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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7c49ed1 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #67483 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/67483) diff --git a/old/67483-0.txt b/old/67483-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index e6e93c1..0000000 --- a/old/67483-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1759 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Life and Work of William Tindale, -by W. B. Cooper - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The Life and Work of William Tindale - -Author: W. B. Cooper - -Release Date: February 23, 2022 [eBook #67483] - -Language: English - -Produced by: The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at - https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive). - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE AND WORK OF WILLIAM -TINDALE *** - - - - - -Transcriber's Note: - -The "Tindale" of this book is usually rendered as "Tyndale". - -Entries in the Index to words and names mentioned in the Introduction -(pp xvii-xxi) are mostly incorrect. - - - - - [Illustration: The Window of Thanksgiving in the Bible House, - London] - - - THE LIFE AND WORK - OF - WILLIAM TINDALE - - BY - - REV. W. B. COOPER, M.A., D.D., - TORONTO - - _2nd Edition_ - - [Printer's mark] - - LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO. - - 210 VICTORIA STREET, TORONTO - 55 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK - 39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON - - 1925 - - - Copyright, Canada, 1924 - By CANADIAN BIBLE SOCIETY - TORONTO - - - _1st Edition, September, 1924._ - _2nd Edition, May, 1925._ - - - PRINTED IN CANADA - T. H. BEST PRINTING CO. LIMITED. TORONTO - - - _To - A. M. C. - and - C. C. C._ - - - "A seed is sown in Britain and whether men wait - for a hundred or a thousand years they will find - it flowering." - - (King Arthur). - - -PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION - - -The author is gratified at the cordial reception which the first edition -of his work has met with. The issue of a second edition has given the -opportunity of making some minor corrections, and of including in the -closing paragraphs an appreciative reference to the work of the American -Bible Society. - -Contemplation of the published work has suggested to the author that -greater significance might have been attributed to the background and -environment of Tindale's early manhood. The breaking up of the social -and religious structure of his time, and the spread of the New Learning -over Western Europe were events profoundly affecting the character and -career of contemporary English youth. Thus, the disintegration and -dissolution of the overawing authority of the Church, though she -retained for decades sufficient power to strike down her foes; the -splintered social unity which resulted from the decadence of the Feudal -Order, with class suspicion and hatred ensuing, combined to throw men -off their moral balance: and then into this moral confusion came rumours -of literatures, unknown and ancient, which opened to the startled minds -of teachers and students knowledge that at once widened and made more -wondrous the world which men thought they knew. The discovery of the -Greek and Latin literatures excited the imaginations of the younger men. -Oxford and Cambridge students in groups crossed the English Channel and -enrolled themselves in the Continental Universities that they might gain -at first hand the knowledge they desired. Grocyn, Linacre, and Colet -came back eager to teach and guide. But most significant of all was -this, that Erasmus landed in England. - -Romantic stories were in the air of a New World beyond the seas. - -Now the reaction of all this on the nation at large was a disquietude -and disturbance that led confusion towards fear and panic. - -Such was the atmosphere which as a youth Tindale breathed. Not the least -of his claims to greatness are his deep insight into that disturbance of -the national soul, and the adventurous confidence with which he entered -on that long self-discipline which fitted him for the enterprise he so -brilliantly fulfilled. - -When four hundred years ago the Low Countries of Europe, Holland and -Belgium, passed by inheritance to the reigning Spanish Sovereign, -Charles I, these lands became the theatre of long and devastating -warfare. Siege and sally, slaughter and suffering brought misery on the -people like a flood. - -Yet it was in that distracted country, amid suffering almost universal, -that there came into being the unrivalled sweetness of belfry music. -Singing towers all over the Netherlands sprang into the air. Carillons -by the score were hung, and have been the delight and pride of the -people for a dozen generations or more. - -To much the same effect, we may say, out of the disquietude and -suffering of those early years of the Sixteenth Century there came in -our English tongue a work which has proved to be "the most majestical -thing in our literature, the most living spiritual thing in our -tradition"; and we owe it to this high-hearted Apostle of our Faith, -William Tindale. - -APRIL, 1925. - - - - -PREFACE - - -With the approach of the Fourth Centenary there is a demand for a memoir -of Tindale, less detailed than the standard biography, yet preserving -the perspective of history. To meet this demand this miniature has been -prepared. It sets forth especially the ardent force of vision which -sustained the exile in the depth and tumult of his toil. - -Diligent use has been made of recognized authorities on the subject -treated; and it is hoped the little volume may make room for itself in -this busy age. For helpful suggestions, the author is indebted to Mr. A. -M. Denovan and Mr. B. R. Brooker; and to the Religious Tract Society for -kind permission to reproduce illustrations from their standard Biography -of Tindale. - -It is offered to the public under the tolerant aphorism: "So long as a -man says sincerely what he thinks, he tells us something worth while." - - [Illustration: WILLIAM TINDALE] - - - - -CONTENTS - - - Page - Introduction xvii - Conditions in England 1 - The Making of Tindale 11 - At Little Sodbury 15 - In London 19 - In Exile (1) Intercourse with Luther 24 - In Exile (2) Translating the New Test. 29 - Personality 46 - Conclusion 50 - - - - -ILLUSTRATIONS - - - Tindale Memorial Window in Bible House London _Frontispiece_ - - Facing Page - - William Tindale. Drawn by I. H. Lynch from an old portrait - by Pass xiii - - Erasmus: 1526, after Dürer 2 - - Printing Press, 1511. The earliest known representation - of a Printing Press, from the title page of Hegesippus' Hist. - de Bello Judaico, printed by Jodocus Badius Ascensius, Paris 1511 30 - - [1]Page of Octavo New Testament, 1525 33 - - [1]Page of Octavo New Testament, Revised, 1534-6 36 - - [1]Facsimile of the only known letter of Tindale 48 - - Tindale's Monument at North Nibley, near Little Sodbury 50 - - - [1] By kind permission of the Religious Tract Society. - - - - -INTRODUCTION - - -"The first scholar and the first divine of his epoch"—the words stand -true of William Tindale; but his personality is even more arresting, for -only a man richly endowed with courage, sincerity, uprightness, the -sense of duty and the love of country, could have served England so -nobly as he did: yet England knows not the man. - -Fifteen years, or sixteen at most, early in the Sixteenth Century, -1520-1536, enclose the immemorial labors of William Tindale. During that -decade and a half there were for him experiences and enterprises which -went to the making of the man, and show what manner of man he was: but -which also set him forth as one of the greatest of his race. - -Formative years preceded these; some thirty of them one conjectures; of -which, however, we can discover little. We get glimpses of him and his -doings; but they are like flashes of lightning in a dark sky. A -narrative of this man's life would seem forever impossible: what letters -there were, or other documents, disappeared long ago: and the path he -trod with unfaltering step we can trace in patches only. - -For all that it is possible to set out the features of the man, realize -the massive qualities he possessed, recall his surroundings, the -atmosphere he breathed, the hostility he aroused, the victory he won at -the cost of his life; and so to recognize the valor, the magnanimity, -and in a word the greatness of this too little known English worthy. - -A biographic blank like this, where incidents of consequence must have -transpired, is not altogether unknown in history. - -History encounters the same difficulty in the life of Wyclif. The -character of his parents is unknown. Not an anecdote of his boyhood -remains. His life at Oxford, extending over forty years, yields but a -single incident. - -In one of Tindale's younger contemporaries in the northern kingdom, -there occurs a similar desert stretch, where the silence is even more -profound; and which the most diligent research has failed to break. John -Knox was born in 1505; and of his inner life for the first forty years -we know absolutely nothing. Then suddenly, against a background darker -in Scotland than that in England, he emerges holding George Wishart's -two-edged sword in his hand. - -Of the crisis which lay behind, which changed him from a priest before -the altar to the beloved disciple of this early martyr, we hear not a -word. "In the solemn days of early faith", wrote the late Taylor Innes, -"not a few men like him were in the desert until the time of their -showing unto Israel. Not the polished shaft only, but the rough -spear-head too was in the shadow of a mighty hand until the day when it -was launched." - -If ever Papini's paradoxical dictum be credible, it is in a life like -this: "The most highly educational biographies are those of men of whom -little or nothing is known. Those are the books that set forth the human -ideal, that tell us what a man ought to be." The paradox is elsewhere -resolved by him when he says: "I care less for the whole course of a -man's life than for his own distilling of its essence." - -The distilled essence of Tindale's life comes to view again and again -during these brief years; which were crowded with events, dramatic and -of age-long significance, and which passed from drama to tragedy in the -martyr fires he had long foreseen. - -Centenaries are apt to miscarry. If such occasions serve only for the -display of erudition and platform vanity, and fail to lead us to seek -the essential message and the continuing inspiration of the great men -they celebrate, what riches of the past remain sealed to us! There have -been celebrations loudly acclaimed by men who would have bayed at the -heels of the brave revolutionary whom they now eloquently praise. They -simulate seeing he is no longer alive and dangerous, but a hero dead: -and they join the chorus of universal praise. The effect is to emphasize -the deadness of the past, not to rekindle glorious life—this is -rekindled only where there is eagerness to be in or near the succession -of the great, where there is sympathy with admiration, where there is in -fine some kinship of spirit. - -The true aim of Centennials is more psychological than historical. Not -so much the magnification of the subject as the discovery of what was -his lofty purpose, his high endurance, his nobility of spirit: not even -his success, but his endeavor; and this in order that in our admiration -we may draw inspiration for ourselves and emulate his spirit in the -altered circumstances of the time. That resolve to recapture for the -world of to-day a courage and a consecration of which the world of his -day was contemptuous, and to devote these invaluable virtues to the -opportunities of our time—that is the soul-stirring aim in revivifying -the past; and is not that the true heritage of all the ages? - - - - -CHAPTER I. - -CONDITIONS IN ENGLAND - - -Can we picture to ourselves the world in which Tindale gradually came -into public view, made his voice heard in palaces, manor houses and -homes of the common people; making enemies rage, but winning friends -innumerable, until finally a price was set on his head: and there were -Englishmen eager to entrap him to his death? - -What was the condition of England then? What figures stand out -conspicuous in the life of the nation? In whose hands did administrative -power lie? In what directions were events moving? In the forefront of -the nation strode Wolsey, clothed with power, dominating every avenue of -corporate action, the master of church and state, and irresistible so -long as he could retain the indulgence of the king. It was the time when -Wolsey had succeeded in substituting royal despotism for -quasi-representative government, and had himself risen to giddy heights -of power and affluence, only to fall headlong in infamy and remorse. His -sovereign had at length turned with Tudor frenzy against his minister. -The king's marriage projects, his impatience with the Cardinal's vanity, -as extravagant as it was grotesque, were not the only cause for -dishonor; the King had purposes which called for servants of another -type, and Henry was resolved to wield the royal power alone. - - [Illustration: DESIDERIUS ERASMUS. - After Albert Durer.] - -Erasmus, More and Colet were the men of letters conspicuous in ability -and influence during Tindale's boyhood. The three men were in intimate -sympathy with one another; and each in his own fashion, exponents of the -new learning, gave the country whole-hearted service. All were men of -outstanding talent, and labored unceasingly for the ends they had in -view. Colet was the preacher of renown. His University lectures on St. -Paul's Epistles were scarcely less notable than his sermons in London. -Sir Thomas More was witty, intense, versatile, broad-minded, gifted with -imagination and courage; but when he encountered the violence of Luther -suddenly changed to the recusancy of the bigots and the bishops. -Erasmus, the greatest of the three, never altered his plans. He held on -his way alike in all weathers undeterred, enlightening his time with the -treasures he had found in the New Testament. It was in the year 1516 he -issued his Greek Testament, with a Latin version alongside, correcting -errors in the Vulgate; and that issue was a landmark in the history of -the whole of Europe. - -These three men incensed the conservatism of the Church. They refused to -shut their eyes to the prevalent ignorance and unworthiness of the -priesthood. They laid bare the open sores in the body ecclesiastic. -Their irony and satire played about abbots, bishops and curés; but in -all the castigation inflicted, there was no sign given by the priesthood -of change or desire for reformation; only rancour and rage. As the truth -got utterance given to it, the people took sides slowly, and the tides -of feeling rose and spread. Listen to one voice from the multitude: - - Men hurt their souls, - Alas! for Goddes will; - Why sit ye Prelates still - And suffer all this ill? - Ye Bishops of estates - Should open broad the gates - Of your spiritual charge - And come forth at large - Like lanterns of light - In the peoples' sight - In pulpits awtentike - For the weal publyke - Of priesthood in this case. - -—John Skelton. - -Gloucestershire was a stronghold of the Church. The proverb "As sure as -God is in Gloucester" gave point to it. Only a few of the clergy -understood the Latin services they read or sang. None of them knew the -contents of the Bible; and many were outspoken in their disparagement of -it. When argument arose and some rare voice made reference to the Bible, -they thought to silence him by saying the Pope, or this or that, was -above the Bible. It was in the course of conversation and debate that a -certain man ejaculated to Tindale "We were better be without God's laws -than the Pope's". The attitude is the more to be remarked because as a -consequence of the new learning there had been a wide diffusion of the -Bible in the Latin language (the Vulgate) since the invention of -printing. No fewer than eighty editions, although one cannot ascertain -what was the size of the editions, had been issued between 1462 and -1500. - -As a sign of the times, this diffusion of the Latin Bible was curiously -significant. Significant it was indeed in more ways than one. It showed -(1) that the scholars of the church were being influenced by the new -learning; but also (2) that a strict reservation was to be enforced in -confining it to scholars. The Bible was for scholars, not for others. A -fine instance is in the case of the Complutensian Polyglot. Complutum -was the Latin name of Alcala. In 1502 Cardinal Ximenes, the founder of -Alcala University, decided on the issue of a Polyglot edition of the -Bible wherein the Vulgate should be placed alongside of the best Hebrew -and the best Greek manuscripts. "Every theologian", he said, "should -also be able to drink of that water which springeth up to eternal life -at the fountain head itself.... Our object is to revive the hitherto -dormant study of the Sacred Scriptures". The very men who thus engaged -in the publication of the Bible, denounced with the direst of penalties -its distribution outside the charmed circle of the learned. - -Freedom of conscience there was none. Tolerance was proclaimed as an -emanation of Hell. Difference of opinion was deadly. To acknowledge -misgiving or doubt or dissent was incontinently to be rated as a rebel -and exposed to the truculency of a pitiless hierarchy. - -There is a companion picture of the English world at