strong> Games at festivals, or a general
+name for such festivals as consisted entirely
+of games and contests. <em>Ludi circenses</em> were
+games held in the circus, gladiatorial and
+other. (See <span class='sc'>Circus</span>.) <em>Ludi scenici</em> were
+theatrical representations. <em>Ludi stati</em>, like the
+<em>Feriæ statæ</em>, were those held regularly on certain
+days marked in the calendar. <em>Ludi imperativi</em>, on
+the other hand, were held by special appointment,
+and <em>votivi</em> in fulfilment of vows. The
+games were superintended by the <span class='sc'>Ædiles</span>. The
+principal games will be found described under
+the headings Apollinares, Augustales, Capitolini,
+Circenses, Compitalia, Floralia, Funebres,
+Liberales or Dionysia, Megalesia,
+Plebeii, Sæculares, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ludus</strong></span>, R. A game or pastime; <em>ludus
+litterarius</em>, or <em>ludus</em> simply, was a school for the
+instruction of youth; <em>ludus duodecim scriptorum</em>,
+a kind of backgammon played by the ancients;
+<em>ludus fidicium</em>, a music school; <em>ludus gladiatorius</em>,
+a school for gladiators directed by a
+<em>lanista</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lumachel</strong> (It. <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">lumachella</span></i>, a little snail). A
+marble full of fossil shells, and of beautiful
+iridescent colours, sometimes a deep red or
+orange; called also <em>fire marble</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Luna</strong></span>, R. (lit. moon). An ivory or silver
+shoe-buckle worn by Roman senators. (Compare
+<span class='sc'>Lunula</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lunated.</strong> Crescent-shaped.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lunette.</strong> (1) In Fortification, a work with
+two <em>faces</em> and two flanks, i. e. a <span class='sc'>Redan</span> to which
+flanks or lateral wings have been added; in
+form, therefore, it resembles a <span class='sc'>Bastion</span>. (2)
+In Architecture, a crescent or semicircular
+window, or space above a square window
+beneath a rounded roof. Hence the <em>paintings</em>
+on such a space are called <em>lunettes</em>; e. g. those
+of Raffaelle in the Vatican.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lunula</strong></span>, R. (dimin. of <em>luna</em>). (1) An ornament
+in the form of a crescent worn by women
+round the neck. (2) The white moon-shaped
+marks at the roots of the finger-nails. (Cf. <span class='sc'>Menis</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lupatum</strong></span>, R. A jagged bit with teeth like
+a saw (<em>lupus</em>); whence its name.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lupercalia</strong></span>, R. Festivals held at Rome
+on the fifteenth of the calends of March
+(15th of February), in the <em>Lupercal</em>, a sacred
+enclosure or cave on the Palatine, regarded as
+the den of the she-wolf who nursed Romulus
+and Remus. The <em>luperci</em> assembled together
+and sacrificed goats and young dogs, with the
+skins of which they ran through the streets half
+naked. [Lupercus, or Februus, was the god of
+fertility. The festival was originally a shepherd
+festival; the ceremony was symbolical of a
+purification of shepherds, and commemorated
+the time when Rome was a nation of shepherds.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lupus</strong></span>, R. (lit. wolf). (1) A hand-saw. (2)
+<em>Lupus ferreus</em>, a huge iron hook, lowered from
+the walls of a besieged place to catch the point
+of the battering-ram. (See <span class='sc'>Harpaga</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lura</strong></span>, R. Literally, the mouth of a large
+leathern sack for wine and oil, and thence the
+sack itself.</p>
+
+<div  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_435a.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 435 a. Hawk’s Lure.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lure.</strong> A falconer’s decoy,
+made of feathers on a
+cord, to attract a hawk back
+to the wrist. The illustration
+is a heraldic <em>lure</em>.
+(See Fig. <a href='#fig_091'>91</a>. See also <span class='sc'>In
+Lure</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lusiad.</strong> The great epic
+of the Portuguese poet
+Camoens.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lustratio</strong> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κάθαρσις</span>).
+A purification, originally by water, afterwards
+by solemn ceremonies of sprinkling, or the
+smoke of sacrifice; made privately after deaths
+or accidental pollutions, and publicly on the
+occasion of public disasters, prodigies, or the
+like; and at certain fixed periods, especially at
+the close of every <em>lustrum</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lustricus</strong> (sc. <em>dies</em>), R. (<em>lustrum</em>, a lustration).
+The day of purification for a new-born infant,
+when it received its name.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lustrum</strong></span>, R. (<em>luo</em>, to wash). A solemn purification
+performed by the censors on laying down
+their office, that is to say, every <em>five years</em>;
+whence the term was used to denote that space
+of time.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lute</strong> (Arabic, <em>el oud</em>). A stringed instrument
+of great antiquity, first mentioned in Persia in
+682 <span class='fss'>A. D.</span> Before the 10th century the lute had
+only four strings, or four pairs producing four
+tones, each tone having two strings tuned in
+unison. About the 10th century a string for a
+fifth tone was added. The strings were made of
+silk neatly twisted. The neck of the instrument
+was provided with frets of string, regulated
+according to the system of seventeen intervals to
+an octave. The Chinese god of music is represented
+playing on a lute with four strings. The
+lute was very popular in England in Elizabeth’s
+time. Originally it had eight catgut strings, arranged
+in four pairs, each pair being in unison.
+The number of strings varied from time to
+time, and in the 17th century they were twenty-four.
+The size of the lute also varied; the
+treble lute was the smallest, and the bass lute the
+largest. There were also the <span class='sc'>Archlute</span>, the
+<span class='sc'>Chitarrone</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Theorbo</span>, &amp;c.
+(Consult Thomas
+Mace’s
+<em>Musick’s Monument</em>,
+1676.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lycæa.</strong> A
+festival of the
+Arcadians in
+honour of Zeus
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Λυκαῖος</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lyceium.</strong> A
+sacred enclosure
+at Athens,
+dedicated to
+Apollo Lycius,
+where the <em>polemarch</em>
+originally
+held his court.
+It was decorated
+with fountains,
+plantations, and
+ornamental edifices
+by Peisistratus,
+Pericles,
+and Lycurgus.
+Here Aristotle
+delivered his
+lectures, as he
+<em>walked about</em>
+with his followers,
+hence called
+“<em>Peripatetics</em>.”</p>
+
+<div id='fig_436'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_436.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 436. Lychnus.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lychnus</strong>, <strong>Lychnuchus</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λύχνος</span>, <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λυχνοῦχος</span>).
+The former of these terms is of by far the most
+frequent occurrence. It denotes a kind of lantern
+or candlestick made to support oil lamps (<em>lucernæ</em>).
+Fig. <a href='#fig_436'>436</a> represents a lychnus supporting
+three <em>lucernæ</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lydian.</strong> <em>Of music</em>, soft and slow; <em>generally</em>
+effeminate.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lydian Stone</strong> (<em>Lydius lapis</em> or <em>Heraclius
+lapis</em>) was a kind of flinty slate used by the
+ancients as a touchstone for the trial of gold and
+silver.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_437'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_437.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 437. Lymphad.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lymphad</strong>, Her. An ancient galley, the
+feudal ensign of the house of Lorn, and as
+such quartered by the Dukes of Argyle.
+It is borne also by the
+Prince of Wales as “Lord
+of the Isles.” (Fig. <a href='#fig_437'>437</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lynx Sapphire.</strong> A lapidary’s
+term for dark-grey
+or greenish-blue varieties
+of the sapphire.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lyon King at Arms.</strong>
+The Scotch Herald, Lord
+Lyon. The regalia of
+this officer are, a crown of gold, with a crimson
+velvet cap, &amp;c.; a velvet robe reaching to
+his feet, with the arms of the kingdom
+embroidered thereon, both before and behind,
+in the proper tinctures; a triple row of gold
+chains round his neck, with an oval gold medal
+pendent thereto, on one side of which is the
+royal bearing, and on the other St. Andrew
+with his cross enamelled in proper colours, and
+a baton of gold enamelled green, powdered
+with the badges of the kingdom.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Lyra</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λύρα</span>). A lyre; a
+stringed instrument which assumed various
+forms. On Assyrian monuments the lyre occurs in
+three different forms, and is held horizontally
+in playing. Its front bar was generally either
+oblique or slightly curved. It was played with
+a <em>plectrum</em> or with the fingers. The <span class='sc'>Hebrew</span>
+lyre is represented on coins of Judas Maccabæus.
+Some have three strings, others five, and others
+six. The two sides of the frames appear to have
+been made of horns of animals. The Hebrew
+square-shaped lyre is probably the <span class='sc'>Psalterion</span>,
+the <span class='sc'>Kinnor</span>, a lyre of triangular shape, the
+instrument of King David, is named in the
+Bible as the oldest stringed instrument, the invention
+of Jubal. The Rabbis record that King
+David used to suspend his over his pillow at
+night. On Egyptian monuments, at Beni
+Hassan, a Hebrew lyre is represented, probably
+of the date of Joseph, 1700 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> The <span class='sc'>Greeks</span>
+had lyres of many kinds, distinguished by different
+names; <span class='sc'>Lyra</span>, a generic term, and also the
+lyre oval at the base, to be held in the lap;
+<span class='sc'>Kithara</span>, with a square base, to be held
+against the breast; <span class='sc'>Chelys</span>, a small lyre with
+body made of tortoise-shell; <span class='sc'>Phormix</span>, a large
+lyre, &amp;c. Some lyres have a bridge, others have
+none; the largest were probably held on or
+between the knees, or were tied by a band to
+the left arm. The strings of catgut or sinew
+were twanged with a <em>plektron</em> or short stem of
+ivory or metal, pointed at both ends. The lyre
+was the most favourite instrument of the
+<span class='sc'>Romans</span>, under various names. The <span class='sc'>Cornu</span>
+had a frame ending at the top in two long horns;
+the <span class='sc'>Barbitos</span> was a lyre with a large body;
+the <span class='sc'>Psalterium</span> was of an oblong square shape,
+&amp;c. The lyre is represented in early <span class='sc'>Christian</span>
+monuments of the 4th century. In one of them
+the Saviour is represented as Apollo touching
+the lyre. <span class='sc'>Anglo-Saxon MSS.</span> of the 9th century
+also represent the lyre. A <span class='sc'>German</span> fiddle
+of the 9th century, with only one string, is called
+<em>lyra</em> in the MS. In Christian symbolism the
+lyre represented “the attractive power of the
+Lord.” (See <span class='sc'>Mese</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Lysis</strong>, Arch. A plinth, or step above the
+cornice of the <em>podium</em> which surrounds the
+<span class='sc'>Pedestal</span>.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c005'>M.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c006'><strong>M-roof</strong>, Arch. A roof formed by the junction
+of two common roofs, with a valley between
+them.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Macabre.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Dance of Death</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Macaronic Verses.</strong> A burlesque of Latin,
+chequered with Italian, Tuscan, and plebeian
+words, described by the author:—</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>“Ars ista poetica nuncupatur Ars Macaronica, a
+Macaronibus derivata; qui Macarones sunt quoddam
+pulmentum, farina, caseo, butyro compaginatum, grossum,
+rude et rusticanum. Ideo Macaronica nil nisi grossedinem,
+ruditatem, et <em>Vocabulazzos</em> debet in se continere.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Macchia</strong></span>, It. (lit. a spot or stain). “The
+blocking out of the masses of light and shade.”
+(See <em>Eastlake’s Materials</em>, &amp;c., ii. 355.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mace</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">masse</span></i> or <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">massue</span></i>). A military club
+or staff, generally of iron with a wooden handle,
+useful for breaking defensive armour. The
+mace was generally worn at the saddle-bow;
+and was subsequently perforated to form a
+pistol, and finally superseded by the pistol. In
+the Middle Ages the mace became an emblem of
+office; and is so still—usually surmounted by
+a crown. (See <span class='sc'>Clava</span>, <span class='sc'>Club</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Macellarius</strong></span>, R. (<em>macellum</em>, a market). A
+keeper of a shop for the sale of fruit and cooked
+provisions. His shop was called <em>taverna macellaria</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Macellum</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μάκελλον</span>). A covered
+market in which were sold all kinds of provisions,
+such as fish, poultry, and game; it was distinct
+from the open market called <span class='sc'>Forum</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<div id='fig_438'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_438.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 438. Maceria.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Maceria</strong></span>, R. (1) A
+rough wall formed
+of materials of every
+description, and
+having no <em>facing</em>. (2)
+An enclosed place
+unroofed. (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_438'>438</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Machæra</strong>, Gr.
+and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μάχαιρα</span>).
+A sword with only
+one edge, made
+rather for cutting
+than thrusting.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Machærium</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μαχαίριον</span>). Dimin.
+of <em>machæra</em>, a knife employed chiefly by fishermen.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Machærophorus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μαχαιρο-φόρος</span>).
+Literally, <em>armed with the hunting-knife</em>, the
+<em>machærium</em>; an epithet of the so called <em>barbarous</em>
+nations, such as the Egyptians, Persians,
+Medes, Thracians, and Gauls.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Machicolated</strong>, Arch. Furnished with machicolations.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Machicolations</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">machicoulis</span></i>), Arch.
+Openings or grooves made under the parapet of
+a fortified place, through which stones, pitch,
+boiling water, or hot sand were thrown down.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Macrochera</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μακρό-χειρ</span>, long-armed).
+A tunic with long sleeves, called by the Romans
+<span class='sc'>Chiridota</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Macrocolum</strong>, <strong>Macrocollum</strong></span>, R. Paper of
+the largest size, that is to say, in sheets formed
+of a number of pieces of parchment or papyrus
+glued together.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Macula</strong></span>, R. The mesh of a net; in the
+plural <em>maculæ</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Madder.</strong> The root of “rubia tinctoria”
+(Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">garance</span></i>), from which a number of valuable
+pigments are made, which are transparent and
+permanent, working equally well in oil and in
+water-colours. They vary from the lightest and
+most delicate rose to the deepest purple, and
+are known as <em>rose madder</em>, <em>pink madder</em>, <em>madder-carmine</em>,
+<em>purple madder</em>, <em>brown madder</em>,
+<em>intense madder purple</em>, and <em>orange madder lake</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Madonna</strong></span>, It. The Virgin Mary. (See
+<span class='sc'>Joys</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mæander</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Μαίανδρος</span>). An ornamental
+design so called from the numerous windings it
+described, like the river <em>Mæander</em>. Its proper
+name is the <span class='sc'>Greek Fret</span>. (Figs. 334 to 336.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mælium.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Melium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mæmacteria</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μαιμακτήρια</span>). Festivals
+held at Athens in honour of the boisterous or
+stormy Zeus (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Μαιμάκτης</span>), with the object of
+obtaining a mild winter.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mænad</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μαινάς</span>). Literally, a frenzied
+woman, and thence a bacchante. (See <span class='sc'>Baccha</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mænhir.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Menhir</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Mænia Columna</strong></span>, R. A column situated in
+the Roman forum, near which certain magistrates
+(<em>triumviri criminales</em>) judged criminals,
+slaves, and vagrants.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Mæniana</strong>, <strong>Mænianæ Scholæ</strong></span>, R. Celebrated
+schools of Gaul founded by Augustus at Autun
+(<em>Augustodunum</em> or <em>Bibracte</em>), so called because
+the buildings were furnished with balconies
+(<em>mæniana</em>). (See <span class='sc'>Mænianum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Mænianum</strong></span>, R. A structure supported on
+corbels; a balcony projecting from the wall of a
+house; in a theatre or amphitheatre, one range
+of seats comprised between two landing-places
+(<em>præcinctiones</em>). Originally a balcony erected
+round the Roman forum, <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 318, to give
+accommodation to the spectators of gladiatorial
+contests. Afterwards balconies in general were
+so called.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Maes</strong>, Celt. A Welsh word for a field of
+battle, common in topographical nomenclature.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mafil.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Mahfil</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mafors</strong> or <strong>Mavors</strong> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μαφώριον</span>) was a short
+veil covering the head and neck and flowing
+down on the shoulders, such as nuns wear in
+imitation of the Virgin Mary.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Magadis</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μάγαδις</span>). A musical instrument
+invented by the Lydians; it was a kind of
+harp, which changed its form and was afterwards
+called <span class='sc'>Sambuca</span> (q.v.). (See <span class='sc'>Lyra</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Maghreb Pottery.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Gargoulette</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Magi.</strong> The adoration of the Magi (commemorated
+on Christmas Day) is the subject of some of
+the earliest specimens of Christian art. A fresco
+in the catacomb of St. Agnes, representing the
+Magi before Herod, is attributed to the 2nd
+century, and the mosaics of St. Maria Maggiore
+at Rome, in which the same subject
+occurs, are of the 5th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Magnase Black.</strong> A colour which dries
+rapidly when mixed with oil, and is of intense
+body.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mahfil</strong>, Arab. A raised seat in a mosque,
+for the <em>imaum mocri</em> who reads the Koran, and
+for the <em>imaum khatib</em>, who recites prayer,
+preaches, and acts as the minister of the services
+generally.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mahl-stick.</strong> A stick with a pad at the end,
+upon which the painter rests the wrist of his
+right arm while working.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mahogany.</strong> Wood of the <em>Swietenia mahogoni</em>
+of Jamaica and Honduras. Satin-wood,
+or green mahogany, is the <em>Chloroxyllon</em>;
+mottled, or African mahogany, is the <em>Khaya</em>;
+Indian mahogany is the <em>Cedrela toona</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Mahoitres</strong></span>, O. E. The name of a singular
+fashion of the 15th century—“of prankyd
+gownes, and <em>shoulders up set</em>, moss and flocks
+sewed within”—of padding up the shoulder
+to give a broad appearance to the chest. (See
+Figs. 51, 355, and 469.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mail</strong> (from the Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">maille</span></i>, the meshes of
+a net). Applied to chain or ringed armour.
+“Rich <em>mayles</em> that ronke (<em>strong</em>) were and
+round.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Mainefaire</strong></span>, O. E. The covering for a horse’s
+<em>mane</em>. It was made of overlapping plates, like
+a lobster’s tail; and was fastened to the <em>testière</em>
+by buttons, and round the animal’s neck by
+straps. (<cite>Meyrick.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Maintenance, Cap of</strong>, Her. (See <span class='sc'>Chapeau</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_439'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_439.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 439. Majolica Plate (Urbino Ware).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Maiolica</strong> or <strong>Majolica</strong>. The Italian name for
+the glazed earthenware introduced by Moorish
+potters from the island of Majorca. Originally
+these terms were only applied to “<em>lustre wares</em>,”
+but from the 16th century they were generally
+applied to the <em>glazed earthenware</em> of Italy. A
+coarser lead-glazed lustred ware was known as
+mezza-majolica. The distinguishing characteristics
+of the Majolica ware are “coarseness of
+ware, intricacy of pattern, and occasionally prismatic
+glaze.” It is also named <span class='sc'>Faience</span>, from
+the <em>botega</em> at <span class='sc'>Faenza</span>, and, when decorated with
+subjects after designs of Raphael, “Raffaelle-ware.” <span class='sc'>Fayence</span>, <em>terraglia</em>, as distinct from
+<span class='sc'>Porcelain</span>, is formed of potter’s clay (hence its
+English name Pottery) mixed with marl and
+sand, and is <em>soft</em> or <em>hard</em> according to the nature
+of the composition, and the degree of heat under
+which it is fired in the kiln. English <em>earthenware</em>
+is soft, while <em>stone-ware</em>, <em>Queen’s ware</em>, &amp;c.,
+are hard. Soft wares are either unglazed, or
+<em>lustrous</em>, or <em>glazed</em>, or enamelled. The Italian
+lustrous ware is properly, and the glazed ware
+improperly, but generally called <span class='sc'>Majolica</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Majesty</strong> (It. <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">Maesta</span></i>), Chr. A conventional
+representation of the Saviour in glory, on a
+throne, encompassed by a <em>nimbus</em>, and surrounded
+by cherubim, and the four evangelistic
+symbols, and the letters <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Α</span> and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ω</span>. “The only
+existing document relating to Cimabue shows
+that he was employed in 1301 on a mosaic
+‘Majesty’ in the tribune of the Duomo at Pisa.”
+(<cite>Eastlake.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mala Pioba.</strong> Irish (<em>mala</em>, a bag). The bagpipe.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Malachite.</strong> A native carbonate of copper,
+forming a beautiful and permanent green pigment,
+used for oils and water-colours. <em>Incrusted</em>
+upon other materials it is used for articles of
+ornament. <em>Blue</em> malachite is pure carbonate
+of copper; <em>green</em> malachite is green carbonate of
+copper; <em>emerald</em> or <em>royal</em> malachite is dioptase
+of copper, a still rarer green and the best of all,
+which is a mixture of copper and silica; <em>false</em>
+or <em>pseudo</em>-malachite is phosphate of copper, soft
+and silky, and of a rich velvet green marred by
+black spots or lines, and not so rich as the three
+kinds of true malachite.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Malchus</strong></span>, R. An old term for a confessional
+having only one stool for penitents; it signified
+that which has only one ear, from the fact that
+Malchus, Caïaphas’ servant, was deprived of his
+right ear by Peter.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Malleability.</strong> The property of extension
+under the hammer (<em>malleus</em>). <em>Gold</em> is the most
+malleable of metals. The art of rendering <em>glass</em>
+malleable was discovered by an architect in the
+reign of Tiberius. Buried treasures of glass
+vessels have been found to be malleable when
+first disinterred, but to harden quickly on exposure
+to the air.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Malleus</strong></span>, R. (1) A hammer. (2) Med.
+The <span class='sc'>Maule</span> (Gothic <em>Miölner</em>), Thor’s hammer;
+a military weapon.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Malluvia, Malluvium.</strong> R. A wash-hand basin.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_440'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_440.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 440. Malus of an Amphitheatre.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Malus</strong></span>, R.
+(<em>malus</em>, an apple-tree).
+(1)
+The mast of a
+vessel. (2) In
+theatres and
+amphitheatres
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_440'>440</a>) <em>mali</em>
+were the poles
+over which the
+<em>velarium</em> was
+stretched.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Malveisin</strong>,
+Med. (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">malvoisin</span></i>,
+a disagreeable
+neighbour). A
+military engine
+for projecting
+stones or arrows.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mama-quilla</strong>,
+Peruv. One of
+the divisions of
+the temple of the Sun, <span class='sc'>Inti</span> (q.v.); so called
+because it was dedicated to the moon, <em>Mama-quilla</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Mamillare</strong></span>, R. (<em>mamilla</em>, the breast). (1) A
+broad band made of soft leather, a kind of small
+stays, used by the Roman ladies to support the
+breasts. (2) In Mediæval Latin, circular plates
+on the surcoat with rings from which two chains
+depended, one of which was attached to the
+sword and the other to the sheath. The fashion
+was introduced under Edward I., and continued
+until Henry V.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mancop Oly</strong>, Dutch. Poppy oil, “a very
+white oil used by the painters in the Netherlands,
+who execute delicate works requiring
+lively colours, such as the vases of flowers of De
+Ghein, &amp;c.” (<cite>Eastlake.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mandorla</strong>, Chr. (lit. an almond). (See <span class='sc'>Aureole</span>
+and <span class='sc'>Vesica Piscis</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mandra</strong>, Chr. (lit. <em>a fold</em>). A favourite
+appellation for monastic establishments in the
+East.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Manducus</strong></span>, R. (<em>mando</em>, to chew). A comic
+masked character, distinguished by his ugliness
+and <em>voracity</em> (whence his name). (See <span class='sc'>Persona</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mandyas</strong>, Chr. In the Greek Church, an
+outer garment worn by monks. It is a long
+cloak, reaching almost to the feet, and fastened
+at the throat. It is originally a Persian dress,
+and is frequently mentioned as worn by emperors
+and kings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Manefaire</strong></span>, O. E. A covering of armour for
+a horse’s <em>mane</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Manes</strong></span>, R. The shades of the dead. (See
+<span class='sc'>Lemures</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Manganese Brown.</strong> A rich semi-opaque
+brown pigment, permanent and drying well.
+(See <span class='sc'>Cappagh</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Manger</strong>, Chr. The boards of the manger in
+which the Infant Saviour was laid, are said to
+be preserved in the crypt of the church of St.
+Maria Maggiore at Rome. They are called the
+<em>culla</em>, and are the object of a solemn procession
+on Christmas Eve.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mangonell</strong>, Med. A military machine for
+hurling stones; the spelling is frequently varied:—</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Vous peussez bugles, mangoniaux</span></div>
+      <div class='line'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Veoir pardessus les carniaux.</span>”</div>
+      <div class='line in18'>(<cite>Roman de la Rose.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Manica</strong></span>, R. (<em>manus</em>, a hand). (1) An armlet, or
+piece of armour which protected the arm of the
+gladiator. (2) A leather glove worn by barbarous
+nations. In the plural, <em>manicæ</em> denotes
+(1) manacles; (2) a grappling-iron called
+<span class='sc'>Harpaga</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<div id='fig_441'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_441.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 441. Manicore.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Manicora</strong>, <strong>Manicore</strong>, Chr. In Christian
+iconography, the manicora is a hybrid animal
+with a human head, and a globular body ending
+in a serpent. It is a symbol of the World,
+the Flesh, and the Devil. (Fig. <a href='#fig_441'>441</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Maniple</strong>, Chr. A short stole held in the left
+hand, originally used as a napkin by the
+officiating priest. Afterwards it was worn pendent
+from the wrist, and richly decorated. (See
+<span class='sc'>Fanon</span>.) The word is derived from—</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Manipulus</strong></span>, R. (lit. a handful). (1) A maniple,
+the earliest ensign of the Roman legion; it
+consisted of a handful of hay attached to the
+end of a pole. (2) A body of infantry in a
+legion, consisting of about 180 to 200
+men.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mansard Roof</strong>, Arch, (so called from <em>Mansard</em>,
+the French architect, who introduced it),
+or <strong>Curb Roof</strong> (from the French <em>courber</em>, to
+bend). A roof with two sets of rafters, of which
+the upper part is, as it were, broken off, and
+not so steep as the lower. According to
+<em>Mesanges</em>, Mansard took the idea of his roof
+from a frame composed by Segallo, and Michael
+Angelo employed it in the construction of the
+dome of St. Peter’s. The houses in Lower
+Brittany were covered with these roofs in the
+end of the 15th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Manse</strong></span>, O. E. The parsonage-house.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Mansio</strong></span>, R. (<em>maneo</em>, to remain). Stations
+placed at intervals along the high roads, to serve
+as halting-places for the troops on a march.
+(See <span class='sc'>Mutatio</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mantapa</strong>, Hind. A <em>porch</em> to a temple.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mantel-piece</strong>, Arch. (formerly <em>mantil</em>). A
+cloak or covering; hence the slab which covers
+a part of the fireplace; the canopy over a
+shrine (Latin <em>mandualis</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mantelet</strong> or <strong>Mantlet</strong>. A shed used for
+protecting soldiers from missile weapons. (See
+<span class='sc'>Pluteus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Mantica</strong></span>, R. (<em>manus</em>, the hand). A double
+wallet serving as a portmanteau for riders or
+pedestrians.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mantle.</strong> A flowing robe worn over the
+armour, as shown in the costume of the knights
+in the ivory mirror-case. (Fig. <a href='#fig_463'>463</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mantling</strong> or <strong>Lambrequin</strong>. A small mantle,
+of some rich materials, attached to the helmet,
+and worn hanging down, and ending in tassels.
+(See Fig. <a href='#fig_177'>177</a>.) It is usually represented, in
+Heraldry, with jagged ends, to represent the
+cuts it would be exposed to in actual battle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Manuale</strong></span>, R. (<em>manus</em>, the hand). A wooden
+case for a book.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Manuballista</strong></span>, R. A hand-ballista. (See
+<span class='sc'>Arcuballista</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Manubrium</strong></span>, R. (i. e. what is borne in the
+hand). A general term for a handle of any
+kind. (See Fig. <a href='#fig_377'>377</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Manus Ferrea</strong></span>, R. Literally, a <em>hand of iron</em>;
+an iron hook which served as a grappling-iron,
+differing from the <em>harpaga</em>, as it was launched
+at the end of a chain, while the <em>harpaga</em> was
+fixed on a long beam (<em>asser</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Marble.</strong> The finest for statuary, from <em>Carrara</em>,
+is of a pure white; that from <em>Paros</em> is of a
+waxy cream colour; others coloured with
+metallic oxides are available for ornamental
+purposes. Many cements have been produced
+as “artificial marble.” (See <span class='sc'>Scagliola</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Marble Silk</strong> had a weft of several colours so
+woven as to make the whole web look like
+<em>marble</em> stained with a variety of tints. On the
+6th of November, 1551, “the old qwyne of
+Schottes rod thrught London; then cam the
+lord tresorer with a C. great horsse and ther
+cotes of <em>marbull</em>.” Its use prevailed for three
+centuries.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Marbling</strong> “is an art which consists in the production
+of certain patterns and effects by means
+of colours so prepared as to float on a mucilaginous
+liquid. While so floating they form into
+patterns, which are taken off on to a sheet of
+paper (for book-covers), or to the smoothly cut
+edges of a book, by dipping.” (<em>Woolnough</em>,
+<em>The Whole Art of Marbling</em>, 1881.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Marcus</strong></span>, R. A blacksmith’s hammer; a
+sledge-hammer. (See <span class='sc'>Malleus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mardelles</strong>, <strong>Margelles</strong>, or <strong>Marges</strong>, Celt. Excavations
+met with in several parts of Europe,
+supposed to be Celtic.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Mark</strong></span>, O. E. An ancient coin, value 13<em>s.</em> 4<em>d.</em>;
+formerly the equivalent of 30 silver pennies.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Marmouset</strong>, Arch. Fr. (monkey). A grotesque
+figure introduced into architectural decoration
+in the 13th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Marouflage</strong></span>, Fr. (<em>maroufler</em>, to line). A
+method of house-painting in France, upon a
+lining of prepared canvas fixed upon the surface
+to be decorated.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_442'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_442.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 442. Marquess’s coronet.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Marquess</strong>, <strong>Marquis</strong>,
+Her. The
+second order of
+the British peerage,
+in rank next
+to that of duke,
+was introduced
+into England in
+1387 by Richard
+II. The coronet, apparently contemporary in
+its present form with that of the dukes, has its
+golden circlet heightened with four strawberry-leaves
+and as many pearls arranged alternately.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_443'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_443.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 443. Shaft ornamented with Marquetry.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Marquetry.</strong> Inlaid-work
+of ornamental woods and
+stones of various colours
+put together and mixed with
+metals. The art has existed
+from the earliest ages; but
+no nation has brought it
+to a higher degree of perfection
+than the Italians of
+the 15th century. The
+Florentines especially have
+produced work of this kind
+which is unapproached; the
+Medici chapel at Florence
+may be particularly instanced.
+Figs. 443 and 444
+represent specimens of antique
+work. The Venetian
+marquetry, derived from
+Persia and India, is a fine
+inlay of ivory, metal, and
+woods, stained to vary the
+colour. This work is in
+geometric patterns only. In
+France, in the early marquetry designs, picturesque
+landscapes, broken architecture, and figures are
+represented. Colours are occasionally stained
+on the wood. Ivory and ebony are the favourite
+materials. In England, it is an art imported
+from Holland in the reign of William and
+Mary. The older designs on Dutch marquetry
+represent tulips and other flowers, foliage, birds,
+&amp;c., all in gay colours, generally the self colours
+of the wood used. Sometimes the eyes and
+other salient points are in ivory and mother-of-pearl.
+(Compare <span class='sc'>Boule</span>, <span class='sc'>Certosina Work</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Emblemata</span>, <span class='sc'>Musivum Opus</span>, <span class='sc'>Reisner-work</span>,
+&amp;c.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_444'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_444.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 444. Marquetry.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_445'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_445.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 445. Marra.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Marra</strong></span>, R. A kind of hoe with indented
+teeth, used for tearing up weeds. (Fig. <a href='#fig_445'>445</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mars Brown.</strong> A brown pigment.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mars</strong> (<strong>Reds</strong>, &amp;c.). Calcined earths of which
+the brightness of the redness is regulated by the
+duration of the roasting.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_446'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_446.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 446. Teapot of Marseilles faience.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Marseilles Faience.</strong> This ancient city has
+at all times been celebrated in the ceramic arts.
+Fig. <a href='#fig_446'>446</a> gives a representative specimen of
+modern polychrome work, decorated with
+flowers easily recognized by the disposition
+of their long stalks. These flowers are, in
+other specimens, accompanied by marine landscapes.
+Other polychrome services are called
+from their designs “services aux insectes.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Marsupium</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μαρσύπιον</span>). A purse for
+containing money; it was made of leather
+and shaped like a pear, being confined at the
+top with a string. (Hence the adjective <em>marsupial</em>
+applied to the kangaroo, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Martel de Fer</strong>, Med. A weapon which had
+at one end a pick, and at the other a hammer,
+axe-blade, half-moon, mace-head, or other
+fanciful termination. (<cite>Meyrick.</cite>)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_447'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_447.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 447. Early Heraldic Martlet.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_448'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_448.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 448. Heraldic Martlet.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Martlet</strong>, Her. Bird, usually represented without
+feet. (Figs. 447, 448.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Martyrium</strong>, Chr. An altar erected over the
+tomb of a martyr.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_449'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_449.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 449. Il Marzocco, the bronze Lion now in the Bargello at Florence. By Donatello (about <span class='fss'>A. D.</span> 1420).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Marzocco</strong></span>, It. The Lion of Florence. The
+heraldic emblem of the city. (Fig. <a href='#fig_449'>449</a>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_450'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_450.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 450. Etruscan Mask in terra-cotta.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mascaron</strong>, Arch. Fr. A mask; the face of a
+man or animal
+employed as an
+ornamentation
+for decorating
+the key-stones
+of arches or
+vaults, or the
+stones of an
+arch, &amp;c. (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_450'>450</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mascle</strong>, Her.
+The central
+<em>lozenge</em> of a
+diapered surface;
+it is
+drawn with
+right angles.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Maser</strong> or <strong>Mazer</strong></span>, O. E. A bowl of maple-wood.
+The name is applied to similar bowls or
+goblets of other woods.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line in8'>“The mazers four,</div>
+      <div class='line'>My noble fathers loved of yore,”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'>are mentioned by Scott in “The Lord of the
+Isles.” They were richly ornamented, frequently
+with legends on the rim, such as</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“In the name of the Trinitie</div>
+      <div class='line'>Fille the kup and drinke to me,”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'>and the rim was often covered with silver or gold.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Massicot.</strong> The name of an ancient pigment
+of a dull orange colour.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mastaba</strong>, <strong>Mastabê</strong>, Egyp. An outer chapel
+attached to Egyptian burial-places; it was generally
+a small quadrangular building, the door
+of which faced the East.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Master Arch</strong></span>, O. E. The central or widest
+arch of a bridge.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mastic.</strong> A resin used for varnish. (Dissolve
+one part of mastic resin in
+two of oil of turpentine.)
+(See <span class='sc'>Varnish</span>.) In France,
+the term is applied to a
+cement used to fill up joints
+in masonry; in <em>joinery</em>, to a
+composition of wax, resin,
+and pounded brick, applied
+to fill up knots and chinks
+in the wood. Putty is also
+so called.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mastigophorus</strong>, Gr. and
+R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μαστιγο-φόρος</span>). A slavedriver,
+and thence an officer
+who fulfilled the same functions
+as our policemen.
+The mastigophori were so
+named because they carried
+a whip (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μάστιγα φέρειν</span>), in
+order to put down any
+crowding or tumult; it was
+also part of their duty to
+repress any infringement of
+the regulations at the public games.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Match-lock.</strong> A gun which was exploded by
+means of a match, before the introduction of
+the flint and steel. (See <span class='sc'>Fire-lock</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Materiatio</strong></span>, R. (<em>materia</em>, materials). The
+timber-work of a roof, consisting of two principal
+rafters (<em>canterii</em>), a tie-beam (<em>tignum</em>), a ridgepiece
+(<em>calcimen</em>), beams (<em>trabes</em>), struts (<em>capreoli</em>),
+purlines (<em>templa</em>), and common rafters (<em>asseres</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Materis</strong></span>, R. A Celtic javelin with a broad head.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Matralia</strong></span>, R. (i. e. pertaining to a mother).
+The festival of <em>Matuta</em> (the Ino of the
+Greeks), which was held at Rome every
+year on the third of the ides of June
+(11th of June). Prayers were offered by the
+Roman matrons on behalf of their nephews,
+they being afraid to pray for their own children,
+since those of Matuta had turned out so unfortunately.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Matronalia</strong></span>, R. A festival of the Roman
+matrons held on the calends of March, at
+which matrons offered sacrifices to Mars and
+Juno Lucina.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mattucashlash.</strong> An ancient Scotch weapon,
+sometimes called the <em>armpit dagger</em>, being worn
+on the arm ready to be used on coming to close
+quarters.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Maule.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Malleus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Maunde</strong></span>, O. E. A basket.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_451'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_451.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 451. Mausoleum of Hadrian at Rome. In its original state.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Mausoleum</strong></span>, R. The tomb of Mausolus, king
+of Caria, at Halicarnassus, ranked among the
+seven wonders of the world. The name was afterwards
+applied to tombs of an imposing size and
+splendour, such as the tomb of Augustus in the
+Field of Mars, and that of Hadrian, on the
+banks of the Tiber, now known as Fort St.
+Angelo. A representation of it, in its original
+state, is shown in Fig. <a href='#fig_451'>451</a>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mauve</strong> is the colour of a peach blossom;
+obtained as a dye from <em>aniline</em> found in gas tar.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Maze</strong>, Chr. Labyrinthine figures in the pavements
+of churches and on the turf of greens.
+To trace the former kneeling was a species of
+penance.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><strong>Mazmorra</strong></span>, Sp. A tank lined with cement,
+sunk in the ground and used for storing grain.
+(See <em>Murray’s Handbook, Spain</em>, p. 361, <em>Granada</em>,
+&amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mazonum</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μαζο-νομεῖον; μᾶζα</span>, barley-bread).
+A wooden platter for domestic use,
+and thence a salver of bronze or gold on
+which perfumes were burnt in the religious
+processions of Bacchus.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_452'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_452.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 452. Old Mechlin Lace, 17th century.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_453'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_453.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 453. Mechlin Lace, 18th century.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mechlin Lace</strong> is fine, transparent, and effective.
+It is made in one piece on the pillow;
+its distinguishing feature is the flat thread which
+forms the flowers, and gives to the lace the
+character of embroidery. In 1699—when
+Charles II.’s prohibition to the introduction of
+Flanders lace was removed—Mechlin lace
+became the fashion in England, and continued
+so during the succeeding century. In the 17th
+century the Beguinage nuns were celebrated for
+their lace-making, and they supported their
+house by their work. Previous to 1665 the
+name of Mechlin was given to all pillow lace,
+and much of it was made like our modern
+insertion. The engraving shows a specimen
+of old Mechlin lace formerly in great favour as
+head-dresses and other trimmings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Medallion.</strong> (1) A medal of a larger size
+than the ordinary coinage. (2) In Architecture,
+a circular or oval tablet on the face of a building.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mediæval.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Middle Ages</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Medimnus</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μέδιμνος</span>). The principal
+Greek measure of capacity, holding as much as
+six Roman <em>modii</em>. It was especially used for
+measuring corn.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Meditrinalia</strong></span>, R. (<em>medeor</em>, to remedy).
+Roman festivals in honour of Meditrina, the
+goddess of healing, celebrated on the 11th of
+October, at which new wine was tasted, it
+being looked upon by the Romans as a preservative
+of health.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Medium.</strong> The liquid in which pigments are
+ground. The best are linseed oil and nut
+oil.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_454'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_454.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 454. Medusa Head on a shield.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Medusa Head</strong> was frequently used as an ornament
+for the centre of a shield. (Cf. <span class='sc'>Gorgoneia</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Megalartia</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μεγαλάρτια</span>). Festivals
+held at Delos in honour of Ceres, who was
+called <em>Megalartos</em> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Μεγάλαρτος</span>) from her having
+bestowed bread on mankind.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Megalesian</strong> (games), R. (<cite>Ludi megalenses</cite>).
+Festivals celebrated annually on the 4th of April
+in honour of Cybelê, who was called the Great
+(<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Μεγαλεῖα</span>), in which the people went in procession
+to the Field of Mars to witness scenic
+spectacles. The magistrates attended these spectacles
+in a purple toga, or “toga prætexta;”
+hence the expression “Purpura Megalensis.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Megylp.</strong> A vehicle used by some oil-painters,
+condemned as tending to destroy the permanency
+of the picture.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Melides</strong>, Gr. Nymphs of fruit-trees. (Cf.
+<span class='sc'>Hamadryades</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Melina</strong></span>, R. A pouch made out of the skin
+of a marten (or a badger, <em>meles</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Melium</strong></span>, R. A collar for sporting-dogs,
+studded with nails and iron spikes (<em>clavulis</em>,
+<em>capitatis</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mell.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Malleus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Melotte</strong></span>, O. E. A garment worn by monks
+during laborious occupation. (<cite>Halliwell.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Membrana</strong></span>, R. (<em>membrum</em>, skin). Parchment
+for writing on was introduced as a substitute for
+the Egyptian papyrus by Eumenes II., king of
+Pergamus. It was usually written over on one
+side, and the back was stained with saffron.
+The writings were frequently erased, and the
+paper or parchment used again. It was then
+called a <em>palimpsest</em>. All the sheets used for one
+work were joined together into a long scroll,
+which was folded round a staff, and then called
+<em>volumen</em>; usually there were ornamental balls
+or bosses, projecting from the ends of the staff,
+called <em>umbilici</em> or <em>cornua</em>. The ends of the roll
+were carefully cut and blackened; they were
+called <em>geminæ frontes</em>. The roll itself was kept
+in a parchment case, which was stained purple
+or yellow. (See also <span class='sc'>Liber</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Membranula</strong></span>, R. (dimin. of <em>membrana</em>). A
+small strip of parchment on which the title or
+contents of a volume were inscribed in minium.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Menat</strong>, Egyp. An Egyptian amulet worn
+on a necklace. The menat evidently formed
+some symbol, the meaning of which has
+hitherto not been discovered.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Menehis</strong> or <strong>Minihis</strong></span>, Fr. This term, derived
+from the Celtic <em>menech-ti</em> (house of a monk),
+or <em>manach-li</em> (free spot of earth), was formerly
+used in Brittany to denote a place of asylum
+which had been consecrated in any way.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Menhir</strong>, Celt. A Celtic monument consisting
+of a huge stone fixed upright in the
+ground. Menhirs are found associated with
+<em>dolmens</em>, <em>tumuli</em>, and circles of stones. (Consult
+<em>Bertrand</em>, <em>Archéologie Celtique et Gauloise</em>, p. 84.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Menis</strong>, <strong>Meniscus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μηνίσκος</span>;
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μήνη</span>, the moon). A crescent-shaped piece of
+metal which was placed on statues of the gods
+to hinder birds from settling on them. The
+same term was used to denote an ornament,
+likewise in the shape of a crescent, placed by the
+Romans at the beginning of their books; hence
+the expression a <em>menide</em>, from the beginning.
+(Cf. <span class='sc'>Luna</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Mensa</strong></span>, R. (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τράπεζα</span>). A board, tablet,
+or table; <em>mensa escaria</em>, or <em>mensa</em> simply, a
+dining-table; <em>mensa prima</em>, <em>secunda</em>, the first,
+second course of a meal; <em>mensa tripes</em>, a table
+with three feet, in contradistinction to <em>monopodium</em>,
+a table with a single leg; <em>mensa vinaria</em>,
+a drinking-table (see <span class='sc'>Delphica</span>); <em>mensa sacra</em>,
+an altar-table; <em>mensa vasaria</em>, a table for
+holding vessels; <em>mensa publica</em>, a public bank;
+hence <em>mensarii</em>, bankers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mensao</strong>, Celt. A Celtic monument more
+usually called <span class='sc'>Menhir</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mensole</strong>, Arch. A term denoting the key-stone
+of an arch.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Menzil</strong>, Orient. Houses in the East for the
+reception of travellers, in places where there are
+neither caravanserais nor <em>khans</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mereack</strong>, Hind. A sort of thick black
+varnish employed by the Khmers to coat over
+statues made of any soft stone, which are exposed
+to the changes of the weather. This
+varnish was, in many instances, itself covered
+with gold leaf.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Merkins</strong></span>, O. E. A name given to ringlets of
+false hair, much worn by ladies <em>temp.</em> Charles I.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Merlons</strong>, Arch. The Cops or raised parts of
+a battlement. Figures of warriors or animals
+are sometimes carved on the tops. (See <span class='sc'>Battlement</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_455'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_455.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 455. Mermaid and Pillars of Hercules. Arms of the Colonna family.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mermaid.</strong> An ancient device of the Colonna
+family was the mermaid between the pillars of
+Hercules, with the motto <em>Contemnit tuta procellas</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mesaulæ</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μέσ-αυλα</span>). (1) The narrow passage
+or corridor which, in a Greek house,
+connected the <em>andron</em> with the <em>gynæceum</em>. (2)
+The door in this passage.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mese</strong> (the middle, sc. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χορδή</span>). The central
+note of the seven-stringed lyre. The Greeks had
+no names to distinguish musical notes. They
+were expressed by the names of the strings of
+the lyre. Thus, <span class='sc'>Nete</span>, <em>d</em>; <span class='sc'>Paranete</span>, <em>c</em>;
+<span class='sc'>Paramese</span>, <em>b</em> flat; and <span class='sc'>Mese</span>, <em>a</em>, in the treble
+or upper tetrachord; and <span class='sc'>Lichanos</span>, <em>g</em>;
+<span class='sc'>Parhypate</span>, <em>f</em>; and <span class='sc'>Hypate</span>, <em>e</em>, in the base
+or lower tetrachord.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mesjid</strong>, Arab. A small mosque. These
+exist in great numbers. The Sultan Mohamet II.
+alone consecrated 170 <em>mesjids</em> in Constantinople.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Messe</strong>, A.S. The Mass.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Messle-house</strong> or <strong>Meselle-house</strong></span>, O. E. (from
+the obsolete word <em>measle</em>, a leper). A hospital
+or lazar-house.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_456'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_456.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 456. Meta of a Roman race-course.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Meta</strong></span>, R. (<em>metior</em>, to measure). Any object
+with a circular base and of conical shape; in
+a circus the term <em>meta</em>, or rather <em>metæ</em> (for there
+were two sets of goals), was applied to a set of
+three cones placed together upon a pedestal,
+as shown in Fig. <a href='#fig_456'>456</a>, to mark the turning-points
+of the race-course. In a mill for grinding corn
+the name of <em>meta</em> was
+applied to the lower
+part of the mill, which
+was hewn into the
+form of a cone. (See
+<span class='sc'>Circus</span>, <span class='sc'>Ovum</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Spina</span>, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Metal</strong>, Tech. (1) A
+mass of glass in the
+state of paste, adherent
+to the pipe
+and already blown;
+it may be regarded
+as the first stage in
+the production of a
+piece. (2) Broken
+glass. (3) Broken
+stones for repairing
+roads.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Metal</strong>, Her. The
+tinctures <em>or</em> and <em>argent</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Metallic Canvas.</strong>
+A combination of
+metal and canvas;
+waterproof for various
+uses.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Metallic Lava.</strong> A composition of gravel,
+pounded chalk, tar, and wax, forming an artificial
+stone to be cast into ornamental shapes in
+moulds. The vestibule of the Euston Station
+is paved with this preparation. (<em>Builder</em>, vi.
+502.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Metallurgy.</strong> It was at a comparatively late
+period of human civilization that the art of
+working in iron was brought to perfection. The
+ancient Egyptians, probably aware of its resources,
+had a superstitious objection to its use;
+but they hardened bronze to a degree unknown
+to later ages, and their bronze statuary of the
+most ancient period is worthy of any age. The
+bronze-work of Britain and Ireland is as ancient
+as any; and, in beauty of form and perfection of
+casting, rivals the best modern work. Of the
+work in Greece we are told that Athens alone
+contained 3000 bronze statues in the year 130 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>,
+and vast treasures of metallurgy have been discovered
+in Herculaneum and Pompeii. In
+mediæval times Ireland was famous for metallurgy,
+and of its admirable copper-works of the
+11th century many splendid relics remain,
+especially the so called Bell of St. Patrick.
+Oriental bronzes, of characteristic design, are
+plentiful from all ages; especially beautiful
+and perfect in execution are those of China and
+Japan. The best period of workmanship in
+<em>Iron</em> is the Middle Ages; gates and hinges, keys,
+and especially weapons and defensive armour being
+the chief objects produced. (Consult <em>Pugin</em>, <em>Digby
+Wyatt</em>.) (See also <span class='sc'>Bronze</span>, <span class='sc'>Copper</span>, <span class='sc'>Damascening</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Gold</span>, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_457'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_457.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 457. One of the carved Metopes of the Parthenon, representing the War of the Centaurs and the Lapithæ.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Metope</strong>, Arch. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μετ-όπη</span>, i. e. the space between
+the <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὀπαί</span>). A kind of panel between
+the triglyphs in the Doric frieze (Fig. <a href='#fig_458'>458</a>);
+in some Greek examples quite plain, in others
+ornamented with sculpture. The metopes of
+the Parthenon in the British Museum are carved
+with representations of the war of the Centaurs
+and Lapithæ. (Fig. <a href='#fig_457'>457</a>.) (See <span class='sc'>Elgin Marbles</span>.)
+In Roman buildings the metopes are
+usually carved, and are exact squares; but in
+the Greek Doric this was not necessary.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_458'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_458.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 458. Metopes and Triglyphs (Doric).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Metreta</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μετρητὴς</span>, i. e. measurer). The
+unit in the Greek measures of capacity; it held
+two <em>cotylæ</em>, or about eight gallons.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Meurtrière</strong></span>, O. E. “A black knot, that
+unties and ties the curles of the hair.” (<em>Ladies’
+Dict.</em>, 1694.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Mews</strong></span>, O. E. Originally a courtyard for
+“mewing” (i. e. moulting) hawks.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_458a.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 458 a. Mexican temple—<em>Teocalli</em>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mexican Architecture.</strong> The principal monuments
+of the valley of Mexico are
+situated in a small tract in the centre
+of the table-land of Anahuac.
+These consist of pyramidal temples
+(<em>teocallis</em>) formed in terraces, with
+flat tops, and always surmounted
+by a chamber or cell, which is the
+temple itself. In <em>Yucatan</em> there
+are more architectural remains than
+anywhere in the world, with palaces
+of all dates, generally pyramidal,
+and often rich with elaborate carvings.
+(See <em>Stephens’s Incidents of Travel
+in Yucatan</em>.) (Fig. <a href='#fig_458'>458</a> a.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mezza-majolica</strong> was the coarser
+majolica ware formed of potter’s
+earth, covered with a white “slip,”
+upon which the subject was painted,
+then glazed with the common lead
+glaze, over which the lustre pigments
+were applied; the <em>majolica</em>,
+on the other hand, being the tin-enamelled
+ware similarly lustred.
+(See <span class='sc'>Majolica</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mezzanine</strong>, <strong>Entresole</strong>, <strong>Half-story</strong>,
+Arch. A small story intermediate
+between two others of larger size.
+A mezzanine or Flemish window
+was a window either square or
+broader than it was long, made in an attic,
+or in a lower story lying between two higher
+stories.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Mezzo-relievo</strong></span>, It. Sculpture in relief, in
+which one half of the figure projects; sometimes
+called <span class='sc'>Demi-relievo</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mias</strong>, Hind. A commemorative monument.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Mica</strong>, <strong>Micatio</strong></span>, R. (<em>mico</em>, to move quickly).
+A game called by the Italians of the present day
+<em>mora</em>; two players simultaneously
+stretching out one or more fingers, and
+each guessing the number held up by
+his adversary.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Middle Ages.</strong> The mediæval period—of
+transition between ancient and
+modern times—between the 10th and
+the 15th centuries is one of the grandest
+periods in art. It begins with the
+decay of Rome, and merges into the
+<em>Renaissance</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Middle Distance</strong>, in a landscape:—between
+the foreground and the background.
+Great skill is displayed in
+the expression of distance by the
+effects of intervening atmospheres, and
+by the design of intermediate <em>plans</em>
+carrying the eye onward and suggesting
+space.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Middle Ground</strong> in a landscape. (See <span class='sc'>Middle
+Distance</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Middle Pointed Period</strong> of Architecture is a
+name given to that period of Gothic architecture
+in England, which is generally described as “<em>the
+Decorated Period</em>.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Middle Post.</strong> The <span class='sc'>King-Post</span> in the truss of
+a roof.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_459'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_459.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 459. Jardinière—Milan Faience.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Milan Faience.</strong> Fig. <a href='#fig_459'>459</a> is an illustration of
+the Oriental imitations for which Milan was
+famous. “It is,” says M. Jacquemart, “of
+such beautiful enamel that it might be taken for
+porcelain. The upper and lower edges are
+decorated with shells, scrolls, and rocailles in
+relief, heightened with gold; the whole surface
+has a decoration of peonies and sprigs in blue,
+red, and gold, which rival in beauty the richest
+specimens of old Delft.”</p>
+
+<div id='fig_460'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_460.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 460. Milan Reticella Lace.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Milan Lace.</strong> The engraving shows a specimen
+of Old Milan Point or Reticella from the
+convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie in that
+city. (See <span class='sc'>Reticella</span>.) (Fig. <a href='#fig_460'>460</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Miliarium</strong></span>, R. (1) A tall narrow copper
+vessel employed in baths for heating the
+water. (2) The column of an olive-press (<em>trapetum</em>),
+which rose from the centre of the mortar
+(<em>mortarium</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Military Architecture.</strong> The science of building
+fortresses and fortifying town walls, &amp;c.
+[See <em>Viollet le Duc</em>, “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Essai sur l’Architecture
+militaire au Moyen Age</span></i>.”]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Milled Money</strong>, with grooved edges, was first
+coined in this country in 1561.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Millefiori.</strong> Mosaic glass. (See <span class='sc'>Glass</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_461'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_461.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 461. Roman Mile-stone at Nic-sur-Aisne in France.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Milliarium</strong></span>, R. (<em>mille</em>, a thousand, sc. paces).
+A column placed at intervals of a mile (1618
+English yards) along a Roman road to indicate
+the distance. (Fig. <a href='#fig_461'>461</a>.) It was also called <em>lapis</em>.
+<em>Milliarium aureum</em> was the name given to the
+golden mile-stone erected by Augustus in the
+Forum, where the principal roads of the Empire
+terminated. A stone, called the “London
+Stone,” in Cannon Street, E.C., is supposed to
+have marked the centre of the Roman roads in
+Britain.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mill-rind</strong>, <strong>Fer-de-Moline</strong>, Her. The iron
+fixed to the centre of a millstone.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Millstone-grit.</strong> The name of a good building
+stone, plentiful in the north of England. It
+is supposed to be formed by a re-aggregation of
+the disintegrated materials of granite. (See
+the <em>Builder</em>, vol. ix. 639.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Millus</strong></span>, R. (See <span class='sc'>Melium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mimbar</strong>, Arabic. A pulpit in a mosque.
+A finely-carved mimbar is in the South Kensington
+Museum.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Minah</strong>, <strong>Minar</strong>, Hind. A tower or pillar.
+The <em>Surkh Minar</em> and <em>Minar Chakri</em>, among
+the topes at Cabul, are almost the only <em>pillars</em>
+existing in India. They are generally ascribed
+to Alexander the Great, but are probably
+Buddhist monuments of the 3rd or 4th century
+of our era.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Minaret</strong> (Arabic <em>menarah</em>, a lantern). A
+feature peculiar to Mohammedan architecture.
+A tall, slender shaft or turret, rising high above
+all surrounding buildings of the <em>mosque</em> to which
+it is attached; in several stories, with or without
+external galleries, but usually having three.
+From these galleries the <em>muezzin</em> summon the
+faithful to prayer. Blind men are generally
+selected for this duty, because the minaret
+commands a view of the house-tops used as
+sleeping-chambers in the East.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mineral Black.</strong> A native oxide of carbon.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mineral Blue.</strong> A native carbonate of copper
+which is liable to change its tint to green, if
+mixed with oil. (<cite>Fairholt.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mineral Brown.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Cappagh</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mineral Green.</strong> <span class='sc'>Malachite</span> (q.v.). (See
+<span class='sc'>Carbonates of Copper</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mineral Lake</strong> is a French pigment, a kind
+of orange chrome.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mineral Yellow.</strong> A pigment of chloride of
+lead, which becomes paler by time. The name
+has also been applied to <span class='sc'>Yellow Ochre</span> and
+<span class='sc'>Yellow Arsenic</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Minerval</strong></span>, R. A present or fee which Roman
+scholars took to their masters every year, on
+the fourteenth of the calends of April (19th of
+March), that is, on occasion of the festivals of
+Minerva.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Minever</strong></span>, O. E. (1) Either the pure white
+fur with which the robes of peers and judges are
+trimmed—“<em>minever pure</em>;” or (2) the ermine with
+minute spots of black in it—<em>minutus varius</em>—in
+lieu of the complete tails; or (3) the fur of the
+ermine mixed with that of the small weasel.
+(Consult <em>Planché’s Cyclopædia</em>; see also
+<span class='sc'>Vair</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Miniature.</strong> Literally, a painting executed
+in <em>minium</em> (vermilion). Now used for any
+small picture, and especially for a small portrait.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ministerium</strong>, Chr. All the sacred ornaments
+and utensils of a church taken collectively.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Minium.</strong> A kind of <em>red lead</em> obtained by
+exposing lead or its protoxide to heat, till it is
+converted to a red oxide. It is a fine orange
+pigment, but fugitive and liable to decomposition
+when mixed with other pigments. The ancient
+<em>minium</em> was <em>cinnabar</em>, or vermilion. (See
+<span class='sc'>Illuminating</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Minnim</strong>, Heb. Stringed musical instruments
+of the lute or guitar kind.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_462'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_462.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 462. Minotaur. Device of Gonzalvo Perez.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Minotaur</strong></span>, R. A monster, half man, half
+bull, confined in the labyrinth constructed by
+Dædalus in Crete. It was assumed as a device
+by Gonzalvo Perez, with the motto from Isaiah
+xxx. 15. (Fig. <a href='#fig_462'>462</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Minster</strong>, <strong>Abbey-church</strong></span>, O. E. (Germ. <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Münster</span></i>).
+A church to which a monastery was attached;
+a cathedral. The name survives in “West-<em>minster</em>.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Minstrel Gallery</strong></span>, O. E. The <span class='fss'>LOFT</span> in a
+church was so called.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Minuscule.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Semi-uncials</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Minute</strong></span>, It. A subdivision of the <em>module</em> in
+the measurement of architectural proportion.
+It is the twelfth, the eighteenth, or the thirtieth
+part of the <span class='sc'>Module</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><strong>Mirador</strong></span>, Sp. A belvedere, or overhanging
+bow-window.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_463'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_463.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 463. Mirror-case of carved ivory—14th cent.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mirror.</strong> In the Middle Ages mirrors were
+often enclosed in cases of metal or carved ivory.
+The example (Fig. <a href='#fig_463'>463</a>) gives a representation
+of the Siege of the Castle of Love from one of
+the romances of the period. (See <span class='sc'>Glass</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mirror</strong>, Arch. A small oval ornament cut
+into the deep mouldings, and separated by
+wreaths of flowers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Miserere.</strong> A projecting bracket, on the
+<em>sellette</em> of a church stall, on which, when the
+seat was turned up, there was a leaning-space,
+available to the infirm during
+the parts of the service required
+to be performed standing. (See
+<span class='sc'>Sellette</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Misericorde.</strong> The narrow-bladed
+dagger used to put the
+victory with sword or lance to
+the test, by obliging a fallen
+antagonist to cry for <em>mercy</em>, or
+by despatching him.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mis’rha</strong>, Hind. Hindoo
+temples built with two kinds
+of materials; whence their
+name of mixed (<em>mis’rha</em>). (See
+<span class='sc'>Sud’ha</span>, <span class='sc'>Vimana</span>, and <span class='sc'>Sancira</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Missilia</strong></span>, R. (i. e. things
+thrown). Presents of cheques
+or tickets thrown by the
+emperor and wealthy persons
+among the people. The cheques
+were payable to the bearer at
+the magazine of the donor.
+(See <span class='sc'>Congiarium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Mistarius</strong>, <strong>Mixtarius</strong></span>, R.
+Any vessel of large size used
+for mixing water with wine.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mitella</strong>, Gr. (dimin. of
+<em>mitra</em>). (1) A head-band or
+coif of peaked form worn by
+Greek women. (2) A scarf
+used as a bandage or support
+for a broken arm.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mithriatic</strong> (Festivals), Pers. and R. Festivals
+held in honour of Mithras, the Persian sun-god.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mitis Green.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Emerald Green</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Mitra</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μίτρα</span>). (1) A mitre or
+head-dress of the Galli or priests of Cybelê; it
+was a Phrygian cap of felt, which was tied under
+the chin by lappets; it was also called a <em>Phrygian
+tiara</em>. (2) A cable fastened round the hull
+of a vessel to strengthen the timbers.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_464'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_464.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 464. Mitre. Arms of St. Alban’s Abbey.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mitre</strong>, Chr. Her. The ensign of archiepiscopal
+and episcopal rank, placed above the arms of
+prelates of the Church of England, sometimes
+borne as a charge, and adopted by the Berkeleys
+as their crest. The contour of the mitre
+has varied considerably at various times, growing
+continually higher and more pointed. It was
+first worn by bishops about the close of the 10th
+century. Bishops had three kinds of mitres:
+the <em>simplex</em>, of plain white linen; the <em>aurifrigata</em>,
+ornamented with gold orphreys; and
+the <em>pretiosa</em>, enriched with gold and jewels,
+for use at high festivals. (Fig. <a href='#fig_464'>464</a>.) In Architecture,
+the corner line formed by the meeting of
+mouldings intercepting each other at an angle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mitten</strong>, <strong>Mitaine</strong>, Anglo-Norman. A glove;
+not restricted to gloves without fingers. “Gloves
+made of linnen or woollen, whether knit or
+stytched: sometimes also they call so gloves
+made of leather without fingers.” (<cite>Ray.</cite>) (See
+<span class='sc'>Muffetee</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Moat</strong>, <strong>Mote</strong>. (1) Originally a heap or hillock;
+the <em>dune</em> on which a tower was built, forming
+the original castle. The Saxons assembled on
+such <em>moats</em> or mounds to make laws and administer
+justice; hence their word <em>witten-mote</em>
+for parliament. (2) Mod. Usually applied
+to the fosse of a rampart, the side next the fortress
+being the <em>scarp</em>, and the opposite the
+<em>counterscarp</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Mobcap</strong></span>, O. E. A cap tying under a woman’
+chin by an excessively broad band, generally
+made of the same material as the cap itself. (<cite>H.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Moccinigo.</strong> A small Venetian coin, worth
+about 9<em>d.</em> (<cite>H.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Mochado</strong>, <strong>Mokkado</strong></span>, O. E. (1) A silk stuff,
+commonly called “mock velvet,” much used in
+the 16th and 17th centuries. (<cite>Fairholt.</cite>) (2) A
+woollen stuff of the same kind. (<cite>Halliwell.</cite>)
+It was probably a mixture of silk and wool.
+(<cite>Planché.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Modena Pottery.</strong> The antique pottery of
+Modena is referred to by Pliny and Livy, but
+there is no exact record or marked example of
+wares produced there during the Renaissance.
+The manufacture flourishes now at <em>Sassuolo</em>, a
+town ten miles south of Modena.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Modesty Bit</strong> or <strong>Piece</strong></span>, O. E. “A narrow lace
+which runs along the upper part of the stays,
+before, being a part of the tucker, is called the
+modesty piece.” (<cite>Guardian.</cite>) “Modesty bits—out
+of fashion” is an announcement in the
+<em>London Chronicle</em>, vol. xi. 1762.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_465'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_465.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 465. Modillion.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Modillions</strong>, Arch. Small brackets under
+the coronæ of cornices; when <em>square</em> they
+are called <span class='sc'>Mutules</span>. In the Corinthian order
+they have carved leaves spread under them. Fig.
+<a href='#fig_465'>465</a> is taken from the temple of Mars the
+Avenger, at Rome.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Modius</strong></span>, R. (<em>modus</em>, a measure or standard).
+The largest Roman measure of capacity.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Module</strong>, Arch. A measure adopted by
+architects to determine by the column the proportions
+of the different parts of a work of architecture.
+It is usually the diameter or the semi-diameter
+of the shaft of the column.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Mœnia</strong></span>, R. A term synonymous with
+<span class='sc'>Murus</span> (q.v.); but more comprehensive, in that
+it implies not merely the idea of walls, but also
+of the buildings attached to them.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Mœnia</em> lata videt, triplici circumdata <em>muro</em>.</span>” (<cite>Virgil.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mogul Architecture</strong> is that of the buildings
+erected in the reigns of the Mogul emperors,
+kings of Delhi, from <span class='fss'>A. D.</span> 1531 to the present
+century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Moilon</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">moellon</span></i>), Arch. Rubble-masonry.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Mokador</strong>, <strong>Mocket</strong></span>, O. E. A napkin, handkerchief,
+or bib.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“Goo hom, lytyl babe, and sytt on thi moderes lap,</div>
+      <div class='line'>And put a <em>mokador</em> aforn thi brest,</div>
+      <div class='line'>And pray thi modyr to fede the with the pappe.”</div>
+      <div class='line in16'>(<cite>Twentieth Coventry Mystery.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_466'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_466.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 466. Mola versatilis.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Mola</strong></span>, R. (<em>molo</em>, to grind). A mill; <em>mola
+manuaria</em>, a hand-mill; <em>mola buxea</em>, a box-wood
+mill, or mill for grinding pepper; <em>mola aquaria</em>,
+a water-mill; <em>mola asinaria</em>, a mill worked by
+a beast of burden; <em>mola versatilis</em>, a grindstone
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_466'>466</a> represents Love sharpening his arrows,
+from an engraved gem); <em>mola olearia</em>, a mill for
+crushing olives.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Mold</strong></span>, O. E. (for <em>mould</em>). Earth; ground.
+The word is constantly applied to the <em>ground</em> in
+works of art. (See <em>Degrevant</em>, 1039; <em>Halliwell</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Moline</strong>, Her. A cross terminating like the
+<span class='sc'>Mill-rind</span>. In modern cadency it is the
+difference of the eighth son.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mollicina</strong>, <strong>Molochina</strong> (sc. <em>vestis</em>), R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μολόχινα</span>,
+i. e. mallow-coloured). A garment made
+from the fibres of a mallow (<em>hibiscus</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mona Marble</strong>. A beautiful marble of a
+greenish colour, obtained in the Isle of Anglesea.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Monastic Orders</strong> consisted of Benedictine or
+black monks, and Cistercian or white monks.
+There were the <em>Regular Orders</em>, the <em>Military
+Orders</em>, the <em>Conventual Orders</em>, <em>Colleges</em>, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Monaulos</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μόν-αυλος</span>, single-flute).
+A Greek pipe made of a reed, of
+Egyptian origin, blown at the end without a
+reed mouthpiece, and remarkable for the sweetness
+of its tone.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Monelle</strong>, <strong>Monial</strong>, <strong>Moynel</strong>, Arch. (See
+<span class='sc'>Mullions</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Moneris</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μον-ήρης</span>, single). A galley
+or ship with a single
+bench of rowers.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_468'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_468.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 468. Monile. A Gaulish collar.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_467'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_467.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 467. Monile. Details of ornament.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Monile</strong></span>, Gr. and R.
+A necklace or collar.
+Fig. <a href='#fig_468'>468</a> represents a
+bronze necklace belonging
+to the Gaulish period,
+and Fig. <a href='#fig_467'>467</a> a
+part of the same necklace
+on a larger scale.
+By analogy the term
+was applied to the ornaments
+worn by horses
+about the neck. (See
+<span class='sc'>Necklaces</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Monks</strong>, Chr. In the
+religious iconography of
+the Gothic period, especially
+the 14th and 15th
+centuries, there frequently
+occur grotesque
+representations of monks.
+(See Fig. <a href='#fig_351'>351</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Monmouth Cap</strong></span>, O. E.
+A cap worn by soldiers
+and sailors.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Monochord.</strong> A one-stringed musical instrument,
+much used for measuring the proportions
+of length which yield the various sounds
+within an octave.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Monochrome Painting.</strong> (1) Painting in a single
+colour, as, for instance, red upon a black
+ground, or white upon a red ground. The most
+numerous class of specimens of this kind of
+painting are upon terra-cotta, as the Etruscan
+vases. (2) The term is applied to paintings in
+tints of one colour, in imitation of bas-reliefs.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Monogram.</strong> A combination of two or more
+letters into one design, illustrated especially in
+ecclesiastical decoration of the 14th and 15th
+centuries, &amp;c. The abbreviation IHS is said to
+have been invented by St. Bernardino of Siena
+about 1437. For <em>Artists’ monograms</em>, see
+<em>Stellway</em>, <em>Heller</em>, <em>Brulliot</em> (<cite>Dictionaries of Monograms</cite>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Monolith</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μονό-λιθος</span>). An object formed
+of a single block of stone.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Monolium</strong>, <strong>Monolinum</strong></span>, R. A necklace formed
+with a single string of pearls. (See <span class='sc'>Monile</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Monoloris</strong></span>, R. (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μόνος</span>, one, and Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lorum</span></i>,
+a thong. A hybrid word). Decorated with a
+single band of purple and gold, like the
+<span class='sc'>Paragauda</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Monopodium</strong> (sc. <em>mensa</em>), R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μονο-πόδιον</span>).
+A table with a single foot.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Monopteral</strong>, Arch. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μονό-πτερος</span>). With a single
+wing; a circular temple or shrine, consisting of
+a roof supported on columns, without any <em>cella</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Monostyle</strong>, Arch. (1) Piers of a single shaft
+are sometimes distinguished by this name from
+<em>compound piers</em>, then called for distinction <em>polystyle</em>.
+(2) A building which is of one <em>style</em> of
+architecture throughout; or (3) surrounded by
+a single row of pillars.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Monota</strong>, Gr. A vase with one <em>ear</em> (or
+handle).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Monotriglyph</strong>, Arch. The intercolumniation
+in the Doric order, which embraces one triglyph
+and two metopes in the entablature. (<cite>Parker’s
+Glossary of Architecture.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Monoxylos</strong>, <strong>Monoxylus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μονόξυλος</span>).
+Literally, hewn or made out of a single
+piece of wood.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Monsters</strong>, in Architecture. (See <span class='sc'>Centaur</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Griffin</span>, <span class='sc'>Grotesques</span>, <span class='sc'>Sphinx</span>, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Monstrance</strong>, <strong>Expositorium</strong>, Chr. (<em>monstrare</em>,
+to show). An ornamental vessel of gold, silver,
+silver-gilt, or gilded or silvered copper, representing
+usually a sun with rays, in the centre of
+which is a <em>lunule</em> or glass box in which the consecrated
+wafer is carried and exposed on the altars of
+churches. The earliest monstrances, which are
+now called <em>expositories</em>, do not date beyond the
+12th century. Very ancient specimens exist at
+Rheims, Namur, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Montem.</strong> An annual custom at Eton; a procession
+of boats <em>ad montem</em>. (See <em>Brand</em>, i. 237.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Montero.</strong> “A close hood wherewith travellers
+preserve their faces and heads from frostbiting
+and weather-beating in winter.” (<cite>Cotgrave.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Monteth</strong></span>, O. E. A vessel used for cooling
+wine-glasses in. (<cite>Halliwell.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mont-la-haut.</strong> “A certain wier (wire) that
+raises the head-dress by degrees or stories.”
+(<em>Ladies’ Dict.</em>, 1694.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Montmorency Escutcheon.</strong> (See the illustration
+to <span class='sc'>Hunting flask</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Monumentum</strong></span>, R. (<em>moneo</em>, to remind). In
+general, any token, statue, or monument intended
+to perpetuate the memory of anything.
+<em>Monumentum sepulchri</em> is the name given to a
+tomb. The Monument of the Great Fire of
+London, erected by Sir Christopher Wren, is of
+the Italo-Vitruvian-Doric order, of Portland
+stone, and consists of a <em>pedestal</em> about 21 feet
+square, with a <em>plinth</em> 27 feet, and a fluted shaft
+15 feet at the base; on the <em>abacus</em> is a balcony
+encompassing a moulded cylinder, which supports
+a flaming vase of gilt bronze, indicative of
+its commemoration of the Great Fire. Defoe
+describes it as “built in the form of a <em>candle</em> with
+a handsome gilt frame.” Its entire height is
+202 feet, and it is the loftiest isolated column in
+the world. Its interior contains a spiral staircase
+of 345 black marble steps. (See <span class='sc'>Cochlis</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Monyal</strong></span>, O. E. for <span class='sc'>Mullion</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Moorish Architecture</strong>, or Arabian or Mohammedan
+architecture, arose at the beginning
+of the 7th century in the East, and in Spain,
+Sicily, and Byzantium in Europe. The style
+originated in a free adaptation of different
+features of Christian architecture, and their
+earliest mosques were built by Christian architects.
+The horse-shoe arch is a very early
+characteristic of their style, and the pointed arch
+appears at Cairo and elsewhere three centuries
+earlier than in Europe. The most perfect
+specimen of the luxury of decoration of which
+this style is capable is found in the Alhambra.
+(See <span class='sc'>Alhambraic Architecture</span>; consult
+the <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Essai sur l’Architecture des Arabes et des
+Mores</span></i>, by <em>Girault de Prangy</em>, 1841.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Moor-stone.</strong> A very coarse granite found in
+Cornwall and some other parts of England, and
+of great value for the coarser parts of building;
+it is also found in immense strata in Ireland. Its
+colours are chiefly black and white.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Moot-hall</strong></span>, O. E. A public assembly-house;
+a town hall, &amp;c. (See <span class='sc'>Moat</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Mora</strong></span>, R. (<em>mora</em>, an obstacle). A projection
+or cross-bar on a spear to prevent its penetrating
+too far.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Mordaunt</strong></span>, Fr. The catch for the tongue of
+the buckle of a belt.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Moresco-Spanish</strong>, or Saracenic <strong>Textiles</strong>
+wrought in Spain, are remarkable for an ingenious
+imitation of gold, produced by shreds of
+gilded parchment cut up into narrow flat strips
+and woven with the silk.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Moresque</strong> or <strong>Moresco-Spanish Architecture</strong>
+is the work of Moorish workmen, executed for
+their Christian masters in Spain. The most remarkable
+examples are in the city of Toledo
+(described by <em>Street</em>, <em>Gothic Architecture in Spain</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Morion.</strong> A head-piece of the 16th century,
+introduced by the Spaniards, who had copied it
+from the Moors, to the rest of Europe about
+1550. It was worn as late as the reign of
+Charles I. There were peaked morions, coming
+to a point at the top; and high combed morions,
+surmounted by a kind of crest or ridge.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Moriones</strong></span>, R. (1) Idiots, dwarfs, or deformed
+persons, used as slaves, to afford amusement in
+the houses of the great. (2) A dark-brown
+gem; perhaps the smoky topaz.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Morisco</strong></span>, O. E. (See <span class='sc'>Morris Dance</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Moristan</strong>, Arab. A hospital.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Morne</strong>, <strong>Mornette</strong>. The head of a blunted
+tilting-lance, the point being turned back.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Morning Star</strong></span>, O. E. A club called also a
+<span class='sc'>Holy Water Sprinkler</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Morris Dance</strong></span>, O. E. (or Moorish). A very
+ancient dance, of masked and costumed performers,
+with bells, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Morris Pike</strong></span>, O. E. (for Moorish). Long
+pikes copied from those of the Moors, the staves
+of which were covered with little nails.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Morse</strong>, Chr. (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">mordre</span></i>, to bite). The clasp
+or brooch which fastened the cope on the breast.
+(See the illustration to <span class='sc'>Pope</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Mort</strong></span>, O. E. (death). The notes blown on
+the horn at the death of a deer.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mortuary Palls</strong>, in the Middle Ages, for the
+covering of the biers of dead people were richly
+decorated. One at Amiens is decorated, upon
+white stripes on a black ground, with skulls
+and bones and the words “memento mori”
+interspersed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mosaic</strong>, or more correctly <strong>Musaic Work</strong>.
+<span class='sc'>Opus Musivum</span>, glass mosaic; <span class='sc'>Opus Tesselatum</span>,
+clay mosaic; <span class='sc'>Opus Lithostrotum</span>,
+stone mosaic.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mosaic Glass</strong>, <strong>Millefiori</strong>. (See <span class='sc'>Glass</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mose.</strong> (1) Probably a dish (“Dyschmete”
+made of apples was called “Appulmoce”).
+(2) For <span class='sc'>Morse</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Moton</strong></span>, O. E. A piece of armour intended to
+protect the right armpit, used in the reigns of
+Henry VI., Edward IV., and Richard III.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mottoes</strong>, in Heraldry, are words, or very short
+sentences, sometimes placed above the crest,
+but generally below the shield. Mottoes are
+sometimes emblematical or allusive, and frequently
+punning, as the “Set on” of the Setons,
+the “Tight on” of the Tittons, and the “Est
+hic” of the Eastwicks. (See <span class='sc'>Labels</span> [2].)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mould.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Mold</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mouldings.</strong> A general term for the varieties
+of outline given to subordinate parts of architecture,
+such as <em>cornices</em>, <em>capitals</em>, <em>bases</em>, &amp;c. These
+(described in their places) are principally: the
+<span class='sc'>Fillet</span> or <span class='sc'>List</span>, the <span class='sc'>Astragal</span> or <span class='sc'>Bead</span>, the
+<span class='sc'>Cyma Reversa</span> or <span class='sc'>Ogee</span>, the <span class='sc'>Cyma Recta</span>
+or <span class='sc'>Cyma</span>, the <span class='sc'>Cavetto</span> or <em>hollow moulding</em>,
+the <span class='sc'>Ovolo</span> or <em>quarter round</em>, the <span class='sc'>Scotia</span> or
+<span class='sc'>Trochilus</span>. These are frequently enriched by
+<em>foliage</em>, <em>egg and tongue</em> and other ornaments, &amp;c.
+(See the article in <em>Parker’s Glossary of Architecture</em>
+for a history of the diversities of the
+mouldings in the different styles.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Moulinet.</strong> A machine for winding up a cross-bow.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mound</strong>, Her. A globe encircled and arched
+over with rich bands, and surmounted by a cross-patée;
+an ensign of the royal estate. (See
+<span class='sc'>Crown</span>, <span class='sc'>Orb</span>, <span class='sc'>Regalia</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mountain</strong> or <strong>Mineral
+Blue</strong> (<strong>Green</strong>).
+(See <span class='sc'>Carbonates
+of Copper</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_469'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_469.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 469. Mug of Moustiers make.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Moustiers Faience.</strong>
+Moustiers in Provence
+is one of the
+most important of
+the French ceramic
+centres. The mug
+represented in Fig.
+<a href='#fig_469'>469</a> is coloured with
+varied enamels, and ornamented with medallion
+and wreaths.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Muckinder</strong>, <strong>Muckinger</strong></span>, O. E. A pocket-handkerchief
+(sc. dirty).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mueta</strong>, Med. Lat. (Old Fr. <i><span lang="fro" xml:lang="fro">muette</span></i>). A
+watch-tower.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Muffler.</strong> A handkerchief covering the chin
+and throat, and sometimes used to cover the face
+(<em>muffle</em> or <em>muzzle</em>).</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“I spy a great peard under her <em>muffler</em>.” (<cite>Shakspeare.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Muffs</strong> were introduced into England from
+France in the reign of Charles II. They were
+previously known in England, but were subsequently
+more common, and used by both
+sexes. Very little variation has occurred in
+their manufacture.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Muglias</strong>, Arab. A kind of pastilles; a substance
+employed in the Middle Ages for making
+odoriferous beads; they were burnt for fumigations.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Mulctra</strong>, <strong>Mulctrale</strong>, <strong>Mulctrum</strong></span>, R. and Chr.
+(<em>mulgeo</em>, to milk). A milk-pail for milking
+cows. In Christian archæology it is a pastoral
+vessel which is a eucharistic symbol.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_470'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_470.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 470.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_471'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_471.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 471.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mullets</strong>, Her. Stars generally
+of five, but sometimes of
+six or more rays. Fig. <a href='#fig_470'>470</a> is
+of the date 1295, and Fig. <a href='#fig_471'>471</a>
+its development in 1431.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Mulleus</strong>, <strong>Mule</strong></span>, R. (<em>mullus</em>,
+a red mullet). A red half-boot,
+which only certain magistrates
+had the right of wearing, viz.