that time, lurid -and indeed sickening. The bishops sank their humanity in frenzied -partisanship, gave rein to cruel and monstrous passion, aided and -abetted therein by More as Lord Chancellor. They lit the fires of -Smithfield, and the spectacle of Englishmen perishing at the stake for -honesty of thought and sincerity of life, became so familiar as to -case-harden the people at the scenes. One story, typical of scores of -others, may be given. - -The story has reference to Bainham's execution: "Among the lay officials -present at the stake, was 'one Pavier', town clerk of London. This -Pavier was a Catholic fanatic, and as the flames were about to be -kindled he burst out into violent and abusive language. The fire blazed -up, and the dying sufferer, as the red flickering tongues licked the -flesh from off his bones, turned to him and said, 'May God forgive thee -and shew more mercy than thou, angry reviler, shewest to me.' The scene -was soon over: the town clerk went home. A week after, one morning when -his wife had gone to mass, he sent all his servants out of the house on -one pretext or another, a single girl only being left, and he withdrew -to a garret at the top of the house, which he used as an oratory. A -large crucifix was on the wall; and the girl, having some question to -ask, went to the room, and found him standing before it, 'bitterly -weeping'. He told her to take his sword, which was rusty, and clean it. -She went away and left him; when she returned, a little time after, he -was hanging from a beam, dead. He was a singular person. Edward Hall, -the historian, knew him, and had heard him say, that, 'if the king put -forth the New Testament in English, he would not live to bear it.' And -yet he could not bear to see a heretic die. What was it? Had the meaning -of that awful figure hanging on the torturing cross suddenly revealed -itself? Had some inner voice asked him whether, in the prayer for his -persecutors with which Christ had parted out of life, there might be -some affinity with words which had lately sounded in his own ears? God, -into whose hands he threw himself, self-condemned in his wretchedness, -only knows the agony of that hour. Let the secret rest where it lies, -and let us be thankful for ourselves that we live in a changed world." - -(_Froude, Henry VIII._) - -When the mind pauses to reflect on this doing to death of men because -their faith did not square with that of those in high places, and -succeeds in freeing itself from the numbing influence which its very -familiarity causes, the amazement and horror of the practice help us to -measure the criminal folly of it. One must make an effort indeed to -shake off that deadening influence; and then, and only then, the -arrogance and impiety of claiming injustice, torture, judicial murder, -as a service to God, make one shudder as at blasphemy. Yet what awful -pages of history in every part of Christendom record the deeds of this -sanguinary orthodoxy. How hard has mankind found it to learn that -persuasion and forbearance are the real solvents of dissent; for the -faith in force is hardly shaken to this day. Forcible suppression is in -high favor still. It may not, dare not, perhaps, work by the same crude -and sanguinary tools, although the disclosures of the Great War, or of -Soviet Russia, may give the lie to that caveat: but little observation -is needed to show how in subtler forms, alike in politics and in -religion, there is the same impatience with disagreeing opinion, and the -same self-assurance that does not hesitate to silence a disputant by -death or shame. Wherever it lifts its head, it is the head of -Anti-Christ. - - - - -CHAPTER II. - -THE MAKING OF TINDALE - - -In such an atmosphere the formative years of Tindale's life were spent. -So much can be said: but little more than that is known with any -certainty. Indeed the story of his youth can be put in a single -paragraph. He was a native of Gloucestershire. He was sent very young to -Oxford. There he entered Magdalen Hall, attached to Magdalen College, -the College of Wolsey and Lily. After graduation he went for a period to -Cambridge, attracted there probably by Erasmus, who had occupied the -Greek chair. - -It was about the time when Erasmus gave his Greek Testament to the -world. He was fulfilling his own daring ideal, very daring in those -days. "I totally dissent", Erasmus said in his Exhortation, "from those -who are unwilling that the Sacred Scriptures, translated into the vulgar -tongue, should be read by private individuals, as if Christ had taught -such subtle doctrines that they can with difficulty be understood by a -very few theologians or as if the strength of the Christian religion lay -in men's ignorance of it. The mysteries of kings it were perhaps better -to conceal, but Christ wishes His mysteries to be published as widely as -possible. I would wish even all women to read the Gospel and the -Epistles of St. Paul. And I wish they were translated into all languages -of all people, that they might be read and known, not merely by the -Scotch and the Irish, but even by the Turks and the Saracens. I wish -that the husbandman may sing parts of them at his plough, that the -weaver may warble them at his shuttle, that the traveller may with their -narratives beguile the weariness of the way." - -The very centre of the excitement it created was in Cambridge when -Tindale enrolled. Many minds hungrily devoured the work. The story of -Bilney, "Little Bilney" as he was affectionately called, (captivated by -the Greek Testament, a fervent disciple of the Gospel, intimidated by -the terrors of the persecutor, on recantation set free, and to his honor -recovering himself and courageously confessing his new faith with -martyrdom before his eyes, he gave his life as a brave man should) -indicated what happened to many others. - -To no Cambridge student of the time had the book come more opportunely -and more appropriately than to the ex-Oxford student, whose classical -attainments fitted him to take from it the very fullest advantage. One -of Tindale's sayings amid these surroundings was, "he had perceived by -experience how that it was impossible to establish the lay people in any -truth unless the Scriptures were plainly laid before their eyes in the -mother tongue, that they see the process, the order, and the meaning of -the text: which things only", he says, "moved me to translate the New -Testament." - -Known in both colleges as an able scholar, excelling in languages, -Tindale left Cambridge and became Chaplain-Tutor in the family of Sir -John Walsh in his native county. There he continued his studies, -preached frequently, and met on equal terms with the Society of the -shire. - - - - -CHAPTER III. - -AT LITTLE SODBURY - - -Churchmen and gentry were frequent guests at the hospitable board. The -topics agitating men's minds were often mentioned. Sometimes the -conversation waxed warm. The chaplain rarely spoke, though nothing -escaped his attention. It was impossible always to forbear. A question -or a reflection was at times enough to draw opposition. Indeed the -relevancy and significance of his words challenged his listener. - -Tindale felt himself alone. He was not sure of the sympathies of his -host: his hostess thought him presumptuous in holding his opinion -against the company. The atmosphere was often unfriendly. - -In Foxe's "Acts and Monuments" we have recorded the testimony of one who -probably got the facts from Tindale himself. Describing such table talk, -he adds: "Wherein as those men and Master Tindale did vary in opinions -and judgments, then Master Tindale would shew them on the book the -places by open and manifest Scripture; the which continued for a certain -season divers and sundry times, until in the continuance thereof those -great beneficed doctors waxed weary and bore a secret grudge in their -hearts against Master Tindale". - -(Demaus' "Life of Tindale" page 67.) - -It was in the course of a conversation of the kind that Tindale drove -one of those learned men to exclaim that the Pope's laws were above all -other authority; to which came Tindale's reply, impetuous and defiant: -"I defy the Pope and his laws. If God spare my life, ere many years I -shall cause a boy that driveth the plow shall know more of the -Scriptures than thou doest." (page 86 ib.) - -Students of that age have been struck by the co-incidence of this -anticipation of Tindale's and the prediction of Erasmus in the passage -where the latter records his emphatic dissent from those who were -unwilling to have the Scriptures translated into the vulgar tongue and -read by private individuals. - - * * * * * - -The coincidence is a striking one. It may well be that the daring of the -Dutch man of letters smote a responsive chord in the breast of the brave -Englishman. If the younger catches the torch from the hand of his -precursor, must we disparage the courage with which the torch is carried -forward and kept ablaze? - -From Foxe again we take the picture of a little domestic scene, very -realistic, wherein the lady of the house occupies the centre. "So upon a -time some of those beneficed doctors had Master Walsh and the lady his -wife, at a supper or banquet, there having among them talk at will -without any gainsaying: and the supper or banquet being done, and Master -Walsh and the lady his wife come home, they called for Master Tindale, -and talked with him of such communication as had been, where they come -fro (from), and of their opinions. Master Tindale there-unto made answer -agreeable to the truth of God's word, and in reproving of their false -opinions. The Lady Walsh, being a stout woman, and as Master Tindale did -report her to be wise, being there no more but they three, Master Walsh, -his wife and Master Tindale; 'Well,' said she, 'there was such a doctor, -he may dispend (spend) two hundred pounds by the year, another one -hundred pound, and another three hundred pound; and what think ye, were -it reason that we should believe you before them so great, learned and -beneficed men?' Master Tindale, hearing her, gave her no answer; nor -after that had but small arguments against such, for he perceived it -would not help in effect to the contrary." - -Tindale had the good sense to know how vain would be argument with his -disputant. He found another way. Ere long both Sir John and his lady -took their stand firmly by his side. - - - - -CHAPTER IV. - -IN LONDON - - -Tindale's residence at Little Sodbury ended when he saw that his -remaining there must bring trouble upon the inmates of the Manor House. -He resolved to move to London, and hoped that he might be enabled there -to accomplish the task he had set himself as his life work. His hopes -were centred on the then Bishop of London. Tunstal was a friend of the -new learning. He was able, ambitious, liberal, and a Prelate of rising -power. If he gave his countenance to Tindale's enterprise, its -completion and publication were assured. - -Even with introductions it was not easy to gain an audience. An unknown -university man was easily overlooked by this busy man of the world. At -length, however, an interview took place. It was constrained. The -polished ecclesiastic was frigid and reserved. He did nothing to put his -visitor at ease. Tindale's request for Episcopal countenance received no -encouragement. - -That interview was one of the great moments of history nevertheless. It -proved a turning point in the life of the ardent student. It might have -been the dawn of a splendid era in the history of England. - -His failure with the Prelate, however, was really his good fortune. It -strengthened for him the friendship of one of the most notable men in -London. Mr. Humphrey Monmouth was a wealthy wool merchant, an alderman -of the city, of liberal mind and cultured taste and generous -disposition. An extensive traveller, personally acquainted with parts of -the world rarely visited at that time, and having business connections -with many lands, he enriched the scholar by a friendship that was beyond -price. Tindale became a member of the merchant's family for six months, -enjoyed the varied intercourse which the hospitable table of the house -afforded, and pursued his studies with characteristic industry. It is -very probable that his host's knowledge and acquaintance with the -continental countries, and particularly with the Low Countries, helped -to determine Tindale's departure from London when it seemed plain that -there was no place in all England where he could be sure he could carry -out the great work his heart was set on doing. - -This friendship brought down upon Monmouth the wrath of the authorities. -He was thrown into the Tower. To obtain his release he made an appeal to -Wolsey. That appeal has been preserved. In simple matter of fact terms -it narrates his intercourse with his whilom guest. It enables us to see -the reformer through another's eyes. "I heard (Tindale) preach," he -writes, "two or three sermons in St. Dunstan's in the West in London, -and after that I chanced to meet him, and with communication I learned -what living he had. He said he had none at all, but he trusted to be -with My Lord of London in his service; and therefore I had the better -fantasy (fancy) to him. Afterward (when this hope failed him) he came to -me again and besought me to help him; and so I took him into my -household and there he lived like a good priest as methought. He studied -most part of the day and the night at his book; and he would eat but -sodden meat by his good will, nor drink but small single beer. I never -saw him wear linen about him in the space he was with me. I did promise -him ten pounds sterling to pray for my father and mother their souls and -all Christian souls. I did pay him when he made his exchange to -Hamburg." - -We are to remember that in 1384, a hundred and fifty years before the -time of which we are speaking, Wyclif had translated the Bible into -English. It was not until 1477 that the invention of printing was -introduced into England: but manuscript copies were made in considerable -numbers. There were many willing copyists. Nearly two hundred copies -survived in the middle of the Nineteenth Century. Yet in Tindale's time -there is not a sign that any such translation was in existence. Many -English people must have had them in possession; but contemporary life -and records rarely show a trace of them, or of any readers turning over -their pages in secret. - -So complete had been the reaction from the joys of first possession; so -complete had been the success of the prelates' policy in silencing the -Lollard preaching, and in putting out of sight their Bible in the mother -tongue. - -It is almost certain that Tindale had a copy of Wyclif's version: if so, -it is certain he would use it for comparison, as he used every text -within his reach. Some have overstated this debt to Wyclif. Tindale's -own words are emphatic, that his translation is his own. There was no -version he could take as model. - - - - -CHAPTER V. - -IN EXILE; (1) INTERCOURSE WITH LUTHER - - -Exile by force of circumstance is a sorrow many have endured. To the -ardent patriot who sees with far-seeing eye his country's destiny, and -who feels he could and will make some contribution to the general good, -it is an endless sorrow. Tindale's intense love of country, his high -fortitude in the mission he had accepted for himself, his clear vision -of the blessing to England the Bible in the native tongue must bring, -the unintelligent opposition and hostility obstructing and thwarting his -work, in the end menacing his life, made existence for him a prolonged -martyrdom. The pathos of his last words echoes all that he endured: -"Lord open the King of England's eyes." - -Tindale and Luther were contemporaries. Their resemblances were as -pronounced as their contrasts. Both were apostles of the Word of God. -Their own discoveries of its experimental power made reserve or silence -impossible. Of their native speech they had so perfect a mastery that it -is not too much to say of each of them that their translations were the -moulds which determined the ultimate development of their native -tongues; and each felt so powerfully the vital value of the revelation -as to stamp their translations indelibly with the fire of their own -faith. Life-blood flowed in their versions. It was the surge of this -personal emotion in their versions which made them the possession not -merely of their own generations, but of the four centuries that have -followed. - -They differed in manner more than in spirit or in purpose. There was a -violence in Luther uncontrolled, whose outbursts gave such mortal -offence to Sir Thomas More as to swing him from his humanistic -broad-mindedness to a spirit of intolerance hardly less fiery than -Luther's violence. Fires probably of equal intensity burned in Tindale: -he could say things that scarified—many of his "pestilent glosses" stung -and burned beyond endurance; but Tindale was always master of his -powers. - -Controversy in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries was carried on in -language laden with poison. The fumes of it got into the heads of all -protagonists, the noblest not excepted. Humor, the best of antidotes, -did not completely save Erasmus from its venom. The ink of Luther's pen -often spluttered with it. Tindale himself was not immune. In some of his -glosses there are phrases that burn and blister. - -The reader of these modern times cannot help feeling that this flaws -noble character; but judgment cannot overlook the manner of the times, -nor demand that Tindale be unaffected by a malady that was then -everywhere endemic. - -The tempestuous soul of the German could not fail to influence the more -phlegmatic Englishman. Traces of Luther's influence abound in Tindale's -work; but have never overlain the independence and original energy of -the latter. It is one of the great merits of the English reformer, that, -man of original power as he was, he laid under contribution all -available knowledge and experience in Hebrew, Greek, Latin, German, -Spanish, Italian, in determining what his own translation must be. - -That these outstanding reformers met together, more than once, is duly -recorded; but descriptive account of their intercourse there is none. So -far as their history is concerned, they are to us like "Ships that pass -in the night." They speak one another and pass in the dark. - -If we could recover their table talk, we should prize it, not only for -its own sake, but for the revelation it must make of both men. One -wonders whether it was to Tindale that Luther, realizing sadly how each -of them had been forced by circumstances to do his work in lonely peril, -declared "Interpreters and translators should not work alone, for good -et propria verba do not always occur to one mind:"—or again: "My counsel -is that we draw water from the true source and fountain, that is, that -we diligently search the Scriptures ... one single verse, one sentence -of the text, is of far more instruction than a whole host of glosses and -commentaries, which are neither strongly penetrating nor armour of -proof." - -Luther's country had proved a safe asylum for the English translator. -Cochlaeus was one of many of their enemies in common; but his battery -had been unmasked. The friends surely drew together as they found -themselves facing similar dangers day by day, and both of them rode on -those tossing seas confidently anchored in the promises of God. - - - - -CHAPTER VI. - -IN EXILE: (2) TRANSLATING THE NEW TESTAMENT - - -Tindale's life upon the Continent of Europe can be traced in no more -than broken outline. Gaps of space and time are frequent; for, as -already indicated, whatever letters or other documents there may have -been have long ago disappeared, and we have little more than knowledge -of extended residence at certain important points, Hamburg, Cologne, -Worms, and shorter visits to the Wartburg, Wittenberg, Antwerp, etc. As -Froude aptly says: "His history is the history of his work, and his -epitaph is the Reformation." - -It was in Worms that the famous diet had been held at which Luther -braved the Empire in its assembled might, and here it is that -Rietschel's monument to the Reformation stands in bronze and granite. -Colossal figures, Waldo and Wyclif, Huss and Savonarola, have towering -above them the figure of Luther, his right hand clenched and resting on -the Bible. Bas-reliefs and medallions carry select details. Where -selection was imperative, there could not fail to be regrettable -omissions; but one misses also forces that were vital. Gutenberg is not -there; nor any symbol of his craft. - -Without the service rendered by the printing press of recent invention, -it is almost inconceivable that there could have been any such -world-shaking event as the Reformation proved. Not only was the burning -eloquence of the preacher carried by this means far and wide, but the -Scriptures themselves in the language of the people were thrown off from -scores of presses in the Rhine Valley and dispersed to many lands. Like -wildfire knowledge ran. - -Gutenberg, and Fust with Schoeffer in Maintz, Quentel and Bryckmann in -Cologne, were the names most frequent on the title pages of the Bible; -and their fame has proved enduring. - - [Illustration: PRINTING PRESS, 1511. - Title page of "Hegesippus", printed by Jodocus Badius - Ascensius, Paris, 1511.] - -In the early decades of the Sixteenth Century, even in Germany printing -was still regarded as one of the marvels of the time. But in England, -the first quarter of the century had just ended when the authorities -took alarm at its power and sought to curb it. They instituted a -censorship to kill it. Its development was persistently thwarted for -many years. - -Well did Tindale understand that the English government not merely -forbade the translation of the Bible into the native tongue, but were -trying to strangle the printing craft in its infancy. - -Out of England the trade was prospering at many centres. - -He landed at Hamburg. Even then the city was a busy commercial centre -with business and shipping interests linking it with every part of the -commercial world. Among the inhabitants were men who welcomed Tindale -and who gave him assistance in various ways. But he was soon aware that -for his work one essential was lacking. Not a single printing press had -been set up in Hamburg as yet. His acquaintance with Hamburg, however, -was of enduring value. The friends he made there he retained, and later -visits were a solace and encouragement in days when friends were friends -indeed. - -He proceeded to Cologne, where there was every facility for printing. He -had the first parts of the New Testament in 4to. ready for the press. -Enemies, however, were around and alert. Circumspection and secrecy were -essential. The work progressed. The printer had got as far as the first -ten sheets when a restless and resolute enemy, Cochlaeus, having -ferreted the secret from one of the workmen in his cups, obtained -authority to put a stop to the work. Tindale managed to secure his -property and left the city. He escaped up the Rhine to safety in the -city of Worms; where reformation was in power, and where he could -continue his work with new feelings of security. - -Here, then, he lost no time in resuming his work. - - [Illustration: PAGE OF 1525 OCTAVO. - New Testament.] - -He found a sympathetic printer in P. Schoeffer. Tindale appears to have -rearranged his plans. Possibly he had ascertained that Cochlaeus, balked -of victory at the very last, had with vindictive cunning sent letters to -England giving full particulars of the kind of volume that was in the -making: (It was to be a 4to. with notes and comments) and urging the -authorities to guard against its being smuggled into the country. -Tindale forestalled that enemy. It was not a 4to. volume which he now -designed at Worms, but an 8vo. volume; and this had neither note nor -gloss. It would seem that alongside of this, but at more leisurely pace, -the 4to. also was completed, very likely in the same printing house. -Both volumes bear the stamp of the same year of issue, 1525. The two -editions were successfully conveyed to England; so that the immediate -effect of the attack was to issue two editions instead of one—6,000 -volumes instead of 3,000. A skilful system of Colportage carried these -books all over England. Before the books arrived, the King had a second -warning. Edward Lee, afterwards Archbishop of York, was then on the -Continent, and dating his letter from Bordeaux, December 2nd, 1525, he -says: "Please it Your Highness to understand that I am certainly -informed as I passed in this country that an Englishman, your subject, -at the solicitation and instance of Luther with whom he is, hath -translated the New Testament into English, and within a few days -intendeth to arrive with the same imprinted in England. I need not to -advertize Your Grace what infection and danger may ensue hereby if he be -not withstanded. This is the next way to fulfil your realm with -Lutherians." Then he adds: "All our forefathers, Governors of the Church -of England, hath with all diligence, forbid and eschewed publication of -English Bibles, as appeareth in Constitutions Provincial of the Church -of England." - -The news had travelled far before reaching Lee, and was inaccurate at -that: but the swiftness with which it reached him was proof of the -excitement which Cochlaeus' discovery had created. - -More interesting and more accurate is a notice which occurs in the diary -of a German scholar,[2] some four months earlier in time. He says: "One -told us at the dinner table that 6,000 copies of the English Testament -had been printed at Worms: that it was translated by an Englishman who -lived there with two of his countrymen. He was so complete a master of -seven languages—Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Italian, Spanish, English and -French—that you would fancy whichever one he spoke was his mother -tongue." He adds that the English, in spite of the opposition of the -King, were so eager for the Gospel, as to affirm they would buy a New -Testament even if they had to give a hundred thousand pieces of money -for it. - -While the enemy raged, the presses abroad were not idle. Additional -editions were printed to take the place of those destroyed. They were -conveyed with the same success to English ports. In less than five years -six editions had been published, three of them surreptitiously. They -numbered perhaps fifteen thousand copies in all, and were distributed to -eager purchasers by the same formidable organization of colportage. - -Nor was Tindale idle. He had foreseen the tactics of his foes. He kept -steadfastly at work. He revised his translation of the New Testament, -and he proceeded to turn the Old Testament into the English speech; the -Pentateuch, the historical books as far as Chronicles, the book of Jonah -he completed. In 1536 he was able to send the manuscript of his revised -New Testament to England, and there it was put upon the press. That was -the first volume of Holy Scripture to be printed on English soil. - -It was, however, the closing year of Tindale's life. Before the book -came off the press he may have sealed his testimony; but at least he -would be cheered by tidings of its progress, and the knowledge that the -work had found its proper home in his own land. "For this end", says -Westcott, "he had constantly striven; for this he had been prepared to -sacrifice everything else; and the end was gained only when he was -called to die." - - [Illustration: PAGE FROM TINDALE'S 1536 REVISED NEW TESTAMENT.] - -Some time elapsed before the discovery of the contraband Testament was -made by the ecclesiastical authorities, who then instituted a search so -bitterly persistent and so pervasive in its continuance, that, of these -editions, there survive in our time only a couple of 8vo. copies, one of -these incomplete; and only a fragmentary copy of the 4to. The eventual -destruction, however, did not prevent the Testament meanwhile having its -own influence and bringing comfort and hope to thousands of English -homes. - -Not only so,—and this is the tribute that is due to Tindale's -translation,—the translation as Tindale made it is in substance and form -the English New Testament as we have it to-day. Notwithstanding the -numberless revisions that have taken place, it is substantially -Tindale's translation still; for the revisers have always, unconsciously -perhaps, done their revising in the spirit and manner of Tindale. Of all -that have worked upon the English Bible, no other single man has left -his mark on this book; the version in our hands to-day bears the -unmistakable stamp of its first translator. - -"The peculiar genius—if such a word may be permitted—which breathes -through it—the mingled tenderness and majesty—the Saxon simplicity—the -preternatural grandeur—unequalled, unapproached, in the attempted -improvements of modern scholars,—all are here, and bear the impress of -the mind of one man—William Tindale. Lying, while engaged in that great -office, under the shadow of death, the sword above his head and ready at -any moment to fall, he worked, under circumstances alone perhaps truly -worthy of the task which was laid upon him,—his spirit, as it were -divorced from the world, moved in a purer element than common air." - -(_Froude, Henry Eighth, Vol. II_). - -The contents of this book as it passed into the hands of the nation, -printed not in the language of the court, nor in that of either the -statesman or the scholar, but in the language of the common people, -finding them, as it did, more especially at critical times when events -seemed to be threatening the overthrow of the nation as much as of the -individual, stole into the imagination of the people, and by degrees -gave form and life to those great virtues, justice, freedom, truth, -tolerance and self-sacrifice, which have become the vivid traditions -that govern in the main the English-speaking people. Here was the -fountain head from which the main stream of their literature, -legislation, public policy, and national character derives its flow and -power. - -For it is admitted that the distinction of this great people from other -nations in a certain generosity, patience, integrity and courage, rests -remotely on their silent appropriation of the vital forces released in -this book of God. - -Such far-reaching consequences afford the best measure of the immense -significance—much greater than he could foresee—of Tindale's toil that -he might open the eyes of England to the message he succeeded in turning -into imperishable language under-standed of the people. - -No phase of Tindale's work intrigues the student so much as his perfect -command of his native tongue. Where and how did he acquire this mastery -of pure sonorous English, whose rhythmic prose is like stately music to -the most cultured ear? Study of the Vulgate and of the originals he -worked on has not indeed to be overlooked as a possible source; but -there is a gift, native-born, or acquired in secret toil, which, with -those tides of devout feeling we find swelling in the man himself, -stamps the style as the organ utterance of his consecrated manhood. - -Tindale's rendering of 1 Cor. 13, with the parallels for comparison of -Wyclif and the Authorized Version of 1611, illustrates both the style of -the great translator and the permanence of his translation in the -version current for four hundred years. - - -WYCLIF—1380 - -If I speke with tungis of men and of aungels, and I haue not charite, I -am made as bras sownynge or a cymbal tinkynge, and if I haue profecie, -and knowe alle mysteries, and al kynnynge, and if I haue al feith so -that I meue hillis fro her place and I haue not charite I am nouzt, and -if I departe alle my godis in to metis of pore men, and if I bitake my -bodi so that I brenne, and I haue not charite if profetith to me no -thing, charite is pacient, it is benyngne. - -charite enuyeth not, it doth not wickidli it is not blowun it is not -coueitous, it sekith not the thingis that ben his owne, it is not stired -to wraththe, it thenkith not yuel, it ioieth not on wickidnesse, but it -ioieth to gidre to truthe, it suffrith alle thingis: it beleueth alle -thingis, it hopith alle thingis it susteyneth alle thingis, charite -fallith neuer doun, whether profecies schuln be voidid, ether langagis -schulen cease: ether science schal be distried, - -for aparti we knowen and aparti we profecien, but whanne that schal come -that is perfizt, that thing that is of parti schal be avoidid, whanne I -was a litil child, I thouzt as a litil child, but whanne I was made a -man I voidid tho thingis that weren of a litil child, and we seen now bi -a myrrour in derknesse: but thanne face to face, now I knowe of parti, -but thanne I schal knowe as I am knowen, and now dwellen feith hope and -charite these thre: but the moost of thes is charite. - - -TYNDALE—1536 - -Though I spake with the tonges of men and angels, and yet had no love, I -were even as soundings brasse: or as a tynklynge Cymball. And though I -coulde prophesy, and vnderstode all secretes, and all knowledge: yee, yf -I had all fayth so that I coulde move mountayns oute of ther places, and -yet had no love, I were nothynge. And though I bestowed all my gooddes -to fede the poore, and though I gave my body even that I burned, and yet -had no love, it profeteth me nothinge. Love suffreth longe, and is -cirteous. Love envieth not. Love doth nor frowardly, swelleth not -dealeth not dishonestly, seeketh not her awne is not provoked to anger, -thynketh not evyll, reioyseth not in iniquite: but reioyseth in the -trueth, suffreth all thynge, beleveth all thynges, hopeth all thynges, -endureth in all thynges. Though that prophesyinge fayle, other tonges -shall cease, or knowledge vanysshe awaye, yet love falleth never awaye. - -For oure knowledge is vnparfect, and oure prophesyinge is vnperfect. But -when that which is parfect is come, than that which is vnparfect shall -be done awaye. - -When I was a chylde, I spake as a chylde, I vnderstode as a chylde I -ymagened as a chylde. But assone as I was a man, I put awaye -childesshnes. Now we se in a glasse even in a darke speakynge: but then -shall we se face to face. Now I knowe unparfectly: but then shall I -knowe even as I am knowen. Now abideth fayth, hope, and love, even these -thre: but the chief of these is love. - - -AUTHORIZED—1611 - -Though I speake with the tongues of men and of Angels, and haue not -charity, I am become as sounding brasse or a tinkling cymbal. And though -I haue the gift of prophesie, and vnderstand all mysteries and all -knowledge: and though I haue all faith, so that I could remooue -mountains, and haue no charitie, I am nothing. And though I bestowe all -my goods to feede the poore, and though I giue my body to bee burned, -and haue not charitie, it profiteth me nothing. Charitie suffereth long, -and is kinde: charitie enuieth not: charitie vaunteth not it selfe, is -not puffed vp, Doeth not behaue it selfe unseemly, seeketh not her owne, -is not easily prouoked, thinketh no euill, Reioyceth not in iniquitie, -but reioyceth in the trueth: Beareth all things, beleeueth all things, -hopeth all things, endureth all things. Charitie