+the ancient dictators, consuls,
+prætors, censors, and ædiles.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mullions</strong> or <strong>Munnions</strong>,
+Arch. The slender piers which
+separate a window into several
+compartments.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Multifoiled</strong>, Arch. Having
+many <span class='sc'>Foils</span> (q.v.). This term is
+synonymous with <span class='fss'>POLYFOILED</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mummy.</strong> This pigment <em>should</em> be made of
+the pure Egyptian asphaltum, ground up with
+drying oil or with amber varnish.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mummy-cloths</strong> (<strong>Egyptian</strong>) were of fine unmixed
+flaxen linen, beautifully woven, of yarns
+of nearly 100 hanks in the pound, with 140
+threads in an inch in the warp, and about 64 in
+the woof.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Muniment-rooms</strong>, to be strong and fire-proof,
+were erected over porches, gateways, &amp;c. They
+contained charters, archives, &amp;c. (See <span class='sc'>Charter-house</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Munnions</strong>, Arch., for <span class='sc'>Mullions</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mural.</strong> Generally, on a wall; as—</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mural Arch.</strong> An arch against a wall, frequent
+in the aisles of mediæval buildings.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_472'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_472.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 472. Mural crown.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mural Crown</strong> (Her.)
+represents masonry, and
+is embattled. (See
+<span class='sc'>Corona</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mural Monument.</strong> A
+tablet fixed to a wall,
+&amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mural Painting.</strong> (See
+<span class='sc'>Fresco</span>, <span class='sc'>Tempera</span>, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Murex</strong></span>, R. (1) A Triton’s horn or conch;
+(2) <em>murex ferreus</em>, a caltrap, thrown down
+to hinder the advance of cavalry, its long
+spikes being so arranged as to pierce into the
+horses’ feet, and so disable them. (See <span class='sc'>Caltraps</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Murrey</strong></span>, O. E. A reddish purple or mulberry
+colour. The livery of the House of York.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Murrhina</strong>, <strong>Murrhea</strong>, and <strong>Myrrhina</strong></span>, R. Murrhine
+vases; they are spoken of by Pliny, and have
+given rise to interminable treatises and discussions,
+with the sole result that no light whatever
+has been thrown on the nature of these vases.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Murrhine Glass.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Glass</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_473'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_473.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 473. Walls of Megalopolis.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Murus</strong></span>, R. Walls as defences and fortifications,
+in contradistinction to <em>paries</em>, the wall
+of a building. Fig. <a href='#fig_473'>473</a> represents a portion of
+the walls of Megalopolis. (See <span class='sc'>Mœnia</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Muscarium</strong></span>, R. (<em>musca</em>, a fly). (1) A fly-flap.
+Hence (2) The tail of a horse. (3) A
+case in which papers were shut up in order to
+preserve them from fly-stains.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Muses</strong>, the personifications of the liberal arts,
+are represented conventionally as follows:—</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Calliope. The Muse of epic poetry; a tablet
+and stylus, sometimes a roll.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Cleio. The Muse of history; seated in an
+arm-chair with an open roll of paper, sometimes
+with a sun-dial.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Euterpe. The Muse of lyric poetry; with
+a double flute.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Melpomene. The Muse of tragedy; with a
+tragic mask, the club of Hercules, and sword;
+crowned with the vine-leaves of Bacchus, and
+shod in the <em>cothurnus</em>; often heroically posed
+with one foot on a fragment of rock.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Terpsichore. The Muse of choral dance and
+religious song; with lyra and <em>plectrum</em>. As the
+Muse of religious poetry, her expression is dignified
+and earnest.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Erato. The Muse of erotic poetry and soft
+Lydian music; sometimes has the lyre, sometimes
+is represented dancing, always gentle and
+<em>feminine</em> in expression.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Polyhymnia. The Muse of the sublime hymn
+and divine tradition; usually appears without
+any attribute, in an attitude of meditation;
+sometimes the inscription <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ΜΥΘΟΥΣ</span> (<em>of the
+myth</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Urania. The Muse of astronomy; points
+with a staff to a celestial globe. (Lachesis, one
+of the Parcæ, has the same attributes.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Thaleia. The Muse of pastoral life, of
+comedy, and of idyllic poetry; appears with the
+comic mask, a shepherd’s staff, and a wreath of
+ivy, or basket; sometimes dressed in a sheepskin.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>The Muses are sometimes represented with
+feathers on their heads, alluding to their contest
+with the Sirens, whom they stripped of their
+wing feathers, which they wore as ornaments.
+(<em>Hirt. Mythologisches Bilderbuch</em>, p. 203.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Museum</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Μουσεῖον</span>). Literally,
+a temple of the Muses. The term was afterwards
+applied to an establishment founded by
+Ptolemy I., called Soter, at Alexandria in
+Egypt, in which scholars and literary men were
+maintained at the public expense. In a villa, it
+was a grotto or retreat to which people retired
+for meditation.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_475'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_475.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 475. Opus musivum.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_474'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_474.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 474. Opus musivum.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Musivum</strong> (opus), R.
+(<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μουσεῖον</span>). This term
+was used by the Romans
+to denote a mosaic of
+small cubes of coloured
+glass or enamel, in contradistinction
+to <span class='sc'>Lithostrotum</span>
+(q.v.), which
+was a pavement made
+of real stones and marbles
+of different colours;
+but in a more extended
+sense, the term Musivum
+denotes any kind of
+mosaic. Figs. 474 and
+475 show examples of
+various kinds. Fig. <a href='#fig_476'>476</a>
+is a mosaic forming a
+border.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_476'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_476.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 476. Opus musivum—bordering.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Muslin</strong>, originally esteemed
+for the beauty with which gold was
+woven in its warp, took its name from the city
+of Mousull in Turkey in Asia.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Musquet.</strong> A long heavy match-lock gun,
+introduced from Spain in the Dutch wars of the
+16th century, which eventually displaced the
+harquebus. (See <span class='sc'>Snaphaunce</span> and <span class='sc'>Wheel-lock</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Musquet-rest.</strong> A staff with a forked head
+required to support the musquet. It was
+trailed by a string from the wrist.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Mustarde Villars</strong></span>, O. E. Either (1) a kind of
+cloth, probably so named from Moustier de
+Villiers, near Harfleur; or else (2) (as Stowe
+says) “a colour, now out of use.” <em>Mustard</em> was
+a favourite colour for liveries and official dresses
+in the 15th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Mutatio</strong></span>, R. Literally, <em>change</em>. The Romans
+gave the name of <em>mutationes</em> to the posthouses
+for relays of horses established along the
+high roads for the service of the state.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Mutch</strong></span>, O. E. An old woman’s close cap.
+(<em>Fairholt</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Mute</strong></span>, Fr. This term, derived from the
+Latin <em>muta</em>, is employed by ancient authors as
+a synonym for <em>belfry</em>, <em>turret</em>, or <em>bell-tower</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mutule</strong>, Arch. In a general sense, any
+stone or wooden projection which stands out
+beyond the surface of a wall, such as a rafter,
+for instance. In a more restricted sense, it denotes
+an architectural ornament characteristic of
+the Doric order, consisting of a square block
+placed at equal intervals above the triglyphs
+and metopes in a Doric cornice. In the
+Corinthian order <em>mutules</em> are replaced by
+modillions.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Mynchery</strong>, A.S. A nunnery. The word
+survives in local dialects, and is applied to the
+ruins; e. g. of the ancient <em>mynchery</em> at Littlemore,
+near Oxford.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Myrtle Crown</strong> for bloodless victors. The
+<em>myrtle</em> was sacred to Venus. It flourished on
+the sea-coast of Italy and Greece. The wood is
+very hard, and is used for furniture, marquetry,
+and turning. Another myrtle wood from Van
+Diemen’s Land is beautifully veined for cabinet-work.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Myth</strong>, Gen. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μῦθος</span>, lit. that which is spoken).
+The name given to obscure traditions handed
+down from remote antiquity, antecedent to
+written or precise history; opposed to <em>legendary</em>
+record (which can be <em>read</em>).</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c005'>N.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c006'><strong>Nablia</strong>, <strong>Nablum</strong>. A stringed musical instrument;
+a kind of <em>cithara</em> in the shape of a semicircle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Nacre</strong></span>, Fr. Mother-of-pearl, the iridescent
+inner lining of the pearl mussel or oyster.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nacreous Shells.</strong> Iridescent shells. Several
+kinds are used for manufactures, as some species
+of <em>Meleagrina</em>, <em>Turbo</em>, <em>Nautili</em>, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nadir</strong> (Arab. <em>nadhir</em>, opposite). The part
+of the heavens directly under our feet; opposite
+to the <span class='sc'>Zenith</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nænia.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Nenia</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Naga</strong>, Malay. Jars with the figure of a
+dragon traced on them.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Naga Architecture</strong> (Hind. <em>naga</em>, a poisonous
+snake). Temples dedicated to the worship of
+the seven-headed snakes are found in Cashmere,
+remarkable for their identity of style with the
+Grecian Doric, unlike anything found in any
+other part of India. [Consult <em>Fergusson</em>, <em>History
+of Architecture</em>, ii. 703–732.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nagara.</strong> A Hindoo name for a music-gallery
+in front of the Jain temples.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nahinna.</strong> A Persian manufacture of majolica.
+The Comte de Rochechouart says that
+the ancient faience of Persia is as admirable as
+the modern is detestable, though it retains a
+degree of oriental elegance.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Naiad.</strong> A water-nymph.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nail.</strong> In cloth measure, 2¼ inches.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nail-head Moulding</strong>, Arch. An ornament
+formed by a series of projections resembling
+round or angular <em>nail-heads</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nainsook</strong>, Hind. A thick sort of jaconet
+muslin.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><strong>Naipes</strong></span>, Sp. Playing-cards. The word is
+supposed to be derived from the initials of
+Nicolao Pepin, the inventor. (<cite>Diccionario de la
+Lengua Castellana.</cite>) Hence the Italian <em>naibi</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Naked Flooring</strong>, Arch. The timber-work
+which supports a floor.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Namby-pamby.</strong> Affectedly pretty. The
+term originated in criticism of an English poet
+of the 17th century—Ambrose Phillips.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nancy Biscuit.</strong> A peculiar porcelain made
+at Nancy. The faïencerie was established in
+1774 by Nicolas Lelong.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nankeen.</strong> A buff-coloured cotton cloth, introduced
+from the province of Nankin, in China.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nân-mo</strong>, Chinese. A beautiful wood, resembling
+cedar, used for temples, palaces, and
+houses of state.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nantes.</strong> Manufactories of white faience were
+established here in 1588 and 1625; and that of
+Le Roy de Montilliée and others in the 18th
+century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Naology.</strong> The science of temples. (See
+<em>Dudley’s Naology, or a Treatise on the Origin,
+Progress, and Symbolical Import of the Sacred
+Structures of the World</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Naos</strong>, Gr. The interior apartment of a
+Greek temple; the <em>cella</em> of the Roman temple.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Napery.</strong> A general term for made-up linen
+cloth.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Naphthar</strong>, Heb. (lit. <em>thick water</em>). The name
+given by Nehemiah to the substance that they found
+in the pit where the sacred fire of the temple
+had been hidden during the Captivity. This
+“thick water, which” (the legend says) “being
+poured over the sacrifice and the wood, was
+kindled by the great heat of the sun and then
+burnt with an exceedingly bright and clear
+flame,” was the naphtha of modern commerce.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Napiform</strong> (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">napus</span></i>, a turnip). Turnip-shaped.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Napkin</strong> (little <em>nape</em>). A pocket-handkerchief.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“Your napkin is too little.” (<cite>Othello.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Napkin Pattern.</strong> A decorative ornament
+very common in German wood-carving of the
+15th and 16th centuries. (See <span class='sc'>Linen-Scroll</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Naples Majolicas</strong> were already celebrated
+early in the 16th century. M. Jacquemart describes
+some vases of colossal size, evidently
+constructed for “la grande décoration,” being
+painted on only one face; handles in the form
+of caryatids add to the majestic appearance of
+these vases; the subjects are scriptural, executed
+in blue camayeu picked out in black; the
+design is free, elegant though rather straggling,
+and the touch is bold and spirited.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Naples Yellow</strong> (It. <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">giallolino</span></i>). A compound
+of the oxides of lead and antimony,
+having a rich, opaque, golden hue. As a pigment
+for oil painting and for porcelain and
+enamel, it is now superseded by chromate of lead.
+As a water-colour pigment it is liable to blacken
+upon exposure to damp or bad air.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Napron.</strong> An apron used by mediæval masons.
+<em>Limas</em> was another kind of apron worn by
+them.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nard</strong> (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nardus</span></i>). Ointment prepared from
+the spikenard shrub.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nares</span></strong>, Lat. (the nostrils). (1) The perforations
+in the register-table of an organ, which admit
+air to the openings of the pipes. (2) The issue
+of a conduit.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_477'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_477.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 477. Narghilly—Persian.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nargilé</strong> or <strong>Narghilly</strong>, Persian. A tobacco-pipe
+with an arrangement for passing the
+smoke through water. The illustration is the
+bowl of a Persian pipe of this description, in
+Chinese porcelain. (Fig. <a href='#fig_477'>477</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nariform</strong> (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">naris</span></i>, the nostril). Nose-shaped.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Narthex</strong>, Chr. The vestibule of a church;
+sometimes within the church, sometimes without,
+but always further from the altar than the
+part where the “faithful” were assembled. Hence
+it was a place for the catechumens. The narthex
+communicated with the <em>nave</em> by the
+“beautiful gates,” and with the outside by the
+“great gates.” In monastic churches the narthex
+was the place for the general public.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Nasal</strong></span>, O. E. The bar of a helmet which
+protected the nose.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nask</strong>, Hind. A <em>quoin</em>, or coin-stone.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Natalitii Ludi</strong></span>, R. Games in the circus in
+honour of an emperor’s birthday.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Natatorium.</strong> A cold swimming-pool in the
+baths. That at Pompeii is of white marble
+twelve feet ten inches in diameter, and about
+three feet deep, with three marble steps, and a
+seat round it raised about ten inches from the
+bottom. There is a platform or <em>ambulatory</em>
+round the bath, also of marble. (See <span class='sc'>Sigma</span>.)
+The ceiling is vaulted, with a window in the
+centre. (See <span class='sc'>Baptisterium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Natatorium</strong>, Chr. A baptismal font; Gr.
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κολυμβήθρα</span> (<em>piscina probata</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Natinz.</strong> A Persian manufacture of majolica.
+(See <span class='sc'>Nahinna</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nativity.</strong> While the Adoration of the Magi
+is one of the commonest subjects of early Christian
+art, the Nativity is one of the rarest. It is
+not found in any catacomb frescoes, or the
+mosaics of any basilicas or churches. The
+only examples are sculptural, and this on ivories,
+gems, &amp;c. On these generally the Child is
+seen wrapped in swaddling clothes as the central
+object, the star appears above, the Virgin
+on a rude couch, and sometimes St. Joseph
+rapt in thought, his head resting on his hand;
+the ox and the ass appear behind, and shepherds
+with curved staves stand by adoring.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Natural.</strong> In Music, a character marked ♮
+used to correct the power of a previous <em>sharp</em> or
+<em>flat</em>. A <em>natural scale</em> is a scale written without
+sharps or flats.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Naturalisti</strong></span>, It. Artists who work on the
+principle of a close adherence to the forms and
+colours actually combined in natural objects.
+The epithet was particularly applied as a term
+of reproach to the founders of the modern Dutch
+school of painting. (See <span class='sc'>Ideal</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_478'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_478.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 478. Naumachia, from a coin of Domitian.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Naumachia</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ναῦς</span>, a ship, and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μάχη</span>, a battle).
+(1) A spectacle representing a sea-fight, a subject
+frequently represented on coins and sculptures.
+(2) A building erected for such shows. Napoleon
+I. had a theatre at Milan filled with water
+for a sea-fight.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_479'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_479.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 479. Nautilus. Device of the Affidati Academy.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nautilus.</strong> A shell-fish that sails on the surface
+of the sea in its shell. Its spiral univalve
+shell is a common motive in ornamental design.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“Learn of the little nautilus to sail,</div>
+      <div class='line'>Spread the thin oar, and catch the driving gale.”</div>
+      <div class='line in44'>(<cite>Pope.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'>The illustration is the device of the Affidati, an
+Italian literary Academy, with the motto “Safe
+above and below.”</p>
+
+<div id='fig_480'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_480.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 480. Naval crown.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Navalis Corona.</strong>
+(See <span class='sc'>Corona Navalis</span>.)
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_480'>480</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nave</strong>, Arch. (so
+called from its vaulted
+roof resembling in
+shape an inverted ship
+(<em>navis</em>); or from <em>nave</em>,
+the centre of anything).
+The middle part or body of a church
+between the aisles, extending from the <em>choir</em> to
+the principal entrance. The Germans call this
+part of a church “Schiff.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Navette</strong>, <strong>Navicula</strong>, Chr. The vessel, in the
+shape of a boat, in which incense is placed for
+the supply of the thurible.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Navicella</strong>, Chr. A celebrated mosaic, at
+Rome, of a ship tossed by storms and assailed
+by demons; emblematic of the Church.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Neanderthal.</strong> A valley near Dusseldorf, in
+which bones and skulls were found of men
+asserted to have been <em>præadamite</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Neat-house</strong></span>, O. E. A cattle-shed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nebris</strong>, Gr. (from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">νεβρὸς</span>, a fawn). A
+fawn’s skin, worn originally by hunters; an
+attribute of Dionysus, and assumed by his
+votaries. It is represented in ancient art as
+worn not only by male and female <em>bacchanals</em>,
+but also by Pans and Satyrs. It was commonly
+put on in the same manner as the <em>ægis</em>, or
+goat’s skin, by tying the two fore-legs over the
+right shoulder, so as to allow the body of the
+skin to cover the left side of the wearer.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nebular</strong> (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nebula</span></i>, a mist). Belonging to
+the nebulæ, or clusters of stars only visible as a
+light, gauzy appearance or mist in the skies.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_481'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_481.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 481. Nebule Moulding.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nebule Moulding.</strong> A decorated moulding of
+Norman architecture, so called from the edge
+forming an undulating or waving line. (See Fig.
+<a href='#fig_481'>481</a>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_482'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_482.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 482. Nebulée.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nebulée</strong>, Her.
+A dividing and
+border line, as represented
+in Fig.
+<a href='#fig_482'>482</a>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nebulous.</strong>
+Cloudy or hazy.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nebuly</strong>, Her.
+Ornamented with light wavy lines.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Neck</strong>, Arch. The plain part at the bottom
+of a Roman Doric or other capital, between
+the mouldings and the top of the shaft. (See
+<span class='sc'>Hypotrachelium</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_483'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_483.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 483. Necklace. Costume of a Roman lady of the 16th century.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Necklaces.</strong> An ornament common to all ages
+and nations. The ancient <span class='sc'>Egyptians</span> of both
+sexes wore them of gold or beads, generally with
+a large drop or figure in the centre, and strung
+of the various religious emblems; amethysts,
+pearls, gold or cornelian bottles, imitations of
+fish, shell, and leaves; finally, an infinite variety
+of devices. (See <em>Wilkinson’s Ancient Egyptians</em>,
+ii. 343.) An illustration of a common form of
+<span class='sc'>Greek</span> necklaces is given under <em>Crotalium</em>. The
+<span class='sc'>British</span> women of the earliest ages wore necklaces
+of jet, ivory, and amber, beads, shells,
+&amp;c., besides gold links hooked together. (See
+also <span class='sc'>Monile</span>, <span class='sc'>Torque</span>.) The Anglo-Norman
+ladies do not appear to have worn necklaces,
+and no mediæval examples are found earlier than
+the 15th century. (See Figs. 303, 304, 483.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Neck-mouldings</strong>, Arch. The mouldings at
+the bottom of the capital, in Gothic architecture.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Necrodeipnon</strong>, Gr. A feast after a funeral;
+a common subject on tombs. A horse’s head
+is usually placed in one corner of the representation,
+as an emblem of death as a journey.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Necrologium</strong>, Chr. A book kept in religious
+houses for the names of the founders and benefactors
+to be mentioned in the prayers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Necromancy</strong> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">νεκρὸς</span>, the dead, and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μαντεία</span>,
+prophecy). Calling up the spirits of the dead
+for divination; hence generally applied to conjuring.
+Necromancy was practised in two ways:
+by inspection of the entrails, and by invoking
+the dead.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Necropolis</strong>, Gr. A city of the dead; a
+cemetery.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nectar</strong>, Gr. The drink of the gods.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Necysia</strong>, Gr. Offerings of garlands of flowers
+and other objects made at the tombs of deceased
+relatives on the anniversary of the day of death,
+or, as some suppose, on their birthdays. (See
+<span class='sc'>Genesia</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Needfire</strong>, or Fire of St. John Baptist
+(Old Germ. <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Nodfyr, Niedfyr</span></i>). A superstitious
+practice of the ancients, derived from
+a pagan source, of celebrating the birthday
+of St. John Baptist at the midsummer solstice
+(St. John’s Eve) by lighting fires, carrying about
+firebrands, or rolling a burning wheel. The
+practice is one of many examples of the caution
+with which the evangelizing ecclesiastics of the
+Middle Ages refrained from abruptly disturbing
+the deeply-rooted superstitions of the ancient
+Germans. [Consult <em>Grimm’s German Mythology</em>;
+<em>Brand</em>, <em>Popular Antiquities</em>.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Needle</strong>, Arch. An <em>obelisk</em> (q.v.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_484'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_484.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 484. Needle Point Lace.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Needle Point in relief.</strong> To Venice belongs
+the invention of the two most perfect productions
+of the needle—“Point coupé,” and Venetian
+point in relief. Various other wonderful
+products of the needle are included under the
+general name of Venetian point, all of exquisite
+workmanship. The needle point in relief is
+made by means of cotton placed as thick as may
+be required to raise the pattern; an infinity of
+beautiful stitches are introduced into the flowers,
+which are surrounded by a pearl of geometric
+regularity. The engraving is an exquisite
+specimen of the fine raised needle point.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nef</strong> or <strong>Ship</strong>. A costly and curious piece of
+plate for the table, used as an épergne in the
+Middle Ages. In the 16th century they were
+perfect models of actual ships, with masts,
+yards, shrouds, and sailors climbing in the rigging.
+They were filled with sweetmeats, and were
+sometimes put on wheels; and there is one at
+Emden in Hanover from the hull of which
+wine was drunk.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Negative.</strong> In Photography, a picture on glass
+having the lights and shadows reversed, from
+which <em>positives</em> may be printed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Neginoth</strong>, Heb. A general term for stringed
+musical instruments.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nehiloth</strong>, Heb. (root <em>chalal</em>, to perforate). A
+general term for perforated wind instruments of
+music.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nelumbo</strong>, Chinese. A fruit-tree closely connected
+with the Buddhist legends, and from its
+symbolical significance and adaptability to ornamentation,
+commonly represented on porcelain.
+(See <em>Jacquemart</em>, <em>Hist. de la Céramique</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Nenia</strong></span>, R. The funeral song which the hired
+mourners sang at a Roman funeral, in praise of
+the deceased. <em>Lessus</em> was their wailing or cry
+of lamentation.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nenuphar</strong> (It. <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">nenufar</span></i>). The great white
+water-lily of Europe.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Neocori</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (1) Originally sweepers
+of the temple. (2) In early times applied to
+the priests in charge of temples. (3) Under
+the Roman emperors, to all Asiatic cities which
+had temples dedicated to an emperor; it occurs
+in this sense (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Νεωκόρος</span>) on the coins of Ephesus,
+Smyrna, and other cities.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Neoteric</strong>, Gr. Of recent origin; modern.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nepaul Paper.</strong> A strong unsized paper, made
+in Nepaul from the pulverized bark of the
+<em>Daphne papyracea</em>. Sheets of this paper are
+sometimes made many yards square.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nephrite.</strong> A mineral. (See <span class='sc'>Jade</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Neptunalia.</strong> Festivals celebrated at Rome
+on the 23rd of July, in honour of Neptune.
+The people built huts of branches and foliage
+about the streets.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nereids</strong>, Gr. Nymphs of the sea, who were
+the constant attendants of Neptune.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Nero Antico</strong></span>, It. Antique marble of Egyptian
+and other ancient statuary, of an intense
+black, probably the result of ages of exposure,
+as no marble of the same intensity of blackness
+is found in any quarries. Marble, called also
+<em>nero antico</em>, of two degrees of beauty, is quarried
+at Aubert (Girons) in France; and the mausoleum
+of Napoleon I. is constructed of this
+stone.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nerved</strong>, Her. Having fibres, as leaves.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nerves</strong>, Arch. The name is sometimes applied
+to the ribs and mouldings on the side surface
+of a vault.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nessotrophium</strong>, Gr. A place in a Roman
+villa for breeding domestic ducks. It was surrounded
+by a high wall, on which was a high
+ledge with nests for the birds. A pond was dug
+in the middle of the enclosure, which was
+planted with shrubs.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Net Tracery</strong>, Arch. A simple and beautiful
+form of tracery of the <em>Decorated</em> period, consisting
+of a series of loops resembling the meshes of
+a net, each loop being quatrefoiled. An example
+occurs in the east cloister of Westminster
+Abbey.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nete</strong>, Gr. The shortest string, or highest
+note, of the seven-stringed lyre. (See <span class='sc'>Mese</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Netherstocks</strong></span>, O. E. The name given to
+<em>stockings</em> in the 16th century, as continuations
+of the trunk-hose or <em>upper stocks</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nethinim</strong>, Heb. (from <em>nathan</em>, to give). The
+servants of the priests and Levites about the
+Temple.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nettle-cloth.</strong> A material made in Germany
+of very thick cotton, used as a substitute for
+japanned leather, on the peaks of caps, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Network</strong> (<em>filatorium opus</em>). An ancient
+method of embroidery in England, used for
+church use or household furniture, by darning
+or working the subject upon linen netting. This
+method chiefly prevailed in the 14th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Neuma</strong> or <strong>Pneuma</strong> (lit. a breath). A musical
+passage consisting of a number of notes
+sung to one syllable, or simply
+to a sound, as “āh” prolonged.
+“In hujus fine <em>neumatizamus</em>,
+id est jubilamus, dum
+finem protrahimus, et ei velut
+caudam accingimus.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Neutral Colour</strong> is that resulting
+from a combination of
+blue, red, and yellow, resulting
+in grey.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Neutral Tint.</strong> An artificial
+pigment used in water-colours,
+composed of sepia, and indigo
+and other blues, with madder
+and other lakes; producing a
+scale of <em>neutral colours</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Neuvaines</strong></span>, Fr. Chr. Set
+prayers repeated for <em>nine</em> consecutive
+days.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nevers Faience.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Nivernais</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Newcastle Glass.</strong> A <em>crown</em>
+glass, held the best for windows
+from 1728 to 1830,
+when it was superseded by the
+improved make of <em>sheet</em> glass.
+It was of an ash colour,
+subject to specks, streaks,
+and other blemishes, and frequently
+warped.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Newel</strong>, Arch. The upright
+central pillar supporting a
+geometrical staircase.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Newel Stairs</strong>, Arch. Where
+the steps are <em>pinned</em> into the
+wall, and there is no central pillar, the
+staircase is said to have an open or hollow
+newel. (See <span class='sc'>Joinery</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_485'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_485.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 485. <em>Niche</em> in the <em>Sigma</em> of the <em>Caldarium</em>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Niche</strong>, Arch. (It. <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">nicchia</span></i>, a sea-shell). A
+recess in a wall for a statue or bust. (Fig. <a href='#fig_485'>485</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Niche-vaulting</strong>, Arch. (Germ. <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Muschelgewölbe</span></i>).
+A form of roofing in a semi-cupola
+design, common in the choirs of churches.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Nick</strong>, <strong>Old Nick</strong></span>, O. E. (Icelandic <em>nikr</em>;
+A.S. <em>nicor</em>, a water-god). The devil.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nickel</strong> (contraction of <em>Kupfernickel</em>, or Nick’s
+copper, a term of derision given to it by the
+German miners). A white or reddish-white
+metal, from which nickel-silver is made. It is
+used to a large extent in the arts, being remarkable
+for the peculiar whiteness and silver-like
+lustre which it communicates to other metals
+when alloyed with them.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nickel-silver.</strong> German silver, or white
+metal, a compound of tin and nickel.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Niello.</strong> The art of chasing out lines or forms,
+and inlaying a black composition called <em>nigellum</em>
+or niello, was probably well known to the
+Greeks. The Byzantines compounded for this
+purpose silver, lead, sulphur, and copper, and
+laid it on the silver in a powder; being then
+passed through the furnace, it melted and incorporated
+with the solid metal. A process producing
+a similar result of black tracery is practised
+in porcelain painting, and called <span class='sc'>Niello-enamel</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Nigged Ashlar</strong></span>, O. E. Stone hewn with a
+pick or a pointed hammer, presenting a gnawed
+or nibbled surface: from the Swedish <em>nagga</em>, to
+gnaw.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nilometer.</strong> A building erected, <span class='fss'>A. D.</span> 847,
+in the island of Rhoda, opposite to Cairo, for
+recording the annual rise of the Nile (i. e. 16
+cubits). It is a slender octagonal shaft about
+20 feet in height, with a Corinthian capital.
+(See the <em>Builder</em>, xvii. 255.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nimbed</strong>, Her. Having the head encircled
+with a <em>nimbus</em>; usually represented by a circular
+line.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nimbus</strong> (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nimbus</span></i>, a bright or black
+cloud). In Christian art, a disc or plate, commonly
+golden, sometimes red, blue, or green,
+or banded like a rainbow, placed vertically behind
+the heads of persons of special dignity or
+sanctity as a symbol of honour. After the
+8th century living persons were, in Italy, distinguished
+by a square nimbus, which sometimes
+assumed the form of a scroll partly unrolled.
+The nimbus is of heathen origin. Virgil describes
+Juno as “nimbo succincta.” The heads of
+the statues of the gods, and the Roman emperors,
+after they began to claim divine honours, were
+decorated with a crown of rays. On medals of
+the Christian emperors also the nimbus is found,
+e.g. Constantine. In illuminated MSS. it is
+found on Pharaoh, Ahab, and other kings. It
+is a familiar symbol of dignity or power in the
+East, but does not appear as a Christian emblem
+before the 6th century. [See the article <span class='sc'>Nimbus</span>
+in the <em>Dict. of Christian Antiquities</em>.] (See
+<span class='sc'>Aureole</span>, <span class='sc'>Glory</span>, <span class='sc'>Vesica Piscis</span>, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Nincompoop</strong></span>, O. E. A corruption of the Latin
+<em>non compos</em>; a fool.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ninth.</strong> In Music, an interval consisting of
+an octave and a tone, or semitone.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nisan</strong>, Heb. The month in the Jewish calendar
+answering to our April.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nitrate of Silver</strong>, used in photography, is silver
+dissolved in nitric acid.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nivarius</strong> (saccus), R. A bag of snow used as
+a wine-cooler. (See <span class='sc'>Collum Vinarium</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_486'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_486.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 486. Jar. Nivernais Faience.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nivernais Faience.</strong>
+An important
+branch of the
+ceramic art, established
+in 1608 at
+Nevers in France
+by the brothers
+Conrade. (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_486'>486</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nobbled Stone</strong>,
+Arch. Stone
+roughly rounded at
+the quarry to diminish
+its bulk for
+transport.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_487'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_487.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 487. Noble of Henry V.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Noble.</strong> A gold
+coin worth 6<em>s.</em> 8<em>d.</em>
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_487'>487</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nodes.</strong> In Astronomy,
+the two points where the orbit of a
+heavenly body intersects the ecliptic.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nodus</strong>, Arch. The Latin name for a key-stone,
+or a <em>boss</em> in vaulting.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Nog</strong></span>, O. E. Timbers built into walls to
+strengthen the structure. They show on the
+plastering of houses in ornamental patterns. In
+Kent these houses are called “wood noggen”
+houses.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Noggin</strong></span>, O. E. “A mug or pot of earth
+with a large belly and narrower mouth.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nogging</strong>, Arch. Brickwork in panels carried
+between quarters.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nome</strong>, Egyp. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">νομός</span>). A division or district
+of Egypt; there were forty-four in all. Each
+nome was placed under the protection of a
+special divinity, and ruled by a resident military
+governor.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nonagon.</strong> A nine-sided polygon.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nones.</strong> (1) R. One of the three divisions of
+the Roman month; the ninth days before the
+<span class='sc'>Ides</span> of each month. (2) Chr. One of the
+<span class='sc'>Hours of Prayer</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Nonunia</strong></span>, O. E. A quick time in music,
+containing nine crotchets between the bars.
+(<cite>Halliwell.</cite>)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_488'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_488.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 488. Norman Architecture. The Round Church, Cambridge.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Norman Architecture.</strong> It was introduced into
+England at the Conquest, <span class='fss'>A. D.</span> 1066, and was superseded
+in the 12th century by the Early English
+style. Solid massive masonry, round-headed
+doors and windows, and low square central tower
+are (broadly) its characteristics. Among details
+the zigzag and the billet mouldings are the most
+noticeable. (Fig. <a href='#fig_488'>488</a>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_489'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_489.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 489. Incrusted Tile. Norman. Middle Ages.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Norman Pottery</strong>, Mediæval. The illustration
+is from a pavement of a church of the 12th
+century. “Nothing,” says Jacquemart, “is
+more curious than the study of these tiles, in
+which, with rudimentary means, art already
+begins to manifest its power. There, in a graceful
+chequer-work, the fleur-de-lis of France
+heightens at intervals a semé of trefoils and
+rosettes; scrolls of notched leaves combine in
+graceful borders; circles divided crossways
+receive in their sections stars and heraldic
+suns; here are armour-clad warriors, mounted
+upon horses richly caparisoned, &amp;c.—all that
+picturesque fancy assisted by the resources of
+heraldry could invent to animate the cold
+compartments of the pavement, and give a
+meaning to the vast naves trodden every day
+by the Christian multitude.” (<cite>Histoire de l’Art
+Céramique.</cite>) (Fig. <a href='#fig_489'>489</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Norns</strong>, <strong>Nornas</strong>, Icelandic. The three Fates,
+whose names signify the Past, the Present, and
+the Future.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Norroy King at Arms.</strong> The
+third of the kings at arms, whose
+jurisdiction lies to the north of
+the Trent.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>North Side</strong> of a church “was regarded
+as the source of the cold
+wind, and the haunt of Satan.
+In some Cornish churches there
+is an entrance called the devil’s
+door, adjoining the font, which
+was only opened at the time of
+the renunciation made in baptism,
+for the escape of the fiend. In
+consequence of these superstitions,
+and its sunless aspect, the northern
+parts of churchyards are
+usually devoid of graves.” (<em>Wallcott</em>, <em>Sacred
+Archæology</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Norwegian Architecture.</strong> The timber-built
+churches are of great interest, and exhibit the
+wonderful durability of the Norwegian pine.
+They are generally in the form of a cross, with
+a tower in the centre ending in a cupola or
+spire, and with high pitched roofs. The ornamental
+details are elaborate and richly carved.
+The whole is often painted of a rich brown
+colour; sometimes of a bright red. Some of
+these churches date from the 11th or 12th
+century, and are an imitation in wood of the
+masonic style of the period.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Nosocomium</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">νοσο-κομεῖον</span>). A hospital.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Notatus</strong></span>, R. (<em>noto</em>, to mark). A slave
+branded with a hot iron.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Note of a Room.</strong> The vibrations of the air
+in a chamber or vaulted space produce a musical
+<em>note</em> proper to the dimensions and other conditions
+of the place, which a good musical ear
+can recognize and identify. [See <em>T. R. Smith’s
+Acoustics</em>, pp. 83–87.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nottingham White.</strong> White lead. (See <span class='sc'>Carbonate
+of Lead</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>November</strong> (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">novem</span></i>, nine). The <em>ninth</em>
+month of the Roman year, which began with
+March. It consisted originally of thirty days, but
+Julius Cæsar added one to it. Augustus, however,
+reduced it to its original number.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_490'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_490.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 490. Nowed. Device of the House of Savoy.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nowed</strong>, Her. Coiled in a knot, as a snake.
+The illustration (Fig. <a href='#fig_490'>490</a>) is the ordinary device
+of the house of Savoy—the “true lovers’ knot;”
+with the Latin motto, “It binds but constrains
+not.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Nowel</strong></span>, O. E. (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">noel</span></i>, from <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">natalis</span></i>). A
+cry of joy; properly that at Christmas, of joy
+for the birth of the Saviour. It originally signified
+the feast of Christmas.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Nubilarium</strong></span>, R. A shed used as a barn; it
+was situated close to the threshing-floor.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Numella</strong>, <strong>Numellus</strong></span>, R. A kind of pillory
+for keeping men and animals in a fixed position.
+It was made use of in surgical operations,
+and as an instrument of torture.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Numismatics</strong> (<em>numisma</em>, coined money). The
+science of coins and medals. The earliest
+known coins were issued by the Greeks, probably
+in the 8th century <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> (See the Article
+in the <em>Encyclopædia Britan.</em>, 8th edition, from
+which reference can be taken to exhaustive
+treatises on the various ramifications of this
+science.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nummud</strong>, Persian. A carpet of felt much
+used in Persia.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nun’s Thread.</strong> A kind of thread formerly
+made to a large extent in Paisley.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nun’s Work</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">œuvre de nonnain</span></i>). As
+early as the 14th century needlework was generally
+so described. Ancient lace is still so called
+in many parts of the country.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nundinæ</strong> (<em>novemdinæ</em>; from <em>novem</em>, nine,
+and <em>dies</em>, days). Roman weeks; the nomenclature
+including the day before and that after
+the seven days. The name was given to the
+weekly <em>market</em>-days at Rome.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Nupta</strong></span>, R.(<em>nubo</em>, to wed). A married woman.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_491'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_491.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 491. Nuremberg Vase, enamelled in relief.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nuremberg Vase.</strong> Fig. <a href='#fig_491'>491</a> is one of the
+gems, of the Renaissance period, issued from
+Nuremberg; a vase with portraits heightened
+with enamels and gold. (<em>Jacquemart</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nurhag</strong> (Sardinian <em>Noraga</em>). Primitive
+buildings in the island of Sardinia, of remote
+antiquity, having turrets as high as 30 to 60
+feet, and containing stones of 100 cubic feet
+each in their structure. [See <em>Waring</em>, <em>Stone
+Monuments</em>.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nurspell.</strong> An old English game like trap,
+bat, and ball. It is played with a <em>kibble</em>, a <em>nur</em>,
+and a <em>spell</em>. When the end of the <em>spell</em> is struck
+with the <em>kibble</em>, the <em>nur</em> rises into the air, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nut.</strong> In Christian symbolism, an emblem of
+the Divinity of Christ hidden in His manhood.
+St. Augustine has a long treatise on the symbolism
+of the husk, shell, and kernel of the nut.
+(<cite>Serm. de temp. Dominic. ante Nativ.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nut Oil.</strong> This medium for colour-grinding is
+derived from the walnut; as a vehicle it is preferred
+to linseed oil, and is the quickest dryer.
+(See <span class='sc'>Mediums</span>, <span class='sc'>Oils</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nutmeg Ornament</strong>, Arch. A common feature
+in Early English work in the <em>north</em> of
+England, but not in the south. It resembles
+half a nutmeg, and is carved at certain distances
+apart in the hollow of a dripstone at
+St. Mary’s Church, Nunmonkton, Yorkshire.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nuttoo</strong>, Hind. A nose-stud or ornament
+worn by Indian women, often set with brilliants,
+rubies, emeralds, and pearls.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_492'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_492.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 492. Nymphæum of Egeria, near Rome.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nymphæum</strong>, <strong>Nympheum</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">νύμφαιον</span> and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">νυμφεῖον</span>).
+Literally, <em>a building consecrated to the
+nymphs</em>. It was a large and richly-decorated
+chamber, with columns, niches, and statues, and
+a fountain in the centre. Nymphæa were often
+erected near the head of a spring, and formed
+cool and agreeable retreats. Fig. <a href='#fig_492'>492</a> represents
+a portion of the ruins of the nymphæum of
+Egeria, near Rome; and Fig. <a href='#fig_493'>493</a> the interior of
+the nymphæum at Nismes, restored. In Christian
+times the fountains or cisterns common at
+the doors of churches were called <em>nymphæa</em>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_493'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_493.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 493. Nymphæum at Nismes (restored).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Nymphs.</strong> Inferior goddesses of the mountains,
+forests, waters, or meadows. Those presiding
+over rivers, &amp;c., were <span class='sc'>Oceanides</span>, <span class='sc'>Naiads</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Nereids</span>; those over mountains, <span class='sc'>Oreiads</span>;
+those over woods and trees, <span class='sc'>Dryads</span> and
+<span class='sc'>Hamadryads</span>; those over valleys, <span class='sc'>Napææ</span>,
+&amp;c. They were represented in art as beautiful
+young women. The waters of Hades had their
+presiding nymphs, the <span class='sc'>Avernales</span>.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c005'>O.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c006'><strong>O</strong> was used as a numeral by the ancients to
+represent 11, and with a dash over it (Ō) to
+denote 11,000.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>O</strong></span>, O. E. Anything circular. Shakspeare
+calls the stars “those fiery O’s.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Oak-apple Day</strong></span>, O. E. The 29th of May, in
+commemoration of the escape of King Charles in
+the oak-tree.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Oak-tree</strong>, the emblem of virtue, force, and
+strength, is frequently introduced in ancient
+sculpture. In Christian art an attribute of St.
+Boniface, in allusion to his cutting down a
+Druidical oak.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Oasis</strong> (from the Coptic <em>ouah</em>, a resting-place).
+One of the verdant spots that occur at intervals
+in the deserts of Africa; hence any fertile spot
+in a desert, with the obvious symbolical application.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Oast-house</strong></span>, O. E. A kiln for drying hops.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Oban.</strong> The principal gold coin of Japan,
+worth about 4<em>l.</em> 2<em>s.</em></p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Obba</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἄμβιξ</span>). A drinking-vessel
+of earthenware or wood, probably funnel-shaped;
+hence—</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Obbatus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. Made in the shape of
+an <em>obba</em>, that is, terminating in a point. The
+term is often applied to the cap of the
+Dioscuri.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_494'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_494.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 494. Egyptian Obelisk.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Obelisk</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὀβελίσκος</span>, lit. a small spit). Also
+called a needle. A tall, rectangular, monolithic
+column, of slightly pyramidal shape, invented
+by the Egyptians; in nearly every case they
+are covered from the base to the top, and on all
+four sides, with hieroglyphic symbols. (Fig. <a href='#fig_494'>494</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Oberon.</strong> The king of the fairies.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Obex</strong></span>, R. (<em>objicio</em>, to obstruct). Any contrivance
+to keep a door closed, such as a bolt, lock,
+latch, iron bar, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Oblata</strong>, Chr. The sacred bread. This word
+was more commonly applied to the <em>unconsecrated</em>
+loaf, and <span class='sc'>Hostia</span> to the <em>consecrated</em>. (For particulars
+respecting the preparation and the form
+of <em>oblates</em>, see the article <span class='sc'>Elements</span> in <em>Smith
+and Cheetham</em>, <em>Dict. of Christian Antiquities</em>.)
+In the same manner <span class='sc'>Oblati</span> were lay-brothers
+in a monastery who had not taken the vows.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Oblate.</strong> Flattened or shortened like the
+earth at the poles. The earth is an <em>oblate</em>
+spheroid.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Oblationarium</strong>, Chr. A small table placed
+near the high altar, or at the end of one of the
+side aisles, on which the people laid their offerings.
+It was also used, when in the choir, to hold
+the sacred utensils in place of the <em>credence table</em>.
+In the Greek Church the <em>oblationarium</em> is still
+used for the bread, wine, and sacred vessels
+required in the mass.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Oble</strong>, <strong>Oblete</strong> (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oblata</span></i>), O. E. The consecrated
+wafer distributed to communicants at
+mass.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“Ne Jhesu was nat the <em>oble</em></div>
+      <div class='line'>That reysed was at the sacre.”</div>
+      <div class='line in22'>(<cite>Harl. MS.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'>Hence, a wafer-cake, sweetened with honey,
+and made of the finest wheaten bread.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Oboe</strong> or <strong>Hautboy</strong> (from Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">haut</span></i>, high, and
+<em>bois</em>, wood). A wind instrument like a flute,
+sounded through a reed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Obolo</strong>, Mod. A copper coin, worth about
+a halfpenny, circulated in the Ionian Islands.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Obolos</strong>, Gr. (derived from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὀβολὸς</span>, a brooch, originally).
+A small copper coin worth the sixth part
+of a drachm. The obolos in later times was of
+bronze; but in the best times of Athens it was
+of silver. Its value in the Æginetan standard
+was 1·166 of a penny.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Obscœna</strong>, Chr. Obscene representations frequently
+met with in Christian iconography,
+which, according to De Canmont, are “to warn
+the faithful that they ought to enter the temple
+with pure hearts, leaving outside all the passions
+that soil the soul.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Obsidian.</strong> A volcanic glass found near volcanoes,
+used in antiquity for the manufacture of
+mirrors, axes, knives, &amp;c. (See <span class='sc'>Glass</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Obstragulum</strong></span>, R. A long leather strap
+(<em>amentum</em>) worn as a fastening to the <em>crepida</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Obstrigillum</strong></span>, R. A shoe, the sides of which
+were lengthened into a lappet over the
+instep.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Obturaculum</strong>, <strong>Obturamentum</strong></span>, R. (<em>obturo</em>, to
+stop up). A stopper for the neck of a bottle
+or the mouth of a vessel.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Obverse.</strong> Of a coin, the face, or side which
+bears the principal symbol. The other side is the
+<span class='sc'>Reverse</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ocal</strong>, Span. Coarse silk.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Occabus</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὄκκαβος</span>). A kind of spoon.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Occidental Diamond.</strong> A precious stone of
+inferior hardness and beauty.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Occultation.</strong> The disappearance or eclipse
+of one heavenly body behind another.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ocellata</strong></span>, R. (lit. marked with <em>ocelli</em> or spots).
+Marbles used as playthings by children.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ocellated.</strong> Full of eyes; said of a peacock’s
+tail. (See Fig. <a href='#fig_398'>398</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ochre.</strong> Argillaceous earth of different colours
+which, when finely ground, is used as a pigment.
+<em>Red ochre</em> is a form of specular iron ore; <em>brown
+ochre</em> is a variety of hæmatite. The <em>yellow
+ochres</em> become red when calcined, but the
+finest reds are made from those which are brown
+in the bed. Native red ochre is called <em>red
+chalk</em> or <em>reddle</em> in England. <em>Spanish Brown</em>,
+<em>Indian Red</em>, <em>Venetian Red</em>, and the yellow
+ochres have nearly the same composition. The
+other ochres are known as <em>Oxford</em>, <em>Roman</em>, and
+<em>stone ochres</em>, and as <em>terra di Sienna</em> and <em>umber</em>.
+They are all valuable and durable pigments for
+oil, water, or enamel painting. (See <span class='sc'>Amatita</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ocrea</strong></span>, R. A greave; a piece of armour which
+covered the shin-bone from below the knee to
+the ankle. It was generally richly ornamented
+by designs embossed or chased upon it. (Modern
+<span class='sc'>Jambes</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Octagon.</strong> A figure of eight equal sides, considered
+as an emblem of regeneration; consequently
+the proper form for baptistries and fonts.
+(<cite>Fairholt.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Octahedron.</strong> A solid contained by eight equal
+sides, which are equilateral triangles.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Octastyle</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὀκτά-στυλος</span>). An <em>octastyle</em>
+portico is a portico having eight columns in
+front; <em>octastyle</em> pediment, a pediment supported
+by eight columns. The pediment of the Parthenon
+at Athens, from which the Elgin Marbles
+come, is an <em>octastyle</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Octave.</strong> (1) In Music, the longest interval
+in the diatonic scale; as from <em>do</em> to <em>do</em>, or <span class='fss'>C</span> to
+<span class='fss'>C</span>. (2) Chr. Eight days, or the eighth day after
+a Church festival (the festival being included)
+kept as a repetition or prolongation of the festival.
+It is a Western custom unknown to the Eastern
+Church.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>October.</strong> The eighth month of the old Roman
+year, but the tenth in the calendar of Numa,
+Julius Cæsar, &amp;c. It was sacred to Mars, and a
+horse called the <em>October equus</em> was annually sacrificed
+to Mars.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Octofoil</strong>, Her. A double <em>quatrefoil</em>; the
+<em>difference</em> of a ninth son.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Octophoron</strong> or <strong>Octaphoron</strong></span>, Gr. and R.
+(<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὀκτώφορον</span>). A litter (<em>lectica</em>) borne by eight
+slaves.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_495'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_495.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 495. Ocularium in a helmet.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ocularium</strong>, Med. Lat.
+The narrow slit or opening
+for the sight in a helmet.
+(See Fig. <a href='#fig_495'>495</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Oculus</strong>, Chr. A round
+window of frequent occurrence
+in the tympanum
+of the pediment in Latin
+basilicas, and occasionally
+in certain churches
+of the 11th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ode</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ᾠδὴ</span>, a song). A
+short lyrical poem, intended
+to be sung to the
+accompaniment of an instrument,
+especially the
+<em>lyre</em>; hence the expression
+<em>lyric</em> poetry.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_496'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_496.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 496. Ground-plan of the Odeon at Athens.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Odeon</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ᾠδεῖον</span>; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ᾠδὴ</span>, a
+song). A small theatre
+at Athens, built by Pericles
+for musical performances.
+By analogy, the
+name was applied to any
+theatre built on a circular plan and covered with
+a roof, like that of Athens, shown in Fig. <a href='#fig_496'>496</a>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_497'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_497.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 497. Ground-plan of a Greek house.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Œcos</strong>, <strong>Œcus</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">οἶκος</span>). A Greek house;
+the term, however, denoted rather a large
+apartment resembling the atrium, but entirely
+shut in, that is to say, without impluvium.
+In Fig. <a href='#fig_497'>497</a>, A is the œcus; B, C, two
+rooms forming offices; D, a tablinum; E, a
+portico; G, the entrance to the house; H,
+work-rooms; J, the triclinium. <em>Œcus tetrastylos</em>
+was a house in which four columns
+supported the roof; <em>œcus Corinthius</em>, having
+one order of columns supporting an architrave,
+cornice, and an arched roof; <em>œcus
+Egyptius</em>, in which the pillars supported a
+gallery with a paved floor, forming a walk
+round the apartment; above these pillars others
+were placed, one-fourth less in height; and
+between the upper columns were placed windows;
+and the <em>œcus Cyzicenus</em>, which looked
+to the north, and, if possible, faced gardens,
+to which it opened by folding doors, was a
+summer-house. (See <span class='sc'>Domus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Œil-de-bœuf</strong>, Arch. A small round or oval
+window in a roof.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Œillets.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Oillets</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_498'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_498.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 498. Œnochoê, decorated with <em>zoophori</em>, or bands of animals.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_498a.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 498 a. Œnochoê, or Wine-jug, in black glazed earthenware.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Œnochoê</strong> (Gr.
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">οἶνος</span>, wine, and
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χέω</span>, to pour).
+An earthen vase
+used to take
+the wine out of
+the crater and
+distribute it into
+cups. It is the
+vase carried by
+the goddesses, and
+used for libations.
+(Figs. 498, 498 a.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Œnophorum</strong>, Gr.
+and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">οἰνοφόρον</span>).
+A light
+case or basket for
+carrying wine.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Œnopolium</strong>, Gr.
+and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">οἰνοπώλιον</span>).
+The shop
+of a dealer who
+sold wine to be
+carried away; distinct from the <em>taberna meritoria</em>
+or <em>deversoria</em>, which was a public tavern.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Offendix</strong></span>, R. A string by which the <em>apex</em>,
+or cap worn by the flamens, Salians, or other
+members of priestly colleges, was fastened under
+the chin.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Offertoria</strong>, Chr. (1) The anthems sung in a
+Christian church while the oblations were received;
+mentioned by Isidorus, <span class='fss'>A. D.</span> 595:
+“Offertoria quæ
+in sacrificiorum
+honore canuntur.”
+(2) Large plates,
+which, in the
+Christian
+churches of Gaul,
+served to collect
+the bread which
+the Christians had
+just laid on the
+altar. A beautiful
+specimen of
+such dishes, found
+in Siberia in 1867,
+and described by
+Rossi, is 6 inches
+in diameter, and
+weighs 1½ lbs. It
+has a relief in
+<em>repoussé</em> work,
+consisting of a
+cross planted on a
+small globe studded
+with stars,
+beneath which
+issue the four rivers of Paradise; and on either
+side stand two nimbed angels, holding a rod in
+the left hand, and raising their right hand
+towards the cross in token of adoration. De
+Rossi regards this dish as the work of Byzantine
+goldsmiths of the 6th century. (3) At Rome,
+acolytes went in and out among the people, and
+collected the offerings in napkins of line linen or
+richer material called also <em>offertoria</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Offertories</strong>, in Egyptian archæology, are offerings
+made to the gods, of various shapes; such
+as outstretched hands supporting a cup, or
+spoons of ivory, wood, or bronze, the handle of
+which is formed by a human figure.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Officina</strong></span>, R. A workshop, in contradistinction
+to <em>taberna</em>, a store, and <em>apotheca</em>, a shop;
+thus, <em>officina ærariorum</em> was a goldsmith’s
+workshop; <em>officina fullonum</em>, a fuller’s establishment.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_499'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_499.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 499. Device of the Offuscati Academy.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Offuscati.</strong> One of the Italian literary academies.
+They bore for their device a bear,
+roused from his natural heaviness by the stings
+of bees, with the motto, “Stings (or points) will
+sharpen steel.” (Fig. <a href='#fig_499'>499</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ogam</strong>, Celtic. The sacred writing of the
+Druids. (Cf. <span class='sc'>Ogham</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ogee Arch</strong> or <strong>Contrasted Arch</strong> or <strong>Moulding</strong>,
+Arch. An arch or moulding described
+by means of four centres, so as to be alternately
+concave and convex. It was frequently
+employed in fifteenth-century monuments,
+and its constant recurrence in the <em>later
+Gothic</em> or <em>flamboyant</em> architecture has given
+rise to its French name of <em>ogival</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ogham.</strong> A kind of shorthand writing or
+cipher in use among the ancient Irish. (<cite>S.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Ogivale</strong></span>, Fr. A French architectural term
+of constant occurrence, applied to the architecture
+of the mediæval period in France, during
+which the <em>pointed arch</em> was used.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Ogive</strong></span>, Fr. Arch. A <em>pointed</em> arch; <em>not</em> the
+<span class='sc'>Ogee</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ogivette</strong>, Arch. A small ogee.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ogress</strong>, Her. A pellet or black roundle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Oil Painting</strong> was introduced in Flanders by
+the brothers Van Eyck in 1410, and in Italy by
+Antonello da Messina in or about 1455.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Oillets</strong> or <strong>Oylets</strong>. Loopholes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Oils.</strong> The fixed oils used in painting are
+<em>linseed</em>, <em>walnut</em>, and <em>poppy</em>, purified and rendered
+drying by the addition of <em>litharge</em>. They
+should be pale in colour, limpid, and transparent,
+and should dry quickly: <em>nut oil</em> in a
+few hours, <em>linseed</em> in a day, and <em>poppy oil</em> in
+thirty-six to forty hours. The essential oils used
+in painting are <em>turpentine</em>, for diluting the pigments
+ground in oil, and <em>spike</em>, or <em>lavender</em>, for
+wax and enamel painting.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Oinerusis</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">οἰν-ήρυσις</span>). (See <span class='sc'>Arystichos</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ointment-box</strong>, in Christian art, is the attribute
+of St. Mary Magdalene, St. Joseph of
+Arimathæa, and other saints.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_500'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_500.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 500. Covered Tazza; Faience of Oiron. In the Louvre.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Oiron</strong>, a small town in France (so named
+from the flocks of geese which circle round it
+<em>Oi-rond</em> in winter), is the place where the fine
+faiences, usually called Henri II. ware, were
+made. “Here is France,” says M. Jacquemart,
+“in the 16th century in possession of a pottery,
+the discovery of which is attributed 200 years
+later to England.” There are only about fifty
+pieces known, five of which may be seen in the
+South Kensington Museum.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Okel</strong>, Egyp. A caravanserai. A large
+covered court surrounded by two stories of
+galleries, of which the lower is used as shops,
+&amp;c., and the upper one as lodging-rooms.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Oldham.</strong> A coarse kind of cloth originated
+at Oldham in Norfolk, <em>temp.</em> Richard II.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Olibanum.</strong> A gum-resin used for incense.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Oliphant</strong>, A.S. An elephant; hence a hunting-horn
+of ivory.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Olive.</strong> A blue-grey colour; violet mixed with
+green.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Olive</strong>(-tree). (1) In Christian art, the emblem
+of peace and concord, and frequent on
+early Christian tombs in the catacombs, with or
+without the dove. (2) Arch. Its leaf was introduced
+into sculpture by the ancients, in wreaths
+or garlands. The Corinthian order is enriched
+with <em>olive</em>-leaves, as are almost all the antiques at
+Rome of this order. (3) R. The <em>corona oleagina</em>,
+an honorary wreath made of olive-leaves, was
+conferred by the Romans on soldiers and commanders
+through whose instrumentality a triumph
+had been obtained when they were not personally
+present in the action. (4) Gr. It was the <em>olive</em>-tree
+that Minerva caused to spring from the ground
+in the citadel at Athens. (5) The colour and
+grain of the wood, and of the root portion especially,
+are very beautiful, and valuable for decorative
+and cabinet-work.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Olivette.</strong> A Flemish name for <em>poppy oil</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Olivine.</strong> A variety of <em>chrysolite</em> of a dark
+green, commonly called bottle-green colour.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Olla</strong></span>, R. An earthenware vessel of very
+common make. It resembled our flower-pots,
+but had swelling sides, and was covered with a
+lid. It was used for cooking meat and vegetables
+and for preserving grapes (<em>uva ollaria</em>),
+and as a cinerary urn (<em>olla ossuaria</em> or <em>cineraria</em>).
+Hence—</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><strong>Olla-podrida</strong></span>, Sp. A stew of meat and vegetables
+mixed, common in Spain. The word is
+used to describe any other incongruous mixture.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ollarium</strong></span>, R. A niche in a sepulchral chamber,
+in which the <em>olla ossuaria</em> was placed. (See
+<span class='sc'>Cinerarium</span>, Fig. <a href='#fig_160'>160</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Olpê</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὄλπη</span>). A kind of <em>aryballos</em> with a
+curved handle, but no spout (originally a leather
+oil-flask).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Olympiad</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ὀλυμπίας</span>). The period of
+four years between two consecutive celebrations
+of the Olympic games. The first Olympiad
+began <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 776.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Olympic Games</strong>, Gr. Games instituted by
+Hercules in honour of Jupiter Olympius; they
+were the most ancient and celebrated in all
+Greece. They derived their name from Olympia,
+in Greece, where they were celebrated. They
+were finally suppressed by Theodosius, <span class='fss'>A. D.</span> 394.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ombre.</strong> A kind of damask.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ombros.</strong> The name for a particular quality
+of <em>madder</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Omophagi</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὠμο-φάγοι</span>, sc. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δαῖτες</span>, i. e.
+flesh-eating banquets). Festivals held at Chio
+and Tenedos in honour of Bacchus.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Omophorion.</strong> (1) An article of female dress,
+worn on the <em>shoulders</em>. (2) A vestment of the
+Greek Church, consisting of a long woollen band
+with embroidered crosses. It is typical of the
+lost sheep borne home on the shoulders of the
+Shepherd.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Onager</strong>, <strong>Onagrus</strong></span>, R. An engine for hurling
+stones of great size.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Onicolo</strong> or <strong>Nicolo</strong>. A variety of the onyx,
+with a deep-brown ground, on which is a band
+of bluish white, used for making cameos.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Onocentaurs.</strong> Fabulous animals, half man,
+half ass.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Onychomancy</strong> (<em>onyx</em>, a nail). Divination by
+means of the marks on the nails of the hands.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Onyx</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὄνυξ</span>, a finger-nail). (1) A general name
+for the varieties of the agate which consist
+of alternate layers of white, brown, or
+black, greatly valued by the ancients for cameos.
+In the Christian symbolism the onyx typifies
+innocence and candour. (See <span class='sc'>Onicolo</span>.) (2)
+The name has also been applied by the ancients
+to Oriental alabaster. (3) Onyx marble was a
+name given to Algerian marble from Oran, of
+which “pure white, brilliant red, golden yellow,
+and hues of green, with every variety of
+striation and flocculence, exist.” [See the <em>Building
+News</em>, xiv. 489.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Opa</strong>, <strong>Opê</strong>, Gr. Arch. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὀπή</span>). A cavity in which a
+tie-beam (<em>tignum</em>) rests; whence the space included
+between two <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὀπαὶ</span> or <em>tigna</em> was called
+<em>metopa</em> or <em>intertignum</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Opacity.</strong> Want of transparency.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Opaion</strong>, Gr. Arch. The panels on a ceiling
+formed by the intersection of its beams.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Opal.</strong> A semi-transparent stone, remarkable
+for the play of colours that it exhibits. Three
+varieties are, the <em>oriental opal</em>, called also the
+<em>noble</em> opal and the <em>harlequin</em> opal, remarkable
+for its flashes of brilliant colours having a
+triangular disposition. The affection that the
+ancients entertained for this beautiful gem was
+unbounded. The Roman senator Nonnius preferred
+exile to parting with a brilliant opal the
+size of a filbert which Marc Antony coveted.
+The <em>fire opal</em> is furnished principally by Mexico.
+Its colour, more pronounced than that of the
+<em>oriental</em> opal, and the carmine or vinous red tint
+of its fires, permit it to be easily recognized.
+The <em>common opal</em> displays very little fire; its
+colour is milk-white, which, joined to a texture
+extremely homogeneous, renders it semi-transparent.
+[<em>L. Dieulafait.</em>]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Opal Glass</strong>, called also Milk-white Glass;
+prepared for globes to lamps, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Opales</strong>, <strong>Opalia</strong></span>, R. Festivals of Ops, the
+wife of Saturn, which were held every year on
+the fourteenth of the calends of January (19th of
+December).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Opalescent.</strong> Having a play of colours like
+the <em>opal</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Open-tide</strong></span>, O. E. The season between
+Epiphany and Ash-Wednesday, when marriages
+were publicly solemnized.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Opera.</strong> A lyrical drama set to music; originated
+at Florence in the 16th century. [Consult
+<em>Doni</em> (passim), <em>Arteaga Manfredini</em>, <em>Signorelli</em>,
+&amp;c.; also <em>Dr. Burney’s Tours and
+Correspondence</em>, and <em>Grimm’s Correspondence</em>.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Operculum</strong></span>, R. A cover for any kind of
+earthenware vessel.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ophicleide</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὄφις</span>, a serpent, and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κλεὶς</span>, a key).
+A wind instrument of brass or copper made in
+the form of a serpent. Generally, the bass of a
+military band.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ophiomancy</strong>, Gr. Divination by snakes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ophiomorphous.</strong> Snake-shaped.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ophite</strong> or <strong>Ophiolite</strong>. Green porphyry or
+<span class='sc'>Serpentine</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ophites</strong>, Chr. A sect which arose in the 2nd
+century in the Christian Church. They believed
+that the Serpent who tempted Eve was Christ himself.
+They are also called <span class='sc'>Serpentinians</span>. (<cite>S.</cite>)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_501'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_501.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 501. Opima Spolia. Trophy of Gallic Ensigns.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Opima Spolia</strong></span>, R. The “spoils of honour,”
+consisting of armour set up as a trophy and
+dedicated in the temple of Jupiter Feretrius at
+Rome. These were spoils taken from the chief
+of a hostile army, who had been killed by the
+hand of a Roman general. Plutarch asserts
+that the <em>spolia opima</em> were actually taken only
+three times.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Opinicus</strong>, Her. A fabulous heraldic monster;
+a dragon before and a lion behind, with a camel’s
+tail.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Opisthodomos</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὀπισθό-δομος</span>). Latin, <strong>Posticum</strong>.
+A small chamber placed at the back
+of a temple, to which the priests alone had
+access.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Oporotheca</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὀπωρο-θήκη</span>). A storehouse
+for fruits.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Oppidan.</strong> At Eton College, a boy who is
+not a king’s scholar, and boards in the town.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_502'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_502.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 502. Oppidum and carceres of the circus of Caracalla.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Oppidum</strong></span>, R. A fortified town, and thence
+the mass of buildings occupying the extremity
+of a circus, in which were the stalls for the
+chariots and horses (<em>carceres</em>). Fig. <a href='#fig_502'>502</a> gives
+a representation of the <em>oppidum</em> in the circus of
+Caracalla.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Optical Correction</strong> is a name given to the
+task of adapting art objects, or architectural
+proportions and ornaments, to the circumstances
+of distance or comparison in which they are to
+be exhibited. Belzoni observes that the heads
+of colossal Egyptian statues are proportionally
+larger than the lower members. (For numerous
+examples of this contrivance, see the article in
+the <em>Architectural Publication Society’s Dictionary</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Optics</strong> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὄπτομαι</span>, to see). The science of
+the nature and properties of light; of its changes
+as it penetrates or is reflected or absorbed by
+bodies; of the structure of the eye, and the
+laws of vision; and of instruments in connexion
+with sight. It is thus closely connected with
+the science of colour, and the arts in general.
+The earliest treatise extant on this science is
+Euclid’s <em>Optica et Catoptrica</em>. (Cf. <em>Dr. Smith’s
+Optics</em>, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Optigraph.</strong> A telescope for copying landscapes.
+(See <span class='sc'>Claude Glass</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Optostratum</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὀπτὸς</span>, brick, and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">στρωτὸν</span>,
+strewn). A brick pavement, often arranged in
+a herring-boned pattern, as in the <span class='sc'>Opus Spicatum</span>.
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_509'>509</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Opus Albarium.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Stucco</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_503'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_503.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 503. Alexandrinum opus.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Opus Alexandrinum.</strong> A mosaic flooring
+much used by the Romans, consisting of geometric
+figures, and generally of only two kinds
+of tessera, red and black on a white ground. (See
+<span class='sc'>Musivum Opus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Opus Araneum</strong> (spider-work). A kind of
+embroidery, 13th century; modern “guipure
+d’art.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Opus Consutum.</strong> Appliqué work in embroidery.
+(See <span class='sc'>Appliqué</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Opus Filatorium.</strong> A kind of embroidery,
+14th century; modern “filet brodé.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Opus Græcum</strong></span>, R. Inlaid pavement. (See
+<span class='sc'>Musivum Opus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Opus Incertum</strong></span>, R. A Roman method of
+building; the construction of walls of very small
+rough stones, not laid in courses, but held together
+by the mortar.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_504'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_504.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 504. Pseud-iso-domum opus, with a course of opus insertum.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Opus Insertum</strong></span>, R. A Roman method of
+building, of courses of flat tiles, the most durable
+of all. Such courses were also introduced in
+the other kinds of stone and brick walls, in
+which they served as bond-courses, and also
+kept the damp from rising from the ground.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_505'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_505.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 505. Musivum opus.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Opus Musivum.</strong> Mosaic. (See <span class='sc'>Musivum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Opus Pectineum</strong> (comb-wrought). Woven work
+imitating embroidery.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Opus Phrygianum</strong></span>, R. Fine embroidery.
+(See <span class='sc'>Orphrey</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Opus Plumarium</strong> (feather-stitch). Embroidery
+of which the stitches overlap one another like
+the feathers of a bird.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_506'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_506.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 506. Pseud-iso-domum opus.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Opus Pseud-iso-domum</strong>, Gr. (lit. <em>quasi-equal</em>
+structure). A Greek method of building in
+which the courses are (1) parallel and unequal,
+but regular among themselves, as in Fig. <a href='#fig_506'>506</a>;
+or (2) irregular altogether, as in the Gate of
+Lions at Mycenæ, Fig. <a href='#fig_507'>507</a> (or in Fig. <a href='#fig_504'>504</a>).</p>
+
+<div id='fig_507'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_507.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 507. Gate of Lions at Mycenæ. Pseud-iso-domum opus.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Opus Pulvinarium</strong> (cushion-style). Embroidery
+like modern Berlin work, generally used
+for cushions.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_508'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_508.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 508. Structura reticulata.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Opus Reticulatum</strong></span>, R. A Roman method of
+construction, with an ornamental surface resembling
+the meshes of a <em>net</em>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_509'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_509.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 509. Spicatum opus.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Opus Spicatum</strong></span>, R. Herring-bone masonry.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Or</strong>, Her. The metal gold, expressed in engraving
+by small dots, as on Fig. <a href='#fig_375'>375</a>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Or basané</strong></span>, Fr. Leather stamped in gold,
+used as hangings in the 16th and 17th centuries.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ora</strong></span>, R. The cable which fastened the stern
+of a ship to the shore, while the <span class='sc'>Ancorale</span> kept
+her head out to sea.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ora.</strong> An old Saxon coin of 16 or 20 pence
+in value.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Orange.</strong> The colour formed by the mixture
+of 5 parts of red and 3 parts of yellow. It is
+the complementary of blue. The nearest pigment
+is <em>cadmium yellow</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Orange Chrome.</strong> A sub-chromate of lead,
+which yields a beautiful orange pigment.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Orange Madder lake.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Madder</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Orange Minium.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Minium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Orange Vermilion.</strong> A durable pigment for
+oil and water-colours, in colour resembling <em>red
+lead</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Orange Yellow.</strong> A yellow inclining to red,
+represented by molybdate of lead. (<em>Ansted</em>,
+<em>Elementary Course</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Orange tree.</strong> In Christian art, symbol of the
+“Heavenly Bride.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Oranti</strong></span>, It. The name given to certain male
+and female figures found in the catacomb frescoes
+at Rome, represented with the hands spread
+in the Eastern attitude of prayer.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Orarium</strong></span>, R. A scarf or handkerchief thrown
+to the crowd in a circus, to wave to the chariot-drivers.
+In Christian archæology, (1) A scarf
+affixed to the pastoral staff; as early as the
+13th century. (2) The stole. (3) The border
+of an ecclesiastical vestment. (<cite>Planché.</cite>) (See
+<strong>Stole</strong>, <strong>Sudarium</strong>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Orb.</strong> One of the emblems of sovereignty
+with which kings are solemnly invested at their
+coronation. It is a globe surmounted by a cross,
+and is held in the palm of the left hand. In
+Art it is a common attribute of the Infant
+Saviour.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Orca</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὄρκη</span> or <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὕρχα</span>). An earthenware
+vessel of large size, but smaller than the
+amphora; it was used for holding salted fish.
+The diminutive is <em>orcula</em>; the modern Italian
+<em>orcio</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Orchestra</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὀρχήστρα</span>, i. e. dancing-place).
+The lowest part of the Greek and
+Roman theatres; usually occupied by the chorus.
+It contained an altar, on which sacrifices to
+Bacchus were sometimes made.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Orchestrino.</strong> A modern musical instrument
+invented by Poulleau. It was shaped like a
+pianoforte with similar finger-keys, and the
+sounds were produced by the friction of a bow
+upon strings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Orchestrion.</strong> A modern portable organ, invented
+by the Abbé Vogler about 1789. A
+similarly-named instrument invented in 1796 by
+Kunz, a Bohemian, consisted of a pianoforte
+combined with some organ-stops.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Orcula.</strong> Diminutive of <em>orca</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Order.</strong> In classical architecture, a column
+entire; i. e. base, shaft, capital, and entablature.
+There are usually said to be five <em>orders</em>: the
+Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Orders of Knighthood.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Knighthood</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ordinary</strong>, Her. An early principal charge of
+a simple character.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Oread.</strong> A mountain-nymph.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Oreæ</strong></span>, R. (<em>ora</em>, the mouth). A snaffle-bit
+for horses.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Oreiller</strong>, Her. A cushion or pillow.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Oreillettes</strong></span>, Fr. Ear-pieces on helmets; 15th
+and 16th centuries.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Orfrays.</strong> The gold, silver, or silk embroidery
+on rich garments, chiefly sacerdotal
+ornaments. The term has two derivations;
+some derive it from <em>aurum Phrygium</em>, because
+the Phrygians, who were excellent embroiderers,
+were considered to have invented the style;
+others take it to be from <em>aurum fractum</em>
+(broken). In mediæval Latin the term for
+orfrays was <em>aurifrigia</em>, <em>aurifrisa</em>, <em>aurifrisus</em>, and
+<em>aurifrixus</em>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_510'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_510.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 510. Regals or Portable Organ.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Organ.</strong> Organs are said to have been first introduced
+into France, <span class='fss'>A. D.</span> 289, from Greece. A
+large organ existed in Westminster Abbey in the
+10th century. Portable organs called also <span class='sc'>Regals</span>
+were also common. The antique organs
+had no key-boards, which were introduced in
+the 11th century, simultaneously with the invention
+of the musical <em>stave</em>. (Cf. <span class='sc'>Hydraula</span>.)
+The <span class='sc'>Regals</span> or portable organ is an attribute
+of St. Cecilia. (Fig. <a href='#fig_510'>510</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Organdi.</strong> A kind of muslin.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Organistrum</strong></span>, O. E. A musical instrument,
+resembling the modern hurdy-gurdy, played by
+two persons, of whom one turned the handle,
+while the other played the keys.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Organolyricon.</strong> A musical instrument invented
+in Paris in 1810 by M. de St. Pern. It
+consists of a pianoforte with two rows of keys,
+and contains twelve different wind instruments,
+viz. three flutes, an oboe, a clarionet, a bassoon,
+horns, trumpet, and fife.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Organzine.</strong> Thrown silk of a very fine texture.
+(<cite>S.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Orgies</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὄργια</span>). Festivals of Bacchus at
+which all who were present were carried away
+by frenzy. The same term was also used to
+denote the festivals of Ceres and those of the
+<span class='sc'>Cabiri</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Orgues</strong></span>, Fr. Med. (1) Pieces of timber, pointed
+and shod with iron, hung like a portcullis over
+a gateway, to be let down in case of attack.
+(2) An arrangement of gun-barrels, the precursor
+of the mitrailleuse. (<cite>S.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Orgyia</strong> (from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὀρέγω</span>, to extend). A Greek
+measure of length, representing the distance
+from end to end of the <em>outstretched</em> arms, or the
+height of the human figure. It was equal to
+four cubits or six feet, and was one-hundredth
+of a stadium.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Orichalcum</strong> (from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὄρος</span> and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χαλκὸς</span>, i. e.
+<em>mountain bronze</em>). A metallic compound, akin
+to copper and bronze, which was highly prized
+by the ancients. It was probably <em>brass</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Oriel</strong> or <strong>Oriole</strong>, Chr. (<em>oriolum</em>, a little entrance).
+A projecting angular window, generally
+triangular or pentagonal in shape. A large
+bay or recessed window in a church or in an
+apartment. The word has been used in many
+senses, with the general meaning of a recess
+within or a projection from a building. A small
+oratory.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Orientation</strong>, Chr. The arrangement of a
+church by which a worshipper faces the <em>east</em> at
+prayers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Oriflamme.</strong> The ancient royal banner of
+France, coloured purple-azure and gold. It was
+split into five points, and sometimes bore upon
+it a <em>saltire</em> wavy, from the centre of which
+golden rays diverged.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Orillon</strong></span>, Fr. A mass of earth lined with a
+wall on the shoulder of a bastion, for the protection
+of a gun.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_511'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_511.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 511. Orle or crest-wreath.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Orle.</strong> (1) Arch.
+A fillet or listel
+placed beneath the
+ovolo of a capital.
+(2) In Heraldry, a
+subordinary formed
+of a border of a
+shield which is
+charged upon another
+and a larger
+shield. (3) The
+wreath or torse which encircled the crest, composed
+ordinarily of silk of two colours twisted
+together, and representing the principal metal
+and tincture in the wearer’s armorial bearings.
+(<cite>Planché.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Orleans.</strong> A cloth made of worsted and
+cotton.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Orlo.</strong> A Spanish musical instrument.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Orlop-deck</strong> of a ship. That over the hold,
+on which the cables are stowed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Ormolu</strong></span>, Fr. (<em>or</em>, gold, and <em>moulu</em>, ground).
+72·43 copper, 25·2 zinc, and 2·65 tin; used for
+cheap jewellery, &amp;c. <em>Mosaic gold</em>, another name
+for such a metal, is composed of 65 copper and
+35 zinc.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ormolu Varnish.</strong> A copper, bronze, or
+imitation-gold varnish.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ornithon</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὀρνιθών</span>). A poultry-yard or
+aviary.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Orpharion</strong></span>, O. E. A kind of lute. (<cite>Halliwell.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Orpheon.</strong> A musical instrument.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Orphrey.</strong> An old English word for gold
+embroidery, from the Latin <em>auriphrygium</em>. (See
+<span class='sc'>Orfrays</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Orpiment</strong> (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auripigmentum</span></i>; Ang. <em>king’s
+yellow</em>). A yellow pigment of arsenic with
+sulphur, or, when the arsenic predominates, an
+orange colour. The finest native orpiment
+comes from Persia, and is called <em>golden
+orpiment</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Orpin</strong></span>, O. E., contraction of <strong>Orpiment</strong>.
+Yellow arsenic.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Orrery.</strong> A machine for representing in a
+model the motions and relative positions of the
+heavenly bodies.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Orrice</strong> or <strong>Orris</strong>. A peculiar pattern in which
+gold or silver lace is worked. The edges are
+ornamented with conical figures, placed at
+equal distances, with spots between them.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_512'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_512.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 512. Orthostata. Facing of a Greek wall.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Orthostata</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὀρθόστατα</span>, i. e. standing
+upright). (1) The facings of a wall, consisting of
+different materials from the internal part of it.
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_512'>512</a>.) (2) An anta or pilaster.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Orthron.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Hours of Prayer</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Oscen</strong>, <em>plur.</em> <strong>Oscines</strong></span>, R. (<em>os</em>, mouth, and <em>cano</em>,
+to predict). A bird or birds from whose singing
+it was possible to draw auguries.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Oschophoria</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὀσχο-φόρια</span>, i. e. vine-branch-bearing).
+Athenian vintage festivals, instituted
+in honour of Bacchus and Ariadne by Theseus,
+or according to other authorities, in honour of
+Dionysus and Athena, in which those who
+took part carried vine-boughs loaded with grapes.
+The festival was concluded by a race on the seashore
+from the temple of Bacchus to that of
+Minerva. The victor’s prize was a cup called
+<span class='sc'>Pentaploa</span>, because it contained <em>five</em> ingredients:
+wine, honey, cheese, meal, and oil.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Oscillatio</strong></span>, R. A swing. The Roman swings
+are represented having legs like a chair.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Oscilla</strong></span>, R. (dimin. of <em>os</em>, mouth or face).
+Small images or masks, generally of Bacchus,
+hung up in vineyards to ensure a good crop,
+and practically useful to scare off birds from the
+grapes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Osculare</strong>, <strong>Osculatorium</strong>, Chr. (See <span class='sc'>Pax</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ossarium</strong> and <strong>Ossuarium</strong></span>, R. (<em>os</em>, a bone). A
+sarcophagus of earthenware, stone, or marble, in
+which the vessel containing the cremated ashes
+of the dead was placed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ossature</strong>, Arch. (from the Italian <em>ossatura</em>,
+skeleton). The skeleton or framework of a Gothic
+roof or a window. In the roof, the ossature comprises
+the nerves, the transverse or longitudinal
+arches, the diagonal rib, &amp;c.; in a window, the
+iron framing.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Osteau</strong>, Arch. An old term used to denote
+the rose placed in the upper part of a mullioned
+window; it was also applied to a rosace and a
+medallion.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ostinati.</strong> An Italian literary academy, whose
+device was a pyramid blown from all quarters
+by the winds, with the <em>obstinate</em> motto, “<em>Frustra</em>”
+(in vain).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ostium</strong></span>, R. A lobby inside the entrance door
+of a Roman house, deep enough to contain a
+small porter’s lodge on one side, and leading to
+an inner door which opened on the <span class='sc'>Atrium</span>.