neuer faileth: but -whether there be prophesies, they shall faile; whether there bee -tongues, they shall cease; whether there bee knowledge, it shall vanish -away. For we know in part, and we prophesie in part. But when that which -is perfect is come, then that which is in part, shall be done away. When -I was a childe, I spake as a childe, I vnderstood as a childe, I thought -as a childe: but when I became a man, I put away childish things. For -now we see through a glasse darkely: but then face to face: now I know -in part, but then shall I know euen as also I am knowen. And now abideth -faith, hope, charitie, these three, but the greatest of these is -charitie. - - [2] Buschius (Herman von dem Busche). - - -CHAPTER VII. - -PERSONALITY - - -We have cited the happy epigram of the historian that Tindale's work is -his history and his epitaph is the Reformation. This is just and -felicitous. When he seeks a telling phrase to set forth the personality -of Tindale, however, he is not happy. - -He calls him "a young dreamer". As if he were dissatisfied with this, he -calls him elsewhere "a fiery young enthusiast." The second is no truer -than the first. - -Tindale had the dream of England's greatness if her people had the Bible -in their mother tongue: and to use his own words, "he encountered -poverty, exile, bitter absence from friends, hunger, thirst and cold, -great dangers and innumerable, hard and sharp fightings, to make his -dream come true." - -But "dreamer" is not the word for a life like that. - -"Enthusiasm and fire", yes, these undoubtedly Tindale possessed. When -copies of Tindale's Testament were bought and burnt in Antwerp, London -and Oxford, his remark was: "They did none other than that I looked for; -no more shall they do if they burned me also. If it be God's will it -shall so be." - -At one of the burnings, Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, preached against -Luther. Tidings of the scene having reached Tindale, he wrote some time -afterwards: "Mark, I pray you, what an orator he is, and how vehemently -he persuadeth it. Martin Luther burnt the Pope's decretals; 'a manifest -sign', saith he (Fisher) that he would have burned the Pope's Holiness -also if he had had him. - -A like argument which I suppose to be rather true, I (Tindale) make: The -Pope and his holy brethren have burned Christ's Testament: an evident -sign verily that they would have burnt Christ Himself if they had had -Him." - -But this vehemency was only part of the man. The whole man kept these -inner fires aglow year after year until he had finished the work -assigned to him. Even by an adversary he was called "a learned, pious, -good man": his keeper, and his keeper's daughter, and others of his -keeper's household were won over by him to his belief. - -His was a personality rich and brave, capable of great endurance because -aglow with zeal that many waters could not quench, vehement indeed -against the enemy, yet a very perfect knight; with a sympathy and -tenderness and faith that brought him the trust and affectionate esteem -of those who came to know the man himself. - -No, neither "dreamer" nor "enthusiast" holds the mirror up to this man. -He was both dreamer and enthusiast, and a great deal besides. He was a -man who loved. He deliberately gave his life to the accomplishing of one -great task. He sacrificed everything to that. That nobleness of purpose, -that fortitude in toil, that undeviating devotion to his single aim -until he triumphed, call for some ampler phrase in bronze: - - Lofty designs must close in like effects - Loftily lying - Leave him—still loftier than the world suspects - Living and dying. - - [Illustration: Reduced Facsimile of the only known letter of - William Tindale.] - - - - -CHAPTER VIII. - -CONCLUSION - - -On issuing his translation, and again when sending forth his translation -revised, Tindale solicited the aid of scholars in amending his version -wherever they could. This was not a mere fashion of speech. It was the -expression of his sincerity and his modesty. This one thing he desired, -as he cared for nothing else, that the Bible in English be as perfect as -possible. - -Succeeding generations of scholars responded to his invitation; in a -spirit like his they labored. The Bibles of Coverdale, Matthews, the -Bishops; the Geneva Version and the Authorized Version, are mile-stones -by the way—evidence with what ardor the work of revising and perfecting -the English version was carried on age by age. - - [Illustration: NORTH NIBLEY, TINDALE'S MONUMENT.] - -To find on the one hand this devotion in rendering the Bible into -English, it is most strange on the other to find the larger vision -completely disappear, the larger vision of Erasmus that it should be -rendered into every language. It is as if no such ideal had been -conceived. - -Now, three hundred years had to pass by before we find it being -recovered, or before men were moved with any degree of sympathy for the -ideal which the Dutch scholar had so bravely ventured to describe. - -The universal destiny of the book had stirred his heart and fired his -imagination: but not until the Evangelical Revival had deeply moved the -people of England, and the modern Missionary Movement had come in its -train did any men catch the vision of the Bible for every nation in the -native speech. - -"With the vision came the power". A group of men, God-fearing and very -courageous, resolved to enter upon this vast enterprise, and thus in -1804 was born the British and Foreign Bible Society. - -The undertaking was greater than they could foresee. It was decried as -chimerical; but month by month, year by year, they pursued their high -purpose: their successors continued it, and now, 1925, when a hundred -and twenty-one years have sped, the Society has published or has had in -circulation the Scriptures translated into five hundred and seventy -distinct languages. - -Moreover in other lands the establishment of independent Bible Societies -was encouraged. In the United States of America, soon after the -formation of the British and Foreign Bible Society, in 1816, the -American Bible Society was established. Noble service has been rendered -by it. It has aided in the translation and circulation of the Scriptures -in 175 languages; some of which are included in the total, 570, given -above. - -Translation seldom fails to exact great sacrifice. Often life itself -succumbs. The roll of honor is a long one, nearly every language taking -its toll in one form or another. Tindale's was the first English -sacrifice. - -But the end, is it not worthy even at so great a price? To spell out, in -the tongue they understand, to those sitting in the land of the shadow -of death the tidings of Truth and Grace; to set men free in the liberty -of Christ; and to widen the bounds of His kingdom so that all nations -may become His inheritance—what mission can be named so worthy of the -uttermost devotion? - -Much remains to be done; but if the morale of these men awaken -admiration in us and we share their faith, great as is the undertaking -that remains, it will be overtaken in the good providence of God. - - - - -INDEX - - -A. - -Alcala, 5 - -Authorized Version, 43 - -American Bible Society, 52 - - -B. - -Bainham, 7 - -Bilney, 12 - -B. & F. Bible Society, 51 - -Buschius, 35 - - -C. - -Cambridge, 11, 12 - -Centenaries, xviii. - -Cochlaeus, 28, 32 - -Colet, 2 - -Cologne, 32 - -Colportage, 33 - -Complutensian Polyglot, 5 - -Controversy, 26 - - -D. - -Demaus, 16 - - -E. - -Erasmus, 2, 11, 16 - - -F. - -Fisher, 47 - -Foxe, 15, 17 - -Froude, 29, 38, 46 - -Fust, 30 - - -G. - -Gloucestershire, 4 - -Gutenberg, 30 - - -H. - -Hall, E., 8 - -Hamburg, 31 - -Henry VIII, 2 - -Huss, 30 - - -I. - -Innes, xvii. - -Influence of English Bible, 38 - - -K. - -Knox, John, xvii. - - -L. - -Lee, E., 33 - -Luther, 25 - - -M. - -Monmouth, 20 - -More, 2, 6, 25 - - -O. - -Oxford, 11 - - -P. - -Papini, xvii. - -Pavier, 7 - -Printing, 22, 30 - - -R. - -Rietschel, 29 - - -S. - -St. Dunstan's, 21 - -Savonarola, 30 - -Schoeffer, 30, 32 - -Skelton, 4 - -Sodbury, 14, 19 - - -T. - -Tindale, xv. - Birth, 11 - College, 11 - Tutor, 13 - Prophecy, 16 - Last Words, 24 - On Continent, 29 - Translation, 29, 32, 37, 40, 42 - -Tunstal, 19 - - -V. W. - -Vulgate, 5 - -Waldo, 30 - -Walsh, 14, 18 - -Westcott, 36 - -Wishart, xvii. - -Wolsey, 1, 11, 21 - -Worms, 29, 32 - -Wyclif, xvi., 22, 23, 30, 40 - - -X. - -Ximenes, 5 - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE AND WORK OF WILLIAM -TINDALE *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. 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Cooper, M.A., D.D. - </title> - - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - - <style type="text/css"> - - body { - margin-left: 6%; - margin-right: 7%; - font-size: 100%; - } - - p { - margin-top: .5em; - text-indent: 1em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .5em; - line-height: 120%; - } - -h1 { - text-align: center; - clear: both; - font-weight: normal; - font-variant: small-caps; - font-size: 125%; - line-height: 125%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 1em; - } - - h2,h3 { - text-align: center; - clear: both; - font-weight: normal; - font-style: normal; - font-size: 115%; - line-height: 115%; - margin-top: 1.5em; - margin-bottom: 0.75em; - page-break-before: avoid; - } - - hr { - margin-left: 30%; - margin-right: 30%; - margin-top: 0.5em; - margin-bottom: 0.5em; - } - - /* styles for Transcriber's Note */ - #tnote { - background-color: #EEE; - color: inherit; - margin: 1em 30%; - padding: 0.5em 1em; - border: 0.1em solid gray; - font-size: small; - } - #tnote p { - text-indent: 0; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .75em; - margin-top: .25em; - } - - /* styles for front matter */ - .front { - margin: 2em 15%; - } - .front p { - margin-top: 1em; - margin-bottom: 1em; - text-indent: 0; - text-align: center; - line-height: 120%; - } - - /* styles for ToC */ - .toc { - border-collapse: separate; - border-spacing: 5px; - width: 80%; - max-width: 35em; - line-height: 100%; - font-size: 100%; - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; - margin-bottom: 2em; - } - .toc td.title { - vertical-align: top; - text-align: left; - } - .toc td.pag { - width: 3em; - text-align: right; - vertical-align: bottom; - } - - /* styles for ToIll */ - .toill { - border-collapse: separate; - border-spacing: 5px; - width: 80%; - max-width: 35em; - line-height: 100%; - font-size: 100%; - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; - margin-bottom: 2em; - } - .toill td.title { - vertical-align: top; - text-align: left; - text-indent: -1em; - padding-left: 1em; - } - .toill td.pag { - width: 4em; - text-align: right; - vertical-align: bottom; - } - - /* styles for illustrations */ - .image-center { - margin: 1em auto; - text-align: center; - } - .caption { - font-size: 90%; - margin: 0.25em 0; - } - .caption p { - text-align: center; - text-indent: 0; - } - - /* styles for letters etc */ - .foot { - margin-top: 0.25em; - margin-bottom: 1.5em; - } - div.right1 { - padding-right: 3%; - text-align: right; - } - - /* styles for footnotes */ - .fnanchor { - vertical-align: 20%; - font-size: x-small; - } - .footnote { - margin-top: 1em; - } - .footnote p { - margin-top: 0.5em; - margin-left: 3%; - margin-right: 20%; - font-size: small; - } - - /* styles for poetry */ - .poetry-container { - text-align: center; - } - .poetry { - display: inline-block; - text-align: left; - } - .poetry .stanza { - margin: 0.5em auto; - } - .poetry .verse { - font-size: 90%; - text-indent: -3em; - padding-left: 3em; - } - .poetry .indent2 { - text-indent: -2em; - } - .poetry .indent6 { - text-indent: 0; - } - .poetry .indent16 { - text-indent: 5em; - } - .poetry .indent26 { - text-indent: 10em; - } - - /* style for page numbers */ - .pagenum { - position: absolute; - right: 1.5%; - font-size: small; - font-style: normal; - font-weight: normal; - text-align: right; - } - - /* styles for font drop-caps */ - p.drop-cap { - text-indent: 0em; - } - p.drop-cap:first-letter { - float: left; - margin: 0em 0.1em 0em 0em; - font-size: 250%; - line-height: 0.85em; - } - - /* styles for index */ - div.index { - font-size: 90.0%; - width: 85%; - max-width: 35em; - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; - line-height: 97.5%; - } - .index ul { - list-style-type: none; - font-size: inherit; - padding-left: 0.5em; - margin-top: 0em; - } - .index li { - margin-top: 0.25em; - margin-left: 1.0em; - text-indent: -1.0em; - } - - /* style for page-breaks */ - div.chapter { page-break-before: always; } - - /* other styles */ - .center { text-indent: 0; text-align: center; } - .nodent { text-indent: 0; } - .smc { font-variant: small-caps; } - .small { font-size: small; } - .x-small { font-size: x-small; } - .gap-above2 { margin-top: 2em; } - -@media handheld { - p.drop-cap:first-letter { - float: none; - margin: 0; - font-size: 100%; - } - } - - </style> - </head> -<body> -<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Life and Work of William Tindale, by W. B. Cooper</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The Life and Work of William Tindale</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: W. B. Cooper</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: February 23, 2022 [eBook #67483]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive).</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE AND WORK OF WILLIAM TINDALE ***</div> - -<div id="tnote"> - -<p>Transcriber's Note:</p> - -<p>The "Tindale" of this book is usually rendered as "Tyndale".</p> - -<p>Entries in the Index to words and names mentioned in the Introduction (pp xvii-xxi) -are mostly incorrect.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="image-center"> - <img src="images/002.jpg" width="535" height="750" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"> - <p>The Window of Thanksgiving in the Bible House, London</p> - </div> -</div> - -<div class="front"> - -<h1>THE LIFE AND WORK<br />OF<br />WILLIAM TINDALE</h1> - -<p>BY</p> - -<p style="font-size:125%">REV. W. B. COOPER, M.A., D.D.,</p> - -<p>TORONTO</p> - -<p><i>2nd Edition</i></p> - -<div class="image-center"> - <img src="images/003.jpg" width="30" height="31" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO.</p> - -</div> - -<table class="toc" style="width:25em" summary="publishers"> - -<tr> - <td class="title">210 VICTORIA STREET,</td> - <td class="pag">TORONTO</td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="title">55 FIFTH AVENUE,</td> - <td class="pag">NEW YORK</td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="title">39 PATERNOSTER ROW,</td> - <td class="pag">LONDON</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<div class="front"> - -<p>1925</p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="small"> - -<p>Copyright, Canada, 1924<br /> -By CANADIAN BIBLE SOCIETY<br /> -TORONTO</p> - -<p><i>1st Edition, September, 1924.</i><br /> -<i>2nd Edition, May, 1925.</i></p> - -<p>PRINTED IN CANADA<br /> -<span class="x-small">T. H. BEST PRINTING CO. LIMITED. TORONTO</span></p> - -</div> - -<hr /> - -<p><i>To<br /> -A. M. C.<br /> -and<br /> -C. C. C.</i></p> - -<hr /> - -<p>"A seed is sown in Britain and whether men wait -for a hundred or a thousand years they will find -it flowering."</p> - -<div class="foot"> -<div class="right1">(King Arthur).</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<h2>PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION</h2> - -<p class="drop-cap">THE author is gratified at the cordial -reception which the first edition of his -work has met with. The issue of a -second edition has given the opportunity of -making some minor corrections, and of including -in the closing paragraphs an appreciative -reference to the work of the American -Bible Society.</p> - -<p>Contemplation of the published work has -suggested to the author that greater significance -might have been attributed to the background -and environment of Tindale's early -manhood. The breaking up of the social and -religious structure of his time, and the spread -of the New Learning over Western Europe -were events profoundly affecting the character -and career of contemporary English -youth. Thus, the disintegration and dissolution -of the overawing authority of the Church, -though she retained for decades sufficient -power to strike down her foes; the splintered -social unity which resulted from the decadence -of the Feudal Order, with class suspicion -and hatred ensuing, combined to throw -men off their moral balance: and then into -this moral confusion came rumours of literatures, -unknown and ancient, which opened -to the startled minds of teachers and students -knowledge that at once widened and made -more wondrous the world which men thought -they knew. The discovery of the Greek and -Latin literatures excited the imaginations of -the younger men. Oxford and Cambridge -students in groups crossed the English Channel -and enrolled themselves in the Continental -Universities that they might gain at first -hand the knowledge they desired. Grocyn, -Linacre, and Colet came back eager to teach -and guide. But most significant of all was -this, that Erasmus landed in England.</p> - -<p>Romantic stories were in the air of a New -World beyond the seas.</p> - -<p>Now the reaction of all this on the nation -at large was a disquietude and disturbance -that led confusion towards fear and panic.</p> - -<p>Such was the atmosphere which as a youth -Tindale breathed. Not the least of his claims -to greatness are his deep insight into that -disturbance of the national soul, and the adventurous -confidence with which he entered -on that long self-discipline which fitted him -for the enterprise he so brilliantly fulfilled.</p> - -<p>When four hundred years ago the Low -Countries of Europe, Holland and Belgium, -passed by inheritance to the reigning Spanish -Sovereign, Charles I, these lands became -the theatre of long and devastating warfare. -Siege and sally, slaughter and suffering -brought misery on the people like a flood.</p> - -<p>Yet it was in that distracted country, amid -suffering almost universal, that there came -into being the unrivalled sweetness of belfry -music. Singing towers all over the Netherlands -sprang into the air. Carillons by the -score were hung, and have been the delight -and pride of the people for a dozen generations -or more.</p> - -<p>To much the same effect, we may say, out -of the disquietude and suffering of those -early years of the Sixteenth Century there -came in our English tongue a work which has -proved to be "the most majestical thing in -our literature, the most living spiritual thing -in our tradition"; and we owe it to this high-hearted -Apostle of our Faith, William -Tindale.</p> - -<p class="nodent"><span class="smc">April</span>, 1925.</p> - -<h2>PREFACE</h2> - -<p class="drop-cap">WITH the approach of the Fourth -Centenary there is a demand for a -memoir of Tindale, less detailed -than the standard biography, yet preserving -the perspective of history. To meet this -demand this miniature has been prepared. It -sets forth especially the ardent force of -vision which sustained the exile in the depth -and tumult of his toil.</p> - -<p>Diligent use has been made of recognized -authorities on the subject treated; and it is -hoped the little volume may make room for -itself in this busy age. For helpful suggestions, -the author is indebted to Mr. A. M. -Denovan and Mr. B. R. Brooker; and to the -Religious Tract Society for kind permission -to reproduce illustrations from their standard -Biography of Tindale.</p> - -<p>It is offered to the public under the -tolerant aphorism: "So long as a man says -sincerely what he thinks, he tells us something -worth while."</p> - -<div class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">{xiii}</a></div> - -<div class="image-center"> - <img src="images/016.jpg" width="616" height="750" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"> - <p>WILLIAM TINDALE</p> - </div> -</div> - -<h2>CONTENTS</h2> - -<table class="toc" summary="ToC"> - -<tr> - <td class="pag x-small" colspan="2">Page</td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="title">Introduction</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_xvii">xvii</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="title">Conditions in England</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="title">The Making of Tindale</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="title">At Little Sodbury</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="title">In London</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="title">In Exile (1) Intercourse with Luther</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="title">In Exile (2) Translating the New Test.</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="title">Personality</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="title">Conclusion</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> - -<table class="toill" summary="ToIll"> - -<tr> - <td class="title">Tindale Memorial Window in Bible House London</td> - <td class="pag"><i>Frontispiece</i></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="pag x-small" colspan="2">Facing Page</td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="title">William Tindale. Drawn by I. H. Lynch from an old portrait by Pass</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_xiii">xiii</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="title">Erasmus: 1526, after Dürer</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="title">Printing Press, 1511. The earliest known representation - of a Printing Press, from the title page of Hegesippus' Hist. - de Bello Judaico, printed by Jodocus Badius Ascensius, Paris 1511</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="title"><span class="fnanchor"><a name="Ref_1a" id="Ref_1a" - href="#Foot_1">[1]</a></span>Page of Octavo New Testament, 1525</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="title"><span class="fnanchor"><a name="Ref_1b" id="Ref_1b" - href="#Foot_1">[1]</a></span>Page of Octavo New Testament, Revised, 1534-6</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="title"><span class="fnanchor"><a name="Ref_1c" id="Ref_1c" - href="#Foot_1">[1]</a></span>Facsimile of the only known letter of Tindale</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="title">Tindale's Monument at North Nibley, near Little Sodbury</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="nodent"><a name="Foot_1" id="Foot_1">[1]</a> -By kind permission of the Religious Tract Society.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii">{xvii}</a></span> - -<h2>INTRODUCTION</h2> - -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap">"THE first scholar and the first divine -of his epoch"—the words stand -true of William Tindale; but his -personality is even more arresting, for only -a man richly endowed with courage, sincerity, -uprightness, the sense of duty and the love -of country, could have served England so -nobly as he did: yet England knows not the -man.</p> - -<p>Fifteen years, or sixteen at most, early in -the Sixteenth Century, 1520-1536, enclose -the immemorial labors of William Tindale. -During that decade and a half there were for -him experiences and enterprises which went -to the making of the man, and show what -manner of man he was: but which also set -him forth as one of the greatest of his race.</p> - -<p>Formative years preceded these; some -thirty of them one conjectures; of which, -however, we can discover little. We get -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xviii" id="Page_xviii">{xviii}</a></span> -glimpses of him and his doings; but they are -like flashes of lightning in a dark sky. A -narrative of this man's life would seem forever -impossible: what letters there were, or -other documents, disappeared long ago: and -the path he trod with unfaltering step we -can trace in patches only.</p> - -<p>For all that it is possible to set out the -features of the man, realize the massive -qualities he possessed, recall his surroundings, -the atmosphere he breathed, the -hostility he aroused, the victory he won at the -cost of his life; and so to recognize the valor, -the magnanimity, and in a word the greatness -of this too little known English worthy.</p> - -<p>A biographic blank like this, where incidents -of consequence must have transpired, -is not altogether unknown in history.</p> - -<p>History encounters the same difficulty in -the life of Wyclif. The character of his -parents is unknown. Not an anecdote of his -boyhood remains. His life at Oxford, extending -over forty years, yields but a single -incident.</p> - -<p>In one of Tindale's younger contemporaries -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xix" id="Page_xix">{xix}</a></span> -in the northern kingdom, there occurs -a similar desert stretch, where the silence is -even more profound; and which the most -diligent research has failed to break. John -Knox was born in 1505; and of his inner life -for the first forty years we know absolutely -nothing. Then suddenly, against a background -darker in Scotland than that in England, -he emerges holding George Wishart's -two-edged sword in his hand.</p> - -<p>Of the crisis which lay behind, which -changed him from a priest before the altar to -the beloved disciple of this early martyr, we -hear not a word. "In the solemn days of -early faith", wrote the late Taylor Innes, -"not a few men like him were in the desert -until the time of their showing unto Israel. -Not the polished shaft only, but the rough -spear-head too was in the shadow of a -mighty hand until the day when it was -launched."</p> - -<p>If ever Papini's paradoxical dictum be -credible, it is in a life like this: "The most -highly educational biographies are those of -men of whom little or nothing is known. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xx" id="Page_xx">{xx}</a></span> -Those are the books that set forth the -human ideal, that tell us what a man ought -to be." The paradox is elsewhere resolved -by him when he says: "I care less for the -whole course of a man's life than for his own -distilling of its essence."</p> - -<p>The distilled essence of Tindale's life -comes to view again and again during these -brief years; which were crowded with events, -dramatic and of age-long significance, and -which passed from drama to tragedy in the -martyr fires he had long foreseen.</p> - -<p>Centenaries are apt to miscarry. If such -occasions serve only for the display of -erudition and platform vanity, and fail to -lead us to seek the essential message and the -continuing inspiration of the great men they -celebrate, what riches of the past remain -sealed to us! There have been celebrations -loudly acclaimed by men who would have -bayed at the heels of the brave revolutionary -whom they now eloquently praise. They -simulate seeing he is no longer alive and -dangerous, but a hero dead: and they join -the chorus of universal praise. The effect is -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxi" id="Page_xxi">{xxi}</a></span> -to emphasize the deadness of the past, not to -rekindle glorious life—this is rekindled only -where there is eagerness to be in or near the -succession of the great, where there is -sympathy with admiration, where there is in -fine some kinship of spirit.</p> - -<p>The true aim of Centennials is more -psychological than historical. Not so much -the magnification of the subject as the discovery -of what was his lofty purpose, his high -endurance, his nobility of spirit: not even his -success, but his endeavor; and this in order -that in our admiration we may draw inspiration -for ourselves and emulate his spirit in -the altered circumstances of the time. That -resolve to recapture for the world of to-day -a courage and a consecration of which the -world of his day was contemptuous, and to -devote these invaluable virtues to the opportunities -of our time—that is the soul-stirring -aim in revivifying the past; and is -not that the true heritage of all the ages?</p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">{1}</a></span> - -<h2>CHAPTER I.<br /> -CONDITIONS IN ENGLAND</h2> - -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap">CAN we picture to ourselves the world -in which Tindale gradually came into -public view, made his voice heard in -palaces, manor houses and homes of the -common people; making enemies rage, but -winning friends innumerable, until finally a -price was set on his head: and there were -Englishmen eager to entrap him to his death?</p> - -<p>What was the condition of England then? -What figures stand out conspicuous in the -life of the nation? In whose hands did administrative -power lie? In what directions -were events moving? In the forefront of the -nation strode Wolsey, clothed with power, -dominating every avenue of corporate action, -the master of church and state, and irresistible -so long as he could retain the indulgence -of the king. It was the time when Wolsey -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">{2}</a></span> -had succeeded in substituting royal despotism -for quasi-representative government, and -had himself risen to giddy heights of power -and affluence, only to fall headlong in infamy -and remorse. His sovereign had at length -turned with Tudor frenzy against his minister. -The king's marriage projects, his -impatience with the Cardinal's vanity, as -extravagant as it was grotesque, were -not the only cause for dishonor; the King -had purposes which called for servants of -another type, and Henry was resolved to -wield the royal power alone.</p> - -<div class="image-center"> - <img src="images/029.jpg" width="570" height="750" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"> - <p>DESIDERIUS ERASMUS.<br /> - After Albert Durer.</p> - </div> -</div> - -<p>Erasmus, More and Colet were the men of -letters conspicuous in ability and influence -during Tindale's boyhood. The three men -were in intimate sympathy with one another; -and each in his own fashion, exponents of -the new learning, gave the country whole-hearted -service. All were men of outstanding -talent, and labored unceasingly for the -ends they had in view. Colet was the -preacher of renown. His University lectures -on St. Paul's Epistles were scarcely less -notable than his sermons in London. Sir -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">{3}</a></span> -Thomas More was witty, intense, versatile, -broad-minded, gifted with imagination and -courage; but when he encountered the -violence of Luther suddenly changed to the -recusancy of the bigots and the bishops. -Erasmus, the greatest of the three, never -altered his plans. He held on his way alike -in all weathers undeterred, enlightening his -time with the treasures he had found in the -New Testament. It was in the year 1516 he -issued his Greek Testament, with a Latin -version alongside, correcting errors in the -Vulgate; and that issue was a landmark in -the history of the whole of Europe.</p> - -<p>These three men incensed the conservatism -of the Church. They refused to shut their -eyes to the prevalent ignorance and unworthiness -of the priesthood. They laid bare the -open sores in the body ecclesiastic. Their -irony and satire played about abbots, bishops -and curés; but in all the castigation inflicted, -there was no sign given by the priesthood of -change or desire for reformation; only -rancour and rage. As the truth got utterance -given to it, the people took sides slowly, and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">{4}</a></span> -the tides of feeling rose and spread. Listen -to one voice from the multitude:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - -<div class="verse">Men hurt their souls,</div> -<div class="verse">Alas! for Goddes will;</div> -<div class="verse">Why sit ye Prelates still</div> -<div class="verse">And suffer all this ill?</div> -<div class="verse">Ye Bishops of estates</div> -<div class="verse">Should open broad the gates</div> -<div class="verse">Of your spiritual charge</div> -<div class="verse">And come forth at large</div> -<div class="verse">Like lanterns of light</div> -<div class="verse">In the peoples' sight</div> -<div class="verse">In pulpits awtentike</div> -<div class="verse">For the weal publyke</div> -<div class="verse">Of priesthood in this case.</div> -<div class="verse indent16">—John Skelton.</div> - -</div> -</div> - -<p>Gloucestershire was a stronghold of the -Church. The proverb "As sure as God is in -Gloucester" gave point to it. Only a few of -the clergy understood the Latin services they -read or sang. None of them knew the contents -of the Bible; and many were outspoken -in their disparagement of it. When argument -arose and some rare voice made reference -to the Bible, they thought to silence -him by saying the Pope, or this or that, was -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">{5}</a></span> -above the Bible. It was in the course of -conversation and debate that a certain man -ejaculated to Tindale "We were better be -without God's laws than the Pope's". The -attitude is the more to be remarked because -as a consequence of the new learning there -had been a wide diffusion of the Bible in the -Latin language (the Vulgate) since the invention -of printing. No fewer than eighty -editions, although one cannot ascertain what -was the size of the editions, had been issued -between 1462 and 1500.</p> - -<p>As a sign of the times, this diffusion of -the Latin Bible was curiously significant. -Significant it was indeed in more ways than -one. It showed (1) that the scholars of the -church were being influenced by the new -learning; but also (2) that a strict reservation -was to be enforced in confining it to -scholars. The Bible was for scholars, not for -others. A fine instance is in the case of the -Complutensian Polyglot. Complutum was -the Latin name of Alcala. In 1502 Cardinal -Ximenes, the founder of Alcala University, -decided on the issue of a Polyglot edition of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">{6}</a></span> -the Bible wherein the Vulgate should be -placed alongside of the best Hebrew and -the best Greek manuscripts. "Every theologian", -he said, "should also be able to -drink of that water which springeth up to -eternal life at the fountain head itself.... -Our object is to revive the hitherto dormant -study of the Sacred Scriptures". The very -men who thus engaged in the publication of -the Bible, denounced with the direst of -penalties its distribution outside the charmed -circle of the learned.</p> - -<p>Freedom of conscience there was none. -Tolerance was proclaimed as an emanation -of Hell. Difference of opinion was deadly. -To acknowledge misgiving or doubt or dissent -was incontinently to be rated as a rebel -and exposed to the truculency of a pitiless -hierarchy.</p> - -<p>There is a companion picture of the English -world at that time, lurid and indeed -sickening. The bishops sank their humanity -in frenzied partisanship, gave rein to cruel -and monstrous passion, aided and abetted -therein by More as Lord Chancellor. They -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">{7}</a></span> -lit the fires of Smithfield, and the spectacle -of Englishmen perishing at the stake for -honesty of thought and sincerity of life, became -so familiar as to case-harden the people -at the scenes. One story, typical of scores of -others, may be given.