+The street door was called <span class='sc'>Janua</span>. (See
+<span class='sc'>Domus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ostrich Eggs</strong>, Chr. The practice of suspending
+eggs of ostriches in churches was probably
+introduced from the East by Crusaders.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>“In some churches two eggs of ostriches, and other
+things which cause admiration, and which are rarely
+seen, are accustomed to be suspended: that by their
+means the people may be drawn to church, and have
+their minds the more affected.” (<cite>Durandus on Symbolism.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ostrum</strong></span>, R. A purple colour used by the
+ancients, produced from the juice of the <em>murex</em>
+fish.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Othone</strong>, Chr. (See <span class='sc'>Stole</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Ottone</strong></span>, It. Brass.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Oubliettes</strong></span>, Fr. Subterranean dungeons,
+into which prisoners were thrown to be <em>oubliés</em>
+(forgotten). The side walls were in some cases
+armed with strong sharp blades, which cut the
+victims to pieces as they fell. It should be
+mentioned that in many cases cesspools have
+been mistaken for oubliettes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Ouch</strong> or <strong>Nouche</strong></span>, O. E. An ornament of the
+brooch kind; a jewel. (Mod.) The setting of
+a precious stone.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Oudenardes.</strong> Tapestry landscapes first made
+at that place; called also “<em>tapisseries de verdure</em>.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ourania</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">οὐρανια</span>, i. e. in the air). A
+game at catch-ball.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Outline</strong>, which has no real existence in nature,
+is defined by Aristotle as <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πέρας στερεοῦ</span>, “the
+boundary of solid form.” The only light and
+shade used in outlines is the greater lightness or
+darkness of the lines.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Outré</strong></span>, Fr. Exaggerated, fantastic, absurd.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Oval</strong> (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ovum</span></i>, an egg). The oval, formed
+of a continuous curve, differs from the <span class='sc'>Ellipse</span>,
+which is equally broad at both ends, in
+having one end narrower than the other, and is
+sometimes called a false ellipse. <em>Ovals</em> in windows,
+arches, and other parts of architecture
+exist, but are rare.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ovatio.</strong> A lesser triumph distinguished from
+<span class='sc'>Triumphus</span>. The general entered the city <em>on
+foot</em>, and dressed in the toga prætexta of a magistrate,
+attended only by musicians, and knights
+and plebeians; and the sacrifice by which the
+ceremony concluded was a <em>sheep</em> (ovis) instead of
+a bull; hence the word <em>ovation</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Overstory</strong>, Arch. The <span class='sc'>Clerestory</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Overture</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">ouverture</span></i>, an opening; It.
+<i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">sinfonia</span></i>). Instrumental music preceding an
+opera, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ovile</strong></span>, R. Literally, a <em>sheep-fold</em>, and thence
+an enclosure in the Campus Martius in which
+each century assembled before proceeding to
+place its votes (<em>tabellæ</em>) in the urn (<em>cista</em>). It
+was divided into compartments approached
+through narrow passages called <em>pontes</em> of <em>ponticuli</em>.
+On entering, the citizens received their voting-tablets
+(<em>tabellæ</em>), and when they had consulted
+within the enclosure, they passed out by another
+<em>pons</em>, at which they threw their votes into the
+chest (<em>cista</em>).</p>
+
+<div id='fig_513'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_513.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 513. Ovolo or Quarter-round.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ovolo</strong>, Arch. (from the Latin <em>ovum</em>). (1) A
+convex moulding showing the quarter of a circle,
+and thence called quarter-round. (2) The echinus
+of the Doric capital. (3) An ornament composed
+of eggs, separated either by tongues (Fig. <a href='#fig_277'>277</a>)
+or by darts (Fig. <a href='#fig_514'>514</a>). (See <span class='sc'>Echinus</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_514'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_514.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 514. Egg and dart moulding.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_515'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_515.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 515. Ovum. Egg-shaped balls.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ovum</strong>, <strong>Egg</strong></span>, R.
+Conical egg-shaped
+balls which were placed
+upon the <em>spina</em> of
+a circus, on a stone
+table supported by four
+columns. (Fig. <a href='#fig_515'>515</a>.)
+There was a second
+table at the other end
+of the <em>spina</em>, on which
+were placed small
+marble dolphins. <em>Ovum
+Orphicum</em>, or Orphic
+egg, was the mysterious
+symbol employed by
+Orpheus to denote the
+procreative principle
+with which the whole
+earth is pervaded. <em>Ovum anguinum</em> was an
+oval ball of glass worn by the Druids round
+their neck; so named because, as was asserted,
+it was produced from the mingled saliva of two
+serpents (<em>angues</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Owl.</strong> With the Athenians the owl was the
+emblem of prudence and wisdom; the bird of
+Athenê. In Christian art it symbolizes darkness
+and solitude, and hence unbelief.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ox.</strong> In Christian art the attribute of St.
+Luke; the emblem of the priesthood and of
+sacrifice. In representations of the Nativity an
+ox and an ass are commonly introduced.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ox-gall.</strong> The bile or bitter fluid secreted by
+the liver of the ox; when refined it is used in
+oil and water-colour painting to fix and thicken
+the colours. (See <span class='sc'>Gall</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Oxford Ochre.</strong> An oxide of iron used as a
+pigment of a brownish yellow in oil and
+water-colours. (See <span class='sc'>Ochre</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Oxide of Zinc.</strong> A <em>white</em> pigment which is
+more permanent in resisting gases than the
+white lead.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Oxides of Copper.</strong> The pigments derived
+from these were well known to the ancients.
+Modern pigments are <em>Blue Verditer</em>, <em>Brunswick
+Green</em>, <em>Verdigris</em>, and <em>Emerald</em> or <em>Scheele’s
+Green</em> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Oxybaphoi</strong>, Gr. Small cymbals in the shape
+of vinegar-saucers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Oxybaphon</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὀξυβάφον</span>). A Greek term applied
+to a bell-shaped vase with a plain foot and a
+moulded rim, synonymous with the Latin <span class='sc'>Acetabulum</span>
+(q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Oyelet</strong>, <strong>Oylet</strong>. (See <span class='sc'>Oillets</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Oyer</strong> and <strong>Terminer</strong>. Ancient law-French.
+The words mean <em>to hear and to determine</em>, and
+express the authority or commission given to
+an appointed court of justice.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c005'>P.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c006'><strong>Packfong</strong> or <strong>Pakfong</strong>. A Chinese name for
+Argentine, or German silver.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pæan</strong> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">παιάν</span>). A hymn to Apollo, of
+gratitude or propitiation. It was also used
+as a battle-song before and after an engagement.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pænula</strong></span>, R. A thick cloak with a hole
+to put the head through; it was furnished
+with a hood, and was worn in travelling, or as a
+protection against cold and rain.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pagai</strong>, Hind. A kind of short double oar,
+with broad ends resembling small scoops.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Paganalia</strong>, <strong>Paganales</strong></span>, R. A rustic festival
+which took place yearly towards the end of
+January or the beginning of February, seven
+days after the <em>Sementivæ</em>. It was the festival
+of villages (<em>pagi</em>) and of villagers (<em>pagani</em>),
+whence its name. Sacrifices were offered in
+honour of Proserpine, goddess of vegetation.
+As the old religion continued to prevail in the
+villages long after that of Christ was established
+in the towns, the words <em>pagan</em> and unbeliever
+gradually became synonymous.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Paganica</strong> (sc. <em>pila</em>), R. A ball covered with
+leather and stuffed with feathers or down; it
+took its name from the peasants or country
+people (<em>pagani</em>), who used it for playing a game
+the nature of which is not known.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pagina</strong></span>, R. (lit. a thing fastened). This
+term, when synonymous with <em>scheda</em>, signifies a
+page of paper, the page of a volume; or else it
+serves to denote one of the columns of writing
+which cover a sheet of paper.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pagoda</strong>, Hind. (1) A religious building of the
+Hindoos. The great ancient pagodas of India are
+monolithic temples hewn out of rocky mountains;
+but the term is also applied to temples
+built in the open air. (2) Gold coins formerly current
+in India were called pagodas.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pagoda-stone.</strong> A limestone containing tapering
+fossil shells shaped like a Chinese pagoda
+at the top.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pagodite.</strong> A stone much used by the
+Chinese for carving into pagodas and other
+ornaments.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pagus</strong></span>, R. Any lofty site in the country
+capable of being easily turned into a fortified
+post by means of a few siege works. The name
+was extended to the country surrounding a fortified
+village; and each of the country tribes
+was divided by Numa into a certain number of
+pagi.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Paile.</strong> An old term used to denote a striped
+cloth of floss silk manufactured at Alexandria
+in Egypt, and thence a mantle, canopy, or
+pavilion.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Pala</strong></span>, It. An altar front. The <em>Pala d’oro</em>
+of St. Mark’s, Venice, is a celebrated specimen
+of Byzantine art. It is of silver-gilt ornamented
+with gems and enamels, with Greek and Latin
+inscriptions in niello, and representations from
+sacred and profane history. It was originally
+made at Constantinople in 976, but has been repaired
+in 1105, in 1209, and in 1345, by which
+it has lost much of its original character.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pala</strong></span>, R. A spade, or scoop in the form of a
+spade, and thence the bezil of a ring.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Palæstra</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">παλαίστρα</span>). A place for wrestling,
+formerly part of the gymnasium. (See <span class='sc'>Gymnasium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Palanga.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Phalangæ</span>.) Hence:—</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Palanquin.</strong> A covered conveyance for one
+person, carried on the shoulders of men in India
+and China. They are often very splendidly
+carved, and decorated with tapestry, ornamental
+woods, and inlaid-work.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Palaria</strong></span>, R. An exercise practised by young
+Roman recruits, which consisted of hurling
+javelins (<em>pila</em>) against a stake (<em>palus</em>) fixed in
+the ground. (See <span class='sc'>Pel</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Palè</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πάλη</span>). A Greek term having the
+same meaning as <span class='sc'>Lucta</span>, <span class='sc'>Luctamen</span>, <span class='sc'>Luctamentum</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pale</strong>, Her. One of the ordinaries. <strong>Palewise</strong>
+or <strong>In Pale</strong>, arranged vertically one above
+the other, as the lions of England. (See <span class='sc'>Per</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Paleste</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">παλαιστὴ</span>, i. e. palm of the hand).
+A lineal measure used by the Greeks equal to
+the quarter of a foot, or a little more than three
+inches. (See <span class='sc'>Palmus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Palette.</strong> “Setting the palette” is arranging
+the colours for use. This is always done in a
+certain order regulated by the key in which the
+picture is to be painted. The order generally
+recommended is to begin with white, and then
+proceed through the yellows, reds, and blues to
+black. The Egyptians used palettes of a long
+rectangular form; one side higher than the
+other, had two or three saucers sunk in it to
+hold cakes of colour or ink; the other side
+was notched to receive the <em>calami</em> or cut reeds
+used as writing-pens.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Palettes</strong> or <strong>Roundels</strong>, in Armour, are round
+plates or shields hung on the armour to defend
+the joints of the arm, necessarily left free for
+action.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Palilia</strong></span>, R. A festival in honour of Pales,
+the goddess of shepherds and flocks; it was
+held on the 21st of April.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Palimpsest</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">παλίμ-ψηστος</span>, lit. scraped again).
+A parchment the writing on which had been
+erased, so that it might be used again. Monumental
+brasses are found to have been reversed
+and used a second time. In both cases
+the most ancient writing or inscription is generally
+the most valuable and interesting.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Palindrome</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πάλιν</span>, again, and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δρόμος</span>, a
+course). A sentence which reads the same when
+read backwards or forwards. Such is the Greek
+inscription on the ancient font in the chapel of
+Dulwich College: “<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">νιψονανομημαμημονανοψιν</span>.”
+“Purify the heart and not the countenance alone.”</p>
+
+<div id='fig_516'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_516.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 516. Palissy jug.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Palissy Ware.</strong> The pieces to which Palissy
+owes his reputation, in the first place, are the
+so called “rustic pottery” (<em>rustiques figulines</em>),
+“dishes or vases where upon a rough ground
+strewn with fossil shells, lizards and salamanders
+are running, frogs jumping, snakes crawling
+or sleeping, or more still, in a streamlet of
+water wriggling eels, pointed-nosed pikes, trout
+with spotted scales, and a thousand others of
+our fresh-water fishes are swimming.” When
+afterwards he worked in the capital, he did not
+give up his rustic compositions, but mixed them
+with the human figure. “There is an identity of
+style in all his figures and compositions; such
+as the Diana, Plenty, &amp;c., framed round with
+delicate and ingenious ornaments drawn in the
+taste of the period.” (<cite>Jacquemart.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Paliurus.</strong> A thorn-bush with long sharp
+spikes, common on the coasts of the Mediterranean,
+where it is called <em>Christ’s thorn</em>, because
+it is said to have furnished material of which the
+Crown of thorns was woven.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Palla</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A robe of state worn by
+patrician ladies, and frequently represented
+on statues of goddesses. <em>Palla citharœdica</em>
+was the name given to a long robe which
+musicians wore upon the stage; Apollo is often
+represented with this garment, especially when
+he is surnamed <em>Citharœdus</em> and <em>Musagetes</em>.
+<em>Palla Gallica</em> was a short garment like a
+<span class='sc'>Tabard</span>, open in front and behind; it was worn
+by the Gauls and adopted by the Romans, who
+called it <span class='sc'>Caracalla</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Palla Corporalis</strong>, Chr. The veil for the Pyx.
+(See <span class='sc'>Corporal</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Palladium.</strong> (1) An image of Pallas Athenê,
+kept carefully hidden, and revered as the safeguard
+of the place where it lay. The most celebrated
+was the <em>Palladium</em> of Troy, said to have been
+thrown from Olympus by the hand of Zeus. It
+was about three cubits high, and represented the
+goddess sitting with a spear in her right hand, and
+in her left a distaff and spindle. (2) The term
+has been applied to a metal discovered by Dr.
+Wollaston in 1803, obtained from platinum,
+which it resembles in colour and lustre.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pallium</strong> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἱμάτιον</span>). A large square
+woollen sheet or blanket worn by the Greeks
+over the shoulders, and fastened like the <span class='sc'>Abolla</span>
+round the neck with a brooch (<em>fibula</em>); it
+formed the principal article of the <em>amictus</em> or
+Greek dress. (Hence the expression to <em>palliate</em>, or
+cloak over, an offence.) (2) Chr. A vestment bestowed
+by the Pope on all patriarchs and archbishops
+on their accession to office as the symbol
+of their ecclesiastical power. The material is
+obtained from the wool of two lambs slain on
+the Eve of St. Agnes. The modern pallium of
+the Church is a short white cloak ornamented
+with a red cross, which encircles the neck and
+shoulders, and falls down the back. The pall
+or pallium is a charge in the arms of the Sees of
+Canterbury, Armagh, and Dublin.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pall-mall.</strong> The ancient form of the game of
+croquet, “wherein a round box bowle is with a
+mallet strucke through a high arch of yron
+standing at either end of an ally.” (<cite>Cotgrave.</cite>)
+“This game is used at the long alley near
+St. James’s, and vulgarly called Pell-Mell.”
+(<em>Blount’s Glossary</em>, 1681.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Palm.</strong> The ancient classical emblem of victory
+and triumph was early assumed by the
+Christians as the universal symbol of martyrdom.
+In England we understand by palm, not
+the leaves of a palm-tree,
+but “the yelowe that groweth
+on wyllowes.”</p>
+
+<div  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_516a.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 516 a. Palm-leaf Ornament.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_516b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 516 b. Architectural Palm-leaf Ornament.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Palm-leaf</strong>, Arch. An
+architectural ornament
+bearing more or less resemblance
+to a palm-leaf, employed
+for mouldings, and
+for the decoration of the
+corners of the ceilings in
+Doric cornices; and in antefixæ,
+as crownings for
+the pediment and as acroteria.
+Figs. 516a and 516b represent palm-leaves
+of terra-cotta.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Palmus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A measure of length.
+Of the Greek <em>palmus</em> the greater (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σπιθαμὴ</span>) contained
+nine finger-breadths, and the less (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">παλαιστὴ</span>)
+four. The greater Roman <em>palmus</em> contained
+twelve finger-breadths or about nine inches, and
+the less four finger-breadths. The greater <em>palmus</em>
+was taken from the length of the hand or
+span, the less from the breadth of it.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Palstave</strong>, Celt. A wedge-shaped axe used by
+the Celtic nations in war for battering the
+armour of the enemy. (See Fig. <a href='#fig_255'>255</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Paltock</strong> (modern
+<em>paletôt</em>).
+“A short
+cloake with
+sleeves,” i. e.
+a great-coat.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Paludamentum</strong>,
+R. A
+military cloak
+worn over their
+armour by the
+generals and
+superior officers
+of the
+Roman army;
+an officer thus
+dressed was
+said to be
+<em>paludatus</em>. (See
+Fig. <a href='#fig_044'>44</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Palus</strong></span>, R.
+(<em>pango</em>, to fix).
+A stake planted
+in the earth,
+against which
+recruits hurled
+their javelins (<em>pila</em>). The
+mediæval <span class='sc'>Pel</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Pam</strong></span>, O. E. The knave
+of clubs. (<span class='sc'>Halliwell.</span>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pammachium</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">παμμάχιον</span>).
+A synonym for <span class='sc'>Pancratium</span>
+(q.v.).</p>
+
+<div id='fig_517'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_517.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 517. Panache.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Panache</strong>, Her. A plume
+of feathers set upright and
+borne as a crest. Fig.
+<a href='#fig_517'>517</a> is from the seal of Edward
+Courtenay, <span class='fss'>A. D.</span> 1400.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Panarium</strong></span>, R. (<em>panis</em>,
+bread). A bread-basket;
+a pantry in which bread was
+kept.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Panathenæa</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Παναθήναια</span>). Festivals of
+Minerva Athenê among the Athenians, so called
+because they formed the festival of all the
+peoples placed under the protection of Minerva
+(<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πᾶν</span>, all, and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἀθήνη</span>). There were the Greater
+and Lesser Panathenæa; the former being held
+every five years, the latter every three years.
+The procession at the Greater festival is the
+subject of the friezes from the Parthenon now
+in the British Museum. (See <span class='sc'>Elgin Marbles</span>.)
+They represent the solemn transportation of the
+<em>peplus</em> of Athenê to her temple, in which nearly
+the whole of the population took part, on foot,
+on horseback, or in chariots. Old men carried
+olive-branches, young men attended in armour,
+and maidens carried baskets of flowers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Panaulon.</strong> An enlarged German flute with
+sixteen finger-keys; invented recently by Trexler
+of Vienna. It is available as a bass to other flutes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pancratium</strong></span>, R. (from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πάν</span> every: and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κράτος</span>
+force). A wrestling and boxing match, in which
+the combatants employed every means to disable
+each other; and the contest was continued
+until one of the combatants owned himself
+disabled by holding up a finger, or was killed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Paned</strong></span>, O. E. Striped.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Paned Hose.</strong> Breeches formed of stripes,
+with small panes or squares of silk or velvet.
+(<cite>Halliwell.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Panegyris</strong>, Egyp. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πανήγυρις</span>). A popular
+festival of Egypt, to which the whole country
+was summoned in order to celebrate the
+thirtieth anniversary of the reigning monarch.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Panels</strong>, Arch. The sunken compartments in
+wood and stone-work; very abundant in Gothic
+architecture as ornaments on walls, ceilings, &amp;c.
+After the expiration of Gothic architecture,
+panelling in great measure ceased to be used in
+stone-work.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Panel Picture.</strong> A painting on a board or
+panel.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Panisci</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Πανίσκοι</span>, dimin. from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Πάν</span>).
+Literally, <em>small Pans</em>, small rustic gods no bigger
+than pigmies.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pannetier Green.</strong> A handsome and durable
+emerald green, prepared by a secret process by
+its inventor, M. Pannetier. It is sold at a high
+price.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Panoply</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πανοπλία</span>). A complete suit of
+armour. (See <span class='sc'>Armour</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pantables</strong> (for <span class='sc'>Pantofles</span>). Slippers.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>“Hee standeth upon his <em>pantables</em>, and regardeth
+greatly his reputacion.” (<em>Saker’s Narbonus</em>, 1580.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pantaloon.</strong> From the Italian, <em>pianta leone</em> (plant
+the lion); the Venetian standard-bearers (of
+the <em>lion</em> of St. Mark) being so called, who wore
+tight hose, the name came to be given to tight
+hose in general. In ancient pantomimes, Pantaloon
+was always a Venetian. (See <span class='sc'>Harlequin</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Pantaloons</strong></span>, O. E. “Garments made for
+merry-andrews, that have the breeches and
+stockings of the same stuff, and joined together
+as one garment.” (<cite>Halliwell.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Panthea</strong>, Gen. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πάν-θεια</span>). Statues or figures
+which combine the symbols of several divinities.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pantheon</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πᾶν</span>, every, and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">θεὸς</span>, god). A
+temple dedicated to all the divinities collectively.
+That at Rome is now a Christian church. It is
+circular, 150 feet in height and in diameter,
+with a domed roof.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pantherinæ</strong></span>, R. Panther-tables; of wood
+striped like the skin of a panther. (See <span class='sc'>Tigrinæ</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Pantobles</strong>, <strong>Pantoffles</strong></span>, O. E. Slippers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Pantofles</strong></span>, O. E. Slippers or wooden pattens.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pantograph.</strong> An instrument for enlarging
+or reducing plans and designs, largely used in
+the arts, e. g. in machine embroidery.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pantomine</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">παντὸς</span>, of everything; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μῖμος</span>,
+mimic). Gesture and action applied, without
+speech, to represent emotion; hence applied
+to the form of theatrical performance which
+consists entirely or principally of gesture and
+action.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Paper.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Charta</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Papier-maché</strong></span>, Fr. Paper-pulp; made by
+compressing the pulp, or by pasting together
+different thicknesses of paper, to the hardness
+and consistency of wood. It is an invention of
+the 18th century, and originated in snuff-boxes
+called after their manufacturer “Martins.”
+The process has since been developed to great
+perfection by the invention of new varnishes
+and methods of ornament, the principal of
+which are gilding and bronzing, pearl and gem
+inlaying, &amp;c. (See a paper by <em>R. Hunt</em> in the
+<em>Art Journal</em>, 1851.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Papilio</strong></span>, R. (lit. a butterfly). A military
+tent, so called because the curtains opened and
+shut like the wings of a butterfly.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Papyrus.</strong> The paper made of the papyrus
+plant, used by the Egyptians and other nations
+of antiquity. The <em>Papyrus rolls</em> on which important
+relics of Egyptian literature and art have
+come down to us, were formed of a sheet of
+papyrus rolled on a slender wooden cylinder.
+They have mostly been discovered in mummy
+cases, and contain illustrations of funeral ceremonies
+and religious emblems relating to the
+future of the soul. Others are historical or literary,
+and some have been discovered containing
+caricatures and comic illustrations. (Cf. <span class='sc'>Liber</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Parada</strong>, Celt. A tent or awning stretched
+over the deck of a vessel, and thence a cabin
+hung with tapestry.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Paradise</strong> or <strong>Parvise</strong>, Chr. (1) A vestibule or
+courtyard in front of a church. The term must
+thus, at a certain period, have been synonymous
+with <em>narthex</em> or porch. At the present day the
+term is applied to the open space to be found
+in front of cathedrals or public buildings. (2)
+The word is sometimes applied to the room
+that is often found above church porches. (See
+<span class='sc'>Cloister Garth</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Paradisus</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">παράδεισος</span>). A Persian park or
+pleasure-garden, enclosed within a wall, elaborately
+planted and irrigated, and stocked with
+animals for the chase. Hence the Garden of
+Eden was so called.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Paragauda</strong>, <strong>Paragaudis</strong></span>, R. An embroidered
+band of silk or gold thread sewn on to a
+tunic.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Paraison</strong></span>, Fr. A term in glass, equivalent to
+the English <span class='sc'>Metal</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Paralus</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πάραλος</span>). The name of an Athenian
+state vessel, kept, like that of the Doge of Venice
+in modern times, for state and religious ceremonies.
+A sister vessel was named the
+<span class='sc'>Salaminia</span>; they were both fast-sailing
+triremes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Paramese</strong>, Gr. (next to middle), or <span class='sc'>Trite</span>
+(third). The third treble note, immediately
+above the mese, of the seven-stringed lyre. (See
+<span class='sc'>Mese</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Paranete</strong>, Gr. (beside the shortest). The
+second treble note of the seven-stringed lyre.
+(See <span class='sc'>Mese</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Parapet</strong></span>, It. (<i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">parare petto</span></i>, to defend the breast).
+A wall breast-high on a fortification, roof, or
+other gallery. (See <span class='sc'>Crenels</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Paraphernalia</strong> (from the Greek <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">παράφερνα</span>).
+That which a wife brings besides her dower; i. e.
+her personal attire and ornament.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Parasang.</strong> A Persian measure of distance,
+about 30 Greek stadia or 3¾ English miles.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Paratorium.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Oblationarium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Parazonium</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">παραζώνιον</span>). A short sword
+or kind of dagger worn by the tribunes and
+superior officers of the Roman army attached
+to their belt on the right side. This sword was
+shorter than the <em>gladius</em> worn by the common
+soldier on the right side.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Parchment.</strong> The finer kind of parchment
+known as <em>vellum</em> is from the skins of calves, kids,
+and dead-born lambs. The stout parchment of
+drum-heads is from the skin of the wolf, although
+that of the ass or calf is sometimes used. The
+parchment of battledores is from the skin of the
+ass, and that used for sieves from the skin of the
+he-goat. The green parchment used in bookbinding
+is coloured by means of Verdigris. (See
+<span class='sc'>Liber</span>.) The name comes from the Latin
+Pergamentum. Eumenes, King of Pergamus,
+has the honour of the invention.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Parentales</strong>, <strong>Parentalia</strong></span>, R. Festivals, also
+called <em>Februales</em>, which were held by the Romans
+in honour of deceased ancestors.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Pargetting</strong>, <strong>Parge-work</strong></span>, O. E. In Architecture,
+an old term for the ornamental plasterwork
+common on the outside walls of timber-built
+houses of Queen Elizabeth’s and earlier
+periods.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Parhypate</strong>, Gr. (beside the longest). The
+second bass note of the seven-stringed lyre
+(See <span class='sc'>Mese</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Parian Chronicle.</strong> A slab of Parian marble,
+among the so called <span class='sc'>Arundel Marbles</span> in the
+University of Oxford, containing a chronological
+record of Greek history from <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 1582 to <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>
+264.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Parian Marble</strong> from the island of Paros was
+of extremely fine grain, easy to work, and of a
+creamy white. The marble <em>now</em> called Parian
+has a coarse sparkling grain, which, however,
+takes a high finish. (<em>Redford</em>, <em>Ancient Sculpture</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Paries</strong></span>, R. The wall of a house or any building,
+in contradistinction to <em>murus</em>, <em>muri</em>, which
+denoted the walls of a city.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Paris Black.</strong> A name for <span class='sc'>Ivory Black</span>
+(q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Paris Blue.</strong> A very handsome dark violet-blue
+pigment. “Its great qualities of body and
+intensity of coloration will always ensure it a
+large sale; moreover, its mixture with chrome
+yellow produces a fine <em>green cinnabar</em> or <em>leaf-green</em>.”
+(<cite>Habich.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Paris Lake.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Carminated Lakes</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Parlour</strong> (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">parlatorium</span></i>). (1) The old
+“speke-house” in a convent for inmates to
+speak with their friends. (2) Any private
+room.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Parma</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πάρμη</span>). A shield, usually of
+circular form, carried in the Roman army by
+the light-armed troops or light infantry (<em>velites</em>)
+and the cavalry (<em>equites</em>). The <em>parma thracidica</em>
+used by the class of gladiators called <em>Thraces</em>
+was not round, but in the form of a small
+<span class='sc'>Scutum</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Parquet.</strong> French flooring of inlaid wood-work.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Parsley</strong>, Arch. In every period, but especially
+in Romano-Byzantine and Gothic art, parsley-leaves
+have been abundantly made use of in
+architectural decoration.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Parthenon.</strong> The famous temple of Minerva
+in the Acropolis at Athens. The finest
+example of the <span class='sc'>Grecian Doric</span> style of architecture;
+built by Pheidias, 454–438 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>
+Fergusson says, “For beauty of detail, and for
+the exquisite perception of the highest and most
+recondite principles of art ever applied to architecture,
+it stands utterly and entirely alone and
+unrivalled—the glory of Greece.” (<cite>Hist. of
+Architecture.</cite>) The celebrated frieze, 525 feet in
+length, ran all round the outer wall of the <em>cella</em>
+close up to the ceiling. The best work on the
+Parthenon sculptures is by Michaelis (<em>Der Parthenon</em>,
+Leipzig, 1871). (See <span class='sc'>Elgin Marbles</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Partisan</strong></span>, O. E. A kind of short pike, introduced
+<em>temp.</em> Edward III.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Partlet</strong></span>, O. E. A ruff. “A maydens neckerchefe
+or lynnen partlette.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Party</strong>, <strong>Parted</strong>, Her. Divided. (See <span class='sc'>Per</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Parvise.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Paradise</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Paschal Taper</strong>, Chr. A large wax candle
+which was consecrated during the service on
+Easter Eve, and lighted on Sundays from
+Easter to Whitsuntide, with five grains of incense
+attached to it to indicate the five movable
+feasts of the year.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Pasquinade</strong></span>, It. A lampoon; so called from
+<em>Pasquino</em>, an Italian barber at Rome, whose door
+was opposite to the statue of a gladiator on which
+such satirical writings were posted.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Passamen</strong></span>, O. E. A kind of lace. (<cite>Hall.</cite>)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_518'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_518.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 518. Passant.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_519'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_519.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 519. Passant guardant.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Passant</strong>, Her. Walking and looking forward.
+<em>Passant guardant</em>, walking and looking
+out from the shield; <em>passant reguardant</em>,
+walking and looking back; <em>passant repassant</em>,
+walking in opposite directions. (Fig. <a href='#fig_518'>518</a>,
+519.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Passe-partout</strong></span>, Fr. A light picture-frame
+of cardboard, having the inner edges generally
+gilt.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Passementerie</strong></span>, Fr. Trimming, lace, or tape
+of gold, silver, lace, or thread.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Passion, Instruments of the</strong>—a frequent
+subject in ecclesiastical decoration of the Middle
+Ages—are, the <span class='sc'>Pitcher</span> from which Jesus
+poured water; the <span class='sc'>Towel</span>—represented as
+hanging on a ring—wherewith He wiped the
+Apostles’ feet; the <span class='sc'>Two Swords</span> which they
+showed Him, when He said, “It is enough;”
+the <span class='sc'>Ear</span> of Malchus; <span class='sc'>St. Peter’s Sword</span>,
+represented as a small <em>falchion</em>; the <span class='sc'>Post</span> to
+which the Saviour was bound; the <span class='sc'>Scourge</span>;
+the <span class='sc'>Crown of Thorns</span>; the <span class='sc'>Reed</span> wherewith
+He was smitten on the head; the <span class='sc'>Cross</span>; the
+<span class='sc'>Ladder</span>; the <span class='sc'>Nails</span>; the <span class='sc'>Spear</span> of Longinus,
+crossed by the <span class='sc'>Reed</span> with the <span class='sc'>Sponge</span>; the
+<span class='sc'>Fire</span> at which St. Peter warmed himself; the
+<span class='sc'>Cock</span>; the <span class='sc'>Pincers</span>, and a <span class='sc'>Heart</span> pierced
+with five wounds.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Passus</strong></span>, R. A pace, from the point where the
+heel leaves the ground, to where the same
+heel is set down; five Roman feet. <em>Mille passuum</em>,
+or a thousand such paces, formed the
+Roman mile.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Pasta Verde</strong></span>, It. Sap-green; a vegetable
+green pigment prepared from the berries of the
+buckthorn.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pastel.</strong> The French name for coloured
+crayons. Pastel-painting was much used for
+portraits in the beginning of the 19th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Pasticcio</strong></span>, It. An imitation of the style of
+another painter in an independent design.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pastophori</strong>, Gr. and Egyp. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">παστο-φόροι</span>). Priests
+who, at certain ceremonies, carried small shrines
+(<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ναὸς</span>) containing the image of a deity, which
+were hidden from the eyes of the crowd by a
+veil of different colours called <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">παστὸς</span>, whence
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">παστὸν φέρειν</span> (to carry the <em>pastos</em>), the term
+applied to the priests who performed this duty.
+The keepers of the temple were also so
+called.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pastophoria</strong>, Chr. Small apses flanking the
+principal apse in a basilica, in which the consecrated
+bread was kept.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_520'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_520.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 520. Bishop’s Pastoral Staff.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pastoral
+Staff</strong>, Chr.
+The <em>pedum</em>
+of antiquity
+and emblem
+of a bishop’s
+pastoral responsibility
+is
+distinct from
+the <span class='sc'>Crozier</span>
+(q.v.) of an
+archbishop,
+and has a
+crook head.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pastouraux</strong>,
+Cubical
+stones, usually
+of two
+colours,
+applied in
+the ornamentation
+of
+Romano-Byzantine
+architecture.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Patagium</strong>,
+R. A band
+of purple, or
+with gold ornaments
+or
+embroidery,
+which was
+placed round
+the neck and down the front of a woman’s tunic
+(<em>tunica muliebris</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Patee</strong> or <strong>Pattee</strong>, Her. A small cross with
+the arms widening towards the ends.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Patella.</strong> Diminutive of <span class='sc'>Patera</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Patena</strong></span>, R. and Chr. A manger of wood,
+stone, or marble for holding food for horses;
+when it was divided into several compartments,
+these were called <em>loculi</em>. (See <span class='sc'>Loculus</span>.) In
+Christian archæology, <em>patena</em> was the term
+applied to a small plate of gold or silver, used
+in the celebration of mass to cover over the
+chalice, and to hold the pieces of the host after
+it has been broken by the priest.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Patent Yellow.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Turner’s Yellow</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_521'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_521.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 521. Patera.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Patera</strong>, dimin. <strong>Patella</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">φιάλη</span>). Flat plates
+or dishes for holding fluids for domestic use,
+and wine for libations in the sacrifices. The
+common kinds were of red earthenware, ornamented
+with designs in black. Others were of
+bronze or silver, often richly decorated with
+chasing, &amp;c. (Compare <span class='sc'>Patina</span>.) In Architecture,
+a great variety of flat ornaments used in
+all styles of architecture are improperly called
+<em>pateræ</em>, the word applying properly to circular
+ornaments resembling the classical dish
+often found on friezes of classical architecture.
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_521'>521</a>, 522.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_522'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_522.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 522. Side view, showing the depth of the patera.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_523'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_523.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 523. Paternosters.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Paternosters</strong> or <strong>Bead-ornament</strong>. (1) A rosary.
+(2) Architectural ornaments in the form of
+berries or beads (Fig. <a href='#fig_523'>523</a>), which decorate
+bands or other mouldings, and which often
+occur above ovolos.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Patibulum</strong></span>, R. An instrument of punishment
+in the form of a fork (<em>furca</em>), between the
+prongs of which the criminal’s neck was placed.
+His hands were fastened to the prongs of the
+fork, and in this condition (<em>patibulatus</em>) he was
+flogged through the city. The name of <em>patibulum</em>,
+or <em>crux patibularia</em>, was also given to a cross to
+which criminals were nailed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Patina.</strong> The rust of antiquity found on
+bronzes and coins; it cannot be removed by
+rubbing or wetting it. It varies with the nature
+of the soil, and in some cases the surface acquires
+the smoothness and colour of malachite.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Patina</strong></span>, R. An earthenware vessel, used generally
+for cookery. It was deeper than the
+<em>patera</em>, but less deep than the <em>olla</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Patonce</strong>, Her. A variety of the heraldic
+cross.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Patriarchal</strong>, Her. A variety of the heraldic
+cross, with a short cross-bar on the upper limb.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_524'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_524.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 524. Badge of St. Patrick.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Patrick, Order of
+St.</strong>, indicated by the
+letters K.P., was instituted
+by George III.
+in 1783. The badge
+or jewel is of gold
+enamelled and oval in
+form, and is worn suspended
+from a collar
+formed of alternate
+roses and harps, or
+from a broad sky-blue
+ribbon.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Patten</strong></span>, Fr. (1) A
+woman’s clog. (2)
+The base of a column.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Patulous.</strong> Spreading.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Paul Veronese Green.</strong>
+An <em>arsenite</em> or <em>arseniate of copper</em>. A fine and
+durable colour, used either for oil or water-colour
+painting. (See <span class='sc'>Emerald Green</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pavilion</strong>, Arch. A projecting apartment,
+usually with a dome or turret.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_525'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_525.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 525. Pavimentum (sectile).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pavimentum</strong></span>, R. A pavement formed by
+means of pieces of tile, crushed stones, flints,
+and other materials set in a bed of ashes or
+cement, and consolidated by beating down with
+the rammer (<em>pavicula</em>), whence its name of <em>pavimentum</em>.
+There were various kinds of pavimenta:
+the sectile (Figs. 525, 526), the <em>tessellatum</em> or
+<em>tesseris structum</em>, the <em>vermiculatum</em>, the <em>sculpturatum</em>,
+and the <em>testaceum</em>, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_526'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_526.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 526. Pavimentum (sectile).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pavo.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Peacock</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pavonaceum</strong> (sc. <em>opus</em>), R. An arrangement
+of materials placed so as to overlap one
+another, and bearing more or less resemblance
+to the feathers in a peacock’s tail.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pavonine.</strong> Coloured like a peacock’s tail.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pax</strong>, <strong>Paxboard</strong>, Chr. A representation of
+the Crucifixion upon a piece of wood or metal,
+with a handle at the back. It was kissed
+by the priest in the mass at the words “<em>Pax
+Domini sit semper vobiscum</em>,” and afterwards
+passed round to be kissed by the congregation.
+It was also spelt <em>Paxbrede</em>. Also called <span class='sc'>Osculatorium</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Peach-stone Black</strong>, prepared from calcined
+stones of fruits, is a handsome colour, but has a
+reddish tinge. Ground with oil and white lead,
+the colour called <em>old gray</em> is obtained.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Peacock</strong></span>, R. and Chr. In antiquity the
+peacock was sacred to Juno, and is called
+<em>Junonia avis</em>. It is represented on Roman imperial
+coins bearing the empresses up to heaven,
+as the eagle does the emperors; and hence in
+Christian archæology is the symbol of the resurrection.
+(Her., see Fig. <a href='#fig_398'>398</a>, <span class='sc'>In Pride</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pea-green.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Chrysocolla</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pean</strong>, Her. One of the furs; represented in
+gold spots on a black ground.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pean</strong> or <strong>Pæan</strong>. A song or shout of triumph.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pearl.</strong> A secretion of the mollusc; in its
+normal development a thickening of the shell,
+which supplies <em>mother-of-pearl</em>; abnormally,
+forming globules for the purpose of encysting
+foreign substances intruded within the shell,
+which are the precious pearls used in jewellery.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pearl</strong>, in Chinese the emblem of <em>talent</em>, is
+put by the Chinese on porcelains destined for
+rewards of poets and other <em>laureati</em> in China.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pebble.</strong> A name given by lapidaries to
+many different stones.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><strong>Pechblende</strong> or <strong>Pech-urane</strong></span>, Germ. An ore of
+uranium and iron, used in porcelain painting and
+glass, producing a handsome greenish-yellow
+pigment.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pecten</strong>, Egyp. and R. (<em>pecto</em>, to comb). (1) A
+comb for the hair; among the Egyptians and
+Romans they were made of box-wood or ivory.
+(See <span class='sc'>Comb</span>.) (2) A weaver’s comb for pressing
+the threads of the web firmly together. (3) A
+comb for carding flax or wool. (4) A reaper’s
+“comb,” used in several countries, especially
+Gaul, instead of a sickle, for plucking the ears
+of wheat from the stalk. (5) A haymaker’s
+rake, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pectinated.</strong> Having teeth like a comb.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pectoral</strong>, Gen. (<em>pectus</em>, the breast). A plate
+forming the front of a cuirass, and thus covering
+the chest.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Peculium</strong></span>, R. Property or earnings which a
+slave or a <em>filius familias</em> was permitted to
+acquire and consider as his own, although in
+strict law it belonged to the master or father.
+The slave was sometimes allowed by agreement
+to use this peculium for the purpose of purchasing
+his liberty.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pecunia</strong></span>, R. Money; so called from <em>pecus</em>,
+a herd of cattle, Man’s primitive medium of exchange.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pedal.</strong> In Music, a passage where the harmony
+moves upon a sustained sound, which is either
+the dominant or the tonic of the key.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pede-cloth</strong>, Chr. A carpet laid on the space
+between the altar and the rails.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_527'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_527.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 527. Pedestal of Trajan’s Column.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_528'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_528.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 528. Pedestal of Column of Antoninus Pius.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_529'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_529.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 529. Pedestal of the Androsium at Athens.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pedestal</strong>, Gen. The
+base of a structure;
+the base supporting a
+statue, group, or monumental
+column. A
+pedestal has three
+parts: the <em>base</em> or <em>foot</em>
+next the ground, the
+<em>dado</em> or <em>die</em> forming the
+centre, and the <em>cornice</em>
+or <em>surbase</em> mouldings at
+the top. Fig. <a href='#fig_527'>527</a> represents
+a half-section
+of the base of Trajan’s
+column at Rome; Fig.
+<a href='#fig_528'>528</a> a half-section of
+the base of the column
+dedicated to Antoninus
+Pius, and preserved in
+the Pio Clementino
+Museum at Rome;
+lastly, Fig. <a href='#fig_529'>529</a> gives a
+part of the pedestal
+or base of the Pandrosium
+at Athens;
+when, however, pedestals
+support caryatides
+or columns, they are
+more commonly called
+<span class='sc'>Stylobates</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pedica</strong></span>, R. (1) A
+snare by which an animal
+is caught by the
+foot (<em>pes</em>). (2) Fetters
+or irons worn on the
+feet by slaves.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pediculated</strong>, Arch.
+Sustained or supported
+by a <span class='sc'>Pedicule</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pedicule</strong>, Arch. A
+small pillar which
+serves as a support to
+anything; whence the
+expressions <em>monopediculated</em>
+(with a single
+pedicule) (Fig. <a href='#fig_387'>387</a>),
+and <em>polypediculated</em>
+(with several pedicules).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pediluvium.</strong> (See
+<span class='sc'>Ablutions</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pediment</strong>, Arch.
+The triangular crowning
+of a portico, usually
+supported by a
+row of columns. (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_026'>26</a>.) The temples of
+antiquity generally had
+two pediments, one on
+each face. The inner
+part of the pediment
+is called the <span class='sc'>Tympanum</span>
+(q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pedum</strong>, Gen. (<em>pes</em>,
+a foot). A shepherd’s
+crook, or curved stick for
+catching goats or sheep
+by the leg. Fauns and satyrs are often represented
+carrying the pastoral crook, and it is the attribute
+of Thalia, as the muse of pastoral poetry.
+(See under <span class='sc'>Peplum</span>.) In Egyptian archæology
+it is a symbol of authority, and is frequently
+to be seen in the hands of Osiris and the
+Pharaohs; the Egyptian term for it is <em>hyq</em>. (Cf.
+<span class='sc'>Hycsos</span>.) In early Christian art it is an attribute
+of Our Lord as the <em>Good Shepherd</em>. Representations
+of the pedum are of frequent occurrence
+in the catacomb paintings. (See <span class='sc'>Pastoral
+Staff</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_530'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_530.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 530. Pegasus. Device of Cardinal Bembo.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pegasus.</strong> A horse with wings; emblem
+of fame, eloquence, poetic study, and contemplation.
+A bronze medal of Cardinal Bembo,
+the great Italian author of the 16th century, in
+the Museum at South Kensington, shows his
+device given above. (Fig. <a href='#fig_530'>530</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pegma</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πῆγμα</span>, i. e. a thing fastened).
+(1) This term denotes generally anything made of a
+number of boards joined together. (2) In a more
+restricted sense it means a theatrical machine
+of several stages (<em>tabulata</em>), one above the other,
+which could be raised or lowered by balance
+weights. On such stages gladiators called <em>pegmares</em>
+fought in the amphitheatres, and battles
+and other scenes were represented. When they
+were used in sacrifices, the victim was slaughtered
+in an upper stage and the priest stood in one
+under the ground, and was afterwards brought
+up to be shown to the people with the blood
+of the victim upon him. In theatres similar
+<em>pegmata</em> were employed for the purpose of
+changing the scenery. (3) Lastly the term was
+used to denote any kind of wooden furniture
+or joinery in a house, such as shelves, side-boards,
+bookcases, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Pegola</strong></span>, It. Greek pitch; boiled resin for
+varnishes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Pel</strong></span>, O. E. (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palus</span></i>). A post, six feet in
+height, set firmly in the ground, to be hewn at
+with sword or mace for exercise. The weapons
+were double the ordinary weight, and the
+swordsman had to cover himself from imaginary
+blows in return with a shield, called a <em>fan</em>, also
+of double weight. (See <span class='sc'>Quintain</span>.) (Consult
+<em>Meyrick</em>, vol. i. 145.) The pel was in the same
+way set up as a mark to throw spears at, and for
+archery practice.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pelecinon</strong>, Gr. A sun-dial so called because
+it ended in a “dove-tail” (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πελεκῖνος</span>).</p>
+
+<div id='fig_531'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_531.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 531. A Pelican in its piety.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pelican</strong> tearing open her breast to feed her
+young with her own blood was an early symbol
+of the Redemption and of the virtue of Charity.
+As a device it was borne by William of Orange,
+with the appropriate motto “<em>Pro lege, grege et
+rege</em>” (for the law, the people, and the king);
+a slight modification of that of Alphonso the
+Wise. (Fig. <a href='#fig_531'>531</a>.) It is described in Heraldry
+as “<em>a pelican in its piety</em>.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pelisse</strong> (from <em>pellis</em>, a skin). A robe made of
+fur.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pellet</strong>, Her. A black <span class='fss'>ROUNDLE</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pellicatus</strong></span>, R. (<em>pellis</em>, a skin). Literally,
+covered with <em>skin</em>. The term was specially
+applied to earthenware vessels which were
+covered over with skin in order to keep the
+provisions they held fresh.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pellitus</strong></span>, R. (<em>pellis</em>, skin). Clothed by means
+of skins; dressed in furs.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pelluvia</strong>, <strong>Pelluvium</strong></span>, R. (<em>pes</em>, a foot, and <em>luo</em>,
+to wash). A basin in which the feet were
+washed, in contradistinction to the vessel called
+<em>malluvium</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pelta</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πέλτη</span>). A small shield made of
+some light material, such as wood or wicker-work,
+and covered with leather. In shape it
+was sometimes elliptical, but more often cut away
+at the top, so that at that part it resembled a
+crescent. (Compare <span class='sc'>Clipeus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pelvis</strong></span>, R. A general term used in ancient
+times to denote any kind of circular-shaped
+vessel. The term corresponded to the Greek
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πελίκα</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Penates</strong> (<em>penus</em>, food). Household gods who
+were believed by the ancients to be the bestowers
+of all the worldly blessings enjoyed by
+a family.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pencil.</strong> A collection of rays of light converging
+to a point is so called.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pendant.</strong> In Heraldry, drooping.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pendant Key-stone.</strong> A synonym of <span class='sc'>Pendentive</span>.
+(See this word and <span class='sc'>Furca</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pendants</strong>, Arch. Ornaments hanging down
+from the ceilings and roofs of Gothic architecture.
+Generally, a pair of pictures or statues
+appropriate to each other are called <em>pendant</em>
+each of the other.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pendentives</strong>, Arch. In a spherical roof intersected
+with groined compartments, the term
+<em>pendentives</em> was applied to the surfaces included
+between such compartments. The same term
+is applied to the surfaces included in the angles
+formed by a groined vaulting at its spring.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Penetrale</strong></span>, R. An inner apartment. (Cf.
+<span class='sc'>Adytum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Penicillum</strong>, <strong>Penicillus</strong></span>, R. (<em>penis</em>, a tail).
+(Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὑπογραφίς</span>.) A painter’s pencil or brush.
+The brushes of the ancients were made either
+with hair or a kind of sea-weed or sponge.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Peniculus.</strong> Synonym of <span class='sc'>Penicillum</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Penna</strong></span>, R. A quill, a large and strong feather,
+in contradistinction to <em>pluma</em>, which denotes the
+small feathers spread over a bird’s body; and
+thence a writing-pen, which was used instead of
+the <em>arundo</em> or <em>calamus</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Penna</strong>, Med. During the Middle Ages this
+term was used to denote the battlements of a
+castle wall, and thence the castle itself.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_532'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_532.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 532. Pennon.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pennon</strong>, Her. An
+armorial lance-flag,
+pointed or swallow-tailed
+at the fly,
+borne by knights.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pentachord.</strong> Any
+musical instrument
+having five strings;
+a system of five
+sounds.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pentacle</strong> (It.
+<i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">pentacolo</span></i>). A talisman;
+a figure
+formed of two
+triangles, intersecting
+so as to form a six-pointed star. A frequent
+object in early ornamental art.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pentagon.</strong> A figure of five sides and five angles.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pentagraph.</strong> A mechanism contrived to
+facilitate the copying of drawings on a different
+scale, invented by Christopher Scheiner, a
+Suabian Jesuit, in the 16th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pentahedron.</strong> A solid figure having five equal
+sides.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pentalpha.</strong> The pentacle was so called.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>“A star of five points, composed of five A’s interlaced,
+was formerly made by physicians the symbol of health,
+under the name of Pentalpha.” (<cite>Menestrier.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pentaptych.</strong> An altar painting of five or
+more leaves. (See <span class='sc'>Diptych</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pentaspastos</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">παντά-σπαστος</span>). A kind of
+pulley, the <em>block</em> of which contains a system of
+five pulleys (<em>orbiculi</em>). This engine was employed
+to lift great weights.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pentastyle</strong>, Arch. A portico of five columns.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pentathlon</strong>, Gr. Greek games similar to the
+<span class='sc'>Quinquertium</span> (q.v.) of the Romans, frequently
+represented on ancient vases.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pentelic Marble</strong> from a mountain of that
+name near Athens, of which the Parthenon and
+other temples are built, has a beautiful <em>warm</em>
+yellowish tone, comparable to ivory. All the
+Athenian statues are of this marble.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Penteloris.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Paragauda</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pent-roof</strong>, Arch. A roof sloping only from one
+side; hence a <em>pent-house</em> for a house or shed
+covered by such a roof.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Penula.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Pænula</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Penumbra</strong> (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pene</span></i>, almost, and <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">umbra</span></i>,
+shade). The part of a picture where the light
+and shade blend together.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Peperino</strong></span>, It. (<em>pepe</em>, pepper). A pepper-coloured
+building stone much used in the construction
+of ancient Rome, formerly called <em>Lapis
+Albanus</em>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_533'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_533.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 533. Thalia, the Muse of Comedy. <em>Wearing the chiton and peplos.</em></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Peplum</strong> and <strong>Peplus</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πέπλον</span> and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πέπλος</span>).
+The robe peculiarly proper to Minerva. (See <span class='sc'>Panathenæa</span>.)
+A large full robe or shawl worn by
+women, corresponding to the <em>himation</em> or <em>pallium</em>
+of the men. On occasions of funerals or weddings
+this shawl was thrown over the head as a veil.
+The choicest productions of the loom in antiquity
+were <em>pepli</em>; and the most splendid dyes,
+and curious workmanship, and skilful designs
+were lavished upon their manufacture. They
+were a common form of offering to the treasures
+of the temples. A fine statue in the British
+Museum represents the Muse Thalia wearing
+the <em>peplos</em> and <em>chiton</em>, and holding the pastoral
+<em>pedum</em> in her hand. (Fig. <a href='#fig_533'>533</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Per</strong>, Her. In blazoning the divisions of a
+shield the term “<em>per</em>,” signifying “by” or “by
+means of,” is employed sometimes alone, and
+sometimes (having the same signification) with
+the word “party” or “parted.” The following
+are the primary divisions of a shield:—Fig. <em>a</em>,
+<em>Per Pale</em>, or <em>Parted per Pale</em>, or <em>Party per Pale</em>;
+Fig. <em>b</em>, <em>Per Fesse</em> or <em>Parted per Fesse</em>; Fig. <em>c</em>,
+<em>Per Cross</em> or <em>Quarterly</em> (<em>Per Pale</em> and <em>Per Fesse</em>
+together); Fig. <em>d</em>, <em>Per Bend</em>; Fig. <em>e</em>, <em>Per Bend
+Sinister</em>; Fig. <em>f</em>, <em>Per Saltire</em> (<em>Per Bend</em> and
+<em>Per Bend Sinister</em>); Fig. <em>g</em>, <em>Per Chevron</em>; Fig.
+<em>h</em>, <em>Per Tierce</em> or <em>Tiercée</em> (divided into three
+equal divisions by two vertical lines). (<cite>Boutell.</cite>)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_534'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_534.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 534. Divisions of the heraldic shield.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pera</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πήρα</span>). A wallet or haversack of
+leather or hide, which was carried, slung over the
+shoulder, by travellers, peasants, and beggars.
+The Cynic philosophers, anticipating the fraternity
+of the <span class='sc'>Gueux</span>, adopted the wallet as a
+distinctive part of their costume.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pergula</strong></span>, R. (<em>pergere</em>, to continue on). Generally,
+any construction added to another beyond
+the original plan, generally in the way of a
+lean-to; e. g. a balcony built over the colonnades
+of a forum, or a gallery placed on a
+house-top; a room in which paintings were exhibited;
+a lecture-room, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Periactos</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">περί-ακτος</span>, i. e. that turns
+round). A theatrical machine used by the
+ancients; it was of very simple construction,
+being formed of three frames arranged so as to
+form a triangular prism, on each face of which a
+different scene was painted. At each side of
+the stage there was a <em>periactos</em> which turned on
+pivots as required, so as to admit of a rapid
+change of scene.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Periapts</strong></span>, O. E. Charms worn about the
+neck. (<cite>Shakspeare.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Peribolê</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">περιβολὴ</span>, an enclosing).
+The sacred enclosure of a temple, which was
+in some instances of sufficient size to contain
+not only altars and statues of the god, but
+shrines and a sacred wood. In Christian architecture
+the word was used for the wall of
+enclosure of the choir, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Peridot</strong></span>, Fr. A yellow gem supposed to be
+the <em>topaz</em> of the ancients.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Peridromê</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">περι-δρομὴ</span>, a running round).
+A gallery or covered promenade which
+ran round a temple or other building.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Perigee.</strong> Near the earth; <em>figuratively</em> “at its
+lowest.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Perihelion.</strong> Near the sun; <em>figuratively</em> “at
+its highest.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Perimeter.</strong> The outline of a rectilinear figure.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Peripatetics.</strong> Disciples of Aristotle, who
+<em>walked about</em> during his lectures in the Lyceum
+at Athens.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Peripetasma</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">περι-πέτασμα</span>). A general term
+including anything that is flat and hung up or
+spread out, such as a covering, tapestry, hangings,
+curtains, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Periphery</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">περι-φέρεια</span>). (1) The
+circumference of a curvilinear figure. (2) Ornaments
+in relief executed on the sides of vases,
+<em>running round</em> them. (See <span class='sc'>Crustæ</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_535'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_535.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 535. Ground-plan of a <em>pseudo-peripteral</em> temple.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Periptery</strong>, Arch, (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">περί-πτερος</span>,
+lit. with wings
+around). A building surrounded
+by columns at
+equal distances one from
+the other; the distance between
+the wall of enclosure
+and the colonnade being
+equal to that between the
+columns. <em>Peripteral temples</em>
+are distinguished as <em>monopteral</em>,
+or those with a
+single row of columns;
+<em>dipteral</em>, those with two
+rows; <em>pseudo-dipteral</em>, or
+buildings with one row of
+columns standing apart
+and one embedded; lastly,
+<em>pseudo-peripteral</em> (Fig. <a href='#fig_535'>535</a>), or buildings whose
+columns are embedded in the wall.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Periscelis</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">περι-σκελίς</span>). (1) An anklet
+worn by Oriental and Greek women, and less
+frequently by Roman ladies also. (2) The word
+is sometimes used for <em>feminalia</em> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Peristerium</strong>, Chr. A kind of canopy surrounding
+the sacred vessels containing the host.
+The eucharistic doves are called <em>peristera</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Peristroma</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">περί-στρωμα</span>). In general,
+anything used as a covering, in especial that
+which is spread over a bed, and thence curtains,
+carpets, or hangings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Peristyle</strong>, Arch. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">περί-στυλον</span>). A building
+the <em>interior</em> of which is surrounded with columns,
+the opposite of <span class='sc'>Peripteros</span>; a building may,
+however, be peripteral and yet possess a peristyle.
+The term is also a Greek name for the <span class='sc'>Atrium</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Perivalium</strong>, Med. A Latin word used
+in the Middle Ages to denote the choir of a
+church, or the stalls of the choir.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Permanent White.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Constant White</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pero</strong></span>, R. A tall boot reaching to the calf,
+made of untanned leather with the fur on, worn
+by shepherds and agricultural labourers, and
+still common in Italian villages.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Perogue.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Pirogue</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Perpend-stone</strong>, Arch. A large stone reaching
+through the wall, visible on both sides.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Perpendicular Style of Architecture.</strong> The
+third and last of the pointed or Gothic styles of
+architecture used in England. It was developed
+from the Decorated during the latter part of the
+14th century, and continued in use till the
+middle of the 16th, when it gave way to the
+style called <span class='sc'>Elizabethan</span>. It is peculiar to
+England. Its chief characteristics are a general
+prevalence of perpendicular lines, panelling of
+flat surfaces, and the multiplicity of small shafts
+with which the piers, &amp;c., are overlaid.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Perron</strong>, Arch. A staircase, or flight of steps,
+outside a building.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Perse</strong></span>, Fr. Chintz.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Persian.</strong> A thin inferior <em>silk</em> used for lining
+garments.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Persian Blinds</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Persiennes</span></i>). Venetian
+blinds.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_536'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_536.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 536. Persian Bowl.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_537'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_537.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 537. Flask. Persian.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Persian Pottery.</strong> The illustrations (from
+Jacquemart’s <em>History of the Ceramic Art</em>) are
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_536'>536</a>) a bowl of soft porcelain, blue externally
+and decorated with abundant vegetation
+and fantastic birds with peacocks’ tails; (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_537'>537</a>) a flask, also of soft porcelain, characterized
+by a blackish-blue scroll encircling
+the principal subject; and (Fig. <a href='#fig_538'>538</a>) a faience
+tile which M. Jacquemart considers pure Mohammedan
+art, is very interesting for the subject
+that it represents—the caaba or sacred
+mosque of Mecca, the object of the Mohammedan
+pilgrimage. (Consult <em>Souvenir d’un
+voyage en Perse</em>, <em>Comte de Rochchouart</em>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_538'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_538.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 538. Persian Plaque, with polychrome decoration.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Persian Red.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Indian Red</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Persiana</strong></span>, It. (1) A silk with a pattern of
+large flowers. (2) Venetian blinds; Persiennes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Persians</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">περσικά</span>). Columns the
+shafts of which consist of figures of Persian
+slaves; they are also known as <em>Persian columns</em>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_539'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_539.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 539. Persona comica.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Persona</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A
+mask worn by actors upon
+the stage; there were <em>personæ
+tragicæ</em>, <em>comicæ</em> (Fig. <a href='#fig_539'>539</a>),
+<em>mutæ</em>, &amp;c., that is, masks for
+tragic, comic, or mute persons,
+&amp;c. The custom is attributed
+to that of smearing
+the face with certain juices
+and colours, and appearing
+in disguise at the festivals of
+Dionysus; and is probably as
+old as the drama itself.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Perspective.</strong> The art of representing
+on a flat surface
+the appearance of objects
+from one given point of view.
+<em>Linear perspective</em> is the science
+by which the principles of
+geometry are applied in this art.
+(See <span class='sc'>Aerial</span> and <span class='sc'>Isometrical
+Perspective</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pertica</strong></span>, R. A rod, pole, or
+stick; a foot, or measure of
+length divided into twelve
+inches (<em>unciæ</em>) and sixteen
+fingers (<em>digiti</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Perticæ</strong>, Chr. In mediæval
+architecture, beams behind
+the altar in a church, from
+which relics were suspended
+on days of festival.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Peruque.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Wigs</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Peruvian Architecture.</strong>
+The Peruvian temples and
+palaces were generally low
+and spacious, constructed of
+great blocks of stone often 38 feet by 18
+and 6 feet in thickness. The interiors were
+richly ornamented, the sides of the apartments
+being thickly
+studded with gold and
+silver. Niches in the
+walls were filled with
+images of plants and
+animals, also of the
+precious metals. The
+Western wall of the
+temple was placed
+to receive the first
+rays of the rising sun
+upon a statue of the
+god engraved on a
+plate of gold and
+thickly studded with
+emeralds and precious
+stones.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pes</strong></span>, R. A foot;
+the standard measure
+of length, composed
+of 12 <em>unciæ</em> or
+<em>inches</em>, or 16 <em>digiti</em>, <em>finger-breadths</em>. It equalled
+11·6496 inches English.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Pesante</strong></span>, It. A weight = half a drachm.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_540'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_540.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 540. Vase of Pesaro Ware.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pesaro Ware.</strong> The particular characteristic
+of the mother-of-pearl majolica of Pesaro is a
+pale, limpid yellow, associated with a pure blue;
+under the effect of luminous rays these colours
+become animated and shoot out in pencils of red,
+golden yellow, green, and blue of remarkable
+intensity. (<cite>Jacquemart.</cite>) (Fig. <a href='#fig_540'>540</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><strong>Peseta</strong></span>, Sp. A silver coin, about the fourth
+of a Mexican dollar; about 10½<em>d.</em></p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Pesillo</strong></span>, It. Small scales used for weighing
+gold and silver, and gems.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pessi</strong> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πεσσοί</span>). Draughts. (See <span class='sc'>Latrunculi</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pessulus</strong></span>, R. A bolt for a door.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Petasus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πέτασος</span>, i. e. that
+which spreads out). (1) A soft felt hat with
+broad brim. (2) The winged cap of Mercury.
+Most of the horsemen in the Panathenaic procession
+(see <span class='sc'>Elgin Marbles</span>) wear the petasus.
+In Greek art it is a conventional sign of a
+traveller. (Compare <span class='sc'>Pileus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Petaurum</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πέταυρον</span>, lit. a perch for fowls).
+A machine employed in the Roman games;
+probably a fixed “see-saw.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Peter-boat</strong></span>, O. E. A river <em>fisherman’s</em>
+wherry.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Petit Canon</strong></span>, Fr. A kind of printing-type;
+<em>two-line</em> in English.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Petit Gris</strong></span>, Fr. Minever fur. (See <span class='sc'>Vair</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Petit Texte</strong></span>, Fr. A kind of printing-type;
+<em>brevier</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Petoritum</strong></span>, R. An open four-wheeled carriage,
+a kind of cart used for conveying slaves.
+Its Gallic origin is indicated by the etymology
+of the word, viz. <em>petoer</em>, four, and <em>rit</em>, a wheel.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Petronel</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">poictrinal</span></i>). A piece of artillery
+or fire-arm, used in the 16th century, which
+was afterwards converted into a clumsy gun
+called a <em>blunderbuss</em>. It was the medium between
+the arquebus and the pistol.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Petunse</strong>, Chinese. A fine clay used for porcelain;
+a kind of kaolin.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Peulvan</strong>, Celt. (See <span class='sc'>Menhir</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pewter.</strong> An alloy of 100 parts of tin to 17 of
+antimony; or 89 tin, 7 antimony, and 2 copper.
+Tin and zinc, and lead and tin, are sometimes
+used to make pewter. The ancient guild of the
+Pewterers’ Company have their hall in Lime
+Street.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Phæcasia</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">φαικάσιον</span>). White
+shoes worn by different classes among the
+Greeks and Romans, but more especially by the
+priests and gymnasiarchs.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Phalæ</strong> or <strong>Falæ</strong></span>, R. Wooden towers which
+were erected temporarily in a circus for the
+display of sham fights and captures of cities.
+(Compare <span class='sc'>Pegma</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Phalangæ</strong>, <strong>Palangæ</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">φάλαγξ</span>). A pole
+employed for carrying purposes. Two men took
+the ends of this pole upon the shoulders, the
+burden being suspended from it in the middle.
+The same term was also applied to the rollers
+placed beneath objects whose weight rendered
+them difficult to move. The persons who made
+use of <em>phalangæ</em> for carrying anything were
+called <em>phalangarii</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Phalanx</strong>, Gr. A close compact mass of infantry
+soldiers drawn up in files, usually eight
+deep. The Theban phalanx was twenty-five
+in depth.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Phalarica.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Falarica</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_541'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_541.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 541. Gallic Phalera.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Phaleræ</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">φάλαρα</span>).
+Medals of gold, silver, or
+bronze (Fig. <a href='#fig_541'>541</a>), worn
+upon the breast as a military
+decoration, and frequently
+displayed on the
+harness of the horses.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Phannel</strong></span>, O. E. (See
+<span class='sc'>Fanon</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Phantasmagoria.</strong> Literally,
+a procession of
+images. A name applied
+especially to dissolving views shown by the
+alternate use of each of two magic lanterns.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pharetra</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">φαρέτρα</span>). A quiver.
+This was made of hide or leather, often richly
+ornamented with gold, painting, or braiding.
+It had a lid, and hung, from a belt over the right
+shoulder, on the left hip. (See <span class='sc'>Corytus</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Quivers</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pharos</strong>, <strong>Pharus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">φάρος</span>). A
+lighthouse; the name was derived from that
+which Ptolemy Philadelphus erected in the
+island of Pharos, at the entrance to the harbour
+of Alexandria, in Egypt.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Phaselus</strong>, Egyp. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">φάσηλος</span>). A light Egyptian
+boat, long and narrow in shape, and made
+of very slight materials, such as osier, papyrus,
+and terra-cotta; it derived its name from the resemblance
+it bore to the pod of a bean (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">φάσηλος</span>).</p>
+
+<div id='fig_542'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_542.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 542. Phaskon.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Phaskon</strong>, Gr. A
+vessel of a flattened
+ovoid form, with a
+long spout, and a handle
+at the top, like
+the askos.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Phenakistoscope</strong>
+(<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">φενακιστικὸς</span>, deceptive,
+and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σκοπέω</span>, to
+view), or <strong>Spectroscope</strong>.
+A toy for illustrating the duration of
+impressions on the retina of the eye. (See
+<span class='sc'>Spectra</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Phenicine.</strong> An indigo purple pigment.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_543'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_543.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 543. Pheon.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pheon</strong>, Her. A
+pointed spear-head
+borne with the point in
+base. (<cite>Boutell.</cite>) “The
+<em>peon</em>, or <em>pheon</em>, was a
+barbed javelin; the
+heads of these are
+still heraldic bearings,
+and from their figure,
+we find the barbs
+<em>escalloped</em>, or <em>invecked</em>
+as the heralds term it, aside.” (<cite>Meyrick.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pheretrum.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Feretrum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Phiala</strong>, <strong>Phialê</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">φιάλη</span>). The Greek
+term synonymous with the Latin <span class='sc'>Patera</span>.
+But <em>Jacquemart</em> says, “Quant à la phiale,
+sorte de <em>petite bouteille</em> qui nous a donné le
+mot <em>fiole</em>; elle figure assez souvent dans les mains
+des divinités.”</p>
+
+<div id='fig_544'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_544.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 544. Part of the Frieze of the temple of Apollo Epicurius near Phigalia.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Phigalian Marbles.</strong> Friezes in the Hellenic
+room of the British Museum, from a temple to
+Apollo Epicurius, near the ancient Phigalia in
+Arcadia. There are twenty-three slabs in high
+relief, eleven representing the battle between the
+Centaurs and the Lapithæ, and the rest the
+contest of the Greeks and Amazons. They are
+attributed to the same period as the Parthenon,
+but are considered inferior in style and workmanship.
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_544'>544</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Philactery.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Phylactery</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Philomel.</strong> Poetical for the nightingale.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Philyra</strong> and <strong>Philura</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">φιλύρα</span>). Strips
+of papyrus used for making a sheet of writing-paper;
+ten or twelve strips of papyrus were first
+glued together lengthwise, and at the back of
+these a sufficient number of strips were fastened
+crosswise to double the thickness of the surface
+so obtained.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Phimus</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">φιμός</span>). A Greek term synonymous
+with <span class='sc'>Fritillus</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Phiolæ Rubricatæ.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Sanguinolenta</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_545'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_545.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 545. Phœnix. Device of Cardinal Trent.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Phœnix</strong>, Chr. In Christian archæology the
+phœnix, which is consumed by concentrating the
+sun’s rays in its body, and immediately rises
+again from its ashes, represents the mystery of
+the resurrection after death. In this sense it was
+adopted frequently as a device by ecclesiastics.
+(See <span class='sc'>Bennou</span>.) In blazon it is always represented
+as issuant from flames. (Fig. <a href='#fig_545'>545</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Phorminx</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">φόρμιγξ</span>). Homer’s epithet
+for the ancient <em>lyre</em>. It was a large lyre, and
+resembled the <em>cithara</em> of later times, or the
+modern guitar. It was used at an early period
+singly, or for accompanying recitations.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Photogalvanography.</strong> An art invented by
+Mr. Paul Pretsch, of Vienna, for printing from
+photographs by the medium of gutta percha.
+For a description of the process, see the <em>Manual
+of Photography</em>, 5th edition, pp. 269, 270.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Photoglyphic Engraving.</strong> An invention of
+Mr. Fox Talbot (1858) for engraving on metal
+plates by the action of light. (See <em>Photographic
+Journal</em>, vol. v. p. 58.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Photography.</strong> A great many processes of
+producing pictures by the action of the sun’s
+rays upon a sensitive surface are included under
+this general term, such as the Daguerreotype, the
+Talbotype, &amp;c. [Consult in the first instance
+<em>R. Hunt’s Manual of Photography</em>, from which
+reference can be taken to other authorities.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Photolithography.</strong> The art of preparing
+lithographic stones for printing from, by the
+medium of photography.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Photometallography.</strong> A process of etching
+on metal plates, by the action of light, invented
+by Mr. C. J. Burnett (1858). (See <em>Photographic
+Journal</em>, vol. v. p. 97.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Photometer.</strong> An instrument for measuring
+the <em>intensity</em> of light.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Phototype.</strong> A plate, like an engraved plate,
+produced from a photograph, for printing from.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Photozincography.</strong> The art of preparing zinc
+plates for printing from, by the medium of
+photography.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Phrase.</strong> In Music, a passage of melody or
+harmony containing a musical idea, more or
+less complete in respect of cadence.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Phrygian.</strong> Applied to music of a lively
+kind. (Cf. <span class='sc'>Lydian</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Phrygian Work</strong></span>, O. E. Embroidery. (See
+<span class='sc'>Orfrays</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Phrygianum</strong> (opus). A name given to all fine
+embroidery by the Romans, at a period when the
+work of the Phrygian women was most perfect.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Phrygio</strong></span>, R. A Phrygian, or embroiderer,
+because the inhabitants of Phrygia had the
+reputation of being excellent embroiderers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Phylactery</strong>, Gen. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">φυλακτήριον</span>, a preservative).
+(1) A general term which included any
+kind of amulet worn about the person as a
+protection against dangers of all kinds. (2)
+Strips of parchment or vellum, upon which
+the Jews transcribed passages from the sacred
+books, and which they either wore upon the
+arm or the forehead, in a small leather box.
+(3) In the Middle Ages the term was applied
+to the scrolls held in the hands of angels or
+other persons represented in painting or sculpture.
+These scrolls bore inscriptions. (See <span class='sc'>Labels</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Phylaka</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">φυλακή</span>). A prison; a Greek
+term corresponding to the Latin words <span class='sc'>Carcer</span>
+and <span class='sc'>Ergastulum</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Phytography.</strong> A process of nature-printing
+from plants, by passing them between soft metal
+plates through a rolling press.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Piazza</strong></span>, It. A square or open place surrounded
+by buildings, generally supported by
+pillars, and forming a vaulted promenade;
+hence the term is sometimes applied to the
+archways of a colonnade.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pibroch</strong>, Scotch. Bagpipe music.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pica</strong> (<em>pic</em>). Printing-type of the size formerly
+used in printing the <em>pic</em>, or service-book.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Piccadilly</strong>, Old Fr. A high, broad, peaked
+collar or ruff, <em>temp.</em> James I. The tailor who
+made these ruffs is said to have built the street
+called by this name.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Piccagium</strong>, Med. Lat. (English use). Money
+paid in fairs for breaking ground.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Piccolo</strong></span>, It. A small flute. Small pianofortes
+are so called also.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pictura</strong></span>, R. (<em>pingo</em>, to paint). The art of
+painting; <em>pictura in tabula</em>, a painting on wood;
+<em>pictura in linteo</em> or <em>in sipario</em>, a painting on
+canvas; <em>pictura inusta</em>, a painting in encaustic
+or wax; <em>pictura udo tectorio</em>, a fresco-painting.
+Embroidery was called <em>pictura textilis</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Picturatus</strong></span>, R. Painted; <em>tabella picturata</em>, a
+painted panel; <em>linteum picturatum</em>, embroidered
+linen.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Pièce de Maitrise</strong></span>, Fr. A test-work produced
+by an apprentice to prove his competence to
+become a <em>master</em> of his art or craft.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Piedouche</strong></span>, Fr. A bracket-pedestal.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Pieds de Hérisson</strong></span>, Fr. Fabulous animals so
+called represented on Persian pottery, mentioned
+by Jacquemart (p. 152); having the legs of a
+stag, the tail of a tiger, and the head of a
+woman. The legend is that Mohamet and Ali
+will mount such beasts on the Day of Judgment.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Piers</strong>, in Architecture, are the perpendicular
+supports from which <em>arches</em> spring.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Pietà</strong></span>, It. A picture or statue of the Body
+of Christ, attended by the Virgin Mary, or by
+holy women and angels.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pietra Dura.</strong> Mosaic panelling of hard
+pebbles of variegated colours, representing fruit,
+birds, &amp;c. in relief, and used as a decoration for
+coffers and cabinets in the 15th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Pietré Commesse</strong></span>, It. Costly inlaid-work representing
+flowers, fruit, &amp;c., in precious stones—such
+as agates, jaspers, lapis lazuli, &amp;c.—introduced
+in Florence in the 17th century, and still
+maintained in the royal manufactory of that city.
+The finest examples are in the chapel of the
+Medici attached to the cathedral church of
+St. Lorenzo.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pig.</strong> A black pig was represented at St.
+Anthony’s feet, representing his victory over
+sensuality and gluttony. The monks of the order
+of St. Anthony used to keep herds of consecrated
+pigs.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pigments.</strong> The colours used in painting. A
+large number are described in their order.
+Standard works on ancient and modern pigments
+are <em>Eastlake’s Materials for a History of
+Painting</em>; <em>Merrifield’s Ancient Art of Painting</em>;
+<em>Hundertpfund’s Art of Painting restored to
+its Simplest and Surest Principles</em>. An exhaustive
+catalogue of other works on the subject has been
+issued by the Librarian of the South Kensington
+Museum.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pike.</strong> A celebrated infantry weapon now replaced
+by the bayonet, consisting of a strong
+spear or lance with a spike at the butt for fixing
+in the ground. The shape of the head has varied
+at different periods.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pila</strong></span>, R. This word has different meanings,
+according as the first syllable is long or short.
+In the first case it denotes (1) a mortar; (2)
+a pillar or conical pier for supporting the
+superstructure of a bridge; (3) a breakwater.
+When the first syllable is short, the word denotes
+(1) a playing-ball. The game of ball, from the
+earliest times to the fall of the Roman Empire,
+was one of the favourite exercises of
+the Greeks and Romans. In the baths and
+the gymnasiums a room (<em>sphæristerium</em>) was
+set apart for the purpose. <em>Pila</em> was a small
+ball; <em>follis</em>, a large one filled with air: other
+balls were the <em>paganica</em> and the <em>harpastum</em>. (2)
+<em>Pila vitrea</em>, a glass globe. (3) A dummy made to
+roughly imitate the human form.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Pilaster</strong></span>, It. A square pillar on a wall,
+partly embedded in it, one-fourth or one-fifth of
+its thickness projecting.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pile.</strong> (1) Her. One of the ordinaries, in form
+like a wedge. (2) An arrow used in hunting,
+with a round knob below the head, to prevent it
+penetrating too far. (3) The nap or surface on
+velvet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pileatus</strong></span>, R. One who wears the <em>pileus</em>, or
+skull-cap of felt; it was specially worn by the
+seafaring classes, and also by the Dioscuri
+(Castor and Pollux).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pilentum</strong></span>, R. A state carriage in which the
+Roman ladies rode when attending any ceremony,
+whereas for purposes of recreation or for visiting
+they made use of the <em>carpentum</em> or the <em>harmamaxa</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pileolus</strong></span>, R. Diminutive of <span class='sc'>Pileus</span>; it was
+a small felt skull-cap which hardly covered the
+top of the head.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pileus</strong>, <strong>Pileum</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πῖλος</span>, felt). A kind of
+close-fitting felt cap worn more particularly by
+the seafaring classes. The <em>pileus</em> varied in form
+amongst the different nations by whom it was
+adopted; it was worn exclusively by men. The
+most familiar form of the pileus, in art, is the
+Phrygian bonnet, or cap of liberty. (Cf.
+<span class='sc'>Petasus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pillar Dollars</strong> are Spanish silver coins,
+stamped on the obverse with the royal arms of
+Spain supported by two columns.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Pillion</strong></span>, O. E. A soft pad-saddle with a footrest,
+for a woman or child to ride on behind a man.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pillow</strong> or <strong>Head-stool</strong>, Egyp. A kind of rest
+for the head, made sometimes of stone (onyx,
+alabaster, or sandstone), but more generally of
+wood, and used by the Egyptians to support and
+raise the head during sleep. In form it was a
+half-cylinder, and the base was more or less
+raised above the ground. This kind of pillow is
+still in use at the present day among various
+peoples, particularly the Nubians, the Japanese,
+and the Ashantees of Western Africa.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Pillow-beres</strong></span>, O. E. Pillow-cases. They were
+at all times an object of rich ornamentation.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pillow Lace.</strong> Lace worked by hand, by
+throwing <em>bobbins</em> upon a cushion or pillow. (See
+<span class='sc'>Lace</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pilum</strong></span>, R. A javelin; the missile weapon
+of the Roman infantry, but used likewise as a
+pike for charging the enemy. It was a thick
+strong weapon, 6 feet 3 inches in length, half of
+wood and half of iron, with a barbed head of 9
+inches of solid iron. The term also denotes a
+heavy pestle for bruising things in a mortar.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pilus</strong>, Med. Lat. (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">pieu</span></i>). A pointed club
+or javelin.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><strong>Pina</strong></span>, Sp. An amalgam of silver.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pinacotheca</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πινακο-θήκη</span>). A
+picture-gallery, one of the ordinary adjuncts
+to Greek or Roman houses of wealthy private
+persons.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pinaculum</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (a ridge or crest).
+A roof terminating in a ridge, the ordinary
+covering for a temple, whereas private houses
+had a flat roof.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pinchbeck.</strong> An alloy of 85 per cent. copper
+or brass, and 15 per cent. zinc; named after its
+inventor. It is sometimes called <em>tomback</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pindaric.</strong> Of verses, irregular in metre; like
+the verses of the lyric poet Pindar.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pingle Pan</strong>, Scotch. A small tin ladle used
+for mixing children’s food.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pink Madder.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Madder</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pinking.</strong> Stamping out borders and edges
+upon textile fabrics with a cutting instrument.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pinks</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">stil de grain</span></i>). These are water-colour
+pigments of a yellow or greenish-yellow
+colour produced from the precipitation of vegetable
+juices, such as saffron, aloes, buckthorn-berries,
+broom-flowers, &amp;c., upon chalk or
+whiting. They are <em>Italian pink</em>, sometimes called
+<em>yellow lake</em>; <em>brown pink</em>, <em>rose pink</em>, and <em>Dutch pink</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pinna</strong></span>, R. (lit. a wing). (1) The top of an
+embattled wall, the <em>battlements</em>. (2) The blade of
+a rudder.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pinnacle</strong>, Arch. A small spire, generally
+with four sides and ornamented; it is usually
+placed on the tops of buttresses, both external
+and internal.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pins.</strong> Metal pins were introduced into this
+country from France in 1543, previous to
+which ladies were accustomed to fasten their
+dresses with skewers of box-wood, ivory, or
+bone.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pipe.</strong> A musical wind instrument, represented
+in the 14th century, in <em>Strutt’s Sports and Pastimes</em>,
+as used with the <span class='fss'>TABOR</span> to accompany
+mountebanks, &amp;c. (See also <span class='sc'>Aulos</span>, <span class='sc'>Pito</span>, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pipe-clay.</strong> An oily clay found in large
+quantities in Devonshire; used for moulding
+earthenware, but chiefly for tobacco-pipes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Piriform</strong>, Arch. Pear-shaped. The term is
+applied to roofs domed in the form of a pear;
+the Baptistery of Parma may be cited as an
+example.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pirogue.</strong> An Indian canoe, hollowed out of
+a solid tree.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Piscina</strong></span>, R. (<em>piscis</em>, a fish). (1) A fishpond,
+an indispensable appendage to the villa of
+a wealthy Roman. (2) A large uncovered tank
+in the open air used as a swimming-bath, and
+distinct from the <em>baptisterium</em>, which was under
+cover. (3) <em>Piscina limaria</em> was the reservoir of
+an aqueduct. In mediæval archæology the name
+was given (1) to credence-tables; (2) to baptisteries.