</p> - -<p>The story has reference to Bainham's -execution: "Among the lay officials present -at the stake, was 'one Pavier', town clerk -of London. This Pavier was a Catholic -fanatic, and as the flames were about to be -kindled he burst out into violent and abusive -language. The fire blazed up, and the dying -sufferer, as the red flickering tongues licked -the flesh from off his bones, turned to him -and said, 'May God forgive thee and shew -more mercy than thou, angry reviler, shewest -to me.' The scene was soon over: the town -clerk went home. A week after, one morning -when his wife had gone to mass, he sent all -his servants out of the house on one pretext -or another, a single girl only being left, and -he withdrew to a garret at the top of the -house, which he used as an oratory. A large -crucifix was on the wall; and the girl, having -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">{8}</a></span> -some question to ask, went to the room, and -found him standing before it, 'bitterly weeping'. -He told her to take his sword, which -was rusty, and clean it. She went away and -left him; when she returned, a little time -after, he was hanging from a beam, dead. -He was a singular person. Edward Hall, the -historian, knew him, and had heard him say, -that, 'if the king put forth the New Testament -in English, he would not live to bear it.' -And yet he could not bear to see a heretic -die. What was it? Had the meaning of -that awful figure hanging on the torturing -cross suddenly revealed itself? Had some -inner voice asked him whether, in the prayer -for his persecutors with which Christ had -parted out of life, there might be some -affinity with words which had lately sounded -in his own ears? God, into whose hands -he threw himself, self-condemned in his -wretchedness, only knows the agony of -that hour. Let the secret rest where it lies, -and let us be thankful for ourselves that we -live in a changed world."</p> - -<div class="foot"> -<div class="right1">(<i>Froude, Henry VIII.</i>)</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">{9}</a></span> -When the mind pauses to reflect on this -doing to death of men because their faith did -not square with that of those in high places, -and succeeds in freeing itself from the -numbing influence which its very familiarity -causes, the amazement and horror of the -practice help us to measure the criminal folly -of it. One must make an effort indeed to -shake off that deadening influence; and then, -and only then, the arrogance and impiety of -claiming injustice, torture, judicial murder, -as a service to God, make one shudder as at -blasphemy. Yet what awful pages of history -in every part of Christendom record the -deeds of this sanguinary orthodoxy. How -hard has mankind found it to learn that -persuasion and forbearance are the real -solvents of dissent; for the faith in force is -hardly shaken to this day. Forcible suppression -is in high favor still. It may not, -dare not, perhaps, work by the same crude -and sanguinary tools, although the disclosures -of the Great War, or of Soviet -Russia, may give the lie to that caveat: but -little observation is needed to show how in -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">{10}</a></span> -subtler forms, alike in politics and in religion, -there is the same impatience with disagreeing -opinion, and the same self-assurance that -does not hesitate to silence a disputant by -death or shame. Wherever it lifts its head, -it is the head of Anti-Christ.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">{11}</a></span> - -<h2>CHAPTER II.<br /> -THE MAKING OF TINDALE</h2> - -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap">IN such an atmosphere the formative years -of Tindale's life were spent. So much -can be said: but little more than that is -known with any certainty. Indeed the story -of his youth can be put in a single paragraph. -He was a native of Gloucestershire. He was -sent very young to Oxford. There he entered -Magdalen Hall, attached to Magdalen College, -the College of Wolsey and Lily. After -graduation he went for a period to Cambridge, -attracted there probably by Erasmus, -who had occupied the Greek chair.</p> - -<p>It was about the time when Erasmus gave -his Greek Testament to the world. He was -fulfilling his own daring ideal, very daring -in those days. "I totally dissent", Erasmus -said in his Exhortation, "from those who are -unwilling that the Sacred Scriptures, translated -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">{12}</a></span> -into the vulgar tongue, should be read -by private individuals, as if Christ had -taught such subtle doctrines that they can -with difficulty be understood by a very few -theologians or as if the strength of the -Christian religion lay in men's ignorance of -it. The mysteries of kings it were perhaps -better to conceal, but Christ wishes His -mysteries to be published as widely as possible. -I would wish even all women to read -the Gospel and the Epistles of St. Paul. And -I wish they were translated into all languages -of all people, that they might be read and -known, not merely by the Scotch and the -Irish, but even by the Turks and the Saracens. -I wish that the husbandman may sing -parts of them at his plough, that the weaver -may warble them at his shuttle, that the -traveller may with their narratives beguile -the weariness of the way."</p> - -<p>The very centre of the excitement it -created was in Cambridge when Tindale enrolled. -Many minds hungrily devoured the -work. The story of Bilney, "Little Bilney" -as he was affectionately called, (captivated -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">{13}</a></span> -by the Greek Testament, a fervent disciple of -the Gospel, intimidated by the terrors of the -persecutor, on recantation set free, and to his -honor recovering himself and courageously -confessing his new faith with martyrdom -before his eyes, he gave his life as a brave -man should) indicated what happened to -many others.</p> - -<p>To no Cambridge student of the time had -the book come more opportunely and more -appropriately than to the ex-Oxford student, -whose classical attainments fitted him to -take from it the very fullest advantage. One -of Tindale's sayings amid these surroundings -was, "he had perceived by experience how -that it was impossible to establish the lay -people in any truth unless the Scriptures -were plainly laid before their eyes in the -mother tongue, that they see the process, the -order, and the meaning of the text: which -things only", he says, "moved me to translate -the New Testament."</p> - -<p>Known in both colleges as an able scholar, -excelling in languages, Tindale left Cambridge -and became Chaplain-Tutor in the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">{14}</a></span> -family of Sir John Walsh in his native -county. There he continued his studies, -preached frequently, and met on equal terms -with the Society of the shire.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">{15}</a></span> - -<h2>CHAPTER III.<br /> -AT LITTLE SODBURY</h2> - -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap">CHURCHMEN and gentry were frequent -guests at the hospitable board. -The topics agitating men's minds -were often mentioned. Sometimes the conversation -waxed warm. The chaplain rarely -spoke, though nothing escaped his attention. -It was impossible always to forbear. A -question or a reflection was at times enough -to draw opposition. Indeed the relevancy -and significance of his words challenged his -listener.</p> - -<p>Tindale felt himself alone. He was not -sure of the sympathies of his host: his -hostess thought him presumptuous in holding -his opinion against the company. The -atmosphere was often unfriendly.</p> - -<p>In Foxe's "Acts and Monuments" we have -recorded the testimony of one who probably -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">{16}</a></span> -got the facts from Tindale himself. Describing -such table talk, he adds: "Wherein -as those men and Master Tindale did vary in -opinions and judgments, then Master Tindale -would shew them on the book the places by -open and manifest Scripture; the which continued -for a certain season divers and sundry -times, until in the continuance thereof those -great beneficed doctors waxed weary and bore -a secret grudge in their hearts against -Master Tindale".</p> - -<div class="foot"> -<div class="right1">(Demaus' "Life of Tindale" page 67.)</div> -</div> - -<p>It was in the course of a conversation of -the kind that Tindale drove one of those -learned men to exclaim that the Pope's laws -were above all other authority; to which came -Tindale's reply, impetuous and defiant: "I -defy the Pope and his laws. If God spare my -life, ere many years I shall cause a boy that -driveth the plow shall know more of the -Scriptures than thou doest." (page 86 ib.)</p> - -<p>Students of that age have been struck by -the co-incidence of this anticipation of Tindale's -and the prediction of Erasmus in the -passage where the latter records his emphatic -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">{17}</a></span> -dissent from those who were unwilling to -have the Scriptures translated into the vulgar -tongue and read by private individuals.</p> - -<p class="center" style="letter-spacing:7.5em">*****</p> - -<p>The coincidence is a striking one. It may -well be that the daring of the Dutch man of -letters smote a responsive chord in the -breast of the brave Englishman. If the -younger catches the torch from the hand of -his precursor, must we disparage the courage -with which the torch is carried forward and -kept ablaze?</p> - -<p>From Foxe again we take the picture of -a little domestic scene, very realistic, wherein -the lady of the house occupies the centre. -"So upon a time some of those beneficed -doctors had Master Walsh and the lady his -wife, at a supper or banquet, there having -among them talk at will without any gainsaying: -and the supper or banquet being -done, and Master Walsh and the lady his wife -come home, they called for Master Tindale, -and talked with him of such communication -as had been, where they come fro (from), -and of their opinions. Master Tindale there-unto -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">{18}</a></span> -made answer agreeable to the truth of -God's word, and in reproving of their false -opinions. The Lady Walsh, being a stout -woman, and as Master Tindale did report her -to be wise, being there no more but they -three, Master Walsh, his wife and Master -Tindale; 'Well,' said she, 'there was such -a doctor, he may dispend (spend) two -hundred pounds by the year, another one -hundred pound, and another three hundred -pound; and what think ye, were it reason that -we should believe you before them so great, -learned and beneficed men?' Master Tindale, -hearing her, gave her no answer; nor -after that had but small arguments against -such, for he perceived it would not help in -effect to the contrary."</p> - -<p>Tindale had the good sense to know -how vain would be argument with his disputant. -He found another way. Ere long -both Sir John and his lady took their stand -firmly by his side.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">{19}</a></span> - -<h2>CHAPTER IV.<br /> -IN LONDON</h2> - -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap">TINDALE'S residence at Little Sodbury -ended when he saw that his remaining -there must bring trouble upon -the inmates of the Manor House. He resolved -to move to London, and hoped that he -might be enabled there to accomplish the task -he had set himself as his life work. His -hopes were centred on the then Bishop of -London. Tunstal was a friend of the new -learning. He was able, ambitious, liberal, -and a Prelate of rising power. If he gave his -countenance to Tindale's enterprise, its completion -and publication were assured.</p> - -<p>Even with introductions it was not easy to -gain an audience. An unknown university -man was easily overlooked by this busy man -of the world. At length, however, an interview -took place. It was constrained. The -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">{20}</a></span> -polished ecclesiastic was frigid and reserved. -He did nothing to put his visitor at ease. -Tindale's request for Episcopal countenance -received no encouragement.</p> - -<p>That interview was one of the great moments -of history nevertheless. It proved a -turning point in the life of the ardent student. -It might have been the dawn of a splendid -era in the history of England.</p> - -<p>His failure with the Prelate, however, was -really his good fortune. It strengthened for -him the friendship of one of the most notable -men in London. Mr. Humphrey Monmouth -was a wealthy wool merchant, an alderman of -the city, of liberal mind and cultured taste -and generous disposition. An extensive -traveller, personally acquainted with parts of -the world rarely visited at that time, and -having business connections with many lands, -he enriched the scholar by a friendship that -was beyond price. Tindale became a member -of the merchant's family for six months, -enjoyed the varied intercourse which the -hospitable table of the house afforded, and -pursued his studies with characteristic industry. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">{21}</a></span> -It is very probable that his host's -knowledge and acquaintance with the continental -countries, and particularly with the -Low Countries, helped to determine Tindale's -departure from London when it seemed plain -that there was no place in all England where -he could be sure he could carry out the great -work his heart was set on doing.</p> - -<p>This friendship brought down upon Monmouth -the wrath of the authorities. He was -thrown into the Tower. To obtain his release -he made an appeal to Wolsey. That -appeal has been preserved. In simple matter -of fact terms it narrates his intercourse with -his whilom guest. It enables us to see the -reformer through another's eyes. "I heard -(Tindale) preach," he writes, "two or three -sermons in St. Dunstan's in the West in London, -and after that I chanced to meet him, -and with communication I learned what living -he had. He said he had none at all, but he -trusted to be with My Lord of London in his -service; and therefore I had the better -fantasy (fancy) to him. Afterward (when -this hope failed him) he came to me again -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">{22}</a></span> -and besought me to help him; and so I took -him into my household and there he lived -like a good priest as methought. He studied -most part of the day and the night at his -book; and he would eat but sodden meat by -his good will, nor drink but small single beer. -I never saw him wear linen about him in the -space he was with me. I did promise him -ten pounds sterling to pray for my father and -mother their souls and all Christian souls. I -did pay him when he made his exchange to -Hamburg."</p> - -<p>We are to remember that in 1384, a hundred -and fifty years before the time of which -we are speaking, Wyclif had translated the -Bible into English. It was not until 1477 -that the invention of printing was introduced -into England: but manuscript copies were -made in considerable numbers. There were -many willing copyists. Nearly two hundred -copies survived in the middle of the Nineteenth -Century. Yet in Tindale's time there -is not a sign that any such translation was in -existence. Many English people must have -had them in possession; but contemporary -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">{23}</a></span> -life and records rarely show a trace of them, -or of any readers turning over their pages -in secret.</p> - -<p>So complete had been the reaction from the -joys of first possession; so complete had been -the success of the prelates' policy in silencing -the Lollard preaching, and in putting out of -sight their Bible in the mother tongue.</p> - -<p>It is almost certain that Tindale had a copy -of Wyclif's version: if so, it is certain he -would use it for comparison, as he used every -text within his reach. Some have overstated -this debt to Wyclif. Tindale's own words -are emphatic, that his translation is his own. -There was no version he could take as model.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">{24}</a></span> - -<h2>CHAPTER V.<br /> -IN EXILE; (1) INTERCOURSE WITH LUTHER</h2> - -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap">EXILE by force of circumstance is a -sorrow many have endured. To the -ardent patriot who sees with far-seeing -eye his country's destiny, and who -feels he could and will make some contribution -to the general good, it is an endless -sorrow. Tindale's intense love of country, -his high fortitude in the mission he had accepted -for himself, his clear vision of the -blessing to England the Bible in the native -tongue must bring, the unintelligent opposition -and hostility obstructing and thwarting -his work, in the end menacing his life, made -existence for him a prolonged martyrdom. -The pathos of his last words echoes all that -he endured: "Lord open the King of England's -eyes."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">{25}</a></span> -Tindale and Luther were contemporaries. -Their resemblances were as pronounced as -their contrasts. Both were apostles of the -Word of God. Their own discoveries of its -experimental power made reserve or silence -impossible. Of their native speech they had -so perfect a mastery that it is not too much -to say of each of them that their translations -were the moulds which determined the ultimate -development of their native tongues; and -each felt so powerfully the vital value of the -revelation as to stamp their translations -indelibly with the fire of their own faith. -Life-blood flowed in their versions. It was -the surge of this personal emotion in their -versions which made them the possession not -merely of their own generations, but of the -four centuries that have followed.