+(See <span class='sc'>Baptisterium</span>, <span class='sc'>Natatorium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pisé-work.</strong> A method of constructing very
+durable walls of blocks of <em>kneaded earth</em>. It was
+probably suggested by the building processes of
+the ants, and Pliny calls such walls <em>formaciæ</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pistillum</strong>, <strong>Pistillus</strong></span>, R. A pestle for a
+mortar.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pistol.</strong> Invented at Pistoia in Tuscany. (See
+<em>Pallas Armata</em>, <em>Sir James Turner</em>, 1670; <em>Meyrick</em>,
+iii. 76.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pistole.</strong> A Spanish gold coin, worth about
+16<em>s</em>.; the fourth of a <em>doubloon</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Pistolese</strong></span>, It. A long dagger or stabbing-knife
+of Pistoia.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pistrina</strong>, <strong>Pistrinum</strong></span>, R. (<em>pistor</em>, a miller).
+Originally this term denoted a mill for grinding
+grain; later on it was used exclusively to denote
+a house of correction for slaves who had
+to turn the mill. The work was of a most
+laborious kind.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pistris</strong>, <strong>Pistrix</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πίστρις</span>). (1) A marine
+monster, representations of which are to be seen
+on the walls of several houses at Pompeii (in
+the legend of Theseus and Andromeda). It is
+always represented with the head of a dragon,
+and the fins and tail of a fish; and was adopted
+in early Christian art for the fish that swallowed
+Jonah. (2) A military engine.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pitch-blende.</strong> An ore used in porcelain
+painting. It produces a fine orange colour; also
+a black.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pitch-pipe.</strong> A sort of whistle for ascertaining
+the <em>pitch</em> of a musical instrument, or for setting
+the key-note.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pithos</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πίθος</span>). A large earthenware jar
+with a narrow neck, used in ancient and modern
+times for storing wine and oil. It appears
+upon a bas-relief in the Villa Albani as the tub
+of Diogenes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><strong>Pito</strong></span>, Sp. A Mexican name for the <em>pipe</em> of
+the Aztecs, which resembled a <em>flageolet</em>. It was
+made of red clay, and had four finger-holes.
+The young man selected as a victim at the
+sacrifice to Tezcatlepoca was carefully instructed
+before his death in the art of playing this instrument,
+and as he ascended the temple or <span class='fss'>TEOCALLI</span>
+to the sacrifice, he broke a flute upon
+each of the steps of the temple.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Piu</strong></span>, It. Rather; used in Music, as <em>piu forté</em>,
+<em>rather</em> loud.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pix</strong> or <strong>Pyx</strong>, Chr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πυξίς</span>). (1) A box to keep the
+unconsecrated altar breads in. It was generally
+circular, with a pointed cover, and richly
+enamelled. (2) The vessel in which the holy
+eucharist was suspended over the altar. (3)
+The box kept at the British Mint to contain
+the coins selected to be tried in assay, to ascertain
+whether the coinage is of the standard
+purity. (See <span class='sc'>Ciborium</span> [3], <span class='sc'>Monstrance</span>,
+&amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pizzicato</strong> (It.). An expression in music;
+playing on the violin like a harp.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Placage</strong></span>, Fr. Veneering or inlaying.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Plack</strong>, Scotch. A small copper coin formerly
+current in Scotland; equal to the third of an
+English penny.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Placket</strong></span>, O. E. A petticoat. (<cite>Shakspeare.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Plafond</strong>, <strong>Plafonner</strong></span>, Fr. Arch. (<em>plat-fond</em>).
+The French term for a ceiling, often the subject
+of elaborate architectural, carved, or painted
+decoration. The peculiar foreshortened perspective
+characteristic of figure-pictures on a
+ceiling is hence described as “plafonné;” and it
+is generally said of a painter distinguished for
+bold foreshortenings, “Il excelle à <em>plafonner</em>.”
+<em>Plafonds</em> of different periods are found of wood,
+lath and plaster, or stone.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Plaga</strong></span>, R. A hunting-net, the diminutive of
+which is <em>plagula</em> (small net); the latter term also
+denotes the curtains hung round a couch or litter,
+a width of cloth, a strip of paper, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Plagula.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Plaga</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Planchet.</strong> A name for the smooth coin prepared
+for stamping before it has passed under
+the die.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Planeta.</strong> A robe worn by <em>priests</em>, resembling
+the <span class='sc'>Dalmatic</span> (see Fig. <a href='#fig_236'>236</a>) worn by <em>deacons</em>.
+(See <span class='sc'>Chasuble</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Planetary Machine.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Orrery</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Planisphere.</strong> A projection of the sphere and
+its various circles on a plane surface.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_546'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_546.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 546. Planta Genista.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Planta Genista</strong>, Her.
+The broom-plant badge
+of the Plantagenets.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Plaque</strong></span>, Fr. A flat
+plate of metal or painted
+china. Limoges enamels
+of the 15th century are
+described as <em>plaques</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Plasm.</strong> A mould or
+matrix.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Plasma.</strong> A green
+transparent chalcedony found in India and China.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Plaster of Paris.</strong> The cement or plaster obtained
+from gypsum, originally prepared near
+Paris. It is usually sold in the form of white
+powder, and is largely used in the arts. Verrocchio
+(1435–1488) is said to have been the
+first sculptor to cast moulds in plaster of Paris.
+(See <span class='sc'>Gypsum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Plastic Art.</strong> Sculpture; opposed to <em>Graphic
+Art</em>, or painting, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Plastron</strong></span>, Fr. A fencing-pad to cover the
+body. <em>Plastron-de-fer</em> was an iron breastplate
+worn under the hauberk, especially when the
+latter was of ringed mail.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Plat-band.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Tænia</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><strong>Plata</strong></span>, Sp. Silver (hence our <em>plate</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Plate</strong>, Her. A silver roundle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Plate armour</strong>, consisting entirely of metal
+<em>plates</em>, became general during the 15th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Plate-glass.</strong> A superior kind of thick glass,
+used chiefly for mirrors and for large windows.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Plate-jack</strong></span>, O. E. Coat armour.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Plate-marks.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Hall-marks</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Plate-paper</strong> is a thick soft paper expressly
+prepared for printing engravings upon.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Platea</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πλατεῖα</span>, i. e. broad). A
+wide fine street in a city, in contradistinction to
+a small street called <em>angiportus</em>, which means
+literally a narrow street.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Platen.</strong> Of a printing-press, the flat part by
+which the impression is made.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><strong>Plateresca</strong></span>, Sp. A name given to goldsmiths’
+work of the 14th and 15th centuries, which reflected
+the complicated and delicate forms of
+ornament applied in the pointed architecture of
+the period.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Plates</strong> are properly illustrations taken from
+copper or steel engravings; <em>cuts</em> are impressions
+from wood-blocks.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Platina.</strong> Twisted silver wire.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Platina Yellow.</strong> Two pigments, one of a pale
+yellow colour, the other resembling <em>cadmium
+yellow</em>, are sold under this name.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Plating</strong> is the art of covering metals
+with a thin surface of silver or gold for ornament.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Platinum</strong> (Sp.  <em>plata</em>, silver). A white metal
+exceedingly ductile, malleable, and difficult of
+fusion. It is found in the Ural Mountains and
+in South America, and is much used in goldsmiths’
+work in Russia.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Plaustrum</strong></span>, R. (<em>plaudo</em>, to rumble). A two-wheeled
+cart drawn by two oxen, and used for
+conveying agricultural produce; <em>plaustrum majus</em>
+was a much larger cart mounted on four wheels.
+It had a long pole projecting behind, on which
+blocks of stone or other cargo could be balanced
+on planks attached. The wheels (<em>tympana</em>)
+were of solid wood nearly a foot in thickness,
+and their creaking was heard to a great distance
+(hence the name).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Plectrum</strong> or <strong>Plektron</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (from
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πλήσσειν</span>, to strike). A short stem of ivory or
+metal pointed at both ends, used to strike the
+chords of the lyre, the <em>barbiton</em>, the <em>cithara</em>,
+and some other stringed instruments.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Plemochoê</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πλημο-χοὴ</span>, i. e. that
+pours a flood). A vessel in the shape of a top;
+it resembled the <em>cotylê</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Plenitude</strong>, Her. Said of the moon when in
+full.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Plenshing-nail.</strong> A large nail for fastening
+the planks of floors to the joists.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Plethron</strong>, Gr. The basis of land measurement,
+being 100 feet square, or 10,000 square
+feet. As a lineal measure, 100 feet, or about 101
+of English measurement.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Plinth</strong>, Arch. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πλίνθος</span>). Lit. a <em>tile</em> or <em>brick</em>,
+and thence the lower projecting base of a
+column, pedestal, or wall, which resembles a
+strong square tile placed beneath the last torus
+at the base of a column. (See <span class='sc'>Abacus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Plinthium</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πλινθίον</span>). A sun-dial, so
+called because its divisions were marked on a
+flat surface (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πλίνθος</span>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Plocage</strong></span>, Fr. Carding-wool.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Plombage.</strong> Lead work.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Plombagine.</strong> Plumbago.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Plostellum.</strong> Diminutive of <span class='sc'>Plaustrum</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ploughs</strong> are mentioned in Deuteronomy
+(1451 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>), and represented on Egyptian sculptures
+of still earlier date. The Roman plough
+of the date of our era is described by Virgil.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Plough Monday</strong> was the name given by
+our ancestors to the first Monday after the
+Epiphany, the return to labour after the Christmas
+holiday.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Plumæ</strong></span>, R. (lit. feathers). The scales of
+armour, arranged to imitate feathers. (See
+<span class='sc'>Penna</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Plumarium Opus.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Opus P.</span>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Plumbago.</strong> A carburet of iron commonly
+known as black-lead, also called <span class='sc'>Graphite</span>,
+used for making crucibles and black-lead
+pencils.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Plumbeous Wares.</strong> Lead-glazed, by the addition
+of an oxide of lead in the preparation of
+the glaze. (See <span class='sc'>Pottery</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Plumbum</strong></span>, R. (lit. lead). A general term denoting
+anything that is made of lead, such as
+a lead pipe, a slinger’s bullet, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_547'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_547.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 547. Pluteus.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pluteus</strong></span>, R. A general term including anything
+made of boards adapted to afford a support,
+cover, passage, &amp;c.; and thus sometimes used
+as a synonym for <em>musculus</em> or protective shed.
+Fig. <a href='#fig_547'>547</a>, a <em>pluteus</em> upon three wheels, was used
+for protecting soldiers conducting an approach
+at the foot of a rampart. These <em>plutei</em> were
+covered with the skins of animals, which were
+wetted to protect the machines from fire; and
+helped to deaden the shock of missiles.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Plynteria</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πλυντήρια</span>, washing). Festivals
+held at Athens in honour of Athena Aglauros,
+in which the statue of the goddess was stripped
+of its garments and ornaments and washed. It
+was carefully concealed in the mean time, and
+the city being thus in a manner deprived of its
+protecting divinity, the day was considered an
+ill-omened one.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pnigeus</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πνιγεὺς</span>, lit. a choker). A kind
+of funnel employed to stop or repress the air in
+a hydraulic organ.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pnyx</strong>, Gr. The site in Athens where the
+<span class='sc'>Ecclesiæ</span> were held. It was a semicircular
+rising ground, with an area of 12,000 square
+yards, levelled with a pavement of large stones,
+and surrounded by a wall, behind which was the
+<span class='sc'>Bema</span> or platform from which speakers addressed
+the people.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pocillum</strong> or <strong>Poculum</strong></span>, R. Any cup or glass for
+drinking, distinct from the <span class='sc'>Crater</span> for mixing,
+and the <span class='sc'>Cyathus</span> for ladling the wine. (Cf.
+<span class='sc'>Pokal</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Poddisoy</strong>, <strong>Padusoy</strong></span>, O. E. (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">pou de soie</span></i>).
+A rich plain silk.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Podera</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ποδήρης</span>, i. e. reaching to the feet).
+A rich linen dress worn by Greek women, the
+edges of which were indented.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_548'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_548.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 548. Podium running round a sepulchral chamber.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Podium</strong>, Arch. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πόδιον</span>, lit. a small foot).
+A low wall or basement, generally with a
+<em>plinth</em> and <em>cornice</em>, running round a room or in
+front of a building, forming a sort of shelf or
+seat. Fig. <a href='#fig_548'>548</a> shows the <em>podium</em> of a
+sepulchral chamber. In an amphitheatre, <em>podium</em>
+was the name for a raised basement which ran
+like a high enclosure round the whole circumference
+of the arena. Lastly, the term is sometimes
+used as a synonym for a socle, and a console
+or bracket.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Poële</strong></span>, Fr. (lit. a frying-pan). A square
+shield with a raised edge and a grating on it,
+which resembled the German baking-dish. In
+a tournament, the joust “<em>à la poële</em>” was the
+most dangerous of all, as the champions fought
+bare-headed and without armour. Their horses
+were blindfolded, and a coffin was brought into
+the course before the combat commenced.
+(<cite>Meyrick.</cite>)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_549'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_549.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 549. <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Point Lace à bride picotée.</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Point Lace</strong> <em>à bride picotée</em> ground. This lace
+is made with the needle (see <span class='sc'>Needle Point</span>),
+some parts of the pattern only slightly raised in
+relief being united by stitches called <em>bride
+picotée</em>. (Fig. <a href='#fig_549'>549</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Point of Sight.</strong> The principal vanishing
+point, in perspective, to which the horizontal
+lines converge.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pointed</strong> or <strong>Christian Architecture</strong> is generally
+called <span class='sc'>Gothic</span>; and is a general term, descriptive
+of all the styles that have prevailed
+subsequent to the introduction of the <em>pointed
+arch</em>, commencing with
+the 11th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pointel.</strong> The mediæval
+<em>stylus</em> or <em>graphium</em>
+(q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Points.</strong> In the 15th
+and 16th centuries, before
+the introduction
+of buttons, the different
+parts of dress
+were fastened with
+ribands, having ornamental
+<em>points</em> or metal
+tags at the end. (See
+Fig. <a href='#fig_559'>559</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Poitrine</strong></span>, Fr. A
+breastplate for man
+or horse.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_550'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_550.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 550. Pokal, or German Tankard.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><strong>Pokal</strong></span>, Germ. (Lat.
+<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">poculum</span></i>). A drinking-cup.
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_550'>550</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Poke</strong></span>, O. E. A
+bag; modern pocket.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Poker Pictures.</strong>
+Drawings burned upon
+wood with hot irons;
+much patronized in
+the 18th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pol</strong>, <strong>Edepol</strong></span>, R. A
+familiar oath or adjuration especially employed
+by the Roman women; it was an abbreviation
+of <em>By Pollux!</em></p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Polariscope.</strong> An instrument for exhibiting
+the polarization of light.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pole-axe.</strong> A weapon of the 15th century,
+combining a hatchet, a pike, and a serrated
+hammer. Used principally by cavalry.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Poleyns</strong></span>, Fr. (See <span class='sc'>Genouillières</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pollubrum</strong> and <strong>Polubrum</strong></span>, R. An old term
+for which there was substituted later on <em>malluvium</em>,
+<em>aquimanale</em>, <em>aquiminarium</em>, <em>trulleum</em>;
+it was a kind of basin for washing the hands, the
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χέρνιψ, χερόνιπτρον</span> of the Greeks.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Polos</strong>, Gr. A kind of sun-dial. (See <span class='sc'>Horologium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Polyandrion</strong>, Chr. (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πολυ-άνδριον</span>). A
+common sepulchre in which more than four
+bodies were buried. (See <span class='sc'>Loculus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Polychord.</strong> An instrument for application to
+the pianoforte for coupling together the strings
+of two octave notes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Polychromy.</strong> Colouring statuary, bas-reliefs,
+and architecture; to be distinguished from
+forming them of variously-coloured materials.
+This was not done by painting with an opaque
+colour, but a sort of staining of the surface by
+thin, transparent colouring matter. M. de
+Quincy states that the fine preservation of the
+surface of some antique statues, such as the
+Apollo Belvedere, Hercules of Glycon, and
+Venus de Medici, is attributable to the use of
+wax colouring. Stones of various colours were
+used to represent different parts of the figure,
+and in busts of the Roman emperors the dress is
+frequently of coloured marble, while the flesh is
+of white. [Consult <em>Redford’s Ancient Sculpture</em>.]</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Polyhedron.</strong> A solid with many faces or planes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Polyptyca</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πολύ-πτυχα</span>). (1) Tablets, a
+sufficient number of which are put together to
+form what we now call a note-book. (2) A
+polyptych; a picture with several compartments.
+(Cf. <span class='sc'>Diptych</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Polystyle</strong>, Arch. Surrounded by several
+rows of columns, as in Moorish architecture.
+The porticoes of a Greek temple had never
+more than ten columns in front (decastyle).</p>
+
+<div id='fig_551'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_551.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 551. A Silver Engraved Pomander, or Scent-box, shown open and closed.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Pomander</strong></span>, O. E. (from <em>pomme d’ambre</em>, perfume
+apple). A scent-box worn at the end of
+the hanging girdles of the 16th century. (See
+<span class='sc'>Pouncet-box</span>.) (Fig. <a href='#fig_551'>551</a>.) Consult an interesting
+monograph by <em>R. H. Soden Smith</em>,
+“<em>Notes on Pomanders</em>.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pomme</strong>, Her. A green roundle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pomœrium</strong></span>, R. (<em>post</em> and <em>mœrium</em> (<em>murus</em>)
+behind the walls). A line enclosing a town,
+marked out at intervals by stone pillars. When
+the limits of the town were extended, the <em>pomœrium</em>
+could not be changed without augury by
+the <em>jus pomœrii</em>, and, in any case, only by a town
+whose inhabitants had contributed to the extension
+of the limits of the empire.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pompa</strong></span>, R. and Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πομπή</span>). A solemn procession,
+especially that with which the games of
+the circus were preceded.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pondus</strong>, <strong>Weight</strong></span>, R. (<em>pendo</em>, to suspend).
+An object used for weighing, either with the
+balance (<em>libra</em>), or the steelyard (<em>statera</em>). The
+same term was also applied to a weaver’s
+weights; these were of stone, terra-cotta, or lead.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_552'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_552.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 552. Pons.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pons</strong></span>, R. (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γέφυρα</span>). (1) A bridge; the causeway
+(<em>agger</em>) which traversed the Roman bridge
+was paved with large polygonal stones; on either
+side of it was a pathway (<em>crepido</em>). Fig. <a href='#fig_552'>552</a>
+shows the Roman bridge at St. Chamas, at the
+ends of which were erected triumphal arches (<em>fornices</em>).
+(See <span class='sc'>Fornix</span>.) <em>Pons sublicius</em> was a
+wooden bridge built upon piles; <em>pons suffragiorum</em>,
+the voting-bridge over which the electors
+passed as they came out of the <em>septum</em> to cast
+their vote (<em>tabella</em>) into the urn (<em>cista</em>). It is probable
+that the Greek bridges were of wood.
+(2) A wharf or landing-stage by the water-side.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Poongi</strong>, Hindoo. A curious musical instrument
+made of a gourd, or sort of cocoa-nut, into which
+two pipes are inserted. It is the instrument
+played by the Sampuris, or snake-charmers, to
+the performing cobras.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_553'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_553.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 553. Pope in full pontificals.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pope.</strong> The illustration represents the Pope
+of Rome in full pontificals, viz. the <em>tiara</em>,
+consisting of three crowns of gold decorated
+with precious stones and surmounted by a cross,
+and over a <em>rochet</em> (surplice) of silk a mantle
+of gold-work plentifully ornamented with
+pearls. The under vestment, which is long, is
+of hyacinth colour. The slippers are of velvet
+with a cross of gold, which all who wish to
+speak to the Pope reverently kiss. Late mediæval
+artists attributed this costume to the First Person
+of the Trinity. It is given also to St. Clement,
+St. Cornelius, St. Fabian, St. Gregory, St.
+Peter, and St. Sylvanus.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Popina</strong></span>, R. A tavern or refreshment-place
+where food was sold, in contradistinction to
+<em>caupona</em>, which was a shop for selling wine.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Popinjay</strong></span>, O. E. A parrot.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Poplin.</strong> A textile of modern introduction,
+woven of threads of silk and worsted.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Poppy</strong>, Chr. This plant, the seed of which
+affords a soporific oil, symbolizes, in Christian
+iconography, death.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Poppy Oil.</strong> A bland drying oil, obtained from
+poppy-seed, and used in painting. (See <span class='sc'>Oils</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Poppy-head.</strong> A term in decorative art for the
+carved ornaments with which the tops of the
+uprights of wood-work, such as the ends of
+benches, backs of chairs, bedposts, &amp;c., were
+crowned.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Popularia</strong></span>, R. The second <em>mænianum</em> or
+tier of seats in an amphitheatre.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Porcelain</strong> (Ancient Chinese) (from the Portuguese
+<em>porcellana</em>, little pigs; a name given to
+cowrie-shells by the early traders, and applied
+to porcelain, which they thought was made of
+them, or because it resembled the interior of a
+shell). A fine species of transparent earthenware,
+the chief component part of which is
+silex. (<cite>Fairholt.</cite>) The most ancient examples
+of porcelain in China are circular dishes
+with upright sides, very thick, strong, and
+heavy, and which invariably have the marks
+of one, two, or three on the bottom thus:
+I. II. III. The colours of these rare specimens
+vary. The kinds most highly prized have
+a brownish-yellow ground, over which is thrown
+a light shot sky-blue, with here and there a
+dash of blood-red. The Chinese say there are
+but a few of these specimens in the country,
+and that they are more than a thousand years
+old. (<cite>Fortune.</cite>) The first imitations of Chinese
+porcelain in Europe date from the 16th century,
+under the Medici family, and include specimens
+supposed to have been designed by the immediate
+pupils of Raffaelle. (See <span class='sc'>Raffaelle-ware</span>.)
+Among the next earliest produced is
+that of Fulham, by Dr. Dwight, in 1671, and of
+St. Cloud in France about 1695.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_554'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_554.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 554. Pent-house Porch.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Porch</strong>, Arch. A structure placed in front of
+the door of a church or other building, and very
+variable in form. In the ancient basilicas the vestibule
+is more commonly called <span class='sc'>Narthex</span> (q.v.).
+Fig. <a href='#fig_554'>554</a> shows a wooden porch also called a
+<em>pent-house porch</em>, and Fig. <a href='#fig_555'>555</a> a plan of what is
+called a <em>cupola</em> porch, from the fact that, its
+ground being circular, it is surmounted by a dome.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_555'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_555.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 555. Ground-plan of a Cupola Porch.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_556'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_556.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 556. Porcupine. Device of Louis XII.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Porcupine</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">porc epic</span></i>). Hereditary device
+of the Valois family. The “Order of the Porcupine”
+was instituted in 1397 by Louis, Duke
+of Orleans, and abolished by Louis XII., who
+retained the badge (Fig. <a href='#fig_556'>556</a>), and had his cannon
+marked with a porcupine. In numismatics his
+golden “écus au porc epic” are rare and highly
+valued.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Porcupine-wood.</strong> The ornamental wood of
+a palm, the markings of which in the horizontal
+section resemble porcupine quills.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Porphyry.</strong> A hard stone much used in
+Egyptian sculpture, and for sarcophagi. It was
+of a fine red colour, passing into purple and
+green, and susceptible of a fine polish. (See
+also <em>Rosso Antico</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Porporino</strong></span>, It. A yellow powder substituted
+for gold by mediæval artists. It was compounded
+of quicksilver, sulphur, and tin.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_557'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_557.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 557. Porta (Gate of Perusium).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Porta</strong></span>, R. This term denotes the gate of a
+city, a large gate in any enclosure, in contradistinction
+to <span class='sc'>Janua</span> and <span class='sc'>Ostium</span> (q.v.), which
+denote the doors of a building. Fig. <a href='#fig_557'>557</a>
+shows the ancient gate of Perugia.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Portcullis.</strong> A kind of iron grating, forming
+an outer door, which slided up and down
+perpendicularly in the grooves of a bay. It was
+suspended by a chain, which could instantly be
+lowered, as occasion required, in order to prevent
+ingress and cut off all communication. By
+the Greeks and Romans they were called <em>portæ
+cataractæ</em>, and in the Middle Ages they were
+known as Saracenic gates.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_558'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_558.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 558. Portcullis.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Portcullis</strong>, Her. A defence
+for a gateway, borne as a
+badge by the Houses of
+Beaufort and Tudor. Motto,
+“<em>Altera securitas</em>.” (Fig. <a href='#fig_558'>558</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Porticus</strong>, <strong>Portico</strong></span>, R. (<em>porta</em>).
+A long colonnade serving as
+a covered promenade. In
+an amphitheatre, the covered
+gallery at the top which
+was appropriated to women or slaves. A
+wooden gallery covered over with a roof, but
+in some cases entirely open on the side of the
+country. (See <span class='sc'>Templum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Portisculus</strong></span>, R. A director’s staff wielded on
+board ship by the officer who gave the time to
+the rowers to make them row in unison.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Portrait Painting.</strong> The earliest portrait on
+record is that of Polygnotus, painted by himself,
+<span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 400. Giotto is said to have been the
+earliest successful portrait painter of modern
+times. The different sizes of portraits are the
+following:—</p>
+
+<table class='table0' summary=''>
+  <tr>
+    <th class='c013'></th>
+    <th class='c014'>ft.</th>
+    <th class='c014'>in.</th>
+    <th class='c015'>&nbsp;</th>
+    <th class='c014'>ft.</th>
+    <th class='c016'>in.</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c013'>Bishop’s whole length</td>
+    <td class='c014'>8</td>
+    <td class='c014'>10</td>
+    <td class='c015'>by</td>
+    <td class='c014'>5</td>
+    <td class='c016'>10.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c013'>Whole length</td>
+    <td class='c014'>7</td>
+    <td class='c014'>10</td>
+    <td class='c015'>„</td>
+    <td class='c014'>4</td>
+    <td class='c016'>10.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c013'>Bishop’s half-length</td>
+    <td class='c014'>4</td>
+    <td class='c014'>8</td>
+    <td class='c015'>„</td>
+    <td class='c014'>3</td>
+    <td class='c016'>8.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c013'>Half-length</td>
+    <td class='c014'>4</td>
+    <td class='c014'>2</td>
+    <td class='c015'>„</td>
+    <td class='c014'>3</td>
+    <td class='c016'>4.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c013'>Small half-length</td>
+    <td class='c014'>3</td>
+    <td class='c014'>8</td>
+    <td class='c015'>„</td>
+    <td class='c014'>2</td>
+    <td class='c016'>10.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c013'>Kit-cat</td>
+    <td class='c014'>3</td>
+    <td class='c014'>0</td>
+    <td class='c015'>„</td>
+    <td class='c014'>2</td>
+    <td class='c016'>4.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c013'>Three-quarter size</td>
+    <td class='c014'>2</td>
+    <td class='c014'>6</td>
+    <td class='c015'>„</td>
+    <td class='c014'>2</td>
+    <td class='c016'>1.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c013'>Head size</td>
+    <td class='c014'>2</td>
+    <td class='c014'>0</td>
+    <td class='c015'>„</td>
+    <td class='c014'>1</td>
+    <td class='c016'>8.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Portula.</strong> A wicket made in a large gate in
+order to give admittance into a city without
+opening the <em>porta</em> or large gate.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Posnett</strong></span>, O. E. A little pot.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Postergale</strong>, Chr. A <span class='sc'>Dorsal</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Postern</strong> (<em>posterna</em>, a back door). A private
+gate in a rampart, either upon the platform
+or at the angle of a curtain, and opening
+into the ditches, whence it was possible to pass
+by the <em>pas-de-souris</em>, without being seen by the
+besiegers, into the covered way and the glacis.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Posticum</strong></span>, R. (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">παραθύρα</span>). (1) A back
+door to a Roman house. (2) In Architecture,
+the part of a building opposite to the façade;
+the posterior façade.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Postis</strong></span>, R. The jamb of a door, supporting
+the lintel or <em>limen superius</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Postscenium</strong></span>, R. The part of a Roman
+theatre behind the stage, in which the actors
+dressed, and the appointments and machines
+were kept.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Potichomanie.</strong> A process of ornamenting
+glass with coloured designs on paper, in imitation
+of painted porcelain.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Potter’s Clay</strong>, found in Dorsetshire and
+Devonshire, is used for modelling and for
+pottery; mixed with linseed oil, it is used as a
+<em>ground</em> in painting.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pottery</strong> (<strong>Fayence</strong>, <strong>Terraglia</strong>), as distinct from
+porcelain, is formed of potter’s clay mixed with
+marl of argillaceous and calcareous nature, and
+sand, variously proportioned, and may be classed
+under two divisions: <em>Soft</em> (Fayence à pâte
+tendre), and <em>Hard</em> (Fayence à pâte dure), according
+to the nature of the composition or the
+degree of heat under which it has been fired in
+the kiln. What is known generally in England
+as <em>earthenware</em> is soft, while <em>stone-ware</em>, <em>Queen’s ware</em>,
+&amp;c., are hard. The characteristics of the
+soft wares are a paste or body which may be
+scratched with a knife or file, and fusibility
+generally at the heat of a porcelain furnace.
+These soft wares may be again divided into
+four subdivisions: <em>unglazed</em>, <em>lustrous</em>, <em>glazed</em>, or
+<em>enamelled</em>. Among the three first of these subdivisions
+may be arranged almost all the ancient
+pottery of Egypt, Greece, Etruria, and Rome;
+as also the larger portion of that in general use
+among all nations during mediæval and modern
+times. The <em>glazed wares</em> may be again divided
+into <em>silicious</em> or <em>glass-glazed wares</em>, and <em>plumbeous</em>
+or <em>lead-glazed</em>. In these subdivisions the
+foundation is in all cases the same. The mixed
+clay or “paste” or “body” is formed by the
+hand or on the wheel, or impressed into moulds;
+then slowly dried and baked in a furnace or
+stove, after which, on cooling, it is in a state to
+receive the glaze. This is prepared by fusing
+sand or other silicious material with potash or
+soda to form a translucent glass, the composition
+of the glaze upon vitreous or <em>glass-glazed</em> wares.
+The addition of oxide of lead constitutes the
+glaze of <em>plumbeous</em> wares; and the further addition
+of the oxide of tin produces an enamel of
+an opaque white of great purity, which is the
+characteristic glazing of <em>stanniferous</em> or <em>tin-glazed
+wares</em>. Most of the principal seats of the
+manufacture of pottery, and a description of
+the objects manufactured, and methods used in
+the manufacture, will be found mentioned under
+their respective headings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Poulaines</strong></span>, Fr. Long-toed boots and shoes,
+introduced in 1384. (See <span class='sc'>Cracowes</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pounce-paper.</strong> A kind of transparent
+tracing-paper, free from grease, &amp;c.; made in
+Carlsruhe.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pounced.</strong> In Engraving, <em>dotted</em> all over.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Pouncet-box</strong></span>, O. E. A perfume box, carved
+with open work. (See <span class='sc'>Pomander</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pouranamas</strong>, Hind. Very ancient books of
+India, which give a part of Hindoo history
+from the beginning of the Hindoo monarchy, or
+the time of the king Ellou or Ella.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_559'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_559.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 559. Pourpoint. Worn by a Venetian youth of the 16th century.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Pourpoint</strong></span>, Fr. A quilted doublet, worn in
+the 14th and 15th centuries. The illustration
+represents a Venetian gallant of the 16th century.
+(See <span class='sc'>Gambeson</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Powder-blue</strong> is pulverized pipe-clay, a good
+“pounce” for transferring designs upon linen
+for embroidery.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Powdered</strong>, Her. (See <span class='sc'>Sémé</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Powers</strong>, Chr. Guardian angels, usually
+represented bearing a staff. (See <span class='sc'>Angels</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Præcinctio</strong>, E. (<em>præcingo</em>, to gird). A lobby
+running quite round the circle formed by the
+<em>caveæ</em> in the interior of a theatre or amphitheatre;
+the same term is also used to denote
+the passages between the tiers of seats comprised
+within each <em>mænianum</em>. According to their
+importance, theatres and amphitheatres were
+divided into two, three, and sometimes four
+præcinctiones.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Præfericulum</strong></span>, R. A metal basin without
+handles, used for holding sacred utensils.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Præficæ</strong></span>, R. Women hired as mourners at
+the funerals of wealthy persons.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_560'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_560.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 560. Præfurnium hypocaust.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Præfurnium</strong></span>, R.
+The mouth of a
+furnace placed beneath
+a <em>hypocausis</em>
+or heating-stove in
+a set of baths. Fig.
+<a href='#fig_560'>560</a> shows the <em>præfurnium</em>
+of a hypocausis
+which
+was drawn upon
+the walls of a <em>laconicum</em>
+situated
+near the church
+of St. Cecilia at
+Rome. (See <span class='sc'>Hypocausis</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_561'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_561.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 561. Roman maiden wearing the <em>toga prætexta</em>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Prætexta</strong></span>, R. A <span class='sc'>Toga</span> with a broad purple
+border. It was introduced by the Etruscans,
+and was the costume assigned to priests and
+magistrates, to boys before they came of age,
+and to women before their marriage. (See
+<span class='sc'>Toga</span>.) (Fig. <a href='#fig_561'>561</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Prætorium</strong></span>, R. The tent of the commander-in-chief
+of the army; it was so called because
+in the earliest times of Rome the consul who
+commanded the army bore the title of <em>prætor</em>.
+The residence of a governor of a province was
+also called <em>prætorium</em>, and finally the name
+was given to any large house or palace.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Prandium</strong></span>, R. (<em>prandeo</em>, to breakfast). The
+midday meal, which came between breakfast
+(<em>jentaculum</em>) and dinner (<em>cœna</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Prastura.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Upapitha</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Préa-koul</strong>, Hind. An upright stone or sacred
+boundary among the Khmers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Préasat</strong>, Hind. The tower of the Khmers;
+<em>préasat-stupaï</em> means little tower; <em>préasat-phradamrey</em>,
+the elephant tower of the king.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Precarium</strong>, Chr. A temporary benefice
+granted to a layman by the Church; the holder
+of the benefice was, however, bound to pay the
+Church certain dues.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Predella</strong></span>, It. A ledge behind the altar of
+a church on which the altar-piece was placed,
+containing small pictures, of similar subjects to
+the altar-piece.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Prefericulum</strong></span>, R. A shallow metal bowl used
+in sacrifices for carrying the sacred vessels. Its
+shape resembled the <em>patera</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Premier Coup.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Prima Painting</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pre-Raphaelites.</strong> A modern school of
+painters, who, throwing aside all conventional
+laws and traditions in art, direct their study to
+the forms and colours of Nature.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Presentoir</strong></span>, Fr. An épergne or table-stand
+for flowers; made very shallow, on a tall and
+richly-decorated stem. A favourite subject of
+the goldsmith’s art in the 16th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pressed Glass.</strong> Glass pressed into a mould
+by a machine; differing from <em>blown glass</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Presto</strong></span>, It. In Music, quickly.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Priapeia</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πριάπεια</span>). Festivals in honour
+of Priapus; they were held chiefly at Lampsacus.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pricket.</strong> A young stag of two years, when
+his horns begin to sprout.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Prie-Dieu.</strong> A kneeling-desk for prayers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Prima Painting</strong> (in French, <em>peinture au
+premier coup</em>) is a modern style directed to the
+avoidance of extreme finish, described in a work
+by <em>Hundertpfund</em>, “<em>The Art of Painting restored
+to its Simplest and Surest Principles</em>.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Primary Colours.</strong> Blue, yellow, and red,
+from which all colours are derived.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Primero</strong></span>, O. E. A game at cards mentioned
+by Shakspeare.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Primicerii</strong>, Chr. This term had several
+meanings, but it was usually employed to denote
+the first person inscribed on a list, because
+the tablet on which the names were written was
+covered with wax; whence <em>primicerius</em> (from
+<em>cera</em>, wax), the first upon the wax. In cathedral
+churches the primicerius presided over the
+choir, and regulated the order and method of
+the ceremonies.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Priming.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Grounds</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Prince’s Metal</strong> or <strong>Prince Rupert’s Metal</strong>.
+An alloy of 72 parts of copper and 28 parts
+of zinc, which has a resemblance to gold.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Princedoms</strong> or <strong>Principalities</strong>, Chr. An
+order of <span class='sc'>Thrones</span> of angels; usually represented
+in complete armour, carrying pennons. (See
+Fig. <a href='#fig_024'>24</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Principes</strong></span>, R. A body of heavy-armed foot-soldiers;
+thus named, because, in the order of
+battle, they were placed first.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Principia</strong></span>, R. (<em>princeps</em>, chief, foremost).
+The headquarters in a Roman camp, comprising
+not only the tents of the general and the superior
+officers, but also an open space in which
+justice was administered and sacrifices offered to
+the gods; it was in the same open space that
+all the standards of the legion were set up.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Priory</strong>, Chr. A monastery attached, as a
+rule, to an abbey; there were also, however,
+priories which formed the <em>head of an order</em>. In
+the order of Malta each <em>tongue</em> comprehended
+several great priories.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_562'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_562.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 562. Prismatic mouldings.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Prismatic</strong> (mouldings). A kind of moulding
+resembling the facets of a prism (Fig. <a href='#fig_562'>562</a>),
+which is sometimes met with in archivolts
+of the Romano-Byzantine period. The same
+term is likewise applied to mouldings characteristic
+of the flamboyant style, which assume,
+especially in their base, the form of prisms.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Proaron</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πρόαρον</span>; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀρύω</span>, to draw
+water). A vessel of a flattened spheroid form,
+with two handles.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Proaulium</strong></span>, R. (<em>pro</em>, in front of). The vestibule
+of any building.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Prochous</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πρόχοος</span>, i. e. thing for pouring
+out). A small jug for pouring liquid into a
+cask; it had a narrow neck, a very large handle,
+and a pointed mouth.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Procœton</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">προ-κοιτών</span>). An
+antechamber or room preceding other rooms or
+chambers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Prodd</strong></span>, O. E. A light cross-bow, used by
+ladies, <em>temp.</em> Elizabeth.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Prodomos</strong>, Arch. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πρό-δομος</span>). The façade of
+a temple or building, and sometimes the porch
+of a church.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Profile.</strong> The side view of the human face.
+It is observed by Fairholt that “a face which,
+seen directly in front, is attractive by its rounded
+outline, blooming colour, and lovely smile, is
+often divested of its charms when seen in profile,
+and strikes only as far as it has an <em>intellectual</em>
+expression. Only where great symmetry exists,
+connected with a preponderance of the intellectual
+over the sensual, will a profile appear finer
+than the front face.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Projectura</strong></span>, R. The beaver of a helmet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Proletarii</strong></span>, R. The proletariate, or Roman
+citizens of the lowest class of the people, so
+called because they contributed nothing to the
+resources of the republic except by their offspring
+(<em>proles</em>); being, as they were, too poor
+to pay taxes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Prom</strong>, Hind. An ornamented carpet in
+Khmer art.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Prometheia.</strong> An Athenian festival in honour
+of Prometheus, with a torch-race (<em>lampadephoria</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Promulsis.</strong> The first course at a Roman
+dinner, arranged to stimulate the appetite; eggs
+were a principal ingredient, whence the proverb
+<em>ab ovo usque ad mala</em> (from first to last).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pronaos</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πρό-ναος</span>). A portico situated
+in front of a temple; it was open on all sides,
+and surrounded only by columns, which, in
+front, supported not only the entablature, but
+the pediment (<em>fastigium</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Proper</strong>, Her. Said of a thing exhibited in
+its natural, or proper, colour.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Proplasma</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πρό-πλασμα</span>). A
+rough model or embodiment of the sculptor’s
+first idea, executed by him in clay.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Propnigeum</strong></span>, Gr. and R. The mouth of the
+furnace of the <span class='sc'>Hypocausis</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Propylæa</strong>, Gr. The open court at the entrance
+to a sacred enclosure; e. g. an Egyptian temple,
+or especially the Acropolis at Athens.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Prora</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πρῷρα</span>). The prow or fore-part of
+a ship, whence <em>proreta</em>, a man who stood at the
+ship’s head; <em>proreus</em> was a term also used. (See
+<span class='sc'>Acrostolium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Proscenium</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">προ-σκήνιον</span>). The stage in
+a Greek or Roman theatre; it included the
+whole platform comprised between the <em>orchestra</em>
+and the wall of the stage; the term was also used
+sometimes to denote the wall of the stage itself.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Proscenium</strong>, Mod. The ornamental frame on
+which the curtain hangs.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Prostylos</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πρό-στυλος</span>). A building or
+temple which has a porch supported by a row
+of columns.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Proteleia</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">προ-τέλεια</span>). Sacrifices which
+were offered to Diana, Juno, the Graces, and
+Venus prior to the celebration of a marriage.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_563'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_563.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 563. Entrance (Prothyrum) of a Roman house.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Prothyrum</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πρό-θυρον</span>). With the Greeks,
+the vestibule in front of the door of a house,
+where there was generally an altar of Apollo,
+or a statue or laurel-tree; with the Romans,
+the prothyrum was the corridor or passage
+leading from the street to the atrium (Fig. <a href='#fig_563'>563</a>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Prototype</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πρῶτον</span>, first; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τύπον</span>, mould). The
+model of a plastic design; hence figuratively,
+a <em>type</em> or forerunner.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Protractor.</strong> An instrument for laying down
+and measuring angles upon paper.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Protypum</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πρό-τυπον</span>). A model,
+first model or mould for making any object in
+clay, such as antefixæ.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Prussian Blue.</strong> A valuable pigment of a
+greenish-blue colour, of great body, transparency,
+and permanency; a mixture of prussiate
+of potash and rust, or oxide of iron. (See
+<span class='sc'>Cyanogen</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Prussian Brown.</strong> A deep-brown pigment,
+more permanent than madder.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Psaltery.</strong> A stringed instrument or kind of
+lyre of an oblong square shape, played with a
+rather large plectrum.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pschent</strong>, Egyp. The head-dress of the
+ancient kings of Egypt, which should properly
+be called <em>skhent</em>, since the <em>p</em> only represents the
+article <em>the</em>. This head-dress is the emblem of
+supreme power, the symbol of dominion over
+the south and north. It is a diadem composed
+of the united crowns of the Upper and Lower
+Egypts.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Psephus</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ψῆφος</span>). A round stone used
+by the Athenian voters to record their votes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pseud-iso-domum</strong> (<em>opus</em>). (See <span class='sc'>Opus Pseud-iso-domum</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_564'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_564.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 564. Ground-plan of a Pseudodipteral Temple.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pseudodipteros</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ψευδο-δίπτερος</span>).
+A building or temple which presents the appearance
+of being surrounded by a double
+colonnade, though it possesses only a single
+one, which is separated from the walls of the cella,
+as in the dipteral arrangement. (Fig. <a href='#fig_564'>564</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pseudoperipteros</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ψευδο-περίπτερος</span>).
+A building or temple which presents the
+appearance of being surrounded by a colonnade,
+although in reality it does not possess one, the
+columns being embedded in the walls of the cella.
+(See <span class='sc'>Peripteros</span>, under which an example of
+this kind of temple is given.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pseudothyrum</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ψευδό-θυρον</span>).
+Literally, a false door, and thence a secret door,
+or door hidden by some means or other.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pseudourbana</strong> (sc. <em>ædificia</em>), R. The dwelling-house
+of the owner of a farm, which was
+distinct from the buildings set apart for the
+farm people and the slaves, the <em>familia rustica</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Psili</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ψιλοί</span>). Light-armed troops, who
+wore skins or leather instead of metal armour, and
+fought generally with bows and arrows or slings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Psychè</strong></span>, Fr. A cheval-glass or mirror.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Psycter</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ψυκτήρ</span>). A metal wine-cooler,
+often of silver, consisting of an outer vessel to
+contain ice, and an inner vessel for the wine.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pterotus</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πτερωτός</span>). That which has
+wings or ears; an epithet applied to the drinking-cup
+called <em>calix</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Puggaree</strong>, Hind. A piece of muslin worn as
+a turban.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pugillares</strong></span>, R. Writing-tablets small enough
+to be held in the hand (<em>pugillus</em>), whence their
+name.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pugio</strong></span>, R. (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μάχαιρα</span>). A short dagger,
+without a sheath, worn by officers of high
+rank.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pulpitum</strong></span>, R. The tribune of an orator, or the
+chair of a professor. In a theatre the term was
+used to denote the part of the stage next to the
+<em>orchestra</em>. (See <span class='sc'>Proscenium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pulvinar</strong></span>, R. (<em>pulvinus</em>, a cushion). A
+cushion or bolster, and thence a state couch or a
+marriage-bed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pulvinarium</strong></span>, R. (1) A room in a temple, in
+which was set out the <em>pulvinar</em> or couch for the
+gods at the feast of the <span class='sc'>Lectisternium</span>. (2)
+See <span class='sc'>Opus Pulvinarium</span>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_565'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_565.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 565. Pulvinatus.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pulvinatus</strong></span>, R. Having a contour similar to
+that of a cushion or bolster, and thence the
+cylinder formed by the swelling of the volute at
+the side of the Ionic capital. (Fig. <a href='#fig_565'>565</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pumice-stone.</strong> A kind of lava of less specific
+gravity than water. The dome of the mosque
+of St. Sophia at Constantinople is built of
+pumice-stone.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Punchau.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Inti</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Punctum</strong></span>, R. A vote or suffrage, because in
+early times each citizen, instead of laying down
+a <em>tessera</em> or tablet with his vote, passed in front
+of the <em>rogator</em>, or voting officer who had the list
+of candidates before him, and pricked a hole
+(<em>punctum</em>) in the tablet against the name of the
+candidate for whom the vote was given.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Punkahs.</strong> Swinging fans suspended from
+the ceilings of houses in India, often richly
+embroidered and decorated with feathers, brilliant
+insects, gold and silver, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><strong>Puntilla</strong></span>, Sp. A narrow point-lace edging.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pupa</strong></span>, R. A doll; a child’s plaything. Dolls
+of terra-cotta have been found in various countries.
+In Egypt dolls have been found, made
+out of wood, painted, and in perfect proportion,
+with glass beads on the head in imitation of
+hair. As a rule, the ancient dolls are made
+with movable joints.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Puppis</strong></span>, R. The poop or after-part of a
+vessel as opposed to the <em>prora</em> or prow. (See
+<span class='sc'>Prora</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Purbeck-stone.</strong> A rough grey sandstone
+from Dorsetshire, largely used for building
+purposes in London.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Purim</strong> (Festivals of), Heb. Jewish festivals
+called <em>Festivals of the Lots</em>, instituted in memory
+of Esther, who had averted the peril with
+which Haman threatened the Jews; they were
+so called because the favourite of Ahasuerus was
+to have decimated the Jews by casting lots to
+see who should be put to death.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Purple</strong>, Gen. An insignia of authority pertaining
+to certain magistrates who wore purple
+robes or bands of purple on their attire. There
+were two kinds of purple, the amethyst and
+the Tyrian; the former was a deep violet, and
+obtained from a shell-fish (<em>murex trunculus</em>);
+the Tyrian was more brilliant and had a redder
+tinge; it was obtained from the <em>murex brandaris</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Purple</strong> is red graduated with blue, the red
+predominating; red with black makes purple-black.
+Purple pigments are <em>madder purple</em>,
+<em>violet mars</em>, <em>burnt carmine</em> (for water-colours).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Purple Lakes</strong> and <em>Green Lakes</em> are made by
+mixing <em>yellow</em> lakes with blue pigments. (See
+<span class='sc'>Yellow Lake</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Purple Madder.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Madder</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Purple-wood.</strong> A beautiful deep-coloured
+Brazilian wood, used for marquetry and inlaid-work,
+but principally for the ramrods of guns.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Purpure</strong>, Her. Purple.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Purree</strong>, Hind. A bright golden yellow pigment
+prepared from camel’s dung. (See <span class='sc'>Indian
+Yellow</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pursuivants.</strong> The lowest order of officers in
+Herald’s College; of whom there are four,
+called respectively Rouge Croix, Rouge Dragon,
+Blue Mantle, and Portcullis. In the Middle
+Ages these officers were attached to the households
+of the nobility, and bore titles generally
+taken from the armorial insignia of their lords.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Puteal</strong></span>, R. A place struck by lightning, and
+thus rendered sacred; in order to keep it from
+the tread of profane feet, it was surrounded by a
+low wall similar to that which protected a well
+(<em>puteus</em>); whence the name of <em>puteal</em>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_566'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_566.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 566. Puteus. Manhole of an Aqueduct.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Puteus</strong></span>, R. (1) A well fed by a spring or an
+underground stream of water; (2) an opening
+or manhole of an aqueduct (Fig. <a href='#fig_566'>566</a>); (3) a pit
+for preserving grain.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Puticuli</strong>, <strong>Puticulæ</strong></span>, R. Common pits in
+which the bodies of those slaves and paupers
+were buried, who had not the means to pay for
+a funeral pyre or a private tomb.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Puttock</strong></span>, O. E. A base kind of hawk.
+(<cite>Shakspeare.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pyanepsia</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πυανέψια</span>). Ancient “Beanfeasts.”
+Athenian festivals in honour of Apollo,
+instituted by Theseus after his victory over the
+Minotaur; they were so called because beans
+were cooked for the banquet in honour of the
+god (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πύανος</span>, a bean, and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἕψειν</span>, to cook).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Pyat</strong></span>, O. E. A magpie.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Pykers</strong></span>, O. E. A kind of fishing-boats.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pylon</strong>, Egyp. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πυλών</span>). A monumental gate
+composed of two lofty and massive pyramidal
+towers, forming the entrance to the enclosure of
+the great Egyptian temples. The interior of
+a pylon contained staircases and chambers. A
+splendid example in full preservation is that of
+the temple at Esneh on the Nile.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pyra</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πυρὰ</span>, lit. the burning-place).
+A funeral pile before it was set on fire,
+in contradistinction to <em>rogus</em>, a funeral pile
+which has been lighted. It was built in the form
+of an altar with four equal sides, which were
+frequently covered with foliage of dark leaves;
+and cypress-trees were placed in front of the
+pile. The corpse was placed on the top, in the
+bier (<em>lectica</em>) on which it had been borne to the
+place. (See <span class='sc'>Funeral Ceremonies</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pyræum</strong>, Pers. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πυρεῖον</span>). A place in which
+the Persians kept the sacred fire (<em>puros</em>, fire).
+At Bactria there were seven pyræa, in honour
+of the seven planets.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pyramid</strong> (Egyptian, <em>Pi-rama</em>, a mountain).
+In the hieroglyphics called <em>Abumer</em>, “a great
+tomb,” which it essentially is, or rather a
+great cairn over the cave tomb excavated in the
+live rock immediately under its apex. This
+sepulchral chamber having been connected
+with the upper world by a passage sloping
+downwards from the north, the graduated
+structure was regularly built over it, the proportions
+of the base to the sides being constantly
+preserved, and the whole forming always a
+perfect pyramid; so that the building could be
+continued during the whole lifetime of its
+destined tenant, and covered and closed in
+immediately upon his death. It is on record
+that from Seneferoo, the first king whose name
+has been found upon monuments, to the last of
+the Sixth Dynasty, i. e. during the whole
+period of the Ancient Empire, every king of
+Egypt built a pyramid. (Consult <em>Vyse</em>, <em>Pyramids
+of Gezeh</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pyrotechny</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πῦρ</span>, fire, and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τέχνη</span>, art). The
+art of making fireworks. The Chinese had
+great skill in this art long before its introduction
+into Europe, and are at this day unrivalled in it.
+The best English work on the subject is perhaps
+that by <em>G. W. Mortimer</em> (London, 1853).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pyrrhica</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πυρρίχη</span>). A war-dance
+in great favour with the early Greeks, and frequently
+represented in sculptures, in which
+warriors brandished their weapons and went
+through a mock combat.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pythia</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πύθια</span>). (1) A priestess of
+Apollo at Delphi, represented seated on the
+sacred <em>tripod</em>. (See <span class='sc'>Cortina</span>.) (2) Games instituted
+at Delphi in honour of Apollo, and of
+his killing the Pytho, the monstrous serpent
+born from the waters in Deucalion’s flood.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pythoness.</strong> Synonym of <span class='sc'>Pythia</span> (q.v.). The
+term was also used to denote certain sorceresses,
+such as the pythoness of Endor.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pyx</strong>, or <strong>Pix Cloths</strong>. (See <strong>Corporals</strong>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_567'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_567.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 567. Small Ivory Pyx. Ninth Century (?).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Pyx.</strong> The word in its earliest meaning included
+any small box or case, and often in the
+Middle Ages it contained relics. Thus in the
+Durham treasury there was “a tooth of St.
+Gengulphus, good for the falling sickness, in a
+small ivory pyx.” The pyx used for the sacrament
+was usually ornamented with religious
+subjects, other than the incidents of the lives of
+saints. (Fig. <a href='#fig_567'>567</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Pyxis</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πυξὶς</span>, lit. a box-wood
+box). A casket, trinket-box, or jewel-case.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c005'>Q.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c006'><em>Many Old English words are indifferently spelt with</em> qu, ch, <em>and</em> c; <em>such as</em> quire, choir;
+quoif, coif, <em>&amp;c.</em></p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Quadra</strong></span>, R. Generally, any square or
+rectangular object; such as a table, plinth,
+or abacus.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quadragesima</strong>, Chr. Lent is so called,
+because it has <em>forty</em> days.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Quadrans</strong></span>, R. (a fourth part). A small bronze
+coin worth the quarter of an <em>as</em>, or about a
+farthing.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quadrant.</strong> An instrument for measuring
+celestial altitudes; superseded by the <span class='sc'>Circle</span>.
+(See <span class='sc'>Sextant</span>.) (Consult <em>Lalande</em>, <em>Astronomie</em>,
+§ 2311, &amp;c., 3me edition).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Quadrantal</strong></span>, R. A square vessel used as a
+measure, the solid contents of which were
+exactly equal to an amphora. A standard
+model was kept in the temple of Jupiter
+Capitolinus.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Quadrelle</strong></span>, O. E. A mace, with four lateral
+projections, ornamental like the leaves of a
+flower. (See <em>Planché</em>, <em>Cycl. of Costume</em>, Plate xii.
+16.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quadrellus</strong>, Med. Lat. A quarrel for a cross-bow.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Quadriforis</strong></span>, R. A door folding into four
+leaves.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Quadriga</strong></span>, R. Generally <strong>Quadrigæ</strong> (Greek
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τετραορία</span> or <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τέθριππος</span>). A chariot in which
+four horses were yoked abreast. The two
+strongest horses were harnessed under the yoke
+in the centre; the others were fastened on each
+side by means of ropes. (See <span class='sc'>Currus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Quadrigatus</strong></span>, R. A silver denarius, so called
+from its having a quadriga on the reverse.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quadrilateral.</strong> Four-sided.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quadriliteral.</strong> Consisting of four letters.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quadrille</strong>, Med. (It. <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">squadriglia</span></i>, dimin. of
+<em>squadra</em>—our “squadron”—a small party of troops
+drawn up in a square). Small parties of richly-caparisoned
+horsemen, who rode at tournaments
+and public festivals. The modern dance so
+called was introduced in 1808.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Quadriremis</strong></span>, R. A galley with four banks
+of rowers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quadrisomus</strong>, Chr. A sarcophagus with
+compartments for four bodies. One discovered
+in the Vatican cemetery at Rome contained the
+bodies of the first four popes called Leo. (Cf.
+<span class='sc'>Bisomus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quadrivalves</strong>, Arch. (See <span class='sc'>Quadriforis</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quadrivium</strong> (lit. of four ways). The four
+minor arts of arithmetic, music, geometry, and
+astronomy. (See <span class='sc'>Trivium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Quadrivium</strong></span>, R. A place where four roads meet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quadrumane.</strong> Having four prehensile hands
+or feet, like monkeys.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Quadruplatores</strong></span>, R. Public informers, who
+were rewarded with a <em>fourth part</em> of the
+criminal’s property on obtaining a conviction.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Quæstiones Perpetuæ</strong></span>, R. Permanent tribunals
+established at Rome to take cognizance of
+criminal cases.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Quæstorium</strong></span>, R. In a Roman camp, the
+<em>quæstor’s</em> tent; this was in some cases near the
+porta decumana, or the rear of the camp; in
+others, on one side of the <span class='sc'>Prætorium</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quaich</strong>, <strong>Queish</strong>, or <strong>Quegh</strong>, Scotch. An old-fashioned
+drinking-cup or bowl, with two
+handles. (English <span class='sc'>Maser</span> [?].)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quality-binding</strong>, Scotch. A kind of worsted
+tape used in the borders of carpets.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Qualus</strong></span>, R. (Gr. <span class='sc'>Kalathos</span>, q.v.). A wicker-work
+basket.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Quandary</strong></span>, O. E. (from Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">qu’en dirai-je</span></i>?).
+Doubt and perplexity.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quannet.</strong> A tool for working in horn and
+tortoise-shell.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quarnellus</strong>, Med., in fortification. (See
+<span class='sc'>Crenel</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quarrel</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">carreau</span></i>), Arch. A lozenge-shaped
+brick, stone, or pane of glass; a
+glazier’s diamond.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Quarrel</strong></span>, O. E. An arrow for the cross-bow
+with a four-square head.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quarter-deck</strong>, on a ship of war. The deck abaft
+the mainmast, appropriated to the commissioned
+officers. These were originally of great height,
+corresponding with the lofty forecastle for
+soldiers, and helped to make the ships top-heavy
+and unmanageable. A commission on
+ship-building in 1618 says,—</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>“They must bee somewhat snugg built, without
+double gallarys, and too lofty upper workes, which
+overcharge many shipps, and make them coeme faire,
+but not worke well at sea.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quarter-gallery</strong> of a ship. A balcony round
+the stem.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quarter-round</strong>, Arch. The ovolo moulding
+(q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quarter-tones</strong> (Gr. <em>diesis</em>), in Music, were
+the subject of much discussion among the ancient
+Greeks, but they were used on the lyre for
+an occasional “grace-note.” Aristoxenos says
+“no voice could sing three of them in succession,
+neither can the singer sing <em>less</em> than the
+quarter-tone correctly, nor the hearer judge of
+it.” (Consult <em>Chappell’s Hist. of Music</em>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_568'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_568.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 568. Royal Arms of England, <em>temp.</em> Edward III., quartered with the fleur-de-lys of France.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quartering</strong>, Her.
+Marshalling two or
+more coats of arms
+in the different
+quarters of the same
+shield. (Fig. <a href='#fig_568'>568</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quartet</strong>, <strong>Quartetto</strong>,
+It. A piece
+of music for four
+performers, each of
+whose parts is <em>obligato</em>,
+i. e. essential
+to the music.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quartile.</strong> In Astronomy,
+distant
+from each other 90
+degrees, or a <em>quarter</em> of a circle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quasillum</strong> (dimin. of <span class='sc'>Qualus</span>, q.v.) was
+a small basket in which the quantity of wool
+was measured, which was assigned to a slave to
+spin in a day’s work.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_569'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_569.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 569. Quatrefoil.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quatrefoil.</strong> An ornament in
+pointed architecture consisting
+of four foils. The term is likewise
+applied to a rosace formed
+of four divisions, which figures
+frequently in the upper part of
+pointed windows.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quatrefoil</strong> or <strong>Primrose</strong>, Her.
+A flower or figure having four foils or conjoined
+leaves.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Quattrocento</strong></span>, It. (lit. <em>four hundred</em>). A
+term applied to the characteristic style of the
+artists who practised in the 15th century; it was
+hard, and peculiar in colour as well as in form
+and pose. It was the intermediate of that progressive
+period of art, which, commencing with
+Fra Angelico, Masaccio, Mantegna, Botticelli,
+and other celebrated painters, between <span class='fss'>A. D.</span>
+1400 and 1500,
+reached excellence
+in the 16th century
+(the <em>cinque-cento</em>)
+with Leonardo da
+Vinci and Raphael.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quaver.</strong> A
+musical note of
+very short time
+= half a crotchet.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_570'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_570.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 570. Crown of Her Majesty the Queen.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Queen.</strong> Crown
+of Her Majesty.
+(See Fig. <a href='#fig_570'>570</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Queen-post</strong> (anciently
+<em>prick-post</em>
+or <em>side-post</em>), Arch. An upright post similar in
+use and position to the <span class='sc'>King-post</span>, but rising,
+not in the centre to the point of the gable, but
+midway between the wall and the centre.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Queen’s Boots.</strong> The interesting fact in English
+archæology is not generally known, that Her
+Majesty’s <em>boots</em> are provided for by an annual
+tax of two shillings (on the whole) upon the
+village of Ketton in Rutlandshire “<em>pro ocreis
+reginæ</em>.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Queen’s Ware.</strong> A cream-coloured glazed
+earthenware of the Wedgwood manufacture at
+Burslem, 1759–70.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Queen’s Yellow.</strong> A colour formed from the
+subsulphate of mercury.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Queintise</strong></span>, O. E. A dress curiously cut or
+ornamented. (See <span class='sc'>Cointoise</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Querpo</strong> (for <strong>Cuerpo</strong>). Partly undressed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Querpo-hood.</strong> A hood worn by the Puritans.
+(<cite>P.</cite>)</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“No face of mine shall by my friends be viewed</div>
+      <div class='line'>In Quaker’s pinner, or in <em>querpo</em>-hood.”</div>
+      <div class='line in22'>(<em>Archæologia</em>, vol. xxvii.)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Queshews</strong></span>, O. E. <i><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang">Cuisses</span></i>; armour for the
+thighs.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Queue</strong></span>, Fr. A support for a lance. It was
+a large piece of iron screwed to the back of the
+breastplate, curved downward to hold down
+the end of the lance.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Queue Fourchée</strong>, Her. Having a double
+tail, or two tails.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quichuas.</strong> Remarkable specimens of pottery,
+from this Peruvian coast province, doubtless of
+remote antiquity, resemble in their freedom
+from conventionality and successful imitation of
+natural forms all primitive Egyptian and other
+sculpture. Jacquemart describes the vase of the
+illustration (on page <a href='#fig_463'>214</a>) as the <em>chef-d’œuvre</em> of
+American ceramics; and, from the close resemblance
+of the features of the figure represented
+to certain groups of prisoners on the Egyptian
+bas-reliefs, as well as to the ethnic type of the
+ancient Japanese kings, makes important deductions
+with reference to the dispersion of
+mankind, and the commerce of the old and new
+worlds in prehistoric times.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quicksilver</strong>, alloyed with tinfoil, forms the
+reflecting surface of looking-glasses, and is
+largely used in the operations of gilding and
+silvering metals.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quilled</strong>, Her. A term used to blazon the
+quills of <em>feathers</em>; thus a blue feather having its
+quill golden is blazoned—a feather <em>az., quilled or</em>.
+(<cite>Boutell.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quilts</strong> for bed-coverings, in England, were
+formerly made of embroidered linen with emblems
+of the evangelists in the four corners.
+At Durham, in 1446, in the dormitory of the
+priory was a quilt “cum iiij<sup>or</sup> evangelistis in
+corneriis.” The Very Rev. Daniel Rock (<cite>Textile
+Fabrics</cite>) suggests that this gave rise to the
+old nursery rhyme:—</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John,</div>
+      <div class='line'>Bless the bed that I lie on.”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quinarius.</strong> A Roman coin = half a <em>denarius</em>,
+or five asses.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Quincaillerie</strong></span>, Fr. A general term for all
+kinds of metallurgical work in copper, brass,
+iron, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_571'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_571.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 571. Quince. Device of the Sforzas.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quince</strong>, Her. The “<em>Pomo cotogno</em>,” the emblem
+of the town of Cotignola, adopted by the
+founder of the Sforza family who was born
+there. The Emperor Robert of Bavaria added
+a lion in 1401 as a reward of an act of bravery,
+to “support the <em>quince</em> with his left hand and
+defend it with his right,” adding “guai a chi lo
+tocchi!” (Fig. <a href='#fig_571'>571</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Quincunx</strong></span>, R. (i. e. five-twelfths of anything).
+(1) A Roman bronze coin, equivalent to five-twelfths
+of an <em>as</em>, and weighing five ounces
+(<em>unciæ</em>). (2) An arrangement of five objects in
+a square; one at each corner, and one in the
+middle. (3) In <em>gardening</em>, said of trees planted
+in oblique rows of three and two, or in a <em>quincunx</em>
+(No. 2).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Quincupedal</strong></span>, R. A rod five feet in length,
+for taking measurements in masonry.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quindecagon.</strong> A plane figure having fifteen
+sides and fifteen angles.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quinite.</strong> A Spanish textile of hair with silk
+or other thread.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quinquagesima</strong>, Chr. The <em>fiftieth</em> day before
+Easter; Shrove Sunday. (<cite>S.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quinquatrus</strong> (or —<strong>ia</strong>), R. Festivals of Minerva,
+celebrated on the 19th of March. They
+lasted five days; on the first no blood was shed,
+but on the last four there were contests of
+gladiators. Another festival called <em>Quinquatrus
+minores</em>, also in honour of Minerva, was celebrated
+on the ides of June.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Quinquennalia</strong></span>, R. Games celebrated every
+four years at Rome; instituted by Nero, <span class='fss'>A. D.</span> 60.
+They consisted of music, gymnastical contests,
+and horse-races.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Quinqueremis</strong></span>, R. A galley with five banks
+of oars.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Quinquertium</strong></span>, R. (Gr. <em>Pentathlon</em>). A gymnastic
+contest of Greek origin, so called because
+it consisted of five exercises, viz. <em>leaping</em>, <em>running</em>,
+<em>wrestling</em>, <em>throwing the discus</em>, and <em>throwing
+the spear</em>. Introduced in the Olympic
+games in Ol. 18.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Quintain</strong></span>, O. E. A post set up to be tilted
+at by mounted soldiers; sometimes a man turning
+on a pivot; sometimes a flat board, on a
+pivot, with a heavy bag of sand at the other
+end, which knocked the tilter on the back if he
+charged unskilfully. (See <em>Strutt</em>, <em>Sports and
+Pastimes</em>, p. 89, Plates ix. and x.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Quintana</strong></span>, R. A causeway fifty feet wide
+in a Roman camp.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Quintetto</strong></span>, It. A piece of music for five performers,
+<em>obligati</em>. (Cf. <span class='sc'>Quartet</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quintile.</strong> In Astronomy, distant from each
+other 72 degrees, or a <em>fifth</em> of a circle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quippa</strong>, Peruv. (lit. a knot). A fringe of
+knotted and particoloured threads, used to
+record events in ancient Mexico.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quippos</strong> or <strong>Quippus</strong>, Peruv. A plaited cord
+of strings of different colours and lengths, used
+as a substitute for writing among the ancient
+Peruvians.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quire.</strong> O. E. for <span class='sc'>Choir</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Quirinalia</strong></span>, R. A festival sacred to Romulus—Quirinus—held
+on the 17th of February, as the
+anniversary of the day on which he was supposed
+to have been carried up to heaven. The
+festival was also called <em>Stultorum feriæ</em>. (See
+<span class='sc'>Fornacalia</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quirk</strong>, Arch. An acute channel by which
+the convex parts of Greek mouldings (the ogees
+and ovolos) are separated from the fillet or
+soffit that covers them. In Gothic architecture
+quirks are abundantly used between mouldings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quishwine</strong>, <strong>Quusson</strong>, and <strong>Qwissinge</strong>. Old
+ways of spelling the word “cushion.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quivers.</strong> The ancient Greeks and Etruscans,
+the Normans and Saxons wore quivers (<em>pharetra</em>)
+on a belt slung over the shoulder. Archers of
+the 12th to 14th century carried their arrows
+stuck in their belts.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“A shefe of peacock arwes bryght and kene</div>
+      <div class='line'><em>Under his belt</em> he bare ful thriftely.”</div>
+      <div class='line in36'>(<cite>Chaucer.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'>Quivers were probably introduced into England
+in the 15th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Quoif</strong> or <strong>Coif</strong></span>, O. E. A close-fitting cap worn
+by both sexes, and by lawyers, <em>temp.</em> Elizabeth.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quoin</strong> or <strong>Coin</strong>. (1) Arch. The external
+angle of a building. (2) O. E. A wedge.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Quoits.</strong> A very ancient game derived from
+the Roman <span class='sc'>Discus</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c005'>R.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c006'><strong>Ra.</strong> The sun-god with hawk head is a common
+object of Egyptian pottery and architectural
+ornament, subsequent to the Asiatic invasions.
+It typifies the union of the yellow
+Asiatic and the native Egyptian races.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><strong>Rabato</strong></span>, Sp. A neck-band or ruff. (See
+<span class='sc'>Rebato</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rabbet</strong> (from <em>rebated</em>). In Joinery a groove
+in the edge of a board.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Rabyte</strong></span>, O. E. (for Arabyte). An Arab
+horse.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Racana</strong>, Chr. A blanket of hair-cloth prescribed
+for the couches of monks, &amp;c., in
+summer.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pro anis <em>rachinis</em> propter æstus utantur.</span>”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Rack</strong></span>, O. E. The last fleeting vestige of the
+highest clouds.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Racon</strong></span>, O. E. The pot-hook by which vessels
+are suspended over a fire. (See <span class='sc'>Galows</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Radiant</strong>, <strong>Rayonée</strong>. Encircled with rays.
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_395'>395</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Radius</strong></span>, R. A pointed rod employed by
+certain professors of astronomy and mathematics
+for tracing figures on the sand. Also the
+spoke of a wheel, a ray of light, and lastly, a
+stake used in constructing intrenchments
+(<em>valla</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Radula</strong></span>, R. A scraper, an iron tool used for
+paring or scratching off.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Raffaelle-ware.</strong> A fine kind of Urbino
+majolica, the designs for which were probably
+furnished by pupils of the great master.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rag.</strong> In Masonry, stone that breaks in jagged
+pieces.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ragged Staff</strong>, Her. (See <span class='sc'>Ragulée</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Ragman’s</strong> or <strong>Rageman’s Roll</strong></span>, O. E. (1)
+In History, a roll of the nobles of Scotland,
+who swore fealty to Edward I. at Berwick, in
+1296; hence (2) a game of chance, in which a
+number of versified descriptions of character
+were drawn from a roll by the members of a
+company; 13th to 15th century. The game
+survives among children of the present age
+in the custom of drawing <em>Twelfth-Night</em> characters.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ragstone.</strong> A rough kind of sandstone found
+in Kent.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_572'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_572.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 572. Ragulée.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_573'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_573.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 573. Bear and Ragged Staff.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ragulée</strong>, <strong>Raguly</strong>,
+Her. Serrated.
+A “ragged
+staff,” or
+“staff <em>ragulée</em>,” is a part of a stem from
+which the branches have been cut off roughly.
+The illustration is the well-known device of
+the Earls of Warwick,
+originating
+with Arthgal, one
+of the Knights of
+the Round Table;
+because, says Leland,
+“this Arthgal
+took a bere in his
+arms, for that, in
+Britisch, soundeth a
+bere in Englisch.”
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_573'>573</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rahal</strong>, Arabic.
+A load for a camel;
+about 5 cwt.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rains</strong>, or <strong>Raynes</strong>,
+<strong>Cloths</strong> (<span class='fss'>A. D.</span> 1327–1434,
+&amp;c.). Fine
+linen woven at <em>Rennes</em> in Brittany.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><strong>Rajeta</strong></span>, Sp. A coarse cloth of mixed
+colours.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Rallum</strong></span>, R. A piece of iron on the end
+of a stick, used to scrape off earth from the
+plough-share.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_574'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_574.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 574. Assyrian Battering-ram.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ram</strong>, in Christian iconography, is a symbol
+not fully explained. It was probably connected
+with the idea of a manful <em>fight</em> with the powers
+of evil. Two rams face to face with a cross
+between them are a frequent symbol. (Consult
+<em>Martigny</em>, <em>Dict. des Antiq. Chrét.</em> s. v.
+Belier.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Ram</strong></span>, O. E. for rain. (<cite>Shakspeare.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ram</strong> or <strong>Battering-ram</strong>. (See <span class='sc'>Aries</span>.) The
+illustration (Fig. <a href='#fig_574'>574</a>) is from the Assyrian
+sculptures, showing the invention of the <em>testudo</em>
+to be of great antiquity.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ramadhan.</strong> The ninth month of the Arabian
+calendar, and the Mohammedan month of
+fasting; it is followed by the festival of the
+<em>Little Bairam</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ramalia</strong></span>, R. (<em>ramus</em>, a ram) Roman festivals
+instituted in honour of Ariadne and
+Bacchus.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><strong>Ramillete</strong></span>, Sp. A nosegay; a pyramid of
+sweetmeats and fruits.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_575'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_575.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 575. Lion Rampant.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_576'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_576.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 576. Demi-lion Rampant.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rampant</strong>, Her. Erect, one hind paw
+on the ground, the other three paws elevated;
+the animal looking
+forward, and having
+his tail elevated.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rampant guardant</strong>,
+Her. The same as
+rampant, but looking
+out of the shield.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rampant reguardant</strong>,
+Her. The same
+as rampant, but looking
+backwards.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Ranseur</strong></span>, Fr. A sort
+of partisan in use in
+the time of Edward
+IV., having a broad
+long blade in the
+centre, and projecting
+shorter blades on each
+side.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rantle-tree</strong>, Scotch.
+(1) The beam in the
+chimney from which
+the crook is suspended,
+when there is no grate
+(Angl. <span class='sc'>Galows</span>. See
+also <span class='sc'>Reeking-hook</span>). (2) A tree chosen with
+two branches, which are cut short, and left
+in the shape of a Y, built into the gable
+of a cottage to support one end of the roof-tree.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rapier</strong>, introduced from Spain in the 16th
+century, remained the favourite weapon of gentlemen.
+It is a light sword with a narrow blade
+adapted only for thrusting. It used to be called
+a <em>tuck</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rapier-dance.</strong> A theatrical dance still practised
+in Yorkshire, consisting of evolutions of
+the dancers with naked rapiers round a performer
+who kneels in the centre and finally
+simulates death. (Compare <span class='sc'>Sword-dance</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Raploch</strong>, Scotch. Coarse undyed woollen
+cloth.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rareca.</strong> Peruvian aqueducts; distinct from
+the subterranean aqueducts called <span class='sc'>Huircas</span> or
+<em>Pinchas</em> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rash.</strong> “A species of inferior silk, or silk and
+stuff manufacture.” (<cite>Nares.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Raster</strong>, <strong>Rastrum</strong></span>, R. (<em>rado</em>, to scrape). A
+rake.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rat.</strong> In Chinese symbolism, the month of
+November. (See <span class='sc'>Tchy Periods</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rath</strong>, Celtic. An ancient fortress or castle
+of the Irish chiefs, consisting of a circular intrenched
+enclosure, with buildings in the centre.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rational</strong>, Heb. A square piece of richly embroidered
+cloth worn by the Jewish high
+priest upon the breast, above the ephod.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ratis</strong></span>, R. A raft of strong beams or planks;
+and thence a flat boat, a bridge of boats,
+&amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Raunle-tree.</strong> Scotch; for <span class='sc'>Rantle-tree</span>
+(q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Raven</strong>, the ensign of the ancient Danes, was the
+bird of Odin. In Christian art, the emblem of
+Divine Providence (in allusion to the history of
+Elisha); attribute of certain saints, especially of
+ascetics. (See <span class='sc'>Crow</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ray</strong>, Chr. The fish (<em>rina diaudan</em>) which
+was burned by Tobias (vii. 2, 3), and the eggs
+of which are still burnt for intermittent fevers
+among the Greeks. (<em>Harris</em>, 408.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Ray</strong></span>, O. E. (i. e. <em>rayed</em>). Striped cloth much
+worn in the 13th and 14th centuries.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Raynes</strong></span>, O. E. (from Rennes in Brittany).
+Fine linen.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“Cloth of raynes to sleep on soft.” (<cite>Chaucer.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rayonnée</strong>, Her. (See <span class='sc'>Radiant</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Real</strong> (Eng. <span class='sc'>Royal</span>). A Spanish coin. There
+are two kinds: a <em>real of plate</em>, worth 4¾<em>d.</em>, and
+a <em>real of vellon</em>, worth 2½<em>d.</em> (Cf. <span class='sc'>Rial</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Realgar.</strong> A red pigment, formed of arsenic
+in combination with sulphur. A fugitive and
+<em>corrosive</em> pigment. (See <em>Merimée</em>, <em>De la Peinture
+à l’huile</em>, p. 124.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Realism</strong>, <strong>Realistic</strong>, in Art. (See <span class='sc'>Ideal</span> and
+<span class='sc'>Real</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rebated.</strong> Turned back, as the head of a
+<span class='sc'>Morne</span> or jousting-lance.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><strong>Rebato</strong></span>, Sp. The turn-down collar of the
+15th and 16th centuries.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><strong>Rebec</strong></span>, Sp. A musical instrument of three
+strings, tuned in fifths, and played with a bow
+like a fiddle. It was originally introduced into
+Spain by the Moors.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rebiting.</strong> A process of renewing the lines of
+a worn-out plate, by etching them over again;
+a difficult and delicate operation, which is rarely
+performed with entire success.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_577'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_577.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 577. Rebus (Prior Bolton). The Bolt and Tun.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rebus</strong>, Her. An allusive charge or device.
+A <em>ton</em> or <em>tun</em> pierced by a bird-bolt is in the
+church of Great St. Bartholomew, of which
+Prior Bolton was the last prior.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line in6'>“Prior Bolton</div>
+      <div class='line'>With his bolt and tun.”</div>
+      <div class='line in20'>(<cite>Ben Jonson.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><strong>Recamo</strong></span>, Sp.
+Embroidery of
+raised work.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><strong>Recel</strong></span>, Sp. A
+kind of striped
+tapestry.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Receptorium</strong></span>, R.
+(<em>recepto</em>, to receive).
+A kind of
+parlour, also called
+<em>salutatorium</em>,
+which generally
+adjoined the ancient
+basilicas.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_578'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_578.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 578. Cross <em>Recercelée</em>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Recercelée</strong>,
+Her. A variety
+of the heraldic cross.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Recheat</strong></span>, O. E. A sound
+on the horn to call dogs
+away from the chase.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Recinctus.</strong> Equivalent
+in meaning to <span class='sc'>Discinctus</span>
+(q.v.).</p>
+
+<div class='section'>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Recorders.</strong> A musical
+instrument mentioned by
+Shakspeare. It resembled
+a very large clarionet.
+Milton also speaks of</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line in6'>“the Dorian mood</div>
+      <div class='line'>Of flutes and <em>soft recorders</em>.”</div>
+      <div class='line in20'>(<em>Paradise Lost</em>, i. 550.)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Recta</strong></span>, R. A straight tunic, made out of a
+single piece, which took the form of the body;
+it hung from the neck, and fell down as far as
+the feet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rectilinear</strong> figures are those composed entirely
+of straight or <em>right</em> lines.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Red.</strong> One of the three primary colours, producing
+with <span class='fss'>YELLOW</span>, <em>orange</em>, and with <span class='fss'>BLUE</span>,
+<em>violet</em>. The principal red pigments are <em>carmine</em>,
+<em>vermilion</em>, <em>chrome red</em>, <em>scarlet lake</em>, <em>madder
+lake</em>, <em>light red</em>, <em>burnt sienna</em>, for <em>yellow</em> reds; and
+<em>Venetian red</em>, <em>Indian red</em>, <em>crimson lake</em>, for <em>blue</em>
+reds. Red, in Christian art, represented by the
+ruby, signified fire, divine love, the Holy Spirit,
+heat or the creative power, and royalty. In a bad
+sense, red signified blood, war, hatred, and
+punishment. Red and black combined were the
+colours of purgatory and the devil. (See <span class='sc'>Realgar</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Indigo</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Red Chalk</strong> or <strong>Reddle</strong> is a mixture of clay and
+red iron <span class='fss'>OCHRE</span>, used as a crayon in drawing.
+(See <span class='sc'>Ochre</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Red Lake.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Carmine</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Red Lead.</strong> A pigment which mixes badly
+with other pigments. (See <span class='sc'>Minium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Red Ochre</strong> includes <em>Indian red</em>, <em>scarlet ochre</em>,
+<em>Indian ochre</em>, <em>reddle</em>, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Red Orpiment.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Realgar</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Redan</strong>, the simplest kind of work in field
+fortification, generally consists of a parapet
+of earth, divided on the plan into two faces,
+which make with one another a salient angle,
+or one whose vertex is towards the enemy.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Reddle.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Red Chalk</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Redimiculum</strong></span>, R. (<em>redimio</em>, to bind round).