</p> - -<p>They differed in manner more than in -spirit or in purpose. There was a violence in -Luther uncontrolled, whose outbursts gave -such mortal offence to Sir Thomas More as -to swing him from his humanistic broad-mindedness -to a spirit of intolerance hardly -less fiery than Luther's violence. Fires probably -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">{26}</a></span> -of equal intensity burned in Tindale: he -could say things that scarified—many of his -"pestilent glosses" stung and burned beyond -endurance; but Tindale was always master of -his powers.</p> - -<p>Controversy in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth -Centuries was carried on in language -laden with poison. The fumes of it got into -the heads of all protagonists, the noblest not -excepted. Humor, the best of antidotes, did -not completely save Erasmus from its venom. -The ink of Luther's pen often spluttered with -it. Tindale himself was not immune. In -some of his glosses there are phrases that -burn and blister.</p> - -<p>The reader of these modern times cannot -help feeling that this flaws noble character; -but judgment cannot overlook the manner of -the times, nor demand that Tindale be unaffected -by a malady that was then everywhere -endemic.</p> - -<p>The tempestuous soul of the German could -not fail to influence the more phlegmatic -Englishman. Traces of Luther's influence -abound in Tindale's work; but have never -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">{27}</a></span> -overlain the independence and original -energy of the latter. It is one of the great -merits of the English reformer, that, man of -original power as he was, he laid under contribution -all available knowledge and experience -in Hebrew, Greek, Latin, German, -Spanish, Italian, in determining what his own -translation must be.</p> - -<p>That these outstanding reformers met together, -more than once, is duly recorded; but -descriptive account of their intercourse there -is none. So far as their history is concerned, -they are to us like "Ships that pass in the -night." They speak one another and pass in -the dark.</p> - -<p>If we could recover their table talk, we -should prize it, not only for its own sake, but -for the revelation it must make of both men. -One wonders whether it was to Tindale that -Luther, realizing sadly how each of them had -been forced by circumstances to do his work -in lonely peril, declared "Interpreters and -translators should not work alone, for good -et propria verba do not always occur to one -mind:"—or again: "My counsel is that -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">{28}</a></span> -we draw water from the true source and -fountain, that is, that we diligently search the -Scriptures ... one single verse, one sentence -of the text, is of far more instruction -than a whole host of glosses and commentaries, -which are neither strongly penetrating -nor armour of proof."</p> - -<p>Luther's country had proved a safe asylum -for the English translator. Cochlaeus was -one of many of their enemies in common; but -his battery had been unmasked. The friends -surely drew together as they found themselves -facing similar dangers day by day, and -both of them rode on those tossing seas confidently -anchored in the promises of God.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">{29}</a></span> - -<h2>CHAPTER VI.<br /> -IN EXILE: (2) TRANSLATING THE NEW TESTAMENT</h2> - -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap">TINDALE'S life upon the Continent of -Europe can be traced in no more than -broken outline. Gaps of space and -time are frequent; for, as already indicated, -whatever letters or other documents there -may have been have long ago disappeared, -and we have little more than knowledge of -extended residence at certain important -points, Hamburg, Cologne, Worms, and -shorter visits to the Wartburg, Wittenberg, -Antwerp, etc. As Froude aptly says: "His -history is the history of his work, and his -epitaph is the Reformation."</p> - -<p>It was in Worms that the famous diet had -been held at which Luther braved the Empire -in its assembled might, and here it is that -Rietschel's monument to the Reformation -stands in bronze and granite. Colossal -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">{30}</a></span> -figures, Waldo and Wyclif, Huss and Savonarola, -have towering above them the figure of -Luther, his right hand clenched and resting -on the Bible. Bas-reliefs and medallions -carry select details. Where selection was -imperative, there could not fail to be regrettable -omissions; but one misses also forces -that were vital. Gutenberg is not there; nor -any symbol of his craft.</p> - -<p>Without the service rendered by the printing -press of recent invention, it is almost inconceivable -that there could have been any -such world-shaking event as the Reformation -proved. Not only was the burning eloquence -of the preacher carried by this means far -and wide, but the Scriptures themselves in -the language of the people were thrown off -from scores of presses in the Rhine Valley -and dispersed to many lands. Like wildfire -knowledge ran.</p> - -<p>Gutenberg, and Fust with Schoeffer in -Maintz, Quentel and Bryckmann in Cologne, -were the names most frequent on the title -pages of the Bible; and their fame has -proved enduring.</p> - -<div class="image-center"> - <img src="images/059.jpg" width="583" height="750" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"> - <p>PRINTING PRESS, 1511.<br /> - Title page of "Hegesippus", printed by Jodocus Badius - Ascensius, Paris, 1511.</p> - </div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">{31}</a></span> -In the early decades of the Sixteenth -Century, even in Germany printing was still -regarded as one of the marvels of the time. -But in England, the first quarter of the -century had just ended when the authorities -took alarm at its power and sought to curb it. -They instituted a censorship to kill it. Its -development was persistently thwarted for -many years.</p> - -<p>Well did Tindale understand that the English -government not merely forbade the -translation of the Bible into the native -tongue, but were trying to strangle the printing -craft in its infancy.</p> - -<p>Out of England the trade was prospering -at many centres.</p> - -<p>He landed at Hamburg. Even then the -city was a busy commercial centre with -business and shipping interests linking it -with every part of the commercial world. -Among the inhabitants were men who welcomed -Tindale and who gave him assistance -in various ways. But he was soon aware -that for his work one essential was lacking. -Not a single printing press had been set up -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">{32}</a></span> -in Hamburg as yet. His acquaintance with -Hamburg, however, was of enduring value. -The friends he made there he retained, -and later visits were a solace and encouragement -in days when friends were friends -indeed.</p> - -<p>He proceeded to Cologne, where there was -every facility for printing. He had the first -parts of the New Testament in 4to. ready for -the press. Enemies, however, were around and -alert. Circumspection and secrecy were -essential. The work progressed. The printer -had got as far as the first ten sheets when a -restless and resolute enemy, Cochlaeus, having -ferreted the secret from one of the workmen -in his cups, obtained authority to put a -stop to the work. Tindale managed to secure -his property and left the city. He escaped -up the Rhine to safety in the city of Worms; -where reformation was in power, and where -he could continue his work with new feelings -of security.</p> - -<p>Here, then, he lost no time in resuming his -work.</p> - -<div class="image-center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">{33}</a></span> - <img src="images/064.jpg" width="452" height="750" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"> - <p>PAGE OF 1525 OCTAVO.<br /> - New Testament.</p> - </div> -</div> - -<p>He found a sympathetic printer in P. Schoeffer. -Tindale appears to have rearranged -his plans. Possibly he had ascertained -that Cochlaeus, balked of victory at the -very last, had with vindictive cunning sent -letters to England giving full particulars of -the kind of volume that was in the making: -(It was to be a 4to. with notes and comments) -and urging the authorities to guard -against its being smuggled into the country. -Tindale forestalled that enemy. It was not -a 4to. volume which he now designed at -Worms, but an 8vo. volume; and this had -neither note nor gloss. It would seem that -alongside of this, but at more leisurely pace, -the 4to. also was completed, very likely in the -same printing house. Both volumes bear the -stamp of the same year of issue, 1525. -The two editions were successfully conveyed -to England; so that the immediate -effect of the attack was to issue two -editions instead of one—6,000 volumes -instead of 3,000. A skilful system of -Colportage carried these books all over -England. Before the books arrived, the -King had a second warning. Edward Lee, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">{34}</a></span> -afterwards Archbishop of York, was then on -the Continent, and dating his letter from -Bordeaux, December 2nd, 1525, he says: -"Please it Your Highness to understand that -I am certainly informed as I passed in this -country that an Englishman, your subject, at -the solicitation and instance of Luther with -whom he is, hath translated the New Testament -into English, and within a few days -intendeth to arrive with the same imprinted -in England. I need not to advertize Your -Grace what infection and danger may ensue -hereby if he be not withstanded. This is the -next way to fulfil your realm with Lutherians." -Then he adds: "All our forefathers, -Governors of the Church of England, hath -with all diligence, forbid and eschewed -publication of English Bibles, as appeareth -in Constitutions Provincial of the Church of -England."</p> - -<p>The news had travelled far before reaching -Lee, and was inaccurate at that: but the -swiftness with which it reached him was -proof of the excitement which Cochlaeus' discovery -had created.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">{35}</a></span> -More interesting and more accurate is a -notice which occurs in the diary of a German -scholar,<span class="fnanchor"><a -name="Ref_2" id="Ref_2" href="#Foot_2">[2]</a></span> some four months earlier in time. -He says: "One told us at the dinner table that -6,000 copies of the English Testament had -been printed at Worms: that it was translated -by an Englishman who lived there with -two of his countrymen. He was so complete -a master of seven languages—Hebrew, -Greek, Latin, Italian, Spanish, English and -French—that you would fancy whichever one -he spoke was his mother tongue." He adds -that the English, in spite of the opposition of -the King, were so eager for the Gospel, as to -affirm they would buy a New Testament even -if they had to give a hundred thousand pieces -of money for it.</p> - -<p>While the enemy raged, the presses abroad -were not idle. Additional editions were -printed to take the place of those destroyed. -They were conveyed with the same success to -English ports. In less than five years six -editions had been published, three of them -surreptitiously. They numbered perhaps -fifteen thousand copies in all, and were distributed -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">{36}</a></span> -to eager purchasers by the same -formidable organization of colportage.</p> - -<p>Nor was Tindale idle. He had foreseen -the tactics of his foes. He kept steadfastly -at work. He revised his translation of the -New Testament, and he proceeded to turn the -Old Testament into the English speech; the -Pentateuch, the historical books as far as -Chronicles, the book of Jonah he completed. -In 1536 he was able to send the manuscript -of his revised New Testament to England, -and there it was put upon the press. That -was the first volume of Holy Scripture to be -printed on English soil.</p> - -<p>It was, however, the closing year of Tindale's -life. Before the book came off the -press he may have sealed his testimony; but -at least he would be cheered by tidings of its -progress, and the knowledge that the work -had found its proper home in his own land. -"For this end", says Westcott, "he had -constantly striven; for this he had been prepared -to sacrifice everything else; and the -end was gained only when he was called to -die."</p> - -<div class="image-center"> - <img src="images/069.jpg" width="484" height="750" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"> - <p>PAGE FROM TINDALE'S 1536 REVISED NEW TESTAMENT.</p> - </div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">{37}</a></span> -Some time elapsed before the discovery of -the contraband Testament was made by the -ecclesiastical authorities, who then instituted -a search so bitterly persistent and so pervasive -in its continuance, that, of these -editions, there survive in our time only a -couple of 8vo. copies, one of these incomplete; -and only a fragmentary copy of the 4to. -The eventual destruction, however, did not -prevent the Testament meanwhile having its -own influence and bringing comfort and hope -to thousands of English homes.</p> - -<p>Not only so,—and this is the tribute that -is due to Tindale's translation,—the translation -as Tindale made it is in substance and -form the English New Testament as we have -it to-day. Notwithstanding the numberless -revisions that have taken place, it is substantially -Tindale's translation still; for the -revisers have always, unconsciously perhaps, -done their revising in the spirit and manner -of Tindale. Of all that have worked upon the -English Bible, no other single man has left -his mark on this book; the version in our -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">{38}</a></span> -hands to-day bears the unmistakable stamp -of its first translator.</p> - -<p>"The peculiar genius—if such a word may -be permitted—which breathes through it—the -mingled tenderness and majesty—the -Saxon simplicity—the preternatural grandeur—unequalled, -unapproached, in the attempted -improvements of modern scholars,—all -are here, and bear the impress of the mind -of one man—William Tindale. Lying, while -engaged in that great office, under the -shadow of death, the sword above his head -and ready at any moment to fall, he worked, -under circumstances alone perhaps truly -worthy of the task which was laid upon him,—his -spirit, as it were divorced from the -world, moved in a purer element than common -air."</p> - -<div class="foot"> -<div class="right1">(<i>Froude, Henry Eighth, Vol. II</i>).</div> -</div> - -<p>The contents of this book as it passed into -the hands of the nation, printed not in the -language of the court, nor in that of either -the statesman or the scholar, but in the -language of the common people, finding -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">{39}</a></span> -them, as it did, more especially at critical -times when events seemed to be threatening -the overthrow of the nation as much as of the -individual, stole into the imagination of the -people, and by degrees gave form and life to -those great virtues, justice, freedom, truth, -tolerance and self-sacrifice, which have become -the vivid traditions that govern in the -main the English-speaking people. Here was -the fountain head from which the main -stream of their literature, legislation, public -policy, and national character derives its flow -and power.</p> - -<p>For it is admitted that the distinction of -this great people from other nations in a -certain generosity, patience, integrity and -courage, rests remotely on their silent appropriation -of the vital forces released in this -book of God.</p> - -<p>Such far-reaching consequences afford the -best measure of the immense significance—much -greater than he could foresee—of Tindale's -toil that he might open the eyes of -England to the message he succeeded in -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">{40}</a></span> -turning into imperishable language under-standed -of the people.</p> - -<p>No phase of Tindale's work intrigues the -student so much as his perfect command of -his native tongue. Where and how did he -acquire this mastery of pure sonorous English, -whose rhythmic prose is like stately -music to the most cultured ear? Study of the -Vulgate and of the originals he worked on has -not indeed to be overlooked as a possible -source; but there is a gift, native-born, or -acquired in secret toil, which, with those -tides of devout feeling we find swelling in -the man himself, stamps the style as the -organ utterance of his consecrated manhood.</p> - -<p>Tindale's rendering of 1 Cor. 13, with the -parallels for comparison of Wyclif and the -Authorized Version of 1611, illustrates both -the style of the great translator and the -permanence of his translation in the version -current for four hundred years.