+A long string or ribbon attached to any kind of
+head-dress.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Redoubt</strong> is a general name for nearly every
+kind of work in the class of field fortifications.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Redshank</strong>, Scotch. A Highlander wearing
+buskins of red-deer skin, with the hair outwards.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Reduction.</strong> In Art, a copy on a smaller
+scale. The work is done mechanically by a
+process of subdivision of the original into segments
+or squares.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Reekie</strong>, Scotch. Smoky; hence <em>Auld Reekie</em>,
+the city of Edinburgh.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Reeking-hook</strong></span>, O. E. A pot-hook hung in
+the chimney, to suspend vessels over an open
+fire. (See <span class='sc'>Galows</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Re-entering</strong>, in Engraving, is the sharpening
+or deepening with a graver the lines insufficiently
+<em>bitten in</em> by the acid.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Refectory</strong>, Mod. (<em>reficio</em>, to refresh). A hall
+in which the monks of a monastery assembled
+to take their meals; one of the most important
+rooms of the establishment; it was
+often divided into two naves by a row of columns
+called the spine (<em>spina</em>), which received the
+spring of the vaultings forming the roof of the
+refectory.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Reflected Lights</strong> thrown by an illuminated
+surface into the shadows opposed to it, modify
+the <span class='sc'>Local Colour</span> of every object that we
+observe in nature, and should accordingly be
+made to do so in painting.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Reflexed</strong>, <strong>Reflected</strong>, Her. Curved and carried
+backwards.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Refraction</strong> is the diversion of a ray of light
+which occurs when it falls obliquely on the surface
+of a medium differing in density from that
+through which it had previously moved. The
+differently-coloured rays have different degrees
+of refrangibility. Refraction is the cause of
+the phenomena of the <em>mirage</em>, <em>Fata Morgana</em>,
+&amp;c., and presents to us the light of the sun
+before his actual emergence above the horizon.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_579'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_579.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 579. Regals or Portable Organ.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Regal</strong> or <strong>Regals</strong></span>, O. E. (1) A small portable
+organ, with single or double sets of
+pipes (the attribute of St. Cecilia, and of
+saints and angels of the heavenly choir). The
+illustration (Fig. <a href='#fig_579'>579</a>) of an angel playing the
+regals, is taken from an ancient MS. (2) A
+kind of harmonica, with sonorous slabs of
+wood.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_580'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_580.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 580. Regalia. Grand Duke of Tuscany in state costume, with crown and sceptre, &amp;c.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Regalia.</strong> The ensigns of royalty. The regalia
+of England are the crown, sceptre, verge
+or rod with the dove, St. Edward’s staff, the
+orb or mound, the sword of mercy called
+Curtana, the two swords of spiritual and temporal
+justice, the ring of alliance with the
+kingdom, the armillæ or bracelets, the spurs of
+chivalry, and some royal vestments; and are
+kept in the Jewel Office in the Tower of London.
+The Scottish insignia, a crown, a sceptre,
+and a sword of state, are kept in the Crown-room
+at Edinburgh. The illustration shows
+the regalia and state vestments of the Grand
+Duke of Tuscany, in the 16th century. (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_580'>580</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Regifugium</strong></span>, R. (lit. flight of the king).
+An annual festival held on the sixth day of the
+calends of March (24th of February), in commemoration
+of the flight of Tarquin and the establishment
+of the Roman republic.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Regioles</strong></span>, Fr. Chr. Small doors in the <em>confessio</em>
+or <em>martyrium</em> of an altar, containing
+relics of a saint or martyr. The faithful used
+to introduce handkerchiefs by these doors, that
+they might consecrate them by contact with the
+relics.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Regrating</strong> or <strong>Skinning</strong>, in Masonry, is the
+process of scraping or hammering off the outer
+surface of old stones to make them look white
+and new; it has been greatly abused in the
+restoration of ancient buildings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Reguardant</strong>, Her. Turning the head and
+looking back; emblematic of circumspection
+and prudence.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Regula</strong></span>, R. A straight rule used by artisans.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Regulares</strong>, Chr. Horizontal <em>rods</em> of wood or
+metal in churches for the suspension of veils or
+curtains. These were often made of gold or
+silver, with a row of images on the upper part.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Regulus</strong> (in Greek <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βασιλίσκος</span>) is the name
+given by ancient astronomers to a line drawn
+from the polar star, between the pointers,
+&amp;c., to the bright star called <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">α</span> Leonis or Cor
+Leonis (the lion’s heart).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Reindeer</strong>, Her. A hart with double antlers,
+one pair erect, the other drooping.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Reisner-work.</strong> A corrupt spelling of the
+name of Riesener, a celebrated worker in marquetry
+in France in the 18th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>“Riesener used tulip, rosewood, holly, maple, laburnum,
+purple-wood, &amp;c. Wreaths and bunches of flowers,
+exquisitely worked and boldly designed, form centres of
+his marquetry panels, which are often plain surfaces of
+one wood. On the sides, in borders and compartments,
+we find diaper patterns in three or four quiet colours.”
+(See <em>Pollen</em>, <em>Ancient and Modern Furniture</em>, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Relief</strong> (It. <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">rilievo</span></i>). Sculpture projecting—<span class='sc'>Alto-relievo</span>,
+more than half; <span class='sc'>Mezzo-relievo</span>,
+exactly half; <span class='sc'>Basso-relievo</span>, less than
+half. (See also <span class='sc'>Rondo Bosso</span>, <span class='sc'>Intaglio-Relievato</span>, <span class='sc'>Stacciato</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Reliquary</strong>, Chr. A portable shrine or casket
+made to contain relics. A reliquary made to be
+worn round the neck was called <em>encolpium</em> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐν
+κόλπῳ</span>, in the bosom), <em>phylacterium</em>, &amp;c.; one to
+be carried processionally, <em>feretrum</em>. (See <span class='sc'>Feretory</span>,
+Fig. <a href='#fig_307'>307</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Remarque</strong></span>, Fr. A slight sketch on the margin
+beneath an etching or engraving, to denote
+the earliest proof impressions.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Removed</strong>, Her. Out of its proper position.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Remuria</strong></span>, R. A Roman festival in honour
+of Remus, held on the third of the ides of
+May (13th of May) on the Palatine mount, on
+the spot where Remus had taken the auspices,
+and where he was buried.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Renaissance</strong> (lit. new-birth or revival). The
+term is popularly applied to the gradual return
+to classical principles in Art in the 13th and 14th
+centuries. The Italian renaissance, begun by
+<span class='sc'>Niccola Pisano</span> in architecture and sculpture,
+and by <span class='sc'>Giotto</span> in painting, was fostered by the
+Medici family, and culminated in Leonardo,
+Michelangelo, and Raphael. Teutonic art
+(Flemish, German, and Dutch) had also their
+periods of revival. It is, however, impossible
+to indicate their representatives without entering
+upon debateable questions. Goldsmith’s work,
+pottery, and other useful arts passed through
+parallel periods of revival concurrent, or nearly
+so, with those in painting.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><strong>Rengue</strong></span>, Sp. A kind of gauze worn on
+official robes in Spain.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Reno</strong> and <strong>Rheno</strong></span>, R. A very short cloak,
+often made of skins, peculiar to the Gauls and
+Germans, and adopted by the Roman soldiery.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Repagula</strong></span>, R. (lit. fastening back). A double
+fastening to a door; of two bolts (<em>pessuli</em>), one of
+which was shot towards the right, and the other
+to the left.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Replica.</strong> A duplicate of a picture, done by
+the same painter.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Repose.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Riposo</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Repositorium</strong></span>, R. (<em>repono</em>, to lay down). A
+side-board for plates and dishes in a dining-room;
+it was divided into several stories, and formed
+a kind of dinner-wagon; and many examples
+were richly ornamented, and inlaid with variegated
+woods, or tortoise-shell and silver, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Repoussé</strong></span>, Fr. Metal-work hammered out
+from behind into ornaments in <em>relief</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Requiem</strong>, Chr. The Roman <em>Missa pro Defunctis</em>,
+or service for the dead, beginning with the
+anthem “<em>Requiem æternam dona eis, Domine</em>.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Rerebrace</strong></span>, O. E. (for the French <em>arrière
+bras</em>). Armour for the upper part of the arm.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Rerebrake</strong></span>, O. E. A pommel at the back of
+a saddle to support the horseman under the
+shock of a tilting-bout. (See <em>Meyrick</em>, vol. ii.
+p. 137.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Reredos</strong>, Chr. (1) The wall or screen at the
+back of an altar. In the primitive churches,
+in which the bishop’s seat was at the back of
+the altar, there was no <em>reredos</em>. Its introduction
+dates from the period (about the 12th century)
+when the episcopal seats and the choirs were
+established in front of the altars. (2) The
+<span class='sc'>Rood-screen</span> was sometimes so called. (3)
+The open hearth was so called. Hollinshed
+relates that, before the invention of chimneys,
+“each man made his fire against a <em>reredosse</em> in
+the hall, where he dined and dressed his meat.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rere-supper</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">arrière souper</span></i>). The last
+meal taken in the day; 15th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Resins.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Amber</span>, <span class='sc'>Copal</span>, <span class='sc'>Damara</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Mastic</span>, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Ressaunt</strong></span>, O. E. Arch. An obsolete term
+applied to members of architecture inflected or
+curved like an <span class='sc'>Ogee</span> moulding.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rest.</strong> In Music, a character denoting silence
+for a length denoted by the character used to
+express the rest, i. e. <em>semibreve</em>, <em>minim</em>, <em>crotchet</em>,
+<em>quaver</em>, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Restoration.</strong> In Architecture, a drawing
+of an ancient building in its original design.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Retable</strong> (Fr.), Chr. (See <span class='sc'>Reredos</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Rete</strong> and <strong>Retis</strong></span>, R. A net.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Retiarius.</strong> A gladiator whose only arms
+were a trident and net; with the latter he tried
+to embarrass the adversary by casting it over his
+head, and, having done so, to wound him with
+the trident; failing in their throw, their only
+resource was to run round the arena preparing
+the net for a second attempt. They fought
+generally with the Mirmillones, and had no
+helmet nor other protective armour excepting
+for the left arm. (See <span class='sc'>Gladiators</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_581'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_581.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 581. Venetian Reticella Lace.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Reticella</strong> (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">reticulus</span></i>, a little net). This
+was the first known needle-made lace, produced
+in all lace-making countries under different
+names. (See <span class='sc'>Greek Lace</span>.) It was made in
+several ways: the first consisted in arranging a
+network of threads on a small frame, crossing
+and interlacing them in various complicated
+patterns. Beneath this network was gummed a
+piece of fine cloth, open like canvas, called quintain
+(from the town in Brittany where it was
+made). Then with a needle the network was
+sewn to the quintain by edging round those
+parts of the pattern which were to remain thick,
+then cutting away the superfluous cloth:
+hence the name of cutwork in England. A
+more simple mode was to make the pattern detached
+without any linen; the threads radiating
+at equal distances from one common centre
+served as a framework to others, which were
+united to them in geometric forms worked over
+with button-hole stitch (or <em>point noué</em>). The
+engraving shows a fine specimen of reticella
+from Venice, 1493. (See also <span class='sc'>Milan Reticella</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Reticulated.</strong> Latticed like the meshes of a
+net (<em>rete</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Reticulated Glass.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Glass</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_582'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_582.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 582. Reticulated Vase. Japanese.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Reticulated Porcelain</strong> is an Oriental product,
+of which the outer side is entirely cut out in geometric
+patterns, honeycomb, circles intercrossed
+and superposed to a second vase of similar, or of
+simply cylindrical form. Fig. <a href='#fig_582'>582</a> is a specimen
+of this style.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_583'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_583.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 583. Reticulatum opus.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Reticulated Work</strong>, Arch. (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">reticulata
+structura</span></i>, literally, made like a net). Masonry
+constructed with diamond-shaped stones, or
+<span class='sc'>Quarrels</span>, shown in Figs. 493 and 583. The
+latter shows one of the mouths of the <em>cloaca</em>
+opening on the Tiber. <em>Reticulata fenestra</em> was a
+window grated over with bars of wood or metal
+crossing in the form of network.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Reticulum</strong></span>, R. Diminutive of <em>rete</em>, a net.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Retinaculum</strong></span>, R. (<em>retineo</em>, to hold back). A
+rope used to moor a vessel to the shore.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Retorted</strong>, Her. Intertwined.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Retro-choir</strong>, Chr. Arch. Chapels behind or
+about the choir.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Reverse.</strong> The back of a medal. In very
+ancient coins this had no mark except that of
+the instrument by which it was fixed to receive
+the stamp of the <em>obverse</em>. By degrees this grew
+into a figure of a dolphin or some other
+animal. Some ancient Greek reverses are
+<em>intaglios</em> of the stamp in relief of the <em>obverse</em>.
+Complete reverses appear on Greek coins
+about 500 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, and are of exquisite execution.
+(Cf. <span class='sc'>Obverse</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Revinctum</strong> (opus), R. (<em>revincio</em>, to bind fast).
+Dove-tailed masonry. (See Fig. <a href='#fig_269'>269</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rhabdion</strong> (lit. a small rod). An instrument
+used in <em>encaustic painting</em>, with which the wax
+tints were blended. It was probably flat at one
+end, and kept heated in a small furnace close at
+hand. (See <em>Eastlake</em>, <em>Materials</em>, &amp;c., i. 154.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Rheda</strong></span>, R. A roomy four-wheeled carriage,
+of Gallic origin, with several seats. The driver
+was called <span class='sc'>Rhedarius</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rheno</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ῥὴν</span>, a sheep). A sheepskin
+cloak, covering the shoulders and as far as to the
+waist, worn by the ancient Germans as a protection
+against rain.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rhingrave.</strong> The petticoat breeches worn in
+the reign of Charles II. (<cite>Planché.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rhomboid.</strong> “An equilateral oblique parallelogram.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Rhomphæa</strong>, <strong>Romphæa</strong>, <strong>Rumpia</strong></span>, R. A
+sword with a long blade, used by the Thracians.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_584'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_584.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 584. Rhyton. Greek Drinking-cup.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Rhyton</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ῥυτὸν</span>, lit. flowing). A
+drinking-vessel of earthenware in the form of a
+horn or trumpet; in many instances with a handle.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_585'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_585.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 585. Rial. Queen Elizabeth.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rial</strong> or <strong>Royal</strong> (Sp. <i><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">real</span></i>). A Spanish coin introduced
+into England in 16th cent. (See <span class='sc'>Real</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Riband</strong> or <strong>Ribbon</strong> (Welsh <em>rhibin</em>;
+Irish <em>ruibin</em>, &amp;c.). A long narrow
+web of silk worn for ornament or
+use; especially for a <em>badge</em> of devotion
+in love or war.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“See in the lists they wait the trumpet’s sound:</div>
+      <div class='line'>Some love-device is wrought on every sword,</div>
+      <div class='line'>And every ribbon bears some mystic word.”</div>
+      <div class='line in22'>(<cite>Granville.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'>The Ribbons of the various orders
+of Knighthood are:—of the <span class='sc'>Garter</span>,
+a broad dark blue ribbon
+passing over the left shoulder; of
+the <span class='sc'>Thistle</span>, a broad dark green
+ribbon; of St. <span class='sc'>Patrick</span>, a light
+blue; of the <span class='sc'>Bath</span>, red; of the
+<span class='sc'>Star of India</span>, pale blue with
+white borders.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ribbon</strong>, <strong>Riband</strong>, Her. A diminutive
+of a <span class='sc'>Bend</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ribibe.</strong> A kind of fiddle; 15th
+century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ribs</strong>, Arch. Projecting bands on ceilings,
+&amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Rica</strong></span>, R. A square piece of cloth with a
+fringe, worn by priests and women on the head,
+and especially by the former when they were
+offering a sacrifice; <em>ricula</em> was a smaller veil
+worn in the same fashion. (Cf. <span class='sc'>Flammeum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rice-paper.</strong> A delicate vegetable film brought
+from China, and used as a substitute for drawing-paper
+in the representation of richly-coloured
+insects or flowers, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ridels.</strong> French word for bed-curtains; 15th
+century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Rimenato</strong></span>, It. (See <span class='sc'>Crusca</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ring Mail.</strong> Flexible armour of iron rings
+interwoven; introduced from the East by the
+Crusaders.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_586'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_586.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 586. Ring of chiselled iron. French. 16th century.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_587'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_587.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 587. Venetian Ring. 16th century.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rings.</strong> The symbolic use of signet-rings is
+mentioned in many passages of the Holy Scriptures,
+especially as a transfer of authority; as
+Pharaoh to Joseph (Gen. xli. 42),
+Ahasuerus to Haman, &amp;c. A large
+collection of Egyptian signet-rings
+is in the British Museum, many
+being much too large to be worn on
+the hand. <span class='sc'>Egyptian</span> rings were of
+ivory, porcelain, or stone, but generally
+of gold. The <span class='sc'>Etruscans</span>
+and <span class='sc'>Sabines</span> wore rings at the
+foundation of Rome, 753 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, those
+of the former being remarkable for
+beauty and intrinsic value. The
+<span class='sc'>Lacedæmonians</span> wore iron rings.
+The <span class='sc'>Romans</span> also under the Republic
+were proud of wearing an
+iron ring; under the Empire the
+privilege of wearing a ring raised the wearer to
+the equestrian order. <span class='sc'>Greek</span> and <span class='sc'>Roman</span> rings
+were, generally speaking, massive and simple, and
+of obvious value
+in metal and
+stone, until in
+the degenerate
+times of the
+Empire luxury
+spread, and the
+lower classes began
+to disfigure
+themselves with
+cheap jewellery.
+Solid rings were
+carved out of
+rock-crystal in
+Christian times;
+and others were
+made of stone,
+chiefly of calcedony.
+Rings
+of amber, glass,
+earthenware, and
+other materials
+were exhumed at
+Pompeii. The
+<span class='sc'>Britons</span> and <span class='sc'>Saxons</span> had beautiful jewellery.
+The former wore the ring on the middle
+finger; the Anglo-Saxons on the third finger of
+the right hand, which was thence poetically
+called the “golden finger.” A beautiful specimen
+of enamelled art is the gold ring of Ethelwulf,
+king of Wessex (the father of Alfred the
+Great), now in the medal room of the British
+Museum. Among the <em>niello</em> rings of the
+Saxon period is one in the British Museum inscribed
+“Ahlreds owns me, Eanred engraved
+me.” Plain wire rings, or plain bands of metal
+merely twisted round the finger, are common
+objects in Saxon tombs; but the most beautiful
+specimens of this, as of other branches of the
+goldsmith’s art in antiquity, are from <span class='sc'>Ireland</span>.
+In <span class='sc'>Scandinavia</span> the earliest forms are spiral,
+and of simple workmanship. <span class='sc'>Rings</span> were a part
+of the official jewellery of kings, bishops, and
+cardinals; and the <em>fisherman’s ring</em>, with a representation
+of St. Peter in a boat fishing, was
+the papal ring of investiture. A copious literature
+on this special subject deals with the superstitions,
+ceremonies, customs, and anecdotes
+connected with finger-rings, as well as with their
+exemplification of the history of the development
+or decadence of art. A collector divides his
+rings into <em>Antique</em>, <em>Mediæval</em>, and <em>Modern</em>; the
+former period ending <span class='fss'>A. D.</span> 800, and classified by
+nationalities. The later collections are classified
+as <em>Official</em>: ecclesiastical, civil, and military;
+or <em>Personal</em>, viz. signet-rings, love and marriage,
+mourning, &amp;c.; historical, religious (i. e. devotional,
+&amp;c.), magic, and simply ornamental.
+(The substance of the above is drawn from
+<em>Finger-ring Lore</em>, &amp;c., by <em>W. Jones</em>, Chatto,
+1877; and <em>Antique Gems</em>, by the <em>Rev. C. W.
+King</em>. For the significance of rings in connexion
+with the history of Christianity, see <em>Smith
+and Cheetham</em>, <em>Dict. of Christ. Ant.</em> s. v.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rinman’s Green.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Cobalt</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rip-rap</strong>, Arch. A builder’s term for a foundation
+of loose stones.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Riposo</strong></span>, It. The rest of the Holy Family
+during the Flight into Egypt is often shortly
+designated the <em>Riposo</em>; it is treated by different
+masters in a great variety of styles.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Riscus</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ῥίσκος</span>). A wardrobe or chest
+for clothes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rising</strong>, <strong>Roussant</strong>, Her. Said of birds about
+to take wing.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rivers</strong>, Chr. The four rivers of Paradise are
+variously represented in primitive Christian
+art; e. g. the <span class='sc'>Lamb</span> standing on a mountain,
+from which they flow; or they are personified,
+and symbolize the four Evangelists: the Gihon
+is St. Matthew; Pison, St. John; Tigris,
+St. Mark; and Euphrates, St. Luke. The following
+lines in one instance accompany such a
+representation on an engraved copper plate:—</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fons paradisiacus per flumina quatuor exit;</span></div>
+      <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hec quadriga levis te <span class='vincula'><span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Χρε</span></span> per omnia vexit.</span>”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'>In <span class='fss'>CLASSIC</span> art generally, rivers are personified
+as half-prostrate figures reclining upon an urn,
+and marked by certain attributes; e. g. of the
+Nile, a hippopotamus; of the Tiber, a wolf
+suckling Romulus and Remus; other rivers by
+the flora or by certain cities of their banks, &amp;c.
+(Consult <em>Didron</em>, <em>Iconographie Chrét.</em>; <em>Martigny</em>,
+&amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Roan.</strong> (1) A kind of leather much used for
+bookbinding; it is of sheepskins tanned with
+sumach. (2) Said of a <em>bay</em> or <em>sorel</em> horse
+marked with grey.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Robigalia</strong></span>, R. Roman festivals held every
+year on the sixth of the calends of May (25th
+of April), in honour of the god Robigus, to preserve
+the wheat from mildew.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Roborarium</strong> (<em>robur</em>, strength). An enclosure
+within a wooden palisade.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_588'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_588.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 588. Robur. Prison at Rome.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Robur</strong></span>, R. The subterranean dungeon of a
+prison (<em>carcer</em>), in which criminals were executed.
+In Fig. <a href='#fig_588'>588</a> the character of the <em>robur</em> is clearly
+seen; it is that of the prison of Ancus Martius
+and Servius Tullius at Rome, of which some
+ruins still remain.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rochet</strong>, Chr. (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rochetum</span></i>; Anglo-Saxon
+<i><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang">roc</span></i>, a loose upper garment). A short surplice
+without sleeves, open at the sides; imitated
+from a linen outer garment of the same name,
+much worn by women in the 14th century.
+Chaucer says,—</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“There is no clothe sytteth bette</div>
+      <div class='line'>On damoselle than doth rokette.”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rock-crystal.</strong> A material much used for
+carving in China. <em>Fortune</em> says, “Fine specimens
+of rock-crystal, carved into figures, cups,
+and vases, are met with in the curiosity shops of
+Foo-chow-foo. Some of these specimens are
+white, others golden yellow, and others again
+blue and black. One kind looks as if human
+hair was thrown in and crystallized. <em>Imitations</em>
+of this stone are common in Canton, made into
+snuff-bottles, such as are commonly used by the
+Chinese.” The <span class='sc'>Greek</span> name (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κρύσταλλος</span>, ice)
+refers to the belief that it was frozen water;
+the <span class='sc'>Indians</span> believe it to be the husk of which
+the <em>diamond</em> is the kernel, and call it the <em>unripe
+diamond</em>; in <span class='sc'>Japan</span> it is cut into round balls
+used for cooling the hands; in <span class='sc'>China</span> also it is
+extensively carved; in the <span class='sc'>Middle Ages</span> it was
+highly valued throughout <span class='sc'>Europe</span> as a detector
+of poison. Still more recently crystal balls have
+been supposed to have magical influence, and
+used for divination and conjuring.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Rockets</strong></span>, O. E. Slabs of wood used on
+lances, during exercise, for the same purpose as
+the buttons of foils.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Rococo</strong></span>, It. The style of decoration into
+which that of the Louis Quinze period culminated,
+distinguished for a superfluity of confused
+and discordant detail. (See <span class='sc'>Louis XV.</span>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rod.</strong> In measurement, 16½ feet linear, or
+272½ square feet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Rodomel</strong></span>, O. E. The juice of roses, mixed
+with honey.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Rogus</strong></span>, R. A funeral pile when in process
+of burning, in contradistinction to <span class='sc'>Pyra</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Rokelay</strong></span>, O. E. A short cloak.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Roll-moulding</strong> (Arch.), profusely used in the
+Early English and Decorated styles, is a round
+moulding, divided longitudinally along the
+middle, the upper half of which projects over
+the lower. <em>Roll and fillet moulding</em> is a roll-moulding
+with a square <em>fillet</em> on the face of
+it.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rolls of Arms.</strong> Heraldic records of ancient
+armorial insignia, preserved on strips of parchment.
+The earliest known are of the 13th century.
+(Consult <em>Boutell</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Romal</strong>, Hind. A silk fabric, of which cotton
+imitations are made in England.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_589'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_589.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 589. Temple of Vesta at Tivoli, with Roman-Corinthian columns.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Roman Architecture</strong> is a combination of the
+<em>Etruscan</em> and the <em>Greek</em>, principally distinguished
+from the latter by the circular arch, and the
+<em>monopteral</em> or circular temple unknown to the
+Greeks, but a favourite form with the tomb-building
+ancestors of the Etruscans. The <em>orders</em>
+of Roman architecture were the Doric and
+Ionic, detrimentally modified; the Corinthian,
+which they greatly enriched; and the Composite,
+of which the upper part of the capital
+was Ionic, and the remainder Corinthian. The
+distinguishing feature of the Roman architecture
+is, however, less in the modifications of the orders,
+than in their application in <em>composite arcades</em>, or
+plain arches of Etruscan design, faced by and
+supporting a purely ornamental arrangement of
+a long horizontal entablature on two columns.
+(Consult <em>Fergusson</em>, <em>Hist. of Arch.</em>, vol. i.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Roman Doric Order of Architecture.</strong> A deteriorated
+imitation of the Grecian Doric,
+adopted, with considerable modifications, by
+modern Italian architects.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Roman Ochre</strong> or <strong>Italian Earth</strong>. A pigment
+of a rich orange yellow, used both raw and
+burnt in oil and water-colours. (See <span class='sc'>Ochre</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Roman Sepia</strong> is <em>sepia</em> (q.v.) mixed with
+red.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Romanesque.</strong> A degenerated and hybrid
+style of architecture and ornament, transitional
+from the classical Roman to the introduction of
+the Gothic. In the architecture there is an
+incongruous combination of the horizontal and
+arched methods of construction; and in the
+ornament a similar dissonance of natural and
+conventional or fanciful objects. <em>Fairholt</em> calls
+it the <em>classic rococo</em>. <em>Fergusson</em> (<em>Hist. of Arch.</em>,
+vol. i. p. 352) defines the <em>Romanesque</em> as “that
+modification of the classical Roman form, which
+was introduced between the reigns of Constantine
+and Justinian, and was avowedly an attempt
+to adapt classical forms to Christian purposes.”
+He says, “If <em>Romanesque</em> is to be applied to
+our Norman architecture, the Parthenon ought
+to be called <em>Egyptianesque</em>, and the Temple at
+Ephesus <em>Assyrianesque</em>.” There seems to be
+no universally-received definition of this term.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Rondache</strong></span>, Fr. A round
+shield for foot-soldiers. It
+had a slit near the top to
+look through, and another at
+the side for the sword.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ronde Bosse</strong> (It. <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">rondo
+bosso</span></i>). Sculpture in relief
+with a complete rounded outline,
+detached from the
+ground.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rood</strong>, Chr. (1) A cross
+or crucifix. (2) A space of
+1210 square yards; the
+fourth of an acre. (3) In
+building, 36 square yards of
+work. (4) As a linear measure
+variable, from 21 feet
+to 36 yards.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rood-beam</strong>, Chr. The
+beam across the church by
+which the <em>rood</em> was supported
+when there was no
+<em>rood-loft</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rood-cloth</strong>, Chr. The
+veil by which the large
+crucifix or <em>rood</em> was hidden
+during Lent.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rood-loft</strong>, <strong>Rood-screen</strong>,
+Chr. A gallery, generally
+placed over the chancel
+screen in parish churches, in
+which the cross or <em>rood</em> was
+set to view.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rood-tower</strong>, <strong>Rood-steeple</strong>, Chr. Arch. A
+tower or steeple of a cruciform church, built
+above the intersection, i. e. immediately over the
+<em>rood</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Roquelaure.</strong> “A short abridgment or compendium
+of a cloak, which is dedicated to the
+Duke of Roquelaure.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Rorarii</strong></span>, R. (<em>ros</em>, the dew). A body of light
+skirmishers in the Roman army, who were
+ranged in the second rank of the <em>triarii</em>, with the
+<em>accensi</em> behind them in the third line. They took
+their name from the light missiles which they
+scattered upon the enemy, which were like the
+drops of rain before a thunder shower. It was
+their business to begin the attack, and retire
+behind the <em>triarii</em> when pressed. Their skirmishing
+was a prelude to the charge of the
+heavy-armed spears (<em>hastati</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rosary</strong>, Chr. A string or chaplet of beads
+for numbering prayers, an Oriental and ante-Christian
+custom of great antiquity. They are
+called <em>tasbih</em> by the Indian Mohammedans;
+in Sanscrit <em>Japanata</em>, “the muttering chaplet,”
+&amp;c.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_590'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_590.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 590. Heraldic Roses.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rose</strong>, Her. Represented in blazon without
+leaves. The rose of England is generally drawn
+like the natural flower, or with natural stem,
+branches, leaves, and buds, but with heraldic
+rose-flowers. (See Fig. <a href='#fig_395'>395</a>.) In Classic art,
+a rose upon a tomb is an emblem of a short
+life. The ancient
+Romans
+were passionately
+fond of
+roses, and cultivated
+them assiduously
+in their
+gardens, and introduced
+them
+plentifully in their feasts and symposia. In
+<em>mediæval</em> England roses were the favourite presents
+on birthdays; and Whitsuntide was called,
+from the plenty of them, Rose Easter. Sticking
+a rose in the ear was the boast of an accepted
+lover.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“That in mine ear I durst not stick a rose,</div>
+      <div class='line'>Lest men should say, Look where three farthings goes.”</div>
+      <div class='line in38'>(<cite>Shakspeare.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'>The allusion refers to a thin silver coin of the
+reign of Elizabeth, called the three-farthing
+rose. (<cite>Planché.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rose-engine Pattern</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">guillochis</span></i>). (1)
+An architectural moulding, also called Greek
+fret, meanders, and quirked torus. (2) In goldsmiths’
+work it is an ornament of network made
+by means of a machine called a rose-engine.
+(<cite>Bosc.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rose Lake</strong>, <strong>Rose Madder</strong>. A rich tint prepared
+from lac and madder. (See <span class='sc'>Madder</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rose Pink.</strong> A coarse kind of lake; a
+delicate and fugitive colour. (See <span class='sc'>Pinks</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rose-quartz.</strong> A massive quartz of a rose-red
+colour, common in Ceylon.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_591'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_591.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 591. Rose-window in the Church of St. Croix, Orleans.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rose-window</strong> (sometimes called a Catherine
+wheel), Arch. A large circular window divided
+into compartments by curved mullions. The
+most beautiful examples are met with in churches
+of the Florid Gothic period. (Fig. <a href='#fig_591'>591</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rose-wood</strong>, <strong>Rhodes-wood</strong>, largely used in
+furniture as a favourite veneer, is a name applied
+to a large variety of trees, mostly imported from
+Brazil.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rosemary</strong>, in Old England, was closely connected
+with wedding-feasts and with funerals.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>“There’s rosemary: that’s for remembrance; pray you,
+love, remember: and there is pansies; that’s for thoughts.”</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-r c017'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>(<cite>Hamlet.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“There’s Rosemarie; the Arabians justifie,</div>
+      <div class='line'>It comforteth the braine and memorie.”</div>
+      <div class='line in4'>(<cite>A Dialogue between Nature and the Phœnix</cite>,</div>
+      <div class='line in18'><i>by R. Chester, 1601.</i>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rosetta-wood.</strong> A beautifully-veined East Indian
+wood, of a bright red orange colour.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rosettes.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Ribands</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rosins.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Resins</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Rosso Antico</strong></span>, It. Ancient marble of a deep
+red tint, probably deepened in colour by antiquity,
+like the <span class='sc'>Nero Antico</span> (q.v.). It is the
+material of many ancient Egyptian and early
+Greek sculptures, unequalled in tone by the
+products of any modern quarries. It contains
+white spots and veins.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Rostrum</strong></span>, R. (Gr. <em>Embolos</em>). The prow of a
+ship. The plural <em>rostra</em> was used to denote a
+tribune in the Roman forum, from which orators
+addressed the people; it was so called because
+it was decorated with the figure-heads of the
+ships taken from the Volscians in the Latin
+War.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Rota</strong></span>, R. (1) A wheel composed of a nave
+(<em>modius</em>), spokes (<em>radii</em>), felloes (<em>absides</em>), and iron
+tires (<em>orbes</em> or <em>canthi ferrarii</em>). (2) It was also
+an instrument of punishment. <em>Rota aquaria</em>
+was a hydraulic wheel; <em>rota figularis</em>, a potter’s
+wheel.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rotta</strong> (Germ. <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">rotte</span></i>; Eng. <em>rote</em>), a stringed
+instrument of the early Middle Ages, sounded
+either as a harp or a fiddle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rotunda.</strong> A dome-shaped or <em>monopteral</em>
+(q.v.) structure. The largest <em>rotunda</em> ever made
+was that of the Vienna Exhibition in 1873.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_592'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_592.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 592. Gallic coin.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Rouelle</strong></span>, Fr. (lit. a small wheel). A
+French term which has
+been applied by antiquaries
+to numerous objects more or
+less resembling a wheel,
+such as brooches and coins.
+The Gallic coin (Fig. <a href='#fig_592'>592</a>)
+is from the bas-reliefs on a
+Roman arch at Orange.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_593'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_593.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 593. Rouen Plate. Decorated à la Corne.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rouennais Faience.</strong> This
+style, of strongly Oriental
+character, and mostly applied
+to the decoration of what are called
+“lambrequins” (or mantlings) and “dentelles”
+(lace), has been the object of universal imitation
+in France and other countries. Figs. 593 and
+594 are representative specimens remarkable
+for great originality.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_594'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_594.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 594. Slipper in Rouen Faience.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rouge Croix</strong>, <strong>Rouge Dragon</strong>. Two of the
+four <em>Pursuivants</em> (heralds of the lowest type) of
+Herald’s College.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rouge Royal</strong>, Arch. A kind of red marble.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Round Towers.</strong> There are upwards of a hundred
+in Ireland, of which about twenty are perfect.
+Generally the tower is a hollow circular
+column from 50 to 150 feet high, capped by a
+short pointed roof of stone. The base, frequently
+of cyclopean masonry, measures from
+40 to 60 feet in circumference, and the form of
+the whole tower is tapering towards the summit.
+The single entrance door is always from 8 to 15
+feet above the ground; the windows, scattered,
+light the internal stories or rooms. Innumerable
+and wild conjectures of the origin and purpose
+of these towers have been made. The most
+sober appears to be that they were the earliest
+form of buildings of a monastic order, adapted
+to the exigencies of a Christian settlement in the
+midst of pagans and pirates. (See <em>Petrie</em>, <em>The
+Round Towers of Ireland</em>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_595'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_595.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 595. Bezant.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Roundels.</strong> (1) Wooden platters decorated with
+painting and gilding; 16th century. (2) Small
+round shields borne by soldiers in the 14th and
+15th centuries. (3) Arch. The bead or astragal
+moulding.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Roundle</strong>, Her. A circular figure in
+Heraldry, of which there are many
+kinds: as the <span class='sc'>Bezant</span>, <span class='sc'>Plate</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Torteau</span>, &amp;c. (q.v.). In modern
+Heraldry a roundle <em>gules</em> is called
+<span class='sc'>Torteau</span>; <em>azure</em>, <span class='sc'>Hurt</span>; <em>sable</em>, <span class='sc'>Pellet</span>
+or <span class='sc'>Ogress</span>; <em>vert</em>, <span class='sc'>Pomme</span>; <em>purpure</em>,
+<span class='sc'>Golpe</span>. (See also <span class='sc'>Fountain</span>, <span class='sc'>Annulet</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Roussant</strong>, Her. About to fly.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rowan-tree</strong>, Scotch. The mountain ash.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rowel.</strong> The wheel of a spur.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rowel Lights</strong>, Chr. Lights in a church, let
+up and down by a pulley, especially a star-like
+light made to move at the Epiphany, when the
+coming of the wise men was acted as a religious
+play. Any small hoop or ring movable on the
+place that holds it is a “<em>rowel</em>.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Rowell</strong> or <strong>Ricel</strong></span>, O. E. A vessel mentioned,
+but not described, in Church records (of <em>Walberswick</em>,
+Suffolk), to be used twice in the year;
+“whereby, and the great quantity of Wax and
+Frankincense, a ceremonial Imitation of the
+Birth and Burial of our <em>Saviour</em> seems to have
+been celebrated.” (<em>Gardner, T.</em>, <em>Historical
+Account</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Royal.</strong> (1) <em>Paper</em>: 21 inches by 19. (2) <em>Artillery.</em>
+A very small mortar. (3) <em>Sailing.</em> The
+upper sail above the top-gallant. (4) O. E.
+A <span class='sc'>Rial</span> (q.v.), a coin of the value of ten shillings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Royal Blue</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">bleu du roi</span></i>). A vitreous
+pigment used in porcelain painting, resulting in
+a rich, deep blue colour. It is prepared from
+<em>smalt</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rubelite.</strong> A precious stone not much used
+for jewellery. It is a species of <em>tourmaline</em>,
+red and pink in colour.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rubens Brown.</strong> A rich brown pigment.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rubiate.</strong> A name for <em>Liquid Madder Lake</em>
+(q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rubicelle.</strong> An orange-coloured stone, a
+variety of the <em>spinel ruby</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Rubrica</strong></span>, R. Red ochre; and thence <em>rubric</em>,
+an edict or ordinance of the Civil Law written
+in red ochre, while the ordinances and rules of
+the prætors were written in black on a white
+ground on the <span class='sc'>Album</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ruby</strong>, in Christian art. (See <span class='sc'>Red</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ruby</strong> or <strong>Red Sapphire</strong>. A <em>corundum</em>, the
+most valuable of all gems; when perfect and
+large, exceeding even the diamond in value.
+The colour varies from the lightest rose tint to
+the deepest carmine. The most valuable tint is
+called “pigeon’s blood,” a pure deep rich red,
+without any admixture of blue or yellow.
+Brahmin traditions speak of the abode of the
+gods lighted by enormous rubies; and one name
+of the Kings of Pegu was “Lord of Rubies.”
+In mediæval times the ruby was regarded as an
+amulet against poison, plague, sadness, evil
+thoughts, wicked spirits, &amp;c. It also kept the
+wearer in health, and cheered his mind, and
+blackened when he incurred danger. (Consult
+<em>Emanuel</em>, <em>Diamonds and Precious Stones</em>, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rudder.</strong> On ancient coins, &amp;c., with the
+orb and fasces, emblem of the supreme power.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Rudens</strong></span>, R. The smaller ropes in a ship.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rudiarii.</strong> Veteran gladiators discharged from
+the service by the presentation of a wooden
+sword (<em>rudis</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Rudis</strong></span>, R. (1) A spoon or similar instrument.
+(2) A wooden sword. (See <span class='sc'>Rudiarii</span>.)
+When a gladiator received his discharge, a <em>rudis</em>
+was given him, together with a freedman’s
+cap, by way of declaration that he had been
+granted his liberty, a fact expressed by the
+phrase <em>rude donari</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rue</strong>, Her. A <em>chaplet of rue</em> is blazoned
+<em>bend-wise</em> (see <span class='sc'>Per Bend</span>) across the shield of
+Saxony. (See <span class='sc'>Crancelin</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ruffles.</strong> Lace frills worn over the wrists,
+introduced <em>temp.</em> Henry VIII.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ruff and Honours.</strong> An ancient game of
+cards from which Whist is derived.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_596'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_596.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 596. Silesian Maiden with Ruff.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ruffs.</strong> Large collars of lace or muslin. A
+fashion of the 16th century; it commenced at the
+end of the reign of Henry VIII. Cambrics and
+lawn for making ruffs were first imported under
+Elizabeth. For illustrations of various modifications
+of this fashion, see Figs. 267, 283, 304,
+559, 561, 580, &amp;c. (Consult <em>Planché</em>, <em>Cycl. of
+Costume</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rugæ</strong>, Chr. The metal <em>cancelli</em> or screens of
+the more sacred parts of a church. The presbytery
+of St. Peter’s was fenced in with silver
+“rugæ,” and the confessional with rugæ of gold.
+(See <em>Smith and Cheetham</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rullions</strong>, Scotch. Shoes made of untanned
+leather.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rum-swizzle.</strong> “The name given in Dublin
+to a fabric made from undyed foreign wool,
+which, while preserving its natural property of
+resisting wet, possesses the qualities of common
+cloth.” (<cite>Simmonds’ Commercial Dict.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Rumex</strong></span>, R. A weapon of similar character
+to the <span class='sc'>Sparum</span>, the head of which was formed
+like a spear with a hook on the blade.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Runcina</strong></span>, R. A carpenter’s tool of the
+nature of a plane.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Runco</strong></span>, R. A hoe.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Runes</strong>, Scand. Magical inscriptions in a
+character believed by the northern nations to
+have been invented by Woden. “The Runic
+alphabet,” says <em>Mr. Wheaton</em>, “consists properly
+of sixteen letters, which are Phœnician
+in their origin.... They are only Roman,
+with the curves changed into straight lines for
+the convenience of engraving on hard substances.”
+(<em>Hist. of the Northmen</em>, p. 61.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ruskie</strong>, Scotch. A coarse straw hat; a basket
+or beehive of plaited osiers or straw.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Russells</strong></span>, O. E. A kind of satin.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Russet.</strong> A <em>red</em> grey colour; violet mixed
+with orange. Its complementary is <em>green</em> grey.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rust</strong> (oxide) of iron. “The best <em>rust</em>” is
+mentioned in a list of colours of the 17th century.
+(<em>Brown</em>, <em>Ars Pictoria</em>, <em>Appendix</em>, p. 5.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_597'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_597.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 597. Rustic Work. Bossage.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rustic Work</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">bossage</span></i>). Ashlar masonry,
+the joints of which are worked with grooves or
+channels to render them conspicuous; sometimes
+the whole of the joints are worked in this
+way, and sometimes only the horizontal ones.
+(See Fig. <a href='#fig_597'>597</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rustre</strong>, Her. A <span class='sc'>Lozenge</span> pierced with a
+circular opening.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Rustred Armour</strong> seems to have grown out of the
+<em>ring armour</em>. It consisted of one row of flat rings
+about double the usual size, laid half over the
+other, so that two in the outer partly covered one.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c005'>S.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c006'><strong>S</strong>, as a <em>numeral</em>, was used to represent 7; as
+an <em>abbreviation</em> it generally means <em>socius</em> or
+Fellow (of a society); S. P. Q. R., on Roman
+monuments, stands for <em>senatus</em>, populusque
+Romanus.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sabanum</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σάβανον</span>). A kind of cloth,
+towel, or napkin.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sabaoth</strong>, Heb. Armies; hosts of angels.
+It is also written <em>Zabaoth</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Sabatines</strong></span>, O. E. (1) Steel armour for the feet;
+16th century. (2) Slippers, or clogs.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sabianism.</strong> The worship of the heavenly
+bodies.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sable.</strong> (1) The best and most costly brushes
+for painting are made from this fur. (2) In
+Heraldry, the colour black, represented in
+engraving by crossed lines. (See Fig. <a href='#fig_375'>375</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Sabre</strong></span>, Fr. A curved sword with a broad
+and heavy blade.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Sabretasche</strong></span>, Fr. A pocket worn, suspended,
+from the sword-belt, by a cavalry officer.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sac-friars.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Saccus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sacciperium</strong></span>, R. A large sackcloth bag. A
+pocket.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Saccus</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σάκκος</span>). A large sack of coarse
+cloth for wheat, flour, &amp;c. (2) A beggar’s
+wallet. (3) Chr. (Angl. <em>sack</em>). A coarse upper
+garment of sack or hair-cloth, worn by monks;
+hence called <span class='sc'>Sac-friars</span>. (Cf. <span class='sc'>Sacque</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sacellum</strong></span>, R. (dimin. of <em>sacrum</em>). A small
+precinct enclosing an altar, and consecrated to a
+divinity. In Christian architecture, small
+monumental chapels within churches.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sachem.</strong> The chief of a tribe of North
+American Indians.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Sackbut</strong></span>, O. E. (9th century). A wind instrument
+resembling the <em>trombone</em>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_598'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_598.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 598. Sacque of the time of Louis XIV.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sacque.</strong> Part of a lady’s dress in the reign
+of Louis XIV. It was a silk cloak, and hung
+from the shoulders, spreading over the dress to
+the ground. In England it was worn in part of
+the reign of George III. (Fig. <a href='#fig_598'>598</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sacrarium</strong> (<em>sacrum</em>, holy). A place in which
+sacred things are kept; the sacristy in a temple.
+In a private house a place used as a chapel
+or oratory.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sacring Bell</strong>, Chr. A hand-bell rung at the
+elevation of the Host.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“Her eye was as bright as the merry sunlight,</div>
+      <div class='line in2'>When it shines on the dewy grass;</div>
+      <div class='line'>And her voice was as clear as a <em>sacring bell</em>,</div>
+      <div class='line in2'>That is rung at the holy mass.”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'>(See also <span class='sc'>Sanctus Bell</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sacristy</strong>, of a church, the apartment where
+the vestments and vessels are kept.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Sacro Catino</strong></span>, It. An extraordinary hexagonal
+glass dish preserved in the cathedral
+at Genoa, which was for a long time supposed
+to have been formed of a single emerald; and to
+have been either, “a gift from the Queen of
+Sheba to Solomon, or the dish which held the
+Paschal Lamb at the Last Supper,” &amp;c. It was
+obtained in the Crusades in 1101, and was for
+many generations an object of superstitious
+reverence. Its principal interest now is in the
+evidence it bears to the early perfection of the
+art of making and colouring glass.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sadda</strong>, Pers. (lit. a hundred gates). An
+abridgment of the Zend-Avesta or sacred books
+of the ancient Persians.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Saddle-bars.</strong> Said of small iron bars, in
+glazing casements, to which the lead panels are
+fastened.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Saddle-roof</strong>, Arch. A roof of two gables.
+(French, <em>en batière</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Safety-arch</strong>, Arch. An arch in a wall over
+a door or window, to keep the weight of the
+wall above off the lintel.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Safflower.</strong> A delicate red colour obtained
+from the flower of that name.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Saffron</strong> (It. <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">zafferano</span></i>). Produced from the
+flowers of the crocus; a yellow pigment principally
+used as a glazing.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Saga</strong></span>, R. A woman skilled in religious
+mysteries; and thence a witch or sorceress.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sagaris</strong>, Orient. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σάγαρις</span>). A two-edged
+axe, also called <em>bipennis</em>; it was used by the
+Amazons, Massagetæ, and Persians. (See <span class='sc'>Bipennis</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sagena</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σαγήνη</span>). A large fishing-net;
+modern <em>seine</em>. It was fitted with leaden
+weights at the bottom and corks at the top.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sagitta</strong></span>, R. (1) An arrow; primitively
+with heads of flint, afterwards of bronze and
+iron. The heads of the arrows of the Greeks
+and Romans were oval; among other nations
+they were triangular and barbed, like those carried
+by the <span class='sc'>Sagittarius</span> in Fig. <a href='#fig_599'>599</a>. This kind
+of arrow was called <em>sagitta hasta</em> or <em>adunca</em>.
+(2) A lancet for bleeding animals.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_599'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_599.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 599. Sagittarius.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sagittarius</strong></span>, R. An archer; a sign of the
+zodiac, represented as a centaur. (Fig. <a href='#fig_599'>599</a>.)
+In Christian art, a symbol of Divine vengeance.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sagma</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σάγμα</span>). A wooden pack-saddle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sagmarius</strong></span>, R. A beast of burden
+carrying the <em>sagma</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sagochlamys</strong></span>, R. A military cloak which
+combined the Roman <em>sagus</em> and the Greek
+<em>chlamys</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sagus</strong> or <strong>Sagum</strong>, Celt. A woollen cloak
+with a long nap, worn folded and fastened
+round the neck by a clasp, especially by
+soldiers on a campaign (Fig. <a href='#fig_044'>44</a>); hence <em>saga</em> is
+a sign of war, as <em>toga</em> is of peace. At a later period
+the same name was given to a kind of blouse,
+striped or checked in staring colours, and
+adorned with flowers and other ornaments, and
+bordered with bands of purple and gold and
+silver embroidery, worn by the Gauls in Artois
+and Flanders.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Saic</strong>, Turk. A sailing vessel common in the
+Levant.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Saie</strong></span>, O. E. A delicate serge or woollen
+cloth.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Saints-bell</strong></span>, O. E. for <span class='sc'>Sacring bell</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Salade</strong>, <strong>Sallet</strong>. A light helmet resembling
+the <span class='sc'>Kettle-hat</span> (Fig. <a href='#fig_407'>407</a>), introduced from
+Germany in the 15th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Salam-stone.</strong> A name given to the blue or
+oriental sapphire from Ceylon.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_600'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_600.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 600. Salamander. Device of Francis I., the “Father of Letters.”</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Salamander</strong>, Chr. In Christian art, a symbol
+of fire, and supposed to live in fire; or, according
+to Pliny, “to quench it as if ice were put
+into it.” In Heraldry it is either represented as
+a lizard, or as a kind of dog breathing flames.
+Fig. <a href='#fig_600'>600</a> is the device of Francis I. of France,
+with a motto implying that a good prince
+nourishes that which is good, and expels the
+bad. At the meeting of the Field of the Cloth
+of Gold, the king’s guard at the tournament was
+clothed in blue and yellow, with the salamander
+embroidered thereon.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Salamander’s Hair.</strong> The variety of asbestos
+called <em>amianthus</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Salet</strong></span>, O. E. A light helmet. (See <span class='sc'>Salade</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Salic Dances.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Salii</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Salient</strong>, Her. In the act of leaping or
+bounding, the hind-paws on the ground, both
+the fore-paws elevated.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Salinum</strong></span>, R. (<em>sal</em>, salt). A salt-cellar.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Saltatio</strong></span>, R. (<em>salto</em>, to dance). Dancing;
+applied to religious dances, gymnastic or war
+dances, <span class='sc'>Corybantic</span>, <span class='sc'>Salic</span>, <span class='sc'>Mimetic</span> or
+theatrical dances, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_601'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_601.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 601. Argent a <em>saltire</em> gules.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Saltire</strong> or <strong>Saltier</strong>, Her. An ordinary in the
+form of St. Andrew’s Cross. The illustration
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_601'>601</a>) is “<em>argent</em> a
+<span class='fss'>SALTIRE</span> <em>gules</em>.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Salutatorium.</strong> (See
+<span class='sc'>Receptorium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Salute at Sea.</strong> The
+English claim the right,
+formerly claimed by the
+Venetians, of being saluted
+<em>first</em> in all places,
+as sovereigns of the seas.
+The naval salute to the British flag began in
+the reign of King Alfred.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sambuca</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σαμβύκη</span>). (1) A stringed
+musical instrument, which varied in form, but
+resembled a harp. (2) Military. A scaling-ladder.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Sam-cloth</strong></span>, O. E. (needlework). A sampler.
+“A <em>sam-cloth</em>, vulgarly a sampler.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Samit</strong>, for <strong>Exsamit</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἑξ</span>, six; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μίτοι</span>, threads).
+A splendid tissue, having six threads of silk in
+the warp, and the weft of flat gold shreds.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Sammaron-cloth</strong></span>, O. E. A woven mixture of
+linen and hemp.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Samnites.</strong> Gladiators armed like the Samnite
+soldiers, with a close helmet, shield, and
+greaves.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sampan.</strong> A Chinese canoe or small boat.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sampler</strong> (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">exemplar</span></i>). A piece of ornamental
+needlework, done for a sample or
+specimen.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sanctus Bell</strong>, Chr. (1) A fixed bell rung at the
+elevation of the Host, at the words “<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sanctus,
+sanctus, sanctus, Deus Sabaoth</span></i>.” It was fixed
+outside the church, generally on the eastern
+gable of the nave. (See <span class='sc'>Sacring Bell</span>.) (2)
+In the absence of a fixed bell, small bells carried
+by acolytes, often the subject of rich ornamentation,
+sometimes consisting of a carillon of
+three small bells hidden within one large one,
+thus blending their sounds.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sandal.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Cendal</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sandal-wood.</strong> Ornamental wood highly
+valued for cabinet-work; when old it becomes
+yellow and highly odoriferous.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sandalium</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σανδάλιον</span>). A
+richly ornamented sandal worn exclusively by
+women.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sandapila</strong></span>, R. A rough kind of bier for the
+poor. (See <span class='sc'>Lectica</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sandarac.</strong> A resin used for spirit varnishes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sandyx</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σάνδυξ</span>). A Lydian tunic, of a
+fine and transparent texture, dyed with the juice
+of the sandyx, which gave it a flesh-coloured
+tint.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sang-réal</strong> (Saint Graal). The Holy Grail
+said to have been brought to England by Joseph
+of Arimathea. The legend is that it is an
+emerald cup, or the cup used at the Last
+Supper, containing the real (or it may mean
+“royal”) Blood (<em>sang-réel</em> or <em>réal</em>).</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“The cup, the cup itself, from which our Lord</div>
+      <div class='line'>Drank at the last sad supper with his own.”</div>
+      <div class='line in36'>(<cite>Tennyson.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sanglier</strong>, Her. A wild boar.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sanguine.</strong> A deep blood colour, prepared
+from oxide of iron.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sanguinolentæ</strong> (sc. ampullæ). Glass vessels
+found in the catacombs at Rome, containing
+a red sediment, ascertained by analysis to be
+<em>blood</em>; and canonically pronounced by the
+Roman Church to be that of the early Christian
+martyrs in whose tombs it has been found. (The
+subject is discussed at length by <em>V. Schultze</em>:
+<em>die Katakomben</em>, Leipzig, 1882.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sanhedrim</strong>, Heb. The supreme council of
+the Jews, which sat at Jerusalem in a circular
+hall, one half of which was within the temple,
+and the other outside. (<cite>Bosc.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sap-green.</strong> The only green vegetable pigment;
+used in water-colour painting. Obtained
+by evaporating the juice of the berries of the
+buckthorn, mixed with lime.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sap-wood.</strong> The soft white wood immediately
+under the bark of a tree.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sapphire</strong> (Syriac <em>saphilah</em>). The <em>oriental
+sapphire</em> from Arabia, which has been known
+from the earliest antiquity, was one of the stones
+on the breastplate of Aaron, and was dedicated
+to Apollo by the Greeks, by whom it was
+regarded as the gem of gems—the sacred stone
+<em>par excellence</em>. The sapphires from Brazil are
+also called oriental sapphires. The sapphires
+of Puy, found in a mountain in Central France,
+vary from the deepest to the palest blue, passing
+sometimes to a reddish blue or even to a
+yellowish green. The sapphire, although extremely
+hard, has been engraved by the ancients.
+There is a beautiful sapphire among the crown
+jewels of Russia, representing a draped female
+figure: the stone is of two tints, and the artist
+has skilfully used the dark tint for the woman
+and the light for the drapery. (<cite>L. Dieulafait.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sapphire</strong>, in Christian art. (See <span class='sc'>Blue</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Saraballa</strong>, <strong>Sarabara</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σαράβαλλα</span>).
+Loose trousers, which reached from the waist to
+the instep, worn by the Parthians, Medes, and
+Persians.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><strong>Saraband</strong></span>, Sp. A slow dance derived from
+the Saracens; the music for <em>sarabands</em>, by
+Corelli and other old masters, is interesting.
+(See <em>Chappell’s History of Music</em>, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Saracenic Architecture</strong>. (See <span class='sc'>Alhambraic</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Moorish</span>, <span class='sc'>Moresco-Spanish</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sarapis</strong>, Pers. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σάραπις</span>). The tunic of the
+kings of Persia; it was made of a fine purple-coloured
+cloth, with a white band in front embroidered
+with gold.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sarcenet.</strong> A fine thin woven silk. An improved
+<em>cendal</em>, introduced in the 15th century
+by the Saracens of the south of Spain; hence
+its name. (See <span class='sc'>Cendal</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sarcilis</strong>, Chr. A woollen garment—not described.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sarcoline</strong> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σὰρξ</span>, flesh). Flesh-coloured.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sarcolite.</strong> A stone of a rose-flesh colour.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sarcophagus</strong>, Gen. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σαρκοφάγος</span>; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σὰρξ</span>, flesh,
+and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">φαγεῖν</span>, to eat). A coffin of a limestone
+called Lapis Assius, in which the corpse was
+rapidly consumed. The great sarcophagus called
+“of Alexander the Great,” in the British
+Museum, is a celebrated specimen. (See <span class='sc'>Bisomus</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Quadrisomus</span>, and <span class='sc'>Trisomus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sard</strong> or <strong>Carnelian</strong>. A brownish-red variety
+of chalcedony.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sard-achates.</strong> A name given by the ancients
+to varieties of <em>agate</em>, which contained layers of
+<em>Sard</em> or carnelian.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sardonic Laughter.</strong> A distortion of the features
+of the dying, the closing symptom of several
+fatal diseases; named from the poisonous
+herb Sardonia.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sard-onyx.</strong> A precious stone composed of
+alternate layers of carnelian and <em>chalcedony</em>;
+extensively used for gem-engraving.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sardel</strong>, <strong>Sardine</strong>, <strong>Sardius</strong>. A precious stone
+mentioned in Scripture in the description of
+Aaron’s breastplate.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sarissa</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σάρισσα</span>). The longest and
+heaviest spear of the Greeks peculiar to the
+Macedonian phalanx.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sarrazinois Carpets.</strong> Embroidered stuffs resembling
+tapestry, made in the 10th and 11th
+centuries, doubtless imitated from work by the
+Saracens.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sarsen-stones.</strong> Boulders of sandstone found
+on the Chalk downs in Wiltshire.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sarsnet.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Sarcenet</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sartago</strong></span>, R. A frying-pan; in the patois of
+Languedoc, <em>sartan</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Satin.</strong> This fine silk, originally imported from
+China, was first known in England in the 14th
+century. It is thicker than ordinary silk, and remarkable
+for its smooth glossy surface, not exhibiting
+the marks of the reticulations of the threads.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Satin-spar.</strong> An ornamental stone, having a
+soft <em>satiny</em> surface when polished.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Satin-wood.</strong> An ornamental yellow wood
+much used in cabinet-making.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Satinet.</strong> A thin kind of satin.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Saturn</strong>, Her. The black colour in the arms
+of sovereign princes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Saturnalia</strong></span>, R. Festivals of Saturn, held on
+the seventh of the calends of January (14th of
+December), instituted by Numa. During the
+four or five days that this festival lasted, both
+public and private business was interrupted;
+and banquets and festivities were held, in which
+masters and slaves met on a temporary footing of
+equality. In the feasts at rustic places, the
+hollow statue of Saturn was filled with oil; he
+held a pruning knife in his hand, and his feet
+were surrounded with a band of wool.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Satyrs.</strong> Greek deities of the wooded plains,
+as the Roman <em>fauns</em> were of the fields. They
+are usually represented as the attendants of
+Bacchus, or the lovers of the Nymphs, with
+goat’s legs and horns, and human bodies covered
+with short hair; often with <span class='sc'>Lacinia</span> on the neck.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Saunders’ Blue</strong> (<strong>Green</strong>) (from the French <em>cendres’
+bleu</em>). The blue ashes of calcined <em>lapis
+lazuli</em>. (See <span class='sc'>Carbonates of Copper</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Saurians.</strong> Animals of the lizard tribe, crocodiles,
+&amp;c., antediluvian and other.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_602'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_602.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 602. Device of Charles d’Amboise, Sieur de Chaumont.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Savage-man</strong> or <strong>Wood-man</strong>, Her. A wild
+man, naked, or clothed in skins or leaves, and
+carrying a club. The illustration is the device
+of De Chaumont, Marshal of France (+ 1510),
+with the motto, “<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mitem animum agresti sub
+tegmine scabro</span></i>,” which he bore embroidered on
+the pennon of his company.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Savonnerie.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Turkey-stitch</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Saxon Blue.</strong> Sulphate of indigo used as a
+dye-stuff.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Saxon Gold-work</strong> of elegant design and skilful
+workmanship, may be attributed to the 5th and 6th
+centuries. The art was doubtless imported by Roman
+colonists. Specimens may be studied in the
+South Kensington Museum. (See <span class='sc'>Metallurgy</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Scabellum</strong></span>, R. (dimin. from <span class='sc'>Scamnum</span>,
+q.v.) (1) A stool or step to get into bed
+with. (2) A shoe with a castanet
+in the sole, with which the wearer
+beat time, as an accompaniment
+to music.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Scagliola</strong> (It. <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">scaglia</span></i>, a chip of
+marble). Artificial marble made
+of gypsum, glue, &amp;c., of variegated
+colours, in imitation of marble,
+applied in ornamental work like
+<em>stucco</em>, but admitting a fine polish.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Scalæ</strong></span>, R. (<em>scando</em>, to climb).
+A ladder or staircase.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Scald</strong>, Scand. A poet or bard.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Scaldino</strong></span>, It. A copper.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Scale</strong>, in Music (It. <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">scala</span></i>, a
+ladder). (See <span class='sc'>Tones</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Scalmus</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σκαλμός</span>). The thole, or strong
+peg with a thong, with which an oar was attached
+to the side of a ship.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Scalper</strong>, <strong>Scalprum</strong></span>, R. (<em>scalpo</em>, to cut). A
+general term for all kinds of cutting tools, such
+as chisels, knives, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Scalptura.</strong> Engraving in precious stones.
+(See <span class='sc'>Intaglio</span>, <span class='sc'>Cameo</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Scamnum</strong></span>, R. (<em>scando</em>, to climb). A stool
+for a bed or arm-chair, or a stone bench with a
+step.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Scandula</strong></span>, R. A wooden shingle used for
+tiles (<em>tegulæ</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Scansoria Machina</strong> or <strong>Scansorium</strong></span>, R. (<em>scando</em>,
+to mount). A scaffolding, such as a tower,
+which enables work to be carried on at various
+heights from the ground.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Scantling.</strong> In <em>Masonry</em>, the size of a stone,
+in length, breadth, and thickness. In <em>Carpentry</em>,
+the dimensions of a timber in breadth and thickness
+only. Any piece of timber less than five
+inches square is called <em>scantling</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Scapha</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σκάφη</span>, i. e. dug out). A long-boat
+or cutter attached to a larger vessel;
+obviously, from the etymology, a sort of canoe
+in its origin; our “skiff.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Scaphium</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σκάφιον</span>). A vessel of Greek
+origin and of small size, and in the form of a
+boat (<em>scapha</em>), which, though used as a drinking-cup,
+is especially to be classed among
+sacrificial utensils.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Scapple.</strong> In Masonry, to reduce a stone to a
+straight surface, without making it smooth.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Scapulary</strong>, Chr. A part of the monastic
+dress, worn by both sexes over the shoulders
+(<em>scapula</em>). It is generally a narrow strip of
+cloth contrasting with the colour of the dress,
+reaching almost to the feet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Scapus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σκᾶπος</span>). A shaft or
+stem. This term is applied to several distinct
+things, which all, however, imply an idea of
+use in support of some other thing; as, for instance,
+the shaft of a column, which supports
+a capital, and occasionally an entablature; the
+central shaft or newel which supports the staircase
+of a column; the stem of a candelabrum or
+lamp-rest, and so on.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_603'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_603.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 603. Scarabæus, sacred.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Scarabæus</strong> (Egyp.), or sacred ateuchus, is
+an attribute of Phtha, and the symbol of creation.
+Under the name of <em>Kheper</em> (creator), the scarabæus
+was given to the soldiers in exchange for
+their oath of fidelity, and worn by them as a
+finger-ring. With wings extended (as in Fig.
+<a href='#fig_603'>603</a>) it is a funereal ornament.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Scarlet.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Iodine Scarlet</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Scarlet Ochre.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Venetian Red</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Scarpe</strong>, <strong>Escarpe</strong>, Her. A diminutive of a
+bend sinister.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Scauper.</strong> A tool used by engravers; a kind
+of gouge. (Angl. <em>scooper</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Scena</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σκηνή</span>). (1) The stage of
+a theatre, including not only the part so called
+at the present day, but the wall at the back, which
+was provided with three doors, one in the centre
+(<em>valvæ regiæ</em>), and two lateral ones (<em>valvæ hospitales</em>).
+(2) A double-edged axe, used in the
+sacrifices; one of the iron sides of this axe had
+the broad blade of the <em>securis</em>, and the other that
+of the <em>dolabra</em>. In the sense of “an axe,” <em>scena</em>
+is the contracted form of an old Latin word
+<em>sacena</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Scene-painting</strong> was invented by Inigo Jones,
+about 1610.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Scenographia</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σκηνο-γραφία</span>). The drawing
+of a building in <em>perspective</em>. A <em>geometrical</em> plan
+is called <em>orthographia</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sceptre</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σκῆπτρον</span>). Originally,
+in early antiquity, a long staff similar to the
+shaft of a spear, which was carried by great
+persons to lean on when walking. Afterwards
+it became the <em>truncheon</em>, and a weapon of
+offence and defence. Later on, an ornament was
+added to the upper end of this staff, and it became
+the insignia of power and authority. The
+ivory sceptre of the kings and consuls of Rome
+was surmounted by an eagle. The sceptre was
+an attribute of Jupiter and Juno, as sovereigns
+of the gods.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Schafte</strong></span>, O. E. (See <span class='sc'>Shaft</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Scheele’s Green.</strong> A green pigment; an arsenite
+of copper; arsenite of potash mixed with sulphate
+of copper; used in oil and water-colours.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Scherzo</strong></span>, It. (<em>playful</em>). A lively style in music;
+faster than the minuet (such as in <em>Beethoven’s</em>
+Second Symphony, op. 36, in D major).</p>
+
+<div id='fig_604'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_604.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 604. Schleswig Lace.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Schleswig Lace.</strong> North Schleswig (or South
+Jutland) is the only province of Denmark in
+which there was a regular manufacture of lace.
+The art itself is supposed to have been introduced,
+in 1515, by Queen Elizabeth (sister of the
+Emperor Charles V., and wife of Christian II.
+of Denmark). About 1712 lace-making was
+much improved by Brabant women. The earlier
+specimens are all of Flemish character, made on
+the pillow in the same way, occasionally imitating
+the Mechlin ground with the pattern apparently
+run in with the needle. All Schleswig
+laces are remarkable for their fine quality and
+excellent workmanship. The engraving shows
+part of a shirt-collar of Christian IV., of a Brabant
+pattern to be seen in his portrait in
+Hampton Court Palace.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><strong>Schmeltz</strong></span>, Germ. Glass ornament; produced
+by fusing lumps of coloured glass together to
+imitate marble, cornelian, and other stones. (See
+<span class='sc'>Glass</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Schweinfurth’s Green.</strong> A brilliant sea-green
+pigment.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Scimitar.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Scymetar</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Scimpodium</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σκιμπόδιον</span>, lit. footprop).
+A couch or long chair for an invalid.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Scintillant</strong>, Her. Emitting sparks. (See
+Fig. <a href='#fig_342'>342</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sciolist</strong> (from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σκιὸς</span>, a shadow). A man of
+superficial acquirements, who sees only the
+<em>shadows</em> of things.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Scioptics</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σκιὰ</span>, a shadow). The branch of
+the science of optics applied in the construction
+of the <em>camera obscura</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sciothericon</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σκιοθηρικόν</span>). A sun-dial.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Scipio.</strong> An official staff. (See <span class='sc'>Sceptre</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Scirophoria.</strong> Athenian festivals held in the
+month Scirophorion or June.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Scirpea</strong></span>, R. A waggon formed of basket-work
+of plaited rushes (<em>scirpus</em>), and used principally
+for agricultural operations.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Scobina</strong></span>, R. (<em>scabo</em>, to scrape). A rasp for
+wood; distinct from <em>lima</em>, a file for metals.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Scobs.</strong> Shreds of ivory, metals, &amp;c., turned
+off the lathe or rasp, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sconces.</strong> Brackets projecting from the wall,
+supporting candlesticks: originated in the 15th
+century, and from that date form an important
+branch of metallurgical art-work.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Scopæ</strong></span>, R. A broom made of small twigs of
+wood. This term survives in the Languedoc
+<em>escoube</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Scopulæ</strong>, R. A little broom.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Scorpers.</strong> In wood-engraving, tools used for
+cutting away large spaces after outlining or
+engraving, so as to leave only the drawing in
+relief.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Scorpio</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (lit. a scorpion). (1) A
+kind of cross-bow. (2) A pyramid of stones
+raised for a landmark in country places.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_605'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_605.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 605. Scotia or Trochilus.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Scotia</strong> or <strong>Trochilus</strong>, Arch. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σκοτία</span>, <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τροχίλος</span>).
+A concave moulding employed especially in the
+decoration of the bases of columns or pilasters,
+between the fillets of the tori. In plain bases
+the <em>scotiæ</em> are smooth, and in decorated bases
+they are ornamented with sculptures, as shown
+in Fig. <a href='#fig_605'>605</a>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Scourge.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Flagellum</span> and <span class='sc'>Flagrum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Scraper.</strong> An engraver’s tool for removing
+<span class='sc'>Burrs</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Screen</strong>, Chr. An open barrier of wood-work
+or stone enclosing the choir or chancel of a
+church, chapel, or tomb; generally highly enriched
+by carving and gilding, and the lower
+panels decorated with painting. (See <span class='sc'>Rood-loft</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Scrinium</strong>, <strong>Scrinia</strong>, Chr. and R. (1) Chr. A chest
+which held chiefly liturgical writings; according
+to the writings they contained, these cases
+were variously distinguished as <em>scrinia epistolarum</em>,
+<em>scrinia dispositionum</em>, <em>scrinia libellorum</em>,
+<em>scrinia memoriæ</em>, <em>scrinia sacra</em>, &amp;c. <em>Scrinia</em>
+were generally kept in the <em>diaconicum</em> or <em>scevophylacium</em>.
+(2) Cylindrical boxes or cases used
+for carrying volumes (i. e. rolls) and papers (cf.
+<span class='sc'>Hanaper</span>). (3) <em>Scrinia unguentaria</em> were used
+to contain phials of oils and perfumes, &amp;c.,
+for the toilette.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Scriptorium</strong>, Chr. An apartment in large
+monasteries where manuscripts were transcribed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Scripulum.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Scrupulum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Scrupulum</strong></span>, R. (<em>scrupus</em>, lit. a small stone).
+A scruple, the smallest Roman gold coin; it
+weighed a third of the <em>denarius aureus</em>. (See
+<span class='sc'>Denarius</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Scrutoire</strong></span>, Fr. An old way of spelling
+<em>escritoire</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Scudo</strong></span>, It. A silver coin worth about 4<em>s.</em>
+In Rome the gold scudo is worth 65<em>s.</em></p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sculponeæ</strong></span>, R. A common kind of boot,
+with a wooden sole; it was worn by the
+<em>familia rustica</em>, or slaves who worked in the
+country.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sculpture</strong> (from <em>sculpo</em>, to carve) includes all
+carved work, in wood, ivory, stone, marble,
+metal, or other material; and also those works
+formed in a softer material not requiring carving,
+such as wax or clay. It includes <span class='sc'>Statuary</span>,
+carved ornament, and <span class='sc'>Glyptics</span> or
+incised gems and cameos. From the practice of
+preparing the model in clay, sculpture is also
+called <em>the plastic art</em>. A most remarkable incident
+in the history of sculpture, is the fact that
+the most ancient specimens are carved of the
+hardest stones, such as basalt, granite, and porphyry;
+and that this work was done at a period
+antecedent to the introduction of steel tools.
+(Consult <em>Redford’s Ancient Sculpture</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Scumbling.</strong> The process of going over a
+painting with a nearly dry brush, to soften and
+blend the tints.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Scutage</strong></span>, O. E. (from <em>scutum</em>, a shield).
+A tax upon lands held by <em>knight-service</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Scutale</strong></span>, R. (from <em>scutum</em>, i. e. shield-shaped).
+The hollow in the thongs of a sling
+in which the missile is laid.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Scutarius</strong>, Med. An esquire or shield-bearer.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Scutcheon</strong>, for <span class='sc'>Escutcheon</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Scutella.</strong> Diminutive of <span class='sc'>Scutra</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Scutica</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A whip made with a
+leather thong (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σκυτικός</span>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Scutiform.</strong> Shaped like a shield.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Scutra</strong></span>, R. (from <em>scutum</em>, i. e. shield-shaped).
+Diminutive <em>scutella</em>. A square wooden tray for
+plates, dishes, and cups.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Scutum</strong></span>, R. and Egyp. The large oblong
+shield of the Roman infantry, in contradistinction
+to <em>clipeus</em>, a round shield. (See <span class='sc'>Shields</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Scymetar.</strong> A sword of oriental origin, with
+a curved blade, very sharp.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Scyphus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σκύφος</span>). A drinking-cup
+of wood or silver, of smaller capacity than
+the <span class='sc'>Bromias</span> (q.v.). It was sacred to Hercules.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Seals.</strong> Ancient porcelain seals, to which the
+Chinese attribute an antiquity of from 1000 to
+2000 years, are met with in collections; and
+precisely identical specimens have been found in
+the bogs of <em>Ireland</em>. They are of a peculiar
+white or cream-coloured porcelain, such as has
+not been made in China for several hundred
+years. It is believed that the Irish specimens
+must have lain buried there from a period
+anterior to history. (<cite>Fortune.</cite>) (See <span class='sc'>Sigillum</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Rings</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Seax.</strong> A Saxon sword.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Secco</strong></span>, It. Fresco-painting <em>in secco</em> is that
+kind which absorbs the colours into the plaster,
+and gives them a dry sunken appearance. (<cite>Fairholt.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Second Distance.</strong> In a picture, the part of
+the <em>middle distance</em> next the foreground.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Secondary Colours.</strong> The three <em>primary colours</em>
+(containing nothing of any other colour)—blue,
+red, and yellow—when mixed in <em>equal</em> proportions
+produce three <em>secondary</em> colours:—blue and
+yellow produce <em>green</em>; blue and red, <em>violet</em>; and
+yellow and red, <em>orange</em>. Mixed in <em>unequal</em>
+proportions they produce what are called
+<span class='sc'>Tones</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Secos</strong>, Egyp. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σηκός</span>). The name for the
+<span class='sc'>Naos</span> in an Egyptian temple.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Secretarium</strong>, Chr. (<em>secretum</em>, secret). A
+<em>sacristy</em> (not a <em>tabernacle</em>, as maintained by some
+authors) in the apse, at the side of the altar. In
+the ancient basilicas there were two such recesses,
+one on each side of the altar.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sectilis.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Pavimentum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Securicula</strong> (diminutive of <em>securis</em>). In Architecture,
+a dove-tail mortise.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Securis</strong></span>, R. (<em>seco</em>, to cut). An axe or hatchet
+of any kind; but esp. that borne by the lictors
+in the <span class='sc'>Fasces</span>. (See <span class='sc'>Dolabra</span>, <span class='sc'>Bipennis</span>, <span class='sc'>Fascis</span>,
+&amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Securis Dannica</strong>, Med. (See <span class='sc'>Bipennis</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Secutores</strong></span>, R. Gladiators appointed to fight
+with the <em>Retiarii</em> (whom they were constantly
+<em>pursuing</em> round the circus); or those who replaced
+others killed were so called.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sedes</strong>, <strong>Sedile</strong> (dimin. <em>sedicula</em>). Any kind of
+seat.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sedilia.</strong> (1) R. The rows of seats in the
+amphitheatre. (2) Chr. In a Catholic church,
+the stone seats on the south side of the altar, for
+the use of the clergy in the intervals of the services.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Segestrium</strong></span>, R. (lit. of straw). A coarse
+wrapper made of skins or straw-matting.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Segmenta</strong></span>, R. (<em>seco</em>, to cut off). Strips of
+rich cloth or tissues of gold or silver worn as a
+border to the dresses of wealthy Roman ladies.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Segno.</strong> In Music, a direction to repeat:—<em>al
+segno</em>, as far as the sign; <em>dal segno</em>, from the
+sign.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Segreant</strong>, Her. A griffin or wyvern rampant.
+(See Fig. <a href='#fig_369'>369</a>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_606'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_606.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 606. Sejant.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sejant</strong>, Her. Sitting:—of
+a lion, at rest with his
+fore-legs stretched on the
+ground, but awake, and his
+head and tail elevated.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_607'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_607.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 607. Sejant Rampant.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sejant Rampant.</strong> Seated
+like a cat, with his fore-legs
+erect.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sejugis</strong></span>, R. (<em>sex</em>, six, and
+<em>jungo</em>, to join). A chariot
+drawn by six horses abreast.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Seliquastrum</strong>, Chr. A seat
+of highly archaic character
+met with on certain monuments
+of Christian art.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sella</strong></span>, R. (<em>sedeo</em>, to sit).
+A low seat without back,
+a stool; <em>sella curulis</em>, a curule chair; its
+feet were of ivory, and took the form of an
+X, and it folded like a camp-stool; <em>sella
+castrensis</em>, a real camp-stool; <em>sella balnearis</em>, a
+bath-seat, we possess a specimen in ancient red
+marble of the greatest beauty, another name for
+it was <em>sella pertusa</em>; <em>sella tonsoria</em>, a barber’s
+chair. Again, the term <em>sella</em> was applied to a
+sedan-chair (<em>sella portatoria</em>, <em>gestatoria</em>, <em>fertoria</em>),
+and a pack-saddle for beasts of burden (<em>sella
+bajulatoria</em>), and to a riding-saddle (<em>sella equestris</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sellaria</strong></span>, R. A large reception-room, so
+called because it was furnished with a number
+of <em>sellæ</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sellaris</strong> (sc. <em>equus</em>), R. A saddle horse.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sellula</strong></span>, R. (dimin. of <span class='sc'>Sella</span>). A small
+sedan-chair.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sembella</strong></span>, R. A nominal subdivision of the
+<em>denarius</em>, of which it was worth a twentieth
+part, or about fivepence.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_608'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_608.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 608. <em>Fleur-de-lis</em> (<em>semée</em>). Ancient France.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Semée</strong> or <strong>Aspersed</strong>,
+Her. Sown
+broadcast, or scattered,
+without any
+fixed number, over
+the field. (Fig. <a href='#fig_608'>608</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sementivæ</strong></span>, R.
+(<em>sementis</em>, a sowing).
+A festival
+which took place at
+seed-time in honour
+of Ceres and Tellus.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Semi-</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἡμι-</span>), as an adjunct, is the Greek form
+of <em>demi</em> = half.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Semibreve.</strong> In Music, half a breve; the
+longest note in modern music, marked</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><img src='images/semibreve.svg' alt='' width='8' />.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Semicinctium</strong></span>, R. (<em>semi</em>, half, and <em>cingo</em>, to
+gird). A short kilt worn by men when going
+through violent exercises or severe bodily labour;
+it reached from the waist to the knees.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Semidiapason.</strong> In Music, an octave lessened
+by a semitone.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Semiquaver.</strong> A sixteenth of a
+semibreve—<img src='images/semiquaver.svg' alt='' width='8' />.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Semis</strong>, <strong>Semissis</strong>. The half of an As, or six
+ounces; hence <em>Semisses</em> = six per cent. interest.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Semita</strong></span>, R. (<em>se</em> and <em>meo</em>, i. e. going aside). A
+pathway in a field; a narrow lane in a town.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Semitarge</strong>, Med. Fr. A scimitar. (See
+<span class='sc'>Targe</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Semitone.</strong> In Music; the smallest interval in
+modern music; the ancients had <em>quarter-tones</em>
+(q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Semi-uncials.</strong> During the 6th and 7th centuries,
+a transition style of illuminating prevailed,
+the letters of which have been termed <em>semi-uncials</em>.
+This, in a further transition, became
+more like the old Roman cursive, which was
+called then <em>minuscule</em>; it began to prevail over
+<em>uncials</em> about the 8th century, and in the 10th
+its use was established. (See <span class='sc'>Uncial Letters</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Semuncia.</strong> Half an ounce.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Senaculum</strong></span>, R. A place in which the senate
+used to meet. There were at Rome three <em>senacula</em>;
+one between the Capitol and the Forum,
+a second near the Porta Capena, and a third
+near the temple of Bellona.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Senio</strong></span>, R. The number <em>six</em> inscribed on the
+face of dice, and thence the throw when all the
+sixes turned up.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sentina</strong></span>, R. The well or hold of a ship.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sentinaculum</strong></span>, R. A ship’s pump.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sepia.</strong> A warm, brown, water-colour pigment
+obtained from the ink-bag of the cuttlefish.
+(See <span class='sc'>Roman Sepia</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sept-foil</strong>, Chr. A figure of <em>seven</em> foils, typical
+of the seven sacraments of the Church, and other
+mysteries of religion linked to the number seven.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Septilateral.</strong> Having seven sides.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Septimontium</strong></span>, R. A festival of the seven
+hills, celebrated at Rome in December.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Septizonium</strong>, <strong>Septemzonium</strong></span>, R. A building
+of great magnificence, which had seven stories
+of columns one above the other; each set supported
+an entablature and cornice running right
+round the building (<em>zona</em>), whence the name
+Septizonium.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Septum</strong></span>, R. and Chr. (<em>sepio</em>, to fence in).
+In general, any enclosure shut in by walls, palisades,
+barriers, hedges, &amp;c. In Christian
+archæology, <em>septum</em> was the name given to a
+barrier, which, in the ancient Roman basilicas,
+separated the nave from the absides.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Septunx</strong></span>, R. (<em>septem</em> and <em>uncia</em>). Seven-twelfths
+of any quantity, whatever its nature.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sepulchre</strong>, Chr. The Holy Sepulchre is a
+favourite subject of architectural sculpture, in
+cathedrals and continental churches. It is generally
+found on the north side of the chancel near
+the altar.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sepulcrum</strong></span>, R. (<em>sepelio</em>, to bury). A sepulchre,
+the general term for any kind of tomb in
+which the dead were buried, or in which their ashes
+were deposited in urns. <em>Sepulcrum familiare</em>,
+a sepulchre erected for a single person, or for the
+members of a family. The <em>sepulcrum commune</em>
+was a tomb held in common by a number of
+persons belonging either to a single family, or
+several families, or a group of individuals, such
+as that given in Fig. <a href='#fig_182'>182</a>, which represents the
+tomb of the freedmen of Octavia.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sequin</strong> (It. <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">zecchino</span></i>). A gold coin in Italy,
+worth about 9<em>s.</em> 6<em>d.</em>; and in Turkey worth about
+3<em>s.</em> 6<em>d.</em></p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sera</strong></span>, R. (<em>sero</em>, to fasten). A padlock or
+movable lock to a door.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Serapeum</strong>, Egyp. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σαραπεῖον</span>). A general
+term for sepulchral monuments in Egypt, but
+more especially that of Memphis. (<cite>Bosc.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Seraph</strong>; pl. <strong>Seraphim</strong>, Heb. (See <span class='sc'>Angels</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Cherubim</span>.) “They are usually represented
+with wings and a flaming heart, to typify spiritual
+emotion and divine affection; or covered all
+over with eyes, to denote their knowledge of all
+human events as counsellors of the Most High.
+The Seraph’s head in Heraldry, is usually
+delineated with six wings, two above and two
+below, which cross each other, and one on each
+side of the head.” (<cite>Fairholt.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Serges</strong>, Chr. Fr. The large wax candles used
+in churches. They are often covered with texts
+and devices.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Seria</strong></span>, R. An earthenware vessel used
+chiefly for holding wine and oil; it was larger
+than the amphora, and smaller than the <em>dolium</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Serpent.</strong> A musical wind instrument, of a
+powerful bass; invented by a French priest at
+Auxerre in 1590.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Serpent.</strong> (1) In Christian archæology an
+emblem of the principle of evil; the Virgin
+Mary is frequently represented trampling on the
+head of the serpent. It is especially a symbol
+of cunning, lying, and envy. (2) Generally.
+The serpent with its tail in its mouth describes
+a circle which is the symbol of eternity. In
+Classic Art it is an attribute of Æsculapius, and
+of Apollo; and a symbol of the <em>Genius Loci</em>
+(esp. of temples, &amp;c.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Serpentine Verses</strong> begin and end with the
+same word:</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ambo florentes ætatibus, Arcades ambo.</span>”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Serrated.</strong> Having an edge like the teeth of
+a saw (<em>serra</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Set-offs</strong>, Arch. The mouldings and slopes
+on <em>buttresses</em>, dividing them into stages.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Setting</strong> drawings in pencil or crayon is done
+by simply passing them through a dish of milk,
+or by washing the surface with a weak solution
+of isinglass.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Severey</strong>, Arch. A bay, or compartment in
+a vaulted ceiling.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_609'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_609.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 609. Sèvres Vase, with jewelled ornament.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sèvres Porcelain.</strong> The celebrated manufactory
+at Sèvres was established in 1756. Soon
+afterwards it became the property of the king,
+Louis XV., and was much patronized both by
+him and Madame de Pompadour. Some of the
+first artists of France were employed to decorate
+the plaques and vases, and the productions of this
+factory are more highly prized than any others
+in the world. In 1870 three <em>jardinières</em> were
+sold by auction in London for over 10,000<em>l.</em>
+The finest colours of this porcelain were the
+<em>bleu du roi</em> and the <em>rose de Pompadour</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sewer.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Cloaca</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sextans</strong></span>, R. (<em>sextus</em>, sixth). A copper coin
+worth the tenth of an as, in weight about two
+ounces (<em>unciæ</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sextant.</strong> The sixth part of a circle; an arc
+of 60 degrees.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sextarius</strong></span>, R. (<em>sextus</em>). A measure of capacity
+used for liquids, grain, &amp;c.; it held the
+tenth of a <span class='sc'>Congius</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sextertius</strong></span>, R. A coin originally of silver, and
+afterwards of fine copper (<em>aurichalcum</em>); it was
+worth two ases and a half.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sextula</strong></span>, R. The sixth part of the ounce
+(<em>uncia</em>); the smallest denomination of Roman
+money.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sforzato</strong> (It.). In Music; with force, louder
+than the rest.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Sfregazzi</strong> or <strong>Sfregature</strong></span>, It. By this term is
+meant a peculiar thin kind of glazing, which is
+executed by dipping the finger into the colour,
+and drawing it once lightly and evenly along the
+part of the picture on which it is to be applied—such
+as the shade on the cheek, the limbs, &amp;c.,
+or wherever it is wished to lay a soft thin
+shadow. (Consult <em>Mrs. Merrifield</em>, <em>Ancient
+Practice of Painting</em>, vol. ii. p. 879.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Sgraffito</strong></span>, It. (lit. scratched). A method of
+painting on stucco, in which a ground of dark
+stucco is covered with a coat of white, and the
+design is formed by scraping this away for the
+shadows. (Consult an article by <em>Mr. Alan Cole</em>
+in the <em>House Furnisher and Decorator</em>, May 10,
+1873.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_610'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_610.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 610. Shackle.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Shackle</strong> and <strong>Padlock</strong>, Her.
+A badge of the Yorkist party
+during the wars of the Roses;
+called also a <span class='sc'>Fetter-lock</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Shades.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Umbræ</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Shaft</strong>, Arch. The part of
+the column comprised between
+the base and the capital.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Shaft</strong></span>, O. E. The May-pole.
+May-poles seem to have
+existed in most villages until the
+Civil War. They were abolished by an ordinance
+of the Long Parliament, April 6, 1644,
+as heathenish vanities “generally abused to
+superstition and wickednesse.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Shaftman</strong></span>, O. E. A measure roughly six
+inches; “the measure of the fist with the
+thumb set up.” (<em>Ray</em>, 1674.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Shagreen.</strong> A grained leather prepared from
+the skin of a species of shark, and stained green.
+A close imitation is made from horses’ or asses’
+skins, in Russia, and dyed red, blue, or black.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Shalm</strong> or <strong>Shawm</strong>. A musical instrument, a
+pipe with a reed in the mouth-hole.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Shamrock</strong>, Her. A trefoil plant or leaf, the
+badge of Ireland.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Shard</strong></span>, O. E. A piece of broken pottery.
+(It has other meanings. Consult <em>Halliwell</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Shay-le</strong>, Chin. A relic of Buddha.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_611'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_611.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 611. Sheaf. Device of Alphonso d’Avalos.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sheaf.</strong> (1) A bundle of ripe corn bound up in
+the field; the device assumed by Alfonso
+d’Avalos, when he was made captain-general of
+the army of Charles V., with the motto implying
+incessant devotion to his work,—that, as soon as
+one harvest is reaped, its successor must be sown.
+(2) A bunch of twenty-four arrows, enough to fill
+a quiver.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sheep.</strong> In Christian art, the twelve apostles
+occur in early mosaics as twelve sheep, and our
+Lord in the midst as their Shepherd.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Shekel.</strong> A Jewish coin, value about 2<em>s.</em> 6<em>d.</em></p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Shell</strong>, Chr. In Gallic as in Christian tombs
+shells are of frequent occurrence; there is no
+doubt that they symbolize the resurrection,
+the body of man being looked upon as a shell
+which he leaves behind him at death. Different
+kinds of shell are met with, but that of most
+frequent occurrence is the common snail-shell
+(<em>helix pomatia</em>). (See <span class='sc'>Escallop</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Shell-cameos.</strong> Cameos carved on shells.
+These are certain conch shells or strombs, the
+substance of which consists of two distinct layers
+of different colours. The black conch offers the
+most decided contrast in the colours.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Shell-lac.</strong> Crude lac-resin melted into plates
+or <em>shales</em>. (See <span class='sc'>Lac</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Shenti</strong>, Egyp. A short pair of drawers,
+fastened round the hips by a belt, worn by the
+ancient Egyptians.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Shepherd’s Crook.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Pedum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Shepherds.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Hycsos</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Shingles.</strong> Wooden tiles; frequently used for
+church spires.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ship.</strong> A symbol of the Church. (See <span class='sc'>Navette</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Shoes.</strong> The shoes worn by the Greeks generally
+reached to the middle of the leg; the
+<span class='sc'>Romans</span> had the <em>calceus</em> and the <em>solea</em> or sandal;
+the former was worn with the toga on ordinary
+occasions; the sandal on a journey or at a
+feast; but it was considered effeminate to
+appear in public with them. Black shoes were
+worn by the citizens of ordinary rank (see
+<span class='sc'>Atramentum</span>, <span class='sc'>Chalcanthum</span>), and white
+ones (sometimes red) by the women; on ceremonial
+occasions the magistrates wore red
+shoes. Patricians and their children wore a
+crescent shoe-buckle (see <span class='sc'>Luna</span>). Slaves went
+barefooted. The Jews had shoes of leather,
+wood, &amp;c., tied with thongs passed under the
+soles of the feet; to “untie the latchets” of a
+man’s shoes was a sign of deep subservience.
+In ancient as in modern times the Oriental
+peoples put off their shoes as we uncover the
+head. (Consult <em>Herbert Spencer on Ceremonies</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Shop.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Taberna</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_612'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_612.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 612. Shrine of the Three Kings in Cologne Cathedral. 13th century.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Shrine.</strong> A repository for relics; either fixed,
+as a tomb; or movable, as a <em>feretory</em>. (See
+Fig. <a href='#fig_307'>307</a>.) The Shrine of the Three Kings in
+Cologne Cathedral is one of the most celebrated
+and costly in the world. (Fig. <a href='#fig_612'>612</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sibina</strong>, <strong>Sibyna</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σιβύνη</span>). A
+kind of boar-spear employed in hunting.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sibylline</strong> (Books), R. The Sibylline books
+were a series of oracles of the destiny of the
+Roman Empire; they were three in number, and
+were placed by Tarquin in a vault of the temple
+of Jupiter Capitolinus, and were consulted in
+cases of difficulty by an order of the senate.
+They perished in 670 <span class='fss'>A.U.C.</span>, when the Capitol
+was burnt. A set of Sibylline oracles in existence,
+which predict very clearly the establishment
+of the Christian religion, have been ascertained
+to be a forgery of the 2nd century of the
+Christian era.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sibyls</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Σίβυλλα</span>). Prophetesses
+of antiquity recognized by the ancient Christian
+Church, and a common object of symbolical
+ecclesiastical sculpture, with reference to their
+foreknowledge of the fulfilment of inspired prophecy;
+they are twelve in number, having each
+a proper emblem. (Cf. <em>Smith and Cheetham</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sica</strong></span>, R. (dimin. <em>sicilla</em>). A curved dagger or
+scimitar; distinct from <span class='sc'>Pugio</span>, a straight dagger.
+It was the weapon preferred by thieves and
+assassins on account of the convenience of its
+shape for concealment. (From this word our
+English <em>sickle</em> is derived.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Siccative.</strong> A synonym for <span class='sc'>Drying</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sicilis</strong></span>, R. A sickle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sienite.</strong> A statuary marble from Syene
+(Assouan) on the Nile.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sienna</strong>, <strong>Terra di Sienna</strong>. A brown pigment.
+(See <span class='sc'>Ochres</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sigilla</strong></span>, R. (dimin. of <em>signum</em>, an image),
+(1) A seal or signet. (2) Small sculptured or
+moulded bosses, used to decorate vases or
+architecture. (3) Small statuettes, called also
+<span class='sc'>Sigillaria</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sigillaria</strong></span>, R. (1) The last days of the festival of
+the Saturnalia, when <em>sigilla</em>, or statuettes of
+gold and silver or terra-cotta, were offered to
+Saturn, and amongst the people, as presents to
+each other.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sigillatus</strong></span>, R. Ornamented or decorated
+with <em>sigilla</em>. (See <span class='sc'>Sigillum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Sigla</strong></span>, It. (contraction of <em>sigilla</em>). A conventional
+sign used instead of a word or phrase;
+such as = for <em>equal to</em>, and + for <em>plus</em>;
+<span class='fss'>A.U.C.</span> for <em>ab urbe conditâ</em>, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sigma</strong></span>, R. A semicircular couch, so called
+because it assumed the form of the Greek <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Σ</span>,
+which was originally written like our C. Hence,
+the seat which ran round the walls of the <span class='sc'>Piscina</span>
+in a bath. (See <span class='sc'>Stibadium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Signa Militaria.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Ensigns</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Signature</strong>, in printing, is a letter put at the
+bottom of the first page in every sheet, as a
+direction to the binder in collating them.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Signets.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Rings</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Signinum</strong> (opus), R. A kind of concrete for
+floorings, invented at <em>Signia</em>, and formed of
+broken tiles consolidated with mortar, and
+levelled with a pavior’s beetle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Signum</strong></span>, R. A general term for any kind of
+sign or mark by which anything can be recognized;
+such as an image or figure, the intaglio
+on a ring, the sign of a shop, or a military
+standard or ensign (<em>signa militaria</em>), as represented
+in Fig. <a href='#fig_665'>665</a>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_613'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_613.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 613. Wall of Silex.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Silex</strong></span>, R. In general a flint or flint-stone,
+and thence, by extension, any kind of hard stone
+hewn into polygonal blocks, as shown in Fig.
+<a href='#fig_613'>613</a>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Silhouette</strong></span>, Fr. A profile portrait, or representation
+of the shape contained in the outline
+of an object, with no attempt to fill in the parts.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Silicernium</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A funeral feast in
+honour of the dead.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Silicious Wares.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Pottery</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sill</strong> or <strong>Cill</strong> of a window or door. The
+<span class='sc'>Limen Inferius</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<div id='fig_614'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_614.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 614. Silver-gilt dish and ewer; the property of St. John’s College, Cambridge. (Work of the late 17th century.)</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Silver.</strong> The history of working in silver is
+identical with that of Goldsmiths’ work in general.
+(See <span class='sc'>Gold</span>.) <em>Pollen</em> remarks that though
+Phidias and his contemporaries made great
+statues of gold, many artists who devoted themselves
+mainly and altogether to working in the
+precious metals executed their best work in
+silver. Silver was also largely used for the surfaces
+of mirrors, which were hung on the walls
+of temples. The best collection of antique silver
+plate was found at Hildesheim, in Germany, in
+1869, and is now in the Berlin Museum. The
+silver stoup (Fig. <a href='#fig_615'>615</a>) belonging to the Corporation
+of Norwich, is of the time of Elizabeth.
+The illustration (Fig. <a href='#fig_614'>614</a>) of the silver dish and
+ewer at St. John’s College (1670), is representative
+of the change that the goldsmiths’ style
+underwent about the middle of the 17th century,
+after which time the light and graceful leaf work
+gave way to heavier designs. (Consult <em>Pollen</em>,
+<em>Gold and Silversmiths’ Work</em>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_615'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_615.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 615. Silver tankard of the 16th century. (Belonging to the Norwich Corporation.)</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Silver.</strong> In Christian art, an emblem of purity.
+(See <span class='sc'>White</span>.) As one of the two <em>metals</em> among
+the <em>tinctures</em> of Heraldry, represented by a white
+space. (See <span class='sc'>Argent</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Silver, Cloth of.</strong> Josephus tells us that the
+royal robe of Herod Agrippa was a tunic made
+of silver. In the Middle Ages it was woven,
+like gold, in long narrow shreds unmixed with
+anything else, into a web for garments.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sima</strong>, Arch. (See <span class='sc'>Cyma</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Simikion</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σιμίκιον</span>). A musical instrument
+of the Greeks; it had thirty-five strings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Simpulum</strong> or <strong>Simpuvium</strong></span>, R. A small cup
+used for libations. It was in the form of a ladle
+with a long handle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sinciput.</strong> The front part of the head. The
+back part is the <em>occiput</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sindon</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σινδών</span>). (See <span class='sc'>Corporal</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Singing-bread</strong>, Chr. The larger altar breads
+used in the mass were called <em>singing-bread</em>; the
+smaller ones consecrated for the people were
+known as <em>houseling bread</em>. (See also <span class='sc'>Holy
+Bread</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sinister</strong>, Her. The left side of a shield
+(considered from the back, or wearer’s point of
+view). The <em>bendlet</em> or <em>baton sinister</em> is generally
+(not rigorously) regarded in modern Heraldry as
+the most appropriate <em>difference</em> of illegitimacy.
+(Consult <em>Boutell’s English Heraldry</em>, p. 194.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sinopia.</strong> A fine red pigment found upon
+ancient mural paintings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sinum</strong> or <strong>Sinus</strong></span>, R. A vessel of small dimensions,
+but tolerably wide and deep, which was
+used for holding wine or milk.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Siparium</strong></span>, R. The curtain of a theatre. It
+was divided in the middle and withdrawn to
+the sides to disclose the stage.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sipho</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σίφων</span>, a hollow body). A siphon
+for exhausting liquids from a vessel by the pressure
+of the atmosphere. A painting at Thebes
+shows that the principle of the siphon was
+known to the Egyptians as early as the eighteenth
+dynasty. The same name was applied
+to a suction and forcing pump, which was generally
+employed as a fire-engine.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sirens</strong> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Σειρῆνες</span> [probably from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σειρὰ</span>, a
+<em>chain</em>, to signify their attractive power]). These
+mythical representatives of the evil side of the
+seductive power of music, are represented in
+art as lovely women to the waist, and fishes
+or birds below. Sometimes they have wings,
+which the Muses are said to have plucked (see
+<span class='sc'>Muses</span>) of their feathers; as Orpheus, by opening
+their minds to the unattainable higher
+music, drove them to suicide in the end. In
+Christian symbolism the sirens typify the three
+carnal lusts. (See Fig. <a href='#fig_455'>455</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sirpea.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Scirpea</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sispa-sastra</strong>, Hind. A Hindoo work, the
+title of which means literally the science of
+manual art. It was a kind of encyclopædia,
+and comprised about thirty treatises on the
+manual arts, and included a treatise on architecture
+written by a Hindoo whose name has
+not come down to us; but a sage or mage
+called Dupayana compiled, abridged, and edited,
+about 1500 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, the lost treatise of the Hindoo
+architect. (<cite>Bosc.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sistrum</strong>, Egyp. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σεῖστρον</span>; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σείω</span>, to shake).
+A kind of rattle formed by a certain number of
+metallic rods which passed through a framework
+also of metal; this was attached to a short
+handle ending in a head of Athor. By shaking
+the instrument by the handle the metallic rods
+and the movable rings suspended from them
+were made to give out a sharp rattling sound.
+The Egyptians made use of the sistrum in the
+ceremonial worship of Isis and at funerals.
+Roman coins of Hadrian present a personification
+of Egypt as a female figure seated with the
+sacred ibis at her feet, and a <em>sistrum</em> in her
+hand. The instrument is still in use on the
+Nile.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sitella.</strong> Diminutive of <span class='sc'>Situla</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Situla</strong></span>, R. A bucket for drawing water from
+a well.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Situlus.</strong> Synonym of <span class='sc'>Situla</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<div id='fig_616'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_616.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 616. Sixfoil.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sixfoil</strong>, Her. A flower of six
+leaves.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Size</strong> is used to prepare paper
+for printing upon, and as a <em>vehicle</em>
+in oil painting. (See <span class='sc'>Distemper</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Skeens</strong>, Celtic. Long sharp
+knives; “<em>sheen dubh</em>,” black knife,
+the Highlander’s <em>dernier ressort</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Skinning</strong>, in Masonry. (See <span class='sc'>Regrating</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Skirophorion.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Scirophorium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sling.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Balea</span>, <span class='sc'>Funda</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Slipped</strong>, Her. Pulled or torn off.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Smalt.</strong> A vitreous substance coloured by
+cobalt, used for painting on china, not being
+affected by fire. It makes also a bad pigment in
+water-colour painting, and is largely used for
+giving a blue tinge to writing-paper, linen, &amp;c.
+(See <span class='sc'>Cobalt</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Smalti</strong></span>, It. Cubes of coloured glass applied
+in the modern <span class='sc'>Mosaics</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Snail</strong>, Chr. In Christian iconography the
+snail is an emblem of sloth and of the resurrection.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Snood</strong> (A.S. <em>snôd</em>). A head-band for ladies,
+of the Anglo-Saxon period, similar to that
+now used by young unmarried women in Scotland.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Soapstone.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Steatite</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Socculus.</strong> Diminutive of <em>soccus</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Soccus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A slipper worn in
+Greece both by men and women, but at Rome
+by women only. It was worn by actors upon
+the stage.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Socle</strong>, Arch. A plain block or plinth forming
+a low pedestal to a column; or a plinth
+round the bottom of a wall.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Soffit</strong>, Arch. The flat surface on the lower
+side of an arch or cornice.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Solarium</strong></span>, R. (<em>sol</em>, the sun). (1) A sun-dial;
+(2) a water-clock or clepsydra (<em>solarium ex
+aquâ</em>); (3) a terrace constructed on the top of a
+house or portico.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Soldurii</strong>, Gaul. A body of Gallic warriors
+forming a <span class='sc'>Clan</span> under one chief.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Solea</strong></span>, R. and Chr. (<em>solum</em>, sole of the foot).
+A sandal of the simplest kind, consisting of a
+sole fastened on with straps over the instep.
+<em>Solea ferrea</em>, a horse-shoe, or <em>soccus</em> of iron; <em>solea
+sparta</em>, a sock of Spanish broom for the feet of
+beasts of burden or of cattle; <em>solea lignea</em>,
+wooden clogs fastened to the feet of criminals.
+Lastly the term denoted a machine for crushing
+olives, the nature and shape of which are entirely
+unknown. In Christian archæology, the
+term <em>solea</em> was used to denote, in the early basilicas,
+a space in front of the choir.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Soler</strong> (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solarium</span></i>; A.S. <em>up-flor</em>). The
+upper floor of a house, approached by a <em>staeger</em>
+(Ang. stair) outside.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Soles of the Feet</strong>, Egyp. and Chr. On a
+great number of Christian tombs there occur representations
+of the soles of the feet. This
+symbol has been variously explained. In our
+opinion, one which has never been broached before,
+it denoted that the dead were in the
+power of God; for among the Egyptians, whenever
+a god or powerful king was spoken of, it
+was said of him that he put his enemies under
+the sole of his foot. Ezekiel uses the same terms
+in speaking of Jehovah. Whenever an Egyptian
+went on a pilgrimage to a distant place, he
+never left the country without engraving on some
+stone the impression of his feet, to which he
+added his name and titles. (<cite>Bosc.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Soliferreum</strong> or <strong>Solliferreum</strong></span>, R. A javelin
+made entirely of massive iron.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Solium</strong></span>, R. This term denotes (1) a chair
+or arm-chair with a high back; (2) a bier of
+wood or terra-cotta for a dead body; (3) the
+granite or marble seat in an ancient bath.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Solstice.</strong> The time when the sun appears to
+<em>stand still</em>, at one of the solstitial points, i. e.
+at his greatest distance from the equator; the
+summer solstice is the longest day, June 22nd;
+the winter solstice December 22nd, in the North
+Hemisphere; reversed in the South.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sonata</strong>, Ital. A piece of music with various
+movements, composed for a single instrument
+with or without accompaniment. <em>Sonate di
+camera</em>, sonatas adapted for chamber music;
+<em>sonate de chiesa</em>, for churches.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sonnachiosi of Bologna.</strong> One of the Italian
+Academies, having for their device a bear, which
+sleeps through the winter; and the motto <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">spero
+avanzar con la vigilia il sonno</span></i>. (I hope by
+vigils to make up for sleep.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sorrows of the Virgin.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Joys of the
+Virgin</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sortes</strong></span>, R. Lots; small tablets or counters
+thrown into a <span class='sc'>Sitella</span> or urn full of water, and
+withdrawn for soothsaying.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Soteria</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σωτήρια</span>, i. e. of saving).
+Sacrifices in honour of the gods offered by way
+of thanksgiving for escape from any danger.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sounding-board</strong>, Chr. A sort of dome or
+canopy, placed above pulpits to convey the
+voice of the preacher to his auditory. In the
+centre of the lower part of the canopy there is
+often a carved dove, symbolizing the Holy
+Ghost. Sounding-boards must be placed five
+feet above the speaker’s head, and their diameter
+should exceed that of the pulpit by six to
+eight inches on either side.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Soutane</strong></span>, Fr. A white woollen cassock, worn
+by priests under the <em>rochet</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sow</strong>, Chr. In Christian iconography, the sow
+is a symbol of evil, impurity, gluttony, and
+fecundity. It is borne in the crest of Hamilton,
+Duke of Hamilton, with the motto, “Through.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Span.</strong> Of an arch, the breadth between the
+imposts.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Spandril</strong>, Arch. The triangular space between
+the upper arch of a door and the square
+mouldings which form a frame to it.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Spangles</strong>, of gold and silver, were, in the
+Middle Ages, artistically shaped concave, and
+sewed on like tiles, one overlapping the other,
+producing a rich and pleasing effect. Our present
+flat spangles are quite modern.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Spanish Black.</strong> A pigment of burnt cork.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Spanish Brown.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Ochre</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Spanish Ferreto.</strong> A rich reddish-brown pigment.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Spanish Red.</strong> An ochreous red pigment,
+yellower than the <em>Venetian red</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Spanish Stitch.</strong> A kind of embroidery introduced
+into England by Katharine of Aragon in
+1501.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Span-roof</strong>, Arch. Having <em>two</em> inclined sides;
+not a <em>pent-roof</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Spartea.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Solea</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sparum</strong></span>, R. A weapon specially employed
+by the agricultural population, whence its name
+of <em>sparum agreste, telum rusticum</em>. It was a
+kind of halberd. A form <em>sparus</em> was also in
+use.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Spatha</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σπάθη</span>). (1) A <em>batten</em> or
+wooden blade used by weavers for beating the
+threads of the woof. (2) The spatula of a
+druggist or chemist. (3) A long, broad, two-edged
+sword, with a sharp point.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Spathalium</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σπαθάλιον</span>:). A kind
+of bracelet with bells attached, so that it bore
+some resemblance to the flower-sheath of the
+palm-tree (<em>spatha</em>), whence its name.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Speak-house</strong></span>, O. E. A parlour.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Spean</strong>, Hind. A monumental bridge, of no
+great height, among the Khmers or ancient inhabitants
+of Cambodgia. The balustrade of
+this bridge was formed by means of <span class='sc'>Nagagas</span>
+(q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Spear</strong>, Her., is seldom seen in blazon, though
+it appears as a “punning device” in the arms
+granted to Shakspeare’s father. (See <span class='sc'>Lance</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Cuspis</span>, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Specillum</strong></span>, R. A surgeon’s probe, of iron,
+bronze, or silver.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Spectra.</strong> Impressions which remain for a
+time on the retina of the eye, after looking at
+certain bright and coloured objects. They are
+either similar in colour and form to the objects
+which excited them, or vary according to the
+laws of the spectrum; e.g. if the eye is fixed on
+a <em>red</em> wafer, lying on a sheet of <em>white</em> paper, it
+will appear fringed with a faint <em>green</em>; then
+if, after a time, the eye is turned to another part
+of the paper, where there is no wafer, a <em>green</em>
+wafer will appear.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Spectrum.</strong> The series of colours that a beam
+of white light slips into under refraction:—red,
+orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and
+violet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Specula</strong></span>, R. A watch-tower.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Specularia</strong></span>, Gr. and R. Window-panes made
+with a kind of transparent stone (<em>lapis specularis</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Speculum</strong></span>, R. (<em>specio</em>, to behold). A mirror;
+they were made in ancient times of a white
+composition of copper and tin, and afterwards
+of silver. The back of the mirror was decorated
+with beautiful engraved or enchased designs.
+There were also glass mirrors backed with a thin
+leaf of metal. Mirrors were not contrived to be
+hung against a wall, or to stand on a table, but
+were generally held by female slaves in front of
+their mistresses. (See <span class='sc'>Mirrors</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Specus</strong></span>, R. Originally a dark grotto or cave;
+later the covered canal of an aqueduct.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Spence</strong></span>, O. E. The buttery attached to the
+hall; 13th, 14th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Speos</strong>, Egyp. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σπέος</span>). <span class='sc'>Hypogea</span> or subterranean
+Egyptian temples. <em>Hemispeos</em> was the
+name given to temples built partly above and
+partly under the ground.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Sperlings</strong></span>, O. E. Sprats.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Sperthe</strong></span>, O. E. A battle-axe.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Spetum</strong>, Med. A kind of <span class='sc'>Partisan</span>, but
+narrower and lighter.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sphæristerium</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σφαιριστήριον</span>, lit.
+place for ball). An apartment attached to a
+gymnasium or set of baths for playing with balls.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sphæromachia</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σφαιρο-μαχία</span>). A
+game of ball.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sphendone</strong>, Gr. A band or fillet with which
+Greek ladies confined their hair. (See <span class='sc'>Diadema</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Hair</span>, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_617'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_617.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 617. Andro-Sphinx.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_618'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_618.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 618. Crio-Sphinx.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sphinx</strong>, Egyp. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Σφίγξ</span>). An emblem peculiarly
+Egyptian, signifying the religious mystery; in
+this sense it was adopted by the Romans and
+placed in the pronaos of their temples. The
+<span class='sc'>Andro-Sphinx</span> (Fig. <a href='#fig_617'>617</a>), a human head upon
+a lion’s body, typified generally the union of intellectual
+and physical power; the <span class='sc'>Crio-Sphinx</span>
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_618'>618</a>) had the head of a ram; and the
+<span class='sc'>Hieraco-Sphinx</span> (Fig. <a href='#fig_619'>619</a>) that of a hawk.
+The two latter are complex emblems; the hawk
+being the sun-god’s and the king’s special figure,
+and the ram that of the god Neph. The symbolical
+importance of these figures was completely
+disregarded in the course of their application
+to the purposes of Greek art.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_619'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_619.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 619. Hieraco-Sphinx.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sphyrelata</strong>, Gr. Hammered metal-work;
+the earliest form of art manufacture in metal.
+Archaic statues, antecedent to the invention of the
+art of casting, were formed of hammered plates
+fastened together with rivets. (See <span class='sc'>Metallurgy</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Spicæ Testaceæ</strong></span>, R. (<em>spica</em>, ear of corn). Oblong
+bricks for pavements; applied in the
+Spicatum Opus.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_620'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_620.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 620. Spicatum Opus.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Spicatum</strong> (opus), R. A term answering to
+our <span class='fss'>HERRING-BONE.</span> work; it was a kind of
+construction in which the stones were arranged
+so as to resemble the setting of the grains in an
+ear of corn. (Fig. <a href='#fig_620'>620</a>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_621'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_621.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 621. Spiculum.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Spiculum</strong></span>, R. (dimin. of <em>spicum</em>, a point).
+The barbed iron head of an arrow or lance.
+The custom of barbing weapons dates from a
+very early period, since it is met with in prehistoric
+times. Fig. <a href='#fig_621'>621</a> shows a barbed bone
+arrow.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Spider-work</strong> (<em>opus araneum</em>). A kind of embroidery;
+specimens of the 13th and 14th centuries
+are in South Kensington Museum.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Spike.</strong> <em>Oil of spike</em> used in wax painting is
+prepared from the wild lavender.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Spina</strong></span>, R. (lit. a spine). A long, low wall
+along the middle of a circus, marking off the
+course in a race. At each end were the goals,
+(<em>metæ</em>). (See <span class='sc'>Circus</span>, <span class='sc'>Meta</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_622'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_622.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 622. Spinet. 18th century.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Spinet</strong> (Ital. <em>spinetta</em>). An old-fashioned
+musical instrument on the principle of the
+<em>harpsichord</em> and pianoforte. Brass and steel
+wires were struck by quills fixed to the tongues
+of jacks which were moved by the keys of a
+finger-board. (Fig. <a href='#fig_622'>622</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Spinther</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σφιγκτήρ</span>). A bracelet; it was
+worn upon the left arm, and retained in its
+place merely by the elasticity of the material.
+The term is really a corruption of <em>sphincter</em>,
+the muscle which
+remains naturally
+contracted. (See
+<span class='sc'>Armilla</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Spira</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σπεῖρα</span>).
+Anything
+spiral or coiled;
+such as (1) a coil of
+rope; (2) an ornament
+worn by women
+on the head;
+(3) the string by
+which the cap of
+the Salian priests
+was fastened under
+the chin; (4) the
+base of a column.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Spire</strong>, Arch. An
+acutely-pointed termination
+crowning
+a steeple. (See
+<span class='sc'>Chamfer</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Spirit Fresco.</strong> A
+new method of
+painting in <em>fresco</em>,
+introduced by Mr.
+Gambier Parry,
+1880.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Spirits of Wine</strong>
+are used to dissolve
+resins in the preparation
+of varnishes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Spirula.</strong> Diminutive
+of <em>spira</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Spittle</strong> or <strong>Spittlehouse</strong>,
+O. E. A hospital.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Spolarium</strong></span>, R. (<em>spolio</em>, to strip off). A cloakroom
+in the baths, where the bathers left their
+clothes; in an amphitheatre or circus the term
+was applied to a cella in which gladiators
+who had been killed
+in the arena were
+stripped of their
+clothes and weapons.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Spolia</strong></span>, R. Booty
+taken in war. <span class='sc'>Præda</span>
+means plunder
+generally; <span class='sc'>Manubium</span>,
+the share of
+the commander or
+the state; <span class='sc'>Exuviæ</span>,
+the personal spoils
+of an enemy; and
+<span class='sc'>Spolia</span>, properly
+speaking, arms or
+implements of war.
+(See <span class='sc'>Opima Spolia</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_623'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_623.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 623. Carved ivory Spoon with figure of “January.”</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_624'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_624.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 624. Folding Spoon of carved box-wood.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Spoon</strong>, Chr. In
+early times, especially
+among the
+Greeks, Syrians, and
+Copts, the sacrament
+in one kind only
+was administered
+with a small gold
+or silver spoon, into
+which a few
+drops of the consecrated
+wine were
+poured. In the Middle
+Ages spoons were frequently ornamented
+with figures, some carved in ivory or wood,
+and others of metal. <span class='sc'>Apostle Spoons</span> had
+figures of the Apostles on the handles. (See
+<span class='sc'>Labis</span> and <span class='sc'>Cochlear</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sporta</strong></span>, R. A broad plaited basket made
+of wood and usually furnished with two handles.
+Diminutives of this term are <em>sportella</em>
+and <em>sportula</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Springers</strong>, Arch. The lowest stones of an
+arch resting on a column, pilaster, or cluster of
+small columns.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Spurs</strong> with rowels appear first in the 13th
+century; in early times and in antiquity they
+were merely sharp goads fixed to the heel. In
+the middle of the 15th century spurs were of
+extravagant length. In Heraldry, the <em>knightly
+spur</em> had a single point, up to about 1320, and
+was known as the “pryck-spur;” the later form
+is called the “rouelle-spur.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Spurn</strong></span>, O. E. A piece of stone or wood protecting
+a corner house or gate-post from wheels.
+One end is fixed in the ground, and the other
+attached at an angle to the post or wall.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Squinch</strong>, Arch. Small arches built across
+angles of towers to support projecting masonry
+above.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Stadium</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">στάδιον</span>). The course for the
+foot-race at Olympia, which measured exactly
+one stadium (606¾ feet). The stadium was the
+principal Greek measure for distance, and
+equalled the eighth of a Roman mile.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Stag</strong> (<em>cervus</em>). Representations of the stag
+occur in many Christian bas-reliefs and paintings.
+It is the emblem of many dissimilar moral
+ideas, but more especially of a longing desire
+for baptism, from an application of the text in the
+42nd Psalm, “Like as the hart,” &amp;c. (See <span class='sc'>Hart</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Stalactite</strong> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">στάλαγμα</span>, an icicle). Spar,
+in the form of icicles hanging from the roof of
+a cavern. <strong>Stalagmites</strong> are heaped up from their
+droppings on the floor, forming when they unite
+with the Stalactites the so called Organ pipes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Stalagmium</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σταλάγμιον</span>). An
+ear-ring decorated with pearls, or small gold or
+silver drops, which bore more or less resemblance
+to the shape of a drop of water (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">στάλαγμα</span>),
+whence its name.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Stall-plate</strong>, Her. The plate bearing the
+arms of a knight, and placed in his stall in the
+chapel of his order.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Stalls</strong>, Chr. Seats in a chapel; made to be
+used in two ways: either with the flap of the
+seat let down called “sellette,” which formed
+the regular seat, or with the flap raised, affording
+only a small resting-place called <em>miserere</em>. The
+elbows are often called “museaux” from their
+being in many cases ornamented with the head
+of some animal. (See <span class='sc'>Miserere</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Stamen</strong></span>, R. The spun thread as it comes off
+the spindle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Stamnos</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A vessel in the shape
+of a Panathenæan water-jar or amphora, but with
+a wider neck, and with two ears and no handle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Stanchion</strong>, Arch. The upright iron bar between
+the mullions of a window.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Standard</strong> or <strong>Banner</strong>, Chr. The symbol of
+victory over sin, death, and idolatry. (See <span class='sc'>Ensigns</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Labarum</span>, <span class='sc'>Signa</span>, &amp;c.) In heraldry, a
+long narrow flag introduced in the 14th century.
+The <span class='sc'>Royal Standard</span> bears the blazonry of
+the Queen’s arms. The <span class='sc'>Union Jack</span> was produced
+in the reign of James I., in 1606, as the
+national flag of united England and Scotland,
+combining the banners of St. George and St.
+Andrew. The latest <span class='sc'>Union Jack</span> shows, over
+the saltire of St. Andrew, the <em>gules</em> of St.
+Patrick, and was introduced upon the occasion
+of the <em>union</em> with Ireland. The word “Jack”
+is a corruption of the French “Jacques,” for
+James.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Standing Stones.</strong> Celtic monuments, also
+called <em>megalithic</em>, consisting of a row of
+stones standing in a line. (See <span class='sc'>Dolmen</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Menhir</span>, <span class='sc'>Megalithic</span>, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Standish</strong></span>, O. E. A case for pens and ink;
+an inkstand.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Stanniferous Wares.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Pottery</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Stapes</strong>, <strong>Stapia</strong>, Med. Lat. A stirrup.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_625'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_625.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 625. Badge of the Star of India.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Star of India.</strong>
+An order of
+knighthood
+instituted by
+Queen Victoria
+in 1861.
+The <span class='sc'>Insignia</span>
+are the <em>Badge</em>
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_171'>171</a>);
+<em>collar</em> of heraldic
+roses and
+lotus-flowers
+alternating
+with palm-branches,
+a
+crown being
+in the centre;
+<em>ribbon</em> of pale
+blue with
+white borders,
+crossing the
+left shoulder;
+and <em>star</em> of
+diamonds,
+having a mullet upon an irradiated field in its centre,
+with the motto “Heaven’s Light our Guide.”</p>
+
+<div id='fig_626'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_626.jpg' alt='Mullet. Estoile.' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 626. Heraldic Stars.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Stars</strong>, Her. (See <span class='sc'>Estoile</span>, <span class='sc'>Mullet</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Stars</strong>, Chr. Emblematic of the canopy of
+Heaven, are generally represented on the domed
+ceilings of churches. These were usually
+forged in metal and fixed on to an azure
+ground. They are attributes of the Virgin
+Mary as queen of heaven, and of St. Dominic
+and other saints.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_627'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_627.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 627. Star-moulding.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Stars</strong>, <strong>Star-moulding</strong>, Arch. An ornament
+of the Romano-Byzantine
+period,
+in the shape of
+a star with four
+rays only. (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_627'>627</a>.) It is met
+with as a decoration
+in various
+mouldings.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_628'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_628.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 628. Statera.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Statera</strong></span>, R. A
+steelyard or Roman
+balance, of
+much later invention
+than the
+scales called <em>libra</em>.
+It consisted
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_628'>628</a>) of a
+rod or yard
+(<em>scapa</em>), divided
+by equidistant
+points (<em>puncta</em>),
+and was suspended
+by means of
+a handle (<em>ansa</em>)
+consisting of a
+hook or chain.
+The weight (<em>æquipondium</em>)
+forms a counterpoise to any object
+suspended from one of the hooks or the
+scale (<em>lancula</em>). (Fig. <a href='#fig_418'>418</a>.) The term is sometimes
+looked upon as a synonym of <span class='sc'>Libra</span> (q.v.).
+It denotes besides (1) a wooden bar or yoke
+placed across the withers of a pair of horses
+harnessed to a <span class='sc'>Bijugus</span> (q.v.); (2) a plate or
+dish, probably of circular form.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Statuettes.</strong> Small statues in bronze or
+porcelain for the decoration of rooms. For
+<strong>Porcelain Statuary</strong>, consult Jacquemart’s <em>History
+of the Ceramic Art</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Stauracin</strong> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σταυρὸς</span>, a cross) was a silken
+stuff figured with small plain <em>crosses</em>; hence
+<em>polystauron</em>, having many crosses.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Steatite</strong> or <strong>Soapstone</strong>. A soft, unctuous,
+magnesian mineral, used by the Chinese for
+statuary and decorative purposes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Steel, Engraving in</strong>, was invented during
+the present century. The process is nearly the
+same as engraving in copper. (See <span class='sc'>Chalcography</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Stega</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">στέγη</span>, i. e. a covering).
+The deck of a ship; a synonym for <span class='sc'>Constratum</span>
+(q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Steganography</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">στεγανὸς</span>, secret). Cypher,
+or secret writing, by substitution of signs
+for letters.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_629'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_629.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 629. Steinkerque.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Steinkerque</strong> was a twisted necktie, and owed its
+origin to the battle of that name fought in 1692
+by Marshal Luxembourg against William of
+Orange. When the French princes were suddenly
+ordered into action, hastily tying their
+cravats—in peaceful times an elaborate proceeding—they
+rushed to the charge and gained the day.
+In honour of this event ladies also wore their
+lace neckerchiefs twisted in this careless fashion.
+Steinkerques became the rage, and were worn
+in England and France by men and women for
+many years afterwards. The engraving represents
+the Grand Dauphin of France wearing a
+Steinkerque.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_630'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_630.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 630. Greek Stelè.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_631'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_631.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 631. Roman Stela.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Stela</strong>, <strong>Stelè</strong>, Gr. A pillar, or stone of a cylindrical
+or quadrangular shape, often surmounted
+by an ornament in the form of a palm. These
+<em>stelæ</em> served to mark out burial-places. Fig.
+<a href='#fig_631'>631</a> represents a Roman, and Fig. <a href='#fig_630'>630</a> a Greek
+stelê.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Stemma</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">στέμμα</span>, i. e. that
+which crowns). Among the Greeks this term
+served to denote a wreath
+bound round with woollen
+fillets; among the Romans
+the same term denoted a
+long roll of parchment
+ornamented with garlands.
+This roll contained the
+genealogy of the family.
+<em>Stemmata</em> were hung upon
+the busts of ancestors,
+and in front of the <em>imagines
+majorum</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Stencil.</strong> A plate of any
+material in which patterns
+have been cut out. The
+use of stencil plates is of
+great antiquity. They were
+used in the schools of ancient Rome to teach
+writing, and by the emperors for affixing their
+sign manual to documents.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Stereobate.</strong> The base of a plain wall. (See
+<span class='sc'>Stylobates</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Stereochromy.</strong> A new method of wall painting,
+with water-colours sprinkled over with
+fluoric acid, adapted permanently to resist all
+the influences of climate.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Stereo-graphy</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">στερεὸς</span>, solid). Geometrical
+drawing of solids on a plane surface.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Stereoscope.</strong> A binocular glass, arranged
+in conformity with the natural convergence of
+the sight of each eye to a focal centre. An
+object is photographed twice, as it would appear
+to each eye if the other were closed; and when
+the two pictures are looked at together in the
+stereoscope, an effect of rounded solidity
+(<em>stereon</em>) is produced. The effect is particularly
+beautiful in photographs of statues.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Stereotype.</strong> Solid type, obtained from a
+cast of the forme of movable type, for permanent
+use in printing works of which many editions
+are required.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Steyre</strong></span>, O. E. A stair.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Stiacciato</strong>, Ital. Sculpture in very low relief,
+less than <em>basso-relievo</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Stibadium</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">στιβάδιον</span>). A circular
+dining-couch generally made of wicker-work.
+Another name for it was <span class='sc'>Sigma</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sticharium</strong>, Chr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">στιχάριον</span>). A white tunic
+worn by the Greek bishops and deacons in
+certain ceremonies.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Stigma</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">στίγμα</span>, lit. a mark by pricking).
+A mark, impression, or brand. Thieves were
+branded with the letter F, which stood for <em>fur</em>,
+thief. A <em>stigma</em> tattooed on the arm was the
+mark by which conscripts were declared capable
+of military service, &amp;c., hence</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Stigmata</strong>, Chr. The marks of the five sacred
+wounds on the hands, feet, and side of Our
+Lord; said to have been miraculously printed
+on the persons of saints.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Stil de grain.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Pinks</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Still Life.</strong> Inanimate objects.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Stilted Arch.</strong> One having the capital or
+impost mouldings of the jambs below the level
+of the springing of the curve, the moulding of
+the arch being continued vertically down to the
+impost mouldings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Stilus</strong>, <strong>Stylus</strong></span>, R. A style, or instrument of
+bone, ivory, iron, bronze, or silver, about five
+inches long, having one end pointed, and the
+other flattened like a spatula; the latter served
+either to spread the wax on the writing-tablet,
+or to erase by smoothing down what had been
+written upon it; the other and pointed end
+served for writing upon the wax-covered tablet.
+The term also denoted (1) the needle or index
+of a sun-dial; (2) a bronze needle; (3) a probe
+employed for garden purposes. (4) A sharp stake
+in a pitfall. It was also called <em>graphium</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Stimulus</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">στίζω</span>, to prick). A goad for
+driving cattle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Stipple.</strong> Etched imitations of chalk drawings
+of the human figure, called <em>engravings in stipple</em>,
+have a very soft effect, but are inferior to engraving.
+In this variety the whole subject is
+executed in dots without strokes on the etching-ground,
+and these dots are bitten in with aquafortis.
+The dots may be harmonized with a
+little hammer, in which case the work is called
+<em>opus mallei</em>. In the method known as <em>mezzo-tinto</em>,
+a dark <em>barb</em> or ground is raised uniformly
+by means of a toothed tool; and the design
+being traced, the light parts are scraped off from
+the plate by fitting instruments, according to the
+effect required. (See <span class='sc'>Engraving</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Stips</strong></span>, R. A small bronze coin, equal to the
+twelfth part of an <em>as</em>, or about a quarter of a farthing;
+it bore on the reverse the prow of a vessel.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Stocheion</strong>, Gr. A form of sun-dial. (See
+<span class='sc'>Horologium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Stockings</strong> were introduced into England
+with knitting in 1501, when Queen Elizabeth
+was presented with a pair of black knit silk
+stockings by her tirewoman, and immediately
+discontinued the cloth hose she had previously
+worn. The Scotch claim the invention of knitting,
+and a French company of stocking-knitters
+established at Paris in 1527 took for their patron
+St. Fiacre, who is said to have been the son of a
+King of Scotland. (See <span class='sc'>Netherstocks</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_632'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_632.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 632. Stola. Costume of a Roman Matron.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Stola</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">στολὴ</span>, lit. an equipment). The
+robe worn by Roman matrons; it consisted of
+a wide tunic with long sleeves. It came
+down to the ankles or feet, and was confined at
+the waist by a girdle, leaving broad loose folds
+over the breast. The pallium was worn over
+the <em>stola</em>. It was the distinguishing dress of
+the Roman matron, and the <em>meretrices</em> or
+divorced women were forbidden to wear it. The
+<em>stola</em> was also worn by a certain class of priests.
+(See <span class='sc'>Pallium</span>, <span class='sc'>Toga</span>.) (See Fig. <a href='#fig_632'>632</a>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_633'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_633.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 633. Stole.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Stole</strong>, Chr. This
+term, a synonym
+of <em>orarium</em>, denoted,
+with the early
+Christians, according
+to Fleury, a
+piece of fine linen
+which was worn
+round the neck. It
+was used as a kind
+of pocket-handkerchief,
+long before
+the introduction of
+Christianity, by the
+Romans, who named
+it indifferently
+<em>linteolum</em>, <em>strophium</em>,
+and <em>sudarium</em>.
+In the Christian
+Church it is represented
+by a narrow
+band of embroidered
+stuff, and worn over
+the left shoulder by
+deacons; and across
+both shoulders by
+bishops and priests.
+It is sacred to the
+memory of the cloth
+with which the Saviour
+is alleged to
+have wiped away
+the sweat from His face as He passed to the
+Crucifixion. (See <span class='sc'>Sudarium</span>, <span class='sc'>Orarium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Stone Ochre.</strong> A pigment. An earthy oxide
+of iron. (See <span class='sc'>Ochres</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Stone-ware.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Pottery</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Stopping-out.</strong> In etching, arresting the
+action of the acid on the fainter lines of a plate,
+by covering them over with a preparation
+called <em>stopping-ground</em>, while the deeper and
+broader parts corrode. (See <span class='sc'>Etching</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Stoup</strong>, Chr. A small niche with a basin, at
+the entrance of a church, placed there for the holy
+water. O. E. A kind of tankard. (See Fig. <a href='#fig_615'>615</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Stragulatæ.</strong> Striped or barred silks; 13th
+century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Stragulum</strong></span>, R. (<em>sterno</em>, to throw over). A
+general term to denote any kind of covering used
+for bed-clothing, or a covering for men, horses,
+or beasts of burden, and thence a caparison.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Strap-work</strong>, Arch. A form of architectural
+ornament, by the tracery of a narrow band or
+fillet in convolutions similar to those that a
+leather strap thrown down at hazard would form.
+It is characteristic of the Renaissance period.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_634'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_634.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 634. Strasburg Porcelain. Open-work Basket.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Strasburg Porcelain.</strong> The manufacture of
+this ware, which was begun by Charles Hannong
+about 1721, became very celebrated for
+about sixty years. (Consult Jacquemart’s <em>History
+of the Ceramic Art</em>.) (Fig. <a href='#fig_634'>634</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Strasburg Turpentine.</strong> A varnish made
+of the resin from the silver fir (<em>pinus picea</em>),
+diluted with naphtha, drying linseed, or nut oil.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Strena</strong></span>, R. A new year’s gift or present
+made on the calends of January.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Stria</strong></span>, R. The fluting of a column.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Striated.</strong> Fluted like a column.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Strigilis</strong></span>, R. (<em>stringo</em>, to scrape). A bronze
+scraper for the skin, curved and hollowed like
+a spoon, used in the bath. The same term
+is used in architecture for a fluting which resembles
+the bath-strigil in form.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>String-course</strong>, Arch. A narrow moulding
+projecting from the wall of a building in a
+horizontal line.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Stroma</strong>, <strong>Gr.</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">στρῶμα</span>). A Greek term
+synonymous with the Latin <span class='sc'>Stragulum</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Strontian Yellow.</strong> A pale canary-coloured
+pigment.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Strophe</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">στρέφω</span>, to turn). In Greek poetry,
+the first division of a choral ode, of which the
+other parts were the <em>antistrophe</em> and the <em>epode</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Strophium</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">στρόφιον</span>, lit. a thing twisted).
+(1) A long scarf which the Roman women rolled
+into a band, and fastened round the body and
+breast. (2) A girdle for the same purpose, generally
+of leather. (3) The term likewise denoted
+the cable of an anchor. (See <span class='sc'>Orarium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Structura</strong></span>, R. (<em>struo</em>, to build up). A
+general term for any kind of
+masonry. (See <span class='sc'>Opus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Struppus</strong> or <strong>Strupus</strong></span>, R. A rope
+or other fastening by which the oar
+is attached to the thole (<em>scalmus</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Stucco</strong></span>, It. A fine plaster, for
+covering walls, prepared by various
+methods, as a mixture of <em>gypsum</em>
+and glue; or white marble, pulverized
+with plaster of lime and
+mixed with water; the <em>opus albarium</em>
+of the ancients.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Stump</strong>, for drawing in pencil or
+crayon. It is a thick roll of strong
+paper made into a kind of pencil,
+and used for rubbing over lines to
+soften them down for ground
+tints, gradation of shading, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Stylites</strong>, Chr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">στυλίτης</span>).
+“Pillar saints.” Anchorites of
+the early Church who passed
+their lives on the top of a
+column, in order to give themselves up to meditation.
+There were some of them in Syria down
+to the 12th century. They derived their name
+from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">στῦλος</span>, a column.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_635'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_635.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 635. Stylobates.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_636'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_636.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 636. Stylobates.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='section'>
+
+<div id='fig_637'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_637.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 637. Stylobates.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Stylobate</strong>, Arch. A pedestal supporting a
+row of columns; Figs. 635 to 637 represent three
+richly-decorated stylobates
+found in the
+baths and other Roman
+ruins at Nismes.
+(See <span class='sc'>Pedestal</span>, <span class='sc'>Stereobate</span>.)</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Stylus</strong></span>, R. (Gr.
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">στῦλος</span>). A pointed instrument
+with which
+the Romans wrote on
+their waxed tablets.
+(See <span class='sc'>Stilus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Subarmale</strong>, <strong>Subermale</strong>,
+R. A garment
+worn by soldiers underneath
+their armour;
+it formed the tunic of the legionaries,
+and representations of it are very frequently met
+with on the bas-reliefs of monumental columns
+and triumphal arches.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Subjugium</strong></span>, R. Curved pieces of wood placed
+at each end of a yoke, <em>underneath</em> it; whence
+their name.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sublicius</strong></span>, R. (<em>sublica</em>, a pile). Any wooden
+structure supported on piles. (See <span class='sc'>Pons</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Subligaculum</strong>, <strong>Subligar</strong></span>, R. (<em>subligo</em>, to tie
+below). A cloth worn by acrobats, drawn between
+the legs and made fast to the girdle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Subsecus</strong></span>, R. A tenon, in carpentry; that is,
+the tongue or wedge which fits into a mortise.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Subsellium</strong></span>, R. (i. e. lower than a <em>sella</em>). A
+movable bench without a back, which was used
+in large assemblies. In a theatre or circus the
+same term was applied to the circular rows of
+seats in the <em>cavea</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Subsericum.</strong> Partly, not all, silk; opposed
+to <em>holosericum</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Substructio</strong></span>, R. (<em>substruo</em>, to build underneath).
+Any work of solid masonry, such as a
+foundation wall, abutment walls, &amp;c. (See <span class='sc'>Suspensura</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Subtrefoiled</strong>, Arch. Decorated with foils
+placed underneath; a term applied to what are
+called <em>trefoil-headed</em> arches.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Subucula</strong></span>, R. (<em>sub</em>, and <em>duo</em>, to put on).
+Under-garments of wool which the Romans
+wore next the skin, underneath the tunic.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Suburbanum</strong></span>, R. A villa in the suburbs of
+Rome.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Succinctus</strong></span>, R. (<em>succingo</em>, to gird beneath).
+Wearing a girdle round the waist above the
+tunic; applied to a person prepared for active
+exertion.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sucula</strong></span>, R. A capstan.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sudarium</strong>, Chr. A name of the miraculous
+portrait of our Lord, impressed on the cloth
+presented to Him by St. Veronica on the way
+to the Crucifixion. (See <span class='sc'>Stole</span>, <span class='sc'>Vera Icon</span>.)
+A representation of this legendary portrait is
+given in Albert Dürer’s “Little Passion.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Sudatorium</strong></span>, R. (<em>sudor</em>, sweat). The hot
+room in a Roman bath. (See <span class='sc'>Caldarium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sud’ha</strong>, Hind. A temple of the Khmers or
+ancient inhabitants of Cambodgia, built of one
+unmixed material, and thence called <em>pure</em>
+(<em>sud’ha</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Suffibulum</strong></span>, R. A large square piece of
+white cloth worn by vestals and priests during
+the discharge of their functions.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_638'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_638.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 638. Suggestus.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Suggestus</strong></span>, R. (<em>sub</em> and <em>gero</em>, to heap up).
+(1) A stage or platform from which an orator
+addressed a crowd. The <span class='sc'>Rostra</span> at Rome was
+a celebrated <em>suggestus</em>. (2) In a camp the
+<em>suggestus</em> was formed of stones and clods of turf,
+or constructed of wood-work, from which the
+general harangued the troops. (3) The raised
+seat from which the Emperor saw the games.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Suile</strong></span>, R. A stable for pigs; among the
+Romans a building of considerable size, containing
+a number of separate sties (<em>haræ</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sulphate of Barytes.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Barytes</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sulphate of Zinc</strong>, or white vitriol, is used as
+a <em>dryer</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sulphurs.</strong> Impressions taken by the goldsmiths
+of the 16th century from the engravings
+executed on plates, paxes, &amp;c.; and which they
+obtained by spreading a layer of melted sulphur
+on the face of the plate, producing a cast in
+<em>relief</em> of the lines engraved. Some few of these
+proofs exist in the British and continental
+museums, and are known as “sulphurs.” They
+are amongst the rarest specimens connected with
+the art of engraving. (<cite>Fairholt.</cite>)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_639'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_639.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 639. Device of Louis XIV.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sun</strong>, Her. When represented shining and
+surrounded by rays, he has a representation of
+a human face on his disc, and is blazoned “In
+splendour,” or “In glory;” when “eclipsed”
+the representation is the same, but tinctured
+sable.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sundials.</strong> The sun-dial of Ahaz is mentioned
+by Isaiah, 713 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> Sundials with appropriate
+mottoes have been at all times fashionable.
+Mrs. Palliser gives a long selection of such
+mottoes: e.g.:—</p>
+
+<p class='c011'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nulla hora sine linea</span>, “No hour without a line.” (<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nec
+momentum sine linea</span>, was Cardinal Richelieu’s motto.)
+<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pereunt et imputantur</span>—“They pass and are imputed”—(<cite>Martial</cite>).
+<em>Of the passing hour</em>, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dubia omnibus, ultima
+multis</span>—(“Uncertain to all, the last to many”); or, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">suprema
+hæc multis forsitan tibi</span>—(“The last to many, perhaps to
+thee”). The old sun-dial at the Palais de Justice in Paris
+is inscribed, in letters of gold, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sacra Themis mores, ut
+pendula dirigit horas</span>—(“Holy Justice guides manners, as
+this dial does the hours”). The largest number are
+<em>allusions to Death</em>, as:</p>
+
+<p class='c011'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Io vado e vengo ogni giorno. Ma tu andrai senza ritorno</span>—(“I
+go and come daily, but thou shalt go and never
+return.”) And on a sun-dial at Bourges is the following:</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">La vie est comme l’hombre,</span></div>
+      <div class='line'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Insensible en son cours.</span></div>
+      <div class='line'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">On la croit immobile:</span></div>
+      <div class='line'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Elle s’avance toujours.</span>”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c011'>More cheerful mottoes are found from Horace, as:
+<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carpe diem. Horas non numero nisi serenas</span> (at Venice),
+&amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>(Consult <em>Mrs. Alfred Gatty</em>, “<em>Book of Sundials</em>.”)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Super-altar</strong>, Chr. A small portable altar.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Superaria.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Ependytes</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Supercilium</strong></span>, R. (lit. eye-brow). (See <span class='sc'>Limen
+Superius</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Superindum.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Ependytes</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Superpellicum</strong>, Chr. A surplice.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Suppedaneum.</strong> A synonym for <span class='sc'>Scabellum</span>
+and <span class='sc'>Scamnum</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Supplicatio</strong></span>, R. (<em>supplico</em>, to kneel down).
+The act of praying when kneeling; opposed to
+<em>precatio</em>, a prayer uttered standing. Solemn
+thanksgivings offered to the gods in their
+temples.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Supporter</strong>, Her. A figure that stands by
+a shield of arms, as if supporting or guarding
+it. Supporters came into use during the 14th
+century. (See Fig. <a href='#fig_024'>24</a>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_640'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_640.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 640. Surahé or Wine bottle. Persian Porcelain.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Surahé</strong>, Pers. A Persian wine bottle. The
+illustration represents a beautiful specimen of
+hard porcelain decorated in patterns, of Chinese
+character, executed under the glaze with cobalt.
+A legend on the medallions contains the words
+<em>Deh surahé</em>, “Give me the bottle.” (Fig. <a href='#fig_640'>640</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Surbase</strong>, Arch. The shaft of a <span class='sc'>Pedestal</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Surcoat.</strong> Any garment worn over armour;
+more especially the long flowing garment worn
+by knights until 1325. (See Fig. <a href='#fig_463'>463</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Surface-rib</strong>, Arch. The rib of a groined
+vaulting.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Surinda</strong>, Hind. A stringed instrument played
+with a bow.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Surod</strong>, Hind. A kind of guitar, sounded
+with a plectrum.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Surplice</strong>, Chr. The Protestant <em>alb</em>. See
+<em>Stevens</em>, in a note to <em>All’s Well that Ends Well</em>,
+Act i., scene 3, for notices of the Puritan aversion
+to this article of clerical costume.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_641'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_641.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 641. Suspensura, showing the pillars supporting the floor of a bath-room.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Suspensura</strong></span>, R. In a general sense this
+term denotes anything that is supported, <em>suspended</em>
+above arcades, columns, or pillars, and
+more especially the flooring of a bath-room,
+when it is supported by small low pillars.
+Fig. <a href='#fig_391'>391</a> shows the flooring of a bath-room, and
+Fig. <a href='#fig_641'>641</a> the pillars supporting the suspensura.
+(See <span class='sc'>Hypocaust</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Svastika</strong>, Hind. A kind of Greek cross,
+each branch of which ends in a hook. This
+cross has a sacred character, and is met with on
+a great variety of objects. Its origin dates back
+to the bronze age, and it is represented on the
+weapons of that period. (See <span class='sc'>Fylfot</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Swallow.</strong> In Christian symbolism, the emblem
+of pride and of conversion.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Swallow-tail.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Dove-tail</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Swan</strong>, Her. When blazoned “proper”—white
+with red beak and legs—it is the badge
+of the Bohuns, Staffords, and some other families.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Swathbondes</strong></span>, O. E. Swaddling clothes
+(mentioned by Shakspeare).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Swine’s Feather</strong></span>, O. E. A kind of bayonet
+about six inches long, affixed to a musket-rest
+and projected by the action of a spring; 17th
+century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sword.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Gladius</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sword</strong>, in Christian art, is a symbol of
+martyrdom; it is also the attribute of martyrs
+who were soldiers. In Heraldry, when borne as
+a charge, it is straight in the blade, pointed,
+and with a cross-guard. The custom of swearing
+on the sword, the hilt of which took the shape
+of a cross, or had crosses engraved on it, is mentioned
+in very ancient history. (Cf. <em>Hamlet</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Sympathetic Inks.</strong> Inks of which the marks
+are invisible until the moisture is absorbed by
+the application of heat. (See <span class='sc'>Cobalt</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Symposium</strong>, Gr. A drinking party, distinguished
+from <em>deipnon</em>, a feast. A very common
+subject of representations on ancient vases.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Syndon</strong> or <strong>Sindon</strong>. A better kind of <em>cendal</em>
+(q.v.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Synoikia</strong>, Gr. (1) Athenian festivals held in
+honour of Athena in the month Hecatombeion
+(July-August). Their object was to commemorate
+the union of the government of all the
+towns of Attica in Athens. (2) A lodging-house
+adapted to hold several families (Latin,
+<em>insula</em>), for the convenience of foreigners and
+others who by Athenian law were prohibited
+from acquiring house property of their own.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Synthesis</strong> or <strong>Synthesina</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σύν-θεσις</span>).
+One of the <em>vestes cœnatoriæ</em> which the master of the
+house, the Amphitryon, provided for his guests.
+The parable of the “Wedding Garment” has
+reference to this practice. It was a kind of
+tunic worn over the other garments, and during
+the Saturnalia by all classes alike. It was
+usually dyed some colour, and was <em>not</em> white like
+the toga.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Sypirs</strong></span>, O. E. Cloth of Cyprus.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Syrinx</strong> (O. E. 9th and 10th cent.). An
+instrument resembling Pandean pipes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Syrinx</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σῦριγξ</span>). The pastoral
+pipe invented by Pan; it was called by the
+poets <em>arundo</em> and <em>fistula</em>. It was formed of
+seven hollow reeds of regulated lengths adjusted
+to form an octave.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Syrma</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σύρω</span>, to sweep). A robe with a
+train worn on the stage by those actors who had
+to represent the parts of gods or heroes. Hence
+the word is poetically used for tragedy.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Systyle</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σύστυλος</span>). An arrangement
+in architecture, the intercolumniation of
+which is of the width of two diameters of the
+shaft, measured at its lower part, just above the
+<em>apophyge</em>; the distance between the <em>plinths</em>
+being exactly equal to the diameter of the
+plinths, as in the Parthenon at Athens.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c005'>T.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_642'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_642.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 642. Tabard.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c006'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Tabard</strong></span>, O. E. (Lat.
+<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">colobium</span></i>). A tunic
+with sleeves, worn
+over the armour by
+knights of the Tudor
+period, and blazoned
+on the sleeves, front,
+and back; it is the
+official costume of a
+herald; Chaucer’s
+ploughman wears a
+<em>tabard</em>, like the modern
+smock-frock.
+(See <span class='sc'>Coat armour</span>.)
+Fig. <a href='#fig_642'>642</a>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tabaret.</strong> A stout,
+satin-striped silk.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Tabbinet</strong></span>, O. E. Another name for <span class='sc'>Poplin</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Tabby</strong></span>, O. E. A silk <em>watered</em> or figured.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tabella</strong>, Gen. (dimin. of <em>tabula</em>). A small
+board, or tablet, of any kind, esp. (1) a wax-tablet;
+(2) a voting-tablet (<em>tessera</em>); (3) a letter
+sent by a messenger (<em>tabellarius</em>); (4) <em>tabella
+absolutoria</em>, a receipt for a debt; (5) <em>tabella
+damnatoria</em>, a judicial record of a verdict and sentence;
+(6) <em>tabella liminis</em>, the leaf of a door, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_643'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_643.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 643. Taberna.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Taberna</strong></span>, R. (1) A retail shop; Fig. <a href='#fig_643'>643</a>
+shows a shop at Pompeii, restored. (2) <em>Taberna
+deversoria</em>, <em>taberna meritoria</em>, or simply
+<em>taberna</em>, a wine-shop or <em>tavern</em>. (Fig. <a href='#fig_643'>643</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tabernacle Work</strong>, Arch. The ornamented
+open work over the <em>stalls</em> (of a cathedral church,
+&amp;c.), and, in general, any minute ornamental
+open work is called <em>tabernacle work</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tabernaculum</strong>, <strong>Tabernacle</strong></span>, R. and Chr.
+(Lit. a tent). (1) A booth of planks, or a
+wooden hut covered with hides. (2) In
+Christian archæology, the <em>tabernacle</em> is a small
+shrine placed on the altar for the consecrated
+wafer. It succeeded the <em>pyx</em>, which was anciently
+deposited in one of two chambers arranged
+on each side of the altar. Originally
+of goldsmith’s work, in the 15th and 16th centuries
+they became stone shrines decorated
+with sculpture, approached by steps, rising into
+lanterns and pinnacles to the roof of the
+church. A cast of a beautiful tabernacle of
+late 15th century, marble with a gilt metal door,
+is in the South Kensington Museum. Tabernacles
+of ivory were common in the 16th century.
+(3) Ornamental niches in a hall. (4)
+Accurately applied the term signifies a <em>canopy</em>,
+(of stone, wood, or other material) such as was
+placed over a <span class='sc'>Niche</span>, a stall, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tabernula.</strong> Dimin. of <span class='sc'>Taberna</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tabinet.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Tabbinet</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tabl shamee</strong>, Egyp. The Syrian drum, used
+by the modern Egyptians; a kind of kettle-drum
+of tinned copper, with a parchment face.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Tablature</strong></span>, Fr. One part of a painted wall or
+ceiling, forming a single piece or design.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Table</strong></span>, O. E. The ancient meaning of this
+word was “any level expanded surface,” such
+as a flat piece of board. A picture was called
+a table (Latin <em>tabula</em>) as late as the 17th century.
+(See <span class='sc'>Tabula</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Table-base</strong>, Arch. A <span class='sc'>Base moulding</span>, near
+the ground, immediately over the plinth.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Table Diamond.</strong> A gem cut with a flat surface.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tablementum</strong>, Arch. Synonym
+of <span class='sc'>Tabula</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Tables</strong></span>, O. E. (1) Backgammon.
+(2) Ivory writing-tablets,
+so called, were used in the
+middle ages in England by
+people of all ranks:—</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“His felaw had a staff tipped with horn,</div>
+      <div class='line'>A pair of <em>tables</em> all of ivory,</div>
+      <div class='line'>And a pointed ypolished fetishly,</div>
+      <div class='line'>And wrote alway the names, as he stood</div>
+      <div class='line'>Of alle folk that gaue hem any good.”</div>
+      <div class='line in20'>(<cite>Chaucer.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tablet.</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">tablette</span></i>.) Any
+flat surface for inscriptions;
+leaves for memoranda.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tablets.</strong> In architecture a
+general term for small projecting
+mouldings or strings, mostly
+horizontal. The tablet at the
+top, under the battlement, is
+called a <em>cornice</em>, and that at the
+bottom a <em>basement</em>, under which
+is generally a thicker wall. The tablet running
+round doors and windows is called a <em>dripstone</em>,
+and if ornamented a <em>canopy</em>. (<em>Rickman</em>, p. 42.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Tabletterie</strong></span>, Fr. Turned work in ivory or
+shells, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tablinum</strong></span>, R. One of the apartments in a
+Roman house; it was a recess in the <span class='sc'>Atrium</span>,
+and contained the wax or ivory portraits and
+statues in bronze and marble of ancestors, and
+carved representations of their honourable achievements
+in the state, and the family archives. (See
+<span class='sc'>Domus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Tabor</strong>, <strong>Tabour</strong></span>, O. E. A very loud drum
+“which is bad for people’s heads, for, if
+stretched tight and struck hard, it may be heard
+at half a league’s distance.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tabouret.</strong> An embroidery frame.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tabret</strong>, Heb. A small <em>tabor</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tabula</strong></span>, R. and Chr. (1) Literally, a <em>plank</em>, and
+thence used to denote a variety of objects made
+of wood or planks, as for instance a bench; a
+dice-table; a waxed writing-tablet (<em>tabula cerata</em>);
+a panel-painting; a votive-tablet; a voting-ticket.
+(2) Arch. Properly any solid construction
+adapted for superficial decoration, as
+the <em>frontal</em> of an altar. “The most remarkable
+example of the <em>tabula</em> destined for the front of
+the Altar, is preserved in Westminster Abbey;
+it is formed of wood, elaborately carved,
+painted and enriched with a kind of mosaic
+work of coloured glass, superficially inlaid, a
+species of decoration of Italian origin.” (Consult
+<em>Parker’s Glossary</em> s.v.) (3) In Christian
+archæology, <em>tabulæ nuptiales</em> or <em>dotales</em> was
+the name given to the parchment scrolls in
+the hands of persons who figure in the marriage
+scenes represented on tombs.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tabularium</strong></span>, R. A place set apart in the
+temples at Rome where the public records were
+kept.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tace</strong>, Chr. The cross or crutch of St.
+Anthony.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Taces.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Tassets</span>.) The <em>skirts</em> or <em>coverings</em>
+to the pockets. (<cite>Meyrick.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Taces.</strong> Overlapping plates of armour to envelope
+the abdomen (see <span class='sc'>Taches</span>), introduced
+in the 14th century, under Richard II.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Tack</strong> or <strong>Dag</strong></span>, O. E. A kind of pistol: something
+like a <em>petronel</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tæda</strong> or <strong>Teda</strong></span>, R. A resinous torch made
+with pieces and slips of the pine called <em>teda</em>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_644'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_644.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 644. Tænia.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tænia</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (1) The ribbon with
+which a wreath or fillet round the head was attached.
+(2) In architecture, the band which
+separates the Doric frieze from the architrave;
+it is, in many cases, ornamented with painting
+similar to that shown in Fig. <a href='#fig_644'>644</a>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Taffeta</strong> (Pers. <em>taftah</em>, from <em>taftan</em>, to twist).
+A thin, glossy silken fabric, having a wavy
+lustre; a less costly silk than <span class='sc'>Cendal</span> (q.v.),
+16th century. <em>Stow</em> records that it was first
+made in England by John Tyce, of Shoreditch,
+London, 41 Elizabeth, 1598.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Taille de bois</strong></span>, Fr. Wood-engraving.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Taille douce</strong></span>, Fr. Copper-plate engraving.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Taille dure</strong></span>, Fr. Steel engraving.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tail-piece.</strong> An ornamental design placed at
+the end of a page or chapter of a book. In
+French <em>cul-de-lampe</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Takel</strong></span>, O. E. An arrow,—</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“Wel could he dress his <em>takel</em> yeomanly.” (<cite>Chaucer.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Talaria</strong></span>, R. (<em>talus</em>, the ankle). Wings fixed
+to the ankles; the attribute of Mercury, Perseus,
+and sometimes Minerva. They are represented
+either attached to sandals, or growing
+from the limb.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Talbot</strong>, Her. A badge of the Earl of Shrewsbury
+of that name (the “Scourge of France”).
+A silver running hound or <em>talbot</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Talbotype.</strong> The photographic process of
+multiplying impressions from a <em>negative</em>, invented
+by Mr. Fox Talbot. (See <span class='sc'>Calotype</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Talc</strong> (from Germ. Talg, tallow). A translucent
+mineral, resembling <em>mica</em> but much softer,
+“being calcined and variously prepared, it
+maketh a curious whitewash, which some justify
+lawful, because clearing not changing the complexion.”
+(<cite>Fuller.</cite>) The Chinese make lanterns,
+shades, and ornaments of talc.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Talent</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τάλαντον</span>, lit. a
+balance). A weight of silver with the Greeks,
+and of copper with the Romans; applied as a
+unit of value. The <span class='sc'>Greek</span> talent of silver is
+estimated at rather less than 250<em>l.</em> sterling—it
+contained 60 <em>minæ</em>, or 6000 <em>drachmæ</em>. The <span class='sc'>Attic</span>
+talent was of much smaller value, of less than an
+ounce of gold, and is that generally intended by
+the word. The silver talent was called <em>talentum
+magnum</em>. The <span class='sc'>Jewish</span> talent of silver = about
+396<em>l.</em>, and of gold = about 5475<em>l.</em> From its
+application as an expression of a man’s available
+wealth, metaphorically applied <em>in Scripture</em> to
+resources of any kind, as of intellect, position,
+&amp;c., for the due unselfish administration of which
+he is responsible.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Talero</strong></span>, It. A Venetian silver coin = about
+five francs.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Talevas</strong>, <strong>Talvas</strong>. (See <span class='sc'>Tavolace</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tali</strong></span>, R. (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀστράγαλος</span>). Knuckle-bones
+of sheep or goats, used from the earliest times,
+exactly as they are by children now, to play with.
+When they were marked with black dots on each
+face they were used as dice. The numbers were
+1, 3, 4 and 6; 1 being opposite to 6, and 3 opposite
+to 4; and each number, and each cast,
+had its appropriate name: 1 was called in Greek
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μονὰς, εἷς, κύων, Χῖος</span>; Ionic <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">οἴνη</span>; Latin,
+<em>unio</em>, <em>vulturius</em>, <em>canis</em>; 3 was <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τριὰς</span>, and <em>ternio</em>;
+4, <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τετρὰς</span>, and <em>quaternio</em>; 6, <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἑξὰς, ἑξίτης, Κῷος</span>,
+and <em>senio</em>. The best throw was that called
+<em>Venus</em> or <em>jactus Venereus</em>, in which the four <em>tali</em>
+showed different numbers. By this cast the
+player became king of the feast or symposium;
+in the <em>canis</em> (dog-throw), on the other hand, all
+four dice turned up the same number.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Talisman</strong> (Arab, tilsam, a magical image). A
+charm worn about the person as a protection
+from dangers, especially from the effects of magic
+and the “evil eye.” The <em>bullæ</em> worn by children,
+and the rings of the ladies among the
+Greeks and Romans frequently contained such
+charms. The practice has survived in all ages and
+nations, and is not at all unfrequent in the 19th
+century, and even among the educated classes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Tall-boys</strong></span>, O. E. High cups or glasses.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Tall-men</strong></span>, O. E. Loaded dice.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Tall-wood</strong></span>, O. E. “Pacte wodde to make
+byllettes of, <em>taillee</em>.” (<cite>Palsgrave.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Talleh</strong>, Arab. Myrrh from Abyssinia.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tallow-cut</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">en cabuchon</span></i>). This is a term
+applied by lapidaries to precious stones not
+cut into regular <em>facets</em>, but ground down and
+polished.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Tally</strong></span>, O. E. (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">tailler</span></i>, to cut.) An ancient
+method of keeping record of monies
+advanced to the Royal Exchequer. A <em>tally</em> was
+a piece of wood inscribed with a receipt, which
+was split by an officer, and one part delivered
+to the lender, and the other, called the <em>Stock</em>,
+preserved in the Tally-office in the Exchequer.
+Hence the name Stocks for the Government
+securities. After the disuse of the tallies in 1782
+the old ones were used for firing in the Houses
+of Parliament, and caused their destruction in
+1834.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Talmud</strong> (Chaldean, lit. instruction,) consists
+of two parts, the <span class='sc'>Mishna</span> and <span class='sc'>Gemara</span>; and
+contains the whole body of Hebrew law and
+traditions.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Talus.</strong> (1) R. The game of knuckle-bones.
+(See <span class='sc'>Astragalus</span>.) (2) Arch. The sloping
+part of a work, a term in fortification.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Talvace</strong></span>, O. E. A shield or buckler, circular
+and projecting.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Talvas</strong></span>, O. E. An oblong <em>wooden shield</em>, 14th
+century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Tambour</strong></span>, Fr. A small drum. Rich embroidery
+work done on a drum-shaped frame.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tamboura.</strong> An ancient musical instrument of
+the lute or guitar kind. The Hindoos represent
+Ganesa, the god of wisdom, as a man with the
+head of an elephant, holding a tamboura in his
+hands.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tambourine.</strong> A small drum with only one
+skin, played on by the hand.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tamine</strong>, <strong>Taminy</strong>, <strong>Tammy</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">tamis</span></i>, a sieve).
+A thin woollen textile, highly glazed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tampion.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Tompion</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tang-fish.</strong> Seals are so called in the Shetlands.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_645'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_645.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 645. Flemish Tankard, silver-gilt. 17th century.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tankard.</strong> (Norman Fr. Tankar.) A drinking-jug
+with a cover. The name is said to be compounded
+of <em>étain</em>, tin, and <em>quarte</em>, a quart measure.
+The Flemish had tankards of wood, with
+pegs down the sides, to measure the quantity
+drunk. (See Figs. 615 and 645.) (See <span class='sc'>Pokal</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tapestry.</strong> The introduction of <em>tapestry</em> properly
+so called dates from the 12th century,
+when it began to rival the more ancient embroidered
+stuffs called <em>Sarrazinois carpets</em>. Tapestry
+is woven on looms, i. e. on a <em>warp</em> rolled round
+two cylinders, and stretched out between them
+either vertically or horizontally, for the insertion
+of the <em>woof</em> between and among the threads.