</p> - -<h3><span class="smc">Wyclif</span>—1380</h3> - -<p>If I speke with tungis of men and of -aungels, and I haue not charite, I am made -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">{41}</a></span> -as bras sownynge or a cymbal tinkynge, and -if I haue profecie, and knowe alle mysteries, -and al kynnynge, and if I haue al feith so that -I meue hillis fro her place and I haue not -charite I am nouzt, and if I departe alle my -godis in to metis of pore men, and if I bitake -my bodi so that I brenne, and I haue not -charite if profetith to me no thing, charite is -pacient, it is benyngne.</p> - -<p>charite enuyeth not, it doth not wickidli it is -not blowun it is not coueitous, it sekith not -the thingis that ben his owne, it is not stired -to wraththe, it thenkith not yuel, it ioieth not -on wickidnesse, but it ioieth to gidre to -truthe, it suffrith alle thingis: it beleueth -alle thingis, it hopith alle thingis it susteyneth -alle thingis, charite fallith neuer -doun, whether profecies schuln be voidid, -ether langagis schulen cease: ether science -schal be distried,</p> - -<p>for aparti we knowen and aparti we profecien, -but whanne that schal come that is -perfizt, that thing that is of parti schal be -avoidid, whanne I was a litil child, I thouzt as a -litil child, but whanne I was made a man I -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">{42}</a></span> -voidid tho thingis that weren of a litil child, -and we seen now bi a myrrour in derknesse: -but thanne face to face, now I knowe of parti, -but thanne I schal knowe as I am knowen, -and now dwellen feith hope and charite these -thre: but the moost of thes is charite.</p> - -<h3><span class="smc">Tyndale</span>—1536</h3> - -<p>Though I spake with the tonges of men -and angels, and yet had no love, I were even -as soundings brasse: or as a tynklynge -Cymball. And though I coulde prophesy, -and vnderstode all secretes, and all knowledge: -yee, yf I had all fayth so that I coulde -move mountayns oute of ther places, and yet -had no love, I were nothynge. And though I -bestowed all my gooddes to fede the poore, -and though I gave my body even that I -burned, and yet had no love, it profeteth me -nothinge. Love suffreth longe, and is -cirteous. Love envieth not. Love doth nor -frowardly, swelleth not dealeth not dishonestly, -seeketh not her awne is not provoked -to anger, thynketh not evyll, reioyseth -not in iniquite: but reioyseth in the trueth, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">{43}</a></span> -suffreth all thynge, beleveth all thynges, -hopeth all thynges, endureth in all thynges. -Though that prophesyinge fayle, other -tonges shall cease, or knowledge vanysshe -awaye, yet love falleth never awaye.</p> - -<p>For oure knowledge is vnparfect, and oure -prophesyinge is vnperfect. But when that -which is parfect is come, than that which is -vnparfect shall be done awaye.</p> - -<p>When I was a chylde, I spake as a chylde, I -vnderstode as a chylde I ymagened as a -chylde. But assone as I was a man, I put -awaye childesshnes. Now we se in a glasse -even in a darke speakynge: but then shall -we se face to face. Now I knowe unparfectly: -but then shall I knowe even as I am knowen. -Now abideth fayth, hope, and love, even these -thre: but the chief of these is love.</p> - -<h3><span class="smc">Authorized</span>—1611</h3> - -<p>Though I speake with the tongues of men -and of Angels, and haue not charity, I am -become as sounding brasse or a tinkling -cymbal. And though I haue the gift of -prophesie, and vnderstand all mysteries and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">{44}</a></span> -all knowledge: and though I haue all faith, so -that I could remooue mountains, and haue no -charitie, I am nothing. And though I bestowe -all my goods to feede the poore, and though -I giue my body to bee burned, and haue not -charitie, it profiteth me nothing. Charitie -suffereth long, and is kinde: charitie enuieth -not: charitie vaunteth not it selfe, is not -puffed vp, Doeth not behaue it selfe unseemly, -seeketh not her owne, is not easily -prouoked, thinketh no euill, Reioyceth not -in iniquitie, but reioyceth in the trueth: -Beareth all things, beleeueth all things, -hopeth all things, endureth all things. -Charitie neuer faileth: but whether there be -prophesies, they shall faile; whether there -bee tongues, they shall cease; whether there -bee knowledge, it shall vanish away. For we -know in part, and we prophesie in part. But -when that which is perfect is come, then that -which is in part, shall be done away. When I -was a childe, I spake as a childe, I vnderstood -as a childe, I thought as a childe: but when I -became a man, I put away childish things. -For now we see through a glasse darkely: but -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">{45}</a></span> -then face to face: now I know in part, but -then shall I know euen as also I am knowen. -And now abideth faith, hope, charitie, these -three, but the greatest of these is charitie.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="nodent"><a name="Foot_2" id="Foot_2" href="#Ref_2">[2]</a> -Buschius (Herman von dem Busche).</p> - -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">{46}</a></span> - -<h2>CHAPTER VII.<br /> -PERSONALITY</h2> - -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap">WE have cited the happy epigram of -the historian that Tindale's work is -his history and his epitaph is the -Reformation. This is just and felicitous. -When he seeks a telling phrase to set forth -the personality of Tindale, however, he is not -happy.</p> - -<p>He calls him "a young dreamer". As if -he were dissatisfied with this, he calls him -elsewhere "a fiery young enthusiast." The -second is no truer than the first.</p> - -<p>Tindale had the dream of England's greatness -if her people had the Bible in their -mother tongue: and to use his own words, -"he encountered poverty, exile, bitter absence -from friends, hunger, thirst and cold, great -dangers and innumerable, hard and sharp -fightings, to make his dream come true."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">{47}</a></span> -But "dreamer" is not the word for a life -like that.</p> - -<p>"Enthusiasm and fire", yes, these undoubtedly -Tindale possessed. When copies -of Tindale's Testament were bought and -burnt in Antwerp, London and Oxford, his -remark was: "They did none other than that -I looked for; no more shall they do if they -burned me also. If it be God's will it shall so -be."</p> - -<p>At one of the burnings, Fisher, Bishop of -Rochester, preached against Luther. Tidings -of the scene having reached Tindale, he wrote -some time afterwards: "Mark, I pray you, -what an orator he is, and how vehemently he -persuadeth it. Martin Luther burnt the -Pope's decretals; 'a manifest sign', saith he -(Fisher) that he would have burned the -Pope's Holiness also if he had had him.</p> - -<p>A like argument which I suppose to be -rather true, I (Tindale) make: The Pope -and his holy brethren have burned Christ's -Testament: an evident sign verily that they -would have burnt Christ Himself if they had -had Him."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">{48}</a></span> -But this vehemency was only part of the -man. The whole man kept these inner fires -aglow year after year until he had finished -the work assigned to him. Even by an adversary -he was called "a learned, pious, -good man": his keeper, and his keeper's -daughter, and others of his keeper's household -were won over by him to his belief.</p> - -<p>His was a personality rich and brave, -capable of great endurance because aglow -with zeal that many waters could not quench, -vehement indeed against the enemy, yet a -very perfect knight; with a sympathy and -tenderness and faith that brought him the -trust and affectionate esteem of those who -came to know the man himself.</p> - -<div class="image-center"> - <img src="images/083.jpg" width="656" height="750" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"> - <p>Reduced Facsimile of the only known letter of - William Tindale.</p> - </div> -</div> - -<p>No, neither "dreamer" nor "enthusiast" -holds the mirror up to this man. He was -both dreamer and enthusiast, and a great -deal besides. He was a man who loved. He -deliberately gave his life to the accomplishing -of one great task. He sacrificed everything -to that. That nobleness of purpose, -that fortitude in toil, that undeviating devotion -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">{49}</a></span> -to his single aim until he triumphed, -call for some ampler phrase in bronze:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - -<div class="verse">Lofty designs must close in like effects</div> -<div class="verse indent6">Loftily lying</div> -<div class="verse">Leave him—still loftier than the world suspects</div> -<div class="verse indent6">Living and dying.</div> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">{50}</a></span> - -<h2>CHAPTER VIII.<br /> -CONCLUSION</h2> - -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap">ON issuing his translation, and again -when sending forth his translation revised, -Tindale solicited the aid of -scholars in amending his version wherever -they could. This was not a mere fashion of -speech. It was the expression of his sincerity -and his modesty. This one thing he desired, -as he cared for nothing else, that the Bible -in English be as perfect as possible.</p> - -<p>Succeeding generations of scholars responded -to his invitation; in a spirit like his -they labored. The Bibles of Coverdale, Matthews, -the Bishops; the Geneva Version and -the Authorized Version, are mile-stones by -the way—evidence with what ardor the -work of revising and perfecting the English -version was carried on age by age.</p> - -<div class="image-center"> - <img src="images/087.jpg" width="530" height="750" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"> - <p>NORTH NIBLEY, TINDALE'S MONUMENT.</p> - </div> -</div> - -<p>To find on the one hand this devotion in -rendering the Bible into English, it is most -strange on the other to find the larger vision -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">{51}</a></span> -completely disappear, the larger vision of -Erasmus that it should be rendered into -every language. It is as if no such ideal had -been conceived.</p> - -<p>Now, three hundred years had to pass by -before we find it being recovered, or before -men were moved with any degree of sympathy -for the ideal which the Dutch scholar -had so bravely ventured to describe.</p> - -<p>The universal destiny of the book had -stirred his heart and fired his imagination: -but not until the Evangelical Revival had -deeply moved the people of England, and the -modern Missionary Movement had come in -its train did any men catch the vision of the -Bible for every nation in the native speech.</p> - -<p>"With the vision came the power". A -group of men, God-fearing and very courageous, -resolved to enter upon this vast -enterprise, and thus in 1804 was born the -British and Foreign Bible Society.</p> - -<p>The undertaking was greater than they -could foresee. It was decried as chimerical; -but month by month, year by year, they pursued -their high purpose: their successors continued -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">{52}</a></span> -it, and now, 1925, when a hundred and -twenty-one years have sped, the Society has -published or has had in circulation the -Scriptures translated into five hundred and -seventy distinct languages.</p> - -<p>Moreover in other lands the establishment -of independent Bible Societies was encouraged. -In the United States of America, soon -after the formation of the British and Foreign -Bible Society, in 1816, the American -Bible Society was established. Noble service -has been rendered by it. It has aided in the -translation and circulation of the Scriptures -in 175 languages; some of which are included -in the total, 570, given above.</p> - -<p>Translation seldom fails to exact great -sacrifice. Often life itself succumbs. The -roll of honor is a long one, nearly every -language taking its toll in one form or another. -Tindale's was the first English -sacrifice.</p> - -<p>But the end, is it not worthy even at so -great a price? To spell out, in the tongue -they understand, to those sitting in the land -of the shadow of death the tidings of Truth -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">{53}</a></span> -and Grace; to set men free in the liberty of -Christ; and to widen the bounds of His -kingdom so that all nations may become His -inheritance—what mission can be named so -worthy of the uttermost devotion?</p> - -<p>Much remains to be done; but if the morale -of these men awaken admiration in us and we -share their faith, great as is the undertaking -that remains, it will be overtaken in -the good providence of God.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2>INDEX</h2> - -</div> - -<div class="index"> - -<ul> - -<li>A.</li> - -<li>Alcala, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> - -<li>Authorized Version, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li>American Bible Society, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - -</ul> - -<ul> - -<li>B.</li> - -<li>Bainham, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> - -<li>Bilney, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> - -<li>B. & F. Bible Society, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - -<li>Buschius, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - -</ul> - -<ul> - -<li>C.</li> - -<li>Cambridge, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> - -<li>Centenaries, xviii.</li> - -<li>Cochlaeus, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> - -<li>Colet, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> - -<li>Cologne, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> - -<li>Colportage, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> - -<li>Complutensian Polyglot, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> - -<li>Controversy, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> - -</ul> - -<ul> - -<li>D.</li> - -<li>Demaus, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> - -</ul> - -<ul> - -<li>E.</li> - -<li>Erasmus, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> - -</ul> - -<ul> - -<li>F.</li> - -<li>Fisher, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li>Foxe, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> - -<li>Froude, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - -<li>Fust, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> - -</ul> - -<ul> - -<li>G.</li> - -<li>Gloucestershire, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> - -<li>Gutenberg, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> - -</ul> - -<ul> - -<li>H.</li> - -<li>Hall, E., <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> - -<li>Hamburg, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> - -<li>Henry VIII, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> - -<li>Huss, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> - -</ul> - -<ul> - -<li>I.</li> - -<li>Innes, xvii.</li> - -<li>Influence of English Bible, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - -</ul> - -<ul> - -<li>K.</li> - -<li>Knox, John, xvii.</li> - -</ul> - -<ul> - -<li>L.</li> - -<li>Lee, E., <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> - -<li>Luther, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> - -</ul> - -<ul> - -<li>M.</li> - -<li>Monmouth, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> - -<li>More, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> - -</ul> - -<ul> - -<li>O.</li> - -<li>Oxford, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> - -</ul> - -<ul> - -<li>P.</li> - -<li>Papini, xvii.</li> - -<li>Pavier, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> - -<li>Printing, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> - -</ul> - -<ul> - -<li>R.</li> - -<li>Rietschel, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> - -</ul> - -<ul> - -<li>S.</li> - -<li>St. Dunstan's, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> - -<li>Savonarola, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> - -<li>Schoeffer, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> - -<li>Skelton, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> - -<li>Sodbury, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> - -</ul> - -<ul> - -<li>T.</li> - -<li>Tindale, xv. - <ul><li>Birth, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> - <li>College, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> - <li>Tutor, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> - <li>Prophecy, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> - <li>Last Words, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> - <li>On Continent, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> - <li>Translation, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, - <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - </ul></li> - -<li>Tunstal, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> - -</ul> - -<ul> - -<li>V. W.</li> - -<li>Vulgate, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> - -<li>Waldo, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> - -<li>Walsh, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> - -<li>Westcott, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li>Wishart, xvii.</li> - -<li>Wolsey, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> - -<li>Worms, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> - -<li>Wyclif, xvi., <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - -</ul> - -<ul> - -<li>X.</li> - -<li>Ximenes, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> - -</ul> - -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE AND WORK OF WILLIAM TINDALE ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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