+When woven on a vertical warp, it is called
+high-warp (<em>haute-lisse</em>); when horizontal, low-warp
+(<em>basse-lisse</em>). The former produces, for
+many reasons, incomparably the finest work, and
+is the method adopted for the Gobelins and
+Savonnerie tapestries. The progress of the art
+has followed, especially in Flanders, that of
+painting, from which its models are derived. It
+has become less popular than it was during the
+present century, from the general disuse of
+hangings in the decoration of houses. Perhaps
+the best condensed account of this extensive
+subject is the work of M. Alfred de Champeaux,
+translated for the South Kensington Museum.
+(See <span class='sc'>Bayeux Tapestry</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Tapul</strong></span>, O. E. The perpendicular ridge down
+the centre of a breastplate.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tar-black.</strong> A kind of <em>lamp-black</em> prepared
+by the combustion of coal tar, or of the heavy
+oils of tar and schist.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Targe</strong></span>, Fr. Med. A dagger or small sword:
+“Les autres gens avoient <em>targes</em> et <em>semitarges</em>,
+qui sont espées de Turquie.” (See <span class='sc'>Semitarge</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Targe</strong> or <strong>Target</strong></span>, O. E. A round shield.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Targe</strong> (or <strong>Pavoise</strong>) <strong>Futée</strong></span>, Fr. A shield composed
+of several pieces, which loosened on being
+struck, and fell asunder. The Swabian jousters
+at Maximilian’s triumph are described (<em>Meyrick</em>,
+vol. ii.) as bearing these shields.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Targe</strong>, <strong>Target</strong>. (Welsh <em>targa</em>, wicker-work.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Targum</strong>, Chaldee (lit. interpretation). A
+paraphrase, or lesson from the Old Testament
+in the Chaldee language.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tarn.</strong> A mountain lake.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tarots.</strong> Emblematical cards still used in
+Switzerland and parts of Germany. “They are
+unknown, except as curiosities, to the Parisians
+and to ourselves; but they are, nevertheless,
+the sole representatives of the original cards
+which the Gipsies brought with them into
+Europe.” (<cite>Rev. E. S. Taylor.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tarpaulin.</strong> A tarred <em>palling</em> or covering.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tars, Cloth of.</strong> A web of silk and the downy
+wool of goats of Tibet, the forerunner of <em>cashmere</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tarsia</strong> or <strong>Intarsia</strong>. A kind of mosaic in
+woods; representing views of buildings and
+ornament of various kinds, by inlaying pieces
+of wood, of various colours and shades, into
+panels of walnut wood.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tarsus.</strong> In <em>Anatomy</em>, the instep and socket
+of the ankle-bone.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Tartan</strong></span>, Fr. (<em>not</em> Gaelic). The Highland
+plaid, the dress of the Scottish Highlanders,
+said to be derived from the Celta; the <em>Galli non
+braccati</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tartarium.</strong> Cloth of Tars was a costly cloth
+of royal purple, probably a mixture of silk and
+goat’s hair from Thibet. It is mentioned by
+Chaucer:—</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“His coat armure was of cloth of Tars,</div>
+      <div class='line'>Couched with perles.”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tas</strong> or <strong>Tats</strong>, Egyp. Amulets of gilded sycamore
+wood, cornelian, jasper, glass, &amp;c., found
+suspended from the necks of mummies.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Tassel-gentle</strong></span>, O. E. (for tercel-gentle). A
+species of hawk. (<cite>Shakspeare.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tasses.</strong> Flaps of armour attached to the bottom
+of the breastplate for the protection of the
+thighs.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tat</strong> or <strong>Dad</strong>, Egyp. A sculptor’s stool; a religious
+emblem worn by gods and sacred animals
+round the neck. The term was also probably a
+name of Mendés.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tau</strong>, <strong>Taucross</strong>. (1) Her. A cross formed like
+the letter T, so called in Greek. This charge is
+also called the Cross of St. Anthony. (2) Chr. As
+a motive for ornamental design the <em>tau</em> is the
+ancient form of the episcopal staff as represented
+in the catacombs. Originally curved like the
+pagan <em>lituus</em>, it became in the 8th century
+straight. The Taus were often hollowed to contain
+relics, &amp;c. (Consult <em>Ivories</em>, by <em>W. Maskell</em>,
+pp. 84, 85.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tauntons.</strong> A kind of broad cloth made at
+Taunton in Somersetshire.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tavolace</strong> or <strong>Talevas</strong> (It. <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">tavolaccio</span></i>). A
+large thick wooden shield; like a <em>table</em>
+(<em>tavola</em>) of wood (hence its name), 15th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tawdry.</strong> Showy. The word is <em>said</em> to be
+derived from <em>Ethelreda torquem</em>, St. Ethelred’s
+necklace, which was composed of rows of
+twisted lace, an ornament much used by Anglo-Saxon
+ladies. (<cite>Stormont.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tawdry Lace.</strong> A kind of fine lace alluded to
+by Shakspeare, Spenser, &amp;c. (<cite>Halliwell.</cite>)</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fimbriæ nundinis sanctæ Ethelredæ emptæ.</span>” (<cite>Coles.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Tawney</strong></span>, O. E. A deep orange colour, used
+in the Middle Ages as a <em>livery</em> colour.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Tawney Coat</strong></span>, O. E. The dress of summoner
+or apparitor. (<cite>Shakspeare.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Taxidermy.</strong> The art of preserving the skins
+of animals.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Tazza</strong></span>, It. An ornamental cup or vase, with
+a flat shallow bowl, standing on a foot, and with
+handles.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tchy</strong>, Chinese. Twelve recurrent periods of
+the cycle of sixty years, represented by animals
+assigned to the twelve months, i. e. the signs of
+the Chinese Zodiac. They are: November, the
+<em>rat</em>; December, the <em>ox</em>; January, the <em>tiger</em>;
+February, the <em>rabbit</em>; March, the <em>dragon</em>;
+April, the <em>serpent</em>; May, the <em>horse</em>; June, the
+<em>hare</em>; July, the <em>ape</em>; August, the <em>hen</em>; September,
+the <em>dog</em>; October, the <em>boar</em>. The above
+are accordingly frequent accessories of designs
+on porcelain.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Te Deum</strong>, Chr. The first words and title of a
+hymn composed by St. Augustin and St. Ambrose
+about 390.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tegillum</strong>, E. (dimin. of <em>tegulum</em>, a roof). A
+short mantle with a hood, made of a coarse
+material; worn by country people and fishermen.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tegula</strong></span>, R. (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κέραμος</span>; Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tego</span></i>, to cover).
+A roofing tile; originally of baked clay or wooden
+shingles. At an early date (620 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>) tiles of
+marble were introduced, and were followed by
+tiles of gilded bronze; <em>per tegulas exire</em> means
+to go out by the opening in the roof of the
+atrium, the compluvium.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Teheran Ware.</strong> An
+inferior Persian majolica.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tela</strong></span>, R. A loom, an
+essential adjunct to every
+large establishment in ancient
+Rome; <em>tela jugalis</em>
+was the simplest description
+of weaving-loom. The
+<em>warp</em> was called <em>stamen</em>
+from its upright position;
+the <em>woof</em> subtegmen or
+trama. In Greek <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">στήμων</span>
+and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κρόκη</span>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_646'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_646.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 646. Telamon.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Telamones</strong></span>, R. Figures
+of men, which were employed
+in lieu of columns
+to support an entablature.
+(See <span class='sc'>Atlantes</span>.) (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_646'>646</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Temo</strong></span>, R. The pole of
+a carriage, waggon, plough,
+&amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tempera Painting.</strong>
+Painting with pigments
+mixed with chalk or clay,
+and diluted with weak glue
+or size; chiefly used in
+scene-painting and decoration.
+(See <span class='sc'>Distemper</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Templars.</strong> An order
+of knighthood introduced about <span class='fss'>A. D.</span> 1118, and
+suppressed <span class='fss'>A. D.</span> 1309. They wore a red Maltese
+cross on a white field, and bore a <em>banner</em>
+showing that cross on a white field; and a
+second banner of black and white called Beau
+Séant, this word Beau Séant being their battle-cry.
+Their <em>badges</em> were the <span class='sc'>Agnus Dei</span>, or
+Lamb and Flag; and a device representing
+two knights on one horse, indicating the
+original poverty of the order. This is blazoned
+in modern times as a <em>pegasus</em>, the two
+knights being mistaken for wings on a <em>flying
+horse</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Template.</strong> (1) A model in thin board of an
+ornament to be produced in sculpture. (2) A
+short timber under a girder.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Temple.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Templum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Temple Church</strong>, London—a round church—is
+a representative specimen of the transition
+period of architecture in England from the <span class='sc'>Norman</span>
+to the <span class='sc'>Early English</span>. “The Eastern
+part is a most excellent specimen of plain light
+Early English, and its growing and slender piers
+are perhaps unequalled.” (<em>Rickman, Architecture
+in England</em>, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Templet.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Template</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_647'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_647.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 647. Templum in antis.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Templum</strong>, <strong>Temple</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τέμνω</span>, to cut off). A
+Greek temple was not originally intended for
+worshippers, but as a shrine for the gods.
+In the earliest times the Greek temples were
+made of wood, and the primitive origin of
+them was probably a hollow tree in which the
+image was placed as in a niche. The early
+Greek temples were dark and gloomy, having
+no windows, but lighted through the door, or
+by lamps. At a very early stage in history,
+temples of great grandeur and beauty are mentioned.
+All temples were built in an oblong
+or round form, and were mostly adorned
+with columns; they were classified accordingly
+as <em>astyle</em>, without any columns; <em>in antis</em>, with
+two columns in front, between the <em>antæ</em>; <em>prostyle</em>,
+with four columns in front; or <em>amphiprostyle</em>,
+with four columns at each end;
+<em>peripteral</em>, with columns at each end and along
+the sides; or <em>dipteral</em>, with two ranges of columns
+all round, one within the other, &amp;c. They
+were also described according to the number of
+columns in the porticoes, as <em>tetrastyle</em>, <em>hexastyle</em>,
+<em>decastyle</em>, &amp;c.,—this number was never uneven;
+or according to the intercolumniation, as <em>pycnostyle</em>,
+<em>systyle</em>, <em>eustyle</em>, <em>diastyle</em>, or <em>aræostyle</em>.
+Many of the great temples consisted of
+three parts: the <em>pronaos</em> or vestibule; the
+<em>cella</em>, properly the <em>naos</em>; and the <em>opisthodomos</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tendrils</strong> of a vine or other creeping plant,
+with which it clasps the objects that support it,
+furnish abundant suggestions for ornamental
+designs in scroll-work.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tenebrosi.</strong> A school of Italian artists who
+devoted their attention to striking <em>Rembrandt</em>
+effects of light and shade; represented by Caravaggio.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tenent</strong>, <strong>Tenant</strong>. A term in French heraldry
+applied to human figures as <span class='sc'>Supporters</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tennée</strong> or <strong>Tawney</strong>, Her. A deep orange
+colour, indicated by vertical lines crossing <span class='sc'>Purpure</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tenon.</strong> The end of a piece of wood, shaped
+to fit into another piece.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tenor.</strong> In Music, a high male voice.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tensa</strong> or <strong>Thensa</strong></span>, R. A triumphal car, probably
+in the form of a platform on wheels, and
+richly decorated, upon which the images of certain
+gods were paraded during the Circensian
+games. The ceremony was regarded as one of
+the highest solemnity, and the car was escorted
+by the senators in robes of state, who helped to
+drag the carriage or to lead the horses, with
+thongs attached for the purpose.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Tenture</strong></span>, Fr. Paper or tapestry hangings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tepidarium</strong></span>, R. (<em>tepidus</em>, lukewarm). (1) A
+warm room in a bath; used as a preparation for
+the <span class='sc'>Sudatorium</span>. (2) The vessel in which the
+water was heated.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Tercel</strong></span>, O. E. The male hawk. (<cite>Shakspeare.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Terce major.</strong> A sequence of three best
+cards.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Terebenthina.</strong> Turpentine.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Terebra</strong></span>, R. (<em>tero</em>, to rub or wear away). (1)
+Any tool used for boring, such as a drill, a gimlet,
+an auger, &amp;c. (2) A mechanical ram contrived
+to pierce the walls of a fortification.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Terginum</strong></span>, R. (<em>tergum</em>, the back). A leathern
+lash used for flogging slaves.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Terminal Figures.</strong> Statues of the god Terminus.
+(See <span class='sc'>Termini</span>, <span class='sc'>Hermæ</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Terminalia</strong></span>, R. Festivals in honour of Terminus
+the god of boundaries; they took place
+yearly on the eighth day of the calends of March
+(23rd of February), which was the last day of
+the old Roman year.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_648'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_648.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 648. Terminus.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Termini</strong>, <strong>Terms</strong>,
+R. The statues of
+the god <span class='sc'>Terminus</span>,
+which consisted
+merely of
+posts or pillars for
+landmarks, were
+crowned with garlands
+by the proprietors
+of co-terminous
+lands.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>“When Tarquin the
+Proud desired to build
+a temple to Jupiter upon
+the Tarpeian rock,
+he begged all the inferior
+divinities to give
+up the altars they had
+upon the rock in favour
+of the master of
+them all. All the gods
+cheerfully consented
+except Terminus. This
+Terminus, therefore,
+who refused to yield
+to Jupiter, was chosen
+by Erasmus for his
+haughty device, with
+the motto <em>Cedo nulli</em>.”
+(<em>Mr. Palliser</em>, <em>Historic
+Devices, &amp;c.</em>) (See
+Fig. <a href='#fig_648'>648</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Terra-cotta</strong></span>, It. Baked clay; largely used in
+architectural ornament.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Terra da Boccali</strong></span>, It. (See <span class='sc'>Terra di Lava</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Terra di Lava</strong></span>, It. A clay which was
+anciently used in combination with charcoal to
+form a white ground for the reception of oil
+colours.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Terra di Siena.</strong> An ochreous earth producing
+a yellow and a deep orange pigment; useful
+for oil and water-colour painting. (See <span class='sc'>Siena</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Terra Nera.</strong> Black earth; an ancient pigment.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Terra Verde.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Green Earth</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Terraglia.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Pottery</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Terretta</strong></span>, It. (See <span class='sc'>Terra di Lava</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Terry Velvet.</strong> A kind of silk plush or ribbed
+velvet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tertiary Colours</strong>, produced by the mixture
+of two secondary colours, are <em>greys</em>, inclining to
+the primary or secondary colour which is in
+excess in their composition. (Consult <em>Chevreuil
+on Colours</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Teruncius</strong></span>, R. A silver coin equal in value
+to one-fourth of an as.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tessela</strong></span>, R. (diminutive of <em>tessera</em>). A small
+cube of stone or marble used for making mosaic
+pavements (<em>tesselatum opus</em> or <em>tesselata structura</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tesselated pavement.</strong> Inlaid or mosaic work
+composed of <em>tesselæ</em>. <em>Tesselatum flagrum.</em> (See
+<span class='sc'>Flagrum</span>.) Cf. <span class='sc'>Musivum Opus</span>. (Consult
+<em>Buckman and Newmarch</em>, <em>Remains of Roman
+Art in Cirencester</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tessera</strong></span>, R. (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κύβος</span>). A cube, a die;
+<em>tesseræ</em>, <em>tesseræ lusoriæ</em>, dice of ivory, bone, or
+wood; the dice-box is <em>fritillus</em>. (Compare
+<span class='sc'>Talus</span>.) <em>Tessera hospitalis</em> was an oblong
+token of wood or earthenware, exchanged
+among families agreed to mutual hospitality.
+Many of these tokens have the bust of Jupiter
+Hospitalis impressed; <em>tessera theatralis</em>, a pass
+to the theatre; <em>tessera militaris</em> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σύνθημα</span>),
+a tablet on which the watch-word or war-cry of
+the day was written; it was passed about the
+ranks before joining battle. <em>Tesseræ frumentariæ</em>
+or <em>nummariæ</em>, vouchers for bread or
+money distributed by the magistrates among the
+poor. (Cf. <span class='sc'>Tessela</span>, <span class='sc'>Talus</span>, <span class='sc'>Tabulæ</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Testa</strong></span>, R. A sherd of tiles or pottery, and
+thence an earthenware vase.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Testaceum</strong></span>, R. (<em>testa</em>). Made of tiles; the
+term was used to denote a roofing or pavement
+made with the fragments of broken tiles.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tester.</strong> (1) Any flat <em>canopy</em>. The framework
+over a four-post bedstead. (2) A silver coin so
+called from the head (<em>teste</em>) of the king upon it.
+In the reign of Henry VIII. it was worth 12<em>d.</em>
+and afterwards 6<em>d.</em> French testers were struck
+by Louis XII. in 1513, and Scotch under Queen
+Mary in 1559.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Testière</strong>, Med. Fr. Originally, mailed armour
+for a horse’s head, subsequently a plate between
+the ears on which a crest was fixed. (See
+<span class='sc'>Chanfron</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Testif</strong></span>, Fr. Camel’s hair.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Testudinatus</strong></span>, R. Made in the form of a
+<span class='sc'>Testudo</span> (q.v.); the term was applied either to
+a roof or a ceiling.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Testudineus</strong></span>, R. Made with tortoise-shells.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_649'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_649.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 649. Testudo.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Testudo</strong></span>, R. (<em>testa</em>, a shell). (1) A tortoise, and
+thence a lyre of which the sounding bottom was
+made out of a tortoise-shell. (2) In Architecture,
+an arched ceiling, the four sides of
+which converge to a centre. (3) <em>Testudo arietaria</em>
+was a movable wooden shed covered
+with skins and containing a battering-ram (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_574'>574</a>). (4) Lastly the term denoted a kind of
+defensive roof formed by the shields of soldiers
+when advancing to the foot of a rampart (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_649'>649</a>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tetra-chordon</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τετρά-χορδον</span>).
+Literally, having four strings; <em>hydraulos tetrachordon</em>
+was a hydraulic organ with four pipes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tetra-comus</strong>, Gr. A banqueting-song sung
+at the festival of Bacchus during the fourth
+course (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κῶμος</span>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tetra-doros</strong> (sc. <em>later</em>), Gr. A peculiar kind
+of brick described by Vitruvius; it was called
+from its measuring four hand-breadths.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tetra-drachmum</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τετρά-δραχμον</span>). An
+Attic silver coin of the value of four <em>drachmæ</em>,
+or about 3<em>s.</em> 3<em>d.</em></p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tetra-foliated</strong>, Arch. Said of any architectural
+decoration showing four foils.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tetragon.</strong> A plane figure having four angles;
+a four-sided figure.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tetra-morph</strong>, Chr. (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τέσσαρα</span>, four; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μορφὴ</span>,
+shape). The union of the four attributes of the
+Evangelists (the angel, eagle, lion, and ox), in
+one figure, e. g. as a woman crowned and
+seated on an animal which, with the body of a
+horse, has the four heads of the mystic creatures;
+and of the four feet one is human, one hoofed
+for the ox, one clawed like an eagle’s, and one
+like a lion’s; underneath is inscribed <em>Animal
+Ecclesiæ</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tetra-style</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τετράστυλος</span>). Having
+four columns. (See <span class='sc'>Templum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tetra-vela</span></strong>, Lat. “The veils or curtains
+placed between the pillars which supported the
+canopy of the altar, at the sides and in front, and
+which were drawn round it when the priest
+was not officiating.” (<cite>Fairholt.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Teutonic Order.</strong> A military order of knights,
+established in the Holy Land about 1191. They
+first subdued and Christianized Prussia.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tewel</strong>, Arch. (From the French <em>tuyau</em>.) A
+pipe or flue to convey smoke; it is mentioned
+by Chaucer:</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“... Soche a smoke gan out wende</div>
+      <div class='line'>Blacke, blue and greenish, swartishe, rede,</div>
+      <div class='line'>As doith where that men melte lede,</div>
+      <div class='line'>Lo! all on hie from the <em>tewell</em>.”</div>
+      <div class='line in30'>(<cite>House of Fame.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Textile</strong></span>, R. (<em>texo</em>, to weave). Woven. Anything
+capable of being woven.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Texture.</strong> In Art, the <em>surface</em> appearance of
+a representation not of textiles only, but of the
+other parts of a picture—wood, marble, skin,
+hair, &amp;c. Gerard Dow excels in <em>texture</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Thalamifera</strong>, Gr. A term applied, in describing
+ancient sculpture, to kneeling figures
+supporting tablets, on which figures of the gods
+or inscriptions are carved.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Thalamus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">θάλαμος</span>). The
+nuptial chamber in a Roman house; the others
+were called <span class='sc'>Dormitoria</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Thalysia</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">θαλύ-σια</span>). Greek festivals of
+the harvest and vintage.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Thargelia</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">θαργήλια</span>). Very ancient festivals
+held at Athens on the occasion of a plague
+or other public disaster in honour of Apollo and
+Artemis; in which two persons, generally criminals,
+were put to death for the <em>purification</em> of
+the city.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Thaumaturgi</strong>, Chr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">θαυματο-εργός</span>). Workers
+of miracles.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Theatrum</strong>, <strong>Theatre</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">θέατρον</span>, lit.
+a place for seeing). The construction of the
+ancient <span class='sc'>Greek</span> theatre was similar to that of
+modern theatres. The seats rose one behind
+and above the other in concentric half-circles,
+and the whole space enclosed was called <em>cavea</em>,
+the pit, being in most cases a real excavation
+from the rock. The central level space within
+and below the circles for spectators was covered
+with boards, upon which the <em>chorus</em> danced and
+performed their part. This was the <span class='sc'>Orchestra</span>,
+the central point of which and of the plan of the
+whole building was the <span class='sc'>Thymele</span>, or altar of
+Dionysus. This altar became a <em>property</em> of the
+piece, doing duty as a funeral monument, an
+altar, or a pulpit for the leader of the chorus or
+flute-player, according to the nature of the performance
+going on, in which it must be remembered
+that the part assigned to the <em>chorus</em> in the
+orchestra below was quite as important as any
+other, and in its original intention was in fact
+the centre of interest, to which the performance
+on the stage was <em>accessory</em>. The whole theatre
+and orchestra were open to the sky. The cavea
+of the former accommodated about 50,000 spectators.
+The arrangements of the stage were
+elaborate and ingenious, and the art of <em>scene-painting</em>
+developed at a very early period. The
+<span class='sc'>Roman</span> theatre differed from the Greek principally
+in the absence of an <em>orchestra</em>, that space
+(the modern <em>pit</em>) being used for the seats of
+senators, foreign ambassadors, &amp;c. Remains of
+ancient theatres still exist in Greece, Italy, and
+France. The most perfect of these are the
+Colosseum at Rome, and the amphitheatre at
+Nismes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Theca Calamaria</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">θήκη</span>; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τίθημι</span>,
+to put into). A portable inkstand.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Thenard’s Blue.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Cobalt</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Thensa.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Tensa</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Theo-gamia</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">θεο-γάμια</span>). Greek festivals
+held in honour of Proserpine and commemorating
+her marriage with Pluto.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Theorbo.</strong> A stringed musical instrument; a
+kind of lute, having supplementary strings by
+the side of the finger-board.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Thermæ</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">θέρμαι</span>, lit. hot-springs).
+Distinguished from <em>balneæ</em>. The luxurious establishments
+for bathing, gymnastics, and conversation
+which grew up under the Roman
+Empire, on which all the resources of architecture
+and decorative art were lavished. The
+ruins of the <em>thermæ</em> of Titus, Caracalla, and
+Diocletian are still visible. They contained,
+besides the baths properly so called, “<em>exedræ</em> for
+philosophers and rhetoricians to lecture in, <em>porticoes</em>
+for the idle, and libraries for the learned, and
+were adorned with marbles and fountains, and
+shaded with walks and plantations.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Thermography.</strong> A chemical process for
+copying prints and drawings upon paper or
+metal by the agency of <em>heat</em> without light.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Thermopolium</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">θερμο-πώλιον</span>). A refreshment-room,
+in which warm drinks were
+sold, such as mulled wine, mead, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Thermulæ</strong> (dimin. of <em>thermæ</em>). Baths on
+a small scale.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Thesaurus</strong>, Gr. A treasure-house. In the
+monuments of the heroic period many subterranean
+buildings of great extent and peculiar construction
+have been attributed to this purpose;
+but they may more probably have been sepulchral.
+In historical times the public treasures
+were in the <em>agoræ</em> or the temples. (See <span class='sc'>Ærarium</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_650'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_650.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 650. Part of the Frieze of the Temple of Theseus, Athens.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Theseum.</strong> An Athenian temple built in the
+5th century <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, to receive the bones of Theseus.
+It was richly ornamented with statuary
+and sculpture. The former has been destroyed;
+but some metopes and sculptured friezes in high
+relief remain, of which castings exist in the
+British Museum. Our illustration represents an
+incident of the “Battle of the gods and the
+giants,” and is remarkable for anatomical precision.
+In these sculptures Greek art has entirely
+emerged from the <em>archaic</em> stage, and they
+were doubtless the inspiring models for Pheidias
+and his contemporaries, and the forerunners of
+the Parthenon sculptures. (See <span class='sc'>Elgin Marbles</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Thesmo-phoria.</strong> Greek festivals of women
+and maidens in honour of Demeter, in commemoration
+of the traditions of civilized life.
+The solemnities opened with processions of
+women bearing on their heads the books of the
+sacred laws (ascribed to Demeter). On the
+second day, of fasting and mourning, the women
+remained all day grouped round the statue of
+Demeter in the temple, taking no other food
+than cakes of sesame and honey, and in the
+afternoon walked barefoot in procession behind
+a waggon on which baskets with mystical symbols
+were borne to the <em>thesmophorion</em>. On the third
+day they commemorated the smiles of Demeter,
+under the epithet of <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καλλιγένεια</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Thibet Cloth.</strong> A fabric of goat’s hair; called
+also <em>camlet</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Thick-pleached</strong></span>, O. E. Thickly interwoven.
+(<cite>Shakspeare.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Thieves’ Vinegar.</strong> A kind of aromatic vinegar
+for a sick-room, consisting of the dried tops
+of rosemary, sage-leaves, lavender-flowers, and
+bruised cloves, steeped in acetic acid and boiling
+water. It derives its name and popularity from
+a story that thieves who plundered the dead
+bodies during the plague with perfect security,
+attributed their impunity to the use of this disinfectant.
+(<cite>Simmonds’ Commercial Dictionary.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Thimbles</strong> are said to have been found at
+Herculaneum. The manufacture was introduced
+into England, from Holland, about 1695.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_651'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_651.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 651. Badge of the Thistle.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Thistle</strong>, Her. The national badge of Scotland
+represented after its natural aspect and tinctured
+proper. The Order of
+the Thistle of Scotland
+was instituted a long
+time before the union
+of the two kingdoms
+(commemorated in the
+badge selected by
+James I. of the rose
+and thistle combined).
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_293'>293</a>.) The badge
+or jewel is of gold enamelled,
+having a figure
+of St. Andrew holding
+his silver saltire and
+surrounded by rays,
+and an oval border
+with the motto. It is
+borne from the collar
+of the order formed
+of thistles alternating with bunches of rue
+sprigs, or on a dark green ribbon across the
+shoulder. The order of the <em>Ecu d’Or</em>, instituted
+by Louis of Bourbon (1410), had also a <em>thistle</em> in
+the jewel and girdle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tholus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">θόλος</span>). A dome and
+cupola of a circular building.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Thorax</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">θώραξ</span>). (1) A breastplate;
+Latin <span class='sc'>Lorica</span> (q.v.). (2) A bust of wax, marble,
+or bronze.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Three-pile</strong></span>, O. E. Rich velvet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Three-quarter.</strong> A size of portrait; 30 inches
+by 25. (See <span class='sc'>Portrait Painting</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Thrones</strong>, Chr. An order of angels, usually
+represented with double wings, supporting the
+Throne of the Almighty in ethereal space.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Through-stone</strong> or <strong>Throwstone</strong></span>, O. E. (variously
+spelt, derived from Anglo-Saxon, <em>thruh</em>,
+a coffin.) A flat grave-stone. Parker gives in
+his “Glossary” the following quotation:—</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>“Over the midst of the said vault did lie a fair <em>throwstone</em>,
+and at each either side of the stone it was open,
+through which were cast the bones of the monks whose
+graves were opened for other monks to lie in; which
+vault was made to be a charnel-house to put dead men’s
+bones in.”</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-r c017'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>(<cite>Ancient Rites of Durham.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_652'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_652.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 652. Thurible. An Arabic incense-burner in brass, inlaid with silver.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Thurible</strong>, Chr. An incense-burner. Generally
+of bronze. The practice of burning incense
+in religious functions is very ancient, and originated
+in the East. The illustration (Fig. <a href='#fig_652'>652</a>) is
+a beautiful specimen of Arabian work devoted
+to this object.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Thurles</strong></span>, O. E. (holes through the wall). The
+small windows of a house; 12th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Thyas</strong> or <strong>Thias</strong>, Gr. A Bacchante, the Greek
+equivalent for the Latin <span class='sc'>Baccha</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Thymela</strong>, <strong>Thymelê</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">θυμέλη</span>). (Literally,
+a place for sacrifice.) An altar placed in
+the orchestra of a Greek theatre and dedicated
+to Bacchus.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Thyroma</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">θύρωμα</span>). A synonym for
+the Latin <span class='sc'>Janua</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Thyrsus</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">θύρσος</span>). A long staff, surmounted
+with a fir-cone, or a bunch of vine-leaves
+or ivy, with grapes or berries, carried by
+Bacchus, and the satyrs, mænads, and others,
+during the celebration of religious rites. Beneath
+the garland or fir-cone the thyrsus ends in
+the sharp point of a spear, a puncture from which
+induces madness.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tiara</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τιάρα</span>). A hat with a tall
+high crown; the characteristic head-dress of the
+north-western Asiatics; especially the Armenians,
+Parthians, Medes, and Persians. <em>Tiara recta</em> or
+cidaris was an upright tiara, the regal head-dress
+of Persia. <em>Tiara Phrygia</em> was a synonym
+for <span class='sc'>Mitra</span>. Fig. <a href='#fig_653'>653</a> represents the head-dress
+and costume of a Persian soldier.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_653'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_653.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 653. Persian soldier wearing the <em>tiara</em>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tiara</strong>, Chr. The Pope’s triple crown, emblematic
+of his authority in the three kingdoms
+of heaven, earth, and the lower world. (See
+Fig. <a href='#fig_653'>653</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tibia</strong></span>, R. (Greek, <em>aulos</em>). A pipe or flute of
+reed, bone, ivory, horn, or metal, perforated
+with holes for the notes like a flute; the principal
+varieties were:—the <em>monaulos</em> or single
+pipe, including the bagpipe (<em>utricolarius</em>);
+the <em>diaulos</em>, or double pipe, bound round the
+cheeks with a bandage called by the Romans
+<em>capistrum</em>, and in Greek <em>phorbeia</em>; and the
+<em>syrinx</em> or Pandæan pipe, of three to nine tubes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tibia Curva</strong></span>, R. A kind of flute curved at
+its broadest end.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tibia Dextra</strong></span>, R. The right-hand pipe of
+the <em>diaulos</em>, usually constructed of the upper and
+thinner part of a reed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tibia Gingrina</strong></span>, R. A flute made of a long
+thin tube of reed with a mouth-hole at the side
+of one end.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tibia Ligula</strong></span>, R. A flute resembling the
+modern flageolet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tibia Longa</strong></span>, R. A flute used especially in
+religious worship.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tibia Obliqua</strong></span>, R. A flute having the mouthpiece
+at right angles to the tube.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tibia Sinistra</strong></span>, R. The left-hand pipe of the
+<em>diaulos</em>, usually constructed of the lower and
+broader part of a reed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tibia Utricolarius</strong></span>, R. The ancient bagpipe.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tibia Vasca</strong></span>, R. A flute having the mouthpiece
+at a right angle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tibiæ Pares</strong></span>, R. A name for the double
+flute when the tubes were exactly alike, <em>impares</em>
+when they differed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tie-beam</strong>, Arch. The strong horizontal on
+which the king-post and other uprights rest,
+which support the beams of a roof.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tierce</strong>, <strong>Per Tierce</strong>, Her. Divided into three
+equal parts.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Tig</strong></span>, O. E. A shallow drinking-bowl with
+four handles, made to pass round the table from
+hand to hand as a <em>loving cup</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tiger-wood</strong>, obtained from Guiana, is a valuable
+ornamental wood for cabinet-work.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tignum</strong></span>, R. In a general sense wood used
+in carpentry, a beam or joist; in a more restricted
+sense, a tie-beam, rafters, brackets, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tigrinæ.</strong> Tiger-tables. Great importance was
+attached in Roman decorative art to the grain
+of the wood. Tables having “veins arranged
+in wavy lines,” were called Tigrinæ, from the
+resemblance of their pattern to that of a tiger’s
+skin. Those having “veins which formed
+spirals, or little whirlpools,” were called <em>pantherinæ</em>,
+or panther-tables.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tiles</strong> for roofs are of two kinds:—plain tiles
+and pan tiles; they are mentioned in an ancient
+statute of King Edward IV. (1477), regulating the</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>“Fesure, whitying, et anelyng de tewle, appelez
+pleintile, autrement nosmez thaktile, roftile, ou crestile,
+cornertile et guttertile fait et affaire deinz cest Roialme.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><em>Glazed</em> or <em>encaustic tiles</em> were anciently much
+used for paving sacred edifices. English designs
+are generally heraldic in character. In Spanish
+architecture tiles were used for the decoration
+of walls instead of hangings; and richly decorated
+pavements are found in Asia Minor and
+the East Indies. (Consult <em>Parker’s Glossary</em>,
+<em>J. G. Nichols</em>, <em>Examples of Tiles</em>, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Tilt</strong></span>, O. E. The word is properly applied to
+the exercises in training for the joust, against
+the <span class='sc'>Quintain</span>, the <span class='sc'>Pel</span>, the ring, and other
+objects.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Timbre</strong>, Her. (1) Anciently, the <em>crest</em>; (2)
+Modern French, the <em>helm</em>, in a coat of arms.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Timbrel.</strong> An ancient <em>tambourine</em>, with a
+double row of gingles.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tin-glazed Wares.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Pottery</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tina</strong></span>, R. A large vessel used for holding
+wine; its shape is unknown.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tinctures</strong>, Her. The two metals and the
+five colours of heraldry.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tint</strong> of colour = degree of intensity. In
+painting in oils this is lowered by the addition of
+a white pigment, in water-colours by dilution.
+“<em>Tint</em> is any unbroken state of any colour,
+varying between the intensity of its parent colour
+and the purity of white.” (<cite>J. B. Pyne, in the
+Art Union of 1844.</cite>) (See <span class='sc'>Tones</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tint-tools.</strong> In copper and wood-engraving,
+gravers used for skies, still waters, architecture,
+&amp;c. The word “tint” in engraving means
+colour, and skies are <em>tints</em> cut horizontally.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tintinnabulatus</strong></span>, R. Carrying a bell (<em>tintinnabulum</em>);
+a term applied especially to animals
+which carried a
+bell hung round
+their neck.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_654'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_654.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 654. Tintinnabulum. Front view.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_655'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_655.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 655. Tintinnabulum. Side view.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tintinnabulum</strong>,
+R. (Gr.
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κώδων</span>). A
+bell used as a
+hand-bell; they
+took very various
+forms in
+antiquity, hemispherical,
+pear-shaped, or
+cylindrical, and
+some were
+square. The
+Romans also
+made use of a
+kind of swinging
+gong similar
+to that shown
+in Figs. 654
+and 655, of a
+specimen discovered
+at
+Pompeii, and
+now in the
+Naples
+museum.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tintinnabulum</strong>,
+O. E. A
+musical instrument
+made of a
+set of bells,
+arranged in
+order within a
+frame.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tints.</strong> (See
+<span class='sc'>Tone</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tiraz</strong>, Arab. The ancient name of the apartment
+in an Arab palace set apart for weaving;
+also of the rich silken stuffs woven there.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Tire Valiant</strong> or <strong>Volant</strong></span>, O. E. A kind of head-dress.
+(<cite>Shakspeare.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Titulus</strong></span>, R. (1) The title or <span class='sc'>Index</span> of a
+book. (2) A notice in front of a house to be let
+or sold. (3) An epitaph or other inscription on
+monuments. (4) A large board mounted on a spear
+and inscribed with the numbers of the prisoners,
+cities, and standards that had been captured
+from the enemy; carried in a <span class='fss'>TRIUMPH</span> or
+<span class='fss'>OVATION</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tobine.</strong> A stout twilled silk.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_656'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_656.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 656. Roman Senator wearing the toga.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Toga</strong></span>, R. (<em>tego</em>, to cover). The principal
+outer garment of a Roman, as the <span class='sc'>Pallium</span>
+(q.v.) was the national dress of the Greek.
+Among the different kinds of toga were the
+<em>toga restricta</em>, <em>toga fusa</em>, <em>toga prætexta</em>, <em>toga pura</em>
+or <em>virilis</em>, <em>toga palmata</em>, <em>toga picturata</em>, &amp;c.
+The colour of the toga was ordinarily white.
+<em>Candidates</em> (from <em>candidus</em>, white) were so called
+from their whitening their togas with chalk; the
+<em>toga pulla</em>, of the natural colour of black wool,
+was worn in mourning; the <em>toga picta</em>, or embroidered
+toga, was for generals on their triumphs.
+(See also <span class='sc'>Prætexta</span>, <span class='sc'>Trabea</span>, &amp;c.) The illustration
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_656'>656</a>) represents the statue of a
+Roman senator of the Augustan age.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Togatus</strong></span>, R. Wearing the <em>toga</em>; essentially the
+Roman costume, opposed to <em>palliatus</em>, a man in
+the Greek dress.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Togula</strong></span>, R. (dimin. of <em>toga</em>). (1) A toga
+of a fine texture; or (2) the short and threadbare
+toga of coarse texture, worn by a poor man,
+who then went by the name of <em>togatulus</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Toilinet.</strong> A textile of silk or cotton warp,
+with woollen weft.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Toise.</strong> In French lineal measurement = 76
+inches.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Toison d’Or</strong>, Her. The Golden Fleece. A
+French order of knighthood, instituted by Philip
+the Good in 1429. The order has a king at arms
+called Toison d’Or. The collar is composed
+of flint-stones, alternately with double <em>fusils</em>
+placed two and two together, forming double B’s.
+From this suspends a Golden Fleece. The
+motto is, “Pretium non vile laborum.” (See
+<span class='sc'>Fusil</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tokens.</strong> Small coins issued by tradesmen for
+current money. (Consult <em>W. Boyne’s Tokens</em>,
+&amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tolleno</strong></span>, R. (<em>tollo</em>, to lift). (1) A contrivance
+for drawing water from a well, made of a strong
+cross-bar poised from the top of an upright
+beam, with a weight at one end and a rope and
+bucket at the other. (2) A similar apparatus
+was used in siege operations to lift soldiers up
+to a wall.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tom-tom.</strong> Oriental small drum, of a barrel
+form, covered at each end with skin, carried
+obliquely, and beaten with one hand at each
+end.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_657'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_657.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 657. Lycian Tomb of great antiquity.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tomb.</strong> From the earliest ages tombs similar
+in general design to those of modern times have
+been used to mark the resting-places of the dead.
+Fig. <a href='#fig_657'>657</a> represents an ancient monument in
+Lycia. (See <span class='sc'>Stela</span>, <span class='sc'>Shrine</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tombac.</strong> Red brass; the white tombac is
+an alloy of copper and zinc, containing not more
+than 20 per cent. of zinc.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tompion.</strong> The plug to the mouth of a
+cannon.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Tondi</strong></span>, It. A name given to a series of twelve
+circular medallions, painted by Luca della
+Robbia, with impersonations of the twelve
+months.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Tondino</strong></span>, It. A name given to small plates
+or dishes, which it was a mediæval fashion for the
+gallants to present, filled with confectioneries,
+to ladies. They are described as small, with a
+wide flat brim and sunk centre; in this, the central
+medallion generally occupied by a figure of
+Cupid, hearts tied by ribbons or pierced with
+arrows, or by joined hands, and similar amatory
+devices, or with a shield of arms and initial letters,
+&amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tones</strong> are the modifications which a colour,
+in its greatest intensity, is capable of receiving
+from <em>white</em>, which <em>lowers</em> its tone, or <em>black</em> which
+<em>heightens</em> it. A <em>scale</em> is an assemblage of tones
+of the same colour, thus modified. The pure
+colour is the <em>normal tone</em> of the scale. <em>Hues</em> are
+the modifications which a colour receives from
+the addition of a small quantity of another
+colour. (<em>Chevreuil on Colour</em>, pp. 34, 35.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tonometer.</strong> A delicate instrument for tuning
+musical instruments, by marking the number of
+vibrations.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tonstrina</strong></span>, R. A barber’s shop; frequented
+only by the middle classes; the rich were
+shaved at their houses; and the poor allowed
+their beards and hair to grow.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tonsure</strong>, Chr. The clerical crown, adopted,
+it is said, in imitation of St. Peter, or of the
+Crown of Thorns, was disapproved of in the 4th
+century as pertaining only to penitents; and not
+made essential till the end of the 5th or beginning
+of the 6th centuries.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Tontisse</strong></span>, Fr. Flock-paper; paper-hangings
+ornamented with flock-wool.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tooth-Ornament</strong>, Arch. A name of the <span class='fss'>NAILHEAD</span>
+moulding. It is the peculiar distinction
+of the Early English style, to which it is nearly,
+if not exclusively, confined. It is the regular
+progression from the Norman <em>zigzag</em> to the delicate
+<em>quatrefoil</em> of the <span class='sc'>Decorated English</span>.
+It resembles a succession of low, square, pierced
+pyramids set on the edges of a hollow moulding.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Toothing</strong>, Arch. Projecting bricks left at the
+end of a wall, to form a <em>union</em> with any further
+buildings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Topaz.</strong> There are two varieties of this gem;
+the Brazilian yellow, which is the best known,
+and the Oriental.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Topaz</strong>, Her. In blazoning arms of nobles,
+the names of <em>gems</em> were sometimes substituted
+for <em>tinctures</em>; the topaz for gold (<span class='sc'>Or</span>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Topes</strong>, Hind. Buddhist sepulchral monuments,
+cone-shaped, and round at the tops, like
+the <em>dagobs</em> of Ava and Ceylon.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Topiaria</strong> (Ars), R. Artificial training of
+shrubs and trees into fantastic shapes. Painted
+representations of landscapes on the walls of
+houses were called <span class='sc'>Topia</span>. (See <span class='sc'>Hortus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Topiarius</strong></span>, R. A gardener skilled in the
+<span class='sc'>Ars Topiaria</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Torale</strong></span>, R. (<em>torus</em>, a couch). The hanging
+valance of a couch.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Torch</strong></span>, R. The emblem of marriage, from
+the custom of forming wedding processions in the
+evening by torch-light. Upright, the torch was
+the emblem of rejoicing; reversed, of death or
+sleep; hence its application upon funereal monuments.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Torcular</strong>, <strong>Torculum</strong></span>, R. A wine or oil-press.
+Hence—</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Torcularium</strong></span>, R. The press-room.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><strong>Toreador</strong></span>, Sp. A bull-fighter.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Toreuma</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τόρευμα</span>). <em>Carving
+upon ivory</em> executed on the lathe.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Toreutic Art</strong> (from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τορεύω</span>, to bore through;
+<em>or</em> from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τορός</span>, clear, distinct). Sculpture; especially
+of metals, ivories, metallic castings in
+relief, &amp;c. A long essay on the meaning of this
+word occurs in the works of De Quincy.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tormentum</strong></span>, R. (1) (<em>Torqueo</em>, to twist.) A
+general term for such instruments as the <em>balista</em>,
+<em>catapulta</em>, <em>onager</em>, <em>scorpio</em>, &amp;c., from the twisting
+of the strands of the ropes that were used as the
+string to the bow. (2) Torture. By the Greek
+law the evidence of slaves was <em>always</em> extracted
+by torture. In Rome free persons <em>in humble
+circumstances</em> were also subjected to it in cases
+of treason.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tornus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A lathe or potter’s
+wheel.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Torquatus</strong></span>, R. Wearing the Gallic <span class='fss'>TORQUE</span>.
+<em>Torquatus miles</em>, a soldier who received such
+a collar as a reward, and wore it, not round
+the neck, but on the breast, like a decoration.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Torques</strong>, Gen. (<em>torqueo</em>, to twist). A necklace,
+or armlet, or collar of gold or other wire spirally
+twisted. (See <span class='sc'>Armilla</span>, <span class='sc'>Monile</span>, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Torse</strong>, Her. A crest-wreath. (See <span class='sc'>Orle</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Torso</strong></span>, It. In Sculpture, the trunk regarded
+apart from the head and limbs. The celebrated
+Torso of Hercules, in the Vatican, by Apollonios,
+about 336 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, is said to have been the favourite
+inspiration of Michael Angelo. Another fine
+torso is that known as the Farnese, in the Naples
+Museum, representing probably a seated figure
+of Bacchus.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Torteau</strong>, Her. A red <span class='sc'>Roundle</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<div id='fig_658'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_658.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 658. Tortoise. Device of the Duke of Tuscany.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tortoise.</strong> Among the Egyptians the tortoise
+was an emblem of darkness and of death. Fig.
+<a href='#fig_129'>129</a> is the remarkable device of Cosmo, Grand
+Duke of Tuscany, with the motto, “Hasten
+slowly,” i. e. have caution with energy.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tortoise-shell</strong> is largely used for making
+combs, and for veneering on cabinet-work. When
+it is softened with hot water, it receives impressions
+which become permanent if it is suddenly
+cooled. The plates used are those found on the
+back of the sea-turtle (<em>chelone imbricata</em>). Five
+large plates are obtained from the middle of the
+carapace or upper buckler, and four large ones
+from the sides, called “blades,” and twenty-five
+smaller plates from the edges, called “feet or
+noses.” The belly shells are of a yellow colour,
+and are used for the purposes of horn.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Torus</strong></span>, R. Anything swelling like the strand
+of a rope. A bed covered with sheets or blankets
+(<em>toralia</em>).</p>
+
+<div id='fig_659'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_659.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 659. Torus moulding.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Torus</strong>, Arch. A convex moulding used in
+architectural decoration (Fig. <a href='#fig_659'>659</a>) at all periods
+and by all nations.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Touchstone</strong> is a kind of black jasper, known
+as <em>Lydian stone</em>, used for testing gold. This is
+done with <em>touching</em>-needles tipped with metal in
+various states of alloy, and the streaks that they
+make on the touchstone determine the fineness
+of the gold. In Architecture, certain black
+marbles were anciently so called, from their
+supposed identity with the <em>lapis Lydius</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tough</strong>, Turkish. A Turkish standard; a
+<em>horse-tail</em> attached to the upper part of a pike
+which ends in a crescent and ball.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Tourelle</strong></span>, Fr. A small tower on a castle, with
+a winding staircase.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Towers.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Round Towers</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Trabea</strong></span>, R. (lit. shaped like a <em>trabs</em> or beam).
+A rich toga, either made entirely of purple
+cloth or decorated with horizontal stripes of
+that colour. The purple toga was an attribute
+of the <em>gods</em>, and afterwards of the <em>emperors</em>;
+purple and white, or purple and saffron, of
+augurs; purple and white, of <em>royalty</em> (kings).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Trabs</strong></span>, R. A beam; especially a long beam
+supporting the joists of a ceiling.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tracery.</strong> In architecture or decorative work,
+geometrical ornament, such as is inserted on the
+upper parts of Gothic windows, in Alhambraic
+architecture, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tracing-paper</strong> is made of tissue-paper soaked
+in oil or thin varnish.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Trajan Column</strong>, in Rome, the work of
+Apollodorus, <span class='fss'>A. D.</span> 114, is 10½ feet in diameter,
+and 127 feet high, made of 34 blocks of white
+marble—23 in the shaft, 9 in the base, which is
+finely sculptured, and 2 in the capital and torus.
+The sculptures show about 2500 figures besides
+the horses, and represent the battles and sieges
+of the Dacian War. The column is a perfect
+<em>handbook</em> of the military costume of Rome and
+other countries of its period. (Consult the work
+of <em>Alfonso G. Hispano</em>, published at Rome,
+1586, which contains 130 plates representing all
+the sculptures; or the more modern work of
+<em>Pietro Santo Bartoli</em>, which contains beautiful
+engravings of all the reliefs.) A plaster cast of
+the column in two pieces is in the South Kensington
+Museum, with a handbook by J. H.
+Pollen on a desk near its base, with the aid of
+which it can be perfectly studied at leisure.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><strong>Trama</strong></span>, Sp. The weft or woof; a kind of
+silk thread so called.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Transenna</strong></span>, R. and Chr. A snare for birds.
+It consisted of a net stretched over a circular
+framework. In Christian archæology, the name
+was given to a marble lattice placed in the catacomb
+chapels to protect the relics.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Transept</strong>, Arch. A transverse nave, passing
+in front of the choir, and crossing the longitudinal
+or central nave of a church. It is sometimes
+called the <em>cross</em>, and each of its parts to the right
+and left of the nave are called <em>cross-aisles</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Transfluent</strong>, Her. Flowing through.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Transition Periods</strong> of Architecture. Generally
+speaking, all periods deserve this title, as
+the progressive change of the styles is continuous.
+Those with more precision so described are, in
+English Architecture, three:—from the <span class='sc'>Norman</span>
+to the <span class='sc'>Early English</span>; and then to the <span class='sc'>Decorated</span>;
+and thirdly to the <span class='sc'>Perpendicular</span>,
+styles.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Transmuted</strong>, Her. Counter-changed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Transom</strong>, Arch. The horizontal cross-bar in
+a window.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Transposed</strong>, Her. Reversed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Transtrum</strong></span>, R. (<em>trans</em>, across). In a general
+sense a horizontal beam. In the plural, <em>transtra</em>,
+the cross-benches of a ship occupied by the
+rowers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Trapeso</strong></span>, It. A weight for gold and silver;
+the twentieth part of an ounce.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Trapetum</strong></span>, R. A mill for crushing olives.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Trapezophorum</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τραπεζο-φόρον</span>). A richly carved
+leg for side-boards or small tables; sometimes
+called <span class='sc'>Delphica</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Trasformati of Milan.</strong> One of the Italian
+Academies who bore as a device a plane-tree,
+and the verse from Virgil, “<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">et steriles platani
+malos gessere valentes</span></i>,” “the barren planes have
+borne good fruit” (cut out of a wild olive-tree
+and grafted in).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Travagliati.</strong> One of the Italian literary
+academies, whose device was a sieve (<em>vaglio</em>)
+with the motto “<em>donec purum</em>” (until clean).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Traversed</strong>, Her. Facing to the <em>sinister</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Travertine</strong>, <strong>Travertino</strong></span>, It. A compact kind
+of <span class='sc'>Tufa</span> stone, used in architecture; part of
+St. Peter’s and the Colosseum of Rome are
+built of this stone. (See <span class='sc'>Tufa</span>.) It is a stone
+of a white or yellowish tint, and was used by the
+ancient painters to give <em>body</em> to lakes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Trebuchet</strong></span>, Fr. Med. A mechanical contrivance
+for projecting stones and darts; a kind of
+enormous cross-bow or sling.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Tredyl</strong></span>, O. E. (See <span class='sc'>Gryse</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Treflée</strong>, Her. (See <span class='sc'>Botonnée</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_660'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_660.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 660. Trefoil slipped.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Trefoil</strong>, Arch. An ornament
+of three foils peculiar to the
+Romano-Byzantine and pointed
+styles. This ornament occurs in
+bands or string-courses, and also
+forms <em>entablatured</em> foliage. A
+synonym for it is <em>tiercefoil</em>. In
+Heraldry, a leaf of three conjoined
+foils generally borne <em>slipped</em>. (Fig. <a href='#fig_660'>660</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Trellis.</strong> Open lattice-work.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Trenchers</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">tranchoirs</span></i>). Originally thick
+<em>slices</em> of bread on which the meat was served,
+instead of plates; 13th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Trental</strong></span>, O. E. Chr. for Trigintale. Thirty
+masses for the dead.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Tresson</strong></span>, Fr. A net for the hair, worn by
+ladies in the Middle Ages. (See <span class='sc'>Calantica</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tressure</strong>, Her. A variety of the <span class='sc'>Orle</span>,
+generally set round with <em>fleurs-de-lys</em>. A striking
+example is to be seen in the Royal Shield
+of Scotland, now displayed in the second quarter
+of the Royal Arms, blazoned as—<em>Or, within a
+double Tressure flory; counterflory, a lion rampant
+guardant</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Trevat.</strong> A weaver’s cutting instrument for
+severing the pile-threads of velvet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Triangle</strong>, Chr. An equilateral triangle is a
+symbol of the Holy Trinity, and therefore the
+motive, only second in frequency and importance
+to the <span class='sc'>Cross</span>, of the construction and decoration
+of Christian churches.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Triangle.</strong> A musical instrument of early
+occurrence, producing sound by the striking of a
+metal triangle with a metal rod.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Triblet.</strong> A goldsmith’s tool used in making
+rings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tribometer.</strong> An instrument for estimating
+the friction of different metals.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tribon</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τρίβων</span>). Literally,
+worn threadbare; and thence a coarse and common
+sort of mantle worn by the Spartans or
+by Romans who affected Spartan manners.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tribula</strong> or <strong>Tribulum</strong></span>, R. (<em>tero</em>, to rub). An
+apparatus for threshing corn; consisting of a
+heavy platform armed with iron teeth or sharp
+flints.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tribulus</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τρί-βολος</span>, three-pointed). A
+<span class='sc'>Caltrap</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tribunal</strong></span>, R. A raised platform for the
+curule chairs of the magistrates in the Basilica.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tribune</strong></span>, R. and Chr. The semicircular
+recess in a Latin basilica in which the chief
+magistrate had his raised seat and administered
+justice. In Christian archæology, a gallery in
+a church; the <em>triforium</em> and the organ-loft
+are tribunes. In Italian, <em>tribuna</em>, a picture-gallery.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tricerion</strong>, Chr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τρὶς</span>, thrice; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κέρας</span>, a horn).
+A candlestick with three branches, symbolizing
+the Holy Trinity. (See <span class='sc'>Dicerion</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tricked</strong>, Her. Sketched with pen and ink in
+outline.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Triclinium</strong>, Gr. R. and Chr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τρι-κλίνιον</span>). A
+set of three dining-couches arranged round a
+table, and thence the dining-room itself,
+especially the summer dining-room. In Christian
+archæology the <em>triclinium</em> was an apartment
+attached to a Christian basilica, in which pilgrims
+were entertained.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tricolor.</strong> The French national standard—red,
+white, and blue—introduced at the period
+of the revolution of 1789.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tricomos</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A song for the third
+course of a banquet (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κῶμος</span>) at the festivals of
+Bacchus. The <em>comus</em> was peculiar to the first,
+and the <em>tetracomos</em> to the fourth course.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Tricot</strong></span>, Fr. (1) Silk net. (2) A knitted
+cotton fabric.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_661'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_661.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 661. Trident.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Trident</strong></span>, R. A three-pronged
+fork, the attribute
+of Neptune, used (1) for
+spearing fish; (2) by the
+class of gladiators called
+<span class='sc'>Retiarii</span>; (3) as a goad for
+horses and cattle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Triens</strong></span>, R. A small
+copper coin current among
+the Romans; it was worth
+the third of an as, or about
+one farthing. It bore on
+the obverse a ship’s prow or a horse’s head,
+and four balls indicating four ounces (<em>unciæ</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Trieterides</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τρι-ετηρίδες</span>). Festivals of
+Bacchus, held in Bœotia every third year.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Triforium</strong>, Chr. A gallery over the side
+aisles of a church, open to the nave in arcades
+of three arches (<em>tres fores</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Triga</strong></span>, R. A car drawn by three horses yoked
+either abreast or with one in front.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Trigarium</strong></span>, R. A field for the exercise of
+<em>trigæ</em> and other chariots.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Triglyph</strong>, Arch. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τρίγλυφος</span>). An ornament
+consisting of three flutings or upright groovings
+separating the metopes in a Doric frieze. (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_458'>458</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Trigonalis</strong></span>, R. Three-cornered “catch-ball;”
+a subject on frescoes.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_662'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_662.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 662. Trigonum opus.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Trigonum</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τρίγωνον</span>). (1) A mosaic
+of triangular pieces of marble, glass, terra-cotta,
+or other material (<em>sectilia</em>). Fig. <a href='#fig_662'>662</a>
+is from a pavement at the entrance of a house at
+Pompeii. (2) A musical stringed instrument;
+a triangular lyre, probably derived from Egypt.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Trilith</strong>, Celt. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τρί-λιθος</span>). A Celtic monument
+of three stones forming a kind of door.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Trilix</strong></span>, R. In weaving, triple thread. (Compare
+<span class='sc'>Bilix</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Trilobate</strong>, Arch. Presenting three foils.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Trimodia</strong></span>, R. A basket or vessel made to
+contain three modii (<em>tres modii</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Trinity</strong>, Chr. For a detailed account of the
+progressive series of representations in Art of the
+Holy Trinity, consult <em>Fairholt’s Dictionary</em>,
+<em>Didron’s Iconographie Chrétienne</em>, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Triobolum</strong>, Gr. A Greek silver coin of the
+value of three oboli. It was the established fee
+payable to an Athenian
+<em>dikast</em> for the hearing of a
+cause.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tripetia.</strong> A Gallic term
+signifying a three-legged
+<em>stool</em>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_663'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_663.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 663. Tripod.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tripod</strong> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τρί-πους</span>). A
+vessel or table on three
+feet; esp. the slab at Delphi
+upon which the priestess of
+Apollo sat. (See <span class='sc'>Delphica</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Cortina</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tripping</strong>, Her. In easy
+motion, as a stag.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_664'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_664.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 664. Triptych carved in ivory with open doors.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Triptych</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τρί-πτυχος</span>, three-fold). A form
+of picture, generally for ecclesiastical purposes,
+in three panels; a centre, and two hanging doors
+worked on both sides. (Fig. <a href='#fig_664'>664</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tripudium</strong></span>, R. The noise made by the grain
+as it fell from the beaks of the sacred chickens
+on to the ground; it was looked upon by the
+priest as a favourable omen; another name for
+it was <em>terripavium</em> (striking the earth). (See
+<span class='sc'>Auspicium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Triquetra</strong>, Arch. A symmetrical interlaced
+ornament of early northern monuments. An
+endless line forming three arcs symmetrically
+interlaced will describe the figure.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Trireme</strong></span>, R. (<em>tres</em>, and <em>remus</em>, oar). A
+galley with three banks of rowers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Trisomus</strong>, Chr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τρί-σωμος</span>). A triple sarcophagus.
+(Cf. <span class='sc'>Bisomus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Trispastus</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τρί-σπαστος</span>, drawn three-fold).
+A block for raising weights; of
+three pullies (<em>orbiculi</em>), set in a single block
+(<em>trochlea</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Triton.</strong> A sea-monster; generally represented
+as blowing a shell (<em>murex</em>), and with a body
+above the waist like that of a man, and below
+like a dolphin.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_665'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_665.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 665. Trophy on a triumphal arch.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Triumphal Arch.</strong> A monumental structure,
+usually a portico with one or more arches,
+erected across a public road for a triumphal procession
+to pass under.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Triumphalia</strong></span>, R. Insignia conferred upon a
+general on the occasion of a triumph; consisting
+of a richly embroidered toga and tunic, a sceptre,
+a chaplet of laurel leaves with a crown of gold,
+and a chariot.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Triumphalis</strong> (Via), R. The road traversed
+by a triumph.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Triumphus</strong>, <strong>Triumph</strong></span>, R. The pageant of
+the entry of a victorious general into Rome.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Trivet</strong>, Her. A circular or triangular iron
+frame with three feet, borne by the family of
+Tryvett.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Trivium</strong></span>, R. (<em>tres</em>, and <em>via</em>, a way). A
+place where three roads meet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Trochilus</strong>, Arch. A concave moulding in
+classic architecture. (See <span class='sc'>Scotia</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Trochlea</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τροχιλέα</span>). A machine for
+raising weights, very similar to the <span class='sc'>Trispastos</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Trochus</strong> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τροχὸς</span>, a wheel). A hoop represented
+on ancient gems as driven by naked boys
+with a crooked stick, precisely in the existing
+school fashion. It was of bronze, often with
+rings attached.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Trombone.</strong> A large trumpet with an arrangement
+of sliding tubes for modulating the tones
+by which every gradation of sound within its
+compass can be exactly produced.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Trophy</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τρόπαιον</span>). A monument of
+victory (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τροπή</span>). Fig. <a href='#fig_665'>665</a> represents a trophy of
+Gallic spoils, from a bas-relief on the triumphal
+arch at Orange.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Trotcosie</strong>, Scotch. A warm covering for the
+head, neck, and breast, worn by travellers.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_666'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_666.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 666. Trulla.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Trua</strong>, dim. <strong>Trulla</strong></span>, R.
+(1) A large flat ladle or
+spoon perforated with holes
+and used for skimming
+liquids when boiling. (2)
+A kind of drinking-cup. (3)
+A portable brazier or
+earthenware vessel perforated
+with holes (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_666'>666</a>) for carrying hot coals
+about. (4) A mason’s
+trowel.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Trullissatio</strong></span>, R. A coating of plaster or
+cement laid on by the trowel (<em>trulla</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Trumeau</strong></span>, Fr. A pier looking-glass.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_667'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_667.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 667. Trumpet.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Trumpet</strong>, Her. The Roman
+<em>tuba</em>; a long straight tube expanded
+at its extremity.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Truncated.</strong> With the top cut
+off parallel to the base.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Trunnions.</strong> The side supports
+on which a cannon rests on its
+carriage.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Truss</strong>, Arch. The system of
+timbers mutually supporting each
+other and the roof.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Trussed</strong>, Her. Said of birds,
+with closed wings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Trussing</strong>, Her. Said of birds of
+prey, devouring.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tuba</strong></span>, R. A straight bronze
+trumpet with a small mouthpiece at one end,
+the other being wide and bell-shaped. (Cf.
+<span class='sc'>Cornu</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tubilustrum</strong>, <strong>Quinquatrus</strong></span>, R. Festivals held
+at Rome twice a year, for the purification of
+trumpets (<em>tubæ</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tubla.</strong> Assyrian drums, with skin at the
+top only.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Tuck</strong></span>, O. E. A short sword or dagger, worn
+in the 16th and 17th centuries by all classes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Tucket</strong></span>, O. E. (It. <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">toccata</span></i>). A flourish on a
+trumpet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><strong>Tudesco</strong></span>, Sp. A wide cloak.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tudor Arch</strong>, Arch. An arch of four centres,
+flat for its span; having two of its centres in or
+near the spring, and the other two far below it.
+(<cite>Rickman.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tudor Flower</strong>, Arch. An ornament common
+to Elizabethan buildings. A flat flower, or leaf,
+as a crest or finish on cornices, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tudor Rose</strong>, formed by the union of the
+white and red roses of York and Lancaster; is
+described in heraldry as a white rose charged
+upon a red one. (See Fig. <a href='#fig_395'>395</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tudor Style</strong>, Arch. The style which prevailed
+under the Tudor dynasty. The term is
+loosely applied to various periods. (See <span class='sc'>Perpendicular</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tufa.</strong> A porous variety of limestone deposited
+by calcareous water. It hardens on exposure
+to the air; and was much used by the
+Romans for facing buildings, and generally, on
+account of its lightness, for vaulting. (See
+<span class='sc'>Travertine</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tugurium</strong></span>, R. (<em>tego</em>, to cover). A thatched
+roof, and thence, a peasant’s hut.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tulip-tree.</strong> The wood of this tree is smooth
+and fine-grained, very easily wrought, and not
+liable to split. It is largely used in carving and
+ornamental work, and for panels in coach
+building.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tulle</strong>. A plain silk lace, blonde or net.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tumblers.</strong> The drinking-glasses so called
+take their name from their original shape,
+rounded at the bottom, so that they <em>tumbled</em> over
+unless they were very carefully set down. Similar
+goblets are still made of wood in Germany;
+often with the inscription—</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Trink’ mich aus, und leg’ mich nieder:</span></div>
+      <div class='line'><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Steh’ ich auf, so füll’ mich wieder.</span>”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_668'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_668.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 668. Plan of a Tumulus.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tumulus</strong> (<em>tumeo</em>, to swell). Sepulchral
+mounds of ancient and prehistoric construction.
+The illustrations, figs. 668 and 669, show the
+plan and section of a Gallic tumulus opened at
+Fontenay le Marmion.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_669'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_669.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 669. Section of a Tumulus.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tumulus Honorarius.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Cenotaphium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tunbridge Ware.</strong> Inlaid-work of variously-coloured
+woods made at Tunbridge Wells in
+Kent.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_670'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_670.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 670. Tunica muliebris, <em>talaris</em>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tunica</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A tunic; the principal
+garment worn both by men and women among
+the Greeks and Romans. It was a kind of
+woollen shirt confined round the neck and the
+waist; it came down as far as the knee; it
+had short sleeves which only covered the upper
+part of the arm. Tunics were classed as follows:
+the <em>exomis</em>, the <em>epomis</em>, the <em>chiton</em>, the <em>manicata</em>
+or <em>manuleata</em>, the <em>talaris</em>, the <em>muliebris</em>, the
+<em>interior</em> or <em>intima</em>, the <em>recta</em>, the <em>angusticlavia</em>,
+the <em>laticlavia</em>, the <em>patagiata</em>, the <em>palmata</em>, the
+<em>asema</em>, and the <em>picta</em>. (<cite>Bosc.</cite>) (Fig. <a href='#fig_670'>670</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tunicatus</strong></span>, Gr. and R. Wearing a tunic.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tunicle</strong>, Chr. (Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">subtile</span></i>). The vestment
+of the sub-deacon; it resembled the dalmatic,
+but had tight sleeves.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Turbo</strong></span>, R. (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βέμβιξ</span>). A child’s whipping-top;
+the whorl of a spindle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Turibulum.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Thurible</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Turicremus.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Thuricremus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Turkey Carpets</strong> are made entirely of wool,
+the loops being larger than those of Brussels
+carpeting, and always cut; the cutting of the
+yarn gives the surface the appearance of velvet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Turkey-stitch</strong> (<em>point de Turquie</em>). A kind
+of carpet made at the Savonnerie, established
+1627.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Turma</strong></span>, R. A squadron of legionary cavalry;
+it consisted of thirty-two men commanded by a
+decurion, and led under a <em>vexillum</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Turnbull’s Blue.</strong> A light and delicate variety
+of <em>Prussian blue</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Turner’s Yellow.</strong> An oxychloride of lead,
+known also as <em>patent yellow</em>, and <em>Cassell
+yellow</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Turquoise.</strong> A valuable blue gem for ornamental
+purposes. (<cite>S.</cite>) Fossil ivory impregnated
+with copper. (<cite>F.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Turrets</strong>, Arch. (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">tourette</span></i>, a small tower).
+Towers of great height in proportion to their diameter,
+and large pinnacles, are called turrets;
+these often contain staircases, and are sometimes
+crowned with small spires. Large towers often
+have turrets at their corners.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Turricula</strong></span>, R. (dimin. of <em>turris</em>). A small
+tower; also, a dice-box in the form of a tower,
+to which the Greeks applied the term of <em>pyrgus</em>
+(<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πύργος</span>). <em>Turricula</em> has a synonym <span class='sc'>Fritillus</span>
+(q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Turriger</strong></span>, R. Bearing a tower; the term
+applies both to an elephant and a ship of war
+when thus armed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Turris</strong>, <strong>Tower</strong>. In a general sense, any
+building or collection of buildings either
+lofty in themselves or built upon an elevation,
+and thence, fortifications, such as a tower of defence,
+the tower of a city gate or a castle, a
+<span class='sc'>Donjon</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tus</strong> or <strong>Thus</strong></span>, R. Frankincense, imported
+from Arabia and used in great quantities by the
+ancients either for religious ceremonies or to
+perfume their apartments.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tuscan Order of Architecture.</strong> The simplest
+of the five <span class='sc'>Orders</span> of classical architecture,
+having no ornament whatever; unknown
+to the Greeks; a variety of <span class='sc'>Roman Doric</span>
+(q.v.). The <em>column</em> is about seven diameters
+high, including the base and capital. The <em>base</em>
+is half a diameter in height; the <em>capital</em> is of
+equal height, having a square <em>abacus</em>, with a
+small projecting fillet on the upper edge—under
+the abacus is an ovolo and a fillet with neck
+below; the <em>shaft</em> is never fluted; the <em>entablature</em>
+is quite plain, having neither <em>mutules</em> nor
+<em>modillions</em>; the <em>frieze</em> also is quite plain.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tusses</strong> or <strong>Toothing-stones</strong>, in building, are
+projecting stones for joining other buildings
+upon.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tutulatus</strong></span>, R. Having the hair arranged in
+the form of a cone, or wearing the sacerdotal cap
+called <em>tutulus</em>, and thence a priest who usually
+wore the <span class='sc'>Tutulus</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tutulus</strong> or <strong>Apex</strong></span>, R. (1) A flamen’s cap; it
+was conical and almost pointed. (2) A mode of
+arranging the hair on the crown of the head in
+the shape of a pyramid or cone. An example
+is seen in the Medicean Venus.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Twill.</strong> A kind of ribbed cloth.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tympanium</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τυμπάνιον</span>). A pearl shaped
+like a kettle-drum, namely, with one surface
+flat and the other round.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_671'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_671.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 671. Tympanum. Romano-Byzantine.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Tympanum</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τύμπανον</span>). (1) A tambourine,
+like that of modern times: a piece of stiff parchment
+stretched over a hoop with bells. (2)
+A drum-shaped wheel; <em>tympanum dentatum</em>,
+a cogged wheel. (3) In architecture, the flat
+surface, whether triangular or round, marked
+out by the mouldings of a pediment. Fig. <a href='#fig_671'>671</a>
+shows a tympanum of the Romano-Byzantine
+period. (For <span class='sc'>Triangular Pediment</span>, see
+Fig. <a href='#fig_026'>26</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tynes</strong>, Scotch. (1) Branches of a stag’s
+antlers. (2) Teeth of a harrow.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Tyrian Purple.</strong> An ancient dye of a brilliant
+colour, obtained from shells of the <em>murex</em> and
+<em>purpura</em>.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c005'>U.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c006'><strong>U.</strong> The letter repeated so as to mark the
+feathering upon tails of birds, is a peculiarity of
+Sicilian silks.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Udo</strong></span>, R. A sock made of goat-skin, or felt.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ulna</strong></span>, R. A measure of length, subdivision
+of the foot measure.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ultramarine</strong> or <strong>Lapis Lazuli</strong> (<em>azurrum transmarinum</em>).
+A beautiful blue pigment obtained
+from lazulite, highly esteemed by early painters.
+In consequence of the costliness of this pigment
+its use in a picture was regulated by special contract,
+and it was either supplied or paid for by
+the person who ordered the picture. Lely has
+recorded that he paid for his as much as 4<em>l.</em> 10<em>s.</em>
+the ounce. The pigment is now artificially
+compounded. (Cf. <span class='sc'>Guimet’s U.</span>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Umbella</strong>, <strong>Umbraculum</strong></span>, R. (<em>umbra</em>, shade).
+An umbrella, made to open and shut like those
+of modern times. It is represented on vases
+held by a female slave over the head of her mistress.
+(See also <span class='sc'>Umbrellas</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Umber.</strong> A massive mineral pigment used by
+painters as a brown colour, and to make varnish
+dry quickly. <em>Raw umber</em> is of an olive brown,
+which becomes much redder when <em>burnt</em>. (See
+<span class='sc'>Ochres</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Umbilici</strong></span>, R. (lit. <em>navels</em>), were the ornamental
+bosses which projected from each end
+of the staff round which a volume of papyrus
+or parchment (<em>liber</em>) was rolled. They were
+also called <em>cornua</em>, and <em>geminæ frontes</em>. (See
+<span class='sc'>Liber</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Umbo</strong> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὀμφαλός</span>). (1) The boss of a
+shield, often sharp and projecting so as to form
+an offensive weapon in itself. (2) A bunch
+formed by the folds of the toga tacked in to the
+belt across the chest.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Umbræ</strong></span>, R. The shades of the departed; represented
+in the forms in which they abandoned
+life. Those killed in battle, <em>mutilated</em>, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Umbrellas.</strong> <span class='sc'>Anglo-Saxon</span> manuscripts sometimes
+represent a servant holding an umbrella
+over the head of his master. In the sculptures
+of ancient <span class='sc'>Egypt</span> and <span class='sc'>Assyria</span> they are represented
+borne by the attendants on a king. The
+<span class='sc'>Greek</span> and <span class='sc'>Roman</span> ladies used parasols in all
+respects resembling those of modern times. In
+the <span class='sc'>Panathenaic</span> procession the daughters of
+foreign settlers in Athens had to carry parasols
+over the heads of the Athenian maidens
+taking part in the procession. They were substituted
+later on by broad hats, the Roman
+<span class='sc'>Petasus</span> and the Greek <span class='sc'>Tholia</span>. In the
+<span class='sc'>Siamese</span> empire an umbrella is the emblem of
+the royal dignity.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_672'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_672.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 672. Umbril.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Umbrere</strong>, <strong>Umbril</strong>.
+In mediæval
+armour, a projection
+on a helmet
+acting as a
+guard to the eyes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Umbril.</strong> (See
+<span class='sc'>Umbrere</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Uncia</strong> (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">οὐγκία</span>,
+<em>Angl.</em> ounce).
+The <em>unit</em> of measurement.
+The
+twelfth part of anything.
+In currency,
+a copper
+coin; the twelfth
+part of an As.
+Its value was expressed on the obverse and
+reverse by <em>one</em> ball; in lineal measurement,
+the twelfth of a foot, whence our <em>inch</em>; in
+square measure, the twelfth of a <em>jugerum</em>; of
+liquids, the twelfth of a <em>sextarius</em>; in weight,
+the twelfth of a pound (<em>libra</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Uncial Letters.</strong> When writing on papyrus
+or vellum became common, many of the straight
+lines of the capitals, in that kind of writing,
+gradually acquired a <em>curved</em> form. From the
+6th to the 8th, or even 10th century, these
+<em>uncials</em>, or partly rounded capitals, prevail in
+illuminated MSS. (See also <span class='sc'>Minuscule</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Semi-uncials</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Uncus</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὄγκος</span>). A hook such as (1) that
+with which the corpses of gladiators were
+dragged out of the arena; or those of criminals
+from the carnificina where they were executed.
+(2) The fluke of an anchor, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Under-croft</strong>, Arch. A subterranean chamber.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_673'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_673.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 673. Undulated moulding.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Undulated</strong>, Arch. (<em>unda</em>, a wave). Moulded
+or sculptured in the form of a <em>wave</em>; as for instance
+the <em>undulated torus</em>. (See <span class='sc'>Nebule</span>.)
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_673'>673</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Undy</strong>, <strong>Undée</strong>, Her. Wavy.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Unguentaria</strong></span>, R. Flasks or boxes of costly
+workmanship for holding perfumes, essences,
+oils, and salves, for use in the baths, &amp;c. (See
+<span class='sc'>Narthecia</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_674'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_674.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 674. Unicorn. Device of the Orsini family.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Unicorn.</strong> In Christian art a symbol of
+purity, especially of female chastity. Attribute
+of St. Justina of Antioch. In Heraldry it is
+famous as the sinister supporter of the Royal
+Shield of England. The legend was that its
+body took the form of a horse and antelope, and
+it had one horn on its head. It was believed to
+live solitary in the woods, and could only be
+caught by a maiden. The property of detecting
+poison was attributed to its horn, and Hentzner,
+who visited England in 1598, says:—</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>“We were shown at Windsor the horn of an Unicorn,
+of about eight spans and a half in length, valued at above
+100<em>l.</em>”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>It is frequently mentioned in ancient inventories:—</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>“<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">1391. Une manche d’or d’un essay de lincourne pour
+attoucher aux viandes de Monseigneur le Dauphin.</span>”
+<em>Comptes Royaux</em>, quoted by Mrs. Bury Palliser.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>In allusion to this property, Alviano, the
+champion of the Orsini family, adopted as his
+device a unicorn at a fountain surrounded by
+snakes, toads, and other reptiles, and stirring up
+the water with its horn before he drinks, with
+the motto, “I expel poisons.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Union Cloths.</strong> Fabrics of wool with wefts
+of cotton.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_675'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_675.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 675. Present Union Jack.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Union Jack.</strong> The National Ensign of the
+United Kingdom
+of Great Britain—exhibiting
+the
+Union of the
+crosses of St.
+George and St.
+Andrew combined—first
+displayed in
+the reign of James
+I., 1606. The
+flag as it is now
+used, dates from
+the beginning of
+this century. It
+is borne on a
+shield, charged in
+pretence upon the
+escutcheon of the
+Duke of Wellington.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Upapitha</strong>, Hind. The pedestal of the Hindoo
+orders, which included, besides the pedestal
+properly so called, the base (<em>athisthama</em>), the
+pillar or shaft (<em>stambu</em>) which was either square
+or polygonal and only rounded at the upper part
+near the capital or <em>cushion</em> which took its place,
+and lastly the entablature (<em>prastura</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Uræus</strong>, Egyp. A transcription of the Egyptian
+word <em>ârâ</em> or the asp <em>hajé</em>, a kind of serpent
+called by the Greeks <em>basilicon</em> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βασιλικόν</span>). The
+<em>uræus</em> as an emblem of the sovereign power
+forms the distinctive ornament in the head-dress
+of the Egyptian kings.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_676'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_676.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 676. Plate of Urbino Ware, Louvre Museum.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Urbino Ware</strong>, made at Urbino, under the
+patronage of its Duke. “A city,” says Jacquemart,
+“which has supplied potters and painters
+to the greater part of the workshops of Italy;
+which has sent ceramic colonies to Flanders and
+Corfu, and yet we are scarcely acquainted with
+its works, except those of its decline.” (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_676'>676</a>.) (See <span class='sc'>Majolica</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Urceolated</strong> (Basket), Arch. The corbel of
+the capital which narrows a little underneath its
+upper part.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Urceolus.</strong> Diminutive of <span class='sc'>Urceus</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Urceus</strong></span>, R. An earthenware pitcher used in
+religious ceremonies; represented on coins in the
+form of a modern ewer.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Uriant</strong>, Her. Said of a fish when it swims in a
+vertical position; head downwards. (Cf. <span class='sc'>Hauriant</span>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_677'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_677.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 677. Funereal urn, Indian.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Urn.</strong> The
+common urn,
+the <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κάλπις</span> of
+the Greeks,
+had a narrow
+neck and
+swelling body;
+it was
+used for conveying
+water
+from the fountain.
+The funereal
+cinerary
+urn was
+in general
+quadrangular,
+but there
+were a large number which resembled the <em>kalpis</em>,
+with the exception that they had a wider neck
+and were furnished in every case with a lid.
+Fig. <a href='#fig_677'>677</a> represents a funeral urn of Indian pottery,
+of very ancient date. The electoral urn,
+from which lots were drawn at the comitia
+to decide the order of voting, was of an oval
+form and had a narrow neck to prevent the
+possibility of more than one number being drawn
+out at a time. An urn is always introduced as an
+appropriate emblem of the river-gods. The
+<em>urna</em> was a measure of capacity containing
+eight <em>congii</em> or half an <span class='sc'>Amphora</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Urnarium</strong></span>, R. A square table or hollow
+slab on which <em>urnæ</em> or earthenware vessels were
+placed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ustrina</strong>, <strong>Ustrinum</strong></span>, R. (<em>uro</em>, to burn). A
+public place for burning the bodies of the dead,
+in contradistinction to <span class='sc'>Bustum</span>, a private place
+of cremation, situated within the sepulchral
+enclosure. It was in the public ustrina that the
+bodies of people of moderate means as well as
+the poor were burned.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Uter</strong></span>, R. A wine-skin or large leathern bag
+made of goat-skin, pig-skin, or ox-hide, and used
+for holding wine or other liquids. <em>Uter unctus</em>
+was a goat-skin inflated with air and thoroughly
+greased on the outside. The peasants of Greece
+were fond of dancing and leaping upon these
+wine-skins, which it was extremely difficult to
+do without frequent falls. This was a very
+popular rustic game, and formed a principal
+feature of the second day of the festival of
+Bacchus, called by the Greeks <em>Ascolia</em> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἀσκώλια</span>),
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀσκὸς</span> being the Greek equivalent of <em>uter</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Uti Rogas</strong></span>, R. A voting formula affirmative
+of the proposition in debate, written on the
+ticket in the abbreviated form V. R. for <em>uti rogas</em>
+(as you propose).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Utricularius</strong></span>, R. (from <em>uter</em>). A performer
+on the bagpipe.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Utriculus.</strong> Diminutive of <span class='sc'>Uter</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c005'>V.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c006'><em>In mediæval words the initials</em> V <em>and</em> B <em>occasionally interchange:—as</em> Vanneria <em>for</em> Banneria,
+<em>a banner, &amp;c.</em></p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Vacerra</strong></span>, R. (<em>vacca</em>, a cow). An enclosure
+in which cattle were kept.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vacons</strong>, Hind. Hindoo genii which figure in
+the celestial hierarchy immediately after Brahma.
+They are eight in number, and each of them protects
+one of the eight regions of the world:
+Paoulestia is the guardian of the North or
+mineral wealth; Ima, god of the dead and the
+infernal regions, is the guardian of the South;
+Indra, god of the ether and the day, the guardian
+of the East; Pratcheta, god of waters and the
+ocean, the guardian of the West; Içania, who
+is looked upon as an incarnation of Siva, is the
+guardian of the North-East; Pavana, king of
+the winds, the guardian of the North-West;
+Agni or Pacava, the god of fire, is the guardian
+of the South-East; and Nirouti, the prince
+of the evil genii, is the guardian of the South-West.
+(<cite>Bosc.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Vagina</strong></span>, R. The scabbard of a sword, made
+of wood or leather, and generally ornamented
+with plates and bosses of metal. (See Fig. <a href='#fig_044'>44</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vails</strong> (from <em>Vale</em>, farewell!). Fees to servants
+from parting guests.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vair.</strong> The fur of the squirrel, much worn in
+state costumes of the 14th century. In Heraldry—one
+of the furs—represented as a series of
+small shields placed close together, alternately
+blue and white.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Valance.</strong> Drapery hangings for furniture,
+cornices, &amp;c.; hence—</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Valenced.</strong> Fringed with a beard. (<cite>Shakespeare.</cite>)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_678'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_678.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 678. Gilded Vase of Valencia, with votive inscription.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Valencia Pottery.</strong> M. Jacquemart considers
+this the most ancient and the true centre of the
+ceramic fabrication in Spain, carried back by
+tradition to the Roman domination. On the
+conquest of Spain from the Moors the Saracen
+potters of Valencia were protected by special
+charter. Fig. <a href='#fig_678'>678</a> is an illustration of the gilded
+ware for which Valencia is famous.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_679'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_679.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 679. Valenciennes.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Valenciennes.</strong> The date of the introduction
+of the manufacture of this lace is unknown,
+although it existed before the time of Louis
+XIV., under whose reign it flourished and
+reached its climax between 1725 and 1780.
+Valenciennes lace is made entirely on the
+pillow, of simple combinations, with one
+kind of thread for the pattern and for the
+ground. (See engraving.) No lace is so expensive
+to make from the number of bobbins
+required. The flax used is of the finest quality,
+so fine that the lace-makers worked in underground
+cellars to keep their work from the air,
+and scarcely completed an inch and half of lace
+in a day.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Valendar Clay.</strong> A kind of potter’s clay from
+Nassau. (<cite>Simmonds.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Valet</strong></span>, O. E. (Med. Lat. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">valeti</span></i>). Sons of
+the nobility and of knights bore this title, until
+they acquired the military belt. (<cite>Meyrick.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Valle Cypre.</strong> A silk mourning crape, called
+also Bologna crape.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Vallum</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<em>vallus</em>, a stake). A
+palisade made with strong branches of trees,
+which was placed on the top of the embankment
+(<em>agger</em>) surrounding a camp.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Valvæ</strong></span>, R. (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σανίς</span>). Folding doors or
+shutters; synonym of <span class='sc'>Fores</span>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_680'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_680.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 680. Vambrace.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vambrace</strong> (Fr.
+<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">avant bras</span></i>). The
+ancient <span class='fss'>BRACHIALE</span>,
+the covering
+of the lower
+arm, from the
+elbow to the
+wrist. Originally
+it covered only
+the outside of
+the arm, but
+afterwards was
+made like a
+sleeve of iron.
+(Cf. <span class='sc'>Rerebrace</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vamp.</strong> Upper
+leathers for shoes.
+In Russia and
+the East they
+are richly embroidered.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vampire.</strong> A monster of mediæval iconography.
+A well-known example is the one
+which decorates the angle of one of the towers
+in Paris Cathedral.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vamplate</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">avant plaque</span></i>). A guard of
+metal over the handle of a tilting-lance.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Van</strong> (from Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">avant</span></i>). Of an army, the
+front.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vandyke-brown.</strong> A pigment of a fine, deep,
+semi-transparent brown colour obtained from
+peat.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Vane</strong>, or <strong>Fane</strong></span>, O. E. (from the German
+<em>Fahne</em>, a banner), (1) A broad flag to be carried
+by a knight in a tournament. (<em>Meyrick</em>, i.
+155.) Hence (2) a weathercock, in Mediæval
+buildings generally in the form of a heraldic
+banner supported by a figure. (See <span class='sc'>Fane</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vanishing Point.</strong> In perspective. (See
+<span class='sc'>Point of Sight</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Vannerie</strong></span>, Fr. Basket-work.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Vannus</strong></span>, R. A winnowing-van; i. e. a broad
+flat basket used for winnowing the chaff from
+the corn. It was among the agricultural symbols
+borne in the processions of Ceres. A sculpture
+in the British Museum represents the infant
+Bacchus riding in such a basket in the hands
+of a pair of dancing bacchantes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vantbrace.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Vambrace</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><strong>Vaquero</strong></span>, Sp. A jacket worn by women and
+children.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_681'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_681.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 681. Farthingale, temp. Elizabeth.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Vardingale</strong></span>, O. E. The <em>farthingale</em> or hooped
+petticoat of Elizabeth’s reign, fig. 681.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“Supporters, postures, <em>farthingales</em>,</div>
+      <div class='line in2'>Above the loins to wear,</div>
+      <div class='line'>That, be she ne’er so slender, yet</div>
+      <div class='line in2'>She cross-like seems four square.”</div>
+      <div class='line in8'>(<cite>Warner, in Albion’s England.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Varnishes</strong> are made by dissolving <em>resins</em> or
+gum-resins in alcohol, ether, &amp;c., so that as the
+spirit evaporates the varnish dries down into a
+transparent film; varnishes are coloured with
+aloes, annotto, cochineal, dragon’s blood, gamboge,
+indigo, red saunders, saffron, or turmeric.
+<em>Amber varnish</em> is hardest and most durable in
+colour, but dries very slowly. <em>Animé varnish</em>
+dries quickly, but is liable to crack, and
+deepens in colour with exposure to the air.
+<em>Copal</em> ranks next to amber in durability,
+and the varnish becomes lighter by exposure;
+the best copal varnishes are slow in
+drying unless mixed with animé. <em>Mastic</em> is a
+favourite spirit varnish used as a picture varnish
+and for delicate works of a pale colour. <em>Damar</em>
+mixed with mastic makes an appropriate varnish
+for maps and similar work. The qualities to be
+sought in varnishes for a painting are that they
+should resist damp, exclude air, and not injure
+the colour. (See also <span class='sc'>Italian varnish</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Strasburg turpentine</span>, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Vas</strong></span>, R. A vase. Any kind of vessel, e.g.
+<em>Vasa Corinthia</em>, <em>Vasa Deliaca</em>, <em>Vasa Samia</em>,
+<em>Murrhina</em>, &amp;c. The manufacture and ornamentation
+of vases was one of the most important
+branches of Classical Art. Illustrations of
+vases are found in this work under:</p>
+
+<table class='table0' summary=''>
+  <tr>
+    <th class='c013'></th>
+    <th class='c016'>Fig.</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c013'>Acratophorum</td>
+    <td class='c016'>7</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c013'>Amphora</td>
+    <td class='c016'>20</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c013'>Arezzo Vase</td>
+    <td class='c016'>37</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c013'>Aryballos</td>
+    <td class='c016'>46</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c013'>Bifrons</td>
+    <td class='c016'>85</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c013'>Cantharus</td>
+    <td class='c016'>132</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c013'>Cylix</td>
+    <td class='c016'>232</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c013'>Ecuelle</td>
+    <td class='c016'>278</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c013'>Egyptian</td>
+    <td class='c016'>279</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c013'>Funeral Urn</td>
+    <td class='c016'>340</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c013'>Hydria</td>
+    <td class='c016'>391</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c013'>Chinese Vase</td>
+    <td class='c016'>406</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c013'>Lecythus</td>
+    <td class='c016'>422</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c013'>Nuremberg</td>
+    <td class='c016'>491</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c013'>Oinochoe</td>
+    <td class='c016'>498</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c013'>Valentia</td>
+    <td class='c016'>678</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vatillum.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Batillum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Vaunt-brace</strong></span>, O. E., or <strong>Warnbrace</strong>. Armour
+for the body.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Vectis</strong></span>, R. (<em>veho</em>, to carry). A bar of wood
+or iron used as a lever, crow-bar, capstan bar, or
+pole for carrying burdens on the back; the
+workman who made use of a <em>vectis</em> was called
+<em>vectiarius</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vedas</strong> (from Sanskrit <em>vid</em>, to know), Hind.
+Four collections of sacred books said to have
+been collated about 3000 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> from earlier documents.
+They are the <span class='sc'>Rigveda</span>, a collection of
+hymns and prayers; the <span class='sc'>Yajurveda</span>, liturgical
+and ceremonial ordinances; <span class='sc'>Samaveda</span>,
+lyrical pieces; and <span class='sc'>Atharvaveda</span>, chiefly incantations.
+Besides the above, each Veda contains
+fragmentary writings called <em>Sambuta</em>, and
+dogmatic treatises called <em>Brahmana</em>; and certain
+Commentaries, called <em>Upavedas</em>, <em>Vedangas</em>,
+and <em>Upangas</em> are regarded as forming a fifth
+Veda. The above form the sacred books of the
+Hindoo religion.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vegetable Blue Black.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Blue Black</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vegetable Ivory.</strong> Nuts of a South American
+palm (<cite>Phytelephas macrocarpa</cite>) resembling ivory,
+and much used for ornamental carving.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vehicles</strong> or <strong>Mediums</strong>. The liquid in which
+pigments are applied. In <em>fresco</em> and water-colour
+painting gum-water is used; in <em>distemper
+painting</em>, size; in <em>oil painting</em>, the fixed oils of
+linseed, nut, and poppy. In <em>encaustic</em> wax is
+used. (See also <span class='sc'>Medium</span>, <span class='sc'>Copal</span>, <span class='sc'>Italian
+varnish</span>, <span class='sc'>Megylp</span>, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Velamen</strong> and <strong>Velamentum</strong></span>, R. (<em>velum</em>, a veil).
+A veil worn by women, concealing the whole
+person. (See <span class='sc'>Flammeum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Velarium</strong></span>, R. (<em>velum</em>, a covering). An awning
+stretched over a theatre; usually of woollen
+cloth, but sometimes of more costly materials.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Velatura</strong></span>, It. A mode of glazing, adopted by
+the early Italian painters, by which the colour
+was rubbed on by all the fingers or the flat of
+the hand, so as to fill the interstices left by the
+brush, and cover the entire surface of the picture
+thinly and evenly. (<cite>Fairholt.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Velatus</strong></span>, R. (<em>velo</em>, to cover). Veiled or wearing
+flowing garments; having the forehead encircled
+with a garland. <em>Milites velati</em> were
+supernumerary soldiers who filled the places of
+those who were killed or disabled.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Velites</strong></span>, R. A body of light-armed infantry
+not forming part of the legion, who skirmished
+in small companies.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vellum.</strong> Fine parchment from the skins of
+calves; any parchment binding is by librarians
+technically described as vellum. It is a beautiful
+substitute for paper, for luxurious printing of
+books for presentation, &amp;c., and was much used
+by mediæval artists for painting and illuminating.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Velours</strong> (Fr. Velvet). A kind of velvet or
+plush for furniture, carpets, &amp;c., manufactured
+in Prussia, partly of linen, and partly of double
+cotton warps with mohair yarn weft. (<cite>Simmonds’
+Commercial Dict.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Velours d’Utrecht.</strong> A woollen velvet, for
+tapestry, &amp;c., made in the Netherlands.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Veloute</strong></span>, Fr. Velvet lace.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Velum</strong></span>, R. (1) A general term for any kind
+of sail, esp. the square <em>mainsail</em> of a ship in contradistinction
+to the other sails. (2) The curtain
+or drop-scene of a theatre. (3) The curtain
+or hanging put up as a covering in front of a
+door. (4) A synonym for <span class='sc'>Velarium</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Velure</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">velours</span></i>). Velvet. (<cite>Shakespeare.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Velvet</strong> (Ital. <em>velluto</em>; hairy or shaggy, like an
+animal’s skin) was introduced into England in
+the 13th century. <em>Velvet upon velvet</em> is that
+where the pattern shows itself in a <em>double pile</em>,
+one pile higher than the other. “<em>Purshed</em>”
+velvet was velvet raised in a network pattern.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Velvet Painting.</strong> The art of painting on fine
+velvet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Velveteen.</strong> A kind of <span class='sc'>Fustian</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Venabulum</strong></span>, R. (<em>venor</em>, to hunt). A hunting-spear,
+a strong staff with a broad lozenge-shaped
+iron head.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Venationes.</strong> Hunting scenes and sports in
+the arena in which wild beasts were introduced
+fighting with each other and with men, a common
+subject of representation on bas-reliefs on
+ancient tombs.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Veneering</strong> is the art of covering wooden
+objects with a thin slice of ornamental wood, so
+as to give the whole the false appearance of
+being made of the superior wood. It is distinct
+from <span class='sc'>Marquetry</span> or <span class='sc'>Inlaid-work</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Veneficium</strong></span>, R. The crime of poisoning; an
+accusation abused by the ancient Romans almost
+as that of witchcraft was in the middle ages.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Venetian Blinds</strong> are those made of laths strung
+together.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Venetian Chalk.</strong> A white talc used for marking
+cloth, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Venetian Door.</strong> A door lighted by panes of
+glass on each side.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_682'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_682.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 682. Venetian point in relief, English made.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Venetian Point.</strong> The engraving represents
+an exquisite specimen of Venetian point lace in
+relief, shown at the International Exhibition,
+1874, among other wonderful reproductions of
+ancient needle-made lace. (For method of
+working, see <span class='sc'>Needle Point</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Venetian Porcelain.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Ecuelle</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Venetian Red</strong> or <strong>Scarlet Ochre</strong>. A burnt
+ochre, used as a pigment in oil and water-colours. Its colour is red, alloyed with blue
+and yellow.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Venetian Window.</strong> A window with three
+separate lights.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Venew</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">venu</span></i>). A bout at a fencing-school.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_683'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_683.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 683. Venice, Doge of, in state costume, 16th century.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Venice, Doge of.</strong> The illustration represents
+the state costume of the Doge of Venice, wearing
+the traditional cap of liberty, the ermine,
+and richly embroidered robes of his office.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Venice Turpentine.</strong> A product of the larch,
+used for varnishing pictures. It is liable to
+crack.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Venice White.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Carbonate of Lead</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Barytes</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ventaile</strong> or <strong>Aventail</strong>. A movable front to a
+helmet, through which the wearer breathed:—“quâ
+ventus hauritur.”</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">L’escu au col, la ventaille fermée.</span>”</div>
+      <div class='line in18'>(<cite>Roman de Roncevaux.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ventrale</strong></span>, R. (<em>venter</em>, the belly). A girdle
+of peculiar shape, fastened round the loins over
+the abdomen.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vents</strong>, Scotch. Chimneys.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><strong>Venturina</strong></span>, Sp. A precious stone, of a yellowish-brown
+colour. Hence:—</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Venturine.</strong> A powder of gold used to sprinkle
+over japanned surfaces.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Ver Sacrum</strong></span>, R. (lit. a holy (or dedicated) Spring).
+The dedication to sacrifice of all that is born
+in a certain year, in the months of March and
+April, was a common practice of the early
+Italian nations, especially of the Sabines. In
+the most ancient times actual infanticide was a
+part of this offering; but in later years the
+practice was modified as regarded children.
+They were brought up, under a vow of dedication,
+to the age of twenty-one, and then with
+veiled faces expelled across the frontiers. Many
+colonies resulted from this practice.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vera Icon</strong>, Chr. The <em>true image</em> impressed
+upon the <span class='sc'>Sudarium</span> (q.v.) of St. Veronica. In
+St. Peter’s at Rome, in a chapel dedicated to that
+saint, a painting on linen is shown as the veritable
+napkin of St. Veronica; and a fine mosaic
+over the altar, after a design by Andrea Sacchi,
+represents the incident. (See <span class='sc'>Stole</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Verandah.</strong> An open portico to a house. In
+the tropical countries the open verandah is the
+principal apartment of a house, and Society
+appear to the passers-by, in their illuminated
+verandahs, like the actors on the stage of a
+theatre.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Verbena</strong></span>, R. Sacred herbs torn up by the
+roots from the enclosure of the Capitoline hill;
+which the Roman <em>fetiales</em> or ambassadors always
+carried in their hands on foreign embassies.
+(Compare <span class='sc'>Vindiciæ</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>“When an injury had been received from a foreign
+state four fetiales were deputed to seek redress, who
+again elected one of their number to act as representative.
+He was styled <em>pater patratus populi Romani</em>. A fillet
+of white wool was bound round his head, together with a
+<em>wreath of sacred herbs</em> gathered within the enclosure of
+the Capitoline hill (<em>verbenæ</em>, Sagmina), whence he was
+called Verbenarius.” (<cite>Dr. Smith.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Verber</strong></span>, R. In a general sense, any kind of
+leather thong; as, for instance, the thong of a
+sling, the thong of a whip for driving horses or
+scourging slaves, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Verde Antico.</strong> A green mottled serpentine
+marble, used by ancient sculptors, found at
+Taygetos. It is much valued for its beautiful
+markings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Verde Azurro</strong></span>, It. (1) A native carbonate of
+copper, of a greenish-blue colour; the <em>Armenian
+stone</em> of Pliny. (2) A blue-green pigment.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Verde Eterno.</strong> A dark green pigment,
+anciently used by the Venetian painters.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Verdigris.</strong> A bright acetate of copper, used
+as a green pigment.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Verditer</strong> (<strong>Blue</strong> and <strong>Green</strong>). A hydrated percarbonate
+of copper. It is generally prepared
+by decomposing the solution of nitrate of copper,
+by the addition of chalk. The refined blue and
+green verditers, see <span class='sc'>Carbonates of Copper</span>
+(<cite>Mountain blue</cite>). The verditer known as
+<em>Bremen Green</em> is produced by subjecting copper
+to the action of sea salt and vitriol for three
+months. (Cf. <span class='sc'>Chrysocolla</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Veretonus</strong>, Med. Lat. The <span class='sc'>Vireton</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Verge</strong></span>, O. E. A rod. In Mediæval Architecture
+the shaft of a column.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Verge Board</strong>, Arch. The external gable-board
+of a house, which is often elaborately
+ornamented with carvings. (See <span class='sc'>Barge-Board</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vergers</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">verge</span></i>, a staff). Officers who
+carry a rod or staff of office. In the law courts
+a white wand, before the judges; in cathedrals,
+&amp;c., a rod tipped with silver.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><strong>Verguilla</strong></span>, Sp. Gold or silver wire, without
+silk.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Vermeil</strong></span>, Fr. Silver-gilt, or gilt bronze.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vermiculatum.</strong> A kind of pavement disposed
+in wreathed lines like the undulations of worms
+(<em>vermes</em>). (See <span class='sc'>Pavimentum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vermilion.</strong> The <em>minium</em> of the ancients.
+A bright and beautiful red colour.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vermilion.</strong> The bisulphuret of mercury in
+powder, a delicate bright red pigment which is
+<em>pale</em> or <em>deep</em>; supposed to be the pigment known
+to the Romans as <em>minium</em>. (Cf. <span class='sc'>Cinnabar</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Red Lead</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vernacle</strong>, Chr. A term for the <span class='sc'>Vera
+Icon</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vernation.</strong> See <span class='sc'>Estivation</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vernis-Martin Work.</strong> A Japanese style of
+painting and enamelling on furniture, carriages,
+and small objects, named after the introducer,
+who was born about 1706.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vernon Gallery</strong>, founded in 1847 by the gift
+of Mr. Robert Vernon of 157 pictures of the
+British school, is now in the South Kensington
+Museum.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Verona Green.</strong> A variety of <span class='sc'>Green Earth</span>
+(q.v.). (See <span class='sc'>Appianum</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Verona Serge.</strong> A thin textile fabric, made of
+worsted, or mohair, and of cotton.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Veronese Green.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Carbonate of Copper</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Veronica.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Vera Icon</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vert</strong>, Her. Green, represented in engraving
+by lines sloping downwards from left to right.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Vert bleu</strong></span>, Fr. (See <span class='sc'>Verde Azurro</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Verticillus</strong></span>, R. (<em>verto</em>, to turn). The whorl
+of a spindle, a small disk of wood, stone, or
+metal, by means of which a rotary movement is
+given to the spindle. (Cf. <span class='sc'>Turbo</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Veru</strong></span>, R. Literally, a roasting-spit made of
+wood and with an iron point. The term was
+also applied to a weapon of Samnite origin used
+by the Roman infantry, and bearing much resemblance
+to a spit. (2) An arrow or dart.
+(Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">vire</span></i>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Veruculum</strong></span>, R. (dimin. of <em>veru</em>). A small
+javelin used by the Roman infantry.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vervels</strong>, <strong>Varvals</strong>, Her. Small rings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vesara</strong>, Hind. A Hindoo temple built on a
+circular plan.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_684'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_684.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 684. Vesica Piscis.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vesica Piscis</strong> (in Italian, <em>mandorla</em>, almond).
+The oblong glory surrounding the
+whole person of Our Lord, or the Virgin, or
+saints ascending into heaven. The <em>seals</em> of
+abbeys, colleges, and other religious establishments
+were all of this form. (See Fig. <a href='#fig_684'>684</a>.)
+It is in form symbolical of the monogram
+<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἴχθυς</span>. (see <span class='sc'>Acrostic</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vespæ</strong>, <strong>Vespillones</strong>,
+R. The
+bearers of a bier
+in a funeral were
+so called by the
+common people,
+because they
+came to fetch the
+bodies in the
+evening (<em>vespertino
+tempore</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vespers</strong>, Chr.
+In the Roman
+Church, the afternoon
+service;
+in the English
+Church, Evening
+Prayer.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vessets.</strong> A
+kind of cloth.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Vest</strong></span>, O. E.
+“A wide garment
+reaching to
+the knees, open
+before, and turned up with a facing or lining,
+the sleeves turned up at the elbows.” (<em>Randle
+Holme</em>, 1683.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Vestalia</strong></span>, Gr. and R. Festivals in honour of
+Vesta. Asses were driven through Rome, carrying
+wreaths of flowers and rolls.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Vestals</strong></span>, R. The priestesses of the goddess
+Vesta, to whom the charge was committed of
+the sacred fire. They were originally four,
+subsequently six in number. Their distinctive
+dress was the <em>infula</em> fitting close to the head,
+with <em>vittæ</em> depending, a long tunic of white
+linen, and the purple <span class='fss'>TOGA</span>, or mantle, with a
+long train to it.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vested</strong>, Her. Clothed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vestibule</strong>, Arch. An entrance-court or vacant
+space before the entrance to a house, temple, or
+other building. (See <span class='sc'>Domus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vestment</strong>, Chr. The hangings of an altar,
+and the robes of the clergy; the term often comprises
+also the sacred vessels.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vestry</strong>, Chr. The modern <em>vestiarium</em> in a
+church; called also the <span class='sc'>Sacristy</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Vethym</strong>, or <strong>Vathym</strong></span>, O. E. A fathom—six feet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Vettura</strong></span>, It. (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">voiture</span></i>). A travelling carriage.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Vexillatio</strong></span>, R. Troops under one <em>vexillum</em>;
+and thence the troops of the allies.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Vexillum</strong></span>, R. A cavalry standard consisting
+of a square piece of woollen cloth spread upon
+a cross. (See <span class='sc'>Signa Militaria</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vexillum Regale</strong>, Med. Lat. The Royal
+Standard.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Via</strong></span>, R. The high road. These were so
+constructed by the Romans that following generations
+used them without repair for more than
+a thousand years. The earliest was the <em>Appian</em>
+or the <em>Great South Road</em> from Rome to Brindisi,
+made <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 312; the <em>Great North Road</em> continued
+through Gaul was the <em>Flaminian Road</em>. The
+construction of a Roman road was the following:—between
+trenches thirteen to fifteen feet
+apart, the <em>gremium</em> or foundation was made
+firm, if necessary, in a marsh, with piles; this
+was covered with large stones of a regulated
+size, such as London streets were formerly
+paved with (<em>statumen</em>), and this with macadamized
+stones cemented with lime (<em>rudus</em>),
+rammed down hard, and nine inches thick;
+then came small shards of pottery, six inches
+thick, also cemented with lime (<em>nucleus</em>), and
+over this the pavement of large blocks of the
+hardest stone (see <span class='sc'>Silex</span>), irregular, but fitted
+and joined with the greatest nicety, and
+perfectly smoothed with a slope for drainage.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Viaticum</strong></span>, R. A provision for a journey.
+Adopted by the Christian Church in reference
+to the last offices of religion to the dying, with
+the obvious symbolical significance.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Vibia</strong></span>, R. A cross-bar and uprights forming
+a trestle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vibrella</strong>, Med. Lat. A cannon.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vices.</strong> The seven <span class='sc'>Vices</span> commonly met with
+in Christian allegory are: Anger, Avarice, Envy,
+Lust, Pride, Revenge, and Sloth.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Vicessis</strong></span>, R. Twenty pounds weight = 14·987
+lbs. avoirdupois.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Victima</strong></span>, R. The animals used for sacrifices
+were mostly domestic; as bulls, sheep, goats,
+pigs, dogs, or horses; each god had his favourite
+animals. The head of the victim was generally
+strewed with roasted barley meal, mixed with
+salt, and adorned with garlands, and sometimes
+its horns were gilt. A bunch of hair was cut
+from its forehead and thrown into the fire as
+<em>primatiæ</em>. It was killed by a person called the
+<em>popa</em>, not by the priests; and part of the intestines
+were burned, or to river-gods, thrown into
+the river, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_685'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_685.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 685. Victoria Cross.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Victoria Cross</strong> is
+of bronze, and was
+instituted by the
+Queen in 1856 to
+render honour to
+“conspicuous bravery”
+in actual conflict
+by sea or land.
+It is worn on the left
+breast attached to a
+blue ribbon for the
+Navy, and a red for
+the Army.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_686'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_686.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 686.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Victoriatus</strong></span>, R. A
+silver coin stamped
+with a figure of Victory,
+while its obverse
+represented a bearded Jupiter. (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_686'>686</a>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_687'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_687.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 687. Victory. Device of Martin, King of Aragon.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Victory</strong> is represented
+by the ancients
+winged, and
+bearing a <em>palm</em>
+branch and a <em>laurel</em>
+crown. Fig. <a href='#fig_687'>687</a>
+is the beautiful device
+adopted by
+Martin, King of
+Aragon, in 1396,
+with the motto, “Not in the Darkness.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vicuna.</strong> A kind of alpaca wool.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Vicus</strong></span>, R. (Gr. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κώμη</span>). A quarter in a city.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Vidrecome</strong></span>, Fr. A large drinking-glass.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Vielle</strong></span>, Fr. The “hurdy-gurdy,” an ancient
+stringed instrument played with finger-keys, and
+producing sound by the friction of a wheel
+instead of a fiddle-bow.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vienna Lake.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Carminated Lakes</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vienna White.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Carbonate of Lead</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Vigessis</strong></span>, R. (See <span class='sc'>Vicessis</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vignette</strong> (Fr. a <em>little vine</em>). A small woodcut
+or illustration on a page. In Architecture,
+a running ornament of leaves and tendrils, common
+in the hollow mouldings of Gothic Architecture;
+especially in the Decorated and Perpendicular
+styles. (<cite>Parker.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vihuela.</strong> A musical instrument, represented
+in the celebrated Portico della Gloria of Santiago
+da Compostella, in Spain. It closely resembles
+the <span class='sc'>Rebec</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Villa</strong></span>, R. A Roman farmstead or country
+house. It was divided into three distinct parts:
+the <em>urbana</em>, or house of the owner; the <em>rustica</em>,
+or farm building in which the slaves and animals
+lived; and the <em>fructuaria</em> or magazine for storing
+the produce.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Villicus</strong></span>, R. A gardener. (See <span class='sc'>Hortus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vimana</strong>, Hind. A Hindoo temple consisting
+merely of a building in the form of a pyramid,
+allowing of several stories which recede one above
+the other. Vimanas are divided into five groups:
+the medium vimana, called <em>santiaca</em>; the victorious
+(<em>pantica</em>), the enormous (<em>jayada</em>), the
+admirable (<em>atb’ huta</em>), and the amiable (<em>sarvacama</em>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vina</strong>, Hind. A kind of Hindoo lyre furnished
+with a small number of strings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vinalia.</strong> Roman festivals of two kinds—<em>urban</em>
+and <em>rustic</em>. The former were kept on
+23rd April, when the wine of the previous year
+was first broached; the <em>rustic</em> on 19th August,
+when the vintage opened by the priest solemnly
+plucking the first bunch of grapes, after a sacrifice
+of lambs to Jupiter.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vinatico.</strong> A coarse mahogany wood, obtained
+in Madeira, from <em>Persea Indica</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Vinculum</strong></span>, R. (<em>vincio</em>, to bind). A general
+term to denote anything that binds, fastens, or
+clasps; such as a string, lace, ribbon, chaplet,
+or garland, strap, dog or slave-collar, manacles,
+fetters. (See <span class='sc'>Amentum</span>, <span class='sc'>Collare</span>, <span class='sc'>Compes</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Corona</span>, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vindiciæ</strong> (<em>vindico</em>, to claim). A fragment of
+any property under dispute which, under the
+old Roman jurisprudence, the plaintiff was
+compelled to bring before the court and to place
+beneath his foot while stating his case; if the
+property in question were a flock, the <em>vindiciæ</em>
+consisted of a tuft of wool; if an estate or field,
+of a clod or turf taken from the said estate or
+field.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Vindicta</strong></span>, R. (<em>vindico</em>, to deliver). The rod
+with which the prætor or his lictor struck a
+slave on the head in the ceremony of <em>manumissio</em>,
+by way of declaration that he was free.
+(See <span class='sc'>Festuca</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vine.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Vitis</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vine Black.</strong> Ink used in copper-plate printing;
+prepared from the charred husks of grapes
+and the residue of the vine press.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Vinea</strong></span>, R. (lit. a bower of vine-branches).
+The <em>vineæ</em>, also called under the emperors
+<em>causiæ</em>, were a kind of mantelets or sheds
+employed in siege operations, made of light
+timbers covered with planks and the skins of
+animals.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vinum Saccatum.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Collum Vinarium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Viol.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Fiddle</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Viola</strong> or <strong>Alto-viola</strong>. A <em>tenor</em> violin; tuned
+an octave above the <em>violoncello</em>. It is larger
+than the ordinary violin and has four gut strings,
+of which the third and fourth are covered with
+silver-plated copper wire. Its name in the
+ancient “set of viols” was <em>viola di braccio</em>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_689'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_689.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 689. Viola da Gamba.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Viola da Gamba.</strong> An instrument closely resembling
+the modern violoncello. (See Fig.
+<a href='#fig_689'>689</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Viola d’Amore</strong></span>, It. An obsolete species of
+violin producing a very sweet and peculiar tone
+by an arrangement of metal wires vibrating in
+unison with the gut strings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Violet</strong> is a combination of equal red and
+blue. It is complementary to yellow. In Christian
+art, the colour violet or the amethyst,
+signified love and truth, or passion and suffering.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Violet Wood.</strong> A turnery wood of Guiana,
+the produce of <em>Andira violacea</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Violin.</strong> This instrument has three gut strings,
+and a fourth of silver wire. The <em>back</em>, <em>neck</em>, <em>sides</em>,
+and <em>circles</em> are generally made of sycamore; the
+<em>belly</em>, <em>bass-bar</em>, <em>sound-post</em>, and six <em>blocks</em>, of deal;
+the <em>finger-board</em> and <em>tail-piece</em> of ebony. The
+Hindus claim the invention of the <em>bow</em>, for a
+period about 3000 years <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> (See <span class='sc'>Fiddle</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Violoncello.</strong> A large and deep-toned instrument
+of the <em>viol</em> kind, the two lowest strings
+being covered with silver wire.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Violone</strong></span>, It. Contre-basso or double bass;
+the largest instrument of the violin kind.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Virago Sleeves.</strong> A fashion of ladies’ dress
+in the reign of Charles I., perpetuated in the
+bishop’s sleeves.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Vire</strong></span>, Fr. A barbed arrow, used with the
+early cross-bow.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Vireton</strong></span>, It. A peculiar form of arrow, the
+feathers in which are spirally arranged to produce
+a spinning movement in its flight.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Virga</strong></span>, R. A general term for any kind of
+rod or wand; as, for instance, a riding-whip; a
+switch for chastising children or slaves; a very
+slight stick carried by a lictor to aid him in
+opening a way through the crowd for the magistrate
+before whom he walked.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Virgatus</strong></span>, R. Striped; a term applied to
+cloth or drapery ornamented with bands (<em>virgæ</em>),
+or to anything plaited with twigs of osier, such
+as a basket.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_690'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_690.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 690. Virginal. 16th century.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Virginal.</strong> A musical instrument which originated
+in the middle ages. A specimen of the
+time of Elizabeth, in the form of a miniature
+<em>pianoforte</em>, is in the South Kensington Museum.
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_690'>690</a>.) It was followed by the <span class='sc'>Spinet</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Virgins</strong> are usually represented soberly robed
+with long hair streaming down their backs.
+The parable of the wise and foolish virgins is a
+very common subject of mediæval sculpture and
+church decoration.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Viria</strong></span>, R. A very ancient term replaced by
+<span class='sc'>Armilla</span> (q v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Viridarium</strong></span>, R. An ornamental garden.
+(See <span class='sc'>Hortus</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Virtu</strong></span>, Fr. The quality of rareness, or art excellence
+sought in the selection of specimens of
+art-work by a <em>Virtuoso</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Virtues.</strong> A degree of the second order of
+<span class='sc'>Angels</span>. They are usually represented in complete
+armour bearing pennons and battle-axes.
+The <em>Cardinal</em> virtues are: Power, Prudence,
+Temperance, and Justice; and the <em>Theological</em>
+virtues are: Faith, Hope, and Charity. There
+are innumerable other virtues variously represented
+in Christian allegory, opposed to corresponding
+<span class='sc'>Vices</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Virtuoso</strong></span>, It. A man skilled in the selection
+of specimens of art-work.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_691'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_691.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 691. Viscount’s Coronet.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Viscount</strong> (vice-comes).
+The fourth
+degree of rank and
+dignity in the British
+peerage. Originally an
+earl’s deputy in his
+county, made an arbitrary
+title of honour,
+next in rank to an
+earl, by Henry VI. in 1440. A viscount’s
+mantle is two doublings and a half of plain
+fur. His coronet, granted by James I., has
+only a row of sixteen pearls set close to the
+circlet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vise</strong>, Arch. A spiral staircase. (See <span class='sc'>Newel</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>“Vyce, a tourning stayre, <em>vis</em>.” (<cite>Palsgrave.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Visitation</strong>, Chr. (It. <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">La visitazione</span></i>; German,
+<em>die Heimsuchung Mariä</em>). A frequent theme of
+Christian art, representing the meeting of the
+Virgin Mary and Elizabeth, the mother of St.
+John the Baptist. (Consult <em>Mrs. Jameson’s
+Legends of the Madonna</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Visor.</strong> The part of a helmet made to cover
+the face. (See <span class='sc'>Umbril</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Vitis</strong>, <strong>Vine</strong></span>, R. and Chr. A vine or vine-branch
+with which a centurion punished any
+soldier who had neglected his duty. In Christian
+symbolism, the vine-stock with clusters of
+grapes is an emblem of the Church. Representations
+of it are frequently met with on monuments
+of Christian art.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vitreous Wares.</strong> Wares having a glassy
+surface. (See <span class='sc'>Pottery</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vitro di Trino</strong> (Ital.). An ornamental glass-work
+invented by the Venetians in the 15th
+century, consisting of a sort of lace-work of
+white enamel or transparent glass, forming a
+series of diamond-shaped sections; in the centre
+of each an air-bubble was allowed to remain as
+a decoration. (<cite>Fairholt.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Vitrum</strong></span>, R. <span class='sc'>Glass</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vitruvian Scroll</strong>, Arch. A name given to a
+peculiar pattern of scroll-work, consisting of
+convolved undulations, used in classical architecture.
+(<cite>Parker.</cite>)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_693'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/fig_693.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 693. Vitta.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Vitta</strong></span>, R. A ribbon or band worn round
+the head by Roman women of free birth to confine
+their hair. <em>Vitta sacra</em> was a long ribbon
+confining the flocks of wool which formed an <em>infula</em>,
+and worn by the priests or the victim destined
+for sacrifice. The term was further
+applied to the ribbon which passed round garlands
+or festoons of leaves and fruits, and thence
+to any ribbon employed in the decoration of an
+architectural motive, such as tori for instance, as
+shown in Fig. <a href='#fig_693'>693</a>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Vittatus</strong></span>, R. Adorned with the <em>vitta</em>; a
+term applied to women, victims, and certain
+architectural ornaments.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Vivarium</strong></span>, R. (<em>vivum</em>, a living thing). A
+general term for any kind of place in which
+live animals are kept; such as aviaries, warrens,
+fish-ponds, game preserves, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vivianite.</strong> A blue phosphate of iron, occasionally
+used as a pigment.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vizard.</strong> A mask for the face.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“On with this robe of mine,</div>
+      <div class='line'>This <em>vizard</em> and this cap!”</div>
+      <div class='line in28'>(<cite>Old Play.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vizor.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Visor</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Voided</strong>, Her. Having the central area removed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Volant</strong>, Her. Flying.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Volante Piece.</strong> A piece of jousting-armour
+fastened to the <span class='sc'>Grand-garde</span> above it, protecting
+the neck and breast.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><strong>Volets</strong></span>, Fr. (1) The side <em>wings</em> of a <span class='sc'>Triptych</span>.
+(2) A gauze veil worn at the back of the head,
+by ladies, in the Middle Ages. (See Fig. <a href='#fig_704'>704</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Volumen</strong></span>, R. (<em>volvo</em>, to roll). A very long,
+narrow sheet made of strips of papyrus glued
+together. This sheet was gradually rolled round
+a wooden cylinder as the reader perused what
+was written on it, an operation expressed by
+the term <em>evolvere volumen</em>. When a work was
+of considerable length, each book or chapter
+was rolled round a separate stick or wooden
+cylinder, so that a single volume (<em>volumen</em>)
+consisted of a large number of rolls.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Volupere</strong></span>, O. E. A woman’s cap or nightcap.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“The tapes of her white <em>volupere</em>.”</div>
+      <div class='line in10'>(<em>Chaucer</em>, <em>The Miller’s Tale</em>.)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='fig_694'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_694.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 694. Ionic Volute.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Volute</strong>, Arch. (<em>volvo</em>, to roll). (1) The spiral
+scroll peculiarly distinguishing the capital in the
+Ionic order. (Fig. <a href='#fig_694'>694</a>.) (2) The small volutes
+of the Corinthian capital which are placed at
+the four angles of the <em>abacus</em>; they are called
+<em>helices majores</em>, while the volutes beneath the
+cinque-foils are called <em>helices minores</em>. (See
+<span class='sc'>Helix</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Vomer</strong>, <strong>Vomis</strong></span>, R. A plough-share; it resembled
+almost exactly our modern ones.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_695'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_695.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 695. Vomitorium.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Vomitoria</strong></span>, R. (<em>vomo</em>, to discharge). Doors
+in a theatre or amphitheatre opening on the
+corridors of the building, or on to the <em>scalæ</em>
+leading into the <em>cavea</em>. Fig. <a href='#fig_695'>695</a> represents a
+<em>vomitorium</em> (restored) in the Coliseum or Flavian
+amphitheatre, at Rome.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Votive Tablets.</strong> Sculptured representations
+of parts of the body affected with disease,
+offered to the gods, either in gratitude or propitiation.
+The superstition introduced by the
+ancient Egyptians has survived all religious revolutions,
+and survives in Roman Catholic countries
+at the present day. Wilkinson says:—</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>“After the cure of a disease was effected they (the
+ancient Egyptians) frequently suspended a model of the
+restored part in the temple of the god whose interposition
+they had invoked, precisely in the same manner as in
+the sheikh’s tombs in modern Egypt, and in the Roman
+Catholic chapels of Italy and other countries, consecrated
+to the Virgin or a saint; and ears, eyes, distorted arms
+and other members were dedicated as memorials of their
+gratitude and superstition.” (<cite>Ancient Egyptians.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Voulge.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Langue-de-Bœuf</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Voussoir</strong>, Arch. A French term for the
+wedge-shaped stones (ring-stones) of which an
+arch is composed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vulcanalia.</strong> Roman festivals to Vulcan, celebrated
+with games in the Flaminian circus on
+the 23rd August. The sacrifices were of <em>fishes</em>,
+which the people threw into the fire; and it was
+the custom to commence the work of the day by
+candle-light, in honour of the god of fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vulned</strong>, Her. Wounded or bleeding. The
+pelican in its piety (Fig. <a href='#fig_531'>531</a>) is described as
+<em>vulning herself</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vulture</strong>, Egyp. Among the Egyptians, the
+vulture is the symbol of maternity, and accordingly
+a representation of it served to write the
+word <em>mother</em>, and the name of the goddess
+<span class='sc'>Maut</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vulture Feathers.</strong> Largely used for making
+artificial flowers; the feathers of species of
+<em>accipitres</em> imported from Bombay.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Vulturius</strong>, <strong>Vulture</strong></span>, R. A throw at dice. It
+is not known how many points made up a vulture,
+but it is clear from certain authors that it
+was a bad throw, although not so bad as the
+<em>canis</em> or dog.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Vuyders</strong> or <strong>Guiders</strong>. Straps to draw together
+the parts of armour.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c005'>W.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c006'><em>This initial interchanges frequently with</em> gu:—<em>as ward</em>, guard; <em>wicket</em>, guichet, <em>&amp;c.</em></p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Wafters</strong></span>, O. E. Blunted swords for exercise.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Wain</strong></span>, O. E. A wagon.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Wainscot</strong>, Arch, (from the German <em>Wand-Schotten</em>,
+wall-covering), wooden panelling used
+to line the inner walls.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Waist.</strong> The central part of the upper deck
+of a ship, between the fore and main masts.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Wait.</strong> An old English wind instrument resembling
+the <span class='sc'>Shawm</span> (q.v.). It was used by
+the watchmen or <em>waights</em>, to proclaim the time
+of night.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Waka-tana.</strong> The war canoe of New Zealand;
+some of these are fifty feet long, by four
+feet beam, with a high stern-post. This and the
+carved prow are both richly decorated with a
+profusion of feathers. (<cite>Simmonds.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Wakes</strong> (A.S. <em>wæcan</em>). Originally vigils or
+eves of Saints’ days. The <em>late-wake</em> of the
+Highlanders; the <em>lyke-wake</em> of the early English,
+and the <em>wake</em> of the Irish are the remains of the
+ancient northern custom of watching the body
+of a deceased friend before burial. (Consult
+<em>Brand’s Popular Antiquities</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Wales.</strong> The strong side planks of the body
+of a ship, running fore and aft.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Walking-sticks.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Bourdon</span>.) (See also
+Fig. <a href='#fig_091'>91</a>.) Fairholt (<cite>Costume in England</cite>) gives
+the following quotation from an inventory of
+Greenwich Palace, <em>temp.</em> Henry VIII.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>“A cane, garnished with sylver and gilte, with astronomie
+upon it. A cane, garnished with golde, having a
+perfume in the toppe, under that a diall, with a pair of
+twitchers, and a pair of compasses of golde, and a foot
+rule of golde, a knife and a file the haft of golde, with a
+whetstone tipped with golde.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Under Charles II. bunches of ribands on the
+tops of canes were fashionable.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Wall Painting.</strong> The <span class='sc'>Greek</span> temples were
+brilliantly decorated with painting and gilding
+internally. “The method has been investigated
+and is described to be the colouring of the body
+of the wall of a pale yellow or golden colour,
+the triglyphs and mutules blue, the metopes
+and the tympanum red, and some other portions
+of the building green, and varying these tints or
+using them of greater or less intensity as the
+judgment of the artist dictated.” (<em>Hittorf</em>, <em>Essay
+on the Polychromy of Greek Architecture</em>.) The
+colouring of the <span class='sc'>Egyptian</span> bas-reliefs is familiar.
+The buildings of <span class='sc'>Herculaneum</span> and <span class='sc'>Pompeii</span>
+were decorated with <em>frescoes</em> and <em>mosaics</em>, in the
+Augustan age of Roman art. In the Middle
+Ages the custom was continued of decorating
+with colour the architecture of sacred edifices;
+and many old palaces and mansions in England
+show relics of the practice of decorating the walls
+with tempera, especially under Henry III. (See
+<span class='sc'>Frescoes</span>, <span class='sc'>Stereochromy</span>, <span class='sc'>Water-work</span>, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_696'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_696.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 696. Wallet—Badge of the Gueux.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Wallet.</strong> The badge of the Gueux; two
+hands clasped through the handles of a beggar’s
+wallet. (See <span class='sc'>Gueux</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Wall-plates</strong>, in building. Horizontal timbers,
+called <em>plates</em>, <em>properly</em> those at the top of a
+building under the roof.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Walled</strong>, <strong>Muraillée</strong>, Her. Made to represent
+brick or stone-work.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Walling Wax.</strong> The composition with which
+etchers make a <em>wall</em> round the plate upon which
+they are proceeding to pour the acid. (See
+<span class='sc'>Engraving</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Walnut</strong>, Chr. In Christian iconography the
+walnut is the symbol of perfection. (See
+<span class='sc'>Nut</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Walnut Oil.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Nut Oil</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Wambais</strong> (Saxon <i><span lang="nds" xml:lang="nds">wambe</span></i>, the belly). A stuffing
+of wool in the quilted tunic or <span class='sc'>Gambeson</span>.
+The best illustration is the conventional figure
+of Punch.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Wampum</strong>, North American Indian. Strings
+of shells worn as belts and used for money.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Wang</strong>, Chinese. Yellow. The sacred
+colour.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Wapentake</strong></span>, O. E. A hundred, or district.
+The term is derived from <em>weapon-taking</em> (or
+counting).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Wapinshaw</strong></span>, O. E. A review of weapons.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Et fiat visus armorum, quod dicitur Wapinschaw.</span>”</div>
+      <div class='line in32'>(<cite>Scotch Statute.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class='group'>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><strong>Wappenrock</strong></span>, Germ. A military cloak, with
+armorial charges. (See <span class='sc'>Tabard</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ward</strong>, of a castle. The <span class='sc'>Bailey</span> or courtyard.
+(See <span class='sc'>Ballium</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Warnbrace.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Vaunt-brace</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Wassail</strong> or <strong>Wassel</strong></span>, O. E. (Saxon <i><span lang="nds" xml:lang="nds">waes hael</span></i>,
+“to your health.”), (1) A drinking-bout generally.
+(2) A drink made of roasted apples.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Watchet</strong></span>, O. E. Pale blue.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“The saphyre stone is of a <em>watchet</em> blue.”</div>
+      <div class='line in4'>(<em>Barnfield’s Affectionate Shepherd</em>, 1594.)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Water</strong>, of a diamond; its lustre.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Water-colour Painting</strong> was gradually raised
+from the hard dry style of the last century to its
+present brilliancy, by the efforts of Nicholson,
+Copley Fielding, Sandby, Varley, the great
+Turner, Pyne, Cattermole, Prout, &amp;c., within
+the present century. The Water Colour
+Society’s Exhibition was begun in 1805.
+(<cite>Haydn’s Dict. of Dates.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Water-Colours.</strong> The principal are <em>lemon
+yellow</em>, <em>gamboge</em>, <em>Indian yellow</em>, <em>yellow ochre</em>,
+<em>chrome</em>, <em>vermilion</em>, <em>light red</em>, <em>Indian red</em>, <em>rose
+madder</em>, <em>carmine</em>, <em>purple madder</em>, <em>Vandyke-brown</em>,
+<em>sepia</em>, <em>brown pink</em>, <em>sap-green</em>, <em>emerald green</em>,
+<em>indigo</em>, <em>ultramarine</em>, <em>smalt</em>, and <em>cobalt</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Water-gilding.</strong> Gilding with a thin coat of
+amalgam.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Water-mark</strong>, on paper. A device resembling
+a transparency in the texture, which is printed
+during the process of manufacture, by means of
+wire or brass plates on the mould of the paper
+machine.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Water-scape.</strong> A fanciful term sometimes
+used to distinguish a sea view from a <em>landscape</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Water-table</strong>, Arch. A horizontal set-off in
+a wall, sloped to throw off the wet.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Water-work</strong></span>, O. E. Wall painting in distemper.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>“A pretty slight drollery, or the German hunting in
+<em>waterwork</em>, is worth a thousand of these bed-hangings,
+and these fly-bitten tapestries.” (<cite>Shakespeare.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Watered</strong> (<strong>silk</strong>) having a shaded or diversified
+surface; produced by placing two pieces of silk
+lengthways between metallic rollers, where they
+are subjected to different degrees of pressure.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Watteau Pictures.</strong> Idyllic scenes of imaginary
+Arcadian enjoyment, and a certain fanciful
+style of costume characteristic of Watteau’s pictures,
+called in French “scènes de la vie
+galante.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Wattle.</strong> An Australian name for various
+woods of the Acacia species.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Wattled</strong>, Her. Having a comb and gills, as
+a cock.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Wayn-cloutt</strong></span>, O. E. A waggon-cloth.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Wax.</strong> Bleached bees’-wax is the vehicle in
+<em>encaustic</em> painting.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Wax painting.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Encaustic Painting</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Weathercock.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Fane</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Weathering</strong>, Arch. The slope of flat surfaces,
+for drainage.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Webbing Tape.</strong> A kind of broad tape.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_697'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_697.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 697. Wedgwood Vase.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Wedgwood Ware.</strong> The manufacture of
+Josiah Wedgwood begun in 1759, at Etruria,
+in Staffordshire. A fine white, cream-coloured
+ware, having a clear and hard body, with more
+compact glaze and more perfect substance than
+the majolica. Many of the groups on Wedgwood
+vases and plaques were designed by Flaxman.
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_697'>697</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Weepers</strong></span>, O. E. Statues in niches round
+tombs, representing the mourners.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Welding.</strong> The union of two pieces of metal
+together, by heat and pressure.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Welkin.</strong> The sky; hence <em>welkin eyes</em>, blue
+eyes. (<cite>Shakspeare.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Well-staircase.</strong> A spiral staircase. (See
+<span class='sc'>Newel</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Welsh Hook.</strong> A mediæval weapon, a kind
+of bill with a <em>hook</em> at the back, used to drag a
+horse-soldier from his saddle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Welt.</strong> A joint or fold in a texture. The
+term is variously explained as synonymous with
+<em>guard</em>, a facing to a gown; or <em>purfles</em>, i. e.
+fringes. (Consult <em>Fairholt</em>, s.v.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Welted Brocades</strong> and <strong>Quilts</strong>. Articles with
+folds in the texture; lined and ribbed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Weued</strong>, A.S. The altar.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“In chvrche to vore the <em>heye weued</em> Constantyn hym sleu.”</div>
+      <div class='line in26'>(<cite>Robert of Gloucester.</cite>)</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Whalebone</strong> is the commercial name for the
+<em>baleen</em> plates found in the mouth of the whale,
+of which there are about 300 in each animal.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>What-not.</strong> A modern piece of furniture, a
+light side-board or stand.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Wheel.</strong> In Christian art, the attribute of
+St. Catherine, in allusion to the manner of
+her martyrdom.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Wheel</strong>, <strong>Catherine Wheel</strong>. Represented in
+heraldry with curved spikes projecting from its
+rim.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Wheel Engraving upon Glass.</strong> (See
+<span class='sc'>Glass</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Wheel-lock.</strong> A crude invention in gunnery,
+of the 16th century, for winding up the trigger
+of a gun with a hand-winch.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Whinyard</strong></span>, O. E. A sword.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Whipping-tops</strong> are represented in Anglo-Saxon
+manuscripts; the thongs of the whips are
+<em>knotted</em>, which would add to the difficulty of the
+game.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_698'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_698.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 698. Falling “Whisk.”</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Whisk</strong></span>, O. E.
+A <em>ruff</em> or <em>band</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c011'>“A woman’s <em>nec
+whisk</em> is used both
+plain and laced, and
+is called of most a
+gorget or <em>falling
+whisk</em>, because it falleth
+about the shoulders.”
+(<cite>Randle
+Holme.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Whisket</strong></span>, O. E.
+A basket. S.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Whistle.</strong> Prehistoric
+specimens
+of whistles made
+of bones have been
+disinterred among
+relics of the Stone
+Age. The Mexicans
+in antiquity
+made curiously
+grotesque whistles
+of baked clay representing
+caricatures
+of the human
+face and figure,
+birds, beasts, and
+flowers. (Consult
+<em>Musical Instruments
+by Carl Engel</em>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>White</strong>, in Christian
+art represented
+by the
+diamond or silver, was the emblem of light,
+religious purity, innocence, virginity, faith, joy,
+and life. (<cite>J.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>White</strong> is in theory the result of the union
+of the three primary colours. The principal
+white pigments are <em>white lead</em>, <em>Lake white</em>, <em>Krems
+white</em>, <em>zinc white</em>, <em>constant white</em> (q.v.). (See
+<span class='sc'>Carbonate of Lead</span>, <span class='sc'>Oxide of Zinc</span>, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>White Copper.</strong> German silver.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>White Lead</strong> is the white pigment universally
+used for oil painting; it is considered a good
+dryer, and is used to render oil more drying.
+(Consult <em>Merrifield’s Treatise</em>, &amp;c., vol. i. cl.).
+(See <span class='sc'>Carbonate of Lead</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>White Vitriol.</strong> <span class='sc'>Sulphate of Zinc</span> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Whiting</strong>, as used for wall painting, &amp;c., is
+pure chalk, cleansed and ground with water.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Whittle</strong></span>, O. E. A pocket clasp knife.
+(<cite>Shakspeare.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Whole and Halves.</strong> Proportional compasses
+used for the enlargement or reduction of drawings.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Whorler.</strong> The wheel of a potter’s lathe.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Wicker-work.</strong> Texture of osiers, or small
+twigs; basket-work.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Wicket</strong> (Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Guichet</span></i>). A small door perforated
+in a larger one.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Wigs</strong> (contraction of Periwigs, from Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">perruque</span></i>)
+were brought in from France in the 16th
+century. They took their greatest proportions
+in the time of Louis XIV. In the early 18th
+century also they are described as of immense
+size, “large enough to have loaded a camel.”
+And of this date is the celebrated wig-maker’s
+sign, in which Absalom was represented hanging
+by the hair in a tree, and King David weeping
+beneath, exclaiming,—</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c010'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“O Absalom! O Absalom!</div>
+      <div class='line in2'>O Absalom, my son!</div>
+      <div class='line'>If thou hadst worn a <em>periwig</em></div>
+      <div class='line in2'>Thou hadst not been undone.”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'>Smaller varieties were called <em>perukes</em> or travelling-wigs;
+and the <em>campaign wig</em>, which “hath
+knots or <em>bobs</em>, a <em>dildo</em> on each side with a curled
+forehead.” These <em>dildos</em> or <em>pole-locks</em> were the
+origin of the pigtail. (See <span class='sc'>Hair</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Wilton Carpets</strong> are a kind of Brussels carpeting,
+with the yarns cut.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Wimple</strong></span>, O. E. A nun’s hood, covering the
+neck and shoulders, adopted by ladies in general,
+<em>temp.</em> Henry VII.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Winchester Bushel.</strong> An ancient standard
+measure of capacity preserved in the Town Hall
+at Winchester. It dates from the reign of King
+Edgar. It is 18½ inches wide, and 8 inches
+deep.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Windows.</strong> The earliest of stained glass in
+Italy were painted by order of Pope Leo III.,
+at Rome, in 795. The windows of some churches
+were closed with valves or shutters of stone,
+like those of the Duomo of Torcello, erected in
+1008. Others were filled with slabs of transparent
+talc or alabaster. The earliest painted
+glass in York Cathedral is of <span class='fss'>A. D.</span> 1200. The
+use of glass windows in private houses was not
+general until the 14th century. During the
+Middle Ages glass windows were in movable
+wooden frames, and were taken away by
+families when they travelled. (Consult <em>Hallam’s
+Middle Ages</em>, vol. iii.) Substitutes for glass were
+thin parchment or linen, painted and varnished,
+or even paper. (<em>Le Vieil</em>, <em>de la Peinture sur
+Verre</em>.) These paper windows may still be
+seen in villages in the north of Italy.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Winds</strong> (Latin, <em>Venti</em>). The impersonations of
+the <em>winds</em> were held in high veneration, especially
+by the Athenians. The four principal
+were Eurus or Vulturnus, the east or south-east
+wind; Auster, the south wind, the Notus of the
+Greeks, pernicious to plants and men; Zephyrus,
+the son of Aurora and father of Carpus
+(fruit), a genial, health-bearing breeze, called
+also <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ζωηφόρος</span>, life-bearing; and Boreas, the
+strong north wind, usually represented with the
+feet of a serpent, his wings dripping with golden
+dewdrops, and the train of his garment sweeping
+along the ground. Inferior <em>winds</em> were
+Solanus, in Greek Apeliotes, answering to the
+east, and represented as a young man holding
+fruit in his lap; Africus, south-west, represented
+with black wings and melancholy countenance;
+Corus, north-west, drives clouds of
+snow before him; Aquilo, north-east by north,
+equally dreadful in appearance, from <em>aquila</em>, an
+eagle, type of swiftness and impetuosity.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Windsor Chairs.</strong> A plain kind of strong
+wooden chairs, so called.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Wings</strong>, from time immemorial, have been the
+Oriental and Egyptian symbol of power as well
+as of swiftness; of the spiritual and aerial, in
+contradistinction to the human and the earthly;
+also in Chaldaic and Babylonian remains, in the
+Lycian and Nineveh marbles, and on the gems
+and other relics of the Gnostics. In Etruscan
+art all their divinities are winged.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Wings</strong>, in theatres. The shifting side-scenes
+on the stage. In costume, the projections on
+the shoulders of a <em>doublet</em>. (See Fig. <a href='#fig_091'>91</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Wise Men</strong>, Chr. The <span class='sc'>Magi</span>. (See <span class='sc'>Epiphany</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Wisp</strong></span>, O. E. A broom.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Woad.</strong> A dye plant—<em>Isatis tinctoria</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Wolf.</strong> In Egypt was worshipped at Lycopolis;
+it figures frequently among hieroglyphic signs.
+The Greeks had consecrated the wolf to Apollo,
+the Romans to Mars. In Christian (especially
+Spanish) art, an attribute of St. Vincent, in
+allusion to the legend that wild beasts were
+driven away from his body after his martyrdom,
+by a raven.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_699'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_699.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 699. Carved-wood mirror frame, belonging to Lord Stafford at Costessy.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Wood-carving.</strong> One of the most ancient
+manifestations of the art instinct of humanity is
+found in the very earliest relics of every nation.
+Especially in Egypt specimens remarkable for
+fidelity of representation have been recently disinterred,
+and stand in the Boulac Museum.
+Among Christian countries Germany is the
+most distinguished in this branch of art, but
+Holland and Belgium closely rival it in excellence
+and abundance of early specimens. Illustrious
+English carvers in wood were mostly of
+Dutch or German extraction. The most famous
+of them is Grinling Gibbons, employed by Sir
+Christopher Wren in the decoration of St.
+Paul’s Cathedral. He excelled in carving
+flowers and foliage.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Wood-engraving</strong> or <strong>Xylography</strong>. Box-wood
+is the only kind that can be used. The blocks
+when smoothed and polished are prepared for
+drawing on, by rubbing the polished surface
+with <em>bath brick</em> in very fine powder mixed with
+water. When this thin coating is dry, it is removed
+by rubbing the block on the palm of the
+hand; its only use is to make the surface less
+slippery. There are four descriptions of cutting
+tools used in wood-engraving. The <em>graver</em> is
+not very different from that used for copper-plate,
+but has the point ground to a peculiar
+form by rubbing on a <em>Turkey stone</em>. Eight or
+nine <em>gravers</em>, of different sizes, are generally required
+commencing with a very fine one, which
+is called the <em>outline tool</em>, and increasing in size
+or breadth. <em>Tinting</em> is cutting series of parallel
+lines, which, when engraved, form an even and
+uniform tint. For this process there is a distinct
+set of tools called <em>tinting tools</em>. <em>Gouges</em> of
+different sizes are used for scooping out the wood
+towards the centre of the block, and flat tools or
+<em>chisels</em> for cutting it away towards the edges.
+The earliest known wood-engraving, “The
+Virgin surrounded by four Saints,” is dated
+1418. A print of it is in the Brussels Museum.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Wood-skin.</strong> An American name for a large
+canoe made of bark.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Woof.</strong> The <em>weft</em>, or cross-texture of fabrics.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Woolsack.</strong> The seat of the Lord Chancellor,
+in the House of Lords.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Working Drawings</strong> (Arch.) are enlarged portions
+of plans with details of a building, for the
+practical artificers to work from.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Worsted</strong> (properly Worstead, spelt also “<em>worsett</em>”
+and “<em>woryst</em>”) was the name given to the
+cloth woven of the hard thread produced by the
+peculiar carding process that was invented at
+<em>Worstead</em> in Norfolk; 14th century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Wou</strong> or <strong>Wouwou</strong>, Egyp. The Egyptian name
+for the dog; it is evidently an onomatopœia,
+like the name for a cat, which is written
+<span class='sc'>Maaou</span>. (See <span class='sc'>Canis</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Wreath.</strong> Wreaths have at all times been
+prominent among symbolical personal ornaments;
+always with an honourable or pleasant
+signification; wreaths of ivy distinguished the
+votaries of Bacchus; appropriate wreaths were
+invented for sacrifices at the altar for heroic or
+priestly or literary distinction. (See <span class='sc'>Orle</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Crest</span>, <span class='sc'>Wreath</span>, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Wrest</strong></span>, O. E. An instrument
+for drawing up the strings of a
+harp. (<cite>Shakespeare.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Wyn</strong></span>, O. E. A narrow flag.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_700'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_700.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 700. Wyvern.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Wyvern</strong>, <strong>Wivern</strong>, Her. A
+fabulous creature, a species of
+dragon with two legs, and represented
+having its tail nowed.
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_700'>700</a>.)</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c005'>X.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c006'>(<em>The syllable</em> <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ξυν</span>- <em>in Greek is generally rendered Syn</em>, <em>q.v.</em>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>X.</strong> The Roman numeral for ten.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Xanthian Marbles.</strong> Sculptures found in
+1838 at Xanthus, in ancient Lycia, now in the
+British Museum. The figures are Assyrian in
+character, and of a date not later than 500 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>
+Besides the so called Harpy tomb (see <span class='sc'>Harpies</span>),
+there are sieges, processions, and many figures,
+in the energetic action so remarkable in the
+Nineveh sculptures. Most of the figures are in
+profile; but the eyes, like those of Egyptian
+sculptures, are shown in full.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Xebec.</strong> A small lateen-rigged three-masted
+vessel, common in the Mediterranean.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Xenagia</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ξεναγία</span>). A subdivision of the
+Greek army consisting of 256 men, and subdivided
+into four tetrarchies, commanded by the
+<em>Xenagos</em>, an officer appointed by the Spartans,
+who had the control of the armies of the Greek
+states.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Xenia</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ξένια</span>, lit. friendly gifts). (1)
+Delicacies, dainties, or pastry which were sent
+to one another by the Greeks and Romans as
+a pledge of friendship, chiefly during the Saturnalia.
+(2) Decorations to the walls of <em>guest</em>-chambers
+consisting of paintings of <em>still life</em>
+representing game, fruits, fish, and flowers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Xenodochium</strong></span>, R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ξενο-δοχεῖον</span>). A low Latin
+term for a hospice intended for the reception
+of pilgrims and sick persons. Childebert
+founded a <em>xenodochium</em> at Lyons in the 6th
+century.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Xerophagia</strong>, Chr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ξηρο-φαγία</span>). A six days’
+fast throughout Holy Week, during which the
+Christians of the primitive Church ate only
+bread with a little salt, and drank nothing but
+water.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Xestes</strong>, Gr. (Lat. Sextarius). A Greek measure
+of capacity; very nearly a <em>pint</em>; equivalent
+to the Latin <span class='sc'>Sextarius</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Xoïtes</strong>, Egyp. A nome or division of Lower
+Egypt, the capital of which was <em>Khsonou</em>;
+Ammon-Ra was the principal deity there worshipped.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Xylography.</strong> Wood-engraving (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Xylon</strong>, Gr. (lit. wood). A Greek measure of
+length, equal to 4 feet and 6·6 inches.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Xylopyrography.</strong> Poker-painting; the art
+of burning pictures on to wood.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Xyneciæ</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">συν-οίκια</span>). Festivals held at
+Athens in honour of Minerva, to commemorate
+the union of the inhabitants of Attica into a
+single city. These festivals were instituted by
+Theseus, and held every year in the month of
+July. Another name for them was <em>Metœciæ</em>
+(<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μετοίκιαι</span>).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Xystus</strong>, Gr. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ξυστός</span>). A covered place
+situated near a portico, within which, in a
+palæstra or stadium, athletes went through their
+exercises. Pausanias tells us that this part of
+the stadium received its name from the fact that
+Hercules used every day to clear out the palæstra
+at Elis in order to inure himself to toil, and that
+he tore up many weeds by scraping (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ξύω</span>, to
+scrape, <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ξυστός</span>). The baths and thermæ at
+Rome were furnished with large xysti, in which
+young men went through a number of exercises.
+The term <em>xystus</em> was also generally applied by
+the Romans to the beds of rare flowers and
+shrubs in the centre of the peristyle; it also denoted
+a garden walk perfectly straight, and
+planted in a regular style; and lastly, an open
+walk or terrace in a garden attached to any
+building.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c005'>Y.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c006'>The letter <strong>Y</strong> is called the letter of Pythagoras
+because that philosopher made it the symbol of
+life. The foot of the letter, he said, represented
+infancy, and as man gradually rises to the age of
+reason, he finds two paths set before him, the
+one leading to good, the other to evil, portrayed
+by two forks of the letter. The illustration is
+the device of Jean de Morvilliers (+ 1577),
+Chancellor of France; the harrow tied to the
+Pythagorean <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Υ</span>, a <em>rebus</em> on his name <em>Mort-vie-liers</em>—“Death
+and life united.” The harrow
+is the symbol of Death, which makes all things
+equal. (Fig. <a href='#fig_701'>701</a>.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_701'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_701.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 701. Device of Morvilliers. (The Pythagorean Y.)</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Yacca.</strong> An ornamental Jamaica wood used
+for cabinet-making.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Yard</strong> (from the Saxon <i><span lang="nds" xml:lang="nds">geard</span></i> or <i><span lang="nds" xml:lang="nds">gyrd</span></i>, from
+<em>gyrdan</em>, to enclose). Originally estimated to
+measure the <em>girth</em> of a man’s body; until
+Henry I. decreed that it should be the length of
+his arm.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Yataghan.</strong> A Turkish dagger or scimitar.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Yawl.</strong> A man-of-war’s boat, rowed with six
+oars.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ychma</strong>, Peruv. The name for wild cinnabar
+among the ancient Peruvians; it was employed
+by them for painting the body and drawing
+figures on the face and arms.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Yellow.</strong> One of the three primary colours;
+producing with <em>green</em>, blue; and with <em>red</em>,
+orange. The principal yellow pigments are
+<em>gamboge</em> (bluish), <em>gold ochre</em> (reddish), <em>yellow
+ochre</em>, <em>Naples yellow</em>, <em>chrome yellow</em>, <em>lemon
+yellow</em>, <em>Indian yellow</em>, <em>gall-stone</em>, <em>Roman ochre</em>,
+<em>Mars yellow</em>, <em>terra di Siena</em>, <em>Italian pink</em>, <em>cadmium
+yellow</em>, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Yellow</strong>, in Christian art, or gold, was the
+symbol of the sun; of the goodness of God,
+initiation or marriage, faith or fruitfulness. In
+a bad sense yellow signifies inconstancy, jealousy,
+deceit; in this sense it is given to the traitor
+Judas, who is generally habited in dirty yellow.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Yellow Arsenic.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Yellow Orpiment</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Yellow Flag.</strong> Denoting sickness on board of
+a ship or quarantine.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Yellow Lake.</strong> A bright pigment, very susceptible
+to the action of light or metal. (See
+<span class='sc'>Pinks</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Yellow Metal.</strong> A composition, two-thirds
+copper and one-third zinc.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Yellow Ochre.</strong> An argillaceous earth, coloured
+by admixture of iron. (See <span class='sc'>Ochre</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Yellow Orpiment</strong> (<em>auripigmentum</em>). A bright
+and pure yellow pigment, but not durable, and
+dries very slowly; called also <em>Yellow Arsenic</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Yeoman</strong> of the Guard. A beef-eater; one of
+the British sovereign’s state body-guard; below
+the <em>gentleman-at-arms</em>. Instituted at the coronation
+of Henry VII. in 1485.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Yew.</strong> <em>Taxus baccata.</em> The word is largely
+used in cabinet-making. The excellence of the
+wood for making bows led to the trees being
+planted in churchyards, to preserve them.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ymaigier.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Imagier</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ymaigerie</strong>, <strong>Imagery</strong>, Med. (1) Illuminated
+borders on missals and manuscripts executed by
+the miniaturists of the Middle Ages. (2) Bas-reliefs
+and sculptures on wood and stone.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_702'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_702.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 702. Yoke. Device of Pope Leo X.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Yoke.</strong> A symbolical device assumed by Pope
+Leo X. in allusion to the text “My yoke is
+easy,” expressed in the one word of the motto
+“<em>Suave</em>.” (See <span class='sc'>Jugum</span>.) Fig. <a href='#fig_702'>702</a>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>York Collar.</strong> Her. Was formed of alternate
+<em>Suns</em> and <em>Roses</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>York Herald.</strong> One of the six Heralds of the
+College of Arms. (See <span class='sc'>Heralds</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>York Rose.</strong> Her. The <em>white</em> rose of the
+family of York. (See Fig. <a href='#fig_589'>589</a>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Yorkshire Grit.</strong> A stone used for polishing
+marble and engravers’ copper plates.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Ypres Lace</strong> is the finest and most costly kind
+of <span class='sc'>Valenciennes</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Yu</strong>, Chinese. (1) A hard and heavy stone,
+supposed to be a kind of agate which was used
+for the ancient musical instrument <span class='fss'>KING</span>, which
+was a kind of harmonicon made of slabs of
+sonorous stone of different sizes. (2) An ancient
+name for a curious wind instrument of high
+antiquity, which is still in use and is now called
+<em>cheng</em>. It consists of a number of tubes placed
+in a <em>calabash</em>, or bowl, and blown into through
+a long curved tube.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Yucatan.</strong> A province of Mexico remarkable for
+its architectural monuments of a forgotten civilization,
+described by <em>Stephens, Incidents of Travel
+in Yucatan</em>. (See <span class='sc'>Mexican Architecture</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Yufts.</strong> A kind of Russia leather, red and
+soft, with a pleasant smell.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="ang" xml:lang="ang"><strong>Yule</strong></span>, O. E. Christmas time.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c005'>Z.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><em>The initials Z and S and Z and C frequently interchange, especially in old words derived from the German, as zither, cither; zentner, centner, &amp;c. The German Z is pronounced ts.</em></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Zaba</strong>, <strong>Zava</strong>. An Arabic cuirass. (<cite>Meyrick.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Zabaoth.</strong> (See <span class='sc'>Sabaoth</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><strong>Zafferano</strong></span>, It. Saffron. A vegetable yellow
+pigment.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Zaffre</strong> (It. <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">zaffiro</span></i>). An ancient blue pigment,
+prepared from <em>cobalt</em>, of a <em>sapphire</em> blue, resembling
+<em>smalt</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><strong>Zamarilla</strong></span>, Sp. A loose jacket of sheepskins.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Zarf.</strong> An oriental saucer for coffee-cups.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Zauca</strong>, <strong>Zaucha</strong>, or <strong>Zauga</strong></span>, Gr. and R. A
+soft and flexible leather boot peculiar to Eastern
+nations; it was worn under the trousers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><strong>Zazahan</strong></span>, Sp. A kind of flowered silk.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Zebec.</strong> A common form of sailing vessel in
+the Mediterranean, rigged with a lateen sail.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Zebra Wood.</strong> The <em>Hyawaballi</em> of Guiana, a
+beautiful wood for furniture.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Zebu.</strong> The humped species to which the
+sacred Brahmin bull belongs, represented in
+Hindu art.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><strong>Zema</strong></span>, Gr. and R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ζέμα</span>). A vessel of earthenware
+or metal, a saucepan.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Zemzemeeyeh</strong>, Arabic. A skin for carrying
+water in the desert.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Zend-Avesta</strong>, Pers. “The Word of Life”
+or “Living Word.” The sacred book of the
+Parsees; it consists of two parts, one of which
+is written in <em>Zend</em>, the other in <em>Pehloi</em> and
+<em>Parsee</em>. The first part is called <em>Vendidad-Salé</em>,
+and the second <em>Boundehech</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Zenith.</strong> The centre of the arch of the sky
+overhead. (Cf. <span class='sc'>Nadir</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Zephyr Yarn</strong> is the dyed worsted thread
+usually known as <em>Berlin wool</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Zeuxite.</strong> A gem. (See <span class='sc'>Tourmaline</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Zigzag</strong>, Arch. One of the mouldings
+frequently used in Norman architecture, running
+in zigzag lines. (See Fig. <a href='#fig_488'>488</a>.) Fig. <a href='#fig_123'>123</a>
+is an illustration of a variety of this ornament
+on a column. <em>Zigzig</em> mouldings in
+connexion with pointed arches are characteristic
+of the transition period of architecture, from
+the Norman to the Early English, frequently
+called <em>chevron</em>.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_704'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_704.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 704. Duchess of Parma in richly embroidered robes and zimarra.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Zimarra.</strong> An Oriental robe, called in
+England also <em>Samare</em>. Described as a lady’s
+jacket: “it has a loose body and four side laps
+or skirts, which extend to the knee; the sleeves
+short, cut to the elbow, turned up and faced.”—<em>Randle
+Holme.</em></p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Zincography.</strong> Engraving on plates of zinc,
+introduced in 1817. (See <span class='sc'>Photozincography</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Zinc White.</strong> A pigment recently introduced
+as a substitute for the preparations of white lead.
+It is little liable to change, either by atmospheric
+action or mixture with other pigments. It is the
+white oxide of zinc, and is also called <em>Chinese
+White</em> (q.v.).</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Zipo</strong>, Med. Lat. A shirt of mail.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Zircon.</strong> A peculiar rare grey and brown
+earth, found in the true rough and opaque
+varieties of hyacinth stone, which are met with
+in Ceylon, Norway, Carinthia, and the Ural.
+The term <em>hyacinth</em> is applied to the transparent
+and bright-coloured varieties of zircon, and
+<em>jargoon</em> to crystals devoid of colour and of a
+smoky tinge, occasionally sold as inferior diamonds.
+(<cite>Simmonds’ Com. Dict.</cite>)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Zither.</strong> A favourite stringed instrument of a
+soft and sweet effect, much used in the Austrian
+Tyrol. It is played lying flat on a table, and
+the strings struck with a <em>plectrum</em> worn on the
+thumb.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Zocle</strong> or <strong>Socle</strong>, Arch. The plinth in classical
+architecture.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Zodiacus</strong>, <strong>Zodiac</strong>, Gen. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ζωδιακὸς</span>, i. e. pertaining
+to animals). The zone of the celestial
+sphere which extends to eight degrees on either
+side of the ecliptic. The Egyptians had representations
+of it in their temples, the most
+celebrated being that of <em>Denderah</em>, a cast of
+which is at the Louvre. Other zodiacs have
+also been found in the great temple of Esneh
+and at Contra-Lato. Many monuments of the
+Romano-Byzantine and Gothic periods possess
+representations of zodiacs. They occur on the
+doorways and other parts of churches from the
+end of the 10th century. In particular may be
+noted the one which figures on the bas-reliefs of
+the frieze in the side apsides of the Romano-Auvergniate
+church of St. Paul d’Issoire. One
+of the largest zodiacs, dating from the beginning
+of the 11th century, is that of the church of St.
+Vézelay. The series of medallions which surround
+the great tympanum representing Christ
+and the apostles, contain, independently of the
+signs of the zodiac, representations of the agricultural
+operations belonging to each month of
+the year.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_705'  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_705.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 705. Zona.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Zona</strong>, Gr. (1)
+A girdle, used to
+gird up the skirts
+of the dress for
+freedom of action
+(Fig. <a href='#fig_157'>157</a>);
+on occasions of
+solemnity, as sacrifices
+or funerals,
+the girdle was relaxed, and the folds of the
+dress allowed to hang to the feet (Fig. <a href='#fig_537'>537</a>);
+as a part of the marriage ceremony it was taken
+off. Upon the armour of men it supported the
+kilt, and was worn round the cuirass (Fig.
+<a href='#fig_705'>705</a>; cf. Fig. <a href='#fig_044'>44</a>). It was generally used
+as a purse. The celebrated girdle (<em>cestus</em>) of
+Venus, which conferred beauty and inspired love,
+is not represented on the statues of that goddess.
+There is a town on the Ægean Sea called Zona
+from the belt of trees upon it, still growing in
+the processional order in which they arrived
+when they left their native plantations and followed
+the music of Orpheus. (2) In Architecture,
+an entablature which encircles any isolated
+building. Lofty buildings surrounded by seven
+<em>zones</em> were described as <em>septizonia</em>. (3) In
+painted vases, horizontal annular bands often
+decorated with animals. (See <span class='sc'>Zoophori</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Zonula.</strong> Diminutive of <span class='sc'>Zona</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Zoomara</strong>, Arab. A double clarionet.</p>
+
+<div id='fig_706'  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/fig_706.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 706. Greek Vase decorated with Zoophori.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Zoophori.</strong> Bands of ornament on friezes,
+vases, &amp;c., representing animals. (See Figs.
+706, 707.)</p>
+
+<div id='fig_707'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/fig_707.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Fig. 707. Vase with bands of Zoophori.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Zophorus</strong>, Gr. and
+R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ζωφόρος</span>). Literally,
+bearing animals,
+and thence a <em>frieze</em>,
+decorated with figures
+of animals, conventional
+or real.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Zotheca</strong>, Gr. and
+R. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ζω-θήκη</span>). A small
+chamber adjoining a
+larger apartment,
+whither the occupant
+might retire for the
+purpose of study. (2)
+A small niche for the
+reception of a statue,
+vase, or any other
+object. The Romans
+had a diminutive for
+<em>zotheca</em>, viz. <em>zothecula</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><strong>Zummárah</strong>, Egyp.
+A musical instrument;
+a double reed pipe.</p>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div>THE END.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div>LONDON:</div>
+    <div>PRINTED BY GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, LIMITED,</div>
+    <div>ST. JOHN’S SQUARE.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='pbb'>
+ <hr class='pb c004' />
+</div>
+<div class='tnotes x-ebookmaker'>
+
+<div class='chapter ph2'>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c001'>
+    <div>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+ <ol class='ol_1 c002'>
+    <li>Silently corrected obvious typographical errors and variations in spelling.
+
+    </li>
+    <li>Retained archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings as printed.
+
+    </li>
+    <li>Moved illustrations to the head of the associated article. If more than one 
+    illustration then positioned some after the article.
+    </li>
+  </ol>
+
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ILLUSTRATED DICTIONARY OF WORDS USED IN ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY ***</div>
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diff --git a/67629-h/images/semiquaver.svg b/67629-h/images/semiquaver.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..211df0f
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author	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-14 18:15:15 -0700
committer	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-14 18:15:15 -0700
commit	8affcf23c5c2af6294416cbb081909be7a5525e2 (patch)
tree	98e2230f49d6c6ba61e025cc3207e39c36c81923 